diff --git a/packages/elements/__tests__/inline-citation.test.tsx b/packages/elements/__tests__/inline-citation.test.tsx
index 601d47ae..3ff59966 100644
--- a/packages/elements/__tests__/inline-citation.test.tsx
+++ b/packages/elements/__tests__/inline-citation.test.tsx
@@ -92,6 +92,39 @@ describe("inlineCitationCardTrigger", () => {
     );
     expect(screen.getByText("unknown")).toBeInTheDocument();
   });
+
+  it("renders raw source for a bare domain without a scheme", () => {
+    expect(() =>
+      render(
+        <InlineCitationCard>
+          <InlineCitationCardTrigger sources={["example.com/nlp"]} />
+        </InlineCitationCard>
+      )
+    ).not.toThrow();
+    expect(screen.getByText("example.com/nlp")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
+  it("renders raw source for a relative path", () => {
+    expect(() =>
+      render(
+        <InlineCitationCard>
+          <InlineCitationCardTrigger sources={["/nlp-advances"]} />
+        </InlineCitationCard>
+      )
+    ).not.toThrow();
+    expect(screen.getByText("/nlp-advances")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
+  it("renders raw source for a non-URL string", () => {
+    expect(() =>
+      render(
+        <InlineCitationCard>
+          <InlineCitationCardTrigger sources={["not a url"]} />
+        </InlineCitationCard>
+      )
+    ).not.toThrow();
+    expect(screen.getByText("not a url")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
 });
 
 describe("inlineCitationCardBody", () => {
diff --git a/packages/elements/src/inline-citation.tsx b/packages/elements/src/inline-citation.tsx
index 171c81cf..3789ac15 100644
--- a/packages/elements/src/inline-citation.tsx
+++ b/packages/elements/src/inline-citation.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 "use client";
 
-import { Badge } from "@repo/shadcn-ui/components/ui/badge";
 import type { CarouselApi } from "@repo/shadcn-ui/components/ui/carousel";
+import type { ComponentProps } from "react";
+
+import { Badge } from "@repo/shadcn-ui/components/ui/badge";
 import {
   Carousel,
   CarouselContent,
@@ -14,7 +16,6 @@ import {
 } from "@repo/shadcn-ui/components/ui/hover-card";
 import { cn } from "@repo/shadcn-ui/lib/utils";
 import { ArrowLeftIcon, ArrowRightIcon } from "lucide-react";
-import type { ComponentProps } from "react";
 import {
   createContext,
   useCallback,
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ export const InlineCitationCardTrigger = ({
     >
       {sources[0] ? (
         <>
-          {new URL(sources[0]).hostname}{" "}
+          {URL.canParse(sources[0]) ? new URL(sources[0]).hostname : sources[0]}{" "}
           {sources.length > 1 && `+${sources.length - 1}`}
         </>
       ) : (