Ingester: fix cortex_ingester_ingestion_delay_seconds losing most observations

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@
 * [BUGFIX] Ring: Fix DynamoDB KV CAS not retrying on transactional conditional check failures. `TransactWriteItems` reports condition failures as `TransactionCanceledException` with a `ConditionalCheckFailed` cancellation reason, which was not recognized as retryable, so any concurrent ring update conflict (e.g. many ingesters joining during a rolling update) failed immediately instead of re-reading and retrying. `TransactionConflict` cancellation reasons are also treated as retryable. #7706
 * [BUGFIX] Distributor: Return HTTP 499 (Client Closed Request) instead of 500 when a remote-write or OTLP push is canceled by the client, so client-side cancellations are no longer counted as server-side errors. #7717
 * [BUGFIX] Querier: Fix gRPC `codes.Canceled` errors being mapped to HTTP 500 instead of 499 when a client cancels a query. #7738
+* [BUGFIX] Ingester: Fix `cortex_ingester_ingestion_delay_seconds` losing the large majority of observations. `NativeHistogramMinResetDuration` was set to an untyped `1` (1 nanosecond) instead of `1 * time.Hour`, causing the native histogram to fully reset instead of gracefully reducing resolution every time it exceeded its bucket limit. #7744
 
 ## 1.21.1 2026-06-04
 

pkg/ingester/metrics.go

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func newIngesterMetrics(r prometheus.Registerer,
 			Help:                            "Delay in seconds between sample ingestion time and sample timestamp.",
 			NativeHistogramBucketFactor:     1.1,
 			NativeHistogramMaxBucketNumber:  100,
-			NativeHistogramMinResetDuration: 1,
+			NativeHistogramMinResetDuration: 1 * time.Hour,
 			Buckets:                         []float64{1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 300, 600}, // 1s, 5s, 10s, 30s, 1m, 2m, 5m, 10m
 		}, []string{"user"}),
 		oooLabelsTotal: promauto.With(r).NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{

pkg/ingester/metrics_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/testutil"
+	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	util_math "github.com/cortexproject/cortex/pkg/util/math"
@@ -1298,3 +1299,46 @@ func populateTSDBMetrics(base float64) *prometheus.Registry {
 
 	return r
 }
+
+// TestIngestionDelaySecondsHistogram_DoesNotLoseObservationsOnNativeBucketLimit
+// is a regression test for a bug where ingestionDelaySeconds was registered
+// with NativeHistogramMinResetDuration effectively equal to zero (an untyped
+// constant "1", i.e. 1 nanosecond, rather than 1 hour). Once the native
+// histogram exceeds NativeHistogramMaxBucketNumber, client_golang's
+// limitBuckets() first tries maybeReset(), which fully resets the histogram
+// (both native and classic buckets, keeping only the latest observation) if
+// at least NativeHistogramMinResetDuration has elapsed since the last reset.
+// With a ~0 duration that condition is satisfied on essentially every call,
+// so instead of gracefully reducing resolution (bucket width doubling / zero
+// bucket widening), the histogram silently drops the vast majority of prior
+// observations on every bucket-limit breach.
+func TestIngestionDelaySecondsHistogram_DoesNotLoseObservationsOnNativeBucketLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	ingestionRate := util_math.NewEWMARate(0.2, instanceIngestionRateTickInterval)
+	inflightPushRequests := util_math.MaxTracker{}
+	maxInflightQueryRequests := util_math.MaxTracker{}
+
+	reg := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+	m := newIngesterMetrics(reg, false, false, false, false,
+		func() *InstanceLimits { return &InstanceLimits{} },
+		ingestionRate, &inflightPushRequests, &maxInflightQueryRequests, false, false)
+
+	observer := m.ingestionDelaySeconds.WithLabelValues("user")
+
+	// Observe many widely-spread values so that the native histogram's
+	// bucket count exceeds NativeHistogramMaxBucketNumber (100) well before
+	// the loop ends, forcing limitBuckets()/maybeReset() to run repeatedly.
+	const numObservations = 500
+	value := 0.001
+	for i := 0; i < numObservations; i++ {
+		observer.Observe(value)
+		value *= 1.2 // bucket factor is 1.1, so each step lands in a new native bucket
+	}
+
+	metric := &dto.Metric{}
+	require.NoError(t, observer.(prometheus.Metric).Write(metric))
+
+	// With a correctly configured (non-trivial) minimum reset duration, no
+	// observations should be lost: the bucket count is reduced by merging
+	// buckets, not by discarding samples.
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(numObservations), metric.GetHistogram().GetSampleCount())
+}