vcfconvert.c

/*  vcfconvert.c -- convert between VCF/BCF and related formats.

    Copyright (C) 2013-2026 Genome Research Ltd.

    Author: Petr Danecek <pd3@sanger.ac.uk>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.  */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <htslib/faidx.h>
#include <htslib/vcf.h>
#include <htslib/bgzf.h>
#include <htslib/synced_bcf_reader.h>
#include <htslib/vcfutils.h>
#include <htslib/kseq.h>
#include <htslib/hts_endian.h>
#include "bcftools.h"
#include "filter.h"
#include "convert.h"
#include "tsv2vcf.h"
#include "vcfbuf.h"

// Logic of the filters: include or exclude sites which match the filters?
#define FLT_INCLUDE 1
#define FLT_EXCLUDE 2

typedef struct _args_t args_t;
struct _args_t
{
    vcfbuf_t *vcfbuf;
    faidx_t *ref;
    filter_t *filter;
    char *filter_str;
    int filter_logic;   // include or exclude sites which match the filters? One of FLT_INCLUDE/FLT_EXCLUDE
    convert_t *convert;
    bcf_srs_t *files;
    bcf_hdr_t *header;
    void (*convert_func)(struct _args_t *);
    struct {
        int total, skipped, hom_rr, het_ra, hom_aa, het_aa, missing, written;
    } n;
    kstring_t str;
    int32_t *gts, *itmp;
    int nitmp;
    float *flt;
    int rev_als, output_vcf_ids, hap2dip, gen_3N6;
    int nsamples, *samples, sample_is_file, targets_is_file, regions_is_file, output_type;
    int regions_overlap, targets_overlap;
    char **argv, *sample_list, *targets_list, *regions_list, *tag, *columns;
    char *outfname, *infname, *ref_fname, *sex_fname;
    int argc, n_threads, record_cmd_line, keep_duplicates, clevel;
    char *index_fn;
    int write_index;
    struct {
        kstring_t ref,alt,refalt;
    } tsv;
};

static void destroy_data(args_t *args)
{
    if ( args->ref ) fai_destroy(args->ref);
    if ( args->convert) convert_destroy(args->convert);
    if ( args->filter ) filter_destroy(args->filter);
    free(args->samples);
    if ( args->files ) bcf_sr_destroy(args->files);
}

static void open_vcf(args_t *args, const char *format_str)
{
    args->files = bcf_sr_init();
    if ( args->n_threads && bcf_sr_set_threads(args->files, args->n_threads)!=0 )
        error("Could not initialize --threads %d\n", args->n_threads);

    if ( args->regions_list )
    {
        bcf_sr_set_opt(args->files,BCF_SR_REGIONS_OVERLAP,args->regions_overlap);
        if ( bcf_sr_set_regions(args->files, args->regions_list, args->regions_is_file)<0 )
            error("Failed to read the regions: %s\n", args->regions_list);
    }
    if ( args->targets_list )
    {
        bcf_sr_set_opt(args->files,BCF_SR_TARGETS_OVERLAP,args->targets_overlap);
        if ( bcf_sr_set_targets(args->files, args->targets_list, args->targets_is_file, 0)<0 )
            error("Failed to read the targets: %s\n", args->targets_list);
    }
    if ( !bcf_sr_add_reader(args->files, args->infname) )
        error("Failed to open %s: %s\n", args->infname,bcf_sr_strerror(args->files->errnum));

    args->header = args->files->readers[0].header;

    if ( args->filter_str )
        args->filter = filter_init(args->header, args->filter_str);

    int i, nsamples = 0, *samples = NULL;
    if ( args->sample_list && strcmp("-",args->sample_list) )
    {
        for (i=0; i<args->files->nreaders; i++)
        {
            int ret = bcf_hdr_set_samples(args->files->readers[i].header,args->sample_list,args->sample_is_file);
            if ( ret<0 ) error("Error parsing the sample list\n");
            else if ( ret>0 ) error("Sample name mismatch: sample #%d not found in the header\n", ret);
        }

        if ( args->sample_list[0]!='^' )
        {
            // the sample ordering may be different if not negated
            int n;
            char **smpls = hts_readlist(args->sample_list, args->sample_is_file, &n);
            if ( !smpls ) error("Could not parse %s\n", args->sample_list);
            if ( n!=bcf_hdr_nsamples(args->files->readers[0].header) )
                error("The number of samples does not match, perhaps some are present multiple times?\n");
            nsamples = bcf_hdr_nsamples(args->files->readers[0].header);
            samples = (int*) malloc(sizeof(int)*nsamples);
            for (i=0; i<n; i++)
            {
                samples[i] = bcf_hdr_id2int(args->files->readers[0].header, BCF_DT_SAMPLE,smpls[i]);
                free(smpls[i]);
            }
            free(smpls);
        }
    }
    if ( format_str ) args->convert = convert_init(args->header, samples, nsamples, format_str);
    free(samples);
}

static int _set_ref_alt(args_t *args, bcf1_t *rec)
{
    args->tsv.refalt.l = 0;
    kputs(args->tsv.ref.s, &args->tsv.refalt);
    if ( strcmp(".",args->tsv.alt.s) && strcmp(args->tsv.ref.s,args->tsv.alt.s) )
    {
        kputc(',', &args->tsv.refalt);
        kputs(args->tsv.alt.s, &args->tsv.refalt);
    }
    bcf_update_alleles_str(args->header, rec, args->tsv.refalt.s);
    args->tsv.ref.l = 0;
    args->tsv.alt.l = 0;
    args->tsv.refalt.l = 0;
    return 0;
}
static int tsv_setter_ref(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    args_t *args = (args_t*) usr;
    kputsn(tsv->ss,tsv->se - tsv->ss,&args->tsv.ref);
    if ( args->tsv.alt.l ) return _set_ref_alt(args,rec);
    return 0;
}
static int tsv_setter_alt(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    args_t *args = (args_t*) usr;
    kputsn(tsv->ss,tsv->se - tsv->ss,&args->tsv.alt);
    if ( args->tsv.ref.l ) return _set_ref_alt(args,rec);
    return 0;
}

// Try to set CHROM:POS_REF_ALT[_END]. Return 0 on success, -1 on error
static int _set_chrom_pos_ref_alt(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    args_t *args = (args_t*) usr;

    char tmp, *se = tsv->ss, *ss = tsv->ss;
    while ( se < tsv->se && *se!=':' ) se++;
    if ( *se!=':' ) return -1;
    tmp = *se; *se = 0;
    int rid = bcf_hdr_name2id(args->header,ss);
    *se = tmp;
    if ( rid<0 ) return -1;

    // POS
    hts_pos_t pos = strtol(se+1,&ss,10);
    if ( ss==se+1 ) return -1;
    pos--;

    // REF,ALT
    args->str.l = 0;
    se = ++ss;
    while ( se < tsv->se && *se!='_' ) se++;
    if ( *se!='_' ) return -1;
    kputsn(ss,se-ss,&args->str);
    ss = ++se;
    while ( se < tsv->se && *se!='_' && !isspace_c(*se) ) se++;
    if ( se < tsv->se && *se!='_' && !isspace_c(*se) ) return -1;
    kputc(',',&args->str);
    kputsn(ss,se-ss,&args->str);

    // END - optional
    if (*se && *se=='_')
    {
        long end = strtol(se+1,&ss,10);
        if ( ss==se+1 ) return -1;
        if (end < 1 || end > INT32_MAX)
            return -1;
        int32_t e = end; // bcf_update_info_int32 needs an int32_t pointer
        bcf_update_info_int32(args->header, rec, "END", &e, 1);
    }

    rec->rid = rid;
    rec->pos = pos;
    bcf_update_alleles_str(args->header, rec, args->str.s);

    return 0;
}
static int tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt_or_chrom(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    args_t *args = (args_t*)usr;
    int ret = _set_chrom_pos_ref_alt(tsv,rec,usr);
    if ( !ret ) return ret;
    return tsv_setter_chrom(tsv,rec,args->header);
}
static int tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    int ret = _set_chrom_pos_ref_alt(tsv,rec,usr);
    if ( ret!=0 ) error("Could not parse the CHROM:POS_REF_ALT[_END] string: %s\n", tsv->ss);
    return ret;
}
// This function must be called first, then tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt_id_or_die.
// One of them is expected to find the CHROM:POS_REF_ALT[_END] string, if not, die.
static int tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt_or_id(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    args_t *args = (args_t*)usr;
    if ( _set_chrom_pos_ref_alt(tsv,rec,usr)==0 )  return 0;
    rec->pos = -1;  // mark the record as unset
    if ( !args->output_vcf_ids) return 0;
    return tsv_setter_id(tsv,rec,usr);
}
static int tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt_id_or_die(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    args_t *args = (args_t*)usr;
    if ( rec->pos!=-1 )
    {
        if ( !args->output_vcf_ids ) return 0;
        return tsv_setter_id(tsv,rec,usr);
    }
    return tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt(tsv,rec,usr);
}
static int tsv_setter_verify_pos(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    char *se;
    int pos = strtol(tsv->ss,&se,10);
    if ( tsv->ss==se ) error("Could not parse POS: %s\n", tsv->ss);
    if ( rec->pos != pos-1 ) error("POS mismatch: %s\n", tsv->ss);
    return 0;
}
static int tsv_setter_verify_ref_alt(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    args_t *args = (args_t*) usr;
    args->rev_als = 0;
    char tmp = *tsv->se; *tsv->se = 0;
    if ( strcmp(tsv->ss,rec->d.allele[0]) )
    {
        if ( strcmp(tsv->ss,rec->d.allele[1]) ) { *tsv->se = tmp; error("REF/ALT mismatch: [%s][%s]\n", tsv->ss,rec->d.allele[1]); }
        args->rev_als = 1;
    }
    *tsv->se = tmp;
    while ( *tsv->se && isspace_c(*tsv->se) ) tsv->se++;
    tsv->ss = tsv->se;
    while ( *tsv->se && !isspace_c(*tsv->se) ) tsv->se++;
    tmp = *tsv->se; *tsv->se = 0;
    if ( !args->rev_als && strcmp(tsv->ss,rec->d.allele[1]) ) { *tsv->se = tmp; error("REF/ALT mismatch: [%s][%s]\n", tsv->ss,rec->d.allele[1]); }
    else if ( args->rev_als && strcmp(tsv->ss,rec->d.allele[0]) ) { *tsv->se = tmp; error("REF/ALT mismatch: [%s][%s]\n", tsv->ss,rec->d.allele[0]); }
    *tsv->se = tmp;
    return 0;
}
static int tsv_setter_gt_gp(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    args_t *args = (args_t*) usr;
    int i, nsamples = bcf_hdr_nsamples(args->header);
    for (i=0; i<nsamples; i++)
    {
        float aa,ab,bb;
        aa = strtod(tsv->ss, &tsv->se);
        if ( tsv->ss==tsv->se ) { fprintf(stderr,"Could not parse first value of %d-th sample\n", i+1); return -1; }
        tsv->ss = tsv->se+1;
        ab = strtod(tsv->ss, &tsv->se);
        if ( tsv->ss==tsv->se ) { fprintf(stderr,"Could not parse second value of %d-th sample\n", i+1); return -1; }
        tsv->ss = tsv->se+1;
        bb = strtod(tsv->ss, &tsv->se);
        if ( tsv->ss==tsv->se ) { fprintf(stderr,"Could not parse third value of %d-th sample\n", i+1); return -1; }
        tsv->ss = tsv->se+1;

        if ( args->rev_als ) { float tmp = bb; bb = aa; aa = tmp; }
        args->flt[3*i+0] = aa;
        args->flt[3*i+1] = ab;
        args->flt[3*i+2] = bb;

        if ( aa >= ab )
        {
            if ( aa >= bb ) args->gts[2*i+0] = args->gts[2*i+1] = bcf_gt_unphased(0);
            else args->gts[2*i+0] = args->gts[2*i+1] = bcf_gt_unphased(1);
        }
        else if ( ab >= bb )
        {
            args->gts[2*i+0] = bcf_gt_unphased(0);
            args->gts[2*i+1] = bcf_gt_unphased(1);
        }
        else args->gts[2*i+0] = args->gts[2*i+1] = bcf_gt_unphased(1);
    }
    if ( *tsv->se ) error("Could not parse: %s\n", tsv->ss);
    if ( bcf_update_genotypes(args->header,rec,args->gts,nsamples*2) ) error("Could not update GT field\n");
    if ( bcf_update_format_float(args->header,rec,"GP",args->flt,nsamples*3) ) error("Could not update GP field\n");
    return 0;
}
static int tsv_setter_haps(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    args_t *args = (args_t*) usr;
    int i, nsamples = bcf_hdr_nsamples(args->header);

    int32_t a0, a1;
    if ( args->rev_als ) { a0 = bcf_gt_phased(1); a1 = bcf_gt_phased(0); }
    else { a0 = bcf_gt_phased(0); a1 = bcf_gt_phased(1); }

    // up is short for "unphased"
    int nup = 0;
    for (i=0; i<nsamples; i++)
    {
        char *ss = tsv->ss + 4*i + nup;
        int up = 0, all;

        for (all=0; all < 2; all++){
            // checking for premature ending
            if ( !ss[0] || !ss[1] || !ss[2] ||
                 (up && (!ss[3] || !ss[4]) ) )
            {
                fprintf(stderr,"Wrong number of fields at %d-th sample ([%c][%c][%c]). ",i+1,ss[0],ss[1],ss[2]);
                return -1;
            }

            switch(ss[all*2+up]){
            case '0':
                args->gts[2*i+all] = a0;
                break;
            case '1' :
                args->gts[2*i+all] = a1;
                break;
            case '?' :
                // there is no macro to express phased missing allele
                args->gts[2*i+all] = bcf_gt_phased(-1);
                break;
            case '-' :
                args->gts[2*i+all] = bcf_int32_vector_end;
                break;
            default :
                fprintf(stderr,"Could not parse: [%c][%s]\n", ss[all*2+up],tsv->ss);
                return -1;
            }
            if( ss[all*2+up+1]=='*' ) up = up + 1;
        }

        if(up && up != 2)
        {
            fprintf(stderr,"Missing unphased marker '*': [%c][%s]", ss[2+up], tsv->ss);
            return -1;
        }

        // change alleles to unphased if the alleles are unphased
        if ( up )
        {
            args->gts[2*i] = bcf_gt_unphased(bcf_gt_allele(args->gts[2*i]));
            args->gts[2*i+1] = bcf_gt_unphased(bcf_gt_allele(args->gts[2*i+1]));
        }
        nup = nup + up;
    }
    if ( tsv->ss[(nsamples-1)*4+3+nup] )
    {
        fprintf(stderr,"nup: %d", nup);
        fprintf(stderr,"Wrong number of fields (%d-th column = [%c]). ", nsamples*2,tsv->ss[(nsamples-1)*4+nup]);
        return -1;
    }

    if ( bcf_update_genotypes(args->header,rec,args->gts,nsamples*2) ) error("Could not update GT field\n");
    return 0;
}
static void gensample_to_vcf(args_t *args)
{
    /*
     *  Inpute: IMPUTE2 output (indentation changed here for clarity):
     *
     *      20:62116619_C_T 20:62116619     62116619 C T 0.969 0.031 0 ...
     *      ---             20:62116698_C_A 62116698 C A 1     0     0 ...
     *
     *  Second column is expected in the form of CHROM:POS_REF_ALT. We use second
     *  column because the first can be empty ("--") when filling sites from reference
     *  panel. When the option --vcf-ids is given, the first column is used to set the
     *  VCF ID.
     *
     *  Output: VCF with filled GT,GP
     *
     */
    kstring_t line = {0,0,0};

    char *gen_fname = NULL, *sample_fname = NULL;
    sample_fname = strchr(args->infname,',');
    if ( !sample_fname )
    {
        args->str.l = 0;
        ksprintf(&args->str,"%s.gen.gz", args->infname);
        gen_fname = strdup(args->str.s);
        args->str.l = 0;
        ksprintf(&args->str,"%s.samples", args->infname);
        sample_fname = strdup(args->str.s);
    }
    else
    {
        *sample_fname = 0;
        gen_fname = strdup(args->infname);
        sample_fname = strdup(sample_fname+1);
    }
    htsFile *gen_fh = hts_open(gen_fname, "r");
    if ( !gen_fh ) error("Could not read: %s\n", gen_fname);
    if ( hts_getline(gen_fh, KS_SEP_LINE, &line) <= 0 ) error("Empty file: %s\n", gen_fname);

    // Find out the chromosome name, depending on the format variant (--3N6 or plain) and the ordering
    // of the columns (CHROM:POS_REF_ALT comes first or second)
    args->str.l = 0;
    char *sb = line.s, *se = line.s;
    while ( *se && !isspace_c(*se) ) se++;
    if ( !*se ) error("Could not determine CHROM in %s: %s\n", gen_fname,line.s);
    if ( args->gen_3N6 )    // first column, just CHROM
        kputsn(sb, se-sb, &args->str);
    else                    // first or second column, part of CHROM:POS_REF_ALT
    {
        char *sc = strchr(sb,':');
        if ( !sc || sc > se )
        {
            while ( *se && !isspace_c(*se) ) se++;
            if ( !*se ) error("Could not determine CHROM in %s: %s\n", gen_fname,line.s);
            sb = ++se;
            sc = strchr(sb,':');
            if ( !sc ) error("Could not determine CHROM in %s: %s\n", gen_fname,line.s);
        }
        kputsn(sb, sc-sb, &args->str);
    }

    // Initialize and print the VCF header, args->str.s contains the chr name
    args->header = bcf_hdr_init("w");
    bcf_hdr_append(args->header, "##INFO=<ID=END,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description=\"End position of the variant described in this record\">");
    bcf_hdr_append(args->header, "##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description=\"Genotype\">");
    bcf_hdr_append(args->header, "##FORMAT=<ID=GP,Number=G,Type=Float,Description=\"Genotype Probabilities\">");
    bcf_hdr_printf(args->header, "##contig=<ID=%s,length=%d>", args->str.s,0x7fffffff);   // MAX_CSI_COOR
    if (args->record_cmd_line) bcf_hdr_append_version(args->header, args->argc, args->argv, "bcftools_convert");

    tsv_t *tsv;
    if ( args->gen_3N6 )
    {
        tsv = tsv_init("CHROM,CHROM_POS_REF_ALT,ID,POS,REF_ALT,GT_GP");
        tsv_register(tsv, "CHROM", tsv_setter_chrom, args->header);
    }
    else
        tsv = tsv_init("CHROM_POS_REF_ALT,ID,POS,REF_ALT,GT_GP");
    tsv_register(tsv, "CHROM_POS_REF_ALT", tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt_or_id, args);
    tsv_register(tsv, "ID", tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt_id_or_die, args);
    tsv_register(tsv, "POS", tsv_setter_verify_pos, NULL);
    tsv_register(tsv, "REF_ALT", tsv_setter_verify_ref_alt, args);
    tsv_register(tsv, "GT_GP", tsv_setter_gt_gp, args);

    // Find out sample names
    int i, nsamples;
    char **samples = hts_readlist(sample_fname, 1, &nsamples);
    if ( !samples ) error("Could not read %s\n", sample_fname);
    for (i=2; i<nsamples; i++)
    {
        se = samples[i]; while ( *se && !isspace_c(*se) ) se++;
        *se = 0;
        bcf_hdr_add_sample(args->header,samples[i]);
    }
    for (i=0; i<nsamples; i++) free(samples[i]);
    free(samples);

    char wmode[8];
    set_wmode(wmode,args->output_type,args->outfname,args->clevel);
    htsFile *out_fh = hts_open(args->outfname ? args->outfname : "-", wmode);
    if ( out_fh == NULL ) error("Can't write to \"%s\": %s\n", args->outfname, strerror(errno));
    if ( args->n_threads ) hts_set_threads(out_fh, args->n_threads);
    if ( bcf_hdr_write(out_fh,args->header)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write the header to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
    if ( init_index2(out_fh,args->header,args->outfname,&args->index_fn,
                     args->write_index)<0 )
        error("Error: failed to initialise index for %s\n",args->outfname);
    bcf1_t *rec = bcf_init();

    nsamples -= 2;
    args->gts = (int32_t *) malloc(sizeof(int32_t)*nsamples*2);
    args->flt = (float *) malloc(sizeof(float)*nsamples*3);

    do
    {
        bcf_clear(rec);
        args->n.total++;
        if ( !tsv_parse(tsv, rec, line.s) )
        {
            if ( bcf_write(out_fh, args->header, rec)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
        }
        else
            error("Error occurred while parsing: %s\n", line.s);
    }
    while ( hts_getline(gen_fh, KS_SEP_LINE, &line)>0 );

    if ( args->write_index )
    {
        if ( bcf_idx_save(out_fh)<0 )
        {
            if ( hts_close(out_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", args->outfname);
            error("Error: cannot write to index %s\n", args->index_fn);
        }
        free(args->index_fn);
    }
    if ( hts_close(out_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", args->outfname);
    if ( hts_close(gen_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", gen_fname);
    bcf_hdr_destroy(args->header);
    bcf_destroy(rec);
    free(sample_fname);
    free(gen_fname);
    free(args->str.s);
    free(line.s);
    free(args->gts);
    free(args->flt);
    tsv_destroy(tsv);

    fprintf(stderr,"Number of processed rows: \t%d\n", args->n.total);
}

static void haplegendsample_to_vcf(args_t *args)
{
    /*
     *  Convert from IMPUTE2 hap/legend/sample output files to VCF
     *
     *      hap:
     *          0 1 0 1
     *      legend:
     *          id position a0 a1
     *          1:186946386_G_T 186946386 G T
     *      sample:
     *          sample population group sex
     *          sample1 sample1 sample1 2
     *          sample2 sample2 sample2 2
     *
     *  Output: VCF with filled GT
     */
    kstring_t line = {0,0,0};

    if ( args->output_vcf_ids )
        error(
            "The option --haplegendsample2vcf cannot be combined with --vcf-ids. This is because the\n"
            "ID column must be formatted as \"CHROM:POS_REF_ALT\" to check sanity of the operation\n");

    char *hap_fname = NULL, *leg_fname = NULL, *sample_fname = NULL;
    sample_fname = strchr(args->infname,',');
    if ( !sample_fname )
    {
        args->str.l = 0;
        ksprintf(&args->str,"%s.hap.gz", args->infname);
        hap_fname = strdup(args->str.s);
        args->str.l = 0;
        ksprintf(&args->str,"%s.samples", args->infname);
        sample_fname = strdup(args->str.s);
        args->str.l = 0;
        ksprintf(&args->str,"%s.legend.gz", args->infname);
        leg_fname = strdup(args->str.s);
    }
    else
    {
        char *ss = sample_fname, *se = strchr(ss+1,',');
        if ( !se ) error("Could not parse hap/legend/sample file names: %s\n", args->infname);
        *ss = 0;
        *se = 0;
        hap_fname = strdup(args->infname);
        leg_fname = strdup(ss+1);
        sample_fname = strdup(se+1);
    }
    htsFile *hap_fh = hts_open(hap_fname, "r");
    if ( !hap_fh ) error("Could not read: %s\n", hap_fname);

    htsFile *leg_fh = hts_open(leg_fname,"r");
    if ( !leg_fh ) error("Could not read: %s\n", leg_fname);

    // Eat up first legend line, then determine chromosome name
    if ( hts_getline(leg_fh, KS_SEP_LINE, &line) <= 0 ) error("Empty file: %s\n", leg_fname);
    if ( hts_getline(leg_fh, KS_SEP_LINE, &line) <= 0 ) error("Empty file: %s\n", leg_fname);

    // Find out the chromosome name, sample names, init and print the VCF header
    args->str.l = 0;
    char *se = strchr(line.s,':');
    if ( !se ) error("Expected CHROM:POS_REF_ALT in first column of %s\n", leg_fname);
    kputsn(line.s, se-line.s, &args->str);

    tsv_t *leg_tsv = tsv_init("CHROM_POS_REF_ALT,POS,REF_ALT");
    tsv_register(leg_tsv, "CHROM_POS_REF_ALT", tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt, args);
    tsv_register(leg_tsv, "POS", tsv_setter_verify_pos, NULL);
    tsv_register(leg_tsv, "REF_ALT", tsv_setter_verify_ref_alt, args);
    tsv_t *hap_tsv = tsv_init("HAPS");
    tsv_register(hap_tsv, "HAPS", tsv_setter_haps, args);

    args->header = bcf_hdr_init("w");
    bcf_hdr_append(args->header, "##INFO=<ID=END,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description=\"End position of the variant described in this record\">");
    bcf_hdr_append(args->header, "##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description=\"Genotype\">");
    bcf_hdr_printf(args->header, "##contig=<ID=%s,length=%d>", args->str.s,0x7fffffff);   // MAX_CSI_COOR
    if (args->record_cmd_line) bcf_hdr_append_version(args->header, args->argc, args->argv, "bcftools_convert");

    int i, nrows, nsamples;
    char **samples = hts_readlist(sample_fname, 1, &nrows);
    if ( !samples ) error("Could not read %s\n", sample_fname);
    nsamples = nrows - 1;

    // sample_fname should contain a header line, so need to ignore first row
    // returned from hts_readlist (i=1, and not i=0)
    for (i=1; i<nrows; i++)
    {
        se = samples[i]; while ( *se && !isspace_c(*se) ) se++;
        *se = 0;
        bcf_hdr_add_sample(args->header,samples[i]);
    }
    bcf_hdr_add_sample(args->header,NULL);
    for (i=0; i<nrows; i++) free(samples[i]);
    free(samples);

    char wmode[8];
    set_wmode(wmode,args->output_type,args->outfname,args->clevel);
    htsFile *out_fh = hts_open(args->outfname ? args->outfname : "-", wmode);
    if ( out_fh == NULL ) error("Can't write to \"%s\": %s\n", args->outfname, strerror(errno));
    if ( args->n_threads ) hts_set_threads(out_fh, args->n_threads);
    if ( bcf_hdr_write(out_fh,args->header)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write the header to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
    if ( init_index2(out_fh,args->header,args->outfname,&args->index_fn,
                     args->write_index)<0 )
        error("Error: failed to initialise index for %s\n",args->outfname);
    bcf1_t *rec = bcf_init();

    args->gts = (int32_t *) malloc(sizeof(int32_t)*nsamples*2);

    while (1)
    {
        bcf_clear(rec);
        args->n.total++;
        if ( tsv_parse(leg_tsv, rec, line.s) )
            error("Error occurred while parsing %s: %s\n", leg_fname,line.s);

        if ( hts_getline(hap_fh,  KS_SEP_LINE, &line)<=0 )
            error("Different number of records in %s and %s?\n", leg_fname,hap_fname);

        if ( tsv_parse(hap_tsv, rec, line.s) )
            error("Error occurred while parsing %s: %s\n", hap_fname,line.s);

        if ( bcf_write(out_fh, args->header, rec)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);

        if ( hts_getline(leg_fh, KS_SEP_LINE, &line)<=0 )
        {
            if ( hts_getline(hap_fh, KS_SEP_LINE, &line)>0 )
                error("Different number of records in %s and %s?\n", leg_fname,hap_fname);
            break;
        }
    }

    if ( args->write_index )
    {
        if ( bcf_idx_save(out_fh)<0 )
        {
            if ( hts_close(out_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", args->outfname);
            error("Error: cannot write to index %s\n", args->index_fn);
        }
        free(args->index_fn);
    }
    if ( hts_close(out_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", args->outfname);
    if ( hts_close(hap_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", hap_fname);
    if ( hts_close(leg_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", leg_fname);
    bcf_hdr_destroy(args->header);
    bcf_destroy(rec);
    free(sample_fname);
    free(hap_fname);
    free(leg_fname);
    free(args->str.s);
    free(line.s);
    free(args->gts);
    tsv_destroy(hap_tsv);
    tsv_destroy(leg_tsv);

    fprintf(stderr,"Number of processed rows: \t%d\n", args->n.total);
}

static void hapsample_to_vcf(args_t *args)
{
    /*
     *  Input: SHAPEIT output
     *
     *      20:19995888_A_G rsid1 19995888 A G 0 0 0 0 ...
     *      20 20:19995888_A_G 19995888 A G 0 0 0 0 ...
     *
     *  First column is expected in the form of CHROM:POS_REF_ALT
     *
     *  Output: VCF with filled GT
     *
     */
    kstring_t line = {0,0,0};

    char *hap_fname = NULL, *sample_fname = NULL;
    sample_fname = strchr(args->infname,',');
    if ( !sample_fname )
    {
        args->str.l = 0;
        ksprintf(&args->str,"%s.hap.gz", args->infname);
        hap_fname = strdup(args->str.s);
        args->str.l = 0;
        ksprintf(&args->str,"%s.samples", args->infname);
        sample_fname = strdup(args->str.s);
    }
    else
    {
        *sample_fname = 0;
        hap_fname = strdup(args->infname);
        sample_fname = strdup(sample_fname+1);
    }
    htsFile *hap_fh = hts_open(hap_fname, "r");
    if ( !hap_fh ) error("Could not read: %s\n", hap_fname);
    if ( hts_getline(hap_fh, KS_SEP_LINE, &line) <= 0 ) error("Empty file: %s\n", hap_fname);

    // Find out the chromosome name, it can be either in the first or second column
    args->str.l = 0;
    char *sb = line.s, *se = line.s;
    while ( *se && !isspace_c(*se) ) se++;
    if ( !*se ) error("Could not determine CHROM in %s: %s\n", hap_fname,line.s);
    if ( !args->output_vcf_ids )
    {
        // first column should be just CHROM, but the second must be CHROM:POS_REF_ALT, use that
        sb = ++se;
        while ( *se && !isspace_c(*se) ) se++;
        if ( !*se ) error("Could not determine CHROM in %s: %s\n", hap_fname,line.s);
        if ( !strchr(sb,':') )
            error("Could not determine CHROM in the second column of %s: %s\n", hap_fname,line.s);
    }
    // Parse CHROM:POS_REF_ALT
    char *sc = strchr(sb,':');
    if ( !sc || sc > se )
        error("Could not determine CHROM in %s: %s\n", hap_fname,line.s);
    kputsn(sb, sc-sb, &args->str);

    // Initialize and print the VCF header, args->str.s contains the chr name
    args->header = bcf_hdr_init("w");
    bcf_hdr_append(args->header, "##INFO=<ID=END,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description=\"End position of the variant described in this record\">");
    bcf_hdr_append(args->header, "##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description=\"Genotype\">");
    bcf_hdr_printf(args->header, "##contig=<ID=%s,length=%d>", args->str.s,0x7fffffff);   // MAX_CSI_COOR
    if (args->record_cmd_line) bcf_hdr_append_version(args->header, args->argc, args->argv, "bcftools_convert");

    tsv_t *tsv;
    if ( args->output_vcf_ids )
    {
        tsv = tsv_init("CHROM_POS_REF_ALT,ID,POS,REF_ALT,HAPS");
        tsv_register(tsv, "ID", tsv_setter_id, args);
    }
    else
    {
        tsv = tsv_init("CHROM,CHROM_POS_REF_ALT,POS,REF_ALT,HAPS");
        tsv_register(tsv, "CHROM", tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt_or_chrom, args);
    }
    tsv_register(tsv, "CHROM_POS_REF_ALT", tsv_setter_chrom_pos_ref_alt, args);
    tsv_register(tsv, "POS", tsv_setter_verify_pos, NULL);
    tsv_register(tsv, "REF_ALT", tsv_setter_verify_ref_alt, args);
    tsv_register(tsv, "HAPS", tsv_setter_haps, args);

    int i, nsamples;
    char **samples = hts_readlist(sample_fname, 1, &nsamples);
    if ( !samples ) error("Could not read %s\n", sample_fname);
    for (i=2; i<nsamples; i++)
    {
        se = samples[i]; while ( *se && !isspace_c(*se) ) se++;
        *se = 0;
        bcf_hdr_add_sample(args->header,samples[i]);
    }
    bcf_hdr_add_sample(args->header,NULL);
    for (i=0; i<nsamples; i++) free(samples[i]);
    free(samples);

    char wmode[8];
    set_wmode(wmode,args->output_type,args->outfname,args->clevel);
    htsFile *out_fh = hts_open(args->outfname ? args->outfname : "-", wmode);
    if ( out_fh == NULL ) error("Can't write to \"%s\": %s\n", args->outfname, strerror(errno));
    if ( args->n_threads ) hts_set_threads(out_fh, args->n_threads);
    if ( bcf_hdr_write(out_fh,args->header)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
    if ( init_index2(out_fh,args->header,args->outfname,&args->index_fn,
                     args->write_index)<0 )
        error("Error: failed to initialise index for %s\n",args->outfname);
    bcf1_t *rec = bcf_init();

    nsamples -= 2;
    args->gts = (int32_t *) malloc(sizeof(int32_t)*nsamples*2);

    do
    {
        bcf_clear(rec);
        args->n.total++;
        if ( !tsv_parse(tsv, rec, line.s) )
        {
            if ( bcf_write(out_fh, args->header, rec)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
        }
        else
            error("Error occurred while parsing: %s\n", line.s);
    }
    while ( hts_getline(hap_fh, KS_SEP_LINE, &line)>0 );

    if ( args->write_index )
    {
        if ( bcf_idx_save(out_fh)<0 )
        {
            if ( hts_close(out_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", args->outfname);
            error("Error: cannot write to index %s\n", args->index_fn);
        }
        free(args->index_fn);
    }
    if ( hts_close(out_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", args->outfname);
    if ( hts_close(hap_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", hap_fname);
    bcf_hdr_destroy(args->header);
    bcf_destroy(rec);
    free(sample_fname);
    free(hap_fname);
    free(args->str.s);
    free(line.s);
    free(args->gts);
    tsv_destroy(tsv);

    fprintf(stderr,"Number of processed rows: \t%d\n", args->n.total);
}

char *init_sample2sex(bcf_hdr_t *hdr, char *sex_fname)
{
    int i, nlines;
    char *sample2sex = (char*) calloc(bcf_hdr_nsamples(hdr),1);
    char **lines = hts_readlist(sex_fname, 1, &nlines);
    if ( !lines ) error("Could not read %s\n", sex_fname);
    for (i=0; i<nlines; i++)
    {
        char *se = lines[i]; while ( *se && !isspace_c(*se) ) se++;
        char tmp = *se;
        *se = 0;
        int id = bcf_hdr_id2int(hdr, BCF_DT_SAMPLE, lines[i]);
        *se = tmp;
        if ( id<0 ) continue;
        while ( *se && isspace_c(*se) ) se++;
        if ( *se=='M' ) sample2sex[id] = '1';
        else if ( *se=='F' ) sample2sex[id] = '2';
        else error("Could not parse %s: %s\n", sex_fname,lines[i]);
    }
    for (i=0; i<nlines; i++) free(lines[i]);
    free(lines);
    for (i=0; i<bcf_hdr_nsamples(hdr); i++)
        if ( !sample2sex[i] ) error("Missing sex for sample %s in %s\n", bcf_hdr_int2id(hdr, BCF_DT_SAMPLE, i),sex_fname);
    return sample2sex;
}

static void vcf_to_gensample(args_t *args)
{
    kstring_t str = {0,0,0};

    // insert chrom as first column if needed
    if ( args->gen_3N6 )
        kputs("%CHROM ", &str);

    kputs("%CHROM:%POS\\_%REF\\_%FIRST_ALT ", &str);

    // insert rsid as second column if needed
    if ( args->output_vcf_ids )
        kputs("%ID ", &str);
    else
        kputs("%CHROM:%POS\\_%REF\\_%FIRST_ALT ", &str);

    kputs("%POS %REF %FIRST_ALT", &str);
    if ( !args->tag || !strcmp(args->tag,"GT") ) kputs("%_GT_TO_PROB3",&str);
    else if ( !strcmp(args->tag,"PL") ) kputs("%_PL_TO_PROB3",&str);
    else if ( !strcmp(args->tag,"GP") ) kputs("%_GP_TO_PROB3",&str);
    else error("todo: --tag %s\n", args->tag);
    kputs("\n", &str);
    open_vcf(args,str.s);

    int ret, gen_compressed = 1, sample_compressed = 0;
    char *gen_fname = NULL, *sample_fname = NULL;
    str.l = 0;
    kputs(args->outfname,&str);
    int n_files = 0, i;
    char **files = hts_readlist(str.s, 0, &n_files);
    if ( n_files==1 )
    {
        int l = str.l;
        kputs(".samples",&str);
        sample_fname = strdup(str.s);
        str.l = l;
        kputs(".gen.gz",&str);
        gen_fname = strdup(str.s);
    }
    else if ( n_files==2 )
    {
        if (strlen(files[0]) && strcmp(files[0],".")!=0) gen_fname = strdup(files[0]);
        if (strlen(files[1]) && strcmp(files[1],".")!=0) sample_fname = strdup(files[1]);
    }
    else
    {
        error("Error parsing --gensample filenames: %s\n", args->outfname);
    }
    for (i=0; i<n_files; i++) free(files[i]);
    free(files);

    if ( gen_fname && (strlen(gen_fname)<3 || strcasecmp(".gz",gen_fname+strlen(gen_fname)-3)) ) gen_compressed = 0;
    if ( sample_fname && strlen(sample_fname)>3 && strcasecmp(".gz",sample_fname+strlen(sample_fname)-3)==0 ) sample_compressed = 1;

    if (gen_fname) fprintf(stderr, "Gen file: %s\n", gen_fname);
    if (sample_fname) fprintf(stderr, "Sample file: %s\n", sample_fname);

    // write samples file
    if (sample_fname)
    {
        char *sample2sex = NULL;
        if ( args->sex_fname ) sample2sex = init_sample2sex(args->header,args->sex_fname);

        int i;
        BGZF *sout = bgzf_open(sample_fname, sample_compressed ? "wg" : "wu");
        str.l = 0;
        kputs(sample2sex ? "ID_1 ID_2 missing sex\n0 0 0 0\n" : "ID_1 ID_2 missing\n0 0 0\n", &str);
        ret = bgzf_write(sout, str.s, str.l);
        if ( ret != str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", sample_fname, strerror(errno));
        for (i=0; i<bcf_hdr_nsamples(args->header); i++)
        {
            str.l = 0;
            if ( sample2sex )
                ksprintf(&str, "%s %s 0 %c\n", args->header->samples[i],args->header->samples[i],sample2sex[i]);
            else
                ksprintf(&str, "%s %s 0\n", args->header->samples[i],args->header->samples[i]);
            ret = bgzf_write(sout, str.s, str.l);
            if ( ret != str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", sample_fname, strerror(errno));
        }
        if ( bgzf_close(sout)!=0 ) error("Error closing %s: %s\n", sample_fname, strerror(errno));
        free(sample_fname);
        free(sample2sex);
    }
    if (!gen_fname) {
        if ( str.m ) free(str.s);
        return;
    }

    int prev_rid = -1, prev_pos = -1;
    int no_alt = 0, non_biallelic = 0, filtered = 0, ndup = 0, nok = 0;
    BGZF *gout = bgzf_open(gen_fname, gen_compressed ? "wg" : "wu");
    while ( bcf_sr_next_line(args->files) )
    {
        bcf1_t *line = bcf_sr_get_line(args->files,0);
        if ( args->filter )
        {
            int pass = filter_test(args->filter, line, NULL);
            if ( args->filter_logic & FLT_EXCLUDE ) pass = pass ? 0 : 1;
            if ( !pass ) { filtered++; continue; }
        }

        // ALT allele is required
        if ( line->n_allele<2 ) { no_alt++; continue; }

        // biallelic required
        if ( line->n_allele>2 ) {
            if (!non_biallelic)
                fprintf(stderr, "Warning: non-biallelic records are skipped. Consider splitting multi-allelic records into biallelic records using 'bcftools norm -m-'.\n");
            non_biallelic++;
            continue;
        }

        // skip duplicate lines, or otherwise shapeit complains
        if ( !args->keep_duplicates && prev_rid==line->rid && prev_pos==line->pos ) { ndup++; continue; }
        prev_rid = line->rid;
        prev_pos = line->pos;

        str.l = 0;
        convert_line(args->convert, line, &str);
        if ( str.l )
        {
            int ret = bgzf_write(gout, str.s, str.l);
            if ( ret!= str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", gen_fname,strerror(errno));
            nok++;
        }
    }
    if ( args->files->errnum ) error("Error: %s\n", bcf_sr_strerror(args->files->errnum));
    fprintf(stderr, "%d records written, %d skipped: %d/%d/%d/%d no-ALT/non-biallelic/filtered/duplicated\n",
        nok, no_alt+non_biallelic+filtered+ndup, no_alt, non_biallelic, filtered, ndup);

    if ( str.m ) free(str.s);
    if ( bgzf_close(gout)!=0 ) error("Error closing %s: %s\n", gen_fname,strerror(errno));
    free(gen_fname);
}

static void vcf_to_haplegendsample(args_t *args)
{
    kstring_t str = {0,0,0};
    if ( args->hap2dip )
        kputs("%_GT_TO_HAP2\n", &str);
    else
        kputs("%_GT_TO_HAP\n", &str);
    open_vcf(args,str.s);

    int ret, hap_compressed = 1, legend_compressed = 1, sample_compressed = 0;
    char *hap_fname = NULL, *legend_fname = NULL, *sample_fname = NULL;
    str.l = 0;
    kputs(args->outfname,&str);
    int n_files = 0, i;
    char **files = hts_readlist(str.s, 0, &n_files);
    if ( n_files==1 )
    {
        int l = str.l;
        kputs(".samples",&str);
        sample_fname = strdup(str.s);
        str.l = l;
        kputs(".legend.gz",&str);
        legend_fname = strdup(str.s);
        str.l = l;
        kputs(".hap.gz",&str);
        hap_fname = strdup(str.s);
    }
    else if ( n_files==3 )
    {
        if (strlen(files[0]) && strcmp(files[0],".")!=0) hap_fname = strdup(files[0]);
        if (strlen(files[1]) && strcmp(files[1],".")!=0) legend_fname = strdup(files[1]);
        if (strlen(files[2]) && strcmp(files[2],".")!=0) sample_fname = strdup(files[2]);
    }
    else
    {
        error("Error parsing --hapslegendsample filenames: %s\n", args->outfname);
    }
    for (i=0; i<n_files; i++) free(files[i]);
    free(files);

    if ( hap_fname && (strlen(hap_fname)<3 || strcasecmp(".gz",hap_fname+strlen(hap_fname)-3)) ) hap_compressed = 0;
    if ( legend_fname && (strlen(legend_fname)<3 || strcasecmp(".gz",legend_fname+strlen(legend_fname)-3)) ) legend_compressed = 0;
    if ( sample_fname && strlen(sample_fname)>3 && strcasecmp(".gz",sample_fname+strlen(sample_fname)-3)==0 ) sample_compressed = 1;

    if (hap_fname) fprintf(stderr, "Hap file: %s\n", hap_fname);
    if (legend_fname) fprintf(stderr, "Legend file: %s\n", legend_fname);
    if (sample_fname) fprintf(stderr, "Sample file: %s\n", sample_fname);

    // write samples file
    if (sample_fname)
    {
        char *sample2sex = NULL;
        if ( args->sex_fname ) sample2sex = init_sample2sex(args->header,args->sex_fname);

        int i;
        BGZF *sout = bgzf_open(sample_fname, sample_compressed ? "wg" : "wu");
        str.l = 0;
        kputs("sample population group sex\n", &str);
        ret = bgzf_write(sout, str.s, str.l);
        if ( ret != str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", sample_fname, strerror(errno));
        for (i=0; i<bcf_hdr_nsamples(args->header); i++)
        {
            str.l = 0;
            ksprintf(&str, "%s %s %s %c\n", args->header->samples[i], args->header->samples[i], args->header->samples[i], sample2sex ? sample2sex[i] : '2');
            ret = bgzf_write(sout, str.s, str.l);
            if ( ret != str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", sample_fname, strerror(errno));
        }
        if ( bgzf_close(sout)!=0 ) error("Error closing %s: %s\n", sample_fname, strerror(errno));
        free(sample_fname);
        free(sample2sex);
    }
    if (!hap_fname && !legend_fname) {
        if ( str.m ) free(str.s);
        return;
    }

    // open haps and legend outputs
    BGZF *hout = hap_fname ? bgzf_open(hap_fname, hap_compressed ? "wg" : "wu") : NULL;
    if ( hout && hap_compressed && args->n_threads ) bgzf_thread_pool(hout, args->files->p->pool, args->files->p->qsize);
    BGZF *lout = legend_fname ? bgzf_open(legend_fname, legend_compressed ? "wg" : "wu") : NULL;
    if (legend_fname) {
        str.l = 0;
        kputs("id position a0 a1\n", &str);
        ret = bgzf_write(lout, str.s, str.l);
        if ( ret != str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", legend_fname, strerror(errno));
    }

    int no_alt = 0, non_biallelic = 0, filtered = 0, nok = 0;
    while ( bcf_sr_next_line(args->files) )
    {
        bcf1_t *line = bcf_sr_get_line(args->files,0);
        if ( args->filter )
        {
            int pass = filter_test(args->filter, line, NULL);
            if ( args->filter_logic & FLT_EXCLUDE ) pass = pass ? 0 : 1;
            if ( !pass ) { filtered++; continue; }
        }

        // ALT allele is required
        if ( line->n_allele<2 ) { no_alt++; continue; }
        // biallelic required
        if ( line->n_allele>2 ) {
            if (!non_biallelic)
                fprintf(stderr, "Warning: non-biallelic records are skipped. Consider splitting multi-allelic records into biallelic records using 'bcftools norm -m-'.\n");
            non_biallelic++;
            continue;
        }

        str.l = 0;
        convert_line(args->convert, line, &str);
        if ( !str.l ) continue;

        // write haps file
        if (hap_fname) {
            ret = bgzf_write(hout, str.s, str.l); // write hap file
            if ( ret != str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", hap_fname, strerror(errno));
        }
        if (legend_fname) {
            str.l = 0;
            if ( args->output_vcf_ids && (line->d.id[0]!='.' || line->d.id[1]!=0) )
                ksprintf(&str, "%s %"PRId64" %s %s\n", line->d.id, (int64_t) line->pos+1, line->d.allele[0], line->d.allele[1]);
            else
                ksprintf(&str, "%s:%"PRId64"_%s_%s %"PRId64" %s %s\n", bcf_seqname(args->header, line), (int64_t) line->pos+1, line->d.allele[0], line->d.allele[1], (int64_t) line->pos+1, line->d.allele[0], line->d.allele[1]);

            // write legend file
            ret = bgzf_write(lout, str.s, str.l);
            if ( ret != str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", legend_fname, strerror(errno));
        }
        nok++;
    }
    if ( args->files->errnum ) error("Error: %s\n", bcf_sr_strerror(args->files->errnum));
    fprintf(stderr, "%d records written, %d skipped: %d/%d/%d no-ALT/non-biallelic/filtered\n", nok,no_alt+non_biallelic+filtered, no_alt, non_biallelic, filtered);
    if ( str.m ) free(str.s);
    if ( hout && bgzf_close(hout)!=0 ) error("Error closing %s: %s\n", hap_fname, strerror(errno));
    if ( lout && bgzf_close(lout)!=0 ) error("Error closing %s: %s\n", legend_fname, strerror(errno));
    if (hap_fname) free(hap_fname);
    if (legend_fname) free(legend_fname);
}

static void vcf_to_hapsample(args_t *args)
{
    /*
     *  WTCCC style haplotypes file
     *  see https://mathgen.stats.ox.ac.uk/genetics_software/shapeit/shapeit.html#hapsample
     *
     *  These are essentially the haplotypes from the impute2 format with some
     *  legend info tacked on to the first 5 columns
     *
     */
    kstring_t str = {0,0,0};

    // print ID instead of CHROM:POS_REF_ALT1
    if ( args->output_vcf_ids )
        kputs("%CHROM:%POS\\_%REF\\_%FIRST_ALT %ID %POS %REF %FIRST_ALT ", &str);
    else
        kputs("%CHROM %CHROM:%POS\\_%REF\\_%FIRST_ALT %POS %REF %FIRST_ALT ", &str);

    if ( args->hap2dip )
        kputs("%_GT_TO_HAP2\n", &str);
    else
        kputs("%_GT_TO_HAP\n", &str);
    open_vcf(args,str.s);

    int ret, hap_compressed = 1, sample_compressed = 0;
    char *hap_fname = NULL, *sample_fname = NULL;
    str.l = 0;
    kputs(args->outfname,&str);
    int n_files = 0, i;
    char **files = hts_readlist(str.s, 0, &n_files);
    if ( n_files==1 )
    {
        int l = str.l;
        kputs(".samples",&str);
        sample_fname = strdup(str.s);
        str.l = l;
        kputs(".hap.gz",&str);
        hap_fname = strdup(str.s);
    }
    else if ( n_files==2 )
    {
        if (strlen(files[0]) && strcmp(files[0],".")!=0) hap_fname = strdup(files[0]);
        if (strlen(files[1]) && strcmp(files[1],".")!=0) sample_fname = strdup(files[1]);
    }
    else
    {
        error("Error parsing --hapsample filenames: %s\n", args->outfname);
    }
    for (i=0; i<n_files; i++) free(files[i]);
    free(files);

    if ( hap_fname && (strlen(hap_fname)<3 || strcasecmp(".gz",hap_fname+strlen(hap_fname)-3)) ) hap_compressed = 0;
    if ( sample_fname && strlen(sample_fname)>3 && strcasecmp(".gz",sample_fname+strlen(sample_fname)-3)==0 ) sample_compressed = 1;

    if (hap_fname) fprintf(stderr, "Hap file: %s\n", hap_fname);
    if (sample_fname) fprintf(stderr, "Sample file: %s\n", sample_fname);

    // write samples file
    if (sample_fname)
    {
        char *sample2sex = NULL;
        if ( args->sex_fname ) sample2sex = init_sample2sex(args->header,args->sex_fname);

        int i;
        BGZF *sout = bgzf_open(sample_fname, sample_compressed ? "wg" : "wu");
        str.l = 0;
        kputs(sample2sex ? "ID_1 ID_2 missing sex\n0 0 0 0\n" : "ID_1 ID_2 missing\n0 0 0\n", &str);
        ret = bgzf_write(sout, str.s, str.l);
        if ( ret != str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", sample_fname, strerror(errno));
        for (i=0; i<bcf_hdr_nsamples(args->header); i++)
        {
            str.l = 0;
            if ( sample2sex )
                ksprintf(&str, "%s %s 0 %c\n", args->header->samples[i],args->header->samples[i],sample2sex[i]);
            else
                ksprintf(&str, "%s %s 0\n", args->header->samples[i],args->header->samples[i]);
            ret = bgzf_write(sout, str.s, str.l);
            if ( ret != str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", sample_fname, strerror(errno));
        }
        if ( bgzf_close(sout)!=0 ) error("Error closing %s: %s\n", sample_fname, strerror(errno));
        free(sample_fname);
        free(sample2sex);
    }
    if (!hap_fname) {
        if ( str.m ) free(str.s);
        return;
    }

    // open haps output
    BGZF *hout = hap_fname ? bgzf_open(hap_fname, hap_compressed ? "wg" : "wu") : NULL;
    if ( hout && hap_compressed && args->n_threads ) bgzf_thread_pool(hout, args->files->p->pool, args->files->p->qsize);

    int no_alt = 0, non_biallelic = 0, filtered = 0, nok = 0;
    while ( bcf_sr_next_line(args->files) )
    {
        bcf1_t *line = bcf_sr_get_line(args->files,0);
        if ( args->filter )
        {
            int pass = filter_test(args->filter, line, NULL);
            if ( args->filter_logic & FLT_EXCLUDE ) pass = pass ? 0 : 1;
            if ( !pass ) { filtered++; continue; }
        }

        // ALT allele is required
        if ( line->n_allele<2 ) { no_alt++; continue; }
        // biallelic required
        if ( line->n_allele>2 ) {
            if (!non_biallelic)
                fprintf(stderr, "Warning: non-biallelic records are skipped. Consider splitting multi-allelic records into biallelic records using 'bcftools norm -m-'.\n");
            non_biallelic++;
            continue;
        }

        str.l = 0;
        convert_line(args->convert, line, &str);
        if ( !str.l ) continue;

        // write haps file
        if (hap_fname) {
            ret = bgzf_write(hout, str.s, str.l); // write hap file
            if ( ret != str.l ) error("Error writing %s: %s\n", hap_fname, strerror(errno));
        }
        nok++;
    }
    if ( args->files->errnum ) error("Error: %s\n", bcf_sr_strerror(args->files->errnum));
    fprintf(stderr, "%d records written, %d skipped: %d/%d/%d no-ALT/non-biallelic/filtered\n", nok, no_alt+non_biallelic+filtered, no_alt, non_biallelic, filtered);
    if ( str.m ) free(str.s);
    if ( hout && bgzf_close(hout)!=0 ) error("Error closing %s: %s\n", hap_fname, strerror(errno));
    if (hap_fname) free(hap_fname);
}

static void bcf_hdr_set_chrs(bcf_hdr_t *hdr, faidx_t *fai)
{
    int i, n = faidx_nseq(fai);
    for (i=0; i<n; i++)
    {
        const char *seq = faidx_iseq(fai,i);
        int len = faidx_seq_len(fai, seq);
        bcf_hdr_printf(hdr, "##contig=<ID=%s,length=%d>", seq,len);
    }
}
static inline int acgt_to_5(char base)
{
    if ( base=='A' ) return 0;
    if ( base=='C' ) return 1;
    if ( base=='G' ) return 2;
    if ( base=='T' ) return 3;
    return 4;
}
static inline int tsv_setter_aa1(args_t *args, char *ss, char *se, int alleles[], int *nals, int ref, int32_t *gts)
{
    if ( se - ss > 2 ) return -1;   // currently only SNPs

    if ( ss[0]=='-' || ss[0]=='.' )
    {
        // missing GT
        gts[0] = bcf_gt_missing;
        gts[1] = bcf_gt_missing;
        args->n.missing++;
        return 0;
    }
    if ( ss[0]=='I' ) return -2;    // skip insertions/deletions for now
    if ( ss[0]=='D' ) return -2;

    int a0 = acgt_to_5(toupper_c(ss[0]));
    int a1 = ss[1] ? acgt_to_5(toupper_c(ss[1])) : a0;
    if ( alleles[a0]<0 ) alleles[a0] = (*nals)++;
    if ( alleles[a1]<0 ) alleles[a1] = (*nals)++;

    gts[0] = bcf_gt_unphased(alleles[a0]);
    gts[1] = ss[1] ? bcf_gt_unphased(alleles[a1]) : bcf_int32_vector_end;

    if ( ref==a0 && ref==a1  ) args->n.hom_rr++;    // hom ref: RR
    else if ( ref==a0 ) args->n.het_ra++;           // het: RA
    else if ( ref==a1 ) args->n.het_ra++;           // het: AR
    else if ( a0==a1 ) args->n.hom_aa++;            // hom-alt: AA
    else args->n.het_aa++;                          // non-ref het: AA

    return 0;
}
static int tsv_setter_aa(tsv_t *tsv, bcf1_t *rec, void *usr)
{
    args_t *args = (args_t*) usr;

    int len;
    char *ref = faidx_fetch_seq(args->ref, (char*)bcf_hdr_id2name(args->header,rec->rid), rec->pos, rec->pos, &len);
    if ( !ref ) error("faidx_fetch_seq failed at %s:%"PRId64"\n", bcf_hdr_id2name(args->header,rec->rid),(int64_t) rec->pos+1);

    int nals = 1, alleles[5] = { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 };    // a,c,g,t,n
    ref[0] = toupper_c(ref[0]);
    int iref = acgt_to_5(ref[0]);
    alleles[iref] = 0;

    rec->n_sample = bcf_hdr_nsamples(args->header);

    int i, ret;
    for (i=0; i<rec->n_sample; i++)
    {
        if ( i>0 )
        {
            ret = tsv_next(tsv);
            if ( ret==-1 ) error("Too few columns for %d samples at %s:%"PRId64"\n", rec->n_sample,bcf_hdr_id2name(args->header,rec->rid),(int64_t) rec->pos+1);
        }
        ret = tsv_setter_aa1(args, tsv->ss, tsv->se, alleles, &nals, iref, args->gts+i*2);
        if ( ret==-1 ) error("Error parsing the site %s:%"PRId64", expected two characters\n", bcf_hdr_id2name(args->header,rec->rid),(int64_t) rec->pos+1);
        if ( ret==-2 )
        {
            // something else than a SNP
            free(ref);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    args->str.l = 0;
    kputc(ref[0], &args->str);
    for (i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
        if ( alleles[i]>0 )
        {
            kputc(',', &args->str);
            kputc("ACGTN"[i], &args->str);
        }
    }
    bcf_update_alleles_str(args->header, rec, args->str.s);
    if ( bcf_update_genotypes(args->header,rec,args->gts,rec->n_sample*2) ) error("Could not update the GT field\n");

    free(ref);
    return 0;
}

static void tsv_to_vcf(args_t *args)
{
    if ( !args->ref_fname ) error("--tsv2vcf requires the --fasta-ref option\n");

    args->ref = fai_load(args->ref_fname);
    if ( !args->ref ) error("Could not load the reference %s\n", args->ref_fname);

    args->header = bcf_hdr_init("w");
    bcf_hdr_set_chrs(args->header, args->ref);
    bcf_hdr_append(args->header, "##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description=\"Genotype\">");
    if (args->record_cmd_line) bcf_hdr_append_version(args->header, args->argc, args->argv, "bcftools_convert");

    int i, nsmpl;
    char **smpl;
    if ( args->sample_list )
    {
        smpl = hts_readlist(args->sample_list, args->sample_is_file, &nsmpl);
        if ( !smpl ) error("Could not parse %s\n", args->sample_list);
        for (i=0; i<nsmpl; i++)
        {
            bcf_hdr_add_sample(args->header, smpl[i]);
            free(smpl[i]);
        }
        free(smpl);
        bcf_hdr_add_sample(args->header, NULL);
        args->gts = (int32_t *) malloc(sizeof(int32_t)*nsmpl*2);
    }

    char wmode[8];
    set_wmode(wmode,args->output_type,args->outfname,args->clevel);
    htsFile *out_fh = hts_open(args->outfname ? args->outfname : "-", wmode);
    if ( out_fh == NULL ) error("Can't write to \"%s\": %s\n", args->outfname, strerror(errno));
    if ( args->n_threads ) hts_set_threads(out_fh, args->n_threads);
    if ( bcf_hdr_write(out_fh,args->header)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
    if ( init_index2(out_fh,args->header,args->outfname,&args->index_fn,
                     args->write_index)<0 )
        error("Error: failed to initialise index for %s\n",args->outfname);

    tsv_t *tsv = tsv_init(args->columns ? args->columns : "ID,CHROM,POS,AA");
    if ( tsv_register(tsv, "CHROM", tsv_setter_chrom, args->header) < 0 ) error("Expected CHROM column\n");
    if ( tsv_register(tsv, "POS", tsv_setter_pos, NULL) < 0 ) error("Expected POS column\n");
    if ( tsv_register(tsv, "ID", tsv_setter_id, args->header) < 0 && !args->columns ) error("Expected ID column\n");
    if ( tsv_register(tsv, "AA", tsv_setter_aa, args) < 0 )
    {
        if ( args->sample_list ) error("Expected AA column with -s/-S\n");
        if ( tsv_register(tsv, "REF", tsv_setter_ref, args) < 0 || tsv_register(tsv, "ALT", tsv_setter_alt, args) < 0 )
            error("Expected REF and ALT columns when AA was not given\n");
    }

    bcf1_t *rec = bcf_init();
    bcf_float_set_missing(rec->qual);

    kstring_t line = {0,0,0};
    htsFile *in_fh = hts_open(args->infname, "r");
    if ( !in_fh ) error("Could not read: %s\n", args->infname);
    while ( hts_getline(in_fh, KS_SEP_LINE, &line) > 0 )
    {
        if ( line.s[0]=='#' ) continue;     // skip comments
        bcf_clear(rec);

        args->n.total++;
        if ( !tsv_parse(tsv, rec, line.s) )
        {
            if ( bcf_write(out_fh, args->header, rec)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
            args->n.written++;
        }
        else
            args->n.skipped++;
    }
    if ( hts_close(in_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", args->infname);
    free(line.s);

    if ( args->write_index )
    {
        if ( bcf_idx_save(out_fh)<0 )
        {
            if ( hts_close(out_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", args->outfname);
            error("Error: cannot write to index %s\n", args->index_fn);
        }
        free(args->index_fn);
    }
    bcf_hdr_destroy(args->header);
    if ( hts_close(out_fh)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: close failed .. %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
    tsv_destroy(tsv);
    bcf_destroy(rec);
    free(args->str.s);
    free(args->gts);
    free(args->tsv.ref.s);
    free(args->tsv.alt.s);
    free(args->tsv.refalt.s);

    fprintf(stderr,"Rows total: \t%d\n", args->n.total);
    fprintf(stderr,"Rows skipped: \t%d\n", args->n.skipped);
    fprintf(stderr,"Sites written: \t%d\n", args->n.written);
    if ( args->sample_list )
    {
        fprintf(stderr,"Missing GTs: \t%d\n", args->n.missing);
        fprintf(stderr,"Hom RR: \t%d\n", args->n.hom_rr);
        fprintf(stderr,"Het RA: \t%d\n", args->n.het_ra);
        fprintf(stderr,"Hom AA: \t%d\n", args->n.hom_aa);
        fprintf(stderr,"Het AA: \t%d\n", args->n.het_aa);
    }
}

static void vcf_to_vcf(args_t *args)
{
    open_vcf(args,NULL);
    char wmode[8];
    set_wmode(wmode,args->output_type,args->outfname,args->clevel);
    htsFile *out_fh = hts_open(args->outfname ? args->outfname : "-", wmode);
    if ( out_fh == NULL ) error("Can't write to \"%s\": %s\n", args->outfname, strerror(errno));
    if ( args->n_threads ) hts_set_threads(out_fh, args->n_threads);

    bcf_hdr_t *hdr = bcf_sr_get_header(args->files,0);
    if ( bcf_hdr_write(out_fh,hdr)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
    if ( init_index2(out_fh,args->header,args->outfname,&args->index_fn,
                     args->write_index)<0 )
        error("Error: failed to initialise index for %s\n",args->outfname);

    while ( bcf_sr_next_line(args->files) )
    {
        bcf1_t *line = bcf_sr_get_line(args->files,0);
        if ( args->filter )
        {
            int pass = filter_test(args->filter, line, NULL);
            if ( args->filter_logic & FLT_EXCLUDE ) pass = pass ? 0 : 1;
            if ( !pass ) continue;
        }
        if ( bcf_write(out_fh,hdr,line)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
    }
    if ( args->files->errnum ) error("Error: %s\n", bcf_sr_strerror(args->files->errnum));
    if ( args->write_index )
    {
        if ( bcf_idx_save(out_fh)<0 )
        {
            if ( hts_close(out_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", args->outfname);
            error("Error: cannot write to index %s\n", args->index_fn);
        }
        free(args->index_fn);
    }
    if ( hts_close(out_fh)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: close failed .. %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
}

static bcf1_t *gvcf_next_line(args_t *args, int *end1)
{
    *end1 = 0;
    while ( vcfbuf_nsites(args->vcfbuf)!=2 && bcf_sr_next_line(args->files) )
    {
        bcf1_t *rec = bcf_sr_get_line(args->files,0);
        args->files->readers[0].buffer[0] = vcfbuf_push(args->vcfbuf, rec);
    }
    bcf1_t *rec = vcfbuf_flush(args->vcfbuf, 0);
    if ( !rec ) return NULL;

    // is it a gVCF record?
    // - ALT must be one of ., <*>, <X>, <NON_REF>
    // - INFO/END must be present
    int i, gallele = -1;
    if ( rec->n_allele==1 ) gallele = 0; // illumina/bcftools-call gvcf (if INFO/END present)
    else if ( rec->d.allele[1][0]=='<' )
    {
        for (i=1; i<rec->n_allele; i++)
        {
            if ( rec->d.allele[i][1]=='*' && rec->d.allele[i][2]=='>' && rec->d.allele[i][3]=='\0' ) { gallele = i; break; } // mpileup/spec compliant gVCF
            if ( rec->d.allele[i][1]=='X' && rec->d.allele[i][2]=='>' && rec->d.allele[i][3]=='\0' ) { gallele = i; break; } // old mpileup gVCF
            if ( strcmp(rec->d.allele[i],"<NON_REF>")==0 ) { gallele = i; break; }               // GATK gVCF
        }
    }
    if ( gallele<0 ) return rec;

    int nend = bcf_get_info_int32(args->header,rec,"END",&args->itmp,&args->nitmp);
    if ( nend!=1 ) return rec;
    *end1 = args->itmp[0];

    bcf1_t *peek = vcfbuf_peek(args->vcfbuf, 0);
    if ( peek && rec->rid==peek->rid && (*end1)-1>=peek->pos )
    {
        static int warned = 0;
        if ( !warned )
        {
            hts_log_warning("Malformed gVCF: INFO/END at %s:%"PRIhts_pos" overlaps the next record",bcf_seqname(args->header,rec),rec->pos+1);
            warned = 1;
        }
        *end1 = rec->pos < peek->pos ? peek->pos : 0;
    }
    return rec;
}
static void gvcf_to_vcf(args_t *args)
{
    if ( !args->ref_fname ) error("--gvcf2vcf requires the --fasta-ref option\n");

    args->ref = fai_load(args->ref_fname);
    if ( !args->ref ) error("Could not load the fai index for reference %s\n", args->ref_fname);

    open_vcf(args,NULL);
    char wmode[8];
    set_wmode(wmode,args->output_type,args->outfname,args->clevel);
    htsFile *out_fh = hts_open(args->outfname ? args->outfname : "-", wmode);
    if ( out_fh == NULL ) error("Can't write to \"%s\": %s\n", args->outfname, strerror(errno));
    if ( args->n_threads ) hts_set_threads(out_fh, args->n_threads);

    bcf_hdr_t *hdr = bcf_sr_get_header(args->files,0);
    if (args->record_cmd_line) bcf_hdr_append_version(hdr, args->argc, args->argv, "bcftools_convert");
    if ( bcf_hdr_write(out_fh,hdr)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
    if ( init_index2(out_fh,hdr,args->outfname,&args->index_fn,args->write_index)<0 )
        error("Error: failed to initialise index for %s\n",args->outfname);

    args->vcfbuf = vcfbuf_init(hdr, 0);
    vcfbuf_set(args->vcfbuf,VCFBUF_DUMMY,1);

    int end1 = 0;
    bcf1_t *line;
    while ( (line=gvcf_next_line(args, &end1)) )
    {
        if ( args->filter )
        {
            int pass = filter_test(args->filter, line, NULL);
            if ( args->filter_logic & FLT_EXCLUDE ) pass = pass ? 0 : 1;
            if ( !pass )
            {
                if ( bcf_write(out_fh,hdr,line)!=0  ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
                continue;
            }
        }

        if ( !end1 )
        {
            if ( bcf_write(out_fh,hdr,line)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
            continue;
        }

        bcf_update_info_int32(hdr,line,"END",NULL,0);
        int pos, len;
        for (pos=line->pos; pos<end1; pos++)
        {
            line->pos = pos;
            char *ref = faidx_fetch_seq(args->ref, (char*)bcf_hdr_id2name(hdr,line->rid), line->pos, line->pos, &len);
            if ( !ref ) error("faidx_fetch_seq failed at %s:%"PRId64"\n", bcf_hdr_id2name(hdr,line->rid),(int64_t) line->pos+1);
            strncpy(line->d.allele[0],ref,len);
            bcf_update_alleles(hdr,line,(const char**)line->d.allele,line->n_allele);
            if ( bcf_write(out_fh,hdr,line)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: cannot write to %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
            free(ref);
        }
    }
    if ( args->files->errnum ) error("Error: %s\n", bcf_sr_strerror(args->files->errnum));
    free(args->itmp);
    if ( args->write_index )
    {
        if ( bcf_idx_save(out_fh)<0 )
        {
            if ( hts_close(out_fh) ) error("Close failed: %s\n", args->outfname);
            error("Error: cannot write to index %s\n", args->index_fn);
        }
        free(args->index_fn);
    }
    if ( hts_close(out_fh)!=0 ) error("[%s] Error: close failed .. %s\n", __func__,args->outfname);
    vcfbuf_destroy(args->vcfbuf);
}

static void usage(void)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "About:   Converts VCF/BCF to other formats and back. See man page for file\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "         formats details. When specifying output files explicitly instead\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "         of with PREFIX, one can use '-' for stdout and '.' to suppress.\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "Usage:   bcftools convert [OPTIONS] INPUT_FILE\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "VCF input options:\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -e, --exclude EXPR             Exclude sites for which the expression is true\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -i, --include EXPR             Select sites for which the expression is true\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -r, --regions REGION           Restrict to comma-separated list of regions\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -R, --regions-file FILE        Restrict to regions listed in a file\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --regions-overlap 0|1|2    Include if POS in the region (0), record overlaps (1), variant overlaps (2) [1]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -s, --samples LIST             List of samples to include\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -S, --samples-file FILE        File of samples to include\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -t, --targets REGION           Similar to -r but streams rather than index-jumps\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -T, --targets-file FILE        Similar to -R but streams rather than index-jumps\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --targets-overlap 0|1|2    Include if POS in the region (0), record overlaps (1), variant overlaps (2) [0]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "General options:\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --no-version               Do not append version and command line to the header\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -o, --output FILE              Output file name [stdout]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -O, --output-type u|b|v|z[0-9] u/b: un/compressed BCF, v/z: un/compressed VCF, 0-9: compression level [v]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --threads INT              Use multithreading with INT worker threads [0]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -v, --verbosity INT            Verbosity level\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -W, --write-index[=FMT]        Automatically index the output files [off]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "GEN/SAMPLE conversion (input/output from IMPUTE2):\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -G, --gensample2vcf ...        <PREFIX>|<GEN-FILE>,<SAMPLE-FILE>\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -g, --gensample ...            <PREFIX>|<GEN-FILE>,<SAMPLE-FILE>\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --3N6                      Use 3*N+6 column format instead of the old 3*N+5 column format\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --tag STRING               Tag to take values for .gen file: GT,PL,GL,GP [GT]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --chrom                    Output chromosome in first column instead of CHROM:POS_REF_ALT\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --keep-duplicates          Keep duplicate positions\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --sex FILE                 Output sex column in the sample-file, input format is: Sample\\t[MF]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --vcf-ids                  Output VCF IDs in second column instead of CHROM:POS_REF_ALT\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "gVCF conversion:\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --gvcf2vcf                 Expand gVCF reference blocks\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -f, --fasta-ref FILE           Reference sequence in fasta format\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "HAP/SAMPLE conversion (output from SHAPEIT):\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --hapsample2vcf ...        <PREFIX>|<HAP-FILE>,<SAMPLE-FILE>\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --hapsample ...            <PREFIX>|<HAP-FILE>,<SAMPLE-FILE>\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --haploid2diploid          Convert haploid genotypes to diploid homozygotes\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --sex FILE                 Output sex column in the sample-file, input format is: Sample\\t[MF]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --vcf-ids                  Output VCF IDs instead of CHROM:POS_REF_ALT\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "HAP/LEGEND/SAMPLE conversion:\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -H, --haplegendsample2vcf ...  <PREFIX>|<HAP-FILE>,<LEGEND-FILE>,<SAMPLE-FILE>\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -h, --haplegendsample ...      <PREFIX>|<HAP-FILE>,<LEGEND-FILE>,<SAMPLE-FILE>\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --haploid2diploid          Convert haploid genotypes to diploid homozygotes\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --sex FILE                 Output sex column in the sample-file, input format is: Sample\\t[MF]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --vcf-ids                  Output VCF IDs instead of CHROM:POS_REF_ALT\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "TSV conversion:\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "       --tsv2vcf FILE\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -c, --columns STRING           Columns of the input tsv file, see man page for details [ID,CHROM,POS,AA]\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -f, --fasta-ref FILE           Reference sequence in fasta format\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -s, --samples LIST             List of sample names\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "   -S, --samples-file FILE        File of sample names\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    // fprintf(stderr, "PLINK options:\n");
    // fprintf(stderr, "   -p, --plink <prefix>|<ped>,<map>,<fam>|<bed>,<bim>,<fam>|<tped>,<tfam>\n");
    // fprintf(stderr, "       --tped              make tped file instead\n");
    // fprintf(stderr, "       --bin               make binary bed/fam/bim files\n");
    // fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    // fprintf(stderr, "PBWT options:\n");
    // fprintf(stderr, "   -b, --pbwt          <prefix> or <pbwt>,<sites>,<sample>,<missing>\n");
    // fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    exit(1);
}

int main_vcfconvert(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int c;
    args_t *args = (args_t*) calloc(1,sizeof(args_t));
    args->argc   = argc; args->argv = argv;
    args->outfname = "-";
    args->output_type = FT_VCF;
    args->n_threads = 0;
    args->record_cmd_line = 1;
    args->regions_overlap = 1;
    args->targets_overlap = 0;
    args->clevel = -1;

    static struct option loptions[] =
    {
        {"include",required_argument,NULL,'i'},
        {"exclude",required_argument,NULL,'e'},
        {"output",required_argument,NULL,'o'},
        {"output-type",required_argument,NULL,'O'},
        {"threads",required_argument,NULL,9},
        {"regions",required_argument,NULL,'r'},
        {"regions-file",required_argument,NULL,'R'},
        {"regions-overlap",required_argument,NULL,13},
        {"targets",required_argument,NULL,'t'},
        {"targets-file",required_argument,NULL,'T'},
        {"targets-overlap",required_argument,NULL,14},
        {"samples",required_argument,NULL,'s'},
        {"samples-file",required_argument,NULL,'S'},
        {"sex",required_argument,NULL,11},
        {"gensample",required_argument,NULL,'g'},
        {"gensample2vcf",required_argument,NULL,'G'},
        {"tag",required_argument,NULL,1},
        {"chrom",no_argument,NULL,8},
        {"3N6",no_argument,NULL,15},
        {"tsv2vcf",required_argument,NULL,2},
        {"hapsample",required_argument,NULL,7},
        {"hapsample2vcf",required_argument,NULL,3},
        {"vcf-ids",no_argument,NULL,4},
        {"haploid2diploid",no_argument,NULL,5},
        {"gvcf2vcf",no_argument,NULL,6},
        {"haplegendsample",required_argument,NULL,'h'},
        {"haplegendsample2vcf",required_argument,NULL,'H'},
        {"columns",required_argument,NULL,'c'},
        {"fasta-ref",required_argument,NULL,'f'},
        {"no-version",no_argument,NULL,10},
        {"keep-duplicates",no_argument,NULL,12},
        {"verbosity",required_argument,NULL,'v'},
        {"write-index",optional_argument,NULL,'W'},
        {NULL,0,NULL,0}
    };
    char *tmp;
    while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "?h:r:R:s:S:t:T:i:e:g:G:o:O:c:f:H:W::v:",loptions,NULL)) >= 0) {
        switch (c) {
            case 'v':
                if ( apply_verbosity(optarg) < 0 ) error("Could not parse argument: --verbosity %s\n", optarg);
                break;
            case 'e':
                if ( args->filter_str ) error("Error: only one -i or -e expression can be given, and they cannot be combined\n");
                args->filter_str = optarg; args->filter_logic |= FLT_EXCLUDE; break;
            case 'i':
                if ( args->filter_str ) error("Error: only one -i or -e expression can be given, and they cannot be combined\n");
                args->filter_str = optarg; args->filter_logic |= FLT_INCLUDE; break;
            case 'r': args->regions_list = optarg; break;
            case 'R': args->regions_list = optarg; args->regions_is_file = 1; break;
            case 't': args->targets_list = optarg; break;
            case 'T': args->targets_list = optarg; args->targets_is_file = 1; break;
            case 's': args->sample_list = optarg; break;
            case 'S': args->sample_list = optarg; args->sample_is_file = 1; break;
            case 'g': args->convert_func = vcf_to_gensample; args->outfname = optarg; break;
            case 'G': args->convert_func = gensample_to_vcf; args->infname = optarg; break;
            case  1 : args->tag = optarg; break;
            case  2 : args->convert_func = tsv_to_vcf; args->infname = optarg; break;
            case  3 : args->convert_func = hapsample_to_vcf; args->infname = optarg; break;
            case  4 : args->output_vcf_ids = 1; break;
            case  5 : args->hap2dip = 1; break;
            case  6 : args->convert_func = gvcf_to_vcf; break;
            case  7 : args->convert_func = vcf_to_hapsample; args->outfname = optarg; break;
            case  8 : error("The --chrom option has been deprecated, please use --3N6 instead\n"); break;
            case 15 : args->gen_3N6 = 1; break;
            case 'W':
                if (!(args->write_index = write_index_parse(optarg)))
                    error("Unsupported index format '%s'\n", optarg);
                break;
            case 'H': args->convert_func = haplegendsample_to_vcf; args->infname = optarg; break;
            case 'f': args->ref_fname = optarg; break;
            case 'c': args->columns = optarg; break;
            case 'o': args->outfname = optarg; break;
            case 'O':
                switch (optarg[0]) {
                    case 'b': args->output_type = FT_BCF_GZ; break;
                    case 'u': args->output_type = FT_BCF; break;
                    case 'z': args->output_type = FT_VCF_GZ; break;
                    case 'v': args->output_type = FT_VCF; break;
                    default:
                    {
                        args->clevel = strtol(optarg,&tmp,10);
                        if ( *tmp || args->clevel<0 || args->clevel>9 ) error("The output type \"%s\" not recognised\n", optarg);
                    }
                }
                if ( optarg[1] )
                {
                    args->clevel = strtol(optarg+1,&tmp,10);
                    if ( *tmp || args->clevel<0 || args->clevel>9 ) error("Could not parse argument: --compression-level %s\n", optarg+1);
                }
                break;
            case 'h': args->convert_func = vcf_to_haplegendsample; args->outfname = optarg; break;
            case  9 : args->n_threads = strtol(optarg, 0, 0); break;
            case 10 : args->record_cmd_line = 0; break;
            case 11 : args->sex_fname = optarg; break;
            case 12 : args->keep_duplicates = 1; break;
            case 13 :
                args->regions_overlap = parse_overlap_option(optarg);
                if ( args->regions_overlap < 0 ) error("Could not parse: --regions-overlap %s\n",optarg);
                break;
            case 14 :
                args->targets_overlap = parse_overlap_option(optarg);
                if ( args->targets_overlap < 0 ) error("Could not parse: --targets-overlap %s\n",optarg);
                break;
            case '?': usage(); break;
            default: error("Unknown argument: %s\n", optarg);
        }
    }

    if ( !args->infname )
    {
        if ( optind>=argc )
        {
            if ( !isatty(fileno((FILE *)stdin)) ) args->infname = "-";
        }
        else args->infname = argv[optind];
    }
    if ( !args->infname ) usage();

    if ( args->convert_func ) args->convert_func(args);
    else vcf_to_vcf(args);

    destroy_data(args);
    free(args);
    return 0;
}