GH-1283: Optimize number of build compilations in CI

[xborder]

What's Changed

• Build Java artifacts once with JDK 17 and reuse them across the test matrix.
• Build C Data JNI artifacts once and reuse them across JDK 17, 21, and 25.
• Distribute compiled classes and Maven artifacts through GitHub Actions artifacts.
• Run prebuilt tests directly with Surefire to avoid recompilation.
• Preserve Vector allocator and memory-core custom test executions.
• Add checks to ensure test classes are restored and no unexpected compilation occurs.
• Keep pure-Java tests running on Ubuntu, macOS Intel, macOS ARM, and Windows.
• Reduce duplicate compilation while retaining the existing platform and JDK test coverage.
• Ran a few tests, managed to reduce the total runner time by ~50%

Closes #1283.

[github-actions]

Thank you for opening a pull request!

Please label the PR with one or more of:

• bug-fix
• chore
• dependencies
• documentation
• enhancement

Also, add the 'breaking-change' label if appropriate.

See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.