diff --git a/source/CMakeLists.txt b/source/CMakeLists.txt
index 6ebf01656a..31838a9daf 100644
--- a/source/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/source/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -527,7 +527,6 @@ set(ABACUS_BIN_PATH ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${ABACUS_BIN_NAME})
 if(USE_CUDA)
   set_property(TARGET ${ABACUS_BIN_NAME}
     PROPERTY CUDA_ARCHITECTURES ${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES})
-  target_compile_definitions(${ABACUS_BIN_NAME} PRIVATE __USE_NVTX)
 endif()
 
 if(ENABLE_COVERAGE)
@@ -563,6 +562,20 @@ add_library(
   source_main/driver.cpp
   source_main/driver_run.cpp)
 
+# __USE_NVTX gates the NVTX code in source_base/timer.cpp (target base) and
+# source_main/driver.cpp (target driver), so it must be defined on those
+# OBJECT libraries, not only on the final executable (whose sole TU, main.cpp,
+# contains no NVTX code). Defining it only on the executable silently dropped
+# every NVTX range and kept timer_enable_nvtx ineffective.
+if(USE_CUDA)
+  target_compile_definitions(base PRIVATE __USE_NVTX)
+  target_compile_definitions(driver PRIVATE __USE_NVTX)
+  # NVTX is header-only since CUDA 12.9; older toolkits need libnvToolsExt.
+  if(CUDAToolkit_VERSION VERSION_LESS 12.9)
+    target_link_libraries(${ABACUS_BIN_NAME} PRIVATE CUDA::nvToolsExt)
+  endif()
+endif()
+
 list(APPEND device_srcs
   source_pw/module_pwdft/kernels/nonlocal_op.cpp
   source_pw/module_pwdft/kernels/veff_op.cpp
diff --git a/source/source_lcao/module_lr/utils/lr_io_krlist.cpp b/source/source_lcao/module_lr/utils/lr_io_krlist.cpp
index 84c05a2e14..1d9b53d9fc 100644
--- a/source/source_lcao/module_lr/utils/lr_io_krlist.cpp
+++ b/source/source_lcao/module_lr/utils/lr_io_krlist.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "lr_io_krlist.h"
 #include "lr_io.h"
-#include "source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util.h"
+#include "source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util_bvk.h"
 #include "source_base/constants.h"
 #include <cassert>
 #include <fstream>
diff --git a/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util.h b/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util.h
index 67aef442dd..f5659d8732 100644
--- a/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util.h
+++ b/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "source_cell/klist.h"
 #include "source_lcao/module_ri/conv_coulomb_pot_k.h"
+#include "source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util_bvk.h"
 
 #include <RI/global/Array_Operator.h>
 #include <RI/global/Global_Func-2.h>
@@ -20,13 +21,6 @@
 
 namespace RI_Util
 {
-	inline extern std::array<int,3>
-	get_Born_vonKarmen_period(const K_Vectors &kv);
-
-	template<typename Tcell, size_t Ndim>
-	extern std::vector<std::array<Tcell,Ndim>>
-	get_Born_von_Karmen_cells( const std::array<Tcell,Ndim> &Born_von_Karman_period );
-
 	template<typename Tcell>
 	inline std::array<Tcell,3>
 	Vector3_to_array3(const ModuleBase::Vector3<Tcell> &v)
diff --git a/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util.hpp b/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util.hpp
index 886c5f1b37..41ce827001 100644
--- a/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util.hpp
+++ b/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util.hpp
@@ -12,61 +12,6 @@
 
 namespace RI_Util
 {
-	inline std::array<int,3>
-	get_Born_vonKarmen_period(const K_Vectors &kv)
-	{
-		return std::array<int,3>{kv.nmp[0], kv.nmp[1], kv.nmp[2]};
-	}
-
-	template<typename Tcell>
-	std::vector<std::array<Tcell,1>>
-	get_Born_von_Karmen_cells( const std::array<Tcell,1> &Born_von_Karman_period )
-	{
-		using namespace RI::Array_Operator;
-		std::vector<std::array<Tcell,1>> Born_von_Karman_cells;
-		for( int c=0; c<Born_von_Karman_period[0]; ++c )
-			Born_von_Karman_cells.emplace_back( std::array<Tcell,1>{c} % Born_von_Karman_period );
-		return Born_von_Karman_cells;
-	}
-
-	template<typename Tcell, size_t Ndim>
-	std::vector<std::array<Tcell,Ndim>>
-	get_Born_von_Karmen_cells( const std::array<Tcell,Ndim> &Born_von_Karman_period )
-	{
-		using namespace RI::Array_Operator;
-
-		std::array<Tcell,Ndim-1> sub_Born_von_Karman_period;
-		for(int i=0; i<Ndim-1; ++i)
-			sub_Born_von_Karman_period[i] = Born_von_Karman_period[i];
-
-		std::vector<std::array<Tcell,Ndim>> Born_von_Karman_cells;
-		for( const std::array<Tcell,Ndim-1> &sub_cell : get_Born_von_Karmen_cells(sub_Born_von_Karman_period) )
-			for( Tcell c=0; c<Born_von_Karman_period.back(); ++c )
-			{
-				std::array<Tcell,Ndim> cell;
-				for(int i=0; i<Ndim-1; ++i)
-					cell[i] = sub_cell[i];
-				cell.back() = (std::array<Tcell,1>{c} % std::array<Tcell,1>{Born_von_Karman_period.back()})[0];
-				Born_von_Karman_cells.emplace_back(std::move(cell));
-			}
-		return Born_von_Karman_cells;
-	}
-
-	/* example for Ndim=3:
-	template<typename Tcell, size_t Ndim>
-	std::vector<std::array<Tcell,Ndim>>
-	get_Born_von_Karmen_cells( const std::array<Tcell,Ndim> &Born_von_Karman_period )
-	{
-		using namespace Array_Operator;
-		std::vector<std::array<Tcell,Ndim>> Born_von_Karman_cells;
-		for( int ix=0; ix<Born_von_Karman_period[0]; ++ix )
-			for( int iy=0; iy<Born_von_Karman_period[1]; ++iy )
-				for( int iz=0; iz<Born_von_Karman_period[2]; ++iz )
-					Born_von_Karman_cells.push_back( std::array<Tcell,Ndim>{ix,iy,iz} % Born_von_Karman_period );
-		return Born_von_Karman_cells;
-	}
-	*/
-
 	inline std::map<Conv_Coulomb_Pot_K::Coulomb_Type, std::vector<std::map<std::string,std::string>>>
 	update_coulomb_param(
 		const std::map<Conv_Coulomb_Pot_K::Coulomb_Type, std::vector<std::map<std::string,std::string>>> &coulomb_param,
diff --git a/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util_bvk.h b/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util_bvk.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d857425879
--- /dev/null
+++ b/source/source_lcao/module_ri/ri_util_bvk.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//=======================
+// AUTHOR : Peize Lin
+// DATE :   2022-08-17
+//=======================
+
+// Born-von Karmen supercell utilities.
+// This header is free of LibRI dependencies so that modules built without
+// LibRI (e.g. module_lr) can use it.
+
+#ifndef RI_UTIL_BVK_H
+#define RI_UTIL_BVK_H
+
+#include "source_cell/klist.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace RI_Util
+{
+	inline std::array<int,3>
+	get_Born_vonKarmen_period(const K_Vectors &kv)
+	{
+		return std::array<int,3>{kv.nmp[0], kv.nmp[1], kv.nmp[2]};
+	}
+
+	// cell index c folded into [0, period) like (c % period + period) % period
+	template<typename Tcell>
+	std::vector<std::array<Tcell,1>>
+	get_Born_von_Karmen_cells( const std::array<Tcell,1> &Born_von_Karman_period )
+	{
+		std::vector<std::array<Tcell,1>> Born_von_Karman_cells;
+		for( Tcell c=0; c<Born_von_Karman_period[0]; ++c )
+			Born_von_Karman_cells.emplace_back( std::array<Tcell,1>{c} );
+		return Born_von_Karman_cells;
+	}
+
+	template<typename Tcell, size_t Ndim>
+	std::vector<std::array<Tcell,Ndim>>
+	get_Born_von_Karmen_cells( const std::array<Tcell,Ndim> &Born_von_Karman_period )
+	{
+		std::array<Tcell,Ndim-1> sub_Born_von_Karman_period;
+		for(size_t i=0; i<Ndim-1; ++i)
+			sub_Born_von_Karman_period[i] = Born_von_Karman_period[i];
+
+		std::vector<std::array<Tcell,Ndim>> Born_von_Karman_cells;
+		for( const std::array<Tcell,Ndim-1> &sub_cell : get_Born_von_Karmen_cells(sub_Born_von_Karman_period) )
+			for( Tcell c=0; c<Born_von_Karman_period.back(); ++c )
+			{
+				std::array<Tcell,Ndim> cell;
+				for(size_t i=0; i<Ndim-1; ++i)
+					cell[i] = sub_cell[i];
+				cell.back() = c;
+				Born_von_Karman_cells.emplace_back(std::move(cell));
+			}
+		return Born_von_Karman_cells;
+	}
+
+	/* example for Ndim=3:
+	template<typename Tcell, size_t Ndim>
+	std::vector<std::array<Tcell,Ndim>>
+	get_Born_von_Karmen_cells( const std::array<Tcell,Ndim> &Born_von_Karman_period )
+	{
+		std::vector<std::array<Tcell,Ndim>> Born_von_Karman_cells;
+		for( int ix=0; ix<Born_von_Karman_period[0]; ++ix )
+			for( int iy=0; iy<Born_von_Karman_period[1]; ++iy )
+				for( int iz=0; iz<Born_von_Karman_period[2]; ++iz )
+					Born_von_Karman_cells.push_back( std::array<Tcell,Ndim>{ix,iy,iz} );
+		return Born_von_Karman_cells;
+	}
+	*/
+}
+
+#endif