diff --git a/docs/index.html b/docs/index.html
index e6c188d6c6a96e..a9ef2897978655 100644
--- a/docs/index.html
+++ b/docs/index.html
@@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@ <h2>TSL</h2>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#code">code</a></li>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#colorBleeding">colorBleeding</a></li>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#colorSpaceToWorking">colorSpaceToWorking</a></li>
-						<li><a href="TSL.html#colorToDirection">colorToDirection</a></li>
+						<li><a href="TSL.html#unpackRGBToNormal">unpackRGBToNormal</a></li>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#compute">compute</a></li>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#computeBuiltin">computeBuiltin</a></li>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#computeKernel">computeKernel</a></li>
@@ -1126,7 +1126,7 @@ <h2>TSL</h2>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#difference">difference</a></li>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#diffuseColor">diffuseColor</a></li>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#diffuseContribution">diffuseContribution</a></li>
-						<li><a href="TSL.html#directionToColor">directionToColor</a></li>
+						<li><a href="TSL.html#packNormalToRGB">packNormalToRGB</a></li>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#directionToFaceDirection">directionToFaceDirection</a></li>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#dispersion">dispersion</a></li>
 						<li><a href="TSL.html#distance">distance</a></li>
diff --git a/docs/llms-full.txt b/docs/llms-full.txt
index cdf4a235e6f04a..c230cbb482493c 100644
--- a/docs/llms-full.txt
+++ b/docs/llms-full.txt
@@ -1403,8 +1403,8 @@ const matcap = texture( matcapMap, matcapUV );
 
 | Variable | Description | Type |
 | -- | -- | -- |
-| `directionToColor( value )` | Converts direction vector to color. | `color` |
-| `colorToDirection( value )` | Converts color to direction vector. | `vec3` |
+| `packNormalToRGB( value )` | Converts normal vector to color. | `color` |
+| `unpackRGBToNormal(  value )` | Converts color to normal vector. | `vec3` |
 
 ## Render Pipeline
 
@@ -1442,18 +1442,18 @@ MRT allows capturing multiple outputs from a single render pass. Instead of rend
 Use `setMRT()` with the `mrt()` function to define which outputs to capture:
 
 ```js
-import { pass, mrt, output, normalView, velocity, directionToColor } from 'three/tsl';
+import { pass, mrt, output, normalView, velocity, packNormalToRGB } from 'three/tsl';
 
 const scenePass = pass( scene, camera );
 
 scenePass.setMRT( mrt( {
 	output: output,                          // Final color output
-	normal: directionToColor( normalView ),  // View-space normals encoded as colors
+	normal: packNormalToRGB( normalView ),  // View-space normals encoded as colors
 	velocity: velocity                       // Motion vectors for temporal effects
 } ) );
 ```
 
-Each MRT entry accepts any TSL node, allowing you to customize outputs using formulas, encoders, or material accessors. For example, `directionToColor( normalView )` encodes view-space normals into RGB values. You can use any TSL function to transform, combine, or encode data before writing to the render target.
+Each MRT entry accepts any TSL node, allowing you to customize outputs using formulas, encoders, or material accessors. For example, `packNormalToRGB( normalView )` encodes view-space normals into RGB values. You can use any TSL function to transform, combine, or encode data before writing to the render target.
 
 Within a TSL function `Fn( ( { material, object } ) => { ... } )`, you have complete access to the current material and object being rendered, enabling full customization of outputs.
 
diff --git a/docs/pages/TSL.html b/docs/pages/TSL.html
index 7a6e91a9c3dd85..6a5347f2914ed6 100644
--- a/docs/pages/TSL.html
+++ b/docs/pages/TSL.html
@@ -3487,7 +3487,7 @@ <h3 class="name name-method" id="colorSpaceToWorking" translate="no">.<a href="#
 							</tbody>
 						</table>
 					</div>
-					<h3 class="name name-method" id="colorToDirection" translate="no">.<a href="#colorToDirection">colorToDirection</a><span class="signature">( node : <span class="param-type"><a href="Node.html">Node</a>.&lt;vec3></span> )</span><span class="type-signature"> : <a href="Node.html">Node</a>.&lt;vec3></span> </h3>
+					<h3 class="name name-method" id="unpackRGBToNormal" translate="no">.<a href="#unpackRGBToNormal">unpackRGBToNormal</a><span class="signature">( node : <span class="param-type"><a href="Node.html">Node</a>.&lt;vec3></span> )</span><span class="type-signature"> : <a href="Node.html">Node</a>.&lt;vec3></span> </h3>
 					<div class="method">
 						<div class="description">
 							<p>Unpacks a color value into a direction vector.</p>
@@ -4251,7 +4251,7 @@ <h3 class="name name-method" id="difference" translate="no">.<a href="#differenc
 							</tbody>
 						</table>
 					</div>
-					<h3 class="name name-method" id="directionToColor" translate="no">.<a href="#directionToColor">directionToColor</a><span class="signature">( node : <span class="param-type"><a href="Node.html">Node</a>.&lt;vec3></span> )</span><span class="type-signature"> : <a href="Node.html">Node</a>.&lt;vec3></span> </h3>
+					<h3 class="name name-method" id="packNormalToRGB" translate="no">.<a href="#packNormalToRGB">packNormalToRGB</a><span class="signature">( node : <span class="param-type"><a href="Node.html">Node</a>.&lt;vec3></span> )</span><span class="type-signature"> : <a href="Node.html">Node</a>.&lt;vec3></span> </h3>
 					<div class="method">
 						<div class="description">
 							<p>Packs a direction vector into a color value.</p>
diff --git a/examples/webgpu_mesh_batch.html b/examples/webgpu_mesh_batch.html
index 9db61c2875147e..2f828f566da0df 100644
--- a/examples/webgpu_mesh_batch.html
+++ b/examples/webgpu_mesh_batch.html
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 		import { OrbitControls } from 'three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js';
 		import { radixSort } from 'three/addons/utils/SortUtils.js';
 
-		import { normalView, directionToColor, diffuseColor, vec4 } from 'three/tsl';
+		import { normalView, packNormalToRGB, diffuseColor, vec4 } from 'three/tsl';
 
 		let camera, scene, renderer;
 		let controls;
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
 
 				material = new THREE.MeshBasicNodeMaterial();
 				material.outputNode = vec4(
-					diffuseColor.mul( directionToColor( normalView ).y.add( 0.5 ) ).rgb,
+					diffuseColor.mul( packNormalToRGB( normalView ).y.add( 0.5 ) ).rgb,
 					diffuseColor.a,
 				);
 		
diff --git a/examples/webgpu_mrt.html b/examples/webgpu_mrt.html
index 0e0e7e3bad9de0..5b4bd0b78f2bce 100644
--- a/examples/webgpu_mrt.html
+++ b/examples/webgpu_mrt.html
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 		<script type="module">
 
 			import * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';
-			import { output, normalView, pass, step, diffuseColor, emissive, directionToColor, screenUV, mix, mrt, Fn } from 'three/tsl';
+			import { output, normalView, pass, step, diffuseColor, emissive, packNormalToRGB, screenUV, mix, mrt, Fn } from 'three/tsl';
 
 			import { Inspector } from 'three/addons/inspector/Inspector.js';
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 				const scenePass = pass( scene, camera, { minFilter: THREE.NearestFilter, magFilter: THREE.NearestFilter } );
 				scenePass.setMRT( mrt( {
 					output: output,
-					normal: directionToColor( normalView ),
+					normal: packNormalToRGB( normalView ),
 					diffuse: diffuseColor,
 					emissive: emissive
 				} ) );
diff --git a/examples/webgpu_multisampled_renderbuffers.html b/examples/webgpu_multisampled_renderbuffers.html
index 1723e8a4c90d9a..b0973ad26c4a8c 100644
--- a/examples/webgpu_multisampled_renderbuffers.html
+++ b/examples/webgpu_multisampled_renderbuffers.html
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 
 			const params = {
 				animated: true,
-				samples: 4
+				multisampling: true
 			};
 
 			const mat4 = new THREE.Matrix4();
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 			function initGUI() {
 
 				const gui = renderer.inspector.createParameters( 'Settings' );
-				gui.add( params, 'samples', 0, 4, 1 );
+				gui.add( params, 'multisampling' );
 				gui.add( params, 'animated' );
 
 			}
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 				document.body.appendChild( renderer.domElement );
 
 				renderTarget = new THREE.RenderTarget( window.innerWidth * dpr, window.innerHeight * dpr, {
-					samples: params.samples,
+					samples: params.multisampling ? 4 : 1,
 					depthBuffer: true,
 				} );
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
 
 				}
 
-				renderTarget.samples = params.samples;
+				renderTarget.samples = params.multisampling ? 4 : 1;
 
 				renderer.setRenderTarget( renderTarget );
 				renderer.render( scene, camera );
diff --git a/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ao.html b/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ao.html
index 118b15e301b098..990250e39ddacf 100644
--- a/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ao.html
+++ b/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ao.html
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 		<script type="module">
 
 			import * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';
-			import { sample, pass, mrt, screenUV, normalView, velocity, vec3, vec4, directionToColor, colorToDirection, colorSpaceToWorking, builtinAOContext } from 'three/tsl';
+			import { sample, pass, mrt, screenUV, normalView, velocity, vec3, vec4, packNormalToRGB, unpackRGBToNormal, colorSpaceToWorking, builtinAOContext } from 'three/tsl';
 			import { ao } from 'three/addons/tsl/display/GTAONode.js';
 			import { traa } from 'three/addons/tsl/display/TRAANode.js';
 
@@ -115,13 +115,13 @@
 				prePass.transparent = false;
 
 				prePass.setMRT( mrt( {
-					output: directionToColor( normalView ),
+					output: packNormalToRGB( normalView ),
 					velocity: velocity
 				} ) );
 
 				const prePassNormal = sample( ( uv ) => {
 
-					return colorToDirection( prePass.getTextureNode().sample( uv ) );
+					return unpackRGBToNormal( prePass.getTextureNode().sample( uv ) );
 
 				} );
 
diff --git a/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssgi.html b/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssgi.html
index c9f657dc424dce..33aa2cf12759cc 100644
--- a/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssgi.html
+++ b/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssgi.html
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 		<script type="module">
 
 			import * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';
-			import { pass, mrt, output, normalView, diffuseColor, velocity, add, vec3, vec4, directionToColor, colorToDirection, sample } from 'three/tsl';
+			import { pass, mrt, output, normalView, diffuseColor, velocity, add, vec3, vec4, packNormalToRGB, unpackRGBToNormal, sample } from 'three/tsl';
 			import { ssgi } from 'three/addons/tsl/display/SSGINode.js';
 			import { traa } from 'three/addons/tsl/display/TRAANode.js';
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 				scenePass.setMRT( mrt( {
 					output: output,
 					diffuseColor: diffuseColor,
-					normal: directionToColor( normalView ),
+					normal: packNormalToRGB( normalView ),
 					velocity: velocity
 				} ) );
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
 
 				const sceneNormal = sample( ( uv ) => {
 
-					return colorToDirection( scenePassNormal.sample( uv ) );
+					return unpackRGBToNormal( scenePassNormal.sample( uv ) );
 
 				} );
 
diff --git a/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssgi_ballpool.html b/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssgi_ballpool.html
index 542ac4c5cc9107..ef6b368ddfa4af 100644
--- a/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssgi_ballpool.html
+++ b/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssgi_ballpool.html
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 		<script type="module">
 
 			import * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';
-			import { pass, mrt, output, normalView, diffuseColor, velocity, add, vec4, directionToColor, colorToDirection, sample } from 'three/tsl';
+			import { pass, mrt, output, normalView, diffuseColor, velocity, add, vec4, packNormalToRGB, unpackRGBToNormal, sample } from 'three/tsl';
 			import { ssgi } from 'three/addons/tsl/display/SSGINode.js';
 			import { traa } from 'three/addons/tsl/display/TRAANode.js';
 			import { World } from '@perplexdotgg/bounce';
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@
 			let wallMeshes = [];
 			const boxSize = { w: 8, h: BOX_HEIGHT, d: BOX_DEPTH };
 
-			let mouseRayOrigin = new THREE.Vector3();
-			let mouseRayDir = new THREE.Vector3();
+			const mouseRayOrigin = new THREE.Vector3();
+			const mouseRayDir = new THREE.Vector3();
 			let mouseMoving = false;
 			let mouseStopTimer = 0;
 			let pointerDown = false;
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
 				scenePass.setMRT( mrt( {
 					output: output,
 					diffuseColor: diffuseColor,
-					normal: directionToColor( normalView ),
+					normal: packNormalToRGB( normalView ),
 					velocity: velocity
 				} ) );
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
 
 				const sceneNormal = sample( ( uv ) => {
 
-					return colorToDirection( scenePassNormal.sample( uv ) );
+					return unpackRGBToNormal( scenePassNormal.sample( uv ) );
 
 				} );
 
diff --git a/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssr.html b/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssr.html
index 5833541fd4c5aa..db374d77111c47 100644
--- a/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssr.html
+++ b/examples/webgpu_postprocessing_ssr.html
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 	<script type="module">
 
 		import * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';
-		import { pass, mrt, output, normalView, metalness, roughness, screenUV, color, sample, directionToColor, colorToDirection, vec2, colorSpaceToWorking } from 'three/tsl';
+		import { pass, mrt, output, normalView, metalness, roughness, screenUV, color, sample, packNormalToRGB, unpackRGBToNormal, vec2, colorSpaceToWorking } from 'three/tsl';
 		import { ssr } from 'three/addons/tsl/display/SSRNode.js';
 		import { smaa } from 'three/addons/tsl/display/SMAANode.js';
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 			const scenePass = pass( scene, camera );
 			scenePass.setMRT( mrt( {
 				output: output,
-				normal: directionToColor( normalView ),
+				normal: packNormalToRGB( normalView ),
 				metalrough: vec2( metalness, roughness ) // pack metalness and roughness into a single attachment
 			} ) );
 
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
 
 			const sceneNormal = sample( ( uv ) => {
 
-				return colorToDirection( scenePassNormal.sample( uv ) );
+				return unpackRGBToNormal( scenePassNormal.sample( uv ) );
 
 			} );
 
diff --git a/examples/webgpu_test_memory.html b/examples/webgpu_test_memory.html
index 21dd5eb0aa0f0f..fa801927c30677 100644
--- a/examples/webgpu_test_memory.html
+++ b/examples/webgpu_test_memory.html
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 		<script type="module">
 
 			import * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';
-			import { pass, mrt, directionToColor, normalView, screenUV, context, sample, colorToDirection } from 'three/tsl';
+			import { pass, mrt, packNormalToRGB, normalView, screenUV, context, sample, unpackRGBToNormal } from 'three/tsl';
 			import { outline } from 'three/addons/tsl/display/OutlineNode.js';
 			import { ao } from 'three/addons/tsl/display/GTAONode.js';
 
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@
 
 						prePass = pass( scene, camera );
 						prePass.setMRT( mrt( {
-							output: directionToColor( normalView )
+							output: packNormalToRGB( normalView )
 						} ) );
 
 						const prePassNormal = sample( ( uv ) => {
 
-							return colorToDirection( prePass.getTextureNode().sample( uv ) );
+							return unpackRGBToNormal( prePass.getTextureNode().sample( uv ) );
 
 						} );
 						const prePassDepth = prePass.getTextureNode( 'depth' );
diff --git a/src/Three.TSL.js b/src/Three.TSL.js
index 9eb0b5b5943d1f..80ab8d59baf425 100644
--- a/src/Three.TSL.js
+++ b/src/Three.TSL.js
@@ -420,6 +420,7 @@ export const overloadingFn = TSL.overloadingFn;
 export const packHalf2x16 = TSL.packHalf2x16;
 export const packSnorm2x16 = TSL.packSnorm2x16;
 export const packUnorm2x16 = TSL.packUnorm2x16;
+export const packNormalToRGB = TSL.packNormalToRGB;
 export const parabola = TSL.parabola;
 export const parallaxDirection = TSL.parallaxDirection;
 export const parallaxUV = TSL.parallaxUV;
@@ -588,6 +589,7 @@ export const uniformTexture = TSL.uniformTexture;
 export const unpackHalf2x16 = TSL.unpackHalf2x16;
 export const unpackSnorm2x16 = TSL.unpackSnorm2x16;
 export const unpackUnorm2x16 = TSL.unpackUnorm2x16;
+export const unpackRGBToNormal = TSL.unpackRGBToNormal;
 export const unpremultiplyAlpha = TSL.unpremultiplyAlpha;
 export const userData = TSL.userData;
 export const uv = TSL.uv;
diff --git a/src/materials/nodes/MeshNormalNodeMaterial.js b/src/materials/nodes/MeshNormalNodeMaterial.js
index 5e222107bec212..e3a01cdaecb161 100644
--- a/src/materials/nodes/MeshNormalNodeMaterial.js
+++ b/src/materials/nodes/MeshNormalNodeMaterial.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import NodeMaterial from './NodeMaterial.js';
 import { diffuseColor } from '../../nodes/core/PropertyNode.js';
-import { directionToColor } from '../../nodes/utils/Packing.js';
+import { packNormalToRGB } from '../../nodes/utils/Packing.js';
 import { materialOpacity } from '../../nodes/accessors/MaterialNode.js';
 import { normalView } from '../../nodes/accessors/Normal.js';
 import { colorSpaceToWorking } from '../../nodes/display/ColorSpaceNode.js';
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class MeshNormalNodeMaterial extends NodeMaterial {
 
 		// By convention, a normal packed to RGB is in sRGB color space. Convert it to working color space.
 
-		diffuseColor.assign( colorSpaceToWorking( vec4( directionToColor( normalView ), opacityNode ), SRGBColorSpace ) );
+		diffuseColor.assign( colorSpaceToWorking( vec4( packNormalToRGB( normalView ), opacityNode ), SRGBColorSpace ) );
 
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/nodes/utils/Packing.js b/src/nodes/utils/Packing.js
index dba3248bd2d842..2d7b73c9e133e0 100644
--- a/src/nodes/utils/Packing.js
+++ b/src/nodes/utils/Packing.js
@@ -1,25 +1,26 @@
 import { nodeObject, vec3, float } from '../tsl/TSLBase.js';
 import { dot, sqrt, saturate } from '../math/MathNode.js';
+import { warnOnce } from '../../utils.js';
 
 /**
- * Packs a direction vector into a color value.
+ * Packs a normal vector into a color value.
  *
  * @tsl
  * @function
  * @param {Node<vec3>} node - The direction to pack.
  * @return {Node<vec3>} The color.
  */
-export const directionToColor = ( node ) => nodeObject( node ).mul( 0.5 ).add( 0.5 );
+export const packNormalToRGB = ( node ) => nodeObject( node ).mul( 0.5 ).add( 0.5 );
 
 /**
- * Unpacks a color value into a direction vector.
+ * Unpacks a color value into a normal vector.
  *
  * @tsl
  * @function
  * @param {Node<vec3>} node - The color to unpack.
  * @return {Node<vec3>} The direction.
  */
-export const colorToDirection = ( node ) => nodeObject( node ).mul( 2.0 ).sub( 1 );
+export const unpackRGBToNormal = ( node ) => nodeObject( node ).mul( 2.0 ).sub( 1 );
 
 /**
  * Unpacks a tangent space normal, reconstructing the Z component by projecting the X,Y coordinates onto the hemisphere.
@@ -31,3 +32,33 @@ export const colorToDirection = ( node ) => nodeObject( node ).mul( 2.0 ).sub( 1
  * @return {Node<vec3>} The resulting normal.
  */
 export const unpackNormal = ( xy ) => vec3( xy, sqrt( saturate( float( 1.0 ).sub( dot( xy, xy ) ) ) ) );
+
+/**
+ * @tsl
+ * @function
+ * @deprecated since r185. Use {@link packNormalToRGB} instead.
+ * @param {Node<vec3>} node - The direction to pack.
+ * @returns {Node<vec3>}
+ */
+export const directionToColor = ( node ) => {
+
+	warnOnce( 'TSL: "directionToColor()" has been renamed to "packNormalToRGB()".' ); // @deprecated r185
+
+	return packNormalToRGB( node );
+
+};
+
+/**
+ * @tsl
+ * @function
+ * @deprecated since r185. Use {@link unpackRGBToNormal} instead.
+ * @param {Node<vec3>} node - The color to unpack.
+ * @returns {Node<vec3>}
+ */
+export const colorToDirection = ( node ) => {
+
+	warnOnce( 'TSL: "colorToDirection()" has been renamed to "unpackRGBToNormal()".' ); // @deprecated r185
+
+	return unpackRGBToNormal( node );
+
+};
diff --git a/src/renderers/webgpu/utils/WebGPUUtils.js b/src/renderers/webgpu/utils/WebGPUUtils.js
index 8a379660a11cf3..6c80c8b96cf033 100644
--- a/src/renderers/webgpu/utils/WebGPUUtils.js
+++ b/src/renderers/webgpu/utils/WebGPUUtils.js
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class WebGPUUtils {
 
 		}
 
-		samples = samples || 1;
+		samples = this.getSampleCount( samples || 1 );
 
 		const isMSAA = samples > 1 && texture.renderTarget !== null && ( texture.isDepthTexture !== true && texture.isFramebufferTexture !== true );
 		const primarySamples = isMSAA ? 1 : samples;