fix(server): forward aliased field input under the Python parameter name

src/mcp/server/mcpserver/tools/base.py

@@ -105,9 +105,7 @@ def from_function(
         )
         parameters = func_arg_metadata.arg_model.model_json_schema(by_alias=True)
 
-        # Match `model_dump_one_level`'s kwarg keys (alias when present, else field name)
-        # so a by-name resolver param resolves to a key that exists at call time.
-        tool_arg_names = {field.alias or name for name, field in func_arg_metadata.arg_model.model_fields.items()}
+        tool_arg_names = set(func_arg_metadata.arg_model.param_names.values())
         resolver_plans = build_resolver_plans(resolved_params, tool_arg_names)
 
         return cls(

src/mcp/server/mcpserver/utilities/func_metadata.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Sequence
 from itertools import chain
 from types import GenericAlias
-from typing import Annotated, Any, Union, cast, get_args, get_origin
+from typing import Annotated, Any, ClassVar, Union, cast, get_args, get_origin
 
 import anyio
 import anyio.to_thread
@@ -96,17 +96,18 @@ def _inline_root_ref(schema: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
 class ArgModelBase(BaseModel):
     """A model representing the arguments to a function."""
 
+    param_names: ClassVar[dict[str, str]] = {}
+
     def model_dump_one_level(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Return a dict of the model's fields, one level deep.
 
         That is, sub-models etc are not dumped - they are kept as Pydantic models.
         """
+        param_names = self.__class__.param_names
         kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
-        for field_name, field_info in self.__class__.model_fields.items():
+        for field_name in self.__class__.model_fields:
             value = getattr(self, field_name)
-            # Use the alias if it exists, otherwise use the field name
-            output_name = field_info.alias if field_info.alias else field_name
-            kwargs[output_name] = value
+            kwargs[param_names.get(field_name, field_name)] = value
         return kwargs
 
     model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
@@ -326,6 +327,7 @@ def func_metadata(
         raise InvalidSignature(f"Unable to evaluate type annotations for callable {func.__name__!r}") from e
     params = sig.parameters
     dynamic_pydantic_model_params: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    param_name_map: dict[str, str] = {}
     for param in params.values():
         if param.name.startswith("_"):  # pragma: no cover
             raise InvalidSignature(f"Parameter {param.name} of {func.__name__} cannot start with '_'")
@@ -347,6 +349,8 @@ def func_metadata(
             # Use a prefixed field name
             field_name = f"field_{field_name}"
 
+        param_name_map[field_name] = param.name
+
         if param.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty:
             dynamic_pydantic_model_params[field_name] = (
                 Annotated[(annotation, *field_metadata, Field(**field_kwargs))],
@@ -360,6 +364,7 @@ def func_metadata(
         __base__=ArgModelBase,
         **dynamic_pydantic_model_params,
     )
+    arguments_model.param_names = param_name_map
 
     if structured_output is False:
         return FuncMetadata(arg_model=arguments_model)

tests/server/mcpserver/tools/test_base.py

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+from typing import Annotated
+
 import mcp_types as types
 import pytest
+from pydantic import Field
 
 from mcp import Client
 from mcp.server.mcpserver import Context, MCPServer
@@ -55,3 +58,31 @@ async def boom() -> str:
 
     assert isinstance(result, types.CallToolResult)
     assert result.is_error is True
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_field_alias_maps_wire_name_back_to_python_parameter():
+    """Regression: a Field(alias=...) publishes the alias in the JSON schema
+    but the validated wire input must be forwarded under the Python parameter
+    name so the function receives it as a keyword argument it declares."""
+
+    AliasInt = Annotated[int, Field(alias="externalX", ge=1)]
+
+    mcp = MCPServer(name="srv")
+
+    @mcp.tool()
+    async def echo(x: AliasInt) -> int:
+        return x
+
+    tool_list = list(mcp._tool_manager._tools.values())
+    assert len(tool_list) == 1
+    schema = tool_list[0].parameters
+    assert "externalX" in schema.get("properties", {}), "schema must use alias"
+    assert "x" not in schema.get("properties", {}), "schema must not expose Python name"
+
+    async with Client(mcp) as client:
+        result = await client.call_tool("echo", {"externalX": 42})
+
+    assert isinstance(result, types.CallToolResult)
+    assert result.is_error is not True
+    assert any(block.text == "42" for block in result.content if hasattr(block, "text"))