Add thread-safe queue implementation

[Senrian]

Description

Adds a simple thread-safe queue implementation (ThreadSafeQueue) to the data structures directory.

This implementation uses the synchronized keyword on methods to ensure thread safety, as requested in issue #7387.

Features:

• Thread-safe operations using synchronized keyword
• Node-based linked list internal implementation
• Basic operations: enqueue, dequeue, peek, isEmpty, size
• Implements Iterable<T> for enhanced usability
• Generic type parameter for flexibility

Implementation details:

• Uses internal Node<T> class for linked list nodes
• All public methods are synchronized for thread safety
• Throws NoSuchElementException when dequeuing/peeking from empty queue
• Throws IllegalArgumentException when enqueueing null data

Fixes #7387

---

Type of Change

• ✨ New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• 🛠️ Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• 🚨 Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• 📝 Documentation update

Checklist:

• My code follows the style guidelines of this project
• I have performed a self-review of my own code
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• My changes generate no new warnings
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• New and existing unit tests pass locally with my changes
• Any dependent changes have been merged and published in downstream modules

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 0% with 56 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 79.37%. Comparing base (cc75b5e) to head (91b762f).
⚠️ Report is 28 commits behind head on master.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...orithms/datastructures/queues/ThreadSafeQueue.java	0.00%	54 Missing ⚠️
.../java/com/thealgorithms/searches/BinarySearch.java	0.00%	1 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master    #7388      +/-   ##
============================================
- Coverage     79.45%   79.37%   -0.09%     
- Complexity     7083     7179      +96     
============================================
  Files           790      799       +9     
  Lines         23164    23521     +357     
  Branches       4556     4623      +67     
============================================
+ Hits          18405    18669     +264     
- Misses         4022     4108      +86     
- Partials        737      744       +7     

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[Shoyeb45]

Nice work on the implementation!

I was planning to start working on this after opening the issue, but great to see it already in progress.

If you're okay with it, I can contribute by adding test cases to strengthen the PR.

[felseje]

Nice work! 🎯

[prashantpiyush1111]

Hey @Senrian, I can add the test cases for this PR. The existing tests have an issue — assertNull on dequeue() will fail since implementation throws NoSuchElementException. I have improved tests ready with thread safety coverage.