diff --git a/.circleci/config.yml b/.circleci/config.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b3aa4221..000000000
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,456 +0,0 @@
-version: 2.1
-
-defaults: &defaults
-  working_directory: ~/axe-core
-
-unix_box: &unix_box
-  docker:
-    - image: cimg/node:18.18-browsers
-
-unix_nightly_box: &unix_nightly_box
-  docker:
-    - image: cimg/node:lts-browsers
-
-orbs:
-  puppeteer: threetreeslight/puppeteer@0.1.2
-  browser-tools: circleci/browser-tools@1.4.8
-
-set_npm_auth: &set_npm_auth
-  run: npm config set "//registry.npmjs.org/:_authToken" $NPM_AUTH
-
-restore_dependency_cache_unix: &restore_dependency_cache_unix
-  restore_cache:
-    name: Restore NPM Cache
-    keys:
-      - v9-cache-unix-{{ checksum "package-lock.json" }}
-
-restore_build: &restore_build
-  restore_cache:
-    name: Restore Axe.js Cache
-    keys:
-      - v9-cache-build-<< pipeline.git.revision >>
-
-commands:
-  browser-tools-job:
-    steps:
-      - browser-tools/install-browser-tools
-
-jobs:
-  # Fetch and cache dependencies.
-  dependencies_unix:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run:
-          name: Skip Install If Cache Exists
-          command: |
-            if [ -d "node_modules" ]; then
-                echo "node_modules exist"
-                circleci step halt
-            else
-                echo "node_modules does not exist"
-            fi
-      - browser-tools-job
-      - <<: *set_npm_auth
-      - run: npm ci
-      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - save_cache:
-          key: v9-cache-unix-{{ checksum "package-lock.json" }}
-          paths:
-            - node_modules
-
-  # Build and cache axe.js
-  build_unix:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
-      - save_cache:
-          key: v9-cache-build-<< pipeline.git.revision >>
-          paths:
-            - axe.js
-            - axe.min.js
-
-  # Run ESLINT
-  lint:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run eslint
-
-  # Run the test suite.
-  test_chrome:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - browser-tools-job
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run test -- --browsers Chrome
-      - run: npm run test:integration:chrome
-
-  test_firefox:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - browser-tools-job
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run test -- --browsers Firefox
-      - run: npm run test:integration:firefox
-
-  # Run examples under `doc/examples`
-  test_examples:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - browser-tools-job
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run test:examples
-
-  # Run ACT test cases
-  test_act:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - browser-tools-job
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run test:act
-
-  # Run ARIA practices test cases
-  test_aria_practices:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - browser-tools-job
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run test:apg
-
-  # Test locale files
-  test_locales:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - browser-tools-job
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run test:locales
-
-  # Test virtual rules
-  test_virtual_rules:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - browser-tools-job
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run test:virtual-rules
-
-  # Run the test suite for nightly builds.
-  test_nightly_browsers:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_nightly_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: sudo apt-get update -y
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run:
-          name: Install Chrome and ChromeDriver Beta
-          command: npx browser-driver-manager install chrome=beta chromedriver=beta --verbose
-      - run:
-          name: Install Firefox Nightly
-          command: |
-            wget -O firefox-nightly.tar.bz2 "https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-nightly-latest-ssl&os=linux64&lang=en-US"
-            tar xf firefox-nightly.tar.bz2
-      - run:
-          name: Set Environment Variable
-          command: echo "export FIREFOX_NIGHTLY_BIN=$(pwd)/firefox/firefox-bin" >> $BASH_ENV
-      - run: npm run test -- --browsers Chrome,FirefoxNightly
-
-  # Run the test suite for nightly builds.
-  test_nightly_act:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_nightly_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - browser-tools-job
-      # install ACT rules
-      # install first as for some reason installing a single package
-      # also re-installs all repo dependencies as well
-      - run: npm install w3c/wcag-act-rules#main
-      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run test:act
-
-  # Run the test suite for nightly builds.
-  test_nightly_aria_practices:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_nightly_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - browser-tools-job
-      # install ARIA practices
-      # install first as for some reason installing a single package
-      # also re-installs all repo dependencies as well
-      - run: npm install w3c/aria-practices#main
-      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run test:apg
-
-  # Test api docs can be built
-  build_api_docs:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run api-docs
-
-  # Test newest axe-core version rule help docs are active (only on
-  # master prs)
-  test_rule_help_version:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run test:rule-help-version
-
-  # Test jsdom API
-  test_jsdom:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run test:jsdom
-
-  # Release a "next" version
-  next_release:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *set_npm_auth
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run next-release
-      - run: .circleci/verify-release.sh
-      - run: npm publish --tag=next
-
-  # Release a "production" version
-  verify_sri:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *set_npm_auth
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: npm run sri-validate
-
-  # Release a "production" version
-  release:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *set_npm_auth
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - <<: *restore_build
-      - run: .circleci/verify-release.sh
-      - run: npm publish
-
-  # Create a GitHub release.
-  github_release:
-    docker:
-      - image: cimg/go:1.17.1
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - run: go get gopkg.in/aktau/github-release.v0
-      - run:
-          name: Download and run GitHub release script
-          command: |
-            curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dequelabs/attest-release-scripts/develop/src/node-github-release.sh -s -o ./node-github-release.sh
-            chmod +x ./node-github-release.sh
-            ./node-github-release.sh
-
-  # Verify released package has all required files
-  verify_release:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: .circleci/verify-release.sh post
-
-  # Verify canary released package has all required files
-  verify_next_release:
-    <<: *defaults
-    <<: *unix_box
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run next-release
-      - run: .circleci/verify-release.sh post
-
-workflows:
-  version: 2
-  build:
-    jobs:
-      # install deps
-      - dependencies_unix
-      - build_unix:
-          requires:
-            - dependencies_unix
-      # Run linting
-      - lint:
-          requires:
-            - dependencies_unix
-      # Run tests on all commits, but after installing dependencies
-      - test_chrome:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - test_firefox:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - test_examples:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - test_act:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - test_aria_practices:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - test_locales:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - test_virtual_rules:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - build_api_docs:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - test_rule_help_version:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - test_jsdom:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      # Verify the sri history is correct
-      - verify_sri:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-          filters:
-            branches:
-              only:
-                - /^release-.+/
-                - master
-      # Hold for approval
-      - hold_release:
-          type: approval
-          requires:
-            - test_chrome
-            - test_firefox
-            - test_examples
-            - test_act
-            - test_aria_practices
-            - test_locales
-            - test_virtual_rules
-            - build_api_docs
-            - test_rule_help_version
-            - test_jsdom
-            - verify_sri
-          filters:
-            branches:
-              only:
-                - master
-      # Run a next release on "develop" commits, but only after the tests pass and dependencies are installed
-      - next_release:
-          requires:
-            - test_chrome
-            - test_firefox
-            - test_examples
-            - test_act
-            - test_aria_practices
-            - test_locales
-            - test_virtual_rules
-            - build_api_docs
-            - test_rule_help_version
-            - test_jsdom
-          filters:
-            branches:
-              only: develop
-      # Run a production release on "master" commits, but only after the tests pass and dependencies are installed
-      - release:
-          requires:
-            - hold_release
-          filters:
-            branches:
-              only: master
-      # Verify releases have all required files
-      - verify_release:
-          requires:
-            - release
-          filters:
-            branches:
-              only: master
-      - verify_next_release:
-          requires:
-            - next_release
-          filters:
-            branches:
-              only: develop
-      - github_release:
-          requires:
-            - release
-  nightly:
-    triggers:
-      - schedule:
-          # run at 00:00 UTC every day
-          cron: '0 0 * * *'
-          filters:
-            branches:
-              only:
-                - develop
-    jobs:
-      - dependencies_unix
-      - build_unix:
-          requires:
-            - dependencies_unix
-      - test_nightly_browsers:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - test_nightly_act:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
-      - test_nightly_aria_practices:
-          requires:
-            - build_unix
diff --git a/.circleci/verify-release.sh b/.circleci/verify-release.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 93a350f06..000000000
--- a/.circleci/verify-release.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-set -e
-
-# Verifying the release can fail due to race condition of
-# npm not publishing the package before we try to install
-# it
-function wait_for_publish() {
-  echo "Installing $1@$2"
-
-  set +e
-  for i in {1..10}; do
-    npm install "$1@$2" 2> /dev/null
-    if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
-      echo "Successfully installed"
-      set -e
-      return
-    else
-      echo "Retrying..."
-      sleep 10
-    fi
-  done
-
-  echo "Unable to install. Exiting..."
-  exit 1
-}
-
-if [ -n "$1" ] && [ "$1" == "post" ]
-then
-  # verify the released npm package in another dir as we can't
-  # install a package with the same name
-  version=$(node -pe "require('./package.json').version")
-  name=$(node -pe "require('./package.json').name")
-
-  mkdir "verify-release-$version"
-  cd "verify-release-$version"
-  npm init -y
-
-  wait_for_publish "$name" "$version"
-
-  node -pe "window={}; document={}; require('$name')"
-
-  cd "node_modules/${name}"
-else
-  # verify main file exists
-  main=$(node -pe "require('./package.json').main")
-  node -pe "window={}; document={}; require('./$main')"
-fi
-
-# Test if typescript file exists (if declared)
-#
-# Note: because we are using node to read the package.json, the
-# variable gets set to the string `undefined` if the property
-# does not exists, rather than an empty variable.
-types=$(node -pe "require('./package.json').types")
-if [ "$types" == "undefined" ]
-then
-  types=$(node -pe "require('./package.json').typings")
-fi
-
-if [ "$types" != "undefined" ] && [ ! -f "$types" ]
-then
-  echo "types file missing"
-  exit 1;
-fi
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.eslintignore b/.eslintignore
deleted file mode 100644
index ca1d987e9..000000000
--- a/.eslintignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-**/node_modules/*
-**/tmp/*
-
-build/tasks/aria-supported.js
-
-doc/api/*
-doc/examples/jest_react/*.js
-
-lib/core/imports/*.js
-axe.js
-axe.min.js
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.eslintrc.js b/.eslintrc.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 71a39bc1c..000000000
--- a/.eslintrc.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-module.exports = {
-  root: true,
-  extends: ['prettier'],
-  parserOptions: {
-    ecmaVersion: 2023
-  },
-  env: {
-    node: true,
-    es6: true
-  },
-  globals: {
-    axe: true,
-    Promise: true
-  },
-  rules: {
-    'no-bitwise': 2,
-    camelcase: 2,
-    curly: 2,
-    eqeqeq: 2,
-    'guard-for-in': 2,
-    'wrap-iife': [2, 'any'],
-    'no-use-before-define': [
-      2,
-      {
-        functions: false
-      }
-    ],
-    'new-cap': 2,
-    'no-caller': 2,
-    'no-empty': 2,
-    'no-new': 2,
-    'no-plusplus': 0,
-    'no-undef': 2,
-    'no-unused-vars': 2,
-    strict: 0,
-    'max-params': [2, 6],
-    'max-depth': [2, 5],
-    'max-len': 0,
-    semi: 0,
-    'no-cond-assign': 0,
-    'no-debugger': 2,
-    'no-eq-null': 0,
-    'no-eval': 2,
-    'no-unused-expressions': 0,
-    'block-scoped-var': 0,
-    'no-iterator': 0,
-    'linebreak-style': 0,
-    'no-loop-func': 0,
-    'no-multi-str': 0,
-    'no-proto': 0,
-    'no-script-url': 0,
-    'dot-notation': 2,
-    'no-new-func': 0,
-    'no-new-wrappers': 0,
-    'no-shadow': 2,
-    'no-restricted-syntax': [
-      'error',
-      {
-        selector: 'MemberExpression[property.name=tagName]',
-        message: "Don't use node.tagName, use node.nodeName instead."
-      },
-      {
-        // node.attributes can be clobbered so is unsafe to use
-        // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/1432
-        selector:
-          'MemberExpression[object.name=node][property.name=attributes]',
-        message:
-          "Don't use node.attributes, use node.hasAttributes() or axe.utils.getNodeAttributes(node) instead."
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  overrides: [
-    {
-      files: ['lib/**/*.js'],
-      excludedFiles: ['lib/core/reporters/**/*.js', 'lib/**/*-after.js'],
-      parserOptions: {
-        sourceType: 'module'
-      },
-      env: {
-        // do not access global window properties without going through window
-        browser: false,
-        es6: true
-      },
-      globals: {
-        window: true,
-        document: true
-      },
-      rules: {
-        'func-names': [2, 'as-needed'],
-        'prefer-const': 2,
-        'no-use-before-define': 'off'
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      // after functions and reporters will not be run inside the same context as axe.run so should not access browser globals that require context specific information (window.location, window.getComputedStyles, etc.)
-      files: ['lib/**/*-after.js', 'lib/core/reporters/**/*.js'],
-      parserOptions: {
-        sourceType: 'module'
-      },
-      env: {
-        browser: false
-      },
-      globals: {},
-      rules: {
-        'func-names': [2, 'as-needed'],
-        'prefer-const': 2,
-        'no-use-before-define': 'off'
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      // polyfills are mostly copy-pasted from sources so we don't control their styling
-      files: [
-        'lib/core/imports/polyfills.js',
-        'lib/core/utils/pollyfill-elements-from-point.js'
-      ],
-      env: {
-        browser: false
-      },
-      rules: {
-        'func-names': 0,
-        'no-bitwise': 0,
-        curly: 0,
-        eqeqeq: 0
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      files: ['test/act-rules/**/*.js', 'test/aria-practices/**/*.js'],
-      env: {
-        mocha: true
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      files: ['test/**/*.js'],
-      excludedFiles: ['test/act-rules/**/*.js', 'test/aria-practices/**/*.js'],
-      parserOptions: {
-        ecmaVersion: 2021
-      },
-      env: {
-        browser: true,
-        es6: false,
-        mocha: true
-      },
-      globals: {
-        assert: true,
-        helpers: true,
-        checks: true,
-        sinon: true
-      },
-      plugins: ['mocha-no-only'],
-      rules: {
-        'new-cap': 0,
-        'no-use-before-define': 0,
-        'mocha-no-only/mocha-no-only': ['error']
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-};
diff --git a/.github/actions/install-deps/action.yml b/.github/actions/install-deps/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40c9aa43d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/install-deps/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+name: 'Install Dependencies'
+description: 'Install OS and Project dependencies'
+
+inputs:
+  node-version:
+    description: 'Node.js version to install'
+    required: false
+  start-xvfb:
+    description: 'If provided, this is the display number to run xvfb on. Should be in `:N` format, e.g., `:99`.'
+    required: false
+  nightly:
+    description: 'If true, installs the nightly versions of browsers.'
+    required: false
+outputs:
+  chrome-path:
+    description: 'Path to the installed Chrome binary'
+    value: ${{ steps.setup-chrome.outputs.chrome-path }}
+  firefox-path:
+    description: 'Path to the installed Firefox binary'
+    value: ${{ steps.setup-firefox.outputs.firefox-path }}
+  chromedriver-path:
+    description: 'Path to the installed ChromeDriver binary'
+    value: ${{ steps.setup-chrome.outputs.chromedriver-path }}
+  chrome-version:
+    description: 'Version of the installed Chrome binary'
+    value: ${{ steps.setup-chrome.outputs.chrome-version }}
+  chromedriver-version:
+    description: 'Version of the installed ChromeDriver binary'
+    value: ${{ steps.setup-chrome.outputs.chromedriver-version }}
+  firefox-version:
+    description: 'Version of the installed Firefox binary'
+    value: ${{ steps.setup-firefox.outputs.firefox-version }}
+
+runs:
+  using: 'composite'
+  steps:
+    - name: Setup Node.js
+      uses: actions/setup-node@2028fbc5c25fe9cf00d9f06a71cc4710d4507903 # v6.0.0
+      with:
+        registry-url: 'https://registry.npmjs.org'
+        node-version: ${{ inputs.node-version }}
+        node-version-file: ${{ inputs.node-version == '' && '.nvmrc' || '' }}
+        cache: npm
+    - name: Fix Chrome Sandbox Permissions
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        sudo chown root:root /opt/google/chrome/chrome-sandbox
+        sudo chmod 4755 /opt/google/chrome/chrome-sandbox
+    - name: Install Xvfb
+      shell: bash
+      if: ${{ inputs.start-xvfb }}
+      run: |
+        sudo apt-get update
+        sudo apt-get install -y xvfb x11-xserver-utils
+    - name: Install Google Chrome for Testing
+      id: setup-chrome
+      uses: browser-actions/setup-chrome@b94431e051d1c52dcbe9a7092a4f10f827795416 # v2.1.0
+      with:
+        # @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5027
+        chrome-version: ${{ inputs.nightly == 'true' && 'beta' || 145 }}
+        install-chromedriver: true
+        install-dependencies: true
+    - name: Install Firefox
+      id: setup-firefox
+      uses: browser-actions/setup-firefox@5914774dda97099441f02628f8d46411fcfbd208 # v1.7.0
+      with:
+        firefox-version: ${{ inputs.nightly == 'true' && 'latest-nightly' || 'latest' }}
+    - name: Install Project Dependencies
+      shell: bash
+      run: npm ci
+    - name: Start Xvfb
+      if: ${{ inputs.start-xvfb }}
+      env:
+        DISPLAY: ${{ inputs.start-xvfb }}
+      shell: bash
+      # This is the same resolution as what CircleCI used.
+      # Maintaining it for consistency between the environments
+      # since something may be resolution dependent.
+      run: Xvfb "$DISPLAY" -screen 0 1280x1024x24 &
diff --git a/.github/bin/determine-version.sh b/.github/bin/determine-version.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..076e7a77b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/bin/determine-version.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -eo pipefail
+
+echo "::group::Determining new prerelease version"
+
+NAME=$(npm pkg get name | tr -d '"')
+LATEST_VERSION=$(npm pkg get version | tr -d '"')
+
+SHORT_SHA=$(echo "${GITHUB_SHA}" | cut -c1-7)
+NEW_VERSION="$LATEST_VERSION-canary.${SHORT_SHA}"
+
+echo "Latest version in package.json: $LATEST_VERSION"
+echo "New prerelease version: $NEW_VERSION"
+
+echo "version=$NEW_VERSION" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+echo "name=$NAME" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+echo "::endgroup::"
diff --git a/.github/bin/extract-release-notes.sh b/.github/bin/extract-release-notes.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..409c89024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/bin/extract-release-notes.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -eu -o pipefail
+
+# Extracts the body of the most recent release section from CHANGELOG.md —
+# everything between the latest version header and the previous one. The
+# version header itself is not included. The result is written as a
+# multiline `notes` step output to $GITHUB_OUTPUT when set (GitHub
+# Actions), otherwise to stdout.
+#
+# The awk pattern /# \[?[0-9]/ matches version-header lines (`#`, space,
+# optional `[`, digit), e.g. `### [4.11.4](...) (2026-04-23)`. The pattern
+# is not anchored, so it matches the `# [4` substring inside `###`. On the
+# first match it sets `found=1` and skips the line (so the header itself
+# is not printed); on the next match (the previous release's header) it
+# exits. `found{print}` prints every line in between.
+#
+# Walking through a typical CHANGELOG.md:
+#
+#   Line                              v-header?  found    Action
+#   --------------------------------  ---------  ------   -------
+#   # Changelog                       no         0        nothing
+#   All notable changes...            no         0        nothing
+#   ### [4.11.4](...) (2026-04-23)    yes        0 -> 1   skip
+#   (blank)                           no         1        print
+#   ### Bug Fixes                     no         1        print
+#   - **commons/text:** ...           no         1        print
+#   - **utils/getAncestry:** ...      no         1        print
+#   ### [4.11.3](...) (2026-04-13)    yes        1        exit
+
+repo_root="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../.." && pwd)"
+
+{
+  echo 'notes<<EOF'
+  awk '/# \[?[0-9]/{if(found) exit; found=1; next} found{print}' "$repo_root/CHANGELOG.md"
+  echo 'EOF'
+} >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT:-/dev/stdout}"
diff --git a/.github/bin/validate-npm-deploy.sh b/.github/bin/validate-npm-deploy.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0e2029b5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/bin/validate-npm-deploy.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -eo pipefail
+
+if [ -z "$PACKAGE_NAME" ] || [ -z "$VERSION" ]; then
+  echo "::error::PACKAGE_NAME and VERSION environment variables must be set."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+NPM_ROOT_PATH=$(npm root -g)
+
+npm install -g "${PACKAGE_NAME}@${VERSION}" || {
+  echo "::error::✗ Failed to install package: ${PACKAGE_NAME}@${VERSION}"
+  exit 1
+}
+
+cd "$NPM_ROOT_PATH" || {
+  echo "::error::✗ Failed to change directory to global npm root: $NPM_ROOT_PATH"
+  exit 1
+}
+
+node -pe "window={}; document={}; require('${PACKAGE_NAME}');" || {
+  echo "::error::✗ Failed to import CommonJS module for package: ${PACKAGE_NAME}"
+  exit 1
+}
+
+cd "${NPM_ROOT_PATH}/${PACKAGE_NAME}" || {
+  echo "::error::✗ Failed to change directory to package path: ${NPM_ROOT_PATH}/${PACKAGE_NAME}"
+  exit 1
+}
+
+types=$(node -pe "require('./package.json').types")
+if [ "$types" == "undefined" ]
+then
+  types=$(node -pe "require('./package.json').typings")
+fi
+if [ "$types" != "undefined" ] && [ ! -f "$types" ]
+then
+  echo "::error::The types file is missing"
+  exit 1;
+fi
+echo "Types file '$types' is present in the package"
diff --git a/.github/bin/validate-package.mjs b/.github/bin/validate-package.mjs
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c1126b131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/bin/validate-package.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+
+/**
+ * @fileoverview Validates the package before publishing.
+ * This script performs several checks to ensure the package
+ * is correctly set up, including:
+ * - Verifying the existence of files listed in `package.json`'s `files` array.
+ * - Ensuring the package can be imported using both ESM `import` and CommonJS `require()`.
+ * - Validating Subresource Integrity (SRI) hashes for the built files.
+ *
+ * The script generates a summary report compatible with
+ * GitHub Actions, providing detailed feedback on each
+ * validation step.
+ *
+ * Running this script locally has a few implications to be
+ * aware of:
+ * 1. It links and unlinks the package globally. So this
+ * could impact other workspaces where current links are used.
+ * 2. To test the step summary, set the `GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY`
+ * environment variable to a file path. If this file does not
+ * exist, it will be created.
+ */
+
+import { resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { access, appendFile, readFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { execSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import pkg from '../../package.json' with { type: 'json' };
+
+const isDebug = process.env.DEBUG === 'true';
+const repoRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..', '..');
+/**
+ * Start the exit code at 0 for a successful run. If any checks
+ * fail, we increment by 1 for each failure. When every check is done,
+ * we exit with the final exit code.
+ *
+ * This means our exit code informs us of how many failures happened.
+ *
+ * For anyone unfamiliar with exit codes in shell programs,
+ * an exit code of `0` means success, and any non-zero exit code
+ * means failure.
+ *
+ * Special note as well, in theory this _could_ go above `255`,
+ * causing the actual exit code to wrap around back to `0` and
+ * keep counting. But, if we have that many checks in here down
+ * the road then all the validation will need a major refactor.
+ */
+let exitCode = 0;
+const missing = [];
+const summaryFile = process.env.GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY;
+let summary = `# Package Validation
+
+<dl>
+  <dt>Package Name</dt>
+  <dd>${pkg.name}</dd>
+  <dt>Package Version</dt>
+  <dd>${pkg.version}</dd>
+  <dt>License</dt>
+  <dd>${pkg.license}</dd>
+</dl>
+
+`;
+
+console.group('Package Information');
+console.log('Name:', pkg.name);
+console.log('Version:', pkg.version);
+console.log('License:', pkg.license);
+console.groupEnd();
+
+/**
+ * Checks if a file or folder exists on the filesystem.
+ *
+ * @param {string} path - The path to check (relative to repo root)
+ * @returns {Promise<boolean>} True if the path exists, false otherwise
+ */
+const exists = async path => {
+  const absolutePath = resolve(repoRoot, path);
+  try {
+    await access(absolutePath);
+    return true;
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Appends text to the GitHub Actions step summary file if it
+ * exists. This is mostly useful for local testing where the
+ * summary file may not be set. However if we want to set it
+ * for testing, we can.
+ *
+ * Since we build the summary in chunks, this function
+ * appends the current summary and then clears it for the
+ * next section.
+ *
+ * @param {string} text - The text to append to the summary file
+ * @returns {Promise<void>}
+ */
+const appendToSummaryFile = async text => {
+  if (summaryFile) {
+    await appendFile(summaryFile, text);
+    summary = '';
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Verifies that all files and folders listed in the `files`
+ * array of `package.json` exist in the repository.
+ */
+const fileExistenceCheck = async () => {
+  summary += `
+\n## File Existence Check
+
+The following results table shows the status of files and folders
+listed in the \`files\` array of \`package.json\`.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> This check only validates the existence of files and folders
+> defined. It does not validate the contents. Thus a folder
+> could exist but be empty and still pass this check. Or
+> a file could exist but have incorrect syntax.
+
+| File | Status |\n|------|--------|
+`;
+
+  console.log('Checking for existence of package files:');
+
+  for (const file of pkg.files) {
+    if (await exists(file)) {
+      console.info(`✓ ${file}`);
+      summary += `| \`${file}\` | ✓ Found |\n`;
+    } else {
+      console.error(`✗ ${file}`);
+      summary += `| \`${file}\` | ✗ Missing |\n`;
+      missing.push(file);
+    }
+  }
+
+  await appendToSummaryFile(summary);
+
+  if (missing.length > 0) {
+    await appendToSummaryFile(
+      `\n**ERROR: Missing files: ${missing.join(', ')}**\n`
+    );
+    console.error(`::error::Missing files: ${missing.join(', ')}`);
+    exitCode++;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Validates that the main package file can be loaded via
+ * CommonJS require. This ensures backward compatibility
+ * for projects using CommonJS.
+ */
+const validateCommonJS = async () => {
+  summary += `\n## CommonJS Compatibility Check
+
+This check validates that the main package file can be loaded
+using CommonJS \`require()\`, ensuring backward compatibility.
+
+| File | Status | Version |\n|------|--------|--------|
+`;
+
+  const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+
+  console.log('Validating CommonJS compatibility:');
+
+  try {
+    const axe = require(`${pkg.name}`);
+
+    if (!axe || typeof axe !== 'object') {
+      throw new Error('Module did not export an object');
+    }
+
+    if (!axe.version) {
+      throw new Error('Missing version property');
+    }
+
+    console.info(`✓ ${pkg.name} (CommonJS)`);
+    summary += `| \`${pkg.name}\` | ✓ CommonJS Compatible | ${axe.version} |\n`;
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error(`✗ ${pkg.name} (CommonJS):`, error.message);
+    summary += `| \`${pkg.name}\` | ✗ CommonJS Failed | Not Found |\n`;
+    summary += `\n\`\`\`\n${error.message}\n\`\`\`\n`;
+    exitCode++;
+  }
+
+  await appendToSummaryFile(summary);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Validates that the package and all files listed in the
+ * `files` array of `package.json` can be imported using
+ * ESM `import` statements.
+ */
+const validateImportable = async () => {
+  summary += `\n## Importable Check
+
+This check attempts to import the package. As well as all
+defined files in the \`files\` array of \`package.json\`.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> This check fails anything that resolves to \`node_modules\`,
+> this is because \`axe-core\` should be linked before
+> this is called. When \`exports\` can be added to the
+> package definition, then we can self reference imports and
+> the link will no longer be required.
+
+| File | Status | Version |\n|------|--------|--------|
+`;
+
+  // these files are not part of the importable api
+  const nonImportableFiles = ['gather-internals.js'];
+  const importTargets = [
+    ...pkg.files
+      .filter(file => !nonImportableFiles.includes(file))
+      .map(file => `${pkg.name}/${file}`)
+  ];
+  let anyCaught = false;
+
+  console.log('Validating package files are importable:');
+
+  try {
+    const axe = await import(pkg.name);
+    console.info(`✓ ${pkg.name}`);
+
+    if (!axe.default?.version) {
+      throw new Error('Missing version property');
+    }
+
+    summary += `| \`${pkg.name}\` | ✓ Importable | ${axe.default.version} |\n`;
+  } catch {
+    console.error(`✗ ${pkg.name}`);
+    summary += `| \`${pkg.name}\` | ✗ Not Importable | Not Found |\n`;
+    anyCaught = true;
+  }
+
+  for (const target of importTargets) {
+    // Skip things that can't be imported directly
+    // One day we can hopefully import anything as bytes to validate.
+    // Ref: https://github.com/tc39/proposal-import-bytes
+    if (
+      target.endsWith('.txt') ||
+      target.endsWith('/') ||
+      target.endsWith('.d.ts')
+    ) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // `import.meta.resolve` is used here to determine
+    // where the import would be resolved from, following
+    // any symlinks. Since this package is linked, it
+    // should never have `node_modules` in the resolved
+    // path. It *could* happen if a dev is writing code
+    // within a parent folder named as such, but that is
+    // unsafe anyways.
+    // -------------------------------------------------
+    // If this is ever setup to run in the post-deploy
+    // test, then this will cause issues as that runs
+    // from this folder specifically.
+    if (import.meta.resolve(target).includes('node_modules')) {
+      exitCode++;
+      summary += `| \`${target}\` | ✗ Resolves to node_modules |\n`;
+      console.error(`✗ ${target} resolves to node_modules`);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      let version = '';
+      if (target.endsWith('.json')) {
+        const data = await import(target, { with: { type: 'json' } });
+        version = Object.keys(data.default).at(-1);
+      } else {
+        const axe = await import(target);
+
+        if (!axe.default?.version) {
+          throw new Error('Missing version property');
+        }
+
+        version = axe.default.version;
+      }
+      console.info(`✓ ${target}`);
+      summary += `| \`${target}\` | ✓ Importable | ${version} |\n`;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`✗ ${target}`);
+      summary += `| \`${target}\` | ✗ Not Importable | Not Found |\n`;
+      summary += `\n\`\`\`\n${error.message}\n\`\`\`\n`;
+      anyCaught = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // check that the non-importable files are parsable
+  for (const file of nonImportableFiles) {
+    const target = `${pkg.name}/${file}`;
+    try {
+      const resolved = import.meta.resolve(target);
+      if (resolved.includes('node_modules')) {
+        console.error(`✗ ${target} resolves to node_modules`);
+        summary += `| \`${target}\` | ✗ Resolves to node_modules |\n`;
+        exitCode++;
+        continue;
+      }
+      execSync(`node --check "${fileURLToPath(resolved)}"`, { stdio: 'pipe' });
+      console.info(`✓ ${target} (parse-only, browser-only)`);
+      summary += `| \`${target}\` | ✓ Parse OK (browser-only) | n/a |\n`;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`✗ ${target}: ${error.message}`);
+      summary += `| \`${target}\` | ✗ Parse failed (browser-only) | n/a |\n`;
+      exitCode++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (anyCaught) {
+    exitCode++;
+  }
+
+  await appendToSummaryFile(summary);
+};
+
+/**
+ * When a PR targets `master` or a `release-*` branch,
+ * or these branches are pushed to, we run SRI validation.
+ * Otherwise, it is skipped since the SRI hashes are only
+ * updated when releasing.
+ *
+ * The history file is deprecated. However, until it is removed
+ * we should be prudent and continue to validate it.
+ */
+const validateSriHashes = async () => {
+  const currentBranch =
+    process.env.GITHUB_REF_NAME || process.env.GITHUB_HEAD_REF || '';
+
+  if (!/^release-.+/.test(currentBranch) && currentBranch !== 'master') {
+    console.log(`Skipping SRI validation (current branch: ${currentBranch})`);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  summary += `\n## Subresource Integrity Check
+
+This check validates the current build against the SRI hash
+for the version defined in \`sri-history.json\`.
+
+| File | Status |
+|------|--------|
+`;
+
+  const sriHistory = await import(`${pkg.name}/sri-history.json`, {
+    with: { type: 'json' }
+  });
+  const expectedSri = sriHistory.default[pkg.version];
+  // calculate the SRI hash for `axe.js` and `axe.min.js`
+  // Using `sri-toolbox` as that is what is used in the build process
+  const { generate } = await import('sri-toolbox');
+
+  const filesToCheck = [
+    {
+      name: 'axe.js',
+      path: fileURLToPath(import.meta.resolve(`${pkg.name}/axe.js`))
+    },
+    {
+      name: 'axe.min.js',
+      path: fileURLToPath(import.meta.resolve(`${pkg.name}/axe.min.js`))
+    }
+  ];
+  const mismatches = [];
+
+  for (const file of filesToCheck) {
+    const calculatedSri = generate(
+      { algorithms: ['sha256'] },
+      await readFile(file.path)
+    );
+
+    console.log(`Expected SRI for ${file.name}:`, expectedSri[file.name]);
+    console.log(`Calculated SRI for ${file.name}:`, calculatedSri);
+    if (calculatedSri !== expectedSri[file.name]) {
+      console.error(`✗ ${file.name}`);
+      summary += `| \`${file.name}\` | ✗ Invalid SRI |\n`;
+      mismatches.push({
+        name: file.name,
+        expected: expectedSri[file.name],
+        calculated: calculatedSri
+      });
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    console.info(`✓ ${file.name}`);
+    summary += `| \`${file.name}\` | ✓ Valid SRI |\n`;
+  }
+
+  if (mismatches.length > 0) {
+    summary += `\n### SRI Mismatches\n\n`;
+
+    for (const mismatch of mismatches) {
+      summary += `**${mismatch.name}:**\n`;
+      summary += `- Expected: \`${mismatch.expected}\`\n`;
+      summary += `- Calculated: \`${mismatch.calculated}\`\n\n`;
+    }
+
+    exitCode++;
+  }
+
+  await appendToSummaryFile(summary);
+};
+
+// Start running checks that don't require linking first.
+await fileExistenceCheck();
+
+/**
+ * @type {import('child_process').ExecSyncOptionsWithBufferEncoding}
+ */
+const execOptions = {
+  cwd: repoRoot,
+  stdio: isDebug ? 'inherit' : 'pipe',
+  timeout: 200000
+};
+
+console.log('Creating npm link for package validation...');
+
+try {
+  // Link the package globally, then update the package
+  // internally to use the linked version.
+  // This is needed because we don't have `exports` defined
+  // yet, so self referencing imports won't work.
+  // We also have a circular dependency on the package.
+  // That means if we try to resolve the import without
+  // linking, it will resolve the version in `node_modules`
+  // from npm.
+  execSync('npm link', execOptions);
+  execSync(`npm link ${pkg.name}`, execOptions);
+
+  // Run any checks that require the package to reference itself.
+  await validateCommonJS();
+  await validateImportable();
+  await validateSriHashes();
+} catch (error) {
+  console.error('Failed to create npm link:', error.message);
+  await appendToSummaryFile(`
+    ## Failed to create npm link
+
+    <details><summary>Click to expand error details</summary>
+
+    \n\`\`\`\n${error.message}\n\`\`\`\n
+
+    </details>
+
+    This failure prevented running critical validation checks.
+    Therefore the entire validation has failed.
+  `);
+  console.error(`Failed to create npm link: ${error.message}`);
+  exitCode++;
+}
+
+console.log('Removing npm link...');
+try {
+  execSync(`npm unlink ${pkg.name}`, execOptions);
+  execSync('npm unlink -g', execOptions);
+} catch (error) {
+  // Not a hard failure if unlinking fails since all these
+  // checks are last. As long as they completed fine,
+  // validation is acceptable.
+  // This is more for when running locally to test if
+  // something goes wrong. As the developer's machine state
+  // is impacted and they need to know about it.
+  console.error('Failed to remove npm link:', error.message);
+}
+
+process.exit(exitCode);
diff --git a/.github/bin/wait-for-npm-ready.sh b/.github/bin/wait-for-npm-ready.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..245f8abf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/bin/wait-for-npm-ready.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -eo pipefail
+
+if [ -z "$VERSION" ] || [ -z "$PACKAGE_NAME" ]; then
+  echo "✗ ERROR: VERSION and PACKAGE_NAME environment variables must be set."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+SLEEP_SECONDS=${SLEEP_SECONDS:-10}
+MAX_ATTEMPTS=${MAX_ATTEMPTS:-30}
+
+echo "::group::Waiting for ${PACKAGE_NAME}@${VERSION} to be available on npm registry..."
+
+for i in $(seq 1 "$MAX_ATTEMPTS"); do
+  echo "Attempt $i of $MAX_ATTEMPTS..."
+
+  if npm view "${PACKAGE_NAME}@${VERSION}" version > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+    PUBLISHED_VERSION=$(npm view "${PACKAGE_NAME}@${VERSION}" version)
+    echo "✓ Package ${PACKAGE_NAME}@${PUBLISHED_VERSION} is now available on npm!"
+    echo "::endgroup::"
+    exit 0
+  fi
+
+  if [ "$i" -lt "$MAX_ATTEMPTS" ]; then
+    echo "Package not yet available, waiting ${SLEEP_SECONDS} seconds..."
+    sleep "$SLEEP_SECONDS"
+  fi
+done
+
+echo "✗ Timeout: Package ${PACKAGE_NAME}@${VERSION} not available after $((MAX_ATTEMPTS * SLEEP_SECONDS)) seconds"
+echo "::endgroup::"
+
+exit 1
diff --git a/.github/bin/wait-for-workflow-success.sh b/.github/bin/wait-for-workflow-success.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7ba2246e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/bin/wait-for-workflow-success.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# This script waits for a specified GitHub Actions workflow to complete successfully.
+# Debug mode can be enabled by setting the DEBUG environment variable to "true".
+# Exit codes are as follows:
+# 0 - Workflow completed successfully
+# 1 - Workflow completed with failure
+# 2 - Missing required tools on the host system
+# 3 - Missing required environment variables for configuration
+# 20 - Timeout waiting for workflow to complete
+
+set -eo pipefail
+
+if ! command -v jq &> /dev/null; then
+  echo "::error::jq is not installed. Please install jq to use this script."
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+if ! command -v gh &> /dev/null; then
+  echo "::error::GitHub CLI (gh) is not installed. Please install gh to use this script."
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$REPOSITORY" ]; then
+  echo "::error::REPOSITORY environment variable must be set."
+  exit 3
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$SHA" ]; then
+  echo "::error::SHA environment variable must be set."
+  exit 3
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$WORKFLOW_NAME" ]; then
+  echo "::error::WORKFLOW_NAME environment variable must be set."
+  exit 3
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$BRANCH" ]; then
+  echo "::error::BRANCH environment variable must be set."
+  exit 3
+fi
+
+# When running locally for testing, this might be forgotten to get set.
+# Create a temp file just so there is something to write to that will get thrown away.
+if [ -z "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY" ]; then
+  GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY=$(mktemp)
+fi
+
+echo "Waiting for '$WORKFLOW_NAME' workflow to complete for commit $SHA"
+
+# If not provided, default to 5 minutes for the job runner to time out.
+TIMEOUT_MINUTES=${TIMEOUT_MINUTES:-5}
+# Round down if given a fractional number by just removing the decimal portion.
+TIMEOUT_MINUTES=${TIMEOUT_MINUTES%.*}
+sleep_seconds=30
+max_attempts=$(( (TIMEOUT_MINUTES * 60) / sleep_seconds ))
+attempt=0
+
+# We *could* do `status=success` as a query parameter. But then we lose visibility
+# into "in-progress" for debugging purposes to at least know if it found a run
+# while waiting.
+# Ref: https://docs.github.com/en/rest/actions/workflow-runs?apiVersion=2022-11-28#list-workflow-runs-for-a-repository
+api_url="repos/$REPOSITORY/actions/runs?head_sha=$SHA&branch=$BRANCH&exclude_pull_requests=true&event=push"
+
+# This jq filter can seem complicated. So here is the breakdown:
+# 1. `.workflow_runs` - Get the array of workflow runs from the API response
+# 2. `sort_by(.created_at) | reverse` - Sort the runs by creation date in descending order. Since the API has no guaranteed order.
+# 3. `[.[] | select(.name == "'"$WORKFLOW_NAME"'")][0]` - Filter the runs to only include those with the specified workflow name. Then take the first one (most recent)
+# 4. `{status: .status, conclusion: .conclusion}` - Extract only the status and conclusion fields. Since we know this is the most recent run, we only care about these fields later.
+# 5. `select(. != null)` - Ensure that we only get a result if there is a matching workflow run
+jq_filter='.workflow_runs | sort_by(.created_at) | reverse | [.[] | select(.name == "'"$WORKFLOW_NAME"'")][0] | {status: .status, conclusion: .conclusion} | select(. != null)'
+
+cat >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY" <<EOF
+# Wait for Workflow Success
+
+## Config Data
+
+### Environment Inputs
+
+* Repository: \`$REPOSITORY\`
+* Commit SHA: \`$SHA\`
+* Branch: \`$BRANCH\`
+* Workflow Name: \`$WORKFLOW_NAME\`
+* Debug Mode: \`${DEBUG:-false}\`
+* Timeout Minutes: \`$TIMEOUT_MINUTES\`
+
+### Internal Configuration
+
+* Sleep Seconds: \`$sleep_seconds\`
+* Max Attempts: \`$max_attempts\`
+
+### API Input
+
+* API URL: \`$api_url\`
+* JQ Filter: \`$jq_filter\`
+
+EOF
+
+if [ "$DEBUG" = "true" ]; then
+  log_output=$(mktemp)
+else
+  log_output="/dev/null"
+fi
+
+# Logs API errors to the summary if debug is enabled.
+function writeLogToSummary() {
+  if [ "$DEBUG" != "true" ]; then
+    return
+  fi
+
+  {
+    echo ""
+    echo "## GH API Error Log"
+    echo ""
+    if [ ! -s "$log_output" ]; then
+      echo "No errors captured."
+    else
+      echo '```'
+      cat "$log_output"
+      echo '```'
+    fi
+    echo ""
+  } >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
+}
+
+while [ "$attempt" -lt "$max_attempts" ]; do
+  # Redirect errors to /dev/null to avoid unusable data in the variable in case of failure.
+  # If we seem to be having issues in CI later, it would be valuable to setup debugging to log to $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY.
+  workflow_data=$(gh api "$api_url" --jq "$jq_filter" 2>"$log_output" || echo "")
+
+  if [ -z "$workflow_data" ]; then
+    echo "Attempt $((attempt + 1))/$max_attempts - Workflow run not found yet"
+  else
+    status=$(echo "$workflow_data" | jq -r '.status')
+    conclusion=$(echo "$workflow_data" | jq -r '.conclusion')
+
+    echo "Attempt $((attempt + 1))/$max_attempts - Status: $status, Conclusion: $conclusion"
+
+    if [ "$status" = "completed" ]; then
+      # Write the result to the summary file
+      function writeResultToSummary() {
+        cat >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY" <<EOF
+## Result of workflow - $WORKFLOW_NAME
+
+* Status: \`$status\`
+* Conclusion: \`$conclusion\`
+
+### API Details
+
+* Total Attempts: \`$((attempt + 1))\`
+* Time Elapsed: \`$(((attempt + 1) * sleep_seconds)) seconds\`
+* Remaining allocated time: \`$(((max_attempts - attempt - 1) * sleep_seconds)) seconds\`
+
+EOF
+      }
+
+      if [ "$conclusion" = "success" ]; then
+        echo "'$WORKFLOW_NAME' workflow completed successfully!"
+        writeResultToSummary
+        writeLogToSummary
+        exit 0
+      else
+        echo "::error::'$WORKFLOW_NAME' workflow completed with status: $conclusion"
+        writeResultToSummary
+        writeLogToSummary
+        exit 1
+      fi
+    fi
+  fi
+
+  attempt=$((attempt + 1))
+  sleep "$sleep_seconds"
+done
+
+cat >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY" <<EOF
+## Result of workflow - $WORKFLOW_NAME
+
+The maximum number of attempts was reached without the workflow completing.
+Therefore, the resolution could not be determined to proceed with deployment.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> Re-running this workflow with debug mode enabled will capture API error logs to help diagnose issues.
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> This can typically indicate that GitHub Action runners are experiencing delays.
+> Please check the [GitHub Status Page](https://www.githubstatus.com/) for any ongoing incidents.
+> If the status is normal, or if it already is, wait a little bit before re-running the workflow.
+
+> [!CAUTION]
+> If another commit is already deployed, then do *not* re-run this deployment workflow.
+> Re-running this would cause an older commit to be the next tag.
+> If multiple deployments are failed in a row, then re-run them sequentially as the incident is resolved.
+
+EOF
+writeLogToSummary
+
+echo "::error::Timeout waiting for '$WORKFLOW_NAME' workflow to complete"
+exit 20
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index b7ba1c567..c74cbed1f 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ updates:
         update-types:
           - 'minor'
           - 'patch'
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7
 
   - package-ecosystem: 'npm'
     directory: '/'
@@ -32,13 +34,31 @@ updates:
         versions: ['>=9.0.0']
       - dependency-name: 'chai'
         versions: ['>=5.0.0']
+      - dependency-name: 'conventional-commits-parser'
+        versions: ['>=6.0.0']
       # Prevent Webpack error caused by v0.11+ of esbuild
       # @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3771
       - dependency-name: 'esbuild'
         versions: ['>=0.11.0']
+      # Prevent colorjs.io issue caused by >v0.4.3
+      # @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4428
+      - dependency-name: 'colorjs.io'
+        versions: ['>0.4.3']
+      # Still need to support node 18 in our tests
+      - dependency-name: 'glob'
+        versions: ['>=11.0.0']
+      # Use node 4 types for backward compatibility
+      - dependency-name: '@types/node'
+        versions: ['>=5.0.0']
+      # Breaking change that we need to handle in its own pr first
+      # @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/4264
+      - dependency-name: 'css-selector-parser'
+        versions: ['>=2.0.0']
     groups:
       # Any updates not caught by the group config will get individual PRs
       npm-low-risk:
         update-types:
           - 'minor'
           - 'patch'
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/deploy.yml b/.github/workflows/deploy.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f482037a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/deploy.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+# Do not rename this file. The name "deploy.yml" is known to
+# npm for trusted OIDC publishing.
+name: Deploy
+
+on:
+  # Run on push and not `workflow_run` after tests finish.
+  # Specifically because `workflow_run` only runs from the context
+  # of the default branch, regardless of which branch triggered the tests.
+  # That means no non-default branches could deploy.
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+      - develop
+
+concurrency:
+  group: deploy/${{ github.ref_name }}
+  cancel-in-progress: false
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  # Since we can't run against `workflow_run`, we have to
+  # wait for for the Tests to succeed first before any
+  # processing can happen.
+  wait-for-tests:
+    name: Wait for Tests to Pass
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'dequelabs'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
+      statuses: read
+    timeout-minutes: 15
+    steps:
+      - &checkout
+        name: Checkout repository
+        timeout-minutes: 2
+        uses: actions/checkout@1af3b93b6815bc44a9784bd300feb67ff0d1eeb3 # v6.0.0
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Wait for Tests workflow to complete
+        timeout-minutes: 13
+        env:
+          SHA: ${{ github.sha }}
+          REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+          BRANCH: ${{ github.ref_name }}
+          WORKFLOW_NAME: Tests
+          DEBUG: ${{ runner.debug == '1' }}
+          # One minute less than the job timeout to allow for the script to do cleanup work.
+          TIMEOUT_MINUTES: 12
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        run: ./.github/bin/wait-for-workflow-success.sh
+  deploy-next:
+    name: Deploy "next" to npm
+    needs: wait-for-tests
+    if: ${{ github.ref_name == 'develop' }}
+    environment:
+      name: registry.npmjs.org
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write # Required for OIDC
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    outputs:
+      version: ${{ steps.determine-version.outputs.version }}
+      packageName: ${{ steps.determine-version.outputs.name }}
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - &setup-node
+        name: Setup NodeJS
+        uses: actions/setup-node@2028fbc5c25fe9cf00d9f06a71cc4710d4507903 # v6.0.0
+        with:
+          registry-url: 'https://registry.npmjs.org'
+          node-version-file: .nvmrc
+          cache: npm
+      - &install-project-deps
+        name: Install Project Dependencies
+        shell: bash
+        run: npm ci
+      - &build
+        name: Build
+        run: |
+          npm run prepare
+          npm run build
+      - name: Determine prerelease version
+        id: determine-version
+        run: ./.github/bin/determine-version.sh
+      - name: Bump version
+        env:
+          NEW_VERSION: ${{ steps.determine-version.outputs.version }}
+        run: npm version "$NEW_VERSION" --no-git-tag-version --ignore-scripts
+      - &validate-package
+        name: Validate package is consumable
+        env:
+          # Ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflows-and-actions/contexts#runner-context
+          # Linting shows this context might be invalid, but it shouldn't be per docs.
+          # Probably something missing in the schema.
+          DEBUG: ${{ runner.debug == '1' }}
+        run: node .github/bin/validate-package.mjs
+      - name: Publish "next" version to npm
+        run: npm publish --tag=next
+  validate-next-deploy:
+    name: Validate Next Deployment
+    needs: deploy-next
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-node
+      # In theory since this is a new job now, by the time
+      # this would kick off the package should be available.
+      # But, to be safe in case of delays in propagation,
+      # we'll implement a retry mechanism.
+      - name: Wait for package to be available on npm
+        env:
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.deploy-next.outputs.version }}
+          PACKAGE_NAME: ${{ needs.deploy-next.outputs.packageName }}
+        run: ./.github/bin/wait-for-npm-ready.sh
+      - name: Validate installation of "next" version
+        env:
+          PACKAGE_NAME: ${{ needs.deploy-next.outputs.packageName }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.deploy-next.outputs.version }}
+        run: ./.github/bin/validate-npm-deploy.sh
+  prod-hold:
+    name: Await approval to deploy to production
+    needs: wait-for-tests
+    if: ${{ github.ref_name == 'master' }}
+    environment:
+      name: production-hold
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Awaiting approval to deploy to production
+        run: echo "Approval granted to proceed to production deployment."
+  prod-deploy:
+    name: Deploy stable to npm
+    needs: prod-hold
+    if: ${{ needs.prod-hold.result == 'success' }}
+    environment:
+      name: registry.npmjs.org
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write # Required for OIDC
+    outputs:
+      version: ${{ steps.get-data.outputs.version }}
+      packageName: ${{ steps.get-data.outputs.name }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-node
+      - *install-project-deps
+      - *build
+      - *validate-package
+      - name: Publish stable version to npm
+        run: npm publish
+      - name: Get published package data
+        id: get-data
+        run: |
+          VERSION=$(npm pkg get version | tr -d '"')
+          NAME=$(npm pkg get name | tr -d '"')
+          echo "version=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "name=$NAME" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+  create-github-release:
+    name: Create GitHub Release
+    needs: prod-deploy
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    permissions:
+      contents: write # Required to create releases
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - name: Extract release notes
+        id: release-notes
+        run: ./.github/bin/extract-release-notes.sh
+      - name: Create GitHub Release
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.prod-deploy.outputs.version }}
+          NOTES: ${{ steps.release-notes.outputs.notes }}
+        run: |
+          gh release create "v${VERSION}" \
+            --title "Release ${VERSION}" \
+            --target ${{ github.sha }} \
+            --notes "$NOTES"
+  validate-deploy:
+    name: Validate Deployment
+    needs: prod-deploy
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-node
+      # In theory since this is a new job now, by the time
+      # this would kick off the package should be available.
+      # But, to be safe in case of delays in propagation,
+      # we'll implement a retry mechanism.
+      - name: Wait for package to be available on npm
+        env:
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.prod-deploy.outputs.version }}
+          PACKAGE_NAME: ${{ needs.prod-deploy.outputs.packageName }}
+        run: ./.github/bin/wait-for-npm-ready.sh
+      - name: Validate installation of stable version
+        env:
+          PACKAGE_NAME: ${{ needs.prod-deploy.outputs.packageName }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.prod-deploy.outputs.version }}
+        run: ./.github/bin/validate-npm-deploy.sh
diff --git a/.github/workflows/format.yml b/.github/workflows/format.yml
index 74898ee2d..545beb920 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/format.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/format.yml
@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
 name: Formatter
 
-on: [pull_request]
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - develop
 
 jobs:
   prettier:
+    # This conditional prevents running the job on PRs from forks; won't
+    # have permissions to commit changes, so the job would fail if it ran.
+    # PRs from forks will instead rely on failing the fmt_check job in test.yml
+    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 5
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.ref }}
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: npm ci
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
         with:
-          node-version: 16
+          node-version-file: .nvmrc
           cache: 'npm'
       # Workflows are not allowed to edit workflows. As result, we need to prevent Prettier from formatting them.
       - name: Prevent workflows from being formatted
@@ -21,6 +29,6 @@ jobs:
       - run: npm run fmt
       # Prevent the prettierignore change from being committed.
       - run: git checkout .prettierignore
-      - uses: stefanzweifel/git-auto-commit-action@8756aa072ef5b4a080af5dc8fef36c5d586e521d # tag=v5
+      - uses: stefanzweifel/git-auto-commit-action@04702edda442b2e678b25b537cec683a1493fcb9 # tag=v5
         with:
           commit_message: ':robot: Automated formatting fixes'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/nightly-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/nightly-tests.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ea4beaad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/nightly-tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+name: Nightly Tests
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    # Runs every day at 2:17 AM UTC
+    # Schedules should try to be offset from common times
+    # to avoid high contention times on GitHub runners.
+    - cron: '17 2 * * *'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+env:
+  CHROME_DEVEL_SANDBOX: /opt/google/chrome/chrome-sandbox
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  browsers:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    env:
+      DISPLAY: ':99'
+    steps:
+      - &checkout
+        name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@1af3b93b6815bc44a9784bd300feb67ff0d1eeb3 # v6.0.0
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Install Dependencies
+        id: install-deps
+        uses: ./.github/actions/install-deps
+        with:
+          nightly: 'true'
+          start-xvfb: ${{ env.DISPLAY }}
+      - &build
+        name: Build
+        id: build
+        run: |
+          npm run prepare
+          npm run build
+      - name: Run Firefox Nightly Browser Tests
+        env:
+          WTR_BROWSER: firefox-nightly
+          FIREFOX_NIGHTLY_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.firefox-path }}
+        run: npm run test
+      - name: Run Chrome Beta Browser Tests
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() && steps.build.conclusion == 'success' }}
+        env:
+          WTR_BROWSER: chrome
+          CHROME_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chrome-path }}
+          CHROMEDRIVER_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chromedriver-path }}
+        run: npm run test
+  act:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - &install-deps
+        name: Install Deps
+        id: install-deps
+        uses: ./.github/actions/install-deps
+      - *build
+      - name: Install Latest WCAG ACT Rules
+        run: npm install w3c/wcag-act-rules#main
+      - name: Run ACT Tests
+        env:
+          CHROME_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chrome-path }}
+          CHROMEDRIVER_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chromedriver-path }}
+        run: npm run test:act
+  aria-practices:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 7
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *install-deps
+      - *build
+      - name: Install Latest W3C Aria Practices
+        run: npm install w3c/aria-practices#main
+      - name: Run ARIA Practices Tests
+        env:
+          CHROME_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chrome-path }}
+          CHROMEDRIVER_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chromedriver-path }}
+        run: npm run test:apg
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index ba0714f1c..ad707b7f5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ jobs:
     name: Create release
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
         with:
-          node-version: 16
+          node-version-file: .nvmrc
           cache: 'npm'
       - name: Run release script and open PR
         run: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 5c5e1cdb2..58f5be08f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -6,40 +6,252 @@ on:
     branches:
       - master
       - develop
+      - release-*
+
+# We want to group to the workflow for each branch.
+# Non-push events will be cancelled if a new one is started.
+# Push events will run sequentially. This helps ensure that
+# the `next` tag isn't out of sync.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref_name }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+
+permissions: {}
+
+env:
+  CHROME_DEVEL_SANDBOX: /opt/google/chrome/chrome-sandbox
 
 jobs:
-  build:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 5
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - &checkout
+        name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@1af3b93b6815bc44a9784bd300feb67ff0d1eeb3 # v6.0.0
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - &setup-node
+        name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@2028fbc5c25fe9cf00d9f06a71cc4710d4507903 # v6.0.0
         with:
-          node-version: 20
+          node-version-file: .nvmrc
           cache: 'npm'
-      - run: npm ci
-      - run: npm run build
-      # v4 download seems to have some flakiness with the download of artifacts so pinning to v3 for now
-      # @see https://github.com/actions/download-artifact/issues/249
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+      - &install-deps-directly
+        name: Install Dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+      - name: Run ESLint
+        run: npm run eslint
+
+  fmt_check:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-node
+      - *install-deps-directly
+      - run: npm run fmt:check
+
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-node
+      - *install-deps-directly
+      - &build
+        name: Build
+        run: |
+          npm run prepare
+          npm run build
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
           name: axe-core
           path: axe.js
           retention-days: 1
 
+  test_chrome:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    env:
+      DISPLAY: :99
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - &install-deps-with-xvfb
+        name: Install Deps
+        uses: ./.github/actions/install-deps
+        id: install-deps
+        with:
+          start-xvfb: ${{ env.DISPLAY }}
+      - *build
+      - name: Run Tests Against Chrome
+        env:
+          WTR_BROWSER: chrome
+          CHROME_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chrome-path }}
+          CHROMEDRIVER_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chromedriver-path }}
+        run: npm run test
+      - name: Run Chrome Integration Tests
+        env:
+          CHROME_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chrome-path }}
+          CHROMEDRIVER_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chromedriver-path }}
+        run: npm run test:integration:chrome
+
+  test_firefox:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    env:
+      DISPLAY: :99
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *install-deps-with-xvfb
+      - *build
+      - name: Run Tests Against Firefox
+        env:
+          WTR_BROWSER: firefox
+          FIREFOX_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.firefox-path }}
+        run: npm run test
+      - name: Run Firefox Integration Tests
+        env:
+          FIREFOX_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.firefox-path }}
+        run: npm run test:integration:firefox
+
+  # Run examples under `doc/examples`
+  test_examples:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    # Temporarily non-blocking due to an upstream issue with the examples.
+    # A failure here will not fail the Tests workflow, so it won't block deploys.
+    # Remove this once the upstream issue is resolved.
+    continue-on-error: true
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - &install-deps
+        name: Install Deps
+        id: install-deps
+        uses: ./.github/actions/install-deps
+      - *build
+      - name: Run Tests Against Examples
+        env:
+          PUPPETEER_EXECUTABLE_PATH: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chrome-path }}
+        run: npm run test:examples
+
+  test_act:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    needs: build
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *install-deps
+      - &restore-axe-build
+        name: Restore axe build
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: axe-core
+      - name: Run ACT Tests
+        env:
+          CHROME_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chrome-path }}
+          CHROMEDRIVER_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chromedriver-path }}
+        run: npm run test:act
+
+  test_aria_practices:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    needs: build
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *install-deps
+      - *restore-axe-build
+      - name: Run ARIA Practices Tests
+        env:
+          CHROME_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chrome-path }}
+          CHROMEDRIVER_BIN: ${{ steps.install-deps.outputs.chromedriver-path }}
+        run: npm run test:apg
+
+  test_locales:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    needs: build
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *install-deps
+      - *restore-axe-build
+      - name: Run Locale Tests
+        run: npm run test:locales
+
+  test_virtual_rules:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    needs: build
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *install-deps
+      - *restore-axe-build
+      - name: Run Virtual Rules Tests
+        run: npm run test:virtual-rules
+
+  test_jsdom:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    needs: build
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *install-deps
+      - *restore-axe-build
+      - name: Run jsdom Tests
+        run: npm run test:jsdom
+
+  build_api_docs:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *install-deps
+      - name: Run API Docs Build
+        run: npm run api-docs
+
+  test_rule_help_version:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    if: ${{ github.ref_name == 'master' }}
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *install-deps
+      - name: Run Rule Help Version Tests
+        run: npm run test:rule-help-version
+
+  sri-validate:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    needs: build
+    # Run on master and RC branches along with PRs targeting those branches.
+    if: ${{ github.ref_name == 'master' || startsWith(github.ref_name, 'release-') || github.event.pull_request.base.ref == 'master' || startsWith(github.event.pull_request.base.ref, 'release-') }}
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *install-deps
+      - *restore-axe-build
+      - name: Validate Subresource Integrity
+        run: npm run sri-validate
+
   test_node:
+    # The package can't be built on Node 6 anymore, but should still run there.
+    # So we need to pull in a previous build artifact.
+    needs: build
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        node: [6, 18, 20]
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 5
-    needs: build
+        node:
+          - 6
+          - 18
+          - 20
+          - 22
+          - 24
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - *checkout
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@2028fbc5c25fe9cf00d9f06a71cc4710d4507903 # v6.0.0
         with:
-          node-version: ${{ matrix.node}}
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: axe-core
-      - run: npm run test:node
+          node-version: ${{ matrix.node }}
+      - *restore-axe-build
+      - name: Run Node.js Tests
+        run: npm run test:node
diff --git a/.github/workflows/update-generated-files.yaml b/.github/workflows/update-generated-files.yaml
index 2277e82c6..6ac667002 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/update-generated-files.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/update-generated-files.yaml
@@ -9,13 +9,17 @@ env:
   BRANCH_NAME: sync-generated-files
 
 jobs:
-  update_genereated_files:
+  update_generated_files:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
+        with:
+          node-version-file: .nvmrc
+          cache: 'npm'
 
       - name: Build
         run: |
@@ -25,10 +29,10 @@ jobs:
       - name: Check for changes
         id: changes
         run: |
-          changes=$(git status --porcelain)
+          changes=$(git status --porcelain | tr -d '\n')
           # see https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/509498
           echo $changes | grep . && echo "Changes detected" || echo "No changes"
-          echo ::set-output name=changes::"$changes"
+          echo "changes=$changes" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Check branch exists
         id: branchExists
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           exists=$(git ls-remote --heads origin $BRANCH_NAME)
           echo $exists | grep . && echo "Branch '$BRANCH_NAME' already exists on remote" || echo "Branch does not exists in remote"
-          echo ::set-output name=exists::"$exists"
+          echo "exists=$exists" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Create pull request
         if: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.changes && !steps.branchExists.outputs.exists }}
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index fe79e6d26..0eb44dfdf 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ test/integration/*/index.html
 # dist
 axe.js
 axe.*.js
+/gather-internals.js
 
 # generated src file
 lib/core/base/metadata-function-map.js
@@ -28,4 +29,3 @@ typings/axe-core/axe-core-tests.js
 
 # doc
 doc/rule-descriptions.*.md
-
diff --git a/.nvmrc b/.nvmrc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a45fd52cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.nvmrc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+24
diff --git a/.vscode/launch.json b/.vscode/launch.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25c4925c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.vscode/launch.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "version": "0.2.0",
+  "configurations": [
+    {
+      "type": "chrome",
+      "request": "attach",
+      "name": "Attach to WTR test:debug",
+      "address": "localhost",
+      "port": 9765, // keep in sync with debugPort in wtr.config.mjs chrome-debug group
+      "webRoot": "${workspaceFolder}",
+      "sourceMaps": true,
+      "sourceMapPathOverrides": {
+        "*": "${webRoot}/*"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3523aebf7..9d577f100 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,196 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. See [standard-version](https://github.com/conventional-changelog/standard-version) for commit guidelines.
 
+### [4.12.1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.12.0...v4.12.1) (2026-06-09)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **axe.d.ts:** make enabled property of RuleMetadata optional ([#5129](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5129)) ([7eb3d2d](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/7eb3d2d7ce283926a786c8a0fbf2a52c81d5e694))
+
+## [4.12.0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.11.4...v4.12.0) (2026-06-01)
+
+### Features
+
+- add gather-internals.js external script ([#5099](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5099)) ([c61d58b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c61d58b40d87f81152526edcea67292aa7e3ae1d)), closes [#5080](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5080)
+- **aria-allowed/prohibited-attr, aria-required-parent/children:** partially support element internals role ([#5080](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5080)) ([417b48a](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/417b48a0d60f0c01ce81e69cc50c2c59e45aa4de)), closes [#5039](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5039) [#4259](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4259)
+- **axe.externalAPIs:** add public api for setting elementInternal data ([#5105](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5105)) ([63bab8f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/63bab8fec82817849a8e69b7cd00f1c1bf3ddf6e))
+- **core:** expose normalizeRunOptions ([#4998](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4998)) ([b8e6a59](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b8e6a5943f3d7613e770f36dd15fdb27621ca18c))
+- expose axe.resetLocale() to restore the default locale ([#5108](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5108)) ([c2b5292](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c2b5292397727e1f9d63ae1675db447a5cf58a23)), closes [#5107](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5107)
+- **getRules:** include rule enabled state in returned objects ([#5118](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5118)) ([75bf772](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/75bf772d47ec1cc6027de55b47aaa63ffef171da)), closes [#5116](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5116)
+- **list,listitem:** support element internals role ([#5119](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5119)) ([7d9d696](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/7d9d69678df257ee72b962d45371ae27e3aa82ca))
+- **new-rule:** check that aria-tab have an accessible name ([#5001](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5001)) ([0d4e4e7](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/0d4e4e70aa9f46519eb6000744e043c058fd994e)), closes [#4842](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4842)
+- **rules:** deprecate landmark-complementary-is-top-level rules ([#4992](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4992)) ([9e09139](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/9e091391189dba452ea485275609120e1e6ae8ba)), closes [#4950](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4950)
+- **utils:** add `getElementInternals` function ([#5077](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5077)) ([1c15f82](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1c15f8224a184d3c0da95942e99d9d73ad5645c0))
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-attr:** restrict br and wbr elements to aria-hidden only ([#4974](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4974)) ([c6245e7](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c6245e7aee824434fcdae3c77c24365493dbe4be))
+- **aria-conditional-attr:** add support for radio ([#5100](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5100)) ([8223c98](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/8223c989ff4fd2b8002f4961a8ee005a371f39cc))
+- **aria-valid-attr-value:** handle multiple aria-errormessage IDs ([#4973](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4973)) ([0489e30](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/0489e30aad3d80790d8fb9cf5b1807d7c3a2179f))
+- **aria:** prevent getOwnedVirtual from returning duplicate nodes ([#4987](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4987)) ([48ca955](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/48ca9554e2f0400caeec55c09aa100cbb415422d)), closes [#4840](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4840)
+- **commons/text:** exclude natively hidden elements from aria-labelledby accessible name ([#5076](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5076)) ([ea7202c](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/ea7202c6bf1a6166c878dbf19bb5454372b61fae)), closes [#4704](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4704)
+- **DqElement:** avoid calling constructors with cloneNode ([#5013](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5013)) ([0281fa1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/0281fa16f7110b793ac8b3b5b46f93e81be75ee4))
+- **existing-rule:** aria-busy now shows an error message for a use with unallowed children ([#5017](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5017)) ([2067b87](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/2067b87195552daa3065be7aca1aa2a02c135f28))
+- **helpUrl:** ensure axe.configure always updates the help URLs ([#5114](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5114)) ([c4f60ff](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c4f60ffcd47eb64514e8cbafbc68ad357ce60e77))
+- **label-content-name-mismatch:** match visible text with aria-label and exclude invisible text ([#5096](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5096)) ([3a012a1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3a012a141f56b76d6a58fcfb01598ba45e91a442))
+- **locale:** ensure all subtags are correctly set ([#5112](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5112)) ([13005ed](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/13005eda098db154f3d78df3923ed85389344353))
+- **scrollable-region-focusable:** clarify the issue is in safari ([#4995](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4995)) ([4ec5211](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/4ec52112b67b1b44f82b3eade1825789ee8cb659)), closes [WebKit#190870](https://github.com/dequelabs/WebKit/issues/190870) [WebKit#277290](https://github.com/dequelabs/WebKit/issues/277290)
+- **scrollable-region-focusable:** do not fail scroll areas when all content is visible without scrolling ([#4993](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4993)) ([838707a](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/838707a8f224907042221bbf6fb28d6ad59d7cb0))
+- **target-size:** determine offset using clientRects if target is display:inline ([#5012](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5012)) ([a4b8091](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a4b809183f43c4296a3ec57cd80d8a8f34743361))
+- **target-size:** ignore position: fixed elements that are offscreen when page is scrolled ([#5066](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5066)) ([1229a6e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1229a6e7162768a283f5e2307024dee0d0566452)), closes [#5065](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5065)
+- **target-size:** ignore widgets that are inline with other inline elements ([#5000](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5000)) ([a8dd81b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a8dd81be759c670203784acf7b1894257df5457c))
+- **utils/getAncestry:** escape node name ([#5079](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5079)) ([d1fabaa](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d1fabaad99b1b055b2436a0c3efc22cb66df3934)), closes [#5078](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5078)
+- **utils:** Add null check to parseCrossOriginStylesheet, closes [#5074](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5074) ([#5075](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5075)) ([f12ef32](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/f12ef32554deb116238ac29d854ad8e46baa9adb))
+- **utils:** update isShadowRoot to use spec-compliant custom element regex ([#5059](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5059)) ([edc6ce2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/edc6ce2815b79a976bdb654bd8062f28132a3cdd)), closes [#5030](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5030)
+
+### [4.11.4](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.11.3...v4.11.4) (2026-04-23)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **commons/text:** exclude natively hidden elements from aria-labelledby accessible name ([#5076](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5076)) ([df34adf](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/df34adfc1967919d667d40a76ab5c85b6e47ddfe)), closes [#4704](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4704)
+- **utils/getAncestry:** escape node name ([#5079](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5079)) ([6e68d0a](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/6e68d0a5d26999b996152df82238bc3f3a041cb3)), closes [#5078](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5078)
+
+### [4.11.3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.11.2...v4.11.3) (2026-04-13)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-attr:** restrict br and wbr elements to aria-hidden only ([#4974](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4974)) ([1d80163](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1d801636f058f2abd885c488baff954872b13846))
+- **target-size:** ignore position: fixed elements that are offscreen when page is scrolled ([#5066](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5066)) ([5906273](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5906273841cbd7ac9e08af730dffc244cf42b39b)), closes [#5065](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5065)
+
+### [4.11.2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.11.1...v4.11.2) (2026-03-30)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-valid-attr-value:** handle multiple aria-errormessage IDs ([#4973](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4973)) ([9322148](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/9322148b69924d6ae2d2dd46e6109bc2fc53abd3))
+- **aria:** prevent getOwnedVirtual from returning duplicate nodes ([#4987](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4987)) ([99d1e77](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/99d1e77f351db586c79020372efc59608e604a1c)), closes [#4840](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4840)
+- **DqElement:** avoid calling constructors with cloneNode ([#5013](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5013)) ([88bc57f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/88bc57fd3de12cd69d365b3f385ce9a2e30b7bd5))
+- **existing-rule:** aria-busy now shows an error message for a use with unallowed children ([#5017](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5017)) ([dded75a](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/dded75a9acc9a2350926f46f04e0f1de522f43d6))
+- **scrollable-region-focusable:** clarify the issue is in safari ([#4995](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4995)) ([2567afd](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/2567afd5c32398c6a488240b066bb0d335f6dc6a)), closes [WebKit#190870](https://github.com/dequelabs/WebKit/issues/190870) [WebKit#277290](https://github.com/dequelabs/WebKit/issues/277290)
+- **scrollable-region-focusable:** do not fail scroll areas when all content is visible without scrolling ([#4993](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4993)) ([240f8b5](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/240f8b53ad168521a63b54d0053b96ce430c7184))
+- **target-size:** determine offset using clientRects if target is display:inline ([#5012](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5012)) ([69d81c1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/69d81c1cbb6a61a272884516c7983dcd17d28a42))
+- **target-size:** ignore widgets that are inline with other inline elements ([#5000](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/5000)) ([cf8a3c0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/cf8a3c039b121c0c64a1eb8805c586659b69f3c1))
+
+### [4.11.1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.11.0...v4.11.1) (2026-01-06)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- allow shadow roots in axe.run contexts ([#4952](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4952)) ([d4aee16](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d4aee16494f3225e9f5065f23a9e1deccb46fc9a)), closes [#4941](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4941)
+- color contrast fails for oklch and oklab with none ([#4959](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4959)) ([8f249fd](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/8f249fdcffe379466fcff8ec8ac46e37b65fdbce))
+- **color-contrast:** do not incomplete on textarea ([#4968](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4968)) ([d271788](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d27178866d4962e1157b1be435143d028873f545)), closes [#4947](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4947)
+- **commons/color:** Match browser behavior for out-of-gamut oklch colors ([#4908](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4908)) ([5036be8](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5036be811e0ede4bf061ab1f970f78b7e9c7ec0c))
+- don't runs rules that select `html` on nested `html` elements ([#4969](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4969)) ([1e9a5c3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1e9a5c36812ff69a75f23fed3d290497f9fba37d))
+- replaced luminance threshold constant 0.03928 with 0.04045 ([#4934](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4934)) ([316967d](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/316967d50c554e71bcdf59ac945d1d5bb2f0684b)), closes [#4933](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4933)
+- **rgaa:** adjust mapping of aria-hidden-\* and valid-lang ([#4935](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4935)) ([77571f2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/77571f2103a90a5703233729c78be008395f1572))
+- **valid-lang:** update valid-langs for newer language codes ([#4966](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4966)) ([c3f5446](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c3f54464fd0995edc6619203b46b65d2984b218d)), closes [#4963](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4963)
+
+## [4.11.0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.10.3...v4.11.0) (2025-10-07)
+
+### Features
+
+- add RGAA tags to rules ([#4862](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4862)) ([53a925a](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/53a925a31bb2bf4a1584252fa7a58c0662225320))
+- **aria-prohibited-attr:** add support for fallback roles ([#4325](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4325)) ([62a19a9](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/62a19a9f753f8c49885dafbab7a2a9468eb6571d))
+- **axe.d.ts:** add nodeSerializer typings ([#4551](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4551)) ([a2f3a48](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a2f3a485d5e02993c0f35762cd9d80a6ce4ced5f)), closes [#4093](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4093)
+- **DqElement:** deprecate fromFrame function ([#4881](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4881)) ([374c376](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/374c376d0b4a043e8beaa7cc9a47521314eee02c)), closes [#4093](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4093)
+- **DqElement:** Truncate large `html` strings when the element has a large outerHTML string ([#4796](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4796)) ([404a4fb](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/404a4fb24a156dc433ac9c70dbefe415d41ca980)), closes [#4544](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4544)
+- **get-xpath:** return proper relative selector for id ([#4846](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4846)) ([1035f9e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1035f9ef134cbfc02c91c37f881eb5759f602bf3)), closes [#4845](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4845)
+- **i18n:** Add Portugal Portuguese translation ([#4725](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4725)) ([5b6a65a](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5b6a65a103188251568862f46020488cf7fd8a94))
+- incomplete with node on which an error occurred ([#4863](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4863)) ([32ed8da](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/32ed8daad1111772559f6e1cf6c8171e83c0f299))
+- **locale:** Added ru locale ([#4565](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4565)) ([067b01d](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/067b01d66db1d2c276f26743a8d13d5d60d33446))
+- **tap:** some best practice rules map to RGAA ([#4895](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4895)) ([bc33f4c](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/bc33f4cf5d4d384118c08d8be1afc0c4fc9272ec))
+- **td-headers-attr:** report headers attribute referencing other <td> elements as unsupported ([#4589](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4589)) ([ec7c6c8](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/ec7c6c8875970388c4fe2c73147a3dd43497161e)), closes [#3987](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3987)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-role:** add form to allowed roles of form element ([#4588](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4588)) ([8aa47ac](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/8aa47ac01f9959b9d47ac24dcd2fd8c88c9279f7)), closes [/github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/develop/lib/standards/html-elms.js#L264](https://github.com/dequelabs//github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/develop/lib/standards/html-elms.js/issues/L264)
+- **aria-allowed-role:** Add math to allowed roles for img element ([#4658](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4658)) ([95b6c18](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/95b6c184872cf70c7f54a96aa813a9e8bc2c066d)), closes [#4657](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4657)
+- **autocomplete-valid :** Ignore readonly autocomplete field ([#4721](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4721)) ([491f4ec](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/491f4ecdbbb79d019daa63debc03ac0efb47adf8)), closes [#4708](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4708)
+- **autocomplete-valid:** treat values "xon" and "xoff" as non-WCAG-violations ([#4878](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4878)) ([52bc611](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/52bc61162aa170a30a38246ade099ba3fc10cc2a)), closes [#4877](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4877)
+- **axe.d.ts:** add typings for preload options object ([#4543](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4543)) ([cfd2974](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/cfd297498c0e34edd5ff7e62935060bb9dda4db7))
+- **button-name,input-button-name,input-img-alt:** allow label to give accessible name ([#4607](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4607)) ([a9710d7](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a9710d757c6ca6ee0ce5d26be3427bab54b87a7a)), closes [#4472](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4472) [#3696](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3696) [#3696](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3696)
+- **captions:** fix grammar in captions check incomplete message ([#4661](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4661)) ([11de515](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/11de515858a7c10a3d7400163fc2b834715152fc))
+- **color-contrast:** do not run on elements with font-size: 0 ([#4822](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4822)) ([d77c885](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d77c8854c847573597eccf54c00091a4a2134cfd)), closes [#4820](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4820)
+- consistently parse tabindex, following HTML 5 spec ([#4637](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4637)) ([645a850](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/645a850f601f4f3f18cc4aaca399aad18a9fa5d2)), closes [#4632](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4632)
+- **core:** measure perf for async checks ([#4609](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4609)) ([7e9bacf](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/7e9bacf1ecb8c53404fac3eeed087e370e2a9cfa))
+- fix grammar when using "alternative text" in a sentence ([#4811](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4811)) ([237a586](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/237a5861b0fb044c885b154436696279deca7a13)), closes [#4394](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4394)
+- **get-ancestry:** add nth-child selector for multiple siblings of shadow root ([#4606](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4606)) ([1cdd6c3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1cdd6c3e698a6a4c28604448284993c4c20ca272)), closes [#4563](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4563)
+- **get-ancestry:** don't error when there is no parent ([#4617](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4617)) ([a005703](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a0057039072f68bd605e8bacdca64692d57f612e))
+- **locale:** fix typos in japanese (ja) locale ([#4856](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4856)) ([3462cc5](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3462cc57e8480334c125c38b7ecb42344b405dd4))
+- **locale:** fixed typos in german (DE) locale ([#4631](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4631)) ([b7736de](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b7736deae9ec14a4e81182adb53be73f3cce9894))
+- **locale:** proofread and updated de.json ([#4643](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4643)) ([8060ada](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/8060ada737a23cdf68bb5b4c95b8c0e2cca45dad))
+- **meta-viewport:** lower impact to moderate ([#4887](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4887)) ([2f32aa5](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/2f32aa5bada78ffcfc965ed2b64be533263c6bd5)), closes [#4714](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4714)
+- **no-autoplay-audio:** don't timeout for preload=none media elements ([#4684](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4684)) ([cdc871e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/cdc871e68f3dbc6acbfed12d3ec63ea4da1a4065))
+- **performanceTimer:** throwing in axe catch clause ([#4852](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4852)) ([a4ade04](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a4ade04bc2ba93dcad8a24094fb0dc5edb6da8b2)), closes [/github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/e7dae4ec48cbfef74de9f833fdcfb178c1002985/lib/core/base/rule.js#L297-L300](https://github.com/dequelabs//github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/e7dae4ec48cbfef74de9f833fdcfb178c1002985/lib/core/base/rule.js/issues/L297-L300)
+- **performanceTimer:** work in frames ([#4834](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4834)) ([d7dfebc](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d7dfebc0271d2970c0937024ce693a771885002c))
+- **rules:** Change "alternate text" to "alternative text" ([#4582](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4582)) ([b03ada3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b03ada3dd3b6490bb88e366bf807b10e1a4038a4))
+- **target-size:** do not treat focusable tabpanels as targets ([#4702](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4702)) ([60d11f2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/60d11f2d01b9e859e54a15ae0232b8b5d1c48d35)), closes [#4421](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4421) [#4701](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4701)
+- **type:** correct RuleError type ([#4893](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4893)) ([d1aa8e2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d1aa8e2094031159b041a3e9cf2c796a26b3daba))
+- **types:** correct raw types ([#4903](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4903)) ([3eade11](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3eade110a7ac173e3537e8eb18dd0db026f13c75))
+
+### [4.10.3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.10.2...v4.10.3) (2025-03-04)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-role:** Add math to allowed roles for img element ([#4658](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4658)) ([f6dddd9](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/f6dddd905bb86d2073d760d4c1ff39996e59a4f4)), closes [#4657](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4657)
+- **captions:** fix grammar in captions check incomplete message ([#4661](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4661)) ([3ef7058](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3ef7058d3a16a6898eaed718e39b34b45f9ed74f))
+- consistently parse tabindex, following HTML5 spec ([#4637](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4637)) ([3b0a361](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3b0a3619d5e6147d8885725cce196868dac89f7f)), closes [#4632](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4632)
+- **core:** measure perf for async checks ([#4609](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4609)) ([e7dc26e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/e7dc26e6cbaf9089611853805e05216b6529e1f9))
+- **locale:** fixed typos in german (DE) locale ([#4631](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4631)) ([0740980](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/07409802115c199a68f58dcaf7467e35b4867140))
+- **locale:** proofread and updated de.json ([#4643](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4643)) ([910cdb2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/910cdb20702ce116c781d58f021adc05095ffcbb))
+- **no-autoplay-audio:** don't timeout for preload=none media elements ([#4684](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4684)) ([b7f1ad1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b7f1ad1ccf719b7149a5ef1805b405707a474e31))
+- **target-size:** do not treat focusable tabpanels as targets ([#4702](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4702)) ([67d4e4f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/67d4e4f7d0d0b803b66f216ff86f401649ed024f)), closes [#4421](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4421) [#4701](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4701)
+
+### [4.10.2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.10.1...v4.10.2) (2024-10-21)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **get-ancestry:** don't error when there is no parent ([#4617](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4617)) ([6c07102](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/6c07102b1d29145b8dc5f1d96229f3d0b8b38068))
+
+### [4.10.1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.10.0...v4.10.1) (2024-10-16)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-role:** add form to allowed roles of form element ([#4588](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4588)) ([d462d67](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d462d674bb7de0848ce2695f80b95d677c5016e0)), closes [/github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/develop/lib/standards/html-elms.js#L264](https://github.com/dequelabs//github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/develop/lib/standards/html-elms.js/issues/L264)
+- **axe.d.ts:** add typings for preload options object ([#4543](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4543)) ([72e269f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/72e269f1e6d6039e70e614005f04ebfd3fe5aca5))
+- **button-name,input-button-name,input-img-alt:** allow label to give accessible name ([#4607](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4607)) ([364eb72](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/364eb72bb8f20b0ffc31be24cc96cbd349c301cb)), closes [#4472](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4472) [#3696](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3696) [#3696](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3696)
+- **get-ancestry:** add nth-child selector for multiple siblings of shadow root ([#4606](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4606)) ([bdd94a2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/bdd94a227a95cd5b9f8e2a1e0fd259ddd702810c)), closes [#4563](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4563)
+- **rules:** Change "alternate text" to "alternative text" ([#4582](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4582)) ([31e0f61](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/31e0f61ca871b3df86468577c449a02c8ece12f0))
+
+## [4.10.0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.9.1...v4.10.0) (2024-07-29)
+
+### Features
+
+- **new-rule:** summary elements must have an accessible name ([#4511](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4511)) ([0d8a99e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/0d8a99eadd8d49e5d3ea0f11ad77be732148431e)), closes [#4510](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4510)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-attr:** allow aria-multiline=false for element with contenteditable ([#4537](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4537)) ([f019068](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/f0190685722495d00be644cabb1c9741d74acdea))
+- **aria-allowed-attr:** allow aria-required=false when normally not allowed ([#4532](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4532)) ([2e242e1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/2e242e146929902c97e181e41fa45e656cf3eb51))
+- **aria-prohibited-attr:** allow aria-label/ledby on descendants of widget ([#4541](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4541)) ([07c5d91](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/07c5d91c658bda6bcd2743950bf70f25abd1f9ae))
+- **aria-roledescription:** keep disabled with { runOnly: 'wcag2a' } ([#4526](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4526)) ([5b4cb9d](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5b4cb9d7992a4c07745e64708040777de64874bd)), closes [#4523](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4523)
+- **autocomplete-valid:** incomplete for invalid but safe values ([#4500](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4500)) ([e31a974](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/e31a974de395845c08af345f9458a8091e2b1c4b)), closes [#4492](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4492)
+- **build:** limit locales to valid files when using the --all-lang option ([#4486](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4486)) ([d3db593](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d3db593991261ad44eef1c142d8a4646edde93fa)), closes [#4485](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4485)
+- Prevent errors when loading axe in Angular + Jest ([#4456](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4456)) ([3ef9353](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3ef93531a574c2be76a92d59599d978714cca9d0)), closes [#4400](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4400)
+- Minor grammatical fixes for some rules and checks ([#4499](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4499)) ([11fad59](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/11fad598c25eadd29f35ef6be382d907057d4537))
+- **landmark-unique:** follow spec, aside -> landmark ([#4469](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4469)) ([e32f803](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/e32f8034246a92e4132dc04f6310e2b414d6d43f)), closes [#4460](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4460)
+- **required-attr:** allow aria-valuetext on slider instead of valuenow ([#4518](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4518)) ([135898b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/135898b38d5eb46c42170527a0ac9add425c5c3d)), closes [#4515](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4515)
+
+### [4.9.1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.9.0...v4.9.1) (2024-05-06)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- Prevent errors when loading axe in a page with prototype.js
+- **aria-allowed-attr:** allow meter role allowed aria-\* attributes on meter element ([#4435](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4435)) ([7ac6392](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/7ac63921e7fab21f3359dcfc8affa7585bc9c25b))
+- **aria-allowed-role:** add gridcell, separator, slider and treeitem to allowed roles of button element ([#4398](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4398)) ([4788bf8](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/4788bf8d6fd963d7b017dad950b122ffcea8d151))
+- **aria-roles:** correct abstract roles (types) for aria-roles([#4421](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/4421))
+- **aria-valid-attr-value:** aria-controls & aria-haspopup incomplete ([#4418](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/4418))
+- fix building axe-core translation files with region locales ([#4396](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4396)) ([5c318f3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5c318f3537056be5779cb53374bc6f4785947c91)), closes [#4388](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4388)
+- **invalidrole:** allow upper and mixed case role names ([#4358](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4358)) ([105016c](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/105016cfe9d82876cfed2ff5c656a7842c5b3761)), closes [#2695](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2695)
+- **isVisibleOnScreen:** account for position: absolute elements inside overflow container ([#4405](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4405)) ([2940f6e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/2940f6ee36ba52d8cf089be2a3c8e7c516c81dd6)), closes [#4016](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4016)
+- **label-content-name-mismatch:** better dismiss and wysiwyg symbolic text characters ([#4402](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4402))
+- **region:** Decorative images ignored by region rule ([#4412](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/4412))
+- **target-size:** ignore descendant elements in shadow dom ([#4410](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4410)) ([6091367](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/6091367a20f70e536fc7e8d77eae4fa7232bc7c0))
+- **target-size:** pass for element that has nearby elements that are obscured ([#4422](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4422)) ([3a90bb7](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3a90bb70c8db087b2f03cc30a4aee756995c311c)), closes [#4387](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4387)
+
 ## [4.9.0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.8.4...v4.9.0) (2024-03-25)
 
 ### Features
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a81ac332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# axe-core — Claude Code Context
+
+**Last updated:** 2026-03-19
+
+## 0. Fundamental Standards
+
+- **Formatting:** Run `npm run fmt` (Prettier) and `npm run eslint` before every commit. No exceptions.
+- **Zero-Exception Testing:** 100% coverage goal. Run `npm test` before completion. `feat`/`fix` and other behavior-changing PRs require unit + integration tests where applicable; see `doc/code-submission-guidelines.md` for exceptions (e.g., some `chore`/docs changes).
+- **Import Rule:** Directory-level import restrictions are strictly enforced. See `eslint.config.js`.
+- **Commits:** Angular commit convention is mandatory. PRs with non-conforming commits will be rejected. See `doc/code-submission-guidelines.md`.
+- **Issues:** All unresolved issues tracked in [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues).
+
+## 1. Technical Guidelines
+
+### Code Structure
+
+- **Return Early:** Keep the happy path left-aligned. Handle errors/edge cases first with early returns — never nest when you can exit.
+- **Exports:** Default export at the top of the file, immediately after imports.
+- **JSDoc:** Add JSDoc/DocBlock comments where appropriate, especially for exported APIs and complex logic. Document parameters and return types. See `doc/code-submission-guidelines.md` (source of truth) and `doc/developer-guide.md` for additional guidance.
+- **Naming:** Files and rule/check IDs in kebab-case. Functions in camelCase. Booleans prefixed `is`/`has`/`should`. Constants in `UPPER_SNAKE_CASE`.
+- **Variables:** Declare at point of use, not at the top of the function.
+
+### Virtual Nodes vs. HTMLElement
+
+- **Prefer Virtual Nodes** for attribute access and property reads (`virtualNode.attr()`, `virtualNode.props`).
+- **Use real DOM** only when you need DOM APIs (e.g., `getBoundingClientRect`, `getRootNode`).
+- **`core/utils/` functions** should default to real DOM inputs/outputs, except utilities that are explicitly documented as operating on `VirtualNode` (for example, tree or selector helpers). Avoid introducing new `VirtualNode`-dependent utilities unless there is a clear performance or API benefit.
+- **Conversion:** Use `getNodeFromTree()` from `core/utils` when you receive an ambiguous input (such as a `VirtualNode`, selector, or mixed type) and need to resolve it to a real DOM `Node`.
+
+### Import Restrictions (Hard Rules)
+
+- `standards/` → nothing (pure data, no imports).
+- `core/utils/` → other `core/utils`, `core/base`, `standards` via **direct file paths only** (no index).
+- `core/imports/` → node modules **only** (the only place npm imports are allowed).
+- `commons/` → other `commons` (direct paths), `core/utils` (index OK).
+- `checks/` and `rules/` → any directory (index OK).
+- **Never** import `commons` from `core/utils`. This is the most commonly rejected violation.
+
+### Checks & Rules
+
+- **Check evaluate functions:** Return `true` (pass), `false` (fail), or `undefined` (incomplete). Use `this.data()` to pass values to message templates and to provide incomplete-result detail.
+- **Rule JSON:** Use `all`, `any`, `none` check arrays. `selector` + optional `matches` to scope candidates. Valid `impact` values: `"minor"`, `"moderate"`, `"serious"`, `"critical"`.
+- **Standards data:** Never hardcode ARIA/HTML lists in checks. Query from `standards/` via `commons/standards` functions.
+- **Messages:** All user-facing strings live in check/rule JSON `metadata.messages`. Use `${data.property}` templates. Support singular/plural variants. Update `locales/_template.json` whenever messages change (auto-synced on `npm run build`).
+
+### High-Risk Areas (Extra Scrutiny Required)
+
+- **Color contrast:** Handles all CSS color formats, opacity, blend modes, stacking contexts, text-shadow. Return `undefined` when background cannot be determined. See `doc/developer-guide.md`.
+- **ARIA validation:** Must stay current with spec. Query roles/attrs from `standards/aria-roles.js` and `standards/aria-attrs.js`. Handle implicit vs. explicit roles. See `doc/rule-development.md`.
+- **Hidden elements:** Use `isVisibleToScreenReaders()`, not CSS visibility alone. Account for `aria-hidden="true"` and Shadow DOM boundaries.
+- **i18n:** Update `locales/_template.json` on every message change and commit the generated file alongside source.
+
+## 2. Testing
+
+- **Structure:** Mirror `lib/` exactly under `test/`. File `lib/commons/text/sanitize.js` → `test/commons/text/sanitize.js`.
+- **Checks:** Use `axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext()`. Only reset `checkContext` in `afterEach` — `fixture` and `axe._tree` are auto-cleared.
+- **Integration tests:** All rule changes require an HTML + JSON pair. Use `test/integration/rules/<rule-name>/` for mocha-hosted tests or `test/integration/full/<rule-name>/` when the rule requires a full HTML page. JSON selectors must use axe array format (`["#id"]`; iframes: `["iframe", "#id"]`). Also update or create virtual-rules tests where appropriate.
+- **Shadow DOM:** Every relevant check/rule must include an open Shadow DOM test case using `queryShadowFixture`.
+- **Logging:** Do not commit `console.log` statements.
+
+## 3. Build & Commits
+
+- **Bundles (`axe.js`, `axe.min.js`)** are auto-generated for releases/publishing and are not committed to the repo (they are gitignored).
+- **Locales template (`locales/_template.json`)** is auto-generated. When message strings change, regenerate this file and commit it in the same commit as the source changes — never in a separate commit.
+- **One change per PR.** Do not mix refactoring with feature work.
+- **Commit format:** `<type>(<scope>): <subject>` — imperative, lowercase, no period, ≤100 chars total. Body explains motivation. Footer: `Closes issue #123` or full URL. See `doc/code-submission-guidelines.md` for the full type list.
+
+**Example:**
+
+```
+fix(aria-valid-attr-value): handle multiple aria-errormessage IDs
+
+When aria-errormessage contains multiple space-separated IDs, verify
+all IDs exist in aria-describedby instead of matching the full string.
+
+Closes issue #4957
+```
+
+## 4. Documentation & API Changes
+
+- **New rules:** Update `CHANGELOG.md`. `doc/rule-descriptions.md` is auto-generated by `npm run build`.
+- **API changes:** Update `doc/API.md` and `axe.d.ts` TypeScript definitions.
+- **Breaking changes:** Avoid breaking changes — prefer supporting both old and new formats simultaneously. If unavoidable, add `BREAKING CHANGE: description` to commit footer, include migration guide in `CHANGELOG.md`, and tag deprecated code with `@deprecated` JSDoc.
+
+## 5. Examples (Copy-Paste Reference)
+
+- **Code patterns:** `doc/examples/code-patterns.md` — return early, default export, imports, JSDoc, Virtual Node usage
+- **Test patterns:** `doc/examples/test-patterns.md` — unit tests, check tests, Shadow DOM tests, integration test HTML+JSON
+- **Rule & check templates:** `doc/examples/rule-check-templates.md` — JSON templates for rules and checks, evaluate function pattern
+- **PR review patterns:** `doc/examples/pr-review-patterns.md` — common reviewer feedback, anti-patterns, what reviewers look for
+
+## 6. Reference Docs & Help
+
+- **Contributing guide:** `CONTRIBUTING.md`
+- **Import rules detail:** `eslint.config.js`
+- **Code submission standards:** `doc/code-submission-guidelines.md`
+- **Developer guide:** `doc/developer-guide.md`
+- **Rule development:** `doc/rule-development.md`
+- **API reference:** `doc/API.md`
+- **Pull Request Checklist:** `doc/pull-request-checklist.md`
+- **Slack:** [axe-community](https://accessibility.deque.com/axe-community)
+- **Issues:** [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues)
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index d692677a2..1719460ca 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -21,6 +21,46 @@ The files in this project are formatted by [Prettier](https://prettier.io/) and
 npm run eslint
 ```
 
+### When to use HTMLElement vs Virtual Node
+
+Axe-core uses an internal copy of the HTML page for most things internal to axe-core (called the Virtual Tree). Each HTML element on the page has an equivalent [Virtual Node](./lib/core/base/virtual-node) element, which allows us to cache or normalize information about the HTML element without mutating the actual DOM node.
+
+Typically we use the Virtual Node when possible, but understand that's not always possible (such as accessing DOM only APIs like `getRootNode` or `getBoundingClientRect`). Furthermore, any function within the [utils directory](./lib/core/utils/) should not use Virtual Nodes. The reason for this is that using Virtual Nodes requires that axe first be [setup](./lib/core/public/setup.js) and create the Virtual Tree. For the most part, util functions are functions that can be run when no Virtual Tree exists.
+
+### Directory Structure
+
+Axe-core
+
+- `standards` - Data objects of the HTML, WCAG, and ARIA standards and specs.
+- `core/base` - Defines many of the internal object structures for axe-core (rules, checks, virtual node, etc.).
+- `core/imports` - Polyfills or imports from node modules.
+- `core/public` - Functions for how axe is run or configured.
+- `core/reporters` - The different reporters that configure what data is reported from a run.
+- `core/utils` - Utility functions that can be run without needing to set up the Virtual Tree.
+- `commons/aria` - Functions that are used to validate ARIA spec or implement ARIA calculations (role, value, etc.).
+- `commons/color` - Functions that are used to calculate the foreground or background color of an element.
+- `commons/dom` - Functions that access information about the page, DOM, nodes, or its visual state.
+- `commons/forms` - Functions for helping with forms and their associated inputs.
+- `commons/matches` - Functions used to match a virtual node against a special matcher object.
+- `commons/math` - Math functions mainly used for target size and position calculations.
+- `commons/standards` - Functions for querying information from `standards`.
+- `commons/tables` - Functions for helping with data tables.
+- `commons/text` - Functions for calculating the accessible name of an element and handling strings or text related attributes.
+- `rules` - JSON metadata files for each axe-core rule as well as their associated matches functions.
+- `checks` - JSON metadata files for each axe-core check as well as their associated evaluate functions.
+
+### Import Requirements
+
+Which functions can be imported and how they can be imported depends on where you are trying to import them from. The following is a list of directories and their import restrictions:
+
+- `standards` - Shouldn't use imports as they are just hard coded data objects.
+- `core/utils` - Can import other `core/utils`, `core`, `core/base`, or `standards` functions by direct file path (no import from index files).
+- `core/public` - Can import other `core/public` by direct file path, or any import allowed by `core/utils` by direct file path.
+- `core/imports` - The only files allowed to import from node modules, but shouldn't import from any other directory.
+- `core/reporters` Can import from `core/utils` by import from index files.
+- `commons` - Can import other `commons` by direct file path, or any import allowed by `core/utils` by import from index files.
+- `checks` and `rules` - Can import from any directory by import from index files.
+
 ### Shadow DOM
 
 For any proposed changes to rules, checks, commons, or other APIs to be accepted in axe-core, your code must support open Shadow DOM. See [API.md](./doc/API.md) and the [developer guide](./doc/developer-guide.md) for documentation on the available methods and test utilities. You can also look at existing tests for examples using our APIs.
@@ -31,7 +71,7 @@ We expect all code to be 100% covered by tests. We don't have or want code cover
 
 Tests should be added to the `test` directory using the same file path and name of the source file the test is for. For example, the source file `lib/commons/text/sanitize.js` should have a test file at `test/commons/text/sanitize.js`.
 
-Axe uses Karma / Mocha / Chai as its testing framework.
+Axe uses Web Test Runner / Mocha / Chai / Sinon as its testing framework.
 
 ### Documentation and Comments
 
@@ -162,13 +202,12 @@ If you need to debug the unit tests in a browser, you can run:
 npm run test:debug
 ```
 
-This will start the Karma server and open up the Chrome browser. Click the `Debug` button to start debugging the tests. You can also navigate to the listed URL in your browser of choice to debug tests using that browser.
+This will start the Web Test Runner server. Press `D` to open the Chrome browser. Click the link to a test to start debugging. You can either use that browser's debugger or attach an external debugger on port 9765; [a VS Code launch profile](./.vscode/launch.json) is provided. You can also navigate to the listed URL in your browser of choice to debug tests using that browser.
 
-Because the amount of tests is so large, it's recommended to debug only a specific set of unit tests rather than the whole test suite. You can use the `testDirs` argument when using the debug command and pass a specific test directory. The test directory names are the same as those used for `test:unit:*`:
+Because the amount of tests is so large, it's recommended to debug only a specific set of unit tests rather than the whole test suite. You can use the `files` argument when using the debug command and pass a test files glob pattern.
 
 ```console
-# accepts a single directory or a comma-separated list of directories
-npm run test:debug -- testDirs=core,commons
+npm run test:debug -- --files 'test/core'
 ```
 
 ## Using axe with TypeScript
diff --git a/Gruntfile.js b/Gruntfile.js
index 0a888fe1c..f7022069d 100644
--- a/Gruntfile.js
+++ b/Gruntfile.js
@@ -22,9 +22,13 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
     });
   } else if (grunt.option('all-lang')) {
     var localeFiles = require('fs').readdirSync('./locales');
-    langs = localeFiles.map(function (file) {
-      return '.' + file.replace('.json', '');
-    });
+    langs = localeFiles
+      .filter(function (file) {
+        return !file.startsWith('_') && file.endsWith('.json');
+      })
+      .map(function (file) {
+        return '.' + file.replace('.json', '');
+      });
     langs.unshift(''); // Add default
   } else {
     langs = [''];
@@ -32,7 +36,7 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
 
   // run tests only for affected files instead of all tests
   grunt.event.on('watch', function (action, filepath) {
-    grunt.config.set('watch.file', filepath);
+    grunt.option('changed-file', filepath);
   });
 
   process.env.NODE_NO_HTTP2 = 1; // to hide node warning - (node:18740) ExperimentalWarning: The http2 module is an experimental API.
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
     pkg: grunt.file.readJSON('package.json'),
     clean: {
       core: ['dist', 'tmp/core', 'tmp/rules.js', 'axe.js', 'axe.*.js'],
-      tests: ['tmp/integration-tests.js']
+      tests: ['tmp/integration-tests']
     },
     babel: {
       options: {
@@ -104,6 +108,39 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
             cwd: 'lib/core',
             src: ['core.js'],
             dest: 'tmp/core'
+          },
+          // build so we can test it by itself
+          {
+            expand: true,
+            cwd: 'lib/gather-internals',
+            src: ['walk-tree.js'],
+            dest: 'tmp/',
+            options: {
+              globalName: '_gatherInternals'
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            expand: true,
+            src: ['lib/gather-internals/main.js'],
+            dest: './',
+            options: {
+              outfile: 'gather-internals.js',
+              // esbuild doesn't support returning from an iife so we'll have to do a bit of a hack to make it work
+              // @see https://github.com/evanw/esbuild/issues/2277
+              banner: {
+                js: '(() => {'
+              },
+              footer: {
+                js: `return elementInternalsMap;
+})();`
+              },
+              globalName: 'elementInternalsMap',
+              metafile: true
+            },
+            validateImports: {
+              max: 10,
+              maxSize: 4000
+            }
           }
         ]
       }
@@ -225,9 +262,7 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
       }
     },
     test: {
-      data: {
-        testFile: '<%= watch.file %>'
-      }
+      data: {}
     },
     watch: {
       axe: {
@@ -237,7 +272,7 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
       },
       tests: {
         options: { spawn: false },
-        files: ['test/**/*'],
+        files: ['test/**/*', '!test/integration/full/**/*'],
         tasks: ['test']
       }
     },
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1f6ccfec4..9be7bd46e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # axe-core
 
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/npm/l/axe-core.svg)](LICENSE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/npm/l/axe-core.svg?color=c41)](LICENSE)
 [![Version](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/axe-core.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/axe-core)
-[![Total npm downloads](https://img.shields.io/npm/dt/axe-core.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/axe-core)
+[![NPM downloads](https://img.shields.io/npm/dw/axe-core.svg?color=080)![](https://img.shields.io/npm/dy/axe-core.svg?color=080&label=)](https://npm-stat.com/charts.html?package=axe-core&from=2017-01-01)
 [![Commits](https://img.shields.io/github/commit-activity/y/dequelabs/axe-core.svg)](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commits/develop)
-[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/dequelabs/axe-core.svg)](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/graphs/contributors)
+[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/dequelabs/axe-core.svg?color=080)](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/graphs/contributors)
 [![Join our Slack chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/slack-chat-purple.svg?logo=slack)](https://accessibility.deque.com/axe-community)
 [![Package Quality](https://npm.packagequality.com/shield/axe-core.svg)](https://packagequality.com/#?package=axe-core)
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Axe is an accessibility testing engine for websites and other HTML-based user in
 
 ## The Accessibility Rules
 
-Axe-core has different types of rules, for WCAG 2.0, 2.1, 2.2 on level A, AA and AAA as well as a number of best practices that help you identify common accessibility practices like ensuring every page has an `h1` heading, and to help you avoid "gotchas" in ARIA like where an ARIA attribute you used will get ignored. The complete list of rules, grouped WCAG level and best practice, can found in [doc/rule-descriptions.md](./doc/rule-descriptions.md).
+Axe-core has different types of rules, for WCAG 2.0, 2.1, 2.2 on level A, AA and AAA as well as a number of best practices that help you identify common accessibility practices like ensuring every page has an `h1` heading, and to help you avoid "gotchas" in ARIA like where an ARIA attribute you used will get ignored. The complete list of rules, grouped WCAG level and best practice, can be found in [doc/rule-descriptions.md](./doc/rule-descriptions.md).
 
 With axe-core, you can find **on average 57% of WCAG issues automatically**. Additionally, axe-core will return elements as "incomplete" where axe-core could not be certain, and manual review is needed.
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Axe was built to reflect how web development actually works. It works with all m
 - It's actively supported by [Deque Systems](https://www.deque.com), a major accessibility vendor.
 - It integrates with your existing functional/acceptance automated tests.
 - It automatically determines which rules to run based on the evaluation context.
-- Axe supports in-memory fixtures, static fixtures, integration tests and iframes of infinite depth.
+- Axe supports in-memory fixtures, static fixtures, integration tests, and iframes of infinite depth.
 - Axe is highly configurable.
 
 ## Supported Browsers
@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ or equivalently:
 
 This will create a new build for axe, called `axe.<lang>.js` and `axe.<lang>.min.js`. If you want to build all localized versions, simply pass in `--all-lang` instead. If you want to build multiple localized versions (but not all of them), you can pass in a comma-separated list of languages to the `--lang` flag, like `--lang=nl,ja`.
 
-To create a new translation for axe, start by running `grunt translate --lang=<langcode>`. This will create a json file fin the `./locales` directory, with the default English text in it for you to translate. Alternatively, you could copy `./locales/_template.json`. We welcome any localization for axe-core. For details on how to contribute, see the Contributing section below. For details on the message syntax, see [Check Message Template](/doc/check-message-template.md).
+To create a new translation for axe, start by running `grunt translate --lang=<langcode>`. This will create a json file in the `./locales` directory, with the default English text in it for you to translate. Alternatively, you could copy `./locales/_template.json`. We welcome any localization for axe-core. For details on how to contribute, see the Contributing section below. For details on the message syntax, see [Check Message Template](/doc/check-message-template.md).
 
-To update existing translation file, re-run `grunt translate --lang=<langcode>`. This will add new messages used in English and remove messages which were not used in English.
+To update an existing translation file, re-run `grunt translate --lang=<langcode>`. This will add new messages used in English and remove messages which were not used in English.
 
 Additionally, locale can be applied at runtime by passing a `locale` object to `axe.configure()`. The locale object must be of the same shape as existing locales in the `./locales` directory. For example:
 
@@ -138,21 +138,21 @@ axe.configure({
 Axe-core supports the following locales. Do note that since locales are contributed by our community, they are not guaranteed to include all translations needed in a release.
 
 - Basque
+- Chinese (Simplified)
+- Chinese (Traditional)
 - Danish
 - Dutch
 - French
 - German
+- Greek
 - Hebrew
+- Italian
 - Japanese
 - Korean
 - Norwegian (Bokmål)
 - Polish
 - Portuguese (Brazilian)
 - Spanish
-- Greek
-- Italian
-- Simplified Chinese
-- Traditional Chinese
 
 ## Updates & Security
 
diff --git a/axe.d.ts b/axe.d.ts
index 8ecd9de75..bd6933645 100644
--- a/axe.d.ts
+++ b/axe.d.ts
@@ -70,16 +70,19 @@ declare namespace axe {
     | LabelledShadowDomSelector
     | LabelledFramesSelector;
   type SelectorList = Array<Selector | FramesSelector> | NodeList;
+  type ContextProp = Selector | SelectorList;
   type ContextObject =
     | {
-        include: Selector | SelectorList;
-        exclude?: Selector | SelectorList;
+        include: ContextProp;
+        exclude?: ContextProp;
       }
     | {
-        exclude: Selector | SelectorList;
-        include?: Selector | SelectorList;
+        exclude: ContextProp;
+        include?: ContextProp;
       };
-  type ElementContext = Selector | SelectorList | ContextObject;
+  type ContextSpec = ContextProp | ContextObject;
+  /** Synonym to ContextSpec */
+  type ElementContext = ContextSpec;
 
   type SerialSelector =
     | BaseSelector
@@ -140,15 +143,22 @@ declare namespace axe {
     iframes?: boolean;
     elementRef?: boolean;
     frameWaitTime?: number;
-    preload?: boolean;
+    preload?: boolean | PreloadOptions;
     performanceTimer?: boolean;
     pingWaitTime?: number;
   }
+  interface NormalizedRunOptions extends RunOptions {
+    runOnly?: RunOnly;
+  }
+  interface PreloadOptions {
+    assets: string[];
+    timeout?: number;
+  }
   interface AxeResults extends EnvironmentData {
     toolOptions: RunOptions;
     passes: Result[];
     violations: Result[];
-    incomplete: Result[];
+    incomplete: IncompleteResult[];
     inapplicable: Result[];
   }
   interface Result {
@@ -160,6 +170,9 @@ declare namespace axe {
     tags: TagValue[];
     nodes: NodeResult[];
   }
+  interface IncompleteResult extends Result {
+    error?: Omit<RuleError, 'errorNode'>;
+  }
   interface NodeResult {
     html: string;
     impact?: ImpactValue;
@@ -197,6 +210,21 @@ declare namespace axe {
     fail: string | { [key: string]: string };
     incomplete?: string | { [key: string]: string };
   }
+  interface RuleError {
+    name: string;
+    message: string;
+    stack: string;
+    ruleId?: string;
+    method?: string;
+    cause?: SerialError;
+    errorNode?: SerialDqElement;
+  }
+  interface SerialError {
+    message: string;
+    stack: string;
+    name: string;
+    cause?: SerialError;
+  }
   interface CheckLocale {
     [key: string]: CheckMessages;
   }
@@ -306,7 +334,7 @@ declare namespace axe {
     matches?: string | ((node: Element, virtualNode: VirtualNode) => boolean);
     reviewOnFail?: boolean;
     actIds?: string[];
-    metadata?: Omit<RuleMetadata, 'ruleId' | 'tags' | 'actIds'>;
+    metadata?: Omit<RuleMetadata, 'ruleId' | 'tags' | 'actIds' | 'enabled'>;
   }
   interface AxePlugin {
     id: string;
@@ -324,6 +352,7 @@ declare namespace axe {
     helpUrl: string;
     tags: string[];
     actIds?: string[];
+    enabled?: boolean;
   }
   interface SerialDqElement {
     source: string;
@@ -335,6 +364,9 @@ declare namespace axe {
   interface DqElement extends SerialDqElement {
     element: Element;
     toJSON(): SerialDqElement;
+  }
+  interface DqElementConstructor {
+    new (elm: Element, options?: { absolutePaths?: boolean }): DqElement;
     mergeSpecs(
       childSpec: SerialDqElement,
       parentSpec: SerialDqElement
@@ -358,23 +390,27 @@ declare namespace axe {
     frameContext: FrameContextObject;
   }
 
-  interface RawCheckResult extends Omit<CheckResult, 'relatedNodes'> {
+  interface RawCheckResult extends Omit<
+    CheckResult,
+    'relatedNodes' | 'impact'
+  > {
     relatedNodes?: Array<SerialDqElement | DqElement>;
+    impact?: ImpactValue;
   }
 
-  interface RawNodeResult<T extends 'passed' | 'failed' | 'incomplete'> {
+  interface RawNodeResult<T extends 'passed' | 'failed' | 'cantTell'> {
     node: SerialDqElement | DqElement;
     any: RawCheckResult[];
     all: RawCheckResult[];
     none: RawCheckResult[];
-    impact: ImpactValue | null;
+    impact: ImpactValue | undefined;
     result: T;
   }
 
   interface RawResult extends Omit<Result, 'nodes'> {
     inapplicable: Array<never>;
     passes: RawNodeResult<'passed'>[];
-    incomplete: RawNodeResult<'incomplete'>[];
+    incomplete: RawNodeResult<'cantTell'>[];
     violations: RawNodeResult<'failed'>[];
     pageLevel: boolean;
     result: 'failed' | 'passed' | 'incomplete' | 'inapplicable';
@@ -398,7 +434,47 @@ declare namespace axe {
     boundingClientRect: DOMRect;
   }
 
+  type GridCell = VirtualNode[];
+
+  interface Grid {
+    container: VirtualNode | null;
+    cells: unknown; // opaque implementation detail
+    boundaries?: DOMRect;
+    toGridIndex(num: number): number;
+    getCellFromPoint(point: { x: number; y: number }): GridCell;
+    loopGridPosition(
+      gridPosition: DOMRect,
+      callback: (gridCell: GridCell, pos: { row: number; col: number }) => void
+    ): void;
+    getGridPositionOfRect(
+      rect: { top: number; right: number; bottom: number; left: number },
+      margin?: number
+    ): DOMRect;
+  }
+
+  interface CustomNodeSerializer<T = SerialDqElement> {
+    toSpec: (dqElm: DqElement) => T;
+    mergeSpecs: (nodeSpec: T, parentFrameSpec: T) => T;
+  }
+
+  interface NodeSerializer {
+    update: <T>(serializer: CustomNodeSerializer<T>) => void;
+    toSpec: (node: Element | VirtualNode) => SerialDqElement;
+    dqElmToSpec: (
+      dqElm: DqElement | SerialDqElement,
+      options?: RunOptions
+    ) => SerialDqElement;
+    mergeSpecs: (
+      nodeSpec: SerialDqElement,
+      parentFrameSpec: SerialDqElement
+    ) => SerialDqElement;
+  }
+
   interface Utils {
+    getElementSource: (
+      element: Node | null | undefined,
+      options?: { maxLength?: number; attrLimit?: number }
+    ) => string;
     getFrameContexts: (
       context?: ElementContext,
       options?: RunOptions
@@ -406,15 +482,30 @@ declare namespace axe {
     shadowSelect: (selector: CrossTreeSelector) => Element | null;
     shadowSelectAll: (selector: CrossTreeSelector) => Element[];
     getStandards(): Required<Standards>;
-    DqElement: new (
-      elm: Element,
-      options?: { absolutePaths?: boolean }
-    ) => DqElement;
+    isContextSpec: (context: unknown) => context is ContextSpec;
+    isContextObject: (context: unknown) => context is ContextObject;
+    isContextProp: (context: unknown) => context is ContextProp;
+    isLabelledFramesSelector: (
+      selector: unknown
+    ) => selector is LabelledFramesSelector;
+    isLabelledShadowDomSelector: (
+      selector: unknown
+    ) => selector is LabelledShadowDomSelector;
+    RuleError: new (options: {
+      error: Error;
+      ruleId?: string;
+      method?: string;
+      errorNode?: SerialDqElement;
+    }) => RuleError;
+    serializeError: (error: Error) => SerialError;
+    DqElement: DqElementConstructor;
     uuid: (
       options?: { random?: Uint8Array | Array<number> },
       buf?: Uint8Array | Array<number>,
       offset?: number
     ) => string | Uint8Array | Array<number>;
+    nodeSerializer: NodeSerializer;
+    normalizeRunOptions: (options?: RunOptions) => NormalizedRunOptions;
   }
 
   interface Aria {
@@ -424,6 +515,7 @@ declare namespace axe {
   interface Dom {
     isFocusable: (node: Element | VirtualNode) => boolean;
     isNativelyFocusable: (node: Element | VirtualNode) => boolean;
+    getNodeGrid: (node: Node | VirtualNode) => Grid;
   }
 
   type AccessibleTextOptions = {
@@ -531,13 +623,23 @@ declare namespace axe {
    * @param  {Array}  tags  Optional array of tags
    * @return {Array}  Array of rules
    */
-  function getRules(tags?: string[]): RuleMetadata[];
+  function getRules(
+    tags?: string[]
+  ): (Omit<RuleMetadata, 'enabled'> & { enabled: boolean })[];
 
   /**
    * Restores the default axe configuration
    */
   function reset(): void;
 
+  /**
+   * Restores the default locale that was active before any
+   * `axe.configure({ locale })` call. No-op if no non-default
+   * locale has ever been applied. Does not affect any other
+   * configuration.
+   */
+  function resetLocale(): void;
+
   /**
    * Function to register a plugin configuration in document and its subframes
    * @param  {Object}    plugin    A plugin configuration object
@@ -583,6 +685,31 @@ declare namespace axe {
     isDefault?: boolean
   ): void;
 
+  /**
+   * Run axe in the current window only
+   * @param   {ElementContext} context  Optional The `Context` specification object @see Context
+   * @param   {RunOptions}     options  Optional Options passed into rules or checks, temporarily modifying them.
+   * @returns {Promise<PartialResult>}  Partial result, for use in axe.finishRun.
+   */
+  function externalAPIs(params?: {
+    elementInternalsTimeout?: number;
+    getElementInternals?: () => Promise<ElementInternalsMap>;
+  }): void;
+
+  type ElementInternalsMap = Array<{
+    ancestry: CrossTreeSelector;
+    internals: Record<string, InternalsData>;
+  }>;
+  type InternalsData = string | InternalsDataIdref | InternalsDataIdrefs;
+  type InternalsDataIdref = {
+    type: 'HTMLElement';
+    value: CrossTreeSelector;
+  };
+  type InternalsDataIdrefs = {
+    type: 'NodeList';
+    value: CrossTreeSelector[];
+  };
+
   // axe.frameMessenger
   type FrameMessenger = {
     open: (topicHandler: TopicHandler) => Close | void;
diff --git a/bower.json b/bower.json
index bff620abe..ee0f36409 100644
--- a/bower.json
+++ b/bower.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "axe-core",
-  "version": "4.9.0",
+  "version": "4.12.1",
   "deprecated": true,
   "contributors": [
     {
diff --git a/build/check-node-version.js b/build/check-node-version.js
index 53f7cce71..ab0672597 100644
--- a/build/check-node-version.js
+++ b/build/check-node-version.js
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 #! /usr/bin/env node
 
-const currentVersion = process.version.replace('v', '');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+
+const PATH_TO_NVMRC = path.join(__dirname, '..', '.nvmrc');
+const nvmrc = fs.readFileSync(PATH_TO_NVMRC, 'utf8');
+const minimumVersionMajor = parseInt(nvmrc.trim(), 10);
 
-const minimumVersionMajor = 18;
+const currentVersion = process.version.replace('v', '');
 const currentVersionMajor = parseInt(currentVersion.split('.')[0]);
 
 const usesMinimumVersion = currentVersionMajor >= minimumVersionMajor;
diff --git a/build/cherry-pick.js b/build/cherry-pick.js
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index 2b3dc2afe..c5575f364
--- a/build/cherry-pick.js
+++ b/build/cherry-pick.js
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+
 const { execSync } = require('child_process');
 const conventionalCommitsParser = require('conventional-commits-parser');
 const chalk = require('chalk');
 const { version } = require('../package.json');
 
+// Node's default execSync buffer (~1 MiB) is too small for `git log` on long histories.
+const GIT_LOG_EXEC_OPTS = { maxBuffer: 50 * 1024 * 1024 };
+
 const releaseType = process.argv[2];
 let ignoreCommits = process.argv[3];
 
@@ -48,7 +53,8 @@ function getCommits(branch) {
   // all commits are too large for execSync buffer size so we'll just get since the last 3 years
   const date = new Date(new Date().setFullYear(new Date().getFullYear() - 3));
   const stdout = execSync(
-    `git log ${branch || ''} --abbrev-commit --since=${date.getFullYear()}`
+    `git log ${branch || ''} --no-merges --abbrev-commit --since=${date.getFullYear()}`,
+    GIT_LOG_EXEC_OPTS
   ).toString();
   const allCommits = stdout
     .split(/commit (?=[\w\d]{8}[\n\r])/)
@@ -129,7 +135,7 @@ commitsToCherryPick.forEach(({ hash, type, scope, subject }) => {
 
   try {
     execSync(`git cherry-pick ${hash} -X theirs`);
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     console.error(
       chalk.red.bold('\nAborting cherry-pick and reseting to master')
     );
diff --git a/build/configure.js b/build/configure.js
index ca3241fbd..a8a1da734 100644
--- a/build/configure.js
+++ b/build/configure.js
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ var axeVersion = packageJSON.version.substring(
 );
 
 var descriptionTableHeader =
-  '| Rule ID | Description | Impact | Tags | Issue Type | ACT Rules |\n| :------- | :------- | :------- | :------- | :------- | :------- |\n';
+  '| Rule ID | Description | Impact | Tags | Issue Type | [ACT Rules](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/act/rules/) |\n| :------- | :------- | :------- | :------- | :------- | :------- |\n';
 
 // prevent striping newline characters from strings (e.g. failure
 // summaries). must be synced with lib/core/imports/index.js
diff --git a/build/generate-integration-tests.js b/build/generate-integration-tests.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0143e28c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build/generate-integration-tests.js
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'use strict';
+
+/**
+ * Generates test files for integration rule tests in tmp/integration-tests/.
+ * This replaces the Karma preprocessor (test/integration/rules/preprocessor.js)
+ * that combined *.json + *.html pairs into executable JS at serve-time.
+ *
+ * Output files are picked up by web-test-runner via the test:unit:integration script.
+ */
+
+const path = require('path');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const { globSync } = require('glob');
+
+const rootDir = path.join(__dirname, '..');
+const rulesDir = path.join(rootDir, 'test', 'integration', 'rules');
+const outDir = path.join(rootDir, 'tmp', 'integration-tests');
+const runnerTemplate = fs.readFileSync(
+  path.join(rulesDir, 'runner.js'),
+  'utf-8'
+);
+
+// Clean and recreate output directory
+fs.rmSync(outDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+fs.mkdirSync(outDir, { recursive: true });
+
+const jsonFiles = globSync('**/*.json', { cwd: rulesDir });
+
+let count = 0;
+for (const relPath of jsonFiles) {
+  const jsonPath = path.join(rulesDir, relPath);
+  const htmlPath = jsonPath.replace(/\.json$/, '.html');
+
+  if (!fs.existsSync(htmlPath)) {
+    // Some JSON files may not have a sibling HTML (e.g. nested frame fixtures)
+    continue;
+  }
+
+  let test;
+  try {
+    test = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(jsonPath, 'utf-8'));
+  } catch (e) {
+    throw new Error(`Unable to parse ${jsonPath}: ${e.message}`);
+  }
+
+  const html = fs.readFileSync(htmlPath, 'utf-8');
+  test.content = html;
+
+  const outPath = path.join(outDir, relPath.replace(/\.json$/, '.test.js'));
+  const outDirForFile = path.dirname(outPath);
+  fs.mkdirSync(outDirForFile, { recursive: true });
+
+  const output = runnerTemplate.replace('{}; /*tests*/', JSON.stringify(test));
+  fs.writeFileSync(outPath, output, 'utf-8');
+  count++;
+}
+
+console.log(
+  `Generated ${count} integration test files in tmp/integration-tests/`
+);
diff --git a/build/next-version.js b/build/next-version.js
deleted file mode 100755
index 189311c0a..000000000
--- a/build/next-version.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env node
-
-const fs = require('fs');
-const path = require('path');
-const assert = require('assert');
-
-const pkgFile = path.resolve(__dirname, '..', 'package.json');
-const pkg = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(pkgFile));
-
-const { CIRCLE_SHA1, CIRCLE_BRANCH } = process.env;
-assert(CIRCLE_BRANCH, 'CIRCLE_BRANCH environment variable not set');
-assert(CIRCLE_SHA1, 'CIRCLE_SHA1 environment variable not set');
-assert(
-  CIRCLE_BRANCH === 'develop',
-  'This script should only be run from "develop"'
-);
-
-// Shorten the SHA
-const GIT_SHA = CIRCLE_SHA1.substr(0, 7);
-
-// Strip the "dist tag" from the version (if it exists)
-const version = pkg.version.replace(/-\w+\.\w+$/, '');
-const nextVersion = `${version}-canary.${GIT_SHA}`;
-console.log(nextVersion);
diff --git a/build/rule-generator/questions.js b/build/rule-generator/questions.js
index dc5e665d0..28f9a511f 100644
--- a/build/rule-generator/questions.js
+++ b/build/rule-generator/questions.js
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@ const validateGetRuleName = async input => {
     throw new Error(`RULE name conflicts with an existing rule's filename.`);
   }
   // 3) ensure no rule id overlaps
-  const ruleSpecs = await glob(`${directories.rules}/**/*.json`);
+  const ruleSpecs = await glob(`${directories.rules}/**/*.json`, {
+    posix: true,
+    absolute: true
+  });
   const axeRulesIds = ruleSpecs.reduce((out, specPath) => {
     const spec = require(specPath);
     out.push(spec.id);
@@ -62,7 +65,10 @@ const validateGetCheckName = async input => {
     );
   }
   // 2) ensure no check filename overlaps
-  const checkSpecs = await glob(`${directories.checks}/**/*.json`);
+  const checkSpecs = await glob(`${directories.checks}/**/*.json`, {
+    posix: true,
+    absolute: true
+  });
   // cannot use `fs.existsSync` here, as we do not know which category of checks to look under
   const axeChecksFileNames = checkSpecs.map(
     f => f.replace('.json', '').split('/').reverse()[0]
@@ -71,7 +77,10 @@ const validateGetCheckName = async input => {
     throw new Error('CHECK name conflicts with an existing filename.');
   }
   // 3) ensure no check id overlaps
-  const ruleSpecs = await glob(`${directories.rules}/**/*.json`);
+  const ruleSpecs = await glob(`${directories.rules}/**/*.json`, {
+    posix: true,
+    absolute: true
+  });
   const axe = require(directories.axePath);
   const axeChecksIds = ruleSpecs.reduce((out, specPath) => {
     const spec = require(specPath);
diff --git a/build/tasks/configure.js b/build/tasks/configure.js
index f4a3c6d26..19a8372ef 100644
--- a/build/tasks/configure.js
+++ b/build/tasks/configure.js
@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
       });
 
       this.files.forEach(function (file) {
-        const match = file.dest.auto.match(/\.([a-z]{2,3})\.js/);
-        if (match) {
-          options.locale = match[1];
+        // locale will always be the 2nd to last part of the
+        // filename and in the format of "<name>.<locale>.js"
+        const parts = file.dest.auto.split('.');
+        if (parts.length > 2) {
+          options.locale = parts[parts.length - 2];
         }
 
         buildRules(grunt, options, null, function (result) {
diff --git a/build/tasks/esbuild.js b/build/tasks/esbuild.js
index 30dbeb4ef..d157766e3 100644
--- a/build/tasks/esbuild.js
+++ b/build/tasks/esbuild.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 const { build } = require('esbuild');
 const path = require('path');
+const assert = require('assert');
 
 module.exports = function (grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
       files.forEach(file => {
         const src = Array.isArray(file.src) ? file.src : [file.src];
         const dest = file.dest;
+        const options = file.options || {};
 
         src.forEach(entry => {
           const name = path.basename(entry);
@@ -23,9 +25,29 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
             entryPoints: [entry],
             outfile: path.join(dest, name),
             minify: false,
-            bundle: true
+            bundle: true,
+            ...options
           })
-            .then(done)
+            .then(result => {
+              if (options.metafile && file.validateImports) {
+                const { max, maxSize } = file.validateImports;
+                const { inputs } = result.metafile;
+                const entries = Object.entries(inputs);
+
+                assert(
+                  entries.length <= max,
+                  `${entry} imported too many files (max: ${max}): ${entries.length}`
+                );
+                for (const [key, value] of entries) {
+                  assert(
+                    value.bytes <= maxSize,
+                    `${key} import size too large (max: ${maxSize}): ${value.bytes}`
+                  );
+                }
+              }
+
+              done(result);
+            })
             .catch(e => {
               grunt.fail.fatal(e);
               done();
diff --git a/build/tasks/metadata-function-map.js b/build/tasks/metadata-function-map.js
index e2e9d6054..36b583670 100644
--- a/build/tasks/metadata-function-map.js
+++ b/build/tasks/metadata-function-map.js
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
           '// This file is automatically generated using build/tasks/metadata-function-map.js\n';
 
         src.forEach(globPath => {
-          glob.sync(globPath).forEach(filePath => {
+          glob.sync(globPath, { posix: true }).forEach(filePath => {
             const relativePath = path.relative(
               path.dirname(file.dest),
               filePath
diff --git a/build/tasks/test.js b/build/tasks/test.js
index c1f51a7b4..13e6a3d2b 100644
--- a/build/tasks/test.js
+++ b/build/tasks/test.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 const execSync = require('child_process').execSync;
 const chalk = require('chalk');
+const path = require('node:path');
 
 /*eslint-env node */
 ('use strict');
@@ -9,12 +10,37 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
     'test',
     'This task runs unit tests based on which file was changed',
     function () {
-      const testFile = this.data.testFile;
+      const testFile = grunt.option('changed-file');
       console.log(`${chalk.green('>>')} File "${testFile}"`);
+      const files = [];
 
-      execSync(`npm run test:unit -- testFiles=${testFile}`, {
-        stdio: 'inherit'
-      });
+      // build the integration tests before testing
+      if (
+        (testFile.startsWith(path.join('test', 'integration', 'rules')) &&
+          testFile.endsWith('.html')) ||
+        testFile.endsWith('.json')
+      ) {
+        execSync('npm run build:integration-tests', { stdio: 'inherit' });
+        const rule = testFile.split(path.sep)[3];
+        files.push(
+          path.join('tmp', 'integration-tests', rule, rule + '.test.js')
+        );
+      }
+
+      if (
+        testFile &&
+        testFile.startsWith(`test${path.sep}`) &&
+        testFile.endsWith('.js')
+      ) {
+        files.push(testFile);
+      }
+
+      let cmd = 'npm run test:unit';
+      if (files.length) {
+        cmd += ` -- --files "${files.join(',')}"`;
+      }
+
+      execSync(cmd, { stdio: 'inherit' });
     }
   );
 };
diff --git a/build/tasks/validate.js b/build/tasks/validate.js
index 9af5edb28..ea601806c 100644
--- a/build/tasks/validate.js
+++ b/build/tasks/validate.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ function fileExists(v, o) {
   var exists;
   try {
     exists = fs.existsSync(file);
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return false;
   }
   return exists;
@@ -349,6 +349,12 @@ const standardsTags = [
     standardRegex: /^EN-301-549$/,
     criterionRegex: /^EN-9\.[1-4]\.[1-9]\.\d{1,2}$/,
     wcagLevelRegex: /^wcag21?aa?$/
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'RGAA',
+    standardRegex: /^RGAAv4$/,
+    criterionRegex: /^RGAA-\d{1,2}\.\d{1,2}\.\d{1,2}$/,
+    wcagLevelRegex: /^wcag21?aa?$/
   }
 ];
 
@@ -399,7 +405,7 @@ function findTagIssues(tags) {
       standardTag: standardTags[0] ?? null,
       criterionTags
     };
-    if (bestPracticeTags.length !== 0) {
+    if (name !== 'RGAA' && bestPracticeTags.length !== 0) {
       issues.push(`${name} tags cannot be used along side best-practice tag`);
     }
     if (standardTags.length === 0) {
@@ -411,7 +417,7 @@ function findTagIssues(tags) {
       issues.push(`Expected at least one ${name} criterion tag, got 0`);
     }
 
-    if (wcagLevelRegex) {
+    if (wcagLevelRegex && standards.WCAG) {
       const wcagLevel = standards.WCAG.standardTag;
       if (!wcagLevel.match(wcagLevelRegex)) {
         issues.push(`${name} rules not allowed on ${wcagLevel}`);
diff --git a/doc/API.md b/doc/API.md
index ea1f04a44..f85a53e50 100644
--- a/doc/API.md
+++ b/doc/API.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Axe Javascript Accessibility API
+# Axe JavaScript Accessibility API
 
 ## Table of Contents
 
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
    1. [API Name: axe.getRules](#api-name-axegetrules)
    1. [API Name: axe.configure](#api-name-axeconfigure)
    1. [API Name: axe.reset](#api-name-axereset)
+   1. [API Name: axe.resetLocale](#api-name-axeresetlocale)
    1. [API Name: axe.run](#api-name-axerun)
       1. [Parameters axe.run](#parameters-axerun)
          1. [Context Parameter](#context-parameter)
@@ -23,7 +24,8 @@
    1. [API Name: axe.setup](#api-name-axesetup)
    1. [API Name: axe.teardown](#api-name-axeteardown)
    1. [API Name: axe.frameMessenger](#api-name-axeframemessenger)
-   1. [API name: axe.runPartial / axe.finishRun](#api-name-axerunpartial-/-axefinishrun)
+   1. [API name: axe.runPartial / axe.finishRun](#api-name-axerunpartial--axefinishrun)
+   1. [API name: axe.externalAPIs](#api-name-axeexternal-apis)
    1. [Virtual DOM Utilities](#virtual-dom-utilities)
       1. [API Name: axe.utils.querySelectorAll](#api-name-axeutilsqueryselectorall)
       1. [API Name: axe.utils.getRule](#api-name-axeutilsgetrule)
@@ -49,8 +51,8 @@ This section gives a quick description of how to use the axe APIs to analyze web
 The axe API can be used as part of a broader process that is performed on many, if not all, pages of a website. The API is used to analyze web page content and return a JSON object that lists any accessibility violations found. Here is how to get started:
 
 1. Load page in testing system
-2. Optionally, set configuration options for the javascript API (`axe.configure`)
-3. Call analyze javascript API (`axe.run`)
+2. Optionally, set configuration options for the JavaScript API (`axe.configure`)
+3. Call analyze JavaScript API (`axe.run`)
 4. Either assert against results or save them for later processing
 5. Repeat for any inactive or non-rendered content after making it visible
 
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ The axe API can be used as part of a broader process that is performed on many,
 
 ### Overview
 
-The axe APIs are provided in the javascript file axe.js. It must be included in the web page under test, as well as each `iframe` under test. Parameters are sent as javascript function parameters. Results are returned in JSON format.
+The axe APIs are provided in the JavaScript file axe.js. It must be included in the web page under test, as well as each `iframe` under test. Parameters are sent as JavaScript function parameters. Results are returned in JSON format.
 
 ### Full API Reference for Developers
 
@@ -72,7 +74,7 @@ For a full listing of API offered by axe, clone the repository and run `npm run
 
 ### Axe-core Tags
 
-Each rule in axe-core has a number of tags. These provide metadata about the rule. Each rule has one tag that indicates which WCAG version / level it belongs to, or if it doesn't it have the `best-practice` tag. If the rule is required by WCAG, there is a tag that references the success criterion number. For example, the `wcag111` tag means a rule is required for WCAG 2 success criterion 1.1.1.
+Each rule in axe-core has a number of tags. These provide metadata about the rule. Each rule has one tag that indicates which WCAG version / level it belongs to, or if it doesn't, it has the `best-practice` tag. If the rule is required by WCAG, there is a tag that references the success criterion number. For example, the `wcag111` tag means a rule is required for WCAG 2 success criterion 1.1.1.
 
 The `experimental`, `ACT`, `TT`, and `section508` tags are only added to some rules. Each rule with a `section508` tag also has a tag to indicate what requirement in old Section 508 the rule is required by. For example `section508.22.a`.
 
@@ -94,6 +96,8 @@ The `experimental`, `ACT`, `TT`, and `section508` tags are only added to some ru
 | `TT*.*`           | Test ID in Trusted Tester                                                                                                     |
 | `EN-301-549`      | Rule required under [EN 301 549](https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301500_301599/301549/03.02.01_60/en_301549v030201p.pdf) |
 | `EN-9.*`          | Section in EN 301 549 listing the requirement                                                                                 |
+| `RGAAv4`          | Rule required under [RGAA](https://accessibilite.numerique.gouv.fr/methode/criteres-et-tests/)                                |
+| `RGAA-*.*.*`      | Section in RGAA listing the requirement                                                                                       |
 | `experimental`    | Cutting-edge rules, disabled by default                                                                                       |
 | `cat.*`           | Category mappings used by Deque (see below)                                                                                   |
 
@@ -133,7 +137,7 @@ Returns a list of all rules with their ID and description
 
 - `tags` - **optional** Array of tags used to filter returned rules. If omitted, it will return all rules. See [axe-core tags](#axe-core-tags).
 
-**Returns:** Array of rules that match the input filter with each entry having a format of `{ruleId: <id>, description: <desc>, helpUrl: <url>, help: <help>, tags: <tags>}`
+**Returns:** Array of rules that match the input filter with each entry having a format of `{ruleId: <id>, description: <desc>, helpUrl: <url>, help: <help>, tags: <tags>, enabled: <boolean>}`. `enabled` is `true` for rules that run by default when `axe.run()` is called with no options, and `false` for rules that are disabled by default (i.e. experimental and deprecated rules).
 
 #### Example 1
 
@@ -146,7 +150,7 @@ In this example, we pass in the WCAG 2 A and AA tags into `axe.getRules` to retr
 ```js
 [
   {
-    description: "Ensures <area> elements of image maps have alternate text",
+    description: "Ensure <area> elements of image maps have alternate text",
     help: "Active <area> elements must have alternate text",
     helpUrl: "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/3.5/area-alt?application=axeAPI",
     ruleId: "area-alt",
@@ -159,10 +163,11 @@ In this example, we pass in the WCAG 2 A and AA tags into `axe.getRules` to retr
       "section508",
       "section508.22.a"
     ],
-    actIds: ['c487ae']
+    actIds: ['c487ae'],
+    enabled: true
   },
   {
-    description: "Ensures ARIA attributes are allowed for an element's role",
+    description: "Ensure ARIA attributes are allowed for an element's role",
     help: "Elements must only use allowed ARIA attributes",
     helpUrl: "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/3.5/aria-allowed-attr?application=axeAPI",
     ruleId: "aria-allowed-attr",
@@ -170,7 +175,8 @@ In this example, we pass in the WCAG 2 A and AA tags into `axe.getRules` to retr
       "cat.aria",
       "wcag2a",
       "wcag412"
-    ]
+    ],
+    enabled: true
   }
   …
 ]
@@ -182,7 +188,7 @@ In this example, we pass in the WCAG 2 A and AA tags into `axe.getRules` to retr
 
 To configure the format of the data used by axe. This can be used to add new rules, which must be registered with the library to execute.
 
-**important**: `axe.configure()` does not communicate configuration calls into iframes. Instead `axe.configure()` must be called with the same argument in each `frame` / `iframe` individually.
+**Important**: `axe.configure()` does not communicate configuration calls into iframes. Instead `axe.configure()` must be called with the same argument in each `frame` / `iframe` individually.
 
 #### Description
 
@@ -213,7 +219,7 @@ axe.configure({
   - `reporter` - Used to set the output format that the axe.run function will pass to the callback function. Can pass a reporter name or a custom reporter function. Valid names are:
     - `v1` to use the previous version's format: `axe.configure({ reporter: "v1" });`
     - `v2` to use the current version's format: `axe.configure({ reporter: "v2" });`
-    - `raw` to return the raw result data without formating: `axe.configure({ reporter: "raw" });`
+    - `raw` to return the raw result data without formatting: `axe.configure({ reporter: "raw" });`
     - `raw-env` to return the raw result data with environment data: `axe.configure({ reporter: "raw-env" });`
     - `no-passes` to return only violation results: `axe.configure({ reporter: "no-passes" });`
   - `checks` - Used to add checks to the list of checks used by rules, or to override the properties of existing checks
@@ -294,6 +300,24 @@ axe.reset();
 
 None
 
+### API Name: axe.resetLocale
+
+#### Description
+
+Restore the default locale that was active before any `axe.configure({ locale })` call, without touching the rest of the configuration.
+
+`axe.configure({ locale })` has no inverse, and `axe.reset()` also clears branding, rule enable/disable overrides, `frameMessenger`, and other configuration. `axe.resetLocale()` reverts only the locale (rule descriptions, check messages, failure summaries, `lang`) back to the default that was in effect before the first `applyLocale` call. It is a no-op if no non-default locale has ever been applied, and safe to call repeatedly.
+
+#### Synopsis
+
+```js
+axe.resetLocale();
+```
+
+#### Parameters
+
+None
+
 ### API Name: axe.run
 
 #### Purpose
@@ -567,7 +591,7 @@ The `resultTypes` option can be used to limit the number of nodes for a rule to
 
 After axe has processed all rules normally, it generates a unique selector for all nodes in all rules. This process can be time consuming, especially for pages with lots of nodes. By limiting the nodes to a maximum of one for result types you are not interested in, you can greatly speed up the tail end performance of axe.
 
-Types listed in this option will cause rules that fall under those types to show all nodes. Types _not_ listed will causes rules that fall under one of the missing types to show a maximum of one node. This allows you to still see those results and inform the user of them if appropriate.
+Types listed in this option will cause rules that fall under those types to show all nodes. Types _not_ listed will cause rules that fall under one of the missing types to show a maximum of one node. This allows you to still see those results and inform the user of them if appropriate.
 
 ```js
 axe.run(
@@ -670,7 +694,7 @@ The results of axe are grouped according to their outcome into the following arr
 - `passes`: These results indicate what elements passed the rules
 - `violations`: These results indicate what elements failed the rules
 - `inapplicable`: These results indicate which rules did not run because no matching content was found on the page. For example, with no video, those rules won't run.
-- `incomplete`: Also known as "needs review," these results were aborted and require further testing. This can happen either because of technical restrictions to what the rule can test, or because a javascript error occurred.
+- `incomplete`: Also known as "needs review," these results were aborted and require further testing. This can happen either because of technical restrictions to what the rule can test, or because a JavaScript error occurred.
 
 Each object returned in these arrays have the following properties:
 
@@ -710,7 +734,6 @@ axe.run(document, function (err, results) {
 
 - `passes[0]`
   ...
-
   - `help` - `"Elements must have sufficient color contrast"`
   - `helpUrl` - `"https://dequeuniversity.com/courses/html-css/visual-layout/color-contrast"`
   - `id` - `"color-contrast"`
@@ -723,7 +746,6 @@ axe.run(document, function (err, results) {
 ###### `violations`
 
 - `violations[0]`
-
   - `help` - `"<button> elements must have alternate text"`
   - `helpUrl` - `"https://dequeuniversity.com/courses/html-css/forms/form-labels#id84_example_button"`
   - `id` - `"button-name"`
@@ -834,12 +856,16 @@ axe.teardown();
 
 ### API Name: axe.frameMessenger
 
-Set up a alternative communication channel between parent and child frames. By default, axe-core uses `window.postMessage()`. See [frame-messenger.md](frame-messenger.md) for details.
+Set up an alternative communication channel between parent and child frames. By default, axe-core uses `window.postMessage()`. See [frame-messenger.md](frame-messenger.md) for details.
 
 ### API name: axe.runPartial / axe.finishRun
 
 Run axe without frame communication. This is the recommended way to run axe in browser drivers such as Selenium and Puppeteer. See [run-partial.md](run-partial.md) for details.
 
+### API name: axe.externalAPIs
+
+Set external API data for axe-core to use during the run. See [external-apis.md](external-apis.md) for details.
+
 ### Virtual DOM Utilities
 
 Note: If you’re writing rules or checks, you’ll have both the `node` and `virtualNode` passed in.
@@ -931,7 +957,7 @@ The top-level document or shadow DOM document fragment
 
 This package contains examples for [jasmine](examples/jasmine), [mocha](examples/mocha), [qunit](examples/qunit), and [generating HTML from the violations array](examples/html-handlebars.md). Each of these examples is in the [doc/examples](examples) folder. In each folder, there is a README.md file which contains specific information about each example.
 
-See [axe-webdriverjs](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-webdriverjs#axe-webdriverjs) for selenium webdriver javascript examples.
+See [axe-webdriverjs](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-webdriverjs#axe-webdriverjs) for selenium webdriver JavaScript examples.
 
 ## Section 4: Performance
 
diff --git a/doc/accessibility-supported.md b/doc/accessibility-supported.md
index 4e334f6c5..732fed085 100644
--- a/doc/accessibility-supported.md
+++ b/doc/accessibility-supported.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ In order to adhere to the manifesto and at the same time be useful to developers
 
 Accessibility supported means that in order for a technique to pass, it must work in some predefined set of browsers and assistive technologies. For axe-core this means that for a screen reader, browser, or environment to be added to the list of supported combinations, the following two criteria must be met:
 
-1. Be used by more than 1% of users (currently extrapolated from the [WebAims Screen Reader User Survey](https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey8/#browsercombos))
+1. Be used by more than 1% of users (currently extrapolated from the [WebAim Screen Reader User Survey](https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey10/#browsercombos))
 1. Introduce new coverage for a screen reader, browser, or environment not currently accessibility supported
 
 We currently test the following AT combinations for support
@@ -32,6 +32,6 @@ In addition, we disallow invalid attributes starting with `aria-` and invalid at
 
 ## Best practices
 
-We recognize that there are best practices that significantly improve the usability of application, even though they are not strictly required in order to conform with WCAG 2. We develop the best practice rules to help content developers to identify these and adhere to them.
+We recognize that there are best practices that significantly improve the usability of an application, even though they are not strictly required in order to conform with WCAG 2. We develop the best practice rules to help content developers to identify these and adhere to them.
 
 We recognize that this topic is somewhat controversial and the rules we have represent Deque's opinion on what constitutes a best practice.
diff --git a/doc/act-rules-format.md b/doc/act-rules-format.md
index 1ff49a7ea..9fec56368 100644
--- a/doc/act-rules-format.md
+++ b/doc/act-rules-format.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # W3C Standardized Rules
 
-Deque Systems is one of leading organizations in the development of standardized accessibility conformance testing rules. The [axe-core rules proposal format](./rule-proposal.md) is an adaptation of the [Accessibility Conformance Testing Rules Format](https://www.w3.org/TR/act-rules-format/).
+Deque Systems is one of the leading organizations in the development of standardized accessibility conformance testing rules. The [axe-core rules proposal format](./rule-proposal.md) is an adaptation of the [Accessibility Conformance Testing Rules Format](https://www.w3.org/TR/act-rules-format/).
 
 There are two ways a rule written in the axe-core rule format can be transformed into the ACT Rules format:
 
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ There are two ways a rule written in the axe-core rule format can be transformed
 This method is useful for rules with a small number of checks.
 
 1. Add the test input type to it: `rendered page`
-2. Add an `assumptions` section, add possible assumptions to it
+2. Add an `assumptions` section, including possible assumptions to it
 3. Add an `outcomes` section, describing the different possible outcomes of the rule
-4. Add a `Validation Tests` section, that links to the integration tests
+4. Add a `Validation Tests` section that links to the integration tests
 5. Update the check to return pass/fail/cantTell instead of true/false/undefined
 6. Add control flow to the checks:
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ This method is useful for rules with a small number of checks.
 - `all` and `none` checks should only return `pass` in the last step. All steps leading up to it either return `fail` or say `continue to the next step`.
 
 7. Rename `checks` to `steps` and add a `step X` (where X is the step number) to the heading with the check name.
-8. Replace the `tags` section with a `Accessibility Requirements`. The requirements can be determined based on the `wcag###` tags.
+8. Replace the `tags` section with an `Accessibility Requirements`. The requirements can be determined based on the `wcag###` tags.
 
 ## Method 2: Create a rule group
 
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ This method is useful for larger rules with `any` checks. This effectively turns
 7. Update the check to return pass/fail/cantTell instead of true/false/undefined
 8. Add a `Validation Tests` section, that links to only those integration tests relevant for this check (now a new rule).
 9. Indicate that the new rule is part of a group, using the original axe-core rule ID as the group name.
-10. Replace the `tags` section with a `Accessibility Requirements`. The requirements can be determined based on the `wcag###` tags.
+10. Replace the `tags` section with an `Accessibility Requirements`. The requirements can be determined based on the `wcag###` tags.
diff --git a/doc/backwards-compatibility-doc.md b/doc/backwards-compatibility-doc.md
index 34d6c90c5..2321b5539 100644
--- a/doc/backwards-compatibility-doc.md
+++ b/doc/backwards-compatibility-doc.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The axe-core API includes:
 - The selectors generated and included in the node information in the results arrays for any given HTML page
 - The JSON structures passed into and out of any API functions
 - Any functions in the `axe.utils` and `axe.commons` collections that are used by one of our standard rules (this document refers to these as the “Public Utils”). This includes use in any of the “matches”, “eval” and “after” functions.
-- The implicit function signature of the matches, eval and after functions (the names of the parameters that are passed-to the functions and the values returned by them)
+- The implicit function signature of the matches, eval and after functions (the names of the parameters that are passed to the functions and the values returned by them)
 
 ## What is not included in the public axe-core API?
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ We guarantee that the API signatures and the return values of functions will not
 
 In a minor release, we may change the implementation of Public Utils to fix bugs or improve performance. This means that a call to a Public Util may return a different value across patch versions.
 
-We will not add or remove rules in a patch release. We will not add support for new technologies in a patch release. We will endeavour to return the exact same results across patch releases with the exception of changes that are due to bug fixes. This means that the likelihood of a patch release finding issues on a page that was clean in a previous release is very close to zero but not zero.
+We will not add or remove rules in a patch release. We will not add support for new technologies in a patch release. We will endeavor to return the exact same results across patch releases with the exception of changes that are due to bug fixes. This means that the likelihood of a patch release finding issues on a page that was clean in a previous release is very close to zero but not zero.
 
 In a minor release, we may add support for new technologies in the Public Utils or in existing rules and we may add or disable rules. We may also change an experimental rule to become a standard rule (essentially equivalent to adding rule). This means that pages that did not return violations in a particular minor release may return violations in a subsequent release. Rule tags, including the "wcag\*" tags, and whether or not something is reported as best-practice can be changed in minor releases.
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Major releases may remove rules.
 | APIs removed                                  | May be removed (will remove previously deprecated APIs) | Will not be removed   | Will not be removed        |
 | **Public Utils**                              |                                                         |                       |                            |
 | Implementation of Public Utils                | May change                                              | May change            | Will not change            |
-| New public Utils                              | May add                                                 | May add               | Will not add               |
+| New Public Utils                              | May add                                                 | May add               | Will not add               |
 | **Rules**                                     |                                                         |                       |                            |
 | Add rules                                     | May add                                                 | May add               | Will not add               |
 | Disable or remove rules                       | May remove (will remove previously deprecated rules)    | May disable or remove | Will not disable or remove |
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Patch release upgrades can be applied in CI environments with a high degree of c
 
 ### Custom Rules
 
-A custom rule configuration (with-or-without custom rules) is guaranteed to run on any newer version that shares the same major version number as the version for which it was created. A custom rule configuration (with-or-without custom rules) is not guaranteed to work with an older version of axe-core than the version for which it was created.
+A custom rule configuration (with or without custom rules) is guaranteed to run on any newer version that shares the same major version number as the version for which it was created. A custom rule configuration (with or without custom rules) is not guaranteed to work with an older version of axe-core than the version for which it was created.
 
 You can write custom rules that utilize the Public Utils and the parameters that are passed to a check function, secure in the knowledge that the API will not change unless a major version is released.
 
diff --git a/doc/check-message-template.md b/doc/check-message-template.md
index 95114474d..ff00dee60 100644
--- a/doc/check-message-template.md
+++ b/doc/check-message-template.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Axe-core uses a custom template to handle dynamic check messages (messages that
 
 ## Simple Message
 
-A simple message is just a string that doesn't use the `data` property. Most checks uses this format.
+A simple message is just a string that doesn't use the `data` property. Most checks use this format.
 
 ```json
 {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ this.data({
 
 ## Singular and Plural Messages
 
-If the message needs to to know how many items are in the `data` property to determine the type of language to use (singular or plural), you can structure the message to use `singular` and `plural` properties. Use the syntax `${data.values}` to have the message output a comma-separated list of the items (`data.values` is provided by the template code for you).
+If the message needs to know how many items are in the `data` property to determine the type of language to use (singular or plural), you can structure the message to use `singular` and `plural` properties. Use the syntax `${data.values}` to have the message output a comma-separated list of the items (`data.values` is provided by the template code for you).
 
 ```js
 // check.js
@@ -96,15 +96,15 @@ The messages can still use the syntax `${data.propName}` to access other propert
 
 ## Migrating From doT.js Template in Translations
 
-Axe-core use to use doT.js for it's temple library. To migrate from doT.js in a translation file, do the following:
+Axe-core formerly used doT.js for it's template library. To migrate from doT.js in a translation file, do the following:
 
 - If the message used `{{=it.data}}` or `{{=it.data.propName}}`, change the message to use the syntax `${data}` or `${data.propName}`.
 
 ```diff
 {
     "messages": {
--       "incomplete": "Check that the <label> does not need be part of the ARIA {{=it.data}} field's name"
-+       "incomplete": "Check that the <label> does not need be part of the ARIA ${data} field's name"
+-       "incomplete": "Check that the <label> does not need to be part of the ARIA {{=it.data}} field's name"
++       "incomplete": "Check that the <label> does not need to be part of the ARIA ${data} field's name"
     }
 }
 ```
diff --git a/doc/check-options.md b/doc/check-options.md
index 0ca3b5381..532937e0b 100644
--- a/doc/check-options.md
+++ b/doc/check-options.md
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
   - [aria-required-children](#aria-required-children)
   - [aria-required-parent](#aria-required-parent)
   - [aria-roledescription](#aria-roledescription)
+  - [autocomplete-valid](#autocomplete-valid)
   - [color-contrast](#color-contrast)
   - [page-has-heading-one](#page-has-heading-one)
   - [page-has-main](#page-has-main)
@@ -237,6 +238,52 @@ Previously supported properties `validTreeRowAttrs` is no longer available. `inv
   </tbody>
 </table>
 
+### autocomplete-valid
+
+<table>
+  <thead>
+    <tr>
+      <th>Option</th>
+      <th align="left">Default</th>
+      <th align="left">Description</th>
+    </tr>
+  </thead>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <code>stateTerms</code>
+      </td>
+      <td align="left">
+        <pre lang=js><code>[
+  'none',
+  'false',
+  'true',
+  'disabled',
+  'enabled',
+  'undefined',
+  'null',
+]</code></pre>
+        </td>
+      <td align="left">List of allowed autocomplete state terms other than "on" and "off."</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <code>ignoredValues</code>
+      </td>
+      <td align="left">
+        <pre lang=js><code>[
+  'text',
+  'pronouns',
+  'gender',
+  'message',
+  'content'
+]</code></pre>
+        </td>
+      <td align="left">List of autocomplete values that are technically invalid but will be ignored as they may not necessarily cause accessibility problems</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
 ### color-contrast
 
 | Option                                                      | Default | Description                                                                                                                                                                                  |
@@ -470,7 +517,7 @@ h6:not([role]),
       <td align="left">
         <pre lang=js><code>"passLength": 1</code></pre>
         </td>
-      <td align="left">Relative length, if the the candidate heading is X times or greater the length of the candidate paragraph, it will pass.</td>
+      <td align="left">Relative length, if the candidate heading is X times or greater the length of the candidate paragraph, it will pass.</td>
       </tr>
        <tr>
      <td>
@@ -479,7 +526,7 @@ h6:not([role]),
       <td align="left">
         <pre lang=js><code>"failLength": 0.5</code></pre>
         </td>
-      <td align="left">Relative length, if the the candidate heading is X times or less the length of the candidate paragraph, it can fail.</td>
+      <td align="left">Relative length, if the candidate heading is X times or less the length of the candidate paragraph, it can fail.</td>
       </tr>
   </tbody>
 </table>
diff --git a/doc/code-submission-guidelines.md b/doc/code-submission-guidelines.md
index 937a2e680..0701eaf05 100644
--- a/doc/code-submission-guidelines.md
+++ b/doc/code-submission-guidelines.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ will kindly ask you to resubmit it in the correct format.
 
 ### Default Export at Top
 
-When coding using [JavaScipt modules](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Modules), the `default export` should be at the top of the file right after any import statements and module level variables. This ensures that when you open the file the main code path is the first thing you read.
+When coding using [JavaScript modules](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Modules), the `default export` should be at the top of the file right after any import statements and module level variables. This ensures that when you open the file the main code path is the first thing you read.
 
 If you encounter any code that we maintain that does not put the `default export` at the top, you should update the file to do so.
 
@@ -109,12 +109,12 @@ export default async function validateAxeReport(filePath = '') {
 
 </details>
 
-### Docblock Comments
+### DocBlock Comments
 
-We use [Docblock comments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docblock) in our code. Docblock comments are a way to describe what a function does, its signature, and describe its inputs.
+We use [DocBlock comments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docblock) in our code. DocBlock comments are a way to describe what a function does, its signature, and describe its inputs.
 
 <details>
-  <summary>Example of Docblock comment</summary>
+  <summary>Example of DocBlock comment</summary>
 
 ```ts
 /**
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ function distance(pointA, pointB) {
 
 All code changes should include tests to validate that the code works as expected. Both unit tests and integration tests (where applicable) should be included in all `fix` and `feat` pull requests. `chore` pull requests do not typically need tests.
 
-#### Integrations Test
+#### Integration Test
 
 All changes that affect a rule should include an integration test. Most rules integration tests can be found in `test/integration/rules`. When updating tests in this directory, you'll need to write the new HTML code to be tested and give the element that should trigger the rule a unique `id`. Then you'll need to update the companion JSON file to add the id to either the `violations` or `passes` array.
 
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ Closes issue #1
 
 **Note:** We do not link issues to be closed as we have our QA team verify the issue is resolved before closing. Instead use `Closes issue #` to link to the issue the pr resolves but won't close it once merged.
 
-> Commit messages should be 100 characters or less to make them easy to read on Github and
+> Commit messages should be 100 characters or less to make them easy to read on GitHub and
 > various git tools.
 
 ### How to structure your commits:
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ Use the imperative, present tense: "change" not "changed" nor "changes", just li
 
 #### Footer
 
-Reference any issue that this commit closes with its fully qualified URL to support both Bitbucket and Github.
+Reference any issue that this commit closes with its fully qualified URL to support both Bitbucket and GitHub.
 
 If needed, the footer should contain any information about [Breaking Changes](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/). Deprecation notices or breaking changes in the Changelog should inform users if they'll need to modify their code after this commit.
 
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ git push origin head -f
 
 If a pull request has many commits (especially if they don't follow our [commit policy](#git-commits)), you'll want to squash them into one clean commit.
 
-In the Github UI, you can use the new [Squash and Merge](https://github.com/blog/2141-squash-your-commits) feature to make this easy. If there are merge conflicts preventing this, either ask the committer to rebase from develop following the [PR submission steps above](#submitting-a-pull-request), or use the manual method below.
+In the GitHub UI, you can use the new [Squash and Merge](https://github.com/blog/2141-squash-your-commits) feature to make this easy. If there are merge conflicts preventing this, either ask the committer to rebase from develop following the [PR submission steps above](#submitting-a-pull-request), or use the manual method below.
 
 To apply a pull request manually, make sure your local develop branch is up to date. Then, create a new branch for that pull request.
 
diff --git a/doc/context.md b/doc/context.md
index bfe7f3c2b..cea530102 100644
--- a/doc/context.md
+++ b/doc/context.md
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ Axe-core's `context` argument is a powerful tool for controlling precisely which
 
 1. [Test specific elements](#test-specific-elements)
 1. [Test DOM nodes](#test-dom-nodes)
-1. [Exclude elements from test](#exclude-elements-from-test)
+1. [Exclude Elements from Test](#exclude-elements-from-test)
 1. [Select from prior tests](#select-from-prior-tests)
 1. [Limit frame testing](#limit-frame-testing)
 1. [Limit shadow DOM testing](#limit-shadow-dom-testing)
-1. [Combine shadow DOM and frame context](#combine-shadow-dom-and-frame-context)
+1. [Combine Shadow DOM and Frame Context](#combine-shadow-dom-and-frame-context)
 1. [Implicit frame and shadow DOM selection](#implicit-frame-and-shadow-dom-selection)
 
 ## Test Specific Elements
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ await axe.run('nav, main');
 await axe.run(['nav', '.sideBar', '#header']);
 ```
 
-**Tip**: Sometimes pages are worked on by multiple teams. If you mark your team's sections up with a unique class, axe can use that class to only test the sections your team works on.
+**Tip**: Sometimes, pages are worked on by multiple teams. If you mark your team's sections up with a unique class, axe can use that class to only test the sections your team works on.
 
 Axe-core is commonly used through browser driver APIs such as Selenium, Puppeteer, and Playwright. Most of these APIs do not pass a context object in directly. Instead, the following is achieved through the `.include()` method. Visit the docs of your API for more information. For most cases, this will look like the following:
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ await axe.run([navbar, cookiePopup]);
 
 ### Component Frameworks
 
-Because axe requires a DOM to test, components such as those created for React, Vue and Angular must be rendered before they are tested. The following example shows how to render the `<MyApp>` React component before testing it with axe:
+Because axe requires a DOM to test, components such as those created for React, Vue, and Angular must be rendered before they are tested. The following example shows how to render the `<MyApp>` React component before testing it with axe:
 
 ```jsx
 const appRoot = document.getElementById('app');
diff --git a/doc/developer-guide.md b/doc/developer-guide.md
index 07abffb21..a00f3f71a 100644
--- a/doc/developer-guide.md
+++ b/doc/developer-guide.md
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ Axe 3.0 supports open Shadow DOM: see our virtual DOM APIs and test utilities fo
 
 ### Environment Pre-requisites
 
-1. You must have NodeJS version 12 or higher installed.
+1. You must have Node.js version 24 or higher installed.
+   If you have [nvm](https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm) installed, simply do `nvm use` in the root of this repository.
 1. Install npm development dependencies. In the root folder of your axe-core repository, run `npm install`
 
 ### Building axe.js
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ To build axe.js, simply run `npm run build` in the root folder of the axe-core r
 
 You can watch for changes and automatically build axe and run relevant tests using `npm run develop`. Once run, any changes to files inside the [lib directory](../lib) will rebuild axe. After axe is built, it will try to run the relevant tests for the files changed. If you change a file inside the [test directory](../test) it will run the tests for the file changed.
 
-Changes to files in the [full integration test directory](../test/integration/full) will not run the tests. This is because these tests require the browser to navigate to the page directly, which is something Mocha / Karma does not support.
+Changes to files in the [full integration test directory](../test/integration/full) will not run the tests. This is because these tests require the browser to navigate to the page directly.
 
 **Note:** We are still working on knowing which tests are relevant to the changed file so this may not correctly run tests every time. In these cases you should run the tests manually. If you encounter a test that does not run when a relevant file is changed, please [open an issue](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues).
 
@@ -71,24 +72,20 @@ There are also a set of tests that are not considered unit tests that you can ru
 
 Additionally, you can [watch for changes](#watching-for-changes) to files and automatically run the relevant tests.
 
-If you need to debug a test in a non-headless browser, you can run `npm run test:debug` which will run the Karma tests in non-headless Chrome. You can also navigate to the newly opened page using any supported browser.
+If you need to debug a test in a non-headless browser, you can run `npm run test:debug` which will start the Web Test Runner server. Press `D` to open a headed Chrome and run the tests. You can either use that browser's debugger or attach an external debugger on port 9765; [a VS Code launch profile](../.vscode/launch.json) is provided. You can also navigate to the newly opened page using any supported browser.
 
-You can scope which set of tests to debug by passing the `testDirs` argument. Supported values are:
-
-- `core`
-- `commons`
-- `checks`
-- `rule-matches`
-- `integration`
-- `virtual-rules`
-- `api`
+You can scope which set of tests to debug by passing the `files` argument and a path.
 
 Example:
 
-- `npm run test:debug -- testDirs=core`
+- `npm run test:debug -- files 'test/core/**/*.js'`
 
 Lastly, you can run the [full integration tests](../test/integration/full) by starting a local server by running `npm start`. Once started, you can open any supported browser and navigate to any test in the full integration tests directory.
 
+### Using Mocha `.only` in Tests
+
+The use of `.only` for tests is supported. However Web Test Runner runs each test file in an isolated Mocha instance. This means using `.only` does not work across test files, just within the file it is used in. You can isolate a specific test by using the `files` argument.
+
 ### API Reference
 
 [See API exposed on axe](./API.md#section-2-api-reference)
diff --git a/doc/element-internals.md b/doc/element-internals.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19c101f4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/element-internals.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# ElementInternals
+
+Axe-core supports CustomElements with attached ElementInternals or ARIA Properties. However, JavaScript does not provide an API for accessing ElementInternals information on a node so axe-core must rely on developers implementing a [community protocol](https://github.com/webcomponents-cg/community-protocols/blob/main/proposals/element-internals-declaration.md) on their CustomElements in order to find this information.
+
+> [!Note]
+> At this time, axe-core only supports the ElementInternals `role` property and no others (e.g. `ariaLabel`), though support for other properties is planned. Additionally axe-core will not validate the value of the ElementInternals `role`, and many rules will not run against the element (e.g. `aria-required-attr`). Rules that do run may only be partially supported (e.g. `aria-required-children`).
+>
+> Lastly, support for ElementInternals is behind a feature flag `axe._enableElementInternals`, which must manually be set to `true` before axe runs.
+
+```js
+CustomElements.define(
+  'my-custom-button',
+  class MyCustomButton extends HTMLElement {
+    constructor() {
+      super();
+
+      const internals = this.attachInternals();
+      internals.role = 'button';
+
+      globalThis._elementInternals ??= new WeakMap();
+      globalThis._elementInternals.set(this, internals);
+    }
+  }
+);
+```
+
+In addition to the global WeakMap `globalThis._elementInternals`, axe-core also supports the following public properties or Symbols on the CustomElement:
+
+- `_internals`
+- `internals`
+- `internals_`
+- `Symbol('internals')`
+- `Symbol('privateInternals')`
+
+```js
+CustomElements.define(
+  'my-custom-button',
+  class MyCustomButton extends HTMLElement {
+    constructor() {
+      super();
+
+      this._internals = this.attachInternals();
+      this._internals.role = 'button';
+    }
+  }
+);
+```
diff --git a/doc/examples/code-patterns.md b/doc/examples/code-patterns.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e342b8f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/examples/code-patterns.md
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# Code Pattern Examples
+
+Quick-reference examples for axe-core coding conventions.
+
+## Default Export at Top
+
+```javascript
+// GOOD: Default export right after imports
+import { getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
+import { isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+
+export default function myFunction(node, options) {
+  // function body
+}
+
+// BAD: Export buried at bottom of file
+import { getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
+
+function myFunction(node, options) {
+  // body
+}
+
+// ... more code ...
+
+export default myFunction; // Too far from top
+```
+
+## Return Early Pattern
+
+```javascript
+// GOOD: Main path left-aligned, edge cases exit early
+export default function processValue(value) {
+  if (!value) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  if (value.length < 3) {
+    throw new Error('Value too short');
+  }
+
+  const normalized = normalize(value);
+  const result = transform(normalized);
+  return result;
+}
+
+// BAD: Nested conditionals
+export default function processValue(value) {
+  let result;
+  if (value) {
+    if (value.length >= 3) {
+      const normalized = normalize(value);
+      result = transform(normalized);
+    } else {
+      throw new Error('Value too short');
+    }
+  } else {
+    result = null;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+```
+
+## Import Restrictions
+
+```javascript
+// GOOD: commons importing from core/utils via index
+import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+
+// GOOD: commons importing other commons directly
+import getExplicitRole from '../aria/get-explicit-role';
+
+// BAD: core/utils importing from commons — NEVER DO THIS
+import { isDisabled } from '../../commons/forms';
+
+// BAD: importing from index in core/utils — use direct path
+import { someUtil } from './index'; // Use: import someUtil from './some-util';
+```
+
+## JSDoc Comments
+
+### Standard function
+
+```javascript
+/**
+ * Determines if an element is a native select element
+ * @method isNativeSelect
+ * @memberof axe.commons.forms
+ * @param {VirtualNode|Element} node Node to determine if select
+ * @returns {Boolean}
+ */
+import nodeLookup from '../../core/utils/node-lookup';
+
+function isNativeSelect(node) {
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
+  const nodeName = vNode.props.nodeName;
+  return nodeName === 'select';
+}
+```
+
+### Check evaluate function
+
+```javascript
+/**
+ * Check if an element's `role` attribute uses any abstract role values.
+ *
+ * Abstract roles are taken from the `ariaRoles` standards object from the roles `type` property.
+ *
+ * ##### Data:
+ * <table class="props">
+ *   <thead>
+ *     <tr>
+ *       <th>Type</th>
+ *       <th>Description</th>
+ *     </tr>
+ *   </thead>
+ *   <tbody>
+ *     <tr>
+ *       <td><code>String[]</code></td>
+ *       <td>List of all abstract roles</td>
+ *     </tr>
+ *   </tbody>
+ * </table>
+ *
+ * @memberof checks
+ * @return {Boolean} True if the element uses an `abstract` role. False otherwise.
+ */
+function abstractroleEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  // implementation
+}
+```
+
+## Virtual Node vs HTMLElement
+
+```javascript
+// Use Virtual Node for attribute access and property reads
+function myCheck(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  const role = virtualNode.attr('role'); // Cached attribute access
+  const nodeName = virtualNode.props.nodeName;
+
+  // Only access real node when you need DOM APIs
+  const rect = node.getBoundingClientRect();
+  const rootNode = node.getRootNode();
+}
+
+// Convert ambiguous input using nodeLookup
+import nodeLookup from '../../core/utils/node-lookup';
+
+function myFunction(nodeOrVirtual) {
+  const { vNode, domNode } = nodeLookup(nodeOrVirtual);
+  // vNode = VirtualNode, domNode = real DOM node
+}
+```
diff --git a/doc/examples/jest_react/jest.setup.js b/doc/examples/jest_react/jest.setup.js
deleted file mode 100644
index c07c08250..000000000
--- a/doc/examples/jest_react/jest.setup.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-const Enzyme = require('enzyme');
-const Adapter = require('@wojtekmaj/enzyme-adapter-react-17');
-
-Enzyme.configure({ adapter: new Adapter() });
diff --git a/doc/examples/jest_react/link.test.js b/doc/examples/jest_react/link.test.js
index d9bd25271..3fafe0169 100644
--- a/doc/examples/jest_react/link.test.js
+++ b/doc/examples/jest_react/link.test.js
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { mount, render } from 'enzyme';
+import { render } from '@testing-library/react';
 import axe from 'axe-core';
 
 import Link from './link';
 
 test('Link has no axe violations', done => {
-  const fixture = document.createElement('div');
-  document.body.appendChild(fixture);
-
-  const linkComponent = mount(
-    <Link page="http://www.axe-core.org">axe website</Link>,
-    { attachTo: fixture }
+  const { container } = render(
+    <Link page="http://www.axe-core.org">axe website</Link>
   );
 
   const config = {
@@ -19,7 +15,7 @@ test('Link has no axe violations', done => {
       'link-in-text-block': { enabled: false }
     }
   };
-  axe.run(fixture, config, (err, { violations }) => {
+  axe.run(container, config, (err, { violations }) => {
     expect(err).toBe(null);
     expect(violations).toHaveLength(0);
     done();
diff --git a/doc/examples/jest_react/package.json b/doc/examples/jest_react/package.json
index 0a67634b9..b4b104f08 100644
--- a/doc/examples/jest_react/package.json
+++ b/doc/examples/jest_react/package.json
@@ -12,20 +12,16 @@
     "test": "jest"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@babel/preset-env": "^7.20.2",
-    "@babel/preset-react": "^7.18.6",
-    "@wojtekmaj/enzyme-adapter-react-17": "^0.8.0",
-    "axe-core": "^4.6.2",
-    "enzyme": "^3.11.0",
-    "jest": "^29.3.1",
-    "jest-environment-jsdom": "^29.3.1",
-    "react": "^17.0.2",
-    "react-dom": "^17.0.2"
+    "@babel/preset-env": "^7.25.3",
+    "@babel/preset-react": "^7.24.7",
+    "@testing-library/jest-dom": "^6.4.8",
+    "@testing-library/react": "^16.0.0",
+    "jest": "^29.7.0",
+    "jest-environment-jsdom": "^29.7.0",
+    "react": "^18.3.1",
+    "react-dom": "^18.3.1"
   },
   "jest": {
-    "testEnvironment": "jsdom",
-    "setupFilesAfterEnv": [
-      "<rootDir>/jest.setup.js"
-    ]
+    "testEnvironment": "jsdom"
   }
 }
diff --git a/doc/examples/pr-review-patterns.md b/doc/examples/pr-review-patterns.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a56324054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/examples/pr-review-patterns.md
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# PR Review Patterns
+
+Common feedback and anti-patterns observed in axe-core code reviews.
+
+## What Gets Called Out
+
+### 1. Missing Tests
+
+- Every behavior-changing code change needs unit tests
+- Rule changes need integration tests (HTML + JSON pair)
+- Shadow DOM test coverage required for relevant checks/rules
+
+### 2. Commit Message Format
+
+- Wrong type/scope
+- Not imperative present tense
+- Subject too long or capitalized
+- Missing issue reference in footer
+
+### 3. Import Violations
+
+- `core/utils` importing from `commons` (forbidden)
+- Using index imports where direct file paths are required
+- Importing node modules outside `core/imports`
+
+### 4. Code Style Issues
+
+- Not using return early pattern
+- Default export not at top of file
+- Nested conditionals when early return would work
+- Missing JSDoc comments
+
+### 5. Performance Concerns
+
+- Unnecessary DOM queries in loops
+- Not caching Virtual Node properties
+- Computing same value repeatedly instead of storing it
+
+### 6. Incomplete Results
+
+- Not returning `undefined` when a check can't determine the result
+- Missing `incomplete` message variants in check JSON
+- Not setting appropriate `this.data()` for incomplete cases
+
+### 7. Accessibility Edge Cases
+
+- Not considering all ARIA states
+- Missing edge cases for hidden elements
+- Not handling Shadow DOM properly
+
+## What Reviewers Love
+
+1. Comprehensive test coverage including edge cases
+2. Clear, detailed commit messages with motivation
+3. JSDoc comments that explain "why" not just "what"
+4. Performance-conscious code that caches appropriately
+5. Following existing patterns in similar files
+6. Integration tests that cover both pass and fail cases
+
+## Common PR Mistakes
+
+1. Not running `npm test` locally before pushing
+2. Not committing auto-generated `locales/_template.json` in the same commit as message source changes
+3. Changing multiple unrelated things in one PR — split refactoring from feature work
+4. Not updating integration tests when changing rule behavior
+5. `console.log` statements should not be committed
+6. Not handling `null` or `undefined` gracefully
+7. Hardcoding strings that should come from `standards/` data
+8. Changing public APIs without `BREAKING CHANGE` in commit footer
diff --git a/doc/examples/puppeteer/axe-puppeteer.js b/doc/examples/puppeteer/axe-puppeteer.js
index 64f657b33..08b4a6e4a 100644
--- a/doc/examples/puppeteer/axe-puppeteer.js
+++ b/doc/examples/puppeteer/axe-puppeteer.js
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');
 const axeCore = require('axe-core');
-const { parse: parseURL } = require('url');
 const assert = require('assert');
 
 // Cheap URL validation
 const isValidURL = input => {
-  const u = parseURL(input);
-  return u.protocol && u.host;
+  try {
+    const u = new URL(input);
+    return u.protocol && u.host;
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
 };
 
 (async () => {
@@ -18,7 +21,15 @@ const isValidURL = input => {
   let results;
   try {
     // Setup Puppeteer
-    browser = await puppeteer.launch();
+    browser = await puppeteer.launch({
+      headless: 'new',
+      args: [
+        '--no-sandbox',
+        '--disable-setuid-sandbox',
+        '--disable-dev-shm-usage',
+        '--disable-gpu'
+      ]
+    });
 
     // Get new page
     const page = await browser.newPage();
diff --git a/doc/examples/puppeteer/set-content.js b/doc/examples/puppeteer/set-content.js
index 60e85f8ef..97d746f06 100644
--- a/doc/examples/puppeteer/set-content.js
+++ b/doc/examples/puppeteer/set-content.js
@@ -3,7 +3,15 @@ const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');
 const axe = require('axe-core');
 
 (async () => {
-  const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
+  const browser = await puppeteer.launch({
+    headless: 'new',
+    args: [
+      '--no-sandbox',
+      '--disable-setuid-sandbox',
+      '--disable-dev-shm-usage',
+      '--disable-gpu'
+    ]
+  });
   const page = await browser.newPage();
 
   await page.setContent(`
diff --git a/doc/examples/qunit/Gruntfile.js b/doc/examples/qunit/Gruntfile.js
index bc50188c6..19c11eedf 100644
--- a/doc/examples/qunit/Gruntfile.js
+++ b/doc/examples/qunit/Gruntfile.js
@@ -8,12 +8,7 @@ module.exports = function (grunt) {
       all: ['test/**/*.html'],
       options: {
         puppeteer: {
-          ignoreDefaultArgs: true,
-          args: [
-            '--headless',
-            '--disable-web-security',
-            '--allow-file-access-from-files'
-          ]
+          args: ['--disable-web-security', '--allow-file-access-from-files']
         },
         timeout: 10000
       }
diff --git a/doc/examples/qunit/package.json b/doc/examples/qunit/package.json
index 68c36555d..4cd12bc76 100644
--- a/doc/examples/qunit/package.json
+++ b/doc/examples/qunit/package.json
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "axe-core": "^4.6.2",
-    "grunt": "^1.5.3",
-    "grunt-contrib-qunit": "^5.1.1",
-    "puppeteer": "^19.5.0",
-    "qunitjs": "^2.0.1"
+    "grunt": "^1.6.1",
+    "grunt-contrib-qunit": "^10.1.1",
+    "puppeteer": "^23.1.0",
+    "qunit": "^2.22.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/doc/examples/qunit/test/test.html b/doc/examples/qunit/test/test.html
index e7a3acbb5..49c28f9f1 100644
--- a/doc/examples/qunit/test/test.html
+++ b/doc/examples/qunit/test/test.html
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
     <!-- Load local QUnit. -->
     <link
       rel="stylesheet"
-      href="../node_modules/qunitjs/qunit/qunit.css"
+      href="../node_modules/qunit/qunit/qunit.css"
       media="screen"
     />
-    <script src="../node_modules/qunitjs/qunit/qunit.js"></script>
+    <script src="../node_modules/qunit/qunit/qunit.js"></script>
     <!-- Load local lib and tests. -->
     <script src="../node_modules/axe-core/axe.min.js"></script>
     <script src="a11y.js"></script>
diff --git a/doc/examples/rule-check-templates.md b/doc/examples/rule-check-templates.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5bfd25109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/examples/rule-check-templates.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# Rule & Check JSON Templates
+
+Quick-reference templates for creating axe-core rules and checks.
+
+## Rule JSON
+
+```json
+{
+  "id": "aria-input-field-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "selector": "[role=\"textbox\"], [role=\"combobox\"]",
+  "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
+  "metadata": {
+    "description": "Ensure every ARIA input field has an accessible name",
+    "help": "ARIA input fields must have an accessible name"
+  },
+  "all": [],
+  "any": ["aria-label", "aria-labelledby", "non-empty-title"],
+  "none": ["no-implicit-explicit-label"]
+}
+```
+
+**Key properties:**
+
+| Property    | Description                                                   |
+| ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `selector`  | CSS selector for candidate elements                           |
+| `matches`   | Optional function to further filter elements                  |
+| `all`       | All checks must pass                                          |
+| `any`       | At least one check must pass                                  |
+| `none`      | All checks must fail (for the rule to pass)                   |
+| `impact`    | `"minor"`, `"moderate"`, `"serious"`, `"critical"`            |
+| `enabled`   | Defaults to `true`; set `false` for disabled/deprecated rules |
+| `tags`      | Grouping: `wcag2a`, `wcag2aa`, `best-practice`, `cat.*`, etc. |
+| `pageLevel` | `true` if rule should only run on the top-level window        |
+
+## Check JSON
+
+```json
+{
+  "id": "aria-allowed-attr",
+  "evaluate": "aria-allowed-attr-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "validTreeRowAttrs": ["aria-posinset", "aria-setsize"]
+  },
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "critical",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ARIA attribute is not allowed: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "ARIA attributes are not allowed: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Check that there is no problem if the ARIA attribute is ignored: ${data.values}"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Message templates:**
+
+- Use `${data.property}` for dynamic values set via `this.data()`
+- Support singular/plural variants via object with `singular`/`plural` keys
+- `locales/_template.json` is auto-generated by `npm run build` — do not edit it manually, but commit the regenerated file alongside source changes
+
+## Check Evaluate Function
+
+```javascript
+export default function myCheckEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  // node: HTMLElement
+  // options: from check JSON or runtime config
+  // virtualNode: Virtual Node representation
+
+  // Early returns for edge cases
+  if (someEdgeCase) {
+    return true; // Pass
+  }
+
+  // Compute what you need
+  const relevantData = computeStuff(virtualNode);
+
+  // Set data for messages (optional)
+  // this.data() sets an arbitrary object passed to message templates
+  if (relevantData.hasIssues) {
+    this.data({
+      messageKey: 'someIssue', // Selects which message variant to use (e.g., singular/plural)
+      values: relevantData.issueList // ${data.values} in templates resolves arrays
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Return boolean or undefined
+  if (cannotDetermine) {
+    this.data({ reason: 'could not determine background color' });
+    return undefined; // Incomplete
+  }
+
+  return isValid; // true = pass, false = fail
+}
+```
+
+**Return values:**
+
+- `true` — check passed
+- `false` — check failed
+- `undefined` — incomplete (cannot determine result)
+
+**`this.data()` usage:**
+
+- Sets an arbitrary data object that gets passed to message templates via `${data.propertyName}`
+- `messageKey` — selects which message variant to use (e.g., `singular`/`plural`)
+- Any other keys are available in templates as `${data.keyName}` — arrays are automatically joined
diff --git a/doc/examples/test-patterns.md b/doc/examples/test-patterns.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e373ee0ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/examples/test-patterns.md
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# Test Pattern Examples
+
+Quick-reference examples for axe-core test conventions.
+
+## Unit Test — Commons Function
+
+```javascript
+describe('text.sanitize', function () {
+  it('should collapse whitespace and trim', function () {
+    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('\thi\t'), 'hi');
+    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('\t\nhi \t'), 'hi');
+    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('hello\u00A0there'), 'hello there');
+  });
+
+  it('should accept null', function () {
+    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize(null), '');
+  });
+});
+```
+
+## Unit Test — Check Evaluate
+
+```javascript
+describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+
+  afterEach(function () {
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('should return true if all ARIA attributes are allowed', function () {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="textbox" aria-placeholder="foo" id="target"></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, {}, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+});
+```
+
+## Shadow DOM Test
+
+```javascript
+it('should work with Shadow DOM', function () {
+  const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
+    '<div id="host"></div>',
+    '<div role="button" id="target">Test</div>'
+  );
+  // Test your function against the shadow DOM content
+});
+```
+
+## Integration Test — Rule
+
+Each rule change requires an HTML + JSON pair in `test/integration/rules/<rule-name>/` (mocha-hosted) or `test/integration/full/<rule-name>/` (full HTML page). Virtual-rules tests in `test/virtual-rules/` should also be updated or created for appropriate rules. See sections below for details.
+
+### HTML file (`aria-allowed-attr.html`)
+
+```html
+<div role="textbox" aria-placeholder="foo" id="pass1">Valid</div>
+<div role="button" aria-placeholder="invalid" id="fail1">Invalid</div>
+```
+
+### JSON file (`aria-allowed-attr.json`)
+
+```json
+{
+  "description": "aria-allowed-attr test",
+  "rule": "aria-allowed-attr",
+  "violations": [["#fail1"]],
+  "passes": [["#pass1"]]
+}
+```
+
+IDs use axe selector array format. For elements inside iframes:
+
+```json
+{
+  "violations": [["iframe", "#fail-inside-iframe"]]
+}
+```
+
+### Full-page integration tests
+
+For rules that need a complete HTML page (e.g., landmark rules, page-level rules), use `test/integration/full/` instead. These tests run against a full HTML document rather than injected fragments.
+
+### Virtual rules tests
+
+Rules that can run without a DOM (using only virtual nodes) should have tests in `test/virtual-rules/`. These tests verify that rules work correctly with `axe.run()` on serialized node data.
diff --git a/doc/external-apis.md b/doc/external-apis.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fd792f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/external-apis.md
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# External APIs
+
+Axe externalAPIs can be used to pass information to axe-core that it would be otherwise unable to obtain on its own (such as when it is running in an isolated JavaScript context of an extension). By default axe-core will try to gather the information if the external API for it is not set. If the external API is set axe-core will only rely on the passed in data and will not gather it itself.
+
+```js
+axe.externalAPIs({
+  // Pass ElementInternal data to axe-core
+  elementInternals() {
+    return Promise.resolve(internalData);
+  }
+});
+```
+
+## axe.externalAPIs({ elementInternals })
+
+`elementInternals` is a function that can be used to pass ElementInternal data for the elements on the page. It should return a Promise with the ElementInternal data array. The data inside the ElementInternal array must have the following properties:
+
+```js
+axe.externalAPIs({
+  elementInternals() {
+    return Promise.resolve([
+      {
+        // The CSS ancestry selector, which is either a string or an array of strings if the element is inside a ShadowDom tree. Generated using `axe.utils.getAncestry(node)`
+        ancestry: 'html > body > main > my-custom-button',
+
+        // Object of each ElementInternals property name and value. The properties must be serialized so some serialization work is needed for element reference properties (idref(s))
+        internals: {
+          // A simple String value
+          role: 'button',
+
+          // An idref value. The type will always be "HTMLElement" and the value is a CSS ancestry selector
+          ariaActiveDescendantElement: {
+            type: 'HTMLElement',
+            value: 'html > body > main > my-custom-button > div:nth-child(1)'
+          },
+
+          // An idrefs value. The type will always be "NodeList" and the value is an array of CSS ancestry selectors for each node
+          ariaLabelledbyElements: {
+            type: 'NodeList',
+            value: ['html > body > div:nth-child(4)']
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    ]);
+  }
+});
+```
+
+Axe-core provides a package script `gather-internals.js` that can be used to inject into the main context when working in an extension. The returned object from the script can be used directly as the returned value of the Promise for `elementInternals`.
+
+```js
+const internals = await chrome.scripting.executeScript({
+  target: {
+    tabId: tab.id
+  },
+  files: ['/node_modules/axe-core/gather-internals.js'],
+  world: 'MAIN'
+});
+```
+
+See [element-internals.md](element-internals.md) for more information on what ElementInternal properties are supported.
+
+> [!Note]
+> Support for ElementInternals is behind a feature flag `axe._enableElementInternals`, which must manually be set to `true` before axe runs, even when passing in `elementInternals` data.
+
+## axe.externalAPIs({ elementInternalsTimeout })
+
+Since gathering ElementInternals data is an async operation, you can configure how long axe-core will wait for `elementInternals` promise to resolve. By default the timeout is set to 1 second. If the timeout occurs axe-core will not run and will throw an error.
diff --git a/doc/frame-messenger.md b/doc/frame-messenger.md
index 53dd3a9b2..0c60b9187 100644
--- a/doc/frame-messenger.md
+++ b/doc/frame-messenger.md
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ axe.frameMessenger({
 
 ## axe.frameMessenger({ open })
 
-`open` is a function that should setup the communication channel with iframes. It is passed a `topicHandler` function, which must be called when a message is received from another frame.
+`open` is a function that should set up the communication channel with iframes. It is passed a `topicHandler` function, which must be called when a message is received from another frame.
 
 The `topicHandler` function takes two arguments: the `data` object and a callback function that is called when the subscribed listener completes. The `data` object is exclusively passed data that can be serialized with `JSON.stringify()`, which depending on the system may need to be used.
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ The `open` function can `return` an optional `close` function. Axe-core will onl
 
 Currently, axe-core will only require `replyHandler` to be called once, so promises can also be used here. This may change in the future, so it is preferable to make it possible for `replyHandler` to be called multiple times. Some axe-core [plugins](plugins.md) may rely on this feature.
 
-A second frameMessenger feature available to plugins, but not used in axe-core by default is to reply to a reply. This works by passing `replyHandler` a `responder` callback as a second argument. This requires a different setup, in which callbacks are stored based on their `channelId` property.
+A second frameMessenger feature available to plugins, but not used in axe-core by default is to reply to a reply. This works by passing `replyHandler` a `responder` callback as a second argument. This requires a different setup in which callbacks are stored based on their `channelId` property.
 
 ```js
 // store handlers based on channelId
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ function createResponder(frameWin, channelId) {
 
 ## Error handling & Timeouts
 
-If for some reason the frameMessenger fails to open, post, or close you should not throw an error. Axe-core will handle missing results by reporting on them in the `frame-tested` rule. It should not be possible for the `topicHandler` and `replyHandler` callbacks to throw an error. If this happens, please file an issue.
+If for some reason the frameMessenger fails to open, post, or close you should not throw an error. Axe-core will handle missing results by reporting them in the `frame-tested` rule. It should not be possible for the `topicHandler` and `replyHandler` callbacks to throw an error. If this happens, please file an issue.
 
-Axe-core has a timeout mechanism built in, which pings frames to see if they respond before instructing them to run. There is no retry behavior in axe-core, which assumes that whatever channel is used is stable. If this isn't the case, this will need to be built into frameMessenger.
+Axe-core has a built-in timeout mechanism, which pings frames to see if they respond before instructing them to run. There is no retry behavior in axe-core, which assumes that whatever channel is used is stable. If this isn't the case, this will need to be built into frameMessenger.
 
 The `message` passed to responder may be an `Error`. If axe-core passes an `Error`, this should be propagated "as is". If this is not possible because the message needs to be serialized, a new `Error` object must be constructed as part of deserialization.
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ When axe-core tests frames, it first sends a ping to that frame, to check that t
 In situations where communication between frames can be slow, it may be necessary to increase the ping timeout. This can be done with the `pingWaitTime` option. By default, this is 500ms. This can be configured in the following way:
 
 ```js
-const results = await axe.run(context, { pingWaitTime: 1000 }));
+const results = await axe.run(context, { pingWaitTime: 1000 });
 ```
 
-It is possible to skip this ping altogether by setting `pingWaitTime` to `0`. This can slightly speed up performance, but should only be used when long wait times for unresponsive frames can be avoided. Axe-core handles timeout errors the same way it handles any other frame communication errors. Therefore if a custom frame messenger has a timeout, it can inform axe by calling `replyHandler` with an `Error` object.
+It is possible to skip this ping altogether by setting `pingWaitTime` to `0`. This can slightly speed up performance, but should only be used when long wait times for unresponsive frames are avoided. Axe-core handles timeout errors the same way it handles any other frame communication errors. Therefore if a custom frame messenger has a timeout, it can inform axe by calling `replyHandler` with an `Error` object.
diff --git a/doc/issue_impact.md b/doc/issue_impact.md
index 0c39813f0..914042026 100644
--- a/doc/issue_impact.md
+++ b/doc/issue_impact.md
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 # Issue Impacts
 
-Axe-core assigns an impact according to our assessment of the likely impact of an issue on a user with a disability that would be affected by this issue. In any given context the actual impact for the user could be lower; in some instances, it could be higher. For this reason, we encourage users of tools to evaluate each individual issue and assess the impact in the context of their application or content.
+Axe-core assigns an impact according to our assessment of the likely impact of an issue on users with disabilities who would be affected by this issue. In any given context, the actual impact for the user could be lower; in some instances, it could be higher. For this reason, we encourage users of tools to evaluate each individual issue and assess the impact in the context of their application or content.
 
-For a list of each rule and their associated impacts, see [rule-descriptions.md](./rule-descriptions.md)
+For a list of all rules and their associated impacts, see [rule-descriptions.md](./rule-descriptions.md)
 
 ## Definitions
 
 ### Minor
 
-Considered to be a nuisance or an annoyance bug. Prioritize fixing if the fix only takes a few minutes and the developer is working on the same screen/feature at the same time, otherwise the issue should not be prioritized. Will still get in the way of compliance if not fixed.
+Considered to be a nuisance or an annoyance bug. Prioritize fixing it if the fix only takes a few minutes and the developer is working on the same screen/feature at the same time, otherwise the issue should not be prioritized. Will still get in the way of compliance if not fixed.
 
 ### Moderate
 
diff --git a/doc/plugins.md b/doc/plugins.md
index a440d2d3f..8aecb4e66 100644
--- a/doc/plugins.md
+++ b/doc/plugins.md
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ The plugin system was initially designed to support functionality like highlight
 
 Plugins can be viewed as a registry of tools. The plugins themselves are registered with axe and then allow themselves for the registration of plugin instances.
 
-Lets walk through a plugin implementation as an example to illustrate how plugins and plugin instances work.
+Let's walk through a plugin implementation as an example to illustrate how plugins and plugin instances work.
 
 ### A simple "act" plugin
 
 The act plugin will simply perform an action of some sort inside every iframe on the page. An example of how such a plugin might be used is to implement an instance of this plugin that performs highlighting of all of the elements of a particular type on the page.
 
-Plugins currently support two functions, a "run" function and a "collect" function. Together these functions can be combined to implement complex behaviors on top of the axe system.
+Plugins currently support two functions: a "run" function and a "collect" function. Together these functions can be combined to implement complex behaviors on top of the axe system.
 
-In order to create such a plugin, we need to implement the "run" function for the plugin, and the command that registers and executes the "run" function within each iframe on the page that contains axe. Lets look at what a noop implementation of this run function would look like:
+To create such a plugin, we need to implement the `run` function and the command that registers and executes the `run` function within each iframe on the page containing axe. Let's look at what a noop implementation of this run function would look like:
 
 #### Basic plugin
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Once all the iframes' run functions have been executed, the callback is called.
 
 #### Basic plugin instance
 
-Lets implement a basic plugin instance to see how this works. This instance will implement a "highlight" function (to place a basic frame around the bounding box of an element on each iframe on a page)
+Let's implement a basic plugin instance to see how this works. This instance will implement a "highlight" function (to place a basic frame around the bounding box of an element on each iframe on a page)
 
 ```js
 var highlight = {
diff --git a/doc/projects.md b/doc/projects.md
index 5dcd80066..8b97957a9 100644
--- a/doc/projects.md
+++ b/doc/projects.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# Projects that use axe-core
+# Projects that use axe-core®
 
 Add your project/integration to this file and submit a pull request.
 
 ## Deque Projects
 
-1. [Axe DevTools](https://www.deque.com/axe/devtools/)
+1. [Axe® DevTools](https://www.deque.com/axe/devtools/)
 1. [Axe Auditor](https://www.deque.com/axe/auditor/)
 1. [Axe Monitor](https://www.deque.com/axe/monitor/)
 1. [Axe Chrome Extension](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/axe/lhdoppojpmngadmnindnejefpokejbdd)
@@ -59,3 +59,8 @@ Add your project/integration to this file and submit a pull request.
 1. [mitm-play](https://github.com/mitmplay/mitm-play)
 1. [Sitebulb](https://sitebulb.com/hints/accessibility/)
 1. [Webatool](https://github.com/balajihambeere/webatool)
+1. [A11y Audit Elixir](https://github.com/angelikatyborska/a11y-audit-elixir)
+1. [Accented](https://accented.dev)
+1. [Happo](https://happo.io)
+
+Axe® and axe-core® are registered trademarks of Deque Systems Inc.
diff --git a/doc/pull-request-checklist.md b/doc/pull-request-checklist.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c36a6e05d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/pull-request-checklist.md
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# axe-core — PR Checklist
+
+Complete all applicable items before opening a PR. For items that do not apply to this PR (for example, tests for a `chore`-only change), mark them as "N/A" and follow `doc/code-submission-guidelines.md`. Reviewers will not merge until all required boxes are checked.
+
+## Code
+
+- [ ] Default export is at the top of the file, immediately after imports
+- [ ] Return early pattern used — no nested conditionals where an early return works
+- [ ] DocBlock comments where appropriate (especially for public/exported APIs), per `doc/code-submission-guidelines.md`
+- [ ] No `console.log` statements committed
+- [ ] No hardcoded ARIA/HTML lists — queried from `standards/` via `commons/standards`
+- [ ] Imports follow directory restrictions — especially no `commons` from `core/utils`
+
+## Tests
+
+- [ ] Unit tests cover all code paths (`null`/`undefined` input handling only needed for public API functions)
+- [ ] Integration test HTML + JSON pair added/updated for any rule changes — use `integration/rules` for mocha-hosted tests or `integration/full` when the rule requires a full HTML page
+- [ ] Virtual-rules tests updated or created for appropriate rules
+- [ ] Shadow DOM test case added where relevant
+- [ ] Code built with `npm run build` before testing
+- [ ] All applicable tests pass locally: `npm test` (unit), `test:integration`, `test:virtual-rules`, `test:act`, `test:apg`, `test:examples`, `test:node`, `test:jsdom`
+
+## Formatting & Build
+
+- [ ] `npm run fmt` passes (Prettier)
+- [ ] `npm run eslint` passes
+- [ ] `npm run build` run — generated artifacts that are tracked in git (for example `locales/_template.json`) are committed in the same commit as source changes
+
+## Commits
+
+- [ ] All commits follow Angular format: `<type>(<scope>): <subject>`
+- [ ] Subject is imperative, lowercase, no trailing period, ≤100 chars total
+- [ ] Commit body explains motivation (not just what changed)
+- [ ] Footer includes issue reference: `Closes issue: #123` or full URL
+- [ ] Breaking changes avoided — prefer supporting both old and new formats simultaneously. If unavoidable, document in footer: `BREAKING CHANGE: description`
+
+## Docs
+
+- [ ] `doc/rule-descriptions.md` is auto-generated by `npm run build` — verify it regenerates correctly for new rules
+- [ ] `doc/API.md` and `axe.d.ts` updated for API changes
+- [ ] `locales/_template.json` updated if messages changed
+- [ ] `CHANGELOG.md` updated with migration guide for breaking changes
diff --git a/doc/release-and-support.md b/doc/release-and-support.md
index 1a076540e..4e7a2ab3a 100644
--- a/doc/release-and-support.md
+++ b/doc/release-and-support.md
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 ## Release Cadence
 
-Axe-core is used in many [projects and environments](./projects.md). Not all of these are able to upgrade at a rapid pace. Because of this, updates in axe-core are limited in the following ways. For details on what types of changes can come in these releases see [backward compatibility](./backwards-compatibility-doc.md).
+Axe-core is used in many [projects and environments](./projects.md). Not all of these are able to upgrade at a rapid pace. Because of this, updates to axe-core are limited in the following ways. For details on what types of changes can come in these releases, see [backward compatibility](./backwards-compatibility-doc.md).
 
 - **Major releases**: Major axe-core releases likely include breaking changes, and provide opportunities for Deque to remove previously deprecated features. As an absolute minimum, there will be a 12 month period between major releases of axe-core, except if this is necessary for security.
 
-- **Minor Releases**; Axe-core strives to publish three to five minor releases every year. There will be at least 3 weeks between each minor release, except if this is necessary for security.
+- **Minor Releases**: Axe-core strives to publish three to five minor releases every year. There will be at least 3 weeks between each minor release, except if this is necessary for security.
 
 - **Patch Releases**: There are no restrictions on the number of patches released for axe-core.
 
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ For all major and minor releases a milestone will be created at least three week
 
 Once a new major or minor version is released, the prior versions will no longer be updated, except if this is necessary for security. Security updates will be provided for major and minor versions **up to 18 months** old. For example, if version 4.0.0 was released 17 months ago, and a security issue is discovered a new patch will be released on the 4.0 line. However if 3.5.0 was released 20 months ago, even if 3.5.2 was released 17 months ago, a security patch for the 3.5 line may **not** be provided.
 
-The axe-core team considered security its very highest priority. While security vulnerabilities in axe-core are rare, they do happen. When they do, resolving the issue becomes are highest priority. Any commitments made prior to the discovery may be dropped.
+The axe-core team considers security its very highest priority. While security vulnerabilities in axe-core are rare, they do happen. When they do, resolving the issue becomes our highest priority. Any commitments made prior to the discovery may be dropped.
 
 ## Recommended Use of Versions
 
-In order to ensure the best quality from axe-core, we encourage everyone to regularly upgrade their version of axe-core, to try to stay as close to the latest release as possible. Depending on how axe-core is used, upgrading to a new minor or major version may result in new issues getting reported. To handle this, we recommend that you plan time to upgrade your version of axe-core at least twice a year.
+In order to ensure the best quality from axe-core, we encourage everyone to regularly upgrade their version of axe-core, to try to stay as close to the latest release as possible. Depending on how axe-core is used, upgrading to a new minor or major version may result in new issues getting reported. To handle this, we recommend that you set aside time to upgrade your version of axe-core at least twice a year.
 
-Additionally, we recommend that you always use the latest patch version of whatever minor version you are on. For example if you are using axe-core 3.5.5, and 3.5.6 is released it is best to upgrade immediately. Patch releases of axe-core should not find new issues, although they occasionally resolve issues in the case of false positives.
+Additionally, we recommend that you always use the latest patch version of whichever minor version you are on. For example if you are using axe-core 3.5.5, and 3.5.6 is released it is best to upgrade immediately. Patch releases of axe-core should not find new issues, although they occasionally resolve issues in the case of false positives.
 
-Ensuring you always use the latest available patch version of axe-core on any minor line guarantees you always the most secure version of axe-core. This minor line must have been released within the last 18 months. See [security updates](#security-updates).
+Ensuring that you always use the latest available patch version of axe-core on any minor line guarantees that you are using the most secure version. This minor line must have been released within the last 18 months. See [security updates](#security-updates).
diff --git a/doc/rule-descriptions.md b/doc/rule-descriptions.md
index 75787363d..0714b46f1 100644
--- a/doc/rule-descriptions.md
+++ b/doc/rule-descriptions.md
@@ -14,148 +14,150 @@
 
 ## WCAG 2.0 Level A & AA Rules
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                                                          | Description                                                                                                                                           | Impact   | Tags                                                                                                                               | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
-| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| [area-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/area-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures &lt;area&gt; elements of image maps have alternate text                                                                                       | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag244, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.4, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [c487ae](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/c487ae)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-allowed-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-allowed-attr?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures an element&apos;s role supports its ARIA attributes                                                                                           | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-braille-equivalent](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-braille-equivalent?application=RuleDescription)         | Ensure aria-braillelabel and aria-brailleroledescription have a non-braille equivalent                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [aria-command-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-command-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name                                                                                   | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                                                                | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-conditional-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-conditional-attr?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures ARIA attributes are used as described in the specification of the element&apos;s role                                                         | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure                    | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-deprecated-role](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-deprecated-role?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures elements do not use deprecated roles                                                                                                          | Minor    | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure                    | [674b10](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/674b10)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-hidden-body](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-hidden-body?application=RuleDescription)                       | Ensures aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; is not present on the document body.                                                                             | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, EN-9.4.1.2                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [aria-hidden-focus](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-hidden-focus?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements                                                                         | Serious  | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [6cfa84](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/6cfa84)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-input-field-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-input-field-name?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures every ARIA input field has an accessible name                                                                                                 | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                                                                | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-meter-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-meter-name?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures every ARIA meter node has an accessible name                                                                                                  | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag111, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [aria-progressbar-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-progressbar-name?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name                                                                                            | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag111, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [aria-prohibited-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-prohibited-attr?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures ARIA attributes are not prohibited for an element&apos;s role                                                                                 | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-required-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-required-attr?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes                                                                                    | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure                    | [4e8ab6](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/4e8ab6)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-required-children](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-required-children?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them                                                                              | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [bc4a75](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bc4a75), [ff89c9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ff89c9)                                                                                                                                                             |
-| [aria-required-parent](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-required-parent?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them                                                                    | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                                  | failure                    | [ff89c9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ff89c9)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-roles](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-roles?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures all elements with a role attribute use a valid value                                                                                          | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure                    | [674b10](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/674b10)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-toggle-field-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-toggle-field-name?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensures every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name                                                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                                                                | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-tooltip-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-tooltip-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name                                                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [aria-valid-attr-value](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-valid-attr-value?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures all ARIA attributes have valid values                                                                                                         | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [6a7281](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/6a7281)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [aria-valid-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-valid-attr?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes                                                                                    | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure                    | [5f99a7](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5f99a7)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [blink](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/blink?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures &lt;blink&gt; elements are not used                                                                                                           | Serious  | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag222, section508, section508.22.j, TTv5, TT2.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.2.2                              | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [button-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/button-name?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures buttons have discernible text                                                                                                                 | Critical | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1), [m6b1q3](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/m6b1q3)                                                                                                                                                             |
-| [bypass](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/bypass?application=RuleDescription)                                           | Ensures each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content                                         | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag241, section508, section508.22.o, TTv5, TT9.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.1                                    | needs&nbsp;review          | [cf77f2](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/cf77f2), [047fe0](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/047fe0), [b40fd1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b40fd1), [3e12e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3e12e1), [ye5d6e](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ye5d6e) |
-| [color-contrast](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/color-contrast?application=RuleDescription)                           | Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds                                       | Serious  | cat.color, wcag2aa, wcag143, TTv5, TT13.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.3, ACT                                                             | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [afw4f7](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/afw4f7), [09o5cg](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/09o5cg)                                                                                                                                                             |
-| [definition-list](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/definition-list?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures &lt;dl&gt; elements are structured correctly                                                                                                  | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [dlitem](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/dlitem?application=RuleDescription)                                           | Ensures &lt;dt&gt; and &lt;dd&gt; elements are contained by a &lt;dl&gt;                                                                              | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [document-title](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/document-title?application=RuleDescription)                           | Ensures each HTML document contains a non-empty &lt;title&gt; element                                                                                 | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag242, TTv5, TT12.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.2, ACT                                                  | failure                    | [2779a5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2779a5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [duplicate-id-aria](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/duplicate-id-aria?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique                                                                                 | Critical | cat.parsing, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                               | needs&nbsp;review          | [3ea0c8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3ea0c8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [form-field-multiple-labels](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/form-field-multiple-labels?application=RuleDescription)   | Ensures form field does not have multiple label elements                                                                                              | Moderate | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag332, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.3.2                                                                    | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [frame-focusable-content](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/frame-focusable-content?application=RuleDescription)         | Ensures &lt;frame&gt; and &lt;iframe&gt; elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1                                                      | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag211, TTv5, TT4.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.1.1                                                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [akn7bn](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/akn7bn)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [frame-title-unique](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/frame-title-unique?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements contain a unique title attribute                                                                    | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT12.d, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                       | needs&nbsp;review          | [4b1c6c](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/4b1c6c)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [frame-title](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/frame-title?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements have an accessible name                                                                             | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.i, TTv5, TT12.d, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [cae760](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/cae760)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [html-has-lang](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/html-has-lang?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensures every HTML document has a lang attribute                                                                                                      | Serious  | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, TTv5, TT11.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.1, ACT                                                           | failure                    | [b5c3f8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b5c3f8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [html-lang-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/html-lang-valid?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures the lang attribute of the &lt;html&gt; element has a valid value                                                                              | Serious  | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, TTv5, TT11.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.1, ACT                                                           | failure                    | [bf051a](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bf051a)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [html-xml-lang-mismatch](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/html-xml-lang-mismatch?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensure that HTML elements with both valid lang and xml:lang attributes agree on the base language of the page                                         | Moderate | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.1, ACT                                                                         | failure                    | [5b7ae0](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5b7ae0)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [image-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/image-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures &lt;img&gt; elements have alternate text or a role of none or presentation                                                                    | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, TT7.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, ACT               | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [23a2a8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/23a2a8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [input-button-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/input-button-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures input buttons have discernible text                                                                                                           | Critical | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [input-image-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/input-image-alt?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures &lt;input type=&quot;image&quot;&gt; elements have alternate text                                                                             | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [59796f](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/59796f)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [label](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/label?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures every form element has a label                                                                                                                | Critical | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.n, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [link-in-text-block](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/link-in-text-block?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure links are distinguished from surrounding text in a way that does not rely on color                                                             | Serious  | cat.color, wcag2a, wcag141, TTv5, TT13.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.1                                                                   | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [link-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/link-name?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures links have discernible text                                                                                                                   | Serious  | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag244, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.4, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT   | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [c487ae](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/c487ae)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [list](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/list?application=RuleDescription)                                               | Ensures that lists are structured correctly                                                                                                           | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [listitem](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/listitem?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures &lt;li&gt; elements are used semantically                                                                                                     | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [marquee](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/marquee?application=RuleDescription)                                         | Ensures &lt;marquee&gt; elements are not used                                                                                                         | Serious  | cat.parsing, wcag2a, wcag222, TTv5, TT2.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.2.2                                                                  | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [meta-refresh](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/meta-refresh?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensures &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;refresh&quot;&gt; is not used for delayed refresh                                                                   | Critical | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag221, TTv5, TT8.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.2.1                                                           | failure                    | [bc659a](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bc659a), [bisz58](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bisz58)                                                                                                                                                             |
-| [meta-viewport](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/meta-viewport?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensures &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot;&gt; does not disable text scaling and zooming                                                              | Critical | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, wcag2aa, wcag144, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.4, ACT                                                         | failure                    | [b4f0c3](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b4f0c3)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [nested-interactive](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/nested-interactive?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [307n5z](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/307n5z)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [no-autoplay-audio](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/no-autoplay-audio?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures &lt;video&gt; or &lt;audio&gt; elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio   | Moderate | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag142, TTv5, TT2.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.2, ACT                                                      | needs&nbsp;review          | [80f0bf](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/80f0bf)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [object-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/object-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures &lt;object&gt; elements have alternate text                                                                                                   | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1                                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [8fc3b6](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/8fc3b6)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [role-img-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/role-img-alt?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensures [role=&quot;img&quot;] elements have alternate text                                                                                           | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, ACT                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [23a2a8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/23a2a8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [scrollable-region-focusable](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/scrollable-region-focusable?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard                                                                               | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag211, wcag213, TTv5, TT4.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.1.1, EN-9.2.1.3                                            | failure                    | [0ssw9k](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/0ssw9k)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [select-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/select-name?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures select element has an accessible name                                                                                                         | Critical | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.n, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [server-side-image-map](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/server-side-image-map?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures that server-side image maps are not used                                                                                                      | Minor    | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag211, section508, section508.22.f, TTv5, TT4.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.1.1                           | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| [svg-img-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/svg-img-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures &lt;svg&gt; elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text                                           | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, ACT                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [7d6734](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/7d6734)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [td-headers-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/td-headers-attr?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other cells in that table                                             | Serious  | cat.tables, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, TTv5, TT14.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                     | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [a25f45](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/a25f45)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [th-has-data-cells](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/th-has-data-cells?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure that &lt;th&gt; elements and elements with role=columnheader/rowheader have data cells they describe                                           | Serious  | cat.tables, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, TTv5, TT14.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                     | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [d0f69e](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/d0f69e)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [valid-lang](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/valid-lang?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures lang attributes have valid values                                                                                                             | Serious  | cat.language, wcag2aa, wcag312, TTv5, TT11.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.2, ACT                                                          | failure                    | [de46e4](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/de46e4)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| [video-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/video-caption?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensures &lt;video&gt; elements have captions                                                                                                          | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag122, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT17.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.2.2                          | needs&nbsp;review          | [eac66b](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/eac66b)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| Rule ID                                                                                                                           | Description                                                                                                                                          | Impact   | Tags                                                                                                                                                   | Issue Type                 | [ACT Rules](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/act/rules/)                                                                                                                                                                                                |
+| :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [area-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/area-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensure &lt;area&gt; elements of image maps have alternative text                                                                                     | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag244, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.4, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-1.1.2 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [c487ae](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/c487ae)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-allowed-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-allowed-attr?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure an element&apos;s role supports its ARIA attributes                                                                                           | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-braille-equivalent](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-braille-equivalent?application=RuleDescription)         | Ensure aria-braillelabel and aria-brailleroledescription have a non-braille equivalent                                                               | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                                      | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-command-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-command-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name                                                                                   | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-11.9.1                                                               | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-conditional-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-conditional-attr?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensure ARIA attributes are used as described in the specification of the element&apos;s role                                                         | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                                  | failure                    | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-deprecated-role](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-deprecated-role?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensure elements do not use deprecated roles                                                                                                          | Minor    | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                                  | failure                    | [674b10](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/674b10)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-hidden-body](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-hidden-body?application=RuleDescription)                       | Ensure aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; is not present on the document body.                                                                             | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-10.8.1                                                            | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-hidden-focus](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-hidden-focus?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements                                                                         | Serious  | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-10.8.1                                                         | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [6cfa84](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/6cfa84)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-input-field-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-input-field-name?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensure every ARIA input field has an accessible name                                                                                                 | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-11.1.1                                                               | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-meter-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-meter-name?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensure every ARIA meter node has an accessible name                                                                                                  | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag111, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-11.1.1                                                                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-progressbar-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-progressbar-name?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensure every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name                                                                                            | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag111, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-11.1.1                                                                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-prohibited-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-prohibited-attr?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensure ARIA attributes are not prohibited for an element&apos;s role                                                                                 | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-required-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-required-attr?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes                                                                                    | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                                  | failure                    | [4e8ab6](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/4e8ab6)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-required-children](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-required-children?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensure elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them                                                                              | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-9.3.1                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [bc4a75](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bc4a75), [ff89c9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ff89c9)                                                                                                                                                             |
+| [aria-required-parent](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-required-parent?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensure elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them                                                                    | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-9.3.1                                                                                  | failure                    | [ff89c9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ff89c9)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-roles](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-roles?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensure all elements with a role attribute use a valid value                                                                                          | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                                  | failure                    | [674b10](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/674b10)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-tab-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-tab-name?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensure every ARIA tab node has an accessible name                                                                                                    | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-toggle-field-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-toggle-field-name?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensure every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name                                                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-tooltip-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-tooltip-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name                                                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-valid-attr-value](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-valid-attr-value?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensure all ARIA attributes have valid values                                                                                                         | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [6a7281](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/6a7281)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-valid-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-valid-attr?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensure attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes                                                                                    | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                                  | failure                    | [5f99a7](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5f99a7)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [blink](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/blink?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensure &lt;blink&gt; elements are not used                                                                                                           | Serious  | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag222, section508, section508.22.j, TTv5, TT2.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.2.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-13.8.1                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [button-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/button-name?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensure buttons have discernible text                                                                                                                 | Critical | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-11.9.1                       | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1), [m6b1q3](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/m6b1q3)                                                                                                                                                             |
+| [bypass](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/bypass?application=RuleDescription)                                           | Ensure each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content                                         | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag241, section508, section508.22.o, TTv5, TT9.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-12.7.1                                   | needs&nbsp;review          | [cf77f2](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/cf77f2), [047fe0](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/047fe0), [b40fd1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b40fd1), [3e12e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3e12e1), [ye5d6e](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ye5d6e) |
+| [color-contrast](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/color-contrast?application=RuleDescription)                           | Ensure the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds                                       | Serious  | cat.color, wcag2aa, wcag143, TTv5, TT13.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.3, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-3.2.1                                                             | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [afw4f7](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/afw4f7), [09o5cg](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/09o5cg)                                                                                                                                                             |
+| [definition-list](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/definition-list?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensure &lt;dl&gt; elements are structured correctly                                                                                                  | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-9.3.3                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [dlitem](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/dlitem?application=RuleDescription)                                           | Ensure &lt;dt&gt; and &lt;dd&gt; elements are contained by a &lt;dl&gt;                                                                              | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-9.3.3                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [document-title](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/document-title?application=RuleDescription)                           | Ensure each HTML document contains a non-empty &lt;title&gt; element                                                                                 | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag242, TTv5, TT12.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-8.5.1                                                  | failure                    | [2779a5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2779a5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [duplicate-id-aria](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/duplicate-id-aria?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique                                                                                 | Critical | cat.parsing, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-8.2.1                                                                               | needs&nbsp;review          | [3ea0c8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3ea0c8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [form-field-multiple-labels](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/form-field-multiple-labels?application=RuleDescription)   | Ensure form field does not have multiple label elements                                                                                              | Moderate | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag332, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.3.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-11.2.1                                                                   | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [frame-focusable-content](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/frame-focusable-content?application=RuleDescription)         | Ensure &lt;frame&gt; and &lt;iframe&gt; elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1                                                      | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag211, TTv5, TT4.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.1.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.3.2                                                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [akn7bn](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/akn7bn)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [frame-title-unique](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/frame-title-unique?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements contain a unique title attribute                                                                    | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT12.d, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-2.2.1                                                       | needs&nbsp;review          | [4b1c6c](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/4b1c6c)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [frame-title](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/frame-title?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensure &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements have an accessible name                                                                             | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.i, TTv5, TT12.d, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-2.1.1                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [cae760](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/cae760)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [html-has-lang](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/html-has-lang?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensure every HTML document has a lang attribute                                                                                                      | Serious  | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, TTv5, TT11.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.1, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-8.3.1                                                           | failure                    | [b5c3f8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b5c3f8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [html-lang-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/html-lang-valid?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensure the lang attribute of the &lt;html&gt; element has a valid value                                                                              | Serious  | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, TTv5, TT11.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.1, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-8.4.1                                                           | failure                    | [bf051a](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bf051a)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [html-xml-lang-mismatch](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/html-xml-lang-mismatch?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensure that HTML elements with both valid lang and xml:lang attributes agree on the base language of the page                                        | Moderate | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.1, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-8.3.1                                                                         | failure                    | [5b7ae0](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5b7ae0)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [image-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/image-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensure &lt;img&gt; elements have alternative text or a role of none or presentation                                                                  | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, TT7.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-1.1.1               | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [23a2a8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/23a2a8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [input-button-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/input-button-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure input buttons have discernible text                                                                                                           | Critical | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-11.9.1                       | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [input-image-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/input-image-alt?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensure &lt;input type=&quot;image&quot;&gt; elements have alternative text                                                                           | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-1.1.3 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [59796f](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/59796f)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [label](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/label?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensure every form element has a label                                                                                                                | Critical | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.n, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-11.1.1                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [link-in-text-block](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/link-in-text-block?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure links are distinguished from surrounding text in a way that does not rely on color                                                            | Serious  | cat.color, wcag2a, wcag141, TTv5, TT13.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-10.6.1                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [link-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/link-name?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensure links have discernible text                                                                                                                   | Serious  | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag244, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.4, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-6.2.1   | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [c487ae](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/c487ae)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [list](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/list?application=RuleDescription)                                               | Ensure that lists are structured correctly                                                                                                           | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-9.3.1                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [listitem](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/listitem?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensure &lt;li&gt; elements are used semantically                                                                                                     | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-9.3.1                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [marquee](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/marquee?application=RuleDescription)                                         | Ensure &lt;marquee&gt; elements are not used                                                                                                         | Serious  | cat.parsing, wcag2a, wcag222, TTv5, TT2.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.2.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-13.8.1                                                                 | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [meta-refresh](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/meta-refresh?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;refresh&quot;&gt; is not used for delayed refresh                                                                   | Critical | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag221, TTv5, TT8.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.2.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-13.1.2                                                          | failure                    | [bc659a](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bc659a), [bisz58](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bisz58)                                                                                                                                                             |
+| [meta-viewport](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/meta-viewport?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensure &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot;&gt; does not disable text scaling and zooming                                                              | Moderate | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, wcag2aa, wcag144, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.4, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-10.4.2                                                        | failure                    | [b4f0c3](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b4f0c3)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [nested-interactive](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/nested-interactive?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.1.1                                                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [307n5z](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/307n5z)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [no-autoplay-audio](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/no-autoplay-audio?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure &lt;video&gt; or &lt;audio&gt; elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio   | Moderate | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag142, TTv5, TT2.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-4.10.1                                                     | needs&nbsp;review          | [80f0bf](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/80f0bf)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [object-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/object-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensure &lt;object&gt; elements have alternative text                                                                                                 | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-1.1.6                                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [8fc3b6](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/8fc3b6)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [role-img-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/role-img-alt?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure [role=&quot;img&quot;] elements have alternative text                                                                                         | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-1.1.1                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [23a2a8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/23a2a8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [scrollable-region-focusable](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/scrollable-region-focusable?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard in Safari                                                                    | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag211, wcag213, TTv5, TT4.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.1.1, EN-9.2.1.3, RGAAv4, RGAA-7.3.2                                            | failure                    | [0ssw9k](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/0ssw9k)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [select-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/select-name?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensure select element has an accessible name                                                                                                         | Critical | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.n, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-11.1.1                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [server-side-image-map](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/server-side-image-map?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensure that server-side image maps are not used                                                                                                      | Minor    | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag211, section508, section508.22.f, TTv5, TT4.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.1.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-1.1.4                           | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [summary-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/summary-name?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure summary elements have discernible text                                                                                                        | Serious  | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [svg-img-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/svg-img-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensure &lt;svg&gt; elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have accessible text                                              | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-1.1.5                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [7d6734](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/7d6734)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [td-headers-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/td-headers-attr?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other &lt;th&gt; elements in that table                              | Serious  | cat.tables, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, TTv5, TT14.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-5.7.4                                     | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [a25f45](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/a25f45)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [th-has-data-cells](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/th-has-data-cells?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure that &lt;th&gt; elements and elements with role=columnheader/rowheader have data cells they describe                                          | Serious  | cat.tables, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, TTv5, TT14.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-5.7.1                                     | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [d0f69e](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/d0f69e)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [valid-lang](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/valid-lang?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensure lang attributes have valid values                                                                                                             | Serious  | cat.language, wcag2aa, wcag312, TTv5, TT11.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.2, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-8.8.1                                                          | failure                    | [de46e4](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/de46e4)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [video-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/video-caption?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensure &lt;video&gt; elements have captions                                                                                                          | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag122, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT17.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.2.2, RGAAv4, RGAA-4.3.1                          | needs&nbsp;review          | [eac66b](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/eac66b)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
 
 ## WCAG 2.1 Level A & AA Rules
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                                            | Description                                                                                   | Impact  | Tags                                                            | Issue Type | ACT Rules                                                                                                                                                  |
-| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :-------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| [autocomplete-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/autocomplete-valid?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensure the autocomplete attribute is correct and suitable for the form field                  | Serious | cat.forms, wcag21aa, wcag135, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.5, ACT       | failure    | [73f2c2](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/73f2c2)                                                                                                         |
-| [avoid-inline-spacing](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/avoid-inline-spacing?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure that text spacing set through style attributes can be adjusted with custom stylesheets | Serious | cat.structure, wcag21aa, wcag1412, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.12, ACT | failure    | [24afc2](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/24afc2), [9e45ec](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/9e45ec), [78fd32](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/78fd32) |
+| Rule ID                                                                                                             | Description                                                                                   | Impact  | Tags                                                                            | Issue Type                 | [ACT Rules](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/act/rules/)                                                                                        |
+| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [autocomplete-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/autocomplete-valid?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensure the autocomplete attribute is correct and suitable for the form field                  | Serious | cat.forms, wcag21aa, wcag135, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.5, ACT, RGAAv4, RGAA-11.13.1 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [73f2c2](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/73f2c2)                                                                                                         |
+| [avoid-inline-spacing](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/avoid-inline-spacing?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure that text spacing set through style attributes can be adjusted with custom stylesheets | Serious | cat.structure, wcag21aa, wcag1412, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.12, ACT                 | failure                    | [24afc2](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/24afc2), [9e45ec](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/9e45ec), [78fd32](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/78fd32) |
 
 ## WCAG 2.2 Level A & AA Rules
 
 These rules are disabled by default, until WCAG 2.2 is more widely adopted and required.
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                          | Description                                        | Impact  | Tags                                           | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules |
-| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :--------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :-------- |
-| [target-size](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/target-size?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure touch target have sufficient size and space | Serious | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, wcag22aa, wcag258 | failure, needs&nbsp;review |           |
+| Rule ID                                                                                           | Description                                         | Impact  | Tags                                           | Issue Type                 | [ACT Rules](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/act/rules/) |
+| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :-------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :--------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| [target-size](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/target-size?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure touch targets have sufficient size and space | Serious | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, wcag22aa, wcag258 | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
 
 ## Best Practices Rules
 
 Rules that do not necessarily conform to WCAG success criterion but are industry accepted practices that improve the user experience.
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                                                                          | Description                                                                                                                                    | Impact   | Tags                                       | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                          |
-| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :----------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- |
-| [accesskeys](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/accesskeys?application=RuleDescription)                                                   | Ensures every accesskey attribute value is unique                                                                                              | Serious  | cat.keyboard, best-practice                | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [aria-allowed-role](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-allowed-role?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures role attribute has an appropriate value for the element                                                                                | Minor    | cat.aria, best-practice                    | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [aria-dialog-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-dialog-name?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures every ARIA dialog and alertdialog node has an accessible name                                                                          | Serious  | cat.aria, best-practice                    | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [aria-text](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-text?application=RuleDescription)                                                     | Ensures role=&quot;text&quot; is used on elements with no focusable descendants                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, best-practice                    | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [aria-treeitem-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-treeitem-name?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures every ARIA treeitem node has an accessible name                                                                                        | Serious  | cat.aria, best-practice                    | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [empty-heading](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/empty-heading?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures headings have discernible text                                                                                                         | Minor    | cat.name-role-value, best-practice         | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [ffd0e9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ffd0e9) |
-| [empty-table-header](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/empty-table-header?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures table headers have discernible text                                                                                                    | Minor    | cat.name-role-value, best-practice         | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [frame-tested](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/frame-tested?application=RuleDescription)                                               | Ensures &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements contain the axe-core script                                                                  | Critical | cat.structure, best-practice, review-item  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [heading-order](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/heading-order?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures the order of headings is semantically correct                                                                                          | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [image-redundant-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/image-redundant-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensure image alternative is not repeated as text                                                                                               | Minor    | cat.text-alternatives, best-practice       | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [label-title-only](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/label-title-only?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures that every form element has a visible label and is not solely labeled using hidden labels, or the title or aria-describedby attributes | Serious  | cat.forms, best-practice                   | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-banner-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-banner-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures the banner landmark is at top level                                                                                                    | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-complementary-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-complementary-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription) | Ensures the complementary landmark or aside is at top level                                                                                    | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensures the contentinfo landmark is at top level                                                                                               | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-main-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-main-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures the main landmark is at top level                                                                                                      | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-no-duplicate-banner](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-no-duplicate-banner?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures the document has at most one banner landmark                                                                                           | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensures the document has at most one contentinfo landmark                                                                                      | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-no-duplicate-main](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-no-duplicate-main?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures the document has at most one main landmark                                                                                             | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-one-main](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-one-main?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures the document has a main landmark                                                                                                       | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-unique](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-unique?application=RuleDescription)                                         | Landmarks should have a unique role or role/label/title (i.e. accessible name) combination                                                     | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [meta-viewport-large](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/meta-viewport-large?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot;&gt; can scale a significant amount                                                                  | Minor    | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, best-practice | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [page-has-heading-one](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/page-has-heading-one?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure that the page, or at least one of its frames contains a level-one heading                                                               | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [presentation-role-conflict](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/presentation-role-conflict?application=RuleDescription)                   | Elements marked as presentational should not have global ARIA or tabindex to ensure all screen readers ignore them                             | Minor    | cat.aria, best-practice, ACT               | failure                    | [46ca7f](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/46ca7f) |
-| [region](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/region?application=RuleDescription)                                                           | Ensures all page content is contained by landmarks                                                                                             | Moderate | cat.keyboard, best-practice                | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [scope-attr-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/scope-attr-valid?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures the scope attribute is used correctly on tables                                                                                        | Moderate | cat.tables, best-practice                  | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [skip-link](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/skip-link?application=RuleDescription)                                                     | Ensure all skip links have a focusable target                                                                                                  | Moderate | cat.keyboard, best-practice                | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [tabindex](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/tabindex?application=RuleDescription)                                                       | Ensures tabindex attribute values are not greater than 0                                                                                       | Serious  | cat.keyboard, best-practice                | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [table-duplicate-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/table-duplicate-name?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure the &lt;caption&gt; element does not contain the same text as the summary attribute                                                     | Minor    | cat.tables, best-practice                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| Rule ID                                                                                                                                       | Description                                                                                                                                   | Impact   | Tags                                             | Issue Type                 | [ACT Rules](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/act/rules/) |
+| :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :----------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| [accesskeys](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/accesskeys?application=RuleDescription)                                               | Ensure every accesskey attribute value is unique                                                                                              | Serious  | cat.keyboard, best-practice                      | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [aria-allowed-role](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-allowed-role?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensure role attribute has an appropriate value for the element                                                                                | Minor    | cat.aria, best-practice                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
+| [aria-dialog-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-dialog-name?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensure every ARIA dialog and alertdialog node has an accessible name                                                                          | Serious  | cat.aria, best-practice                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
+| [aria-text](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-text?application=RuleDescription)                                                 | Ensure role=&quot;text&quot; is used on elements with no focusable descendants                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, best-practice                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
+| [aria-treeitem-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-treeitem-name?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure every ARIA treeitem node has an accessible name                                                                                        | Serious  | cat.aria, best-practice                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
+| [empty-heading](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/empty-heading?application=RuleDescription)                                         | Ensure headings have discernible text                                                                                                         | Minor    | cat.name-role-value, best-practice               | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [ffd0e9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ffd0e9)                  |
+| [empty-table-header](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/empty-table-header?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure table headers have discernible text                                                                                                    | Minor    | cat.name-role-value, best-practice               | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
+| [frame-tested](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/frame-tested?application=RuleDescription)                                           | Ensure &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements contain the axe-core script                                                                  | Critical | cat.structure, best-practice, review-item        | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
+| [heading-order](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/heading-order?application=RuleDescription)                                         | Ensure the order of headings is semantically correct                                                                                          | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice                     | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
+| [image-redundant-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/image-redundant-alt?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensure image alternative is not repeated as text                                                                                              | Minor    | cat.text-alternatives, best-practice             | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [label-title-only](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/label-title-only?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensure that every form element has a visible label and is not solely labeled using hidden labels, or the title or aria-describedby attributes | Serious  | cat.forms, best-practice                         | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [landmark-banner-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/landmark-banner-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensure the banner landmark is at top level                                                                                                    | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure the contentinfo landmark is at top level                                                                                               | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [landmark-main-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/landmark-main-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensure the main landmark is at top level                                                                                                      | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [landmark-no-duplicate-banner](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/landmark-no-duplicate-banner?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensure the document has at most one banner landmark                                                                                           | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure the document has at most one contentinfo landmark                                                                                      | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [landmark-no-duplicate-main](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/landmark-no-duplicate-main?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensure the document has at most one main landmark                                                                                             | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [landmark-one-main](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/landmark-one-main?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensure the document has a main landmark                                                                                                       | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [landmark-unique](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/landmark-unique?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensure landmarks are unique                                                                                                                   | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [meta-viewport-large](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/meta-viewport-large?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensure &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot;&gt; can scale a significant amount                                                                  | Minor    | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, best-practice       | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [page-has-heading-one](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/page-has-heading-one?application=RuleDescription)                           | Ensure that the page, or at least one of its frames contains a level-one heading                                                              | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [presentation-role-conflict](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/presentation-role-conflict?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensure elements marked as presentational do not have global ARIA or tabindex so that all screen readers ignore them                           | Minor    | cat.aria, best-practice, ACT                     | failure                    | [46ca7f](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/46ca7f)                  |
+| [region](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/region?application=RuleDescription)                                                       | Ensure all page content is contained by landmarks                                                                                             | Moderate | cat.keyboard, best-practice, RGAAv4, RGAA-9.2.1  | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [scope-attr-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/scope-attr-valid?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensure the scope attribute is used correctly on tables                                                                                        | Moderate | cat.tables, best-practice                        | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [skip-link](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/skip-link?application=RuleDescription)                                                 | Ensure all skip links have a focusable target                                                                                                 | Moderate | cat.keyboard, best-practice, RGAAv4, RGAA-12.7.1 | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
+| [tabindex](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/tabindex?application=RuleDescription)                                                   | Ensure tabindex attribute values are not greater than 0                                                                                       | Serious  | cat.keyboard, best-practice                      | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [table-duplicate-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/table-duplicate-name?application=RuleDescription)                           | Ensure the &lt;caption&gt; element does not contain the same text as the summary attribute                                                    | Minor    | cat.tables, best-practice, RGAAv4, RGAA-5.2.1    | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
 
 ## WCAG 2.x level AAA rules
 
 Rules that check for conformance to WCAG AAA success criteria that can be fully automated. These are disabled by default in axe-core.
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                                                            | Description                                                                                                       | Impact  | Tags                                           | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                          |
-| :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :--------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- |
-| [color-contrast-enhanced](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/color-contrast-enhanced?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA enhanced contrast ratio thresholds | Serious | cat.color, wcag2aaa, wcag146, ACT              | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [09o5cg](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/09o5cg) |
-| [identical-links-same-purpose](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/identical-links-same-purpose?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure that links with the same accessible name serve a similar purpose                                           | Minor   | cat.semantics, wcag2aaa, wcag249               | needs&nbsp;review          | [b20e66](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b20e66) |
-| [meta-refresh-no-exceptions](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/meta-refresh-no-exceptions?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensures &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;refresh&quot;&gt; is not used for delayed refresh                               | Minor   | cat.time-and-media, wcag2aaa, wcag224, wcag325 | failure                    | [bisz58](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bisz58) |
+| Rule ID                                                                                                                             | Description                                                                                                      | Impact  | Tags                                           | Issue Type                 | [ACT Rules](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/act/rules/) |
+| :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :--------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| [color-contrast-enhanced](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/color-contrast-enhanced?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensure the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA enhanced contrast ratio thresholds | Serious | cat.color, wcag2aaa, wcag146, ACT              | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [09o5cg](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/09o5cg)                  |
+| [identical-links-same-purpose](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/identical-links-same-purpose?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure that links with the same accessible name serve a similar purpose                                          | Minor   | cat.semantics, wcag2aaa, wcag249               | needs&nbsp;review          | [b20e66](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b20e66)                  |
+| [meta-refresh-no-exceptions](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/meta-refresh-no-exceptions?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensure &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;refresh&quot;&gt; is not used for delayed refresh                               | Minor   | cat.time-and-media, wcag2aaa, wcag224, wcag325 | failure                    | [bisz58](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bisz58)                  |
 
 ## Experimental Rules
 
 Rules we are still testing and developing. They are disabled by default in axe-core, but are enabled for the axe browser extensions.
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                                                          | Description                                                                                                                | Impact   | Tags                                                                                                         | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                          |
-| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- |
-| [css-orientation-lock](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/css-orientation-lock?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures content is not locked to any specific display orientation, and the content is operable in all display orientations | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag134, wcag21aa, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.4, experimental                                       | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [b33eff](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b33eff) |
-| [focus-order-semantics](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/focus-order-semantics?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures elements in the focus order have a role appropriate for interactive content                                        | Minor    | cat.keyboard, best-practice, experimental                                                                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [hidden-content](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/hidden-content?application=RuleDescription)                           | Informs users about hidden content.                                                                                        | Minor    | cat.structure, best-practice, experimental, review-item                                                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [label-content-name-mismatch](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/label-content-name-mismatch?application=RuleDescription) | Ensures that elements labelled through their content must have their visible text as part of their accessible name         | Serious  | cat.semantics, wcag21a, wcag253, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.5.3, experimental                                        | failure                    | [2ee8b8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2ee8b8) |
-| [p-as-heading](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/p-as-heading?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure bold, italic text and font-size is not used to style &lt;p&gt; elements as a heading                                | Serious  | cat.semantics, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, experimental                                         | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [table-fake-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/table-fake-caption?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure that tables with a caption use the &lt;caption&gt; element.                                                         | Serious  | cat.tables, experimental, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1               | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [td-has-header](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/td-has-header?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensure that each non-empty data cell in a &lt;table&gt; larger than 3 by 3 has one or more table headers                   | Critical | cat.tables, experimental, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, TTv5, TT14.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1 | failure                    |                                                    |
+| Rule ID                                                                                                                           | Description                                                                                                               | Impact   | Tags                                                                                                                             | Issue Type                 | [ACT Rules](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/act/rules/) |
+| :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| [css-orientation-lock](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/css-orientation-lock?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensure content is not locked to any specific display orientation, and the content is operable in all display orientations | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag134, wcag21aa, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.4, RGAAv4, RGAA-13.9.1, experimental                                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [b33eff](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b33eff)                  |
+| [focus-order-semantics](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/focus-order-semantics?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensure elements in the focus order have a role appropriate for interactive content                                        | Minor    | cat.keyboard, best-practice, RGAAv4, RGAA-12.8.1, experimental                                                                   | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [hidden-content](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/hidden-content?application=RuleDescription)                           | Inform users about hidden content.                                                                                        | Minor    | cat.structure, best-practice, experimental, review-item                                                                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
+| [label-content-name-mismatch](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/label-content-name-mismatch?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure that elements labelled through their content must have their visible text as part of their accessible name         | Serious  | cat.semantics, wcag21a, wcag253, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.5.3, RGAAv4, RGAA-6.1.5, experimental                                        | failure                    | [2ee8b8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2ee8b8)                  |
+| [p-as-heading](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/p-as-heading?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure bold, italic text and font-size is not used to style &lt;p&gt; elements as a heading                               | Serious  | cat.semantics, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-9.1.3, experimental                                         | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                     |
+| [table-fake-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/table-fake-caption?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure that tables with a caption use the &lt;caption&gt; element.                                                        | Serious  | cat.tables, experimental, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-5.4.1               | failure                    |                                                                     |
+| [td-has-header](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/td-has-header?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensure that each non-empty data cell in a &lt;table&gt; larger than 3 by 3 has one or more table headers                  | Critical | cat.tables, experimental, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, TTv5, TT14.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, RGAAv4, RGAA-5.7.4 | failure                    |                                                                     |
 
 ## Deprecated Rules
 
 Deprecated rules are disabled by default and will be removed in the next major release.
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                                            | Description                                                                            | Impact   | Tags                                                                                                 | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                                                                              |
-| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| [aria-roledescription](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-roledescription?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure aria-roledescription is only used on elements with an implicit or explicit role | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, deprecated                                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [audio-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/audio-caption?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures &lt;audio&gt; elements have captions                                           | Critical | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag121, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.2.1, section508, section508.22.a, deprecated | needs&nbsp;review          | [2eb176](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2eb176), [afb423](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/afb423) |
-| [duplicate-id-active](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/duplicate-id-active?application=RuleDescription)   | Ensures every id attribute value of active elements is unique                          | Serious  | cat.parsing, wcag2a-obsolete, wcag411, deprecated                                                    | failure                    | [3ea0c8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3ea0c8)                                                     |
-| [duplicate-id](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/duplicate-id?application=RuleDescription)                 | Ensures every id attribute value is unique                                             | Minor    | cat.parsing, wcag2a-obsolete, wcag411, deprecated                                                    | failure                    | [3ea0c8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3ea0c8)                                                     |
+| Rule ID                                                                                                                                           | Description                                                                            | Impact   | Tags                                                                                                 | Issue Type                 | [ACT Rules](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/act/rules/)                                    |
+| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [aria-roledescription](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/aria-roledescription?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure aria-roledescription is only used on elements with an implicit or explicit role | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, deprecated                                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
+| [audio-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/audio-caption?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensure &lt;audio&gt; elements have captions                                            | Critical | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag121, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.2.1, section508, section508.22.a, deprecated | needs&nbsp;review          | [2eb176](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2eb176), [afb423](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/afb423) |
+| [duplicate-id-active](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/duplicate-id-active?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensure every id attribute value of active elements is unique                           | Serious  | cat.parsing, wcag2a-obsolete, wcag411, deprecated                                                    | failure                    | [3ea0c8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3ea0c8)                                                     |
+| [duplicate-id](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/duplicate-id?application=RuleDescription)                                               | Ensure every id attribute value is unique                                              | Minor    | cat.parsing, wcag2a-obsolete, wcag411, deprecated                                                    | failure                    | [3ea0c8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3ea0c8)                                                     |
+| [landmark-complementary-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.12/landmark-complementary-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure the complementary landmark or aside is at top level                             | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice, deprecated                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
diff --git a/doc/rule-development.md b/doc/rule-development.md
index e26ab2844..d0bbaf5db 100644
--- a/doc/rule-development.md
+++ b/doc/rule-development.md
@@ -1,39 +1,41 @@
 # Developing Axe-core Rules
 
-Before you start writing axe-core rules, be sure to create a proposal for them in a github issue. Read [Proposing Axe-core rules](./rule-proposal.md) for details.
+Before you start writing axe-core rules, be sure to create a proposal for them in a GitHub issue. Read [Proposing Axe-core rules](./rule-proposal.md) for details.
 
-A rule is a JSON Object that defines a test for axe-core to run. At a high level, think of a rule as doing two things. First it finds all elements that it should test, and after that it runs a number of checks to see if those selected elements pass or fail the rule.
+A rule is a JSON Object that defines a test for axe-core to run. At a high level, think of a rule as doing two things. First it finds all elements that it should test, and after that it runs a number of checks to see if those selected elements pass or fail the rule. The code for rules is in the [`lib/rules`](../lib/rules/) and the checks in [`lib/checks`](../lib/checks/).
 
 ## Rule Select and Matches
 
 Each rule has a `selector` and optionally a `matches` property. The selector is a CSS selector. Each element matching this selector will be tested by the rule, unless the matches function says otherwise. The `matches` property is a reference to a function that returns a boolean, which indicates if the element should be tested.
 
-The last thing that may influence if an element is selected for testing in the rule is it's visibility. By default, hidden elements are ignored by the rule, unless the `excludeHidden` is set to 'false'.
+The last thing that may influence if an element is selected for testing in the rule is its visibility. By default, hidden elements are ignored by the rule, unless `excludeHidden` is set to 'false'.
 
 ## Using Checks in Rules
 
 The actual testing of elements in axe-core is done by checks. A rule has one or more checks which end up generating a result. There are three properties with which to define a rule's checks. Each of them deals differently:
 
 - **All**: Takes an array of check names, **all** of which has to return true for the rule to pass.
-- **none**: Takes an array of check names, **none** of which can to return true for the rule to pass.
+- **none**: Takes an array of check names, **none** of which can return true for the rule to pass.
 - **any**: Takes an array of check names, **at least one** of which has to return true for the rule to pass.
 
 ## Rule Properties
 
-| Prop. Name           | Description                                                         |
-| -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| id                   | Unique identifier for the rule                                      |
-| selector             | CSS Selector that matches elements to test                          |
-| matches              | Function to further filter the outcome of the selector              |
-| excludeHidden        | Should hidden elements be excluded                                  |
-| all                  | Checks that must all return true                                    |
-| any                  | Checks of which at least one must return true                       |
-| none                 | Checks that must all return false                                   |
-| pageLevel            | Should the rule only run on the main window                         |
-| enabled              | Does the rule run by default                                        |
-| tags                 | Grouping for the rule, such as wcag2a, best-practice                |
-| metadata.description | Description of what a rule does                                     |
-| metadata.help        | Short description of a violation, used in the axe extension sidebar |
+| Prop. Name           | Description                                                                  |
+| -------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| id                   | Unique identifier for the rule                                               |
+| selector             | CSS Selector that matches elements to test                                   |
+| matches              | Function to further filter the outcome of the selector                       |
+| excludeHidden        | Should hidden elements be excluded (default: true)                           |
+| reviewOnFail         | Whether any fail on the rule should be reported as needs review / incomplete |
+| impact               | "minor", "serious", "critical"                                               |
+| all                  | Checks that must all return true                                             |
+| any                  | Checks of which at least one must return true                                |
+| none                 | Checks that must all return false                                            |
+| pageLevel            | Should the rule only run on the main window                                  |
+| enabled              | Does the rule run by default                                                 |
+| tags                 | Grouping for the rule, such as wcag2a, best-practice                         |
+| metadata.description | Description of what a rule does                                              |
+| metadata.help        | Short description of a violation, used in the axe extension sidebar          |
 
 ## Check Properties
 
@@ -43,13 +45,12 @@ The actual testing of elements in axe-core is done by checks. A rule has one or
 | evaluate                     | Evaluating function, returning a boolean value |
 | options                      | Configurable value for the check               |
 | after                        | Cleanup function, run after check is done      |
-| metadata.impact              | "minor", "serious", "critical"                 |
 | metadata.messages.pass       | Describes why the check passed                 |
 | metadata.messages.fail       | Describes why the check failed                 |
 | metadata.messages.incomplete | Describes why the check didn’t complete        |
 
 Incomplete results occur when axe-core can’t produce a clear pass or fail result,
-giving users the opportunity to review it manually. Incomplete messages can take
+giving users the opportunity to manually review the result. Incomplete messages can take
 the form of a string, or an object with arbitrary keys matching the data returned
 from the check.
 
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ A pass message is required, while fail and incomplete are dependent on the check
 
 ### Incomplete message string
 
-As one example, the audio and video caption checks return an incomplete string:
+For example, the audio and video caption checks return an incomplete string:
 
 ```js
 messages: {
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ messages: {
 ```
 
 To wire up an incomplete message with a specific reason it returned undefined,
-the check needs matching data. Otherwise, it will fall back to the `default` message.
+the check needs matching data. Otherwise, it falls back to the `default` message.
 Reasons are arbitrary for the check (such as 'bgImage') but they must match the
 data returned:
 
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ Axe-core handles shadow DOM and cross-domain iframe rules very well - as long as
 
 The rule callbacks all receive both a `node` and a `virtualNode` argument (in addition to the `options` argument). `node` points to the DOM Node that is to be evaluated, whereas `virtualNode` points to the node in the flattened tree (the hierarchy that shadow DOM creates that is used for parent child relationships across shadow DOM boundaries).
 
-If your rule looks at any hierarchical context (parents or children) then you need to operate on the `virtualNode` for those operations. Calls to `isHidden` and the accessible name calculation calls will all evaluate the hierarchy. The commons and utils functions will all fetch the `virtualNode` from the flattened tree if you use the `node` implementation (and then simply call the virtualNode one) and are there for backwards compatibility. This backwards compatibility comes at a performance cost that can be avoided by simply using the `virtualNode` to start with. We will ask you to change this during PR review, so you might as well just start out by using the `virtualNode`.
+If your rule looks at any hierarchical context (parents or children) then you need to operate on the `virtualNode` for those operations. Calls to `isHidden` and the accessible name calculation calls will all evaluate the hierarchy. The commons and utils functions will all fetch the `virtualNode` from the flattened tree if you use the `node` implementation (and then simply call the virtualNode one) and are there for backward compatibility. This backward compatibility comes at a performance cost that can be avoided by simply using the `virtualNode` to start with. We will ask you to change this during PR review, so you might as well just start out by using the `virtualNode`.
 
 ## iframes
 
@@ -121,3 +122,7 @@ Rules of thumb for determining whether an `after` function is required - if any
 2. Does the rule evaluate hierarchy of things across a whole page?
 
 Rules that use an `after` function MUST have iframe test cases that assert correct data passing between iframes and handle all the relevant cases across iframes.
+
+## rule generation
+
+Axe comes with a script to help generate rule files. To use this, call `npm run rule-gen` from the root of the project. If you haven't already, make sure to call `npm install` before to get all dependencies installed first.
diff --git a/doc/rule-proposal.md b/doc/rule-proposal.md
index f49395c32..ea765d1e3 100644
--- a/doc/rule-proposal.md
+++ b/doc/rule-proposal.md
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 This document outlines the process of proposing a rule. For a technical description on how to build a rule, read [Developing Axe-core Rules](./rule-development.md)
 
-Before you start coding a new rule for axe-core, you _must_ create a Github issue to document the rule you want to create. There are many considerations to writing a good rule. It must have no false positives, which is difficult, because there are always many many edge cases to consider. Additionally, a known problem of accessibility testing, is that not all testers hold the same interpretation of the accessibility guidelines. All rules _must_ be consistent with the interpretation of Deque Systems, the developer behind Axe-core.
+Before you start coding a new rule for axe-core, you _must_ create a GitHub issue to document the rule you want to create. There are many considerations to writing a good rule. It must have no false positives, which is difficult, because there are always many many edge cases to consider. Additionally, a known problem of accessibility testing is that not all testers hold the same interpretation of the accessibility guidelines. All rules _must_ be consistent with the interpretation of Deque Systems, the developer behind Axe-core.
 
-In addition to giving the axe-core development team an opportunity to provide feedback on the proposed rule, the Github Issue will serve as documentation of that rule for the future.
+In addition to giving the axe-core development team an opportunity to provide feedback on the proposed rule, the GitHub Issue will serve as documentation of that rule for the future.
 
 ## WCAG interpretation
 
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ Please read our [principles for deciding on rules](./accessibility-supported.md)
 
 ## Rules Format
 
-All Github issues that propose a rule must be tagged as _rule_, and must use the following format:
+All GitHub issues that propose a rule must be tagged as _rule_, and must use the following format:
 
 ### Intro
 
 In one sentence, describe what the rule does.
 
-Example: "Ensures ARIA attributes are allowed for an element's role"\
+Example: "Ensure ARIA attributes are allowed for an element's role"
 
 #### Rule help
 
diff --git a/doc/run-partial.md b/doc/run-partial.md
index a2570d2a9..0c68ea812 100644
--- a/doc/run-partial.md
+++ b/doc/run-partial.md
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # axe runPartial / finishRun
 
-`axe.runPartial` and `axe.finishRun` are two methods which allow axe to test a page in two stages. This is different from `axe.run()`, in that `axe.runPartial` and `axe.finishRun` does not require communication between frames. This can be useful when frame communication is not possible or not secure. See [axe.frameMessenger](frame-messenger.md) for information on frame communication.
+`axe.runPartial` and `axe.finishRun` are two methods which allow axe to test a page in two stages. This is different from `axe.run()`, in that `axe.runPartial` and `axe.finishRun` do not require communication between frames. This can be useful when frame communication is not possible or not secure. See [axe.frameMessenger](frame-messenger.md) for information on frame communication.
 
-To use these methods, call `axe.runPartial()` in the top window, and in all nested frames and iframes. The results are then put into an array, and then passed to `axe.finishRun()`. `axe.finishRun()` then complete the test and generates the axe report.
+To use these methods, call `axe.runPartial()` in the top window, and in all nested frames and iframes. The results are put into an array, and then passed to `axe.finishRun()`. `axe.finishRun()` then completes the test and generates the axe report.
 
 This results in code that looks something like the following. The `context` and `options` arguments used are the same as would be passed to `axe.run`. See [API.md](api.md) for details.
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ function runPartialRecursive(context, options = {}, win = window) {
 
 **important**: The order in which these methods are called matters for performance. Internally, axe-core constructs a flattened tree when `axe.utils.getFrameContexts` is called. This is fairly slow, and so should not happen more than once per frame. When `axe.runPartial` is called, that tree will be used if it still exists. Since this tree can get out of sync with the actual DOM, it is important to call `axe.runPartial` immediately after `axe.utils.getFrameContexts`.
 
-To run efficiently, `axe.runPartial` calls should happen in parallel, so that when possible browsers can test multiple frames simultaneously.
+To run efficiently, `axe.runPartial` calls should happen in parallel so that, when possible, browsers can test multiple frames simultaneously.
 
 ## axe.finishRun(partialResults, options): Promise<AxeResults>
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ The `options` object takes the same RunOptions object that axe.run accepts. When
 
 ## Custom Rulesets and Reporters
 
-Because `axe.finishRun` does not run inside the page, the `reporter` and `after` methods do not have access to the top-level `window` and `document` objects, and might not have access to common browser APIs. Axe-core reporter use the `environmentData` property that is set on the partialResult object of the initiator.
+Because `axe.finishRun` does not run inside the page, the `reporter` and `after` methods do not have access to the top-level `window` and `document` objects, and might not have access to common browser APIs. Axe-core reporters use the `environmentData` property that is set on the partialResult object of the initiator.
 
 Because of this constraint, custom reporters, and custom rulesets that add `after` methods must not rely on browser APIs or globals. Any data needed for either should either be taken from the `environmentData` property, or collected in an `evaluate` method of a check, and stored using its `.data()` method.
 
diff --git a/doc/standards-object.md b/doc/standards-object.md
index a439b1ed4..eb460c179 100644
--- a/doc/standards-object.md
+++ b/doc/standards-object.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Standards Object
 
-The [standards object](../lib/standards) is JSON object of ARIA and HTML spec information that axe-core uses to validate ARIA roles, attributes, and use. For example, the `aria-valid-attr` rule uses the [`ariaAttrs`](../lib/standards/aria-attrs.js) object to determine if the aria attribute is a valid ARIA attribute. To configure how axe-core validates ARIA information, you'll most likely configure the standards object to your needs. Below is a list of each object, their structure, and which rules will use that information
+The [standards object](../lib/standards) is a JSON object of ARIA and HTML spec information that axe-core uses to validate ARIA roles, attributes, and use. For example, the `aria-valid-attr` rule uses the [`ariaAttrs`](../lib/standards/aria-attrs.js) object to determine if the aria attribute is a valid ARIA attribute. To configure how axe-core validates ARIA information, you'll most likely configure the standards object to your needs. Below is a list of each object, its structure, and which rules will use that information
 
 ```js
 axe.configure({
@@ -67,9 +67,11 @@ The [`ariaRoles`](../lib/standards/aria-roles.js) object defines valid ARIA role
 
 - `type` - string(required). [The role type](https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#roles_categorization). Valid types are:
   - `abstract`
-  - `widget`
-  - `structure`
+  - `composite`
   - `landmark`
+  - `structure`
+  - `widget`
+  - `window`
 - `requiredContext` - array(optional). List of required parent roles.
 - `requiredOwned` - array(optional). List of required owned roles.
 - `requiredAttrs` - array(optional). List of required attributes.
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ The [`htmlElms`](../lib/standards/html-elms.js) object defines valid HTML elemen
 
 ### Used by Rules
 
-- `aria-allowed-attr` - Checks if the attribute can be used on the element from the `noAriaAttrs` property.
+- `aria-allowed-attr` - Checks if the attribute can be used on the element from the `noAriaAttrs` and `allowedAriaAttrs` properties.
 - `aria-allowed-role` - Checks if the role can be used on the HTML element from the `allowedRoles` property.
 - `aria-required-attrs` - Checks if any required attrs are defined implicitly on the element from the `implicitAttrs` property.
 
@@ -106,8 +108,9 @@ The [`htmlElms`](../lib/standards/html-elms.js) object defines valid HTML elemen
   - `phrasing`
   - `embedded`
   - `interactive`
-- `allowedRoles` - boolean or array(required). If element is allowed to use ARIA roles. A value of `true` means any role while a list of roles means only those are allowed. A value of `false` means no roles are allowed.
+- `allowedRoles` - boolean or array(required). If element is allowed to use ARIA roles, a value of `true` means any role while a list of roles means only those are allowed. A value of `false` means no roles are allowed.
 - `noAriaAttrs` - boolean(optional. Defaults `true`). If the element is allowed to use global ARIA attributes and any allowed for the elements role.
+- `allowedAriaAttrs` - array(optional). If specified, restricts which ARIA attributes may be used with this element (when no explicit role is set). Used by the `aria-allowed-attr` rule.
 - `shadowRoot` - boolean(optional. Default `false`). If the element is allowed to have a shadow root.
 - `implicitAttrs` - object(optional. Default `{}`). Any implicit ARIA attributes for the element and their default value.
 - `namingMethods` - array(optional. Default `[]`). The [native text method](../lib/commons/text/native-text-methods.js) used to calculate the accessible name of the element.
diff --git a/eslint.config.js b/eslint.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e25970f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eslint.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+const prettier = require('eslint-config-prettier');
+const globals = require('globals');
+const mochaNoOnly = require('eslint-plugin-mocha-no-only');
+
+module.exports = [
+  prettier,
+  {
+    rules: {
+      'mocha-no-only/mocha-no-only': ['error'],
+      'no-bitwise': 2,
+      camelcase: 2,
+      curly: 2,
+      eqeqeq: 2,
+      'guard-for-in': 2,
+      'wrap-iife': [2, 'any'],
+      'no-use-before-define': [
+        2,
+        {
+          functions: false
+        }
+      ],
+      'new-cap': 2,
+      'no-caller': 2,
+      'no-empty': 2,
+      'no-new': 2,
+      'no-plusplus': 0,
+      'no-undef': 2,
+      'no-unused-vars': 2,
+      strict: 0,
+      'max-params': [2, 6],
+      'max-depth': [2, 5],
+      'max-len': 0,
+      semi: 0,
+      'no-cond-assign': 0,
+      'no-debugger': 2,
+      'no-eq-null': 0,
+      'no-eval': 2,
+      'no-unused-expressions': 0,
+      'block-scoped-var': 0,
+      'no-iterator': 0,
+      'linebreak-style': 0,
+      'no-loop-func': 0,
+      'no-multi-str': 0,
+      'no-proto': 0,
+      'no-script-url': 0,
+      'dot-notation': 2,
+      'no-new-func': 0,
+      'no-new-wrappers': 0,
+      'no-shadow': 2,
+      'no-restricted-syntax': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          selector: 'MemberExpression[property.name=tagName]',
+          message: "Don't use node.tagName, use node.nodeName instead."
+        },
+        // node.attributes can be clobbered so is unsafe to use
+        // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/1432
+        {
+          // node.attributes
+          selector:
+            'MemberExpression[object.name=node][property.name=attributes]',
+          message:
+            "Don't use node.attributes, use node.hasAttributes() or axe.utils.getNodeAttributes(node) instead."
+        },
+        {
+          // vNode.actualNode.attributes
+          selector:
+            'MemberExpression[object.property.name=actualNode][property.name=attributes]',
+          message:
+            "Don't use node.attributes, use node.hasAttributes() or axe.utils.getNodeAttributes(node) instead."
+        },
+        // node.contains doesn't work with shadow dom
+        // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4194
+        {
+          // node.contains()
+          selector:
+            'CallExpression[callee.object.name=node][callee.property.name=contains]',
+          message:
+            "Don't use node.contains(node2) as it doesn't work across shadow DOM. Use axe.utils.contains(node, node2) instead."
+        },
+        {
+          // vNode.actualNode.contains()
+          selector:
+            'CallExpression[callee.object.property.name=actualNode][callee.property.name=contains]',
+          message:
+            "Don't use node.contains(node2) as it doesn't work across shadow DOM. Use axe.utils.contains(node, node2) instead."
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    plugins: {
+      'mocha-no-only': mochaNoOnly
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    languageOptions: {
+      ecmaVersion: 2023,
+      globals: {
+        axe: true,
+        Promise: true,
+        ...globals.node,
+        ...globals.es2015
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    files: ['lib/**/*.js'],
+    // reporters and check after methods should not have access to window or document
+    ignores: ['lib/core/reporters/**/*.js', 'lib/**/*-after.js'],
+    languageOptions: {
+      sourceType: 'module',
+      // lib files should not access global window properties without going through window (i.e. do not add globals.browser)
+      globals: {
+        window: true,
+        document: true,
+        ...globals.node,
+        ...globals.es2015
+      }
+    },
+    rules: {
+      'func-names': [2, 'as-needed'],
+      'prefer-const': 2,
+      'no-use-before-define': 'off'
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // disallow imports from node modules
+    ignores: ['lib/core/imports/**/*.js', 'test/**'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-imports': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          patterns: [
+            {
+              regex: '^[^.]',
+              message: 'Only core/imports files should import from node modules'
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // disallow imports in standards
+    files: ['lib/standards/**/*.js'],
+    // index file can import other standards and from utils
+    ignores: ['lib/standards/index.js'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-imports': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          patterns: [
+            {
+              group: ['*'],
+              message:
+                "Standard files shouldn't use imports as they are just hard coded data objects"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // restrict imports to core/utils files to other core/utils, core, core/base, standards, imports, or reporters/helpers
+    files: ['lib/core/utils/**/*.js'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-imports': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          patterns: [
+            {
+              // e.g. "../commons/aria/" or "../public/"
+              regex:
+                '.*\\.\\.\\/(commons|public|checks|rules)(\\/|$)|.*\\.\\.\\/reporters\\/.*?\\.js',
+              message:
+                'Util files should only import from other utils, core, or standard files'
+            },
+            // disallow imports from node modules
+            // seems only 1 regex pattern is allowed to match as not having this allows node module imports even while having the general rule above for all files)
+            {
+              regex: '^[^.]',
+              message: 'Only core/imports files should import from node modules'
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // restrict imports to core/public files to other core/public, or imports allowed by core/utils
+    files: ['lib/core/public/**/*.js'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-imports': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          patterns: [
+            {
+              // e.g. "../commons/aria/" or "../checks/"
+              regex:
+                '.*\\.\\.\\/(commons|checks|rules)(\\/|$)|.*\\.\\.\\/reporters\\/.*?\\.js',
+              message:
+                'Public files should only import from other public, util, core, or standard files'
+            },
+            // disallow imports from node modules
+            {
+              regex: '^[^.]',
+              message: 'Only core/imports files should import from node modules'
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // disallow imports in core/imports files to any non-node module
+    files: ['lib/core/imports/**/*.js'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-imports': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          patterns: [
+            {
+              // relative file paths
+              regex: '\\\.\\\.\\/',
+              message: 'Import files should only import from node modules'
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // disallow imports in core/reporters files to any non-util file
+    files: ['lib/core/reporters/**/*.js'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-imports': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          patterns: [
+            {
+              // e.g. "../commons/aria/" or "../checks/"
+              regex: '.*\\.\\.\\/(commons|base|public|checks|rules)(\\/|$)',
+              message: 'Reporter files should only import util functions'
+            },
+            // disallow imports from node modules
+            {
+              regex: '^[^.]',
+              message: 'Only core/imports files should import from node modules'
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // disallow imports in commons files to any check or rule
+    files: ['lib/commons/**/*.js'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-imports': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          patterns: [
+            {
+              // e.g. ../checks/"
+              regex: '.*\\.\\.\\/(checks|rules)(\\/|$)',
+              message: 'Commons files cannot import from checks and rules'
+            },
+            // disallow imports from node modules
+            {
+              regex: '^[^.]',
+              message: 'Only core/imports files should import from node modules'
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // Utils should be functions that can be used without setting up the virtual tree, as opposed to commons which require the virtual tree
+    files: ['lib/core/utils/**/*.js'],
+    ignores: [
+      // these are files with known uses of virtual node that are legacy before this rule was enforced
+      'lib/core/utils/closest.js',
+      'lib/core/utils/contains.js',
+      'lib/core/utils/query-selector-all-filter.js',
+      'lib/core/utils/selector-cache.js',
+      // this will create a virtual node if one doesn't exist already in order to truncate the html output properly
+      'lib/core/utils/dq-element.js',
+      // this sets up the virtual tree so is allowed vNode
+      'lib/core/utils/get-flattened-tree.js'
+    ],
+    rules: {
+      'no-restricted-syntax': [
+        'error',
+        {
+          selector: 'MemberExpression[object.name=vNode]',
+          message:
+            "Utils is meant for utility functions that work independently of axe's state; utilities that require the virtual tree to be set up should go in commons, not utils."
+        },
+        {
+          selector: 'MemberExpression[object.name=virtualNode]',
+          message:
+            "Utils is meant for utility functions that work independently of axe's state; utilities that require the virtual tree to be set up should go in commons, not utils."
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    files: ['doc/examples/chrome-debugging-protocol/axe-cdp.js'],
+    languageOptions: {
+      globals: {
+        window: true
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // after functions and reporters will not be run inside the same context as axe.run so should not access browser globals that require context specific information (window.location, window.getComputedStyles, etc.)
+    files: ['lib/**/*-after.js', 'lib/core/reporters/**/*.js'],
+    languageOptions: {
+      sourceType: 'module'
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    // polyfills are mostly copy-pasted from sources so we don't control their styling
+    files: [
+      'lib/core/imports/polyfills.js',
+      'lib/core/utils/pollyfill-elements-from-point.js'
+    ],
+    rules: {
+      'func-names': 0,
+      'no-bitwise': 0,
+      curly: 0,
+      eqeqeq: 0
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    files: ['test/act-rules/**/*.js', 'test/aria-practices/**/*.js'],
+    languageOptions: {
+      globals: {
+        ...globals.mocha
+      }
+    },
+    rules: {
+      'new-cap': 0,
+      'no-use-before-define': 0
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    files: ['test/**/*.js'],
+    languageOptions: {
+      globals: {
+        ...globals.mocha,
+        ...globals.browser,
+        ...globals.es2015,
+        ...globals.node,
+        assert: true,
+        helpers: true,
+        checks: true,
+        sinon: true
+      }
+    },
+    rules: {
+      'new-cap': 0,
+      'no-use-before-define': 0
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    files: ['.github/bin/*.mjs'],
+    languageOptions: {
+      ecmaVersion: 'latest',
+      sourceType: 'module',
+      globals: {
+        ...globals.node,
+        ...globals.es2024
+      }
+    },
+    rules: {
+      // Helper scripts for github can import from anywhere
+      'no-restricted-imports': ['off']
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    ignores: [
+      '**/node_modules/*',
+      '**/tmp/*',
+      'patches/*',
+      'build/tasks/aria-supported.js',
+      'doc/api/*',
+      'doc/examples/jest_react/*.js',
+      'lib/core/imports/polyfills.js',
+      'lib/core/utils/uuid.js',
+      'axe.js',
+      'axe.min.js'
+    ]
+  }
+];
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-elm-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-elm-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01af3b4f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-elm-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
+import { getElementSpec, getGlobalAriaAttrs } from '../../commons/standards';
+
+export default function ariaAllowedAttrElmEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  const elmSpec = getElementSpec(virtualNode);
+
+  // If no allowedAriaAttrs restriction, this check doesn't apply
+  if (!elmSpec.allowedAriaAttrs) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // If element has an explicit role, defer to the role-based check
+  const explicitRole = getExplicitRole(virtualNode);
+  if (explicitRole) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const { allowedAriaAttrs } = elmSpec;
+  const globalAriaAttrs = getGlobalAriaAttrs();
+  const invalid = [];
+
+  for (const attrName of virtualNode.attrNames) {
+    if (
+      globalAriaAttrs.includes(attrName) &&
+      !allowedAriaAttrs.includes(attrName)
+    ) {
+      invalid.push(attrName);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!invalid.length) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const messageKey = invalid.length > 1 ? 'plural' : 'singular';
+  this.data({
+    messageKey,
+    nodeName: virtualNode.props.nodeName,
+    values: invalid
+      .map(attrName => attrName + '="' + virtualNode.attr(attrName) + '"')
+      .join(', ')
+  });
+
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-elm.json b/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-elm.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ebbdf67e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-elm.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "id": "aria-allowed-attr-elm",
+  "evaluate": "aria-allowed-attr-elm-evaluate",
+  "metadata": {
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "ARIA attributes are allowed for this element",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ARIA attribute is not allowed on ${data.nodeName} elements: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "ARIA attributes are not allowed on ${data.nodeName} elements: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-evaluate.js
index a1049ef38..59d09e7e6 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -39,7 +39,11 @@ export default function ariaAllowedAttrEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
 
   // Unknown ARIA attributes are tested in aria-valid-attr
   for (const attrName of virtualNode.attrNames) {
-    if (validateAttr(attrName) && !allowed.includes(attrName)) {
+    if (
+      validateAttr(attrName) &&
+      !allowed.includes(attrName) &&
+      !ignoredAttrs(attrName, virtualNode.attr(attrName), virtualNode)
+    ) {
       invalid.push(attrName);
     }
   }
@@ -57,3 +61,23 @@ export default function ariaAllowedAttrEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   }
   return false;
 }
+
+function ignoredAttrs(attrName, attrValue, vNode) {
+  // allow aria-required=false as screen readers consistently ignore it
+  // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3756
+  if (attrName === 'aria-required' && attrValue === 'false') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // allow aria-multiline=false when contenteditable is set
+  // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4463
+  if (
+    attrName === 'aria-multiline' &&
+    attrValue === 'false' &&
+    vNode.hasAttr('contenteditable')
+  ) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr-evaluate.js
index 92fca6752..c772c9a25 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import getRole from '../../commons/aria/get-role';
 import ariaConditionalCheckboxAttr from './aria-conditional-checkbox-attr-evaluate';
+import ariaConditionalRadioAttr from './aria-conditional-radio-attr-evaluate';
 import ariaConditionalRowAttr from './aria-conditional-row-attr-evaluate';
 
 const conditionalRoleMap = {
   row: ariaConditionalRowAttr,
-  checkbox: ariaConditionalCheckboxAttr
+  checkbox: ariaConditionalCheckboxAttr,
+  radio: ariaConditionalRadioAttr
 };
 
 export default function ariaConditionalAttrEvaluate(
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.json b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.json
index c55829016..5f395ba63 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.json
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.json
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
       "pass": "ARIA attribute is allowed",
       "fail": {
         "checkbox": "Remove aria-checked, or set it to \"${data.checkState}\" to match the real checkbox state",
+        "radio": "Remove aria-checked, or set it to \"${data.checkState}\" to match the real radio state",
         "rowSingular": "This attribute is supported with treegrid rows, but not ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}",
         "rowPlural": "These attributes are supported with treegrid rows, but not ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}"
       }
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-radio-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-radio-attr-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f6897c8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-radio-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+export default function ariaConditionalRadioAttr(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  const { nodeName, type } = virtualNode.props;
+  const ariaChecked = normalizeAriaChecked(virtualNode.attr('aria-checked'));
+  if (nodeName !== 'input' || type !== 'radio' || !ariaChecked) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const checkState = getCheckState(virtualNode);
+  if (ariaChecked === checkState) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  this.data({
+    messageKey: 'radio',
+    checkState
+  });
+  return false;
+}
+
+function getCheckState(vNode) {
+  return vNode.props.checked ? 'true' : 'false';
+}
+
+function normalizeAriaChecked(ariaCheckedVal) {
+  if (!ariaCheckedVal) {
+    return '';
+  }
+  ariaCheckedVal = ariaCheckedVal.toLowerCase();
+  if (ariaCheckedVal === 'true') {
+    return ariaCheckedVal;
+  }
+  return 'false';
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage-evaluate.js
index b7b971d4e..977b2cce7 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage-evaluate.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import standards from '../../standards';
-import { idrefs } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { idrefs, isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 import { tokenList } from '../../core/utils';
-import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 /**
  * Check if `aria-errormessage` references an element that also uses a technique to announce the message (aria-live, aria-describedby, etc.).
  *
@@ -42,14 +42,20 @@ export default function ariaErrormessageEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     if (attr.trim() === '') {
       return standards.ariaAttrs['aria-errormessage'].allowEmpty;
     }
+
+    const errormessageTokens = tokenList(attr);
+    if (errormessageTokens.length > 1) {
+      this.data({ messageKey: 'unsupported', values: errormessageTokens });
+      return false;
+    }
     let idref;
 
     try {
       idref = attr && idrefs(virtualNode, 'aria-errormessage')[0];
-    } catch (e) {
+    } catch {
       this.data({
         messageKey: 'idrefs',
-        values: tokenList(attr)
+        values: errormessageTokens
       });
       return undefined;
     }
@@ -58,15 +64,16 @@ export default function ariaErrormessageEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
       if (!isVisibleToScreenReaders(idref)) {
         this.data({
           messageKey: 'hidden',
-          values: tokenList(attr)
+          values: errormessageTokens
         });
         return false;
       }
+      const describedbyTokens = tokenList(virtualNode.attr('aria-describedby'));
       return (
-        idref.getAttribute('role') === 'alert' ||
+        getExplicitRole(idref) === 'alert' ||
         idref.getAttribute('aria-live') === 'assertive' ||
         idref.getAttribute('aria-live') === 'polite' ||
-        tokenList(virtualNode.attr('aria-describedby')).indexOf(attr) > -1
+        errormessageTokens.some(token => describedbyTokens.includes(token))
       );
     }
 
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage.json b/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage.json
index 84901729a..bfc90e7f6 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage.json
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage.json
@@ -8,12 +8,13 @@
       "fail": {
         "singular": "aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` must use a technique to announce the message (e.g., aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.)",
         "plural": "aria-errormessage values `${data.values}` must use a technique to announce the message (e.g., aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.)",
+        "unsupported": "Multiple IDs in aria-errormessage is not widely supported in assistive technologies",
         "hidden": "aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` cannot reference a hidden element"
       },
       "incomplete": {
-        "singular": "ensure aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` references an existing element",
-        "plural": "ensure aria-errormessage values `${data.values}` reference existing elements",
-        "idrefs": "unable to determine if aria-errormessage element exists on the page: ${data.values}"
+        "singular": "Ensure aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` references an existing element",
+        "plural": "Ensure aria-errormessage values `${data.values}` reference existing elements",
+        "idrefs": "Unable to determine if aria-errormessage element exists on the page: ${data.values}"
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr-evaluate.js
index e6e2f9da7..bee8b99a7 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-import { getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
+import { getRole, getRoleType } from '../../commons/aria';
 import { sanitize, subtreeText } from '../../commons/text';
 import standards from '../../standards';
+import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
 
 /**
  * Check that an element does not use any prohibited ARIA attributes.
@@ -33,9 +34,14 @@ export default function ariaProhibitedAttrEvaluate(
 ) {
   const elementsAllowedAriaLabel = options?.elementsAllowedAriaLabel || [];
   const { nodeName } = virtualNode.props;
-  const role = getRole(virtualNode, { chromium: true });
+  const role = getRole(virtualNode, {
+    chromium: true,
+    // this check allows fallback roles. For example, `<div role="foo img" aria-label="...">` is legal.
+    fallback: true
+  });
 
   const prohibitedList = listProhibitedAttrs(
+    virtualNode,
     role,
     nodeName,
     elementsAllowedAriaLabel
@@ -51,7 +57,7 @@ export default function ariaProhibitedAttrEvaluate(
     return false;
   }
 
-  let messageKey = virtualNode.hasAttr('role') ? 'hasRole' : 'noRole';
+  let messageKey = role !== null ? 'hasRole' : 'noRole';
   messageKey += prohibited.length > 1 ? 'Plural' : 'Singular';
   this.data({ role, nodeName, messageKey, prohibited });
 
@@ -64,13 +70,32 @@ export default function ariaProhibitedAttrEvaluate(
   return true;
 }
 
-function listProhibitedAttrs(role, nodeName, elementsAllowedAriaLabel) {
+function listProhibitedAttrs(vNode, role, nodeName, elementsAllowedAriaLabel) {
   const roleSpec = standards.ariaRoles[role];
   if (roleSpec) {
     return roleSpec.prohibitedAttrs || [];
   }
-  if (!!role || elementsAllowedAriaLabel.includes(nodeName)) {
+  if (
+    !!role ||
+    elementsAllowedAriaLabel.includes(nodeName) ||
+    getClosestAncestorRoleType(vNode) === 'widget'
+  ) {
     return [];
   }
   return ['aria-label', 'aria-labelledby'];
 }
+
+const getClosestAncestorRoleType = memoize(
+  function getClosestAncestorRoleTypeMemoized(vNode) {
+    if (!vNode) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const role = getRole(vNode, { noPresentational: true, chromium: true });
+    if (role) {
+      return getRoleType(role);
+    }
+
+    return getClosestAncestorRoleType(vNode.parent);
+  }
+);
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-attr-evaluate.js
index f10642c4c..f623ba4be 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-attr-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -54,6 +54,11 @@ export default function ariaRequiredAttrEvaluate(
   ) {
     return true;
   }
+  // Non-normative exception for things like media player seek slider.
+  // Tested to work in various screen readers.
+  if (role === 'slider' && virtualNode.attr('aria-valuetext')?.trim()) {
+    return true;
+  }
 
   const elmSpec = getElementSpec(virtualNode);
   const missingAttrs = requiredAttrs.filter(
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children-evaluate.js
index 1e7512d96..0330d2a86 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children-evaluate.js
@@ -41,8 +41,11 @@ export default function ariaRequiredChildrenEvaluate(
 
   if (unallowed.length) {
     this.relatedNodes(unallowed.map(({ vNode }) => vNode));
+    const messageKey =
+      virtualNode.attr('aria-busy') === 'true' ? 'aria-busy-fail' : 'unallowed';
+
     this.data({
-      messageKey: 'unallowed',
+      messageKey,
       values: unallowed
         .map(({ vNode, attr }) => getUnallowedSelector(vNode, attr))
         .filter((selector, index, array) => array.indexOf(selector) === index)
@@ -100,7 +103,8 @@ function getOwnedRoles(virtualNode, required) {
     ) {
       ownedVirtual.push(...vNode.children);
     } else if (role || hasGlobalAriaOrFocusable) {
-      const attr = globalAriaAttr || 'tabindex';
+      const attr =
+        globalAriaAttr || (vNode.hasAttr('tabindex') ? 'tabindex' : undefined);
       ownedRoles.push({ role, attr, vNode });
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children.json b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children.json
index 16c67dbd5..016f56b5e 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children.json
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children.json
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Required ARIA child role not present: ${data.values}",
         "plural": "Required ARIA children role not present: ${data.values}",
-        "unallowed": "Element has children which are not allowed: ${data.values}"
+        "unallowed": "Element has children which are not allowed: ${data.values}",
+        "aria-busy-fail": "Element has children which are not allowed: ${data.values}; Having aria-busy=\"true\" does not allow children with roles that are not allowed"
       },
       "incomplete": {
         "singular": "Expecting ARIA child role to be added: ${data.values}",
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-parent-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-parent-evaluate.js
index c985cedc2..a374f0aea 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-parent-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-parent-evaluate.js
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ function getMissingContext(
 }
 
 function getAriaOwners(element) {
-  var owners = [],
-    o = null;
+  const owners = [];
+  let o = null;
 
   while (element) {
     if (element.getAttribute('id')) {
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value-evaluate.js
index 36e824afc..ad43d1393 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value-evaluate.js
@@ -36,12 +36,23 @@ export default function ariaValidAttrValueEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
 
   const preChecks = {
     // aria-controls should only check if element exists if the element
-    // doesn't have aria-expanded=false or aria-selected=false (tabs)
+    // doesn't have aria-expanded=false, aria-selected=false (tabs),
+    // or aria-haspopup (may load later)
     // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/1463
+    // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4363
     'aria-controls': () => {
+      const hasPopup =
+        ['false', null].includes(virtualNode.attr('aria-haspopup')) === false;
+
+      if (hasPopup) {
+        needsReview = `aria-controls="${virtualNode.attr('aria-controls')}"`;
+        messageKey = 'controlsWithinPopup';
+      }
+
       return (
         virtualNode.attr('aria-expanded') !== 'false' &&
-        virtualNode.attr('aria-selected') !== 'false'
+        virtualNode.attr('aria-selected') !== 'false' &&
+        hasPopup === false
       );
     },
     // aria-current should mark as needs review if any value is used that is
@@ -104,7 +115,7 @@ export default function ariaValidAttrValueEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
 
     try {
       validValue = validateAttrValue(virtualNode, attrName);
-    } catch (e) {
+    } catch {
       needsReview = `${attrName}="${attrValue}"`;
       messageKey = 'idrefs';
       return;
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value.json b/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value.json
index d533ad667..df7f2be6d 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value.json
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value.json
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
         "noIdShadow": "ARIA attribute element ID does not exist on the page or is a descendant of a different shadow DOM tree: ${data.needsReview}",
         "ariaCurrent": "ARIA attribute value is invalid and will be treated as \"aria-current=true\": ${data.needsReview}",
         "idrefs": "Unable to determine if ARIA attribute element ID exists on the page: ${data.needsReview}",
-        "empty": "ARIA attribute value is ignored while empty: ${data.needsReview}"
+        "empty": "ARIA attribute value is ignored while empty: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "controlsWithinPopup": "Unable to determine if aria-controls referenced ID exists on the page while using aria-haspopup: ${data.needsReview}"
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/has-widget-role-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/has-widget-role-evaluate.js
index c3344ef20..bd594dbc0 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/has-widget-role-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/has-widget-role-evaluate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { getRoleType } from '../../commons/aria';
+import { getRoleType, getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 
 /**
  * Check if an elements `role` attribute uses any widget or composite role values.
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import { getRoleType } from '../../commons/aria';
  * @memberof checks
  * @return {Boolean} True if the element uses a `widget` or `composite` role. False otherwise.
  */
-function hasWidgetRoleEvaluate(node) {
-  const role = node.getAttribute('role');
+function hasWidgetRoleEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  const role = getExplicitRole(virtualNode);
   if (role === null) {
     return false;
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/invalidrole-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/invalidrole-evaluate.js
index 9c8f26ed6..66a803d74 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/invalidrole-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/invalidrole-evaluate.js
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import { tokenList } from '../../core/utils';
 function invalidroleEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   const allRoles = tokenList(virtualNode.attr('role'));
   const allInvalid = allRoles.every(
-    role => !isValidRole(role, { allowAbstract: true })
+    role => !isValidRole(role.toLowerCase(), { allowAbstract: true })
   );
 
   /**
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label-evaluate.js
index 0fb727077..5fbe5d99a 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label-evaluate.js
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ function noImplicitExplicitLabelEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   try {
     label = sanitize(labelText(virtualNode)).toLowerCase();
     accText = sanitize(accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode)).toLowerCase();
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return undefined;
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics-evaluate.js
index 7c3615dbc..946f29047 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics-evaluate.js
@@ -16,16 +16,22 @@ const VALID_TAG_NAMES_FOR_SCROLLABLE_REGIONS = {
  * appropriate for scrollable elements found in the focus order.
  */
 const VALID_ROLES_FOR_SCROLLABLE_REGIONS = {
+  alert: true,
+  alertdialog: true,
   application: true,
   article: true,
   banner: false,
   complementary: true,
   contentinfo: true,
+  dialog: true,
   form: true,
+  log: true,
   main: true,
   navigation: true,
   region: true,
-  search: false
+  search: false,
+  status: true,
+  tabpanel: true
 };
 
 /**
@@ -46,7 +52,7 @@ function validScrollableTagName(node) {
  *		 region.
  */
 function validScrollableRole(node, options) {
-  var role = getExplicitRole(node);
+  const role = getExplicitRole(node);
   if (!role) {
     return false;
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-enhanced.json b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-enhanced.json
index b09a32690..f64184071 100644
--- a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-enhanced.json
+++ b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-enhanced.json
@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@
         "equalRatio": "Element has a 1:1 contrast ratio with the background",
         "shortTextContent": "Element content is too short to determine if it is actual text content",
         "nonBmp": "Element content contains only non-text characters",
-        "pseudoContent": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
+        "pseudoContent": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element",
+        "colorParse": "Could not parse color string ${data.colorParse}"
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-evaluate.js
index 8916bd097..2319f253c 100644
--- a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-evaluate.js
@@ -122,12 +122,24 @@ export default function colorContrastEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
 
   // if fgColor or bgColor are missing, get more information.
   let missing;
+  let colorParse;
+
   if (bgColor === null) {
-    missing = incompleteData.get('bgColor');
+    if (incompleteData.get('colorParse')) {
+      missing = 'colorParse';
+      colorParse = incompleteData.get('colorParse');
+    } else {
+      missing = incompleteData.get('bgColor');
+    }
   } else if (!isValid) {
     missing = contrastContributor;
   }
 
+  if (fgColor === null && incompleteData.get('colorParse')) {
+    missing = 'colorParse';
+    colorParse = incompleteData.get('colorParse');
+  }
+
   const equalRatio = truncatedResult === 1;
   const shortTextContent = visibleText.length === 1;
   if (equalRatio) {
@@ -146,7 +158,8 @@ export default function colorContrastEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     fontWeight: bold ? 'bold' : 'normal',
     messageKey: missing,
     expectedContrastRatio: expected + ':1',
-    shadowColor: shadowColor ? shadowColor.toHexString() : undefined
+    shadowColor: shadowColor ? shadowColor.toHexString() : undefined,
+    colorParse: colorParse
   });
 
   // We don't know, so we'll put it into Can't Tell
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast.json b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast.json
index 135eeae4e..6e309208d 100644
--- a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast.json
+++ b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast.json
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@
         "equalRatio": "Element has a 1:1 contrast ratio with the background",
         "shortTextContent": "Element content is too short to determine if it is actual text content",
         "nonBmp": "Element content contains only non-text characters",
-        "pseudoContent": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
+        "pseudoContent": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element",
+        "colorParse": "Could not parse color string ${data.colorParse}"
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate.js
index acadb1aec..1cda34473 100644
--- a/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate.js
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import {
 } from '../../commons/color';
 
 function getContrast(color1, color2) {
-  var c1lum = color1.getRelativeLuminance();
-  var c2lum = color2.getRelativeLuminance();
+  const c1lum = color1.getRelativeLuminance();
+  const c2lum = color2.getRelativeLuminance();
   return (Math.max(c1lum, c2lum) + 0.05) / (Math.min(c1lum, c2lum) + 0.05);
 }
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ const blockLike = [
   'inline-block'
 ];
 function isBlock(elm) {
-  var display = window.getComputedStyle(elm).getPropertyValue('display');
+  const display = window.getComputedStyle(elm).getPropertyValue('display');
   return blockLike.indexOf(display) !== -1 || display.substr(0, 6) === 'table-';
 }
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ function linkInTextBlockEvaluate(node, options) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  var parentBlock = getComposedParent(node);
+  let parentBlock = getComposedParent(node);
   while (parentBlock && parentBlock.nodeType === 1 && !isBlock(parentBlock)) {
     parentBlock = getComposedParent(parentBlock);
   }
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ function linkInTextBlockEvaluate(node, options) {
   this.relatedNodes([parentBlock]);
 
   // Capture colors
-  var nodeColor = getForegroundColor(node);
-  var parentColor = getForegroundColor(parentBlock);
-  var nodeBackgroundColor = getBackgroundColor(node);
-  var parentBackgroundColor = getBackgroundColor(parentBlock);
+  const nodeColor = getForegroundColor(node);
+  const parentColor = getForegroundColor(parentBlock);
+  const nodeBackgroundColor = getBackgroundColor(node);
+  const parentBackgroundColor = getBackgroundColor(parentBlock);
 
   // Compute contrasts, giving preference to foreground color and doing as little work as possible
-  var textContrast =
+  let textContrast =
     nodeColor && parentColor ? getContrast(nodeColor, parentColor) : undefined;
   if (textContrast) {
     textContrast = Math.floor(textContrast * 100) / 100;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ function linkInTextBlockEvaluate(node, options) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  var backgroundContrast =
+  let backgroundContrast =
     nodeBackgroundColor && parentBackgroundColor
       ? getContrast(nodeBackgroundColor, parentBackgroundColor)
       : undefined;
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ function linkInTextBlockEvaluate(node, options) {
 
   // Report incomplete instead of failure if we're not sure
   if (!backgroundContrast) {
-    var reason = incompleteData.get('bgColor') ?? 'bgContrast';
+    const reason = incompleteData.get('bgColor') ?? 'bgContrast';
     this.data({
       messageKey: reason
     });
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style-evaluate.js
index e07929ea4..e1e0f5373 100644
--- a/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style-evaluate.js
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ export default function linkInTextBlockStyleEvaluate(node) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  var parentBlock = getComposedParent(node);
+  let parentBlock = getComposedParent(node);
   while (parentBlock && parentBlock.nodeType === 1 && !isBlock(parentBlock)) {
     parentBlock = getComposedParent(parentBlock);
   }
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export default function linkInTextBlockStyleEvaluate(node) {
 }
 
 function isBlock(elm) {
-  var display = window.getComputedStyle(elm).getPropertyValue('display');
+  const display = window.getComputedStyle(elm).getPropertyValue('display');
   return blockLike.indexOf(display) !== -1 || display.substr(0, 6) === 'table-';
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.json b/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.json
index dda69e3b0..0e9940de8 100644
--- a/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.json
+++ b/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.json
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "serious",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "the autocomplete value is on an appropriate element",
-      "fail": "the autocomplete value is inappropriate for this type of input"
+      "pass": "The autocomplete value is on an appropriate element",
+      "fail": "The autocomplete value is inappropriate for this type of input"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid-evaluate.js
index 8139dc64d..8e80aa06f 100644
--- a/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid-evaluate.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { isValidAutocomplete } from '../../commons/text';
 
-function autocompleteValidEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+function autocompleteValidEvaluate(_node, options, virtualNode) {
   const autocomplete = virtualNode.attr('autocomplete') || '';
   return isValidAutocomplete(autocomplete, options);
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.json b/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.json
index 0906e4b89..6c79d2cf9 100644
--- a/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.json
+++ b/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.json
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
     "impact": "serious",
     "messages": {
       "pass": "the autocomplete attribute is correctly formatted",
-      "fail": "the autocomplete attribute is incorrectly formatted"
+      "fail": "the autocomplete attribute is incorrectly formatted",
+      "incomplete": "the autocomplete attribute has a non-standard value. Check whether any standard value could be used instead."
     }
   },
   "options": {
@@ -16,7 +17,10 @@
       "disabled",
       "enabled",
       "undefined",
-      "null"
-    ]
+      "null",
+      "xoff",
+      "xon"
+    ],
+    "ignoredValues": ["text", "pronouns", "gender", "message", "content"]
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/generic/has-text-content-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/generic/has-text-content-evaluate.js
index a3d28d5a7..e487f7254 100644
--- a/lib/checks/generic/has-text-content-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/generic/has-text-content-evaluate.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { sanitize, subtreeText } from '../../commons/text';
 export default function hasTextContentEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   try {
     return sanitize(subtreeText(virtualNode)) !== '';
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return undefined;
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/accesskeys-after.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/accesskeys-after.js
index ec65c48f4..13a0ff489 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/accesskeys-after.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/accesskeys-after.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 function accesskeysAfter(results) {
-  var seen = {};
+  const seen = {};
   return results
     .filter(r => {
       if (!r.data) {
         return false;
       }
-      var key = r.data.toUpperCase();
+      const key = r.data.toUpperCase();
       if (!seen[key]) {
         seen[key] = r;
         r.relatedNodes = [];
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name-evaluate.js
index 3d84a3755..49ee28b88 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name-evaluate.js
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-import { isFocusable } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isInTabOrder } from '../../commons/dom';
 import { accessibleTextVirtual } from '../../commons/text';
 
 function focusableNoNameEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  const tabIndex = virtualNode.attr('tabindex');
-  const inFocusOrder = isFocusable(virtualNode) && tabIndex > -1;
-  if (!inFocusOrder) {
+  if (!isInTabOrder(virtualNode)) {
     return false;
   }
 
   try {
     return !accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode);
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return undefined;
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content-evaluate.js
index 0b48657c4..60c47a531 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content-evaluate.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export default function frameFocusableContentEvaluate(
     return !virtualNode.children.some(child => {
       return focusableDescendants(child);
     });
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return undefined;
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level-evaluate.js
index 15ba47200..33c497f32 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level-evaluate.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-import { getRole, implicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
+import { getRole, implicitRole, getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 import { getAriaRolesByType } from '../../commons/standards';
 import { getComposedParent } from '../../commons/dom';
 
 function landmarkIsTopLevelEvaluate(node) {
-  var landmarks = getAriaRolesByType('landmark');
-  var parent = getComposedParent(node);
-  var nodeRole = getRole(node);
+  const landmarks = getAriaRolesByType('landmark');
+  let parent = getComposedParent(node);
+  const nodeRole = getRole(node);
 
   this.data({ role: nodeRole });
 
   while (parent) {
-    var role = parent.getAttribute('role');
+    let role = getExplicitRole(parent);
     if (!role && parent.nodeName.toUpperCase() !== 'FORM') {
       role = implicitRole(parent);
     }
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content-evaluate.js
index cb0b38cf9..17a6ff7ba 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content-evaluate.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import isFocusable from '../../commons/dom/is-focusable';
 import { getRoleType } from '../../commons/aria';
+import { parseTabindex } from '../../core/utils';
 
 export default function noFocusableContentEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   if (!virtualNode.children) {
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ export default function noFocusableContentEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     }
 
     return false;
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return undefined;
   }
 }
@@ -51,6 +52,6 @@ function getFocusableDescendants(vNode) {
 }
 
 function usesUnreliableHidingStrategy(vNode) {
-  const tabIndex = parseInt(vNode.attr('tabindex'), 10);
-  return !isNaN(tabIndex) && tabIndex < 0;
+  const tabIndex = parseTabindex(vNode.attr('tabindex'));
+  return tabIndex !== null && tabIndex < 0;
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/tabindex-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/tabindex-evaluate.js
index ffeeec520..5380345c2 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/tabindex-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/tabindex-evaluate.js
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+import { parseTabindex } from '../../core/utils';
+
 function tabindexEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  const tabIndex = parseInt(virtualNode.attr('tabindex'), 10);
+  const tabIndex = parseTabindex(virtualNode.attr('tabindex'));
 
   // an invalid tabindex will either return 0 or -1 (based on the element) so
   // will never be above 0
   // @see https://www.w3.org/TR/html51/editing.html#the-tabindex-attribute
-  return isNaN(tabIndex) ? true : tabIndex <= 0;
+  return tabIndex === null || tabIndex <= 0;
 }
 
 export default tabindexEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/explicit-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/label/explicit-evaluate.js
index 585371989..59b0c123c 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/explicit-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/explicit-evaluate.js
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ function explicitEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
         return !!explicitLabel;
       }
     });
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return undefined;
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/explicit.json b/lib/checks/label/explicit.json
index ab765720f..0d4c4b099 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/explicit.json
+++ b/lib/checks/label/explicit.json
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "critical",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "Form element has an explicit <label>",
-      "fail": "Form element does not have an explicit <label>",
+      "pass": "Element has an explicit <label>",
+      "fail": "Element does not have an explicit <label>",
       "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an explicit <label>"
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/help-same-as-label-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/label/help-same-as-label-evaluate.js
index 61262e0fa..47b15769f 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/help-same-as-label-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/help-same-as-label-evaluate.js
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import { labelVirtual, accessibleText, sanitize } from '../../commons/text';
 import { idrefs } from '../../commons/dom';
 
 function helpSameAsLabelEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  var labelText = labelVirtual(virtualNode),
-    check = node.getAttribute('title');
+  const labelText = labelVirtual(virtualNode);
+  let check = node.getAttribute('title');
 
   if (!labelText) {
     return false;
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ function helpSameAsLabelEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     check = '';
 
     if (node.getAttribute('aria-describedby')) {
-      var ref = idrefs(node, 'aria-describedby');
+      const ref = idrefs(node, 'aria-describedby');
       check = ref
         .map(thing => {
           return thing ? accessibleText(thing) : '';
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label-evaluate.js
index eafcc1409..f74f285f9 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label-evaluate.js
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ function hiddenExplicitLabelEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
       let name;
       try {
         name = accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode).trim();
-      } catch (e) {
+      } catch {
         return undefined;
       }
 
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/implicit-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/label/implicit-evaluate.js
index 4d43d9f5e..094095e2d 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/implicit-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/implicit-evaluate.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ function implicitEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
       return !!implicitLabel;
     }
     return false;
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return undefined;
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/implicit.json b/lib/checks/label/implicit.json
index dd2597d56..eaa1a2da6 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/implicit.json
+++ b/lib/checks/label/implicit.json
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "critical",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "Form element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
-      "fail": "Form element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
-      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an implicit (wrapped} <label>"
+      "pass": "Element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
+      "fail": "Element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch-evaluate.js
index 5686c6093..208dc1afd 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch-evaluate.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import {
   accessibleText,
   isHumanInterpretable,
-  subtreeText,
+  removeUnicode,
   sanitize,
-  removeUnicode
+  visibleVirtual
 } from '../../commons/text';
 
 /**
@@ -41,27 +41,21 @@ function labelContentNameMismatchEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   const pixelThreshold = options?.pixelThreshold;
   const occurrenceThreshold =
     options?.occurrenceThreshold ?? options?.occuranceThreshold;
-
   const accText = accessibleText(node).toLowerCase();
-  if (isHumanInterpretable(accText) < 1) {
-    return undefined;
-  }
+  const visibleText = visibleVirtual(virtualNode, false, false, {
+    ignoreIconLigature: true,
+    pixelThreshold,
+    occurrenceThreshold
+  }).toLowerCase();
 
-  const visibleText = sanitize(
-    subtreeText(virtualNode, {
-      subtreeDescendant: true,
-      ignoreIconLigature: true,
-      pixelThreshold,
-      occurrenceThreshold
-    })
-  ).toLowerCase();
   if (!visibleText) {
     return true;
   }
-  if (isHumanInterpretable(visibleText) < 1) {
-    if (isStringContained(visibleText, accText)) {
-      return true;
-    }
+
+  if (
+    isHumanInterpretable(accText) < 1 ||
+    isHumanInterpretable(visibleText) < 1
+  ) {
     return undefined;
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js b/lib/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js
index eb57c4da3..fd4eb2ec1 100644
--- a/lib/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js
+++ b/lib/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 function landmarkIsUniqueAfter(results) {
-  var uniqueLandmarks = [];
+  const uniqueLandmarks = [];
 
   // filter out landmark elements that share the same role and accessible text
   // so every non-unique landmark isn't reported as a failure (just the first)
   return results.filter(currentResult => {
-    var findMatch = someResult => {
+    const findMatch = someResult => {
       return (
         currentResult.data.role === someResult.data.role &&
         currentResult.data.accessibleText === someResult.data.accessibleText
       );
     };
 
-    var matchedResult = uniqueLandmarks.find(findMatch);
+    const matchedResult = uniqueLandmarks.find(findMatch);
     if (matchedResult) {
       matchedResult.result = false;
       matchedResult.relatedNodes.push(currentResult.relatedNodes[0]);
diff --git a/lib/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-evaluate.js
index f8f073d19..f8375fed5 100644
--- a/lib/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-evaluate.js
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import { getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 import { accessibleTextVirtual } from '../../commons/text';
 
 function landmarkIsUniqueEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  var role = getRole(node);
-  var accessibleText = accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode);
+  const role = getRole(node);
+  let accessibleText = accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode);
   accessibleText = accessibleText ? accessibleText.toLowerCase() : null;
   this.data({ role: role, accessibleText: accessibleText });
   this.relatedNodes([node]);
diff --git a/lib/checks/lists/invalid-children-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/lists/invalid-children-evaluate.js
index 684e2eb65..633a64bb9 100644
--- a/lib/checks/lists/invalid-children-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/lists/invalid-children-evaluate.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
-import { getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
+import { getExplicitRole, getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 
 export default function invalidChildrenEvaluate(
   node,
@@ -58,11 +58,16 @@ function getInvalidSelector(
     return false;
   }
 
-  const role = getExplicitRole(vChild);
-  if (role) {
-    return validRoles.includes(role) ? false : selector + `[role=${role}]`;
+  const explicitRole = getExplicitRole(vChild);
+  const role = getRole(vChild);
+  if (explicitRole) {
+    return validRoles.includes(explicitRole)
+      ? false
+      : selector + `[role=${role}]`;
   } else {
-    return validNodeNames.includes(nodeName) ? false : selector + nodeName;
+    return validNodeNames.includes(nodeName) || validRoles.includes(role)
+      ? false
+      : selector + nodeName;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/checks/lists/listitem-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/lists/listitem-evaluate.js
index dde5dcb4f..630056c49 100644
--- a/lib/checks/lists/listitem-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/lists/listitem-evaluate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isValidRole, getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
+import { isValidRole, getExplicitRole, getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 
 export default function listitemEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   const { parent } = virtualNode;
@@ -7,18 +7,17 @@ export default function listitemEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     return undefined;
   }
 
-  const parentNodeName = parent.props.nodeName;
-  const parentRole = getExplicitRole(parent);
+  const parentExplicitRole = getExplicitRole(parent);
+  const parentRole = getRole(parent);
 
   if (['presentation', 'none', 'list'].includes(parentRole)) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  if (parentRole && isValidRole(parentRole)) {
+  if (parentExplicitRole && isValidRole(parentExplicitRole)) {
     this.data({
       messageKey: 'roleNotValid'
     });
-    return false;
   }
-  return ['ul', 'ol', 'menu'].includes(parentNodeName);
+  return false;
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/lists/structured-dlitems-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/lists/structured-dlitems-evaluate.js
index b13fbc980..ad2d7f837 100644
--- a/lib/checks/lists/structured-dlitems-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/lists/structured-dlitems-evaluate.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ function structuredDlitemsEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   let hasDt = false,
     hasDd = false,
     nodeName;
-  for (var i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
+  for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
     nodeName = children[i].props.nodeName.toUpperCase();
     if (nodeName === 'DT') {
       hasDt = true;
diff --git a/lib/checks/media/caption.json b/lib/checks/media/caption.json
index ef3ad383d..07f1adbdf 100644
--- a/lib/checks/media/caption.json
+++ b/lib/checks/media/caption.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "impact": "critical",
     "messages": {
       "pass": "The multimedia element has a captions track",
-      "incomplete": "Check that captions is available for the element"
+      "incomplete": "Check that captions are available for the element"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio-evaluate.js
index dc378bb86..c2a4ebf24 100644
--- a/lib/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio-evaluate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
 function noAutoplayAudioEvaluate(node, options) {
+  const hasControls = node.hasAttribute('controls');
+
+  /**
+   * if the media loops then we only need to know if it has controls, regardless
+   * of the duration
+   */
+  if (node.hasAttribute('loop')) {
+    return hasControls;
+  }
+
   /**
    * if duration cannot be read, this means `preloadMedia` has failed
    */
@@ -12,7 +22,7 @@ function noAutoplayAudioEvaluate(node, options) {
    */
   const { allowedDuration = 3 } = options;
   const playableDuration = getPlayableDuration(node);
-  if (playableDuration <= allowedDuration && !node.hasAttribute('loop')) {
+  if (playableDuration <= allowedDuration) {
     return true;
   }
 
@@ -20,7 +30,7 @@ function noAutoplayAudioEvaluate(node, options) {
    * if media element does not provide controls mechanism
    * -> fail
    */
-  if (!node.hasAttribute('controls')) {
+  if (!hasControls) {
     return false;
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset-evaluate.js
index 8e45fc816..949906576 100644
--- a/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset-evaluate.js
@@ -20,8 +20,27 @@ export default function targetOffsetEvaluate(node, options, vNode) {
       continue;
     }
     // the offset code works off radius but we want our messaging to reflect diameter
-    const offset =
-      roundToSingleDecimal(getOffset(vNode, vNeighbor, minOffset / 2)) * 2;
+    let offset = null;
+    try {
+      offset = getOffset(vNode, vNeighbor, minOffset / 2);
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err.message.startsWith('splitRects')) {
+        this.data({
+          messageKey: 'tooManyRects',
+          closestOffset: 0,
+          minOffset
+        });
+        return undefined;
+      }
+
+      throw err;
+    }
+
+    if (offset === null) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    offset = roundToSingleDecimal(offset) * 2;
     if (offset + roundingMargin >= minOffset) {
       continue;
     }
diff --git a/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset.json b/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset.json
index c06ee11d7..498ea64dc 100644
--- a/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset.json
+++ b/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset.json
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
       "fail": "Target has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px.",
       "incomplete": {
         "default": "Element with negative tabindex has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px. Is this a target?",
-        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Target has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px. Is the neighbor a target?"
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Target has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px. Is the neighbor a target?",
+        "tooManyRects": "Could not get the target size because there are too many overlapping elements"
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/mobile/target-size-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/mobile/target-size-evaluate.js
index 6ee45bc9c..a87935d54 100644
--- a/lib/checks/mobile/target-size-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/mobile/target-size-evaluate.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   rectHasMinimumSize,
   hasVisualOverlap
 } from '../../commons/math';
+import { contains } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Determine if an element has a minimum size, taking into account
@@ -65,7 +66,11 @@ export default function targetSizeEvaluate(node, options, vNode) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  const largestInnerRect = getLargestUnobscuredArea(vNode, obscuredWidgets);
+  const largestInnerRect = getLargestUnobscuredArea(
+    vNode,
+    obscuredWidgets,
+    minSize
+  );
   if (!largestInnerRect) {
     this.data({ minSize, messageKey: 'tooManyRects' });
     return undefined;
@@ -126,18 +131,25 @@ function filterByElmsOverlap(vNode, nearbyElms) {
 }
 
 // Find areas of the target that are not obscured
-function getLargestUnobscuredArea(vNode, obscuredNodes) {
+function getLargestUnobscuredArea(vNode, obscuredNodes, minSize) {
   const nodeRect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
-  const obscuringRects = obscuredNodes.map(
-    ({ boundingClientRect: rect }) => rect
-  );
-  const unobscuredRects = splitRects(nodeRect, obscuringRects);
-  if (unobscuredRects.length === 0) {
+  const obscuringRects = obscuredNodes
+    .map(obscuredNode => {
+      const display = obscuredNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('display');
+      return display === 'inline'
+        ? obscuredNode.clientRects
+        : obscuredNode.boundingClientRect;
+    })
+    .flat(Infinity);
+  let unobscuredRects;
+  try {
+    unobscuredRects = splitRects(nodeRect, obscuringRects);
+  } catch {
     return null;
   }
 
   // Of the unobscured inner rects, work out the largest
-  return getLargestRect(unobscuredRects);
+  return getLargestRect(unobscuredRects, minSize);
 }
 
 // Find the largest rectangle in the array, prioritize ones that meet a minimum size
@@ -185,9 +197,7 @@ function toDecimalSize(rect) {
 }
 
 function isDescendantNotInTabOrder(vAncestor, vNode) {
-  return (
-    vAncestor.actualNode.contains(vNode.actualNode) && !isInTabOrder(vNode)
-  );
+  return contains(vAncestor, vNode) && !isInTabOrder(vNode);
 }
 
 function mapActualNodes(vNodes) {
diff --git a/lib/checks/navigation/region-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/navigation/region-evaluate.js
index 0e14b8a16..0e20b472c 100644
--- a/lib/checks/navigation/region-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/navigation/region-evaluate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as dom from '../../commons/dom';
+import { hasChildTextNodes } from '../../commons/dom/has-content-virtual';
 import { getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 import * as standards from '../../commons/standards';
 import matches from '../../commons/matches';
@@ -45,7 +46,10 @@ function getRegionlessNodes(options) {
  */
 function findRegionlessElms(virtualNode, options) {
   const node = virtualNode.actualNode;
-  // End recursion if the element is a landmark, skiplink, or hidden content
+  // End recursion if the element is...
+  // - a landmark
+  // - a skiplink
+  // - hidden content
   if (
     getRole(virtualNode) === 'button' ||
     isRegion(virtualNode, options) ||
@@ -73,7 +77,8 @@ function findRegionlessElms(virtualNode, options) {
     // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2049
   } else if (
     node !== document.body &&
-    dom.hasContent(node, /* noRecursion: */ true)
+    dom.hasContent(node, /* noRecursion: */ true) &&
+    !isShallowlyHidden(virtualNode)
   ) {
     return [virtualNode];
 
@@ -86,6 +91,14 @@ function findRegionlessElms(virtualNode, options) {
   }
 }
 
+function isShallowlyHidden(virtualNode) {
+  // The element itself is not visible to screen readers, but its descendants might be
+  return (
+    ['none', 'presentation'].includes(getRole(virtualNode)) &&
+    !hasChildTextNodes(virtualNode)
+  );
+}
+
 // Check if the current element is a landmark
 function isRegion(virtualNode, options) {
   const node = virtualNode.actualNode;
diff --git a/lib/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js b/lib/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js
index a0f2bb4be..e4a017219 100644
--- a/lib/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js
+++ b/lib/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 function uniqueFrameTitleAfter(results) {
-  var titles = {};
+  const titles = {};
   results.forEach(r => {
     titles[r.data] = titles[r.data] !== undefined ? ++titles[r.data] : 0;
   });
diff --git a/lib/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-evaluate.js
index 85e2eed58..e00595a6b 100644
--- a/lib/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-evaluate.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { sanitize } from '../../commons/text';
 
 function uniqueFrameTitleEvaluate(node, options, vNode) {
-  var title = sanitize(vNode.attr('title')).toLowerCase();
+  const title = sanitize(vNode.attr('title')).toLowerCase();
   this.data(title);
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/parsing/duplicate-id-after.js b/lib/checks/parsing/duplicate-id-after.js
index 7e170feb9..e6a587185 100644
--- a/lib/checks/parsing/duplicate-id-after.js
+++ b/lib/checks/parsing/duplicate-id-after.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 function duplicateIdAfter(results) {
-  var uniqueIds = [];
+  const uniqueIds = [];
   return results.filter(r => {
     if (uniqueIds.indexOf(r.data) === -1) {
       uniqueIds.push(r.data);
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/aria-labelledby-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/shared/aria-labelledby-evaluate.js
index e9910ef52..f01fa7bc9 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/aria-labelledby-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/aria-labelledby-evaluate.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { arialabelledbyText } from '../../commons/aria';
 function ariaLabelledbyEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   try {
     return !!sanitize(arialabelledbyText(virtualNode));
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return undefined;
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/aria-labelledby.json b/lib/checks/shared/aria-labelledby.json
index f09d75fda..0207baf86 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/aria-labelledby.json
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/aria-labelledby.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     "messages": {
       "pass": "aria-labelledby attribute exists and references elements that are visible to screen readers",
       "fail": "aria-labelledby attribute does not exist, references elements that do not exist or references elements that are empty",
-      "incomplete": "ensure aria-labelledby references an existing element"
+      "incomplete": "Ensure aria-labelledby references an existing element"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/doc-has-title-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/shared/doc-has-title-evaluate.js
index 9a1de035c..928154796 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/doc-has-title-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/doc-has-title-evaluate.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { sanitize } from '../../commons/text';
 
 function docHasTitleEvaluate() {
-  var title = document.title;
+  const title = document.title;
   return !!sanitize(title);
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/error-occurred.json b/lib/checks/shared/error-occurred.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d8c61446
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/error-occurred.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "id": "error-occurred",
+  "evaluate": "exists-evaluate",
+  "metadata": {
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "",
+      "incomplete": "Axe encountered an error; test the page for this type of problem manually"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role.json b/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role.json
index 7b8dfb3b0..152477696 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role.json
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "minor",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"${data.role}\"",
+      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overridden with role=\"${data.role}\"",
       "fail": {
         "default": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\" or role=\"presentation\"",
         "globalAria": "Element's role is not presentational because it has a global ARIA attribute",
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/role-none.json b/lib/checks/shared/role-none.json
index dfae40a5b..dd46b9148 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/role-none.json
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/role-none.json
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "minor",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"none\"",
+      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overridden with role=\"none\"",
       "fail": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\""
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/role-presentation.json b/lib/checks/shared/role-presentation.json
index 8615e6c35..d083000af 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/role-presentation.json
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/role-presentation.json
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "minor",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"presentation\"",
+      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overridden with role=\"presentation\"",
       "fail": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"presentation\""
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title-evaluate.js
index b614de247..348f0f00b 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title-evaluate.js
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ function svgNonEmptyTitleEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
       });
       return false;
     }
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return undefined;
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/checks/tables/caption-faked-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/tables/caption-faked-evaluate.js
index 18a1bf2e0..2e9984971 100644
--- a/lib/checks/tables/caption-faked-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/tables/caption-faked-evaluate.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { toGrid } from '../../commons/table';
 
 function captionFakedEvaluate(node) {
-  var table = toGrid(node);
-  var firstRow = table[0];
+  const table = toGrid(node);
+  const firstRow = table[0];
 
   if (table.length <= 1 || firstRow.length <= 1 || node.rows.length <= 1) {
     return true;
diff --git a/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary-evaluate.js
index 6aafd3f08..2a2a9552e 100644
--- a/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary-evaluate.js
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ function sameCaptionSummaryEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     return undefined;
   }
 
-  var summary = virtualNode.attr('summary');
-  var captionNode = virtualNode.children.find(isCaptionNode);
-  var caption = captionNode ? sanitize(subtreeText(captionNode)) : false;
+  const summary = virtualNode.attr('summary');
+  const captionNode = virtualNode.children.find(isCaptionNode);
+  const caption = captionNode ? sanitize(subtreeText(captionNode)) : false;
 
   if (!caption || !summary) {
     return false;
diff --git a/lib/checks/tables/scope-value-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/tables/scope-value-evaluate.js
index 91e6b87c0..170e8d7fc 100644
--- a/lib/checks/tables/scope-value-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/tables/scope-value-evaluate.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 function scopeValueEvaluate(node, options) {
-  var value = node.getAttribute('scope').toLowerCase();
+  const value = node.getAttribute('scope').toLowerCase();
 
   return options.values.indexOf(value) !== -1;
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr-evaluate.js
index 4275eb47c..14f48052f 100644
--- a/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -1,63 +1,79 @@
 import { tokenList } from '../../core/utils';
 import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
+
+// Order determines the priority of reporting
+// Only if 0 of higher issues exists will the next be reported
+const messageKeys = [
+  'cell-header-not-in-table',
+  'cell-header-not-th',
+  'header-refs-self',
+  'empty-hdrs' // incomplete
+];
+const [notInTable, notTh, selfRef, emptyHdrs] = messageKeys;
 
 export default function tdHeadersAttrEvaluate(node) {
   const cells = [];
-  const reviewCells = [];
-  const badCells = [];
-
+  const cellRoleById = {};
   for (let rowIndex = 0; rowIndex < node.rows.length; rowIndex++) {
     const row = node.rows[rowIndex];
 
     for (let cellIndex = 0; cellIndex < row.cells.length; cellIndex++) {
-      cells.push(row.cells[cellIndex]);
+      const cell = row.cells[cellIndex];
+      cells.push(cell);
+
+      // Save header id to set if it's th or td with roles columnheader/rowheader
+      const cellId = cell.getAttribute('id');
+      if (cellId) {
+        cellRoleById[cellId] = getRole(cell);
+      }
     }
   }
 
-  const ids = cells
-    .filter(cell => cell.getAttribute('id'))
-    .map(cell => cell.getAttribute('id'));
-
+  const badCells = {
+    [selfRef]: new Set(),
+    [notInTable]: new Set(),
+    [notTh]: new Set(),
+    [emptyHdrs]: new Set()
+  };
   cells.forEach(cell => {
-    let isSelf = false;
-    let notOfTable = false;
-
     if (!cell.hasAttribute('headers') || !isVisibleToScreenReaders(cell)) {
       return;
     }
-
     const headersAttr = cell.getAttribute('headers').trim();
     if (!headersAttr) {
-      return reviewCells.push(cell);
+      badCells[emptyHdrs].add(cell);
+      return;
     }
 
+    const cellId = cell.getAttribute('id');
     // Get a list all the values of the headers attribute
     const headers = tokenList(headersAttr);
-
-    if (headers.length !== 0) {
-      // Check if the cell's id is in this list
-      if (cell.getAttribute('id')) {
-        isSelf = headers.indexOf(cell.getAttribute('id').trim()) !== -1;
+    headers.forEach(headerId => {
+      if (cellId && headerId === cellId) {
+        // Header references its own cell
+        badCells[selfRef].add(cell);
+      } else if (!cellRoleById[headerId]) {
+        // Header references a cell that is not in the table
+        badCells[notInTable].add(cell);
+      } else if (
+        !['columnheader', 'rowheader'].includes(cellRoleById[headerId])
+      ) {
+        // Header references a cell that is not a row or column header
+        badCells[notTh].add(cell);
       }
+    });
+  });
 
-      // Check if the headers are of cells inside the table
-      notOfTable = headers.some(header => !ids.includes(header));
-
-      if (isSelf || notOfTable) {
-        badCells.push(cell);
+  for (const messageKey of messageKeys) {
+    if (badCells[messageKey].size > 0) {
+      this.relatedNodes([...badCells[messageKey]]);
+      if (messageKey === emptyHdrs) {
+        return undefined;
       }
+      this.data({ messageKey });
+      return false;
     }
-  });
-
-  if (badCells.length > 0) {
-    this.relatedNodes(badCells);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (reviewCells.length) {
-    this.relatedNodes(reviewCells);
-    return undefined;
   }
-
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.json b/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.json
index 8013130f4..75d42206b 100644
--- a/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.json
+++ b/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.json
@@ -4,9 +4,13 @@
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "serious",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "The headers attribute is exclusively used to refer to other cells in the table",
+      "pass": "The headers attribute is exclusively used to refer to other header cells in the table",
       "incomplete": "The headers attribute is empty",
-      "fail": "The headers attribute is not exclusively used to refer to other cells in the table"
+      "fail": {
+        "cell-header-not-in-table": "The headers attribute is not exclusively used to refer to other header cells in the table",
+        "cell-header-not-th": "The headers attribute must refer to header cells, not data cells",
+        "header-refs-self": "The element with headers attribute refers to itself"
+      }
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells-evaluate.js
index 1c83ef03e..657658694 100644
--- a/lib/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells-evaluate.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as tableUtils from '../../commons/table';
 import { sanitize } from '../../commons/text';
+import { getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 
 function thHasDataCellsEvaluate(node) {
   const cells = tableUtils.getAllCells(node);
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ function thHasDataCellsEvaluate(node) {
     }
     return (
       cell.nodeName.toUpperCase() === 'TH' ||
-      ['rowheader', 'columnheader'].indexOf(cell.getAttribute('role')) !== -1
+      ['rowheader', 'columnheader'].indexOf(getExplicitRole(cell)) !== -1
     );
   });
 
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js b/lib/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js
index 5b24b7bdb..c65bc9ae9 100644
--- a/lib/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js
@@ -18,7 +18,15 @@ function getOwnedVirtual(virtualNode) {
     const owns = idrefs(actualNode, 'aria-owns')
       .filter(element => !!element)
       .map(element => axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(element));
-    return [...children, ...owns];
+
+    // Deduplicates by first occurrence to match browser accessibility tree behavior
+    // See: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/4987
+    const uniqueOwns = owns.filter((own, index) => owns.indexOf(own) === index);
+    const nativeChildren = children.filter(
+      child => !uniqueOwns.includes(child)
+    );
+
+    return [...nativeChildren, ...uniqueOwns];
   }
 
   return [...children];
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/implicit-role.js b/lib/commons/aria/implicit-role.js
index 509d77217..72bf1e3fd 100644
--- a/lib/commons/aria/implicit-role.js
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/implicit-role.js
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import implicitHtmlRoles from '../standards/implicit-html-roles';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 import getElementSpec from '../standards/get-element-spec';
-import AbstractVirtuaNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
 
 /**
  * Get the implicit role for a given node
@@ -12,20 +11,22 @@ import AbstractVirtuaNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-no
  * @return {Mixed} Either the role or `null` if there is none
  */
 function implicitRole(node, { chromium } = {}) {
-  const vNode =
-    node instanceof AbstractVirtuaNode ? node : getNodeFromTree(node);
-  node = vNode.actualNode;
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
 
   // this error is only thrown if the virtual tree is not a
-  // complete tree, which only happens in linting and if a
-  // user used `getFlattenedTree` manually on a subset of the
-  // DOM tree
+  // complete tree, which only happens in certain scenarios,
+  // such as if a user used `getFlattenedTree` manually on a
+  // subset of the DOM tree
   if (!vNode) {
     throw new ReferenceError(
       'Cannot get implicit role of a node outside the current scope.'
     );
   }
 
+  if (vNode.elementInternals?.role) {
+    return vNode.elementInternals.role;
+  }
+
   const nodeName = vNode.props.nodeName;
   const role = implicitHtmlRoles[nodeName];
 
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js b/lib/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js
index 862d8affa..d6f96b65b 100644
--- a/lib/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ function validateAttrValue(vNode, attr) {
       try {
         const doc = getRootNode(vNode.actualNode);
         return !!(value && doc.getElementById(value));
-      } catch (e) {
+      } catch {
         throw new TypeError('Cannot resolve id references for partial DOM');
       }
 
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/color.js b/lib/commons/color/color.js
index 5201628d3..de8e6ea62 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/color.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/color.js
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-import { Colorjs } from '../../core/imports';
+import { Colorjs, ArrayFrom } from '../../core/imports';
+import incompleteData from './incomplete-data';
 
 const hexRegex = /^#[0-9a-f]{3,8}$/i;
+const hslRegex = /hsl\(\s*([-\d.]+)(rad|turn)/;
 
 /**
  * @class Color
@@ -129,15 +131,49 @@ export default class Color {
    * @instance
    */
   parseString(colorString) {
+    // Colorjs <v0.5.0 does not support rad or turn angle values
+    // @see https://github.com/LeaVerou/color.js/issues/311
+    colorString = colorString.replace(hslRegex, (match, angle, unit) => {
+      const value = angle + unit;
+
+      switch (unit) {
+        case 'rad':
+          return match.replace(value, radToDeg(angle));
+        case 'turn':
+          return match.replace(value, turnToDeg(angle));
+      }
+    });
+
     try {
+      // revert prototype.js override of Array.from
+      // in order to get color-contrast working
+      // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4428
+      let prototypeArrayFrom;
+      if ('Prototype' in window && 'Version' in window.Prototype) {
+        prototypeArrayFrom = Array.from;
+        Array.from = ArrayFrom;
+      }
+
       // srgb values are between 0 and 1
-      const color = new Colorjs(colorString).to('srgb');
+      const color = new Colorjs(colorString)
+        .toGamut({
+          space: 'srgb',
+          method: 'clip'
+        })
+        .to('srgb');
+
+      if (prototypeArrayFrom) {
+        Array.from = prototypeArrayFrom;
+        prototypeArrayFrom = null;
+      }
+
       this.r = color.r;
       this.g = color.g;
       this.b = color.b;
       // color.alpha is a Number object so convert it to a number
       this.alpha = +color.alpha;
-    } catch (err) {
+    } catch {
+      incompleteData.set('colorParse', colorString);
       throw new Error(`Unable to parse color "${colorString}"`);
     }
 
@@ -196,11 +232,11 @@ export default class Color {
     const { r: rSRGB, g: gSRGB, b: bSRGB } = this;
 
     const r =
-      rSRGB <= 0.03928 ? rSRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((rSRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
+      rSRGB <= 0.04045 ? rSRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((rSRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
     const g =
-      gSRGB <= 0.03928 ? gSRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((gSRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
+      gSRGB <= 0.04045 ? gSRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((gSRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
     const b =
-      bSRGB <= 0.03928 ? bSRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((bSRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
+      bSRGB <= 0.04045 ? bSRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((bSRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
 
     return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b;
   }
@@ -328,3 +364,13 @@ export default class Color {
 function clamp(value, min, max) {
   return Math.min(Math.max(min, value), max);
 }
+
+// convert radians to degrees
+function radToDeg(rad) {
+  return (rad * 180) / Math.PI;
+}
+
+// convert turn to degrees
+function turnToDeg(turn) {
+  return turn * 360;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js b/lib/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js
index a3ff6a6fa..ddb6c91cd 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ function _getFonts(style) {
  * @return {Boolean}
  */
 function elementIsDistinct(node, ancestorNode) {
-  var nodeStyle = window.getComputedStyle(node);
+  const nodeStyle = window.getComputedStyle(node);
 
   // Check if the link has a background
   if (nodeStyle.getPropertyValue('background-image') !== 'none') {
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ function elementIsDistinct(node, ancestorNode) {
   }
 
   // Check if the link has a border or outline
-  var hasBorder = ['border-bottom', 'border-top', 'outline'].reduce(
+  const hasBorder = ['border-bottom', 'border-top', 'outline'].reduce(
     (result, edge) => {
-      var borderClr = new Color();
+      const borderClr = new Color();
       borderClr.parseString(nodeStyle.getPropertyValue(edge + '-color'));
 
       // Check if a border/outline was specified
@@ -54,13 +54,13 @@ function elementIsDistinct(node, ancestorNode) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  var parentStyle = window.getComputedStyle(ancestorNode);
+  const parentStyle = window.getComputedStyle(ancestorNode);
   // Compare fonts
   if (_getFonts(nodeStyle)[0] !== _getFonts(parentStyle)[0]) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  var hasStyle = [
+  let hasStyle = [
     'text-decoration-line',
     'text-decoration-style',
     'font-weight',
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ function elementIsDistinct(node, ancestorNode) {
     );
   }, false);
 
-  var tDec = nodeStyle.getPropertyValue('text-decoration');
+  const tDec = nodeStyle.getPropertyValue('text-decoration');
   if (tDec.split(' ').length < 3) {
     // old style CSS text decoration
     hasStyle =
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/flatten-shadow-colors.js b/lib/commons/color/flatten-shadow-colors.js
index 448462367..c4cfcba87 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/flatten-shadow-colors.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/flatten-shadow-colors.js
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ import Color from './color';
  * @return {Color} Blended color
  */
 export default function flattenShadowColors(fgColor, bgColor) {
-  var alpha = fgColor.alpha;
-  var r = (1 - alpha) * bgColor.red + alpha * fgColor.red;
-  var g = (1 - alpha) * bgColor.green + alpha * fgColor.green;
-  var b = (1 - alpha) * bgColor.blue + alpha * fgColor.blue;
-  var a = fgColor.alpha + bgColor.alpha * (1 - fgColor.alpha);
+  const alpha = fgColor.alpha;
+  const r = (1 - alpha) * bgColor.red + alpha * fgColor.red;
+  const g = (1 - alpha) * bgColor.green + alpha * fgColor.green;
+  const b = (1 - alpha) * bgColor.blue + alpha * fgColor.blue;
+  const a = fgColor.alpha + bgColor.alpha * (1 - fgColor.alpha);
 
   return new Color(r, g, b, a);
 }
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/get-background-color.js b/lib/commons/color/get-background-color.js
index 69eb1352a..8b2f18853 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/get-background-color.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/get-background-color.js
@@ -75,9 +75,17 @@ function _getBackgroundColor(elm, bgElms, shadowOutlineEmMax) {
     }
 
     // Get the background color
-    const bgColor = getOwnBackgroundColor(bgElmStyle);
-    if (bgColor.alpha === 0) {
-      continue;
+    let bgColor;
+    try {
+      bgColor = getOwnBackgroundColor(bgElmStyle);
+      if (bgColor.alpha === 0) {
+        continue;
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error && incompleteData.get('colorParse')) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      throw error;
     }
 
     // abort if a node is partially obscured and obscuring element has a background
@@ -147,13 +155,17 @@ function fullyEncompasses(node, rects) {
   let { right, bottom } = nodeRect;
   const style = window.getComputedStyle(node);
   const overflow = style.getPropertyValue('overflow');
+  const paddingLeft = parseInt(style.getPropertyValue('padding-left'), 10);
+  const paddingRight = parseInt(style.getPropertyValue('padding-right'), 10);
+  const paddingTop = parseInt(style.getPropertyValue('padding-top'), 10);
+  const paddingBottom = parseInt(style.getPropertyValue('padding-bottom'), 10);
 
   if (
     ['scroll', 'auto'].includes(overflow) ||
     node instanceof window.HTMLHtmlElement
   ) {
-    right = nodeRect.left + node.scrollWidth;
-    bottom = nodeRect.top + node.scrollHeight;
+    right = nodeRect.left + node.scrollWidth + paddingLeft + paddingRight;
+    bottom = nodeRect.top + node.scrollHeight + paddingTop + paddingBottom;
   }
 
   return rects.every(rect => {
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/get-background-stack.js b/lib/commons/color/get-background-stack.js
index cf417fcea..652c1596d 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/get-background-stack.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/get-background-stack.js
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ function shallowArraysEqual(a, b) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  for (var i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) {
+  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) {
     if (a[i] !== b[i]) {
       return false;
     }
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/get-contrast.js b/lib/commons/color/get-contrast.js
index 1ece583cc..f70af85af 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/get-contrast.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/get-contrast.js
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ function getContrast(bgColor, fgColor) {
     fgColor = flattenColors(fgColor, bgColor);
   }
 
-  var bL = bgColor.getRelativeLuminance();
-  var fL = fgColor.getRelativeLuminance();
+  const bL = bgColor.getRelativeLuminance();
+  const fL = fgColor.getRelativeLuminance();
 
   return (Math.max(fL, bL) + 0.05) / (Math.min(fL, bL) + 0.05);
 }
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js b/lib/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
index dca800421..bc9864c7d 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
@@ -32,17 +32,24 @@ export default function getForegroundColor(node, _, bgColor, options = {}) {
   ];
   let fgColors = [];
 
-  for (const colorFn of colorStack) {
-    const color = colorFn();
-    if (!color) {
-      continue;
-    }
+  try {
+    for (const colorFn of colorStack) {
+      const color = colorFn();
+      if (!color) {
+        continue;
+      }
 
-    fgColors = fgColors.concat(color);
+      fgColors = fgColors.concat(color);
 
-    if (color.alpha === 1) {
-      break;
+      if (color.alpha === 1) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (error && incompleteData.get('colorParse')) {
+      return null;
     }
+    throw error;
   }
 
   const fgColor = fgColors.reduce((source, backdrop) => {
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js b/lib/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js
index 3259ed3fe..e68024eb7 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ import getContrast from './get-contrast';
  * @deprecated
  */
 function hasValidContrastRatio(bg, fg, fontSize, isBold) {
-  var contrast = getContrast(bg, fg);
-  var isSmallFont =
+  const contrast = getContrast(bg, fg);
+  const isSmallFont =
     (isBold && Math.ceil(fontSize * 72) / 96 < 14) ||
     (!isBold && Math.ceil(fontSize * 72) / 96 < 18);
-  var expectedContrastRatio = isSmallFont ? 4.5 : 3;
+  const expectedContrastRatio = isSmallFont ? 4.5 : 3;
 
   return {
     isValid: contrast > expectedContrastRatio,
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js b/lib/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js
index 5af87fb52..b6e69e52b 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-import createGrid from './create-grid';
-import { memoize } from '../../core/utils';
+import getNodeGrid from './get-node-grid';
+import isFixedPosition from './is-fixed-position';
 
 export default function findNearbyElms(vNode, margin = 0) {
-  createGrid(); // Ensure grid exists
-  if (!vNode._grid?.cells?.length) {
+  const grid = getNodeGrid(vNode);
+  if (!grid?.cells?.length) {
     return []; // Elements not in the grid don't have ._grid
   }
   const rect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
-  const grid = vNode._grid;
-  const selfIsFixed = hasFixedPosition(vNode);
+  const selfIsFixed = isFixedPosition(vNode);
   const gridPosition = grid.getGridPositionOfRect(rect, margin);
 
   const neighbors = [];
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ export default function findNearbyElms(vNode, margin = 0) {
         vNeighbor &&
         vNeighbor !== vNode &&
         !neighbors.includes(vNeighbor) &&
-        selfIsFixed === hasFixedPosition(vNeighbor)
+        selfIsFixed === isFixedPosition(vNeighbor)
       ) {
         neighbors.push(vNeighbor);
       }
@@ -27,13 +26,3 @@ export default function findNearbyElms(vNode, margin = 0) {
 
   return neighbors;
 }
-
-const hasFixedPosition = memoize(vNode => {
-  if (!vNode) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position') === 'fixed') {
-    return true;
-  }
-  return hasFixedPosition(vNode.parent);
-});
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js
index 3857a0bd4..ddb28945a 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ function getComposedParent(element) {
     // we'll skip this part for now.
     return getComposedParent(element.assignedSlot); // parent of a shadow DOM slot
   } else if (element.parentNode) {
-    var parentNode = element.parentNode;
+    const parentNode = element.parentNode;
     if (parentNode.nodeType === 1) {
       return parentNode; // Regular node
     } else if (parentNode.host) {
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js
index b3dfecd79..1bbf26e7b 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import getScrollOffset from './get-scroll-offset';
  * @property {Number} height The height of the element
  */
 function getElementCoordinates(element) {
-  var scrollOffset = getScrollOffset(document),
+  const scrollOffset = getScrollOffset(document),
     xOffset = scrollOffset.left,
     yOffset = scrollOffset.top,
     coords = element.getBoundingClientRect();
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
index 132a20f2b..a6f455b3b 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { getRectStack } from './get-rect-stack';
 import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
-import createGrid from './create-grid';
+import getNodeGrid from './get-node-grid';
 
 /**
  * Return all elements that are at the center bounding rect of the passed in node.
@@ -10,16 +10,12 @@ import createGrid from './create-grid';
  * @return {Node[]}
  */
 function getElementStack(node) {
-  createGrid();
-
-  const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
-  const grid = vNode._grid;
-
+  const grid = getNodeGrid(node);
   if (!grid) {
     return [];
   }
-
-  return getRectStack(grid, vNode.boundingClientRect);
+  const rect = getNodeFromTree(node).boundingClientRect;
+  return getRectStack(grid, rect);
 }
 
 export default getElementStack;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-node-grid.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-node-grid.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e7a78294
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-node-grid.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import createGrid from './create-grid';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+
+/**
+ * Get the grid an element exists in
+ * @param {Node|VirtualNode} node
+ * @returns {Grid}
+ */
+export default function getNodeGrid(node) {
+  createGrid(); // Ensure the grid exists
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
+  return vNode._grid;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js
index f1f4aec90..e5ca0d184 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ function getScrollOffset(element) {
 
   // 9 === Node.DOCUMENT_NODE
   if (element.nodeType === 9) {
-    var docElement = element.documentElement,
+    const docElement = element.documentElement,
       body = element.body;
 
     return {
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js
index 283663564..dfa2925f8 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { querySelectorAll } from '../../core/utils';
+import { parseTabindex } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Get all elements (including given node) that are part of the tab order
@@ -13,11 +14,9 @@ function getTabbableElements(virtualNode) {
 
   const tabbableElements = nodeAndDescendents.filter(vNode => {
     const isFocusable = vNode.isFocusable;
-    let tabIndex = vNode.actualNode.getAttribute('tabindex');
-    tabIndex =
-      tabIndex && !isNaN(parseInt(tabIndex, 10)) ? parseInt(tabIndex) : null;
+    const tabIndex = parseTabindex(vNode.actualNode.getAttribute('tabindex'));
 
-    return tabIndex ? isFocusable && tabIndex >= 0 : isFocusable;
+    return tabIndex !== null ? isFocusable && tabIndex >= 0 : isFocusable;
   });
 
   return tabbableElements;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js
index fc5b2aabe..ebebb2c7f 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import findNearbyElms from './find-nearby-elms';
 import isInTabOrder from './is-in-tab-order';
 import { splitRects, hasVisualOverlap } from '../math';
 import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+import { contains } from '../../core/utils';
 
 export default memoize(getTargetRects);
 
@@ -12,7 +13,9 @@ export default memoize(getTargetRects);
  * @return {DOMRect[]}
  */
 function getTargetRects(vNode) {
-  const nodeRect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+  const display = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('display');
+  const nodeRects =
+    display === 'inline' ? vNode.clientRects : [vNode.boundingClientRect];
   const overlappingVNodes = findNearbyElms(vNode).filter(vNeighbor => {
     return (
       hasVisualOverlap(vNode, vNeighbor) &&
@@ -22,17 +25,21 @@ function getTargetRects(vNode) {
   });
 
   if (!overlappingVNodes.length) {
-    return [nodeRect];
+    return nodeRects;
   }
 
-  const obscuringRects = overlappingVNodes.map(
-    ({ boundingClientRect: rect }) => rect
-  );
-  return splitRects(nodeRect, obscuringRects);
+  const obscuringRects = overlappingVNodes
+    .map(overlappingVNode => {
+      const overlappingDisplay =
+        overlappingVNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('display');
+      return overlappingDisplay === 'inline'
+        ? overlappingVNode.clientRects
+        : overlappingVNode.boundingClientRect;
+    })
+    .flat(Infinity);
+  return splitRects(nodeRects, obscuringRects);
 }
 
 function isDescendantNotInTabOrder(vAncestor, vNode) {
-  return (
-    vAncestor.actualNode.contains(vNode.actualNode) && !isInTabOrder(vNode)
-  );
+  return contains(vAncestor, vNode) && !isInTabOrder(vNode);
 }
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
index 3eefa4956..dc3e9eee3 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import { getRectStack } from './get-rect-stack';
-import createGrid from './create-grid';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import getNodeGrid from './get-node-grid';
 import getVisibleChildTextRects from './get-visible-child-text-rects';
 
 /**
@@ -11,11 +10,7 @@ import getVisibleChildTextRects from './get-visible-child-text-rects';
  * @return {Array<Node[]>}
  */
 function getTextElementStack(node) {
-  createGrid();
-
-  const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
-  const grid = vNode._grid;
-
+  const grid = getNodeGrid(node);
   if (!grid) {
     return [];
   }
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js b/lib/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
index ae71c1f7d..691555262 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ export function hasChildTextNodes(elm) {
 function hasContentVirtual(elm, noRecursion, ignoreAria) {
   return (
     // It has text
+    // or one of it's descendants does
     hasChildTextNodes(elm) ||
     // It is a graphical element
     isVisualContent(elm.actualNode) ||
     // It has an ARIA label
     (!ignoreAria && !!labelVirtual(elm)) ||
-    // or one of it's descendants does
     (!noRecursion &&
       elm.children.some(
         child => child.actualNode.nodeType === 1 && hasContentVirtual(child)
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/idrefs.js b/lib/commons/dom/idrefs.js
index 2d044f95c..be3dc56db 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/idrefs.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/idrefs.js
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ function idrefs(node, attr) {
     }
 
     return result;
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     throw new TypeError('Cannot resolve id references for non-DOM nodes');
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/index.js b/lib/commons/dom/index.js
index 57ae0756c..93e3f353a 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/index.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/index.js
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ export { default as hasLangText } from './has-lang-text';
 export { default as idrefs } from './idrefs';
 export { default as insertedIntoFocusOrder } from './inserted-into-focus-order';
 export { default as isCurrentPageLink } from './is-current-page-link';
+export { default as isFixedPosition } from './is-fixed-position';
 export { default as isFocusable } from './is-focusable';
 export { default as isHiddenWithCSS } from './is-hidden-with-css';
 export { default as isHiddenForEveryone } from './is-hidden-for-everyone';
@@ -53,3 +54,4 @@ export { default as visuallyContains } from './visually-contains';
 export { default as visuallyOverlaps } from './visually-overlaps';
 export { default as visuallySort } from './visually-sort';
 export { default as createGrid } from './create-grid';
+export { default as getNodeGrid } from './get-node-grid';
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js b/lib/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js
index 1eb927a89..4f6107d56 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import isFocusable from './is-focusable';
 import isNativelyFocusable from './is-natively-focusable';
+import { parseTabindex } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Determines if an element is in the focus order, but would not be if its
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ import isNativelyFocusable from './is-natively-focusable';
  * if its tabindex were removed. Else, false.
  */
 function insertedIntoFocusOrder(el) {
-  const tabIndex = parseInt(el.getAttribute('tabindex'), 10);
+  const tabIndex = parseTabindex(el.getAttribute('tabindex'));
 
   // an element that has an invalid tabindex will return 0 or -1 based on
   // if it is natively focusable or not, which will always be false for this
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-fixed-position.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-fixed-position.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d065694cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-fixed-position.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+
+/**
+ * Determines if an element is inside a position:fixed subtree, even if the element itself is positioned differently.
+ * @param {VirtualNode|Element} node
+ * @param {Boolean} [options.skipAncestors] If the ancestor tree should not be used
+ * @return {Boolean} The element's position state
+ */
+export default function isFixedPosition(node, { skipAncestors } = {}) {
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
+
+  // detached element
+  if (!vNode) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (skipAncestors) {
+    return isFixedSelf(vNode);
+  }
+
+  return isFixedAncestors(vNode);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check the element for position:fixed
+ */
+const isFixedSelf = memoize(function isFixedSelfMemoized(vNode) {
+  return vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position') === 'fixed';
+});
+
+/**
+ * Check the element and ancestors for position:fixed
+ */
+const isFixedAncestors = memoize(function isFixedAncestorsMemoized(vNode) {
+  if (isFixedSelf(vNode)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (!vNode.parent) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return isFixedAncestors(vNode.parent);
+});
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-focusable.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-focusable.js
index 27b6dd133..03be03786 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-focusable.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-focusable.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import focusDisabled from './focus-disabled';
 import isNativelyFocusable from './is-natively-focusable';
 import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+import { parseTabindex } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Determines if an element is keyboard or programmatically focusable.
@@ -23,10 +24,6 @@ export default function isFocusable(el) {
     return true;
   }
   // check if the tabindex is specified and a parseable number
-  var tabindex = vNode.attr('tabindex');
-  if (tabindex && !isNaN(parseInt(tabindex, 10))) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return false;
+  const tabindex = parseTabindex(vNode.attr('tabindex'));
+  return tabindex !== null;
 }
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js
index 7291b06e0..0baa67c2f 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 import isFocusable from './is-focusable';
+import { parseTabindex } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Determines if an element is focusable and able to be tabbed to.
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ export default function isInTabOrder(el) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  const tabindex = parseInt(vNode.attr('tabindex', 10));
+  const tabindex = parseTabindex(vNode.attr('tabindex'));
   if (tabindex <= -1) {
     return false; // Elements with tabindex=-1 are never in the tab order
   }
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
index fe390ce4d..ecf1f6a77 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
@@ -1,37 +1,11 @@
 import getComposedParent from './get-composed-parent';
 import sanitize from '../text/sanitize';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { getNodeFromTree, nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 import getRoleType from '../aria/get-role-type';
 
-function walkDomNode(node, functor) {
-  if (functor(node.actualNode) !== false) {
-    node.children.forEach(child => walkDomNode(child, functor));
-  }
-}
+const blockLike = ['block', 'list-item', 'table', 'flex', 'grid'];
 
-const blockLike = [
-  'block',
-  'list-item',
-  'table',
-  'flex',
-  'grid',
-  'inline-block'
-];
-
-function isBlock(elm) {
-  var display = window.getComputedStyle(elm).getPropertyValue('display');
-  return blockLike.includes(display) || display.substr(0, 6) === 'table-';
-}
-
-function getBlockParent(node) {
-  // Find the closest parent
-  let parentBlock = getComposedParent(node);
-  while (parentBlock && !isBlock(parentBlock)) {
-    parentBlock = getComposedParent(parentBlock);
-  }
-
-  return getNodeFromTree(parentBlock);
-}
+const inlineBlockLike = ['inline-block', 'inline-flex', 'inline-grid'];
 
 /**
  * Determines if an element is within a text block
@@ -41,16 +15,21 @@ function getBlockParent(node) {
  * @param  {Element} node [description]
  * @param  {Object} options Optional
  * @property {Bool} noLengthCompare
+ * @property {Bool} includeInlineBlock
  * @return {Boolean}      [description]
  */
-function isInTextBlock(node, options) {
-  if (isBlock(node)) {
-    // Ignore if the link is a block
+function isInTextBlock(
+  node,
+  { noLengthCompare, includeInlineBlock = false } = {}
+) {
+  const { vNode, domNode } = nodeLookup(node);
+  if (isBlock(domNode) || (!includeInlineBlock && isInlineBlockLike(vNode))) {
+    // Ignore if the element is a block
     return false;
   }
 
   // Find all the text part of the parent block not in a link, and all the text in a link
-  const virtualParent = getBlockParent(node);
+  const virtualParent = getBlockParent(domNode);
   let parentText = '';
   let widgetText = '';
   let inBrBlock = 0;
@@ -58,6 +37,10 @@ function isInTextBlock(node, options) {
   // We want to ignore hidden text, and if br / hr is used, only use the section of the parent
   // that has the link we're looking at
   walkDomNode(virtualParent, currNode => {
+    if (currNode === virtualParent.actualNode) {
+      return true; // Skip the element itself
+    }
+
     // We're already passed it, skip everything else
     if (inBrBlock === 2) {
       return false;
@@ -72,12 +55,13 @@ function isInTextBlock(node, options) {
       return;
     }
 
-    var nodeName = (currNode.nodeName || '').toUpperCase();
-    if (currNode === node) {
+    const nodeName = (currNode.nodeName || '').toUpperCase();
+    if (currNode === domNode) {
       inBrBlock = 1;
     }
+    const nodeIsBlock = isBlock(currNode);
     // BR and HR elements break the line
-    if (['BR', 'HR'].includes(nodeName)) {
+    if (nodeIsBlock || ['BR', 'HR'].includes(nodeName)) {
       if (inBrBlock === 0) {
         parentText = '';
         widgetText = '';
@@ -86,7 +70,9 @@ function isInTextBlock(node, options) {
       }
 
       // Don't walk nodes with content not displayed on screen.
-    } else if (
+    }
+    if (
+      nodeIsBlock ||
       currNode.style.display === 'none' ||
       currNode.style.overflow === 'hidden' ||
       !['', null, 'none'].includes(currNode.style.float) ||
@@ -103,7 +89,7 @@ function isInTextBlock(node, options) {
   });
 
   parentText = sanitize(parentText);
-  if (options?.noLengthCompare) {
+  if (noLengthCompare) {
     return parentText.length !== 0;
   }
 
@@ -112,3 +98,30 @@ function isInTextBlock(node, options) {
 }
 
 export default isInTextBlock;
+
+function isBlock(node) {
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
+  const display = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('display');
+  return blockLike.includes(display) || display.substr(0, 6) === 'table-';
+}
+
+function isInlineBlockLike(vNode) {
+  const display = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('display');
+  return inlineBlockLike.includes(display);
+}
+
+function walkDomNode(node, functor) {
+  if (functor(node.actualNode) !== false) {
+    node.children.forEach(child => walkDomNode(child, functor));
+  }
+}
+
+function getBlockParent(node) {
+  // Find the closest parent
+  let parentBlock = getComposedParent(node);
+  while (parentBlock && !isBlock(parentBlock)) {
+    parentBlock = getComposedParent(parentBlock);
+  }
+
+  return getNodeFromTree(parentBlock);
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
index d0e3b75f7..4883be568 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import getComposedParent from './get-composed-parent';
 import getElementCoordinates from './get-element-coordinates';
 import getViewportSize from './get-viewport-size';
 import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+import isFixedPosition from './is-fixed-position';
 
 function noParentScrolled(element, offset) {
   element = getComposedParent(element);
@@ -37,39 +38,43 @@ function isOffscreen(element, { isAncestor } = {}) {
     return undefined;
   }
 
-  let leftBoundary;
   const docElement = document.documentElement;
   const styl = window.getComputedStyle(domNode);
   const dir = window
     .getComputedStyle(document.body || docElement)
     .getPropertyValue('direction');
-  const coords = getElementCoordinates(domNode);
+  const isFixed = isFixedPosition(domNode);
+  const coords = isFixed
+    ? domNode.getBoundingClientRect()
+    : getElementCoordinates(domNode);
+
+  // Consider 0 height/ width elements at origin visible
+  if (coords.top === 0 && coords.bottom === 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (coords.left === 0 && coords.right === 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
 
-  // bottom edge beyond
   if (
-    coords.bottom < 0 &&
+    coords.bottom <= 0 &&
     (noParentScrolled(domNode, coords.bottom) || styl.position === 'absolute')
   ) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  if (coords.left === 0 && coords.right === 0) {
-    //This is an edge case, an empty (zero-width) element that isn't positioned 'off screen'.
-    return false;
+  const viewportSize = getViewportSize(window);
+  if (isFixed && coords.top >= viewportSize.height) {
+    return true; // Positioned below the viewport
   }
 
-  if (dir === 'ltr') {
-    if (coords.right <= 0) {
-      return true;
-    }
-  } else {
-    leftBoundary = Math.max(
-      docElement.scrollWidth,
-      getViewportSize(window).width
-    );
-    if (coords.left >= leftBoundary) {
-      return true;
-    }
+  const rightEdge = Math.max(docElement.scrollWidth, viewportSize.width);
+  if ((isFixed || dir === 'rtl') && coords.left >= rightEdge) {
+    return true; // Positioned right of the viewport, preventing right scrolling
+  }
+
+  if ((isFixed || dir === 'ltr') && coords.right <= 0) {
+    return true; // Positioned left of the viewport, preventing left scrolling
   }
 
   return false;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js b/lib/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js
index cf11a6477..de5743089 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js
@@ -117,16 +117,33 @@ export function overflowHidden(vNode, { isAncestor } = {}) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  const rect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
-  const nodes = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
+  // a node with position fixed cannot be hidden by an overflow
+  // ancestor, even when that ancestor uses a non-static position
+  const position = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position');
+  if (position === 'fixed') {
+    return false;
+  }
 
+  const nodes = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
   if (!nodes.length) {
     return false;
   }
 
+  const rect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
   return nodes.some(node => {
-    const nodeRect = node.boundingClientRect;
+    // a node with position absolute will not be hidden by an
+    // overflow ancestor unless the ancestor uses a non-static
+    // position or a node in-between uses a position of relative
+    // or sticky
+    if (
+      position === 'absolute' &&
+      !hasPositionedAncestorBetween(vNode, node) &&
+      node.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position') === 'static'
+    ) {
+      return false;
+    }
 
+    const nodeRect = node.boundingClientRect;
     if (nodeRect.width < 2 || nodeRect.height < 2) {
       return true;
     }
@@ -238,3 +255,20 @@ export function detailsHidden(vNode) {
 
   return !vNode.parent.hasAttr('open');
 }
+
+function hasPositionedAncestorBetween(child, ancestor) {
+  let node = child.parent;
+  while (node && node !== ancestor) {
+    if (
+      ['relative', 'sticky'].includes(
+        node.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position')
+      )
+    ) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    node = node.parent;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js b/lib/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js
index ecfbcba9a..887fd6794 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
  * @return {boolean} True if rect is visually contained within parent
  */
 function visuallyOverlaps(rect, parent) {
-  var parentRect = parent.getBoundingClientRect();
-  var parentTop = parentRect.top;
-  var parentLeft = parentRect.left;
-  var parentScrollArea = {
+  const parentRect = parent.getBoundingClientRect();
+  const parentTop = parentRect.top;
+  const parentLeft = parentRect.left;
+  const parentScrollArea = {
     top: parentTop - parent.scrollTop,
     bottom: parentTop - parent.scrollTop + parent.scrollHeight,
     left: parentLeft - parent.scrollLeft,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ function visuallyOverlaps(rect, parent) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  var style = window.getComputedStyle(parent);
+  const style = window.getComputedStyle(parent);
 
   if (rect.left > parentRect.right || rect.top > parentRect.bottom) {
     return (
diff --git a/lib/commons/index.js b/lib/commons/index.js
index cbbf9d7e4..9ab285a82 100644
--- a/lib/commons/index.js
+++ b/lib/commons/index.js
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import * as table from './table';
 import * as text from './text';
 import * as utils from '../core/utils';
 
-var commons = {
+const commons = {
   aria,
   color,
   dom,
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/get-offset.js b/lib/commons/math/get-offset.js
index 664871fda..40f0e9529 100644
--- a/lib/commons/math/get-offset.js
+++ b/lib/commons/math/get-offset.js
@@ -18,36 +18,36 @@ export default function getOffset(vTarget, vNeighbor, minRadiusNeighbour = 12) {
   const neighborRects = getTargetRects(vNeighbor);
 
   if (!targetRects.length || !neighborRects.length) {
-    return 0;
+    return null;
   }
 
-  const targetBoundingBox = targetRects.reduce(getBoundingRect);
-  const targetCenter = getRectCenter(targetBoundingBox);
+  // calculate distance of each target rect to the closest edge of each neighbor rect
+  return targetRects.reduce((minDistance, targetRect) => {
+    const targetCenter = getRectCenter(targetRect);
 
-  // calculate distance to the closest edge of each neighbor rect
-  let minDistance = Infinity;
-  for (const rect of neighborRects) {
-    if (isPointInRect(targetCenter, rect)) {
-      return 0;
-    }
+    for (const rect of neighborRects) {
+      if (isPointInRect(targetCenter, rect)) {
+        return 0;
+      }
 
-    const closestPoint = getClosestPoint(targetCenter, rect);
-    const distance = pointDistance(targetCenter, closestPoint);
-    minDistance = Math.min(minDistance, distance);
-  }
+      const closestPoint = getClosestPoint(targetCenter, rect);
+      const distance = pointDistance(targetCenter, closestPoint);
+      minDistance = Math.min(minDistance, distance);
+    }
 
-  const neighborTargetSize = getTargetSize(vNeighbor);
-  if (rectHasMinimumSize(minRadiusNeighbour * 2, neighborTargetSize)) {
-    return minDistance;
-  }
+    const neighborTargetSize = getTargetSize(vNeighbor);
+    if (rectHasMinimumSize(minRadiusNeighbour * 2, neighborTargetSize)) {
+      return minDistance;
+    }
 
-  const neighborBoundingBox = neighborRects.reduce(getBoundingRect);
-  const neighborCenter = getRectCenter(neighborBoundingBox);
-  // subtract the radius of the circle from the distance to center to get distance to edge of the neighbor circle
-  const centerDistance =
-    pointDistance(targetCenter, neighborCenter) - minRadiusNeighbour;
+    const neighborBoundingBox = neighborRects.reduce(getBoundingRect);
+    const neighborCenter = getRectCenter(neighborBoundingBox);
+    // subtract the radius of the circle from the distance to center to get distance to edge of the neighbor circle
+    const centerDistance =
+      pointDistance(targetCenter, neighborCenter) - minRadiusNeighbour;
 
-  return Math.max(0, Math.min(minDistance, centerDistance));
+    return Math.max(0, Math.min(minDistance, centerDistance));
+  }, Infinity);
 }
 
 function getClosestPoint(point, rect) {
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/split-rects.js b/lib/commons/math/split-rects.js
index ca4ef232a..aeb651e57 100644
--- a/lib/commons/math/split-rects.js
+++ b/lib/commons/math/split-rects.js
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
  * space that does not overlap.
  * @method getOffset
  * @memberof axe.commons.math
- * @param {DOMRect} outerRect
+ * @param {DOMRect|DOMRect[]} outerRect
  * @param {DOMRect[]} overlapRects
  * @returns {DOMRect[]} Unique array of rects
  */
 export default function splitRects(outerRect, overlapRects) {
-  let uniqueRects = [outerRect];
+  let uniqueRects = Array.isArray(outerRect) ? outerRect : [outerRect];
   for (const overlapRect of overlapRects) {
     uniqueRects = uniqueRects.reduce((rects, inputRect) => {
       return rects.concat(splitRect(inputRect, overlapRect));
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export default function splitRects(outerRect, overlapRects) {
     // a performance bottleneck
     // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4359
     if (uniqueRects.length > 4000) {
-      return [];
+      throw new Error('splitRects: Too many rects');
     }
   }
   return uniqueRects;
diff --git a/lib/commons/standards/implicit-html-roles.js b/lib/commons/standards/implicit-html-roles.js
index 64455b1cb..579c16695 100644
--- a/lib/commons/standards/implicit-html-roles.js
+++ b/lib/commons/standards/implicit-html-roles.js
@@ -13,17 +13,32 @@ import { closest } from '../../core/utils';
 import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
 import getExplicitRole from '../aria/get-explicit-role';
 
-const getSectioningElementSelector = () => {
-  return cache.get('sectioningElementSelector', () => {
+// Sectioning content elements: article, aside, nav, section
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#sectioning-content
+const getSectioningContentSelector = () => {
+  return cache.get('sectioningContentSelector', () => {
     return (
       getElementsByContentType('sectioning')
         .map(nodeName => `${nodeName}:not([role])`)
         .join(', ') +
-      ' , main:not([role]), [role=article], [role=complementary], [role=main], [role=navigation], [role=region]'
+      ' , [role=article], [role=complementary], [role=navigation], [role=region]'
     );
   });
 };
 
+const getSectioningContentPlusMainSelector = () => {
+  // Why is there this similar but slightly different selector?
+  // ->
+  // Asides can be scoped to body or main, but headers and footers must be
+  // scoped **only** to body (for landmark role mapping).
+  //   - Header: https://w3c.github.io/html-aam/#el-header-ancestorbody
+  //   - Footer: https://w3c.github.io/html-aam/#el-footer-ancestorbody
+  //   - Aside: https://w3c.github.io/html-aam/#el-aside-ancestorbodymain
+  return cache.get('sectioningContentPlusMainSelector', () => {
+    return getSectioningContentSelector() + ' , main:not([role]), [role=main]';
+  });
+};
+
 // sectioning elements only have an accessible name if the
 // aria-label, aria-labelledby, or title attribute has valid
 // content.
@@ -36,18 +51,22 @@ const getSectioningElementSelector = () => {
 // specifically called out in the spec like section elements
 // (per Scott O'Hara)
 // Source: https://web-a11y.slack.com/archives/C042TSFGN/p1590607895241100?thread_ts=1590602189.217800&cid=C042TSFGN
-function hasAccessibleName(vNode) {
+//
+// `checkTitle` means - also check the title attribute and
+// return true if the node has a non-empty title
+function hasAccessibleName(vNode, { checkTitle = false } = {}) {
   // testing for when browsers give a <section> a region role:
   // chrome - always a region role
   // firefox - if non-empty aria-labelledby, aria-label, or title
-  // safari - if non-empty aria-lablledby or aria-label
+  // safari - if non-empty aria-labelledby or aria-label
   //
-  // we will go with safaris implantation as it is the least common
+  // we will go with safaris implementation as it is the least common
   // denominator
-  const ariaLabelledby = sanitize(arialabelledbyText(vNode));
-  const ariaLabel = sanitize(arialabelText(vNode));
-
-  return !!(ariaLabelledby || ariaLabel);
+  return !!(
+    sanitize(arialabelledbyText(vNode)) ||
+    sanitize(arialabelText(vNode)) ||
+    (checkTitle && vNode?.props.nodeType === 1 && sanitize(vNode.attr('title')))
+  );
 }
 
 const implicitHtmlRoles = {
@@ -58,7 +77,18 @@ const implicitHtmlRoles = {
     return vNode.hasAttr('href') ? 'link' : null;
   },
   article: 'article',
-  aside: 'complementary',
+  aside: vNode => {
+    if (
+      closest(vNode.parent, getSectioningContentSelector()) &&
+      // An aside within sectioning content can still be mapped to
+      // role=complementary if it has an accessible name
+      !hasAccessibleName(vNode, { checkTitle: true })
+    ) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return 'complementary';
+  },
   body: 'document',
   button: 'button',
   datalist: 'listbox',
@@ -70,7 +100,10 @@ const implicitHtmlRoles = {
   fieldset: 'group',
   figure: 'figure',
   footer: vNode => {
-    const sectioningElement = closest(vNode, getSectioningElementSelector());
+    const sectioningElement = closest(
+      vNode,
+      getSectioningContentPlusMainSelector()
+    );
 
     return !sectioningElement ? 'contentinfo' : null;
   },
@@ -84,7 +117,10 @@ const implicitHtmlRoles = {
   h5: 'heading',
   h6: 'heading',
   header: vNode => {
-    const sectioningElement = closest(vNode, getSectioningElementSelector());
+    const sectioningElement = closest(
+      vNode,
+      getSectioningContentPlusMainSelector()
+    );
 
     return !sectioningElement ? 'banner' : null;
   },
@@ -151,6 +187,7 @@ const implicitHtmlRoles = {
   main: 'main',
   math: 'math',
   menu: 'list',
+  meter: 'meter',
   nav: 'navigation',
   ol: 'list',
   optgroup: 'group',
diff --git a/lib/commons/table/get-all-cells.js b/lib/commons/table/get-all-cells.js
index a85480cd8..6f8beb5a4 100644
--- a/lib/commons/table/get-all-cells.js
+++ b/lib/commons/table/get-all-cells.js
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
  * @return {Array<HTMLTableCellElement>}
  */
 function getAllCells(tableElm) {
-  var rowIndex, cellIndex, rowLength, cellLength;
-  var cells = [];
+  let rowIndex, cellIndex, rowLength, cellLength;
+  const cells = [];
   for (
     rowIndex = 0, rowLength = tableElm.rows.length;
     rowIndex < rowLength;
diff --git a/lib/commons/table/get-cell-position.js b/lib/commons/table/get-cell-position.js
index 8d7f6faf6..d251c4cab 100644
--- a/lib/commons/table/get-cell-position.js
+++ b/lib/commons/table/get-cell-position.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { memoize } from '../../core/utils';
  * @return {Object} Object with `x` and `y` properties of the coordinates
  */
 function getCellPosition(cell, tableGrid) {
-  var rowIndex, index;
+  let rowIndex, index;
   if (!tableGrid) {
     tableGrid = toGrid(findUp(cell, 'table'));
   }
diff --git a/lib/commons/table/get-scope.js b/lib/commons/table/get-scope.js
index 110eac5a2..76a8aa96a 100644
--- a/lib/commons/table/get-scope.js
+++ b/lib/commons/table/get-scope.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import toGrid from './to-grid';
 import getCellPosition from './get-cell-position';
 import findUp from '../dom/find-up';
 import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+import getExplicitRole from '../aria/get-explicit-role';
 
 /**
  * Determine if a `HTMLTableCellElement` is a column header, if so get the scope of the header
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ export default function getScope(el) {
   const { vNode, domNode: cell } = nodeLookup(el);
 
   const scope = vNode.attr('scope');
-  const role = vNode.attr('role');
+  const role = getExplicitRole(vNode);
 
   if (!['td', 'th'].includes(vNode.props.nodeName)) {
     throw new TypeError('Expected TD or TH element');
diff --git a/lib/commons/table/is-data-cell.js b/lib/commons/table/is-data-cell.js
index 8e1401db1..dbc8c3ec1 100644
--- a/lib/commons/table/is-data-cell.js
+++ b/lib/commons/table/is-data-cell.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import isValidRole from '../aria/is-valid-role';
+import getExplicitRole from '../aria/get-explicit-role';
 
 /**
  * Determine if a `HTMLTableCellElement` is a data cell
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ function isDataCell(cell) {
   if (!cell.children.length && !cell.textContent.trim()) {
     return false;
   }
-  const role = cell.getAttribute('role');
-  if (isValidRole(role)) {
+  const role = getExplicitRole(cell);
+  if (role) {
     return ['cell', 'gridcell'].includes(role);
   } else {
     return cell.nodeName.toUpperCase() === 'TD';
diff --git a/lib/commons/table/is-data-table.js b/lib/commons/table/is-data-table.js
index 852c98c02..86999c3f4 100644
--- a/lib/commons/table/is-data-table.js
+++ b/lib/commons/table/is-data-table.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import getRoleType from '../aria/get-role-type';
+import getExplicitRole from '../aria/get-explicit-role';
 import isFocusable from '../dom/is-focusable';
 import findUp from '../dom/find-up';
 import getElementCoordinates from '../dom/get-element-coordinates';
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ import getViewportSize from '../dom/get-viewport-size';
  * @see http://asurkov.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/data-vs-layout-table.html
  */
 function isDataTable(node) {
-  var role = (node.getAttribute('role') || '').toLowerCase();
+  const role = getExplicitRole(node);
 
   // The element is not focusable and has role=presentation
   if ((role === 'presentation' || role === 'none') && !isFocusable(node)) {
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ function isDataTable(node) {
   }
   // colgroup / col - colgroup is magically generated
   for (
-    var childIndex = 0, childLength = node.children.length;
+    let childIndex = 0, childLength = node.children.length;
     childIndex < childLength;
     childIndex++
   ) {
@@ -64,14 +65,14 @@ function isDataTable(node) {
     }
   }
 
-  var cells = 0;
-  var rowLength = node.rows.length;
-  var row, cell;
-  var hasBorder = false;
-  for (var rowIndex = 0; rowIndex < rowLength; rowIndex++) {
+  let cells = 0;
+  const rowLength = node.rows.length;
+  let row, cell;
+  let hasBorder = false;
+  for (let rowIndex = 0; rowIndex < rowLength; rowIndex++) {
     row = node.rows[rowIndex];
     for (
-      var cellIndex = 0, cellLength = row.cells.length;
+      let cellIndex = 0, cellLength = row.cells.length;
       cellIndex < cellLength;
       cellIndex++
     ) {
@@ -93,11 +94,7 @@ function isDataTable(node) {
       ) {
         return true;
       }
-      if (
-        ['columnheader', 'rowheader'].includes(
-          (cell.getAttribute('role') || '').toLowerCase()
-        )
-      ) {
+      if (['columnheader', 'rowheader'].includes(getExplicitRole(cell))) {
         return true;
       }
       // abbr element as a single child element of table cell
@@ -122,7 +119,7 @@ function isDataTable(node) {
   }
 
   // Table having only one row or column is layout table (column)
-  var sampleRow = node.rows[Math.ceil(rowLength / 2)];
+  const sampleRow = node.rows[Math.ceil(rowLength / 2)];
   if (sampleRow.cells.length === 1 && sampleRow.cells[0].colSpan === 1) {
     return false;
   }
@@ -138,8 +135,8 @@ function isDataTable(node) {
   }
 
   // Table having differently colored rows is data table
-  var bgColor, bgImage;
-  for (rowIndex = 0; rowIndex < rowLength; rowIndex++) {
+  let bgColor, bgImage;
+  for (let rowIndex = 0; rowIndex < rowLength; rowIndex++) {
     row = node.rows[rowIndex];
     if (
       bgColor &&
diff --git a/lib/commons/table/to-grid.js b/lib/commons/table/to-grid.js
index 0463c491c..89a369c44 100644
--- a/lib/commons/table/to-grid.js
+++ b/lib/commons/table/to-grid.js
@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ import { memoize } from '../../core/utils';
  * @return {Array<HTMLTableCellElement>} Array of HTMLTableCellElements
  */
 function toGrid(node) {
-  var table = [];
-  var rows = node.rows;
-  for (var i = 0, rowLength = rows.length; i < rowLength; i++) {
-    var cells = rows[i].cells;
+  const table = [];
+  const rows = node.rows;
+  for (let i = 0, rowLength = rows.length; i < rowLength; i++) {
+    const cells = rows[i].cells;
     table[i] = table[i] || [];
 
-    var columnIndex = 0;
+    let columnIndex = 0;
 
-    for (var j = 0, cellLength = cells.length; j < cellLength; j++) {
-      for (var colSpan = 0; colSpan < cells[j].colSpan; colSpan++) {
+    for (let j = 0, cellLength = cells.length; j < cellLength; j++) {
+      for (let colSpan = 0; colSpan < cells[j].colSpan; colSpan++) {
         // if [the rowSpan] value is set to 0, it extends until the
         // end of the table section
         // @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/td#attr-rowspan
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ function toGrid(node) {
             ? rows.length
             : cells[j].rowSpan;
 
-        for (var rowSpan = 0; rowSpan < rowspanValue; rowSpan++) {
+        for (let rowSpan = 0; rowSpan < rowspanValue; rowSpan++) {
           table[i + rowSpan] = table[i + rowSpan] || [];
           while (table[i + rowSpan][columnIndex]) {
             columnIndex++;
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/accessible-text-virtual.js b/lib/commons/text/accessible-text-virtual.js
index c1ce96f69..597f07ee7 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/accessible-text-virtual.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/accessible-text-virtual.js
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import titleText from './title-text';
 import sanitize from './sanitize';
 import isVisibleToScreenReaders from '../dom/is-visible-to-screenreader';
 import isIconLigature from '../text/is-icon-ligature';
+import { nativelyHidden } from '../dom/visibility-methods';
 
 /**
  * Finds virtual node and calls accessibleTextVirtual()
@@ -84,11 +85,14 @@ function shouldIgnoreHidden(virtualNode, context) {
     return false;
   }
 
+  // When traversing aria-labelledby references, include hidden nodes except natively hidden elements
+  if (context.includeHidden && !nativelyHidden(virtualNode)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   if (
     // If the parent isn't ignored, the text node should not be either
-    virtualNode.props.nodeType !== 1 ||
-    // If the target of aria-labelledby is hidden, ignore all descendents
-    context.includeHidden
+    virtualNode.props.nodeType !== 1
   ) {
     return false;
   }
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/has-unicode.js b/lib/commons/text/has-unicode.js
index a7ac37190..710d5fa39 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/has-unicode.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/has-unicode.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import {
   getPunctuationRegExp,
   getCategoryFormatRegExp
 } from './unicode';
-import emojiRegexText from 'emoji-regex';
+import { emojiRegexText } from '../../core/imports';
 
 /**
  * Determine if a given string contains unicode characters, specified in options
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js b/lib/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js
index 468a03780..a80c19b6e 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js
@@ -13,42 +13,58 @@ import sanitize from './sanitize';
 function isHumanInterpretable(str) {
   /**
    * Steps:
-   * 1) Check for single character edge cases
+   * 1) Early escape if string is empty
+   *
+   * 2) Check for single alpha character edge cases
+   *
+   * 3) Check for symbolic text character edge cases
    * 		a) handle if character is alphanumeric & within the given icon mapping
-   * 					eg: x (close), i (info)
+   * 					eg: 'aA' for toggling capitalization
    *
-   * 3) handle unicode from astral  (non bilingual multi plane) unicode, emoji & punctuations
+   * 4) handle unicode from astral (non bilingual multi plane) unicode, emoji & punctuations
    * 					eg: Windings font
    * 					eg: '💪'
    * 					eg: I saw a shooting 💫
    * 					eg: ? (help), > (next arrow), < (back arrow), need help ?
    */
 
-  if (!str.length) {
+  if (
+    isEmpty(str) ||
+    isNonDigitCharacter(str) ||
+    isSymbolicText(str) ||
+    isUnicodeOrPunctuation(str)
+  ) {
     return 0;
   }
 
-  // Step 1
-  const alphaNumericIconMap = [
-    'x', // close
-    'i' // info
+  return 1;
+}
+
+function isEmpty(str) {
+  return sanitize(str).length === 0;
+}
+
+function isNonDigitCharacter(str) {
+  return str.length === 1 && str.match(/\D/);
+}
+
+function isSymbolicText(str) {
+  const symbolicText = [
+    'aa', // toggle capitalization (aA)
+    'abc' // spelling
   ];
-  // Step 1a
-  if (alphaNumericIconMap.includes(str)) {
-    return 0;
-  }
 
-  // Step 2
+  return symbolicText.includes(str.toLowerCase());
+}
+
+function isUnicodeOrPunctuation(str) {
   const noUnicodeStr = removeUnicode(str, {
     emoji: true,
     nonBmp: true,
     punctuations: true
   });
-  if (!sanitize(noUnicodeStr)) {
-    return 0;
-  }
 
-  return 1;
+  return !sanitize(noUnicodeStr);
 }
 
 export default isHumanInterpretable;
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js b/lib/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
index 8ca49035a..91b4928ca 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@ function isValidAutocomplete(
     locations = [],
     qualifiers = [],
     standaloneTerms = [],
-    qualifiedTerms = []
+    qualifiedTerms = [],
+    ignoredValues = []
   } = {}
 ) {
   autocompleteValue = autocompleteValue.toLowerCase().trim();
@@ -117,6 +118,11 @@ function isValidAutocomplete(
   }
 
   const purposeTerm = autocompleteTerms[autocompleteTerms.length - 1];
+
+  if (ignoredValues.includes(purposeTerm)) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
   return (
     standaloneTerms.includes(purposeTerm) ||
     qualifiedTerms.includes(purposeTerm)
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/label-virtual.js b/lib/commons/text/label-virtual.js
index acc82ec6a..0473a2e5e 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/label-virtual.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/label-virtual.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import { closest, escapeSelector } from '../../core/utils';
  * @return {Mixed} String of visible text, or `null` if no label is found
  */
 function labelVirtual(virtualNode) {
-  var ref, candidate, doc;
+  let ref, candidate, doc;
 
   candidate = ariaLabelVirtual(virtualNode);
   if (candidate) {
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/native-text-methods.js b/lib/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
index 8be86e87b..ec5022556 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
@@ -16,15 +16,14 @@ const nativeTextMethods = {
    * @param {VirtualNode} element
    * @return {String} value text
    */
-  valueText: ({ actualNode }) => actualNode.value || '',
+  valueText: vNode => vNode.props.value || '',
 
   /**
    * Return default value of a button
    * @param {VirtualNode} element
    * @return {String} default button text
    */
-  buttonDefaultText: ({ actualNode }) =>
-    defaultButtonValues[actualNode.type] || '',
+  buttonDefaultText: vNode => defaultButtonValues[vNode.props.type] || '',
 
   /**
    * Return caption text of an HTML table element
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/remove-unicode.js b/lib/commons/text/remove-unicode.js
index 4527cfc87..d455bc413 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/remove-unicode.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/remove-unicode.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import {
   getPunctuationRegExp,
   getCategoryFormatRegExp
 } from './unicode.js';
-import emojiRegexText from 'emoji-regex';
+import { emojiRegexText } from '../../core/imports';
 
 /**
  * Remove specified type(s) unicode characters
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/visible-virtual.js b/lib/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
index 6e5453aae..fbfa5ccd1 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import sanitize from './sanitize';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 import isVisibleOnScreen from '../dom/is-visible-on-screen';
 import isVisibleToScreenReaders from '../dom/is-visible-to-screenreader';
-import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+import isIconLigature from './is-icon-ligature';
+import sanitize from './sanitize';
 
 /**
  * Returns the visible text of the virtual node
@@ -15,9 +16,13 @@ import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
  * @param  {Boolean} screenReader When provided, will evaluate visibility from the perspective of a screen reader
  * @param  {Boolean} noRecursing When False, the result will contain text from the element and it's children.
  * When True, the result will only contain text from the element
+ * @param  {Object} [options]
+ * @param  {Boolean} [options.ignoreIconLigature] When true, icon ligature text nodes are excluded
+ * @param  {number} [options.pixelThreshold] Pixel threshold for icon ligature detection
+ * @param  {number} [options.occurrenceThreshold] Occurrence threshold for icon ligature detection
  * @return {String}
  */
-function visibleVirtual(element, screenReader, noRecursing) {
+function visibleVirtual(element, screenReader, noRecursing, options = {}) {
   const { vNode } = nodeLookup(element);
   const visibleMethod = screenReader
     ? isVisibleToScreenReaders
@@ -28,16 +33,29 @@ function visibleVirtual(element, screenReader, noRecursing) {
   const visible =
     !element.actualNode || (element.actualNode && visibleMethod(element));
 
+  const { ignoreIconLigature, pixelThreshold, occurrenceThreshold } = options;
+
   const result = vNode.children
     .map(child => {
-      const { nodeType, nodeValue } = child.props;
+      const { nodeType, nodeValue, nodeName } = child.props;
       if (nodeType === 3) {
         // filter on text nodes
-        if (nodeValue && visible) {
-          return nodeValue;
+        if (!nodeValue || !visible) {
+          return '';
+        }
+        if (
+          ignoreIconLigature &&
+          isIconLigature(child, pixelThreshold, occurrenceThreshold)
+        ) {
+          return '';
         }
-      } else if (!noRecursing) {
-        return visibleVirtual(child, screenReader);
+        return nodeValue;
+      }
+      if (nodeName === 'br') {
+        return ' ';
+      }
+      if (!noRecursing) {
+        return visibleVirtual(child, screenReader, false, options);
       }
     })
     .join('');
diff --git a/lib/core/_exposed-for-testing.js b/lib/core/_exposed-for-testing.js
index 7957e2dcd..8c7b00282 100644
--- a/lib/core/_exposed-for-testing.js
+++ b/lib/core/_exposed-for-testing.js
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import failureSummary from './reporters/helpers/failure-summary';
 import incompleteFallbackMessage from './reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg';
 import processAggregate from './reporters/helpers/process-aggregate';
 
+import { external } from './public/external-apis';
 import { setDefaultFrameMessenger } from './utils/frame-messenger';
 import {
   cacheNodeSelectors,
@@ -48,7 +49,8 @@ const _thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse = {
     metadataFunctionMap
   },
   public: {
-    reporters
+    reporters,
+    external
   },
   helpers: {
     failureSummary,
diff --git a/lib/core/base/audit.js b/lib/core/base/audit.js
index 47b57f66d..e0d51b4aa 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/audit.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/audit.js
@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@ import {
   preload,
   findBy,
   ruleShouldRun,
-  performanceTimer
+  performanceTimer,
+  serializeError,
+  normalizeRunOptions
 } from '../utils';
-import doT from '@deque/dot';
+import { doT } from '../imports';
 import constants from '../constants';
+import { external } from '../public/external-apis';
 
 const dotRegex = /\{\{.+?\}\}/g;
 
@@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ export default class Audit {
   /**
    * Apply the given `locale`.
    *
-   * @param {axe.Locale}
+   * @param {axe.Locale} locale
    */
   applyLocale(locale) {
     this._setDefaultLocale();
@@ -183,7 +186,7 @@ export default class Audit {
    * Initializes the rules and checks
    */
   _init() {
-    var audit = getDefaultConfiguration(this.defaultConfig);
+    const audit = getDefaultConfiguration(this.defaultConfig);
     this.lang = audit.lang || 'en';
     this.reporter = audit.reporter;
     this.commands = {};
@@ -191,7 +194,7 @@ export default class Audit {
     this.checks = {};
     this.brand = 'axe';
     this.application = 'axeAPI';
-    this.tagExclude = ['experimental'];
+    this.tagExclude = ['experimental', 'deprecated'];
     this.noHtml = audit.noHtml;
     this.allowedOrigins = audit.allowedOrigins;
     unpackToObject(audit.rules, this, 'addRule');
@@ -270,91 +273,99 @@ export default class Audit {
    * @param  {Function}  reject  Callback function to fire when audit experiences an error
    */
   run(context, options, resolve, reject) {
-    this.normalizeOptions(options);
+    normalizeRunOptions(options);
     DqElement.setRunOptions(options);
 
-    // TODO: es-modules_selectCache
-    axe._selectCache = [];
-    // get a list of rules to run NOW vs. LATER (later are preload assets dependent rules)
-    const allRulesToRun = getRulesToRun(this.rules, context, options);
-    const runNowRules = allRulesToRun.now;
-    const runLaterRules = allRulesToRun.later;
-    // init a NOW queue for rules to run immediately
-    const nowRulesQueue = queue();
-    // construct can run NOW rules into NOW queue
-    runNowRules.forEach(rule => {
-      nowRulesQueue.defer(getDefferedRule(rule, context, options));
-    });
-    // init a PRELOADER queue to start preloading assets
-    const preloaderQueue = queue();
-    // defer preload if preload dependent rules exist
-    if (runLaterRules.length) {
-      preloaderQueue.defer(res => {
-        // handle both success and fail of preload
-        // and resolve, to allow to run all checks
-        preload(options)
-          .then(assets => res(assets))
-          .catch(err => {
-            /**
-             * Note:
-             * we do not reject, to allow other (non-preload) rules to `run`
-             * -> instead we resolve as `undefined`
-             */
-            console.warn(`Couldn't load preload assets: `, err);
-            res(undefined);
+    const internalsQueue = queue();
+    internalsQueue.defer(external.loadElementInternals());
+
+    // if there is no external api function the queue resolves immediately
+    internalsQueue
+      .then(() => {
+        // TODO: es-modules_selectCache
+        axe._selectCache = [];
+        // get a list of rules to run NOW vs. LATER (later are preload assets dependent rules)
+        const allRulesToRun = getRulesToRun(this.rules, context, options);
+        const runNowRules = allRulesToRun.now;
+        const runLaterRules = allRulesToRun.later;
+        // init a NOW queue for rules to run immediately
+        const nowRulesQueue = queue();
+        // construct can run NOW rules into NOW queue
+        runNowRules.forEach(rule => {
+          nowRulesQueue.defer(getDefferedRule(rule, context, options));
+        });
+        // init a PRELOADER queue to start preloading assets
+        const preloaderQueue = queue();
+        // defer preload if preload dependent rules exist
+        if (runLaterRules.length) {
+          preloaderQueue.defer(res => {
+            // handle both success and fail of preload
+            // and resolve, to allow to run all checks
+            preload(options)
+              .then(assets => res(assets))
+              .catch(err => {
+                /**
+                 * Note:
+                 * we do not reject, to allow other (non-preload) rules to `run`
+                 * -> instead we resolve as `undefined`
+                 */
+                console.warn(`Couldn't load preload assets: `, err);
+                res(undefined);
+              });
           });
-      });
-    }
-    // defer now and preload queue to run immediately
-    const queueForNowRulesAndPreloader = queue();
-    queueForNowRulesAndPreloader.defer(nowRulesQueue);
-    queueForNowRulesAndPreloader.defer(preloaderQueue);
-    // invoke the now queue
-    queueForNowRulesAndPreloader
-      .then(nowRulesAndPreloaderResults => {
-        // interpolate results into separate variables
-        const assetsFromQueue = nowRulesAndPreloaderResults.pop();
-        if (assetsFromQueue && assetsFromQueue.length) {
-          // result is a queue (again), hence the index resolution
-          // assets is either an object of key value pairs of asset type and values
-          // eg: cssom: [stylesheets]
-          // or undefined if preload failed
-          const assets = assetsFromQueue[0];
-          // extend context with preloaded assets
-          if (assets) {
-            context = {
-              ...context,
-              ...assets
-            };
-          }
-        }
-        // the reminder of the results are RuleResults
-        const nowRulesResults = nowRulesAndPreloaderResults[0];
-        // if there are no rules to run LATER - resolve with rule results
-        if (!runLaterRules.length) {
-          // remove the cache
-          axe._selectCache = undefined;
-          // resolve
-          resolve(nowRulesResults.filter(result => !!result));
-          return;
         }
-        // init a LATER queue for rules that are dependant on preloaded assets
-        const laterRulesQueue = queue();
-        runLaterRules.forEach(rule => {
-          const deferredRule = getDefferedRule(rule, context, options);
-          laterRulesQueue.defer(deferredRule);
-        });
-        // invoke the later queue
-        laterRulesQueue
-          .then(laterRuleResults => {
-            // remove the cache
-            axe._selectCache = undefined;
-            // resolve
-            resolve(
-              nowRulesResults
-                .concat(laterRuleResults)
-                .filter(result => !!result)
-            );
+        // defer now and preload queue to run immediately
+        const queueForNowRulesAndPreloader = queue();
+        queueForNowRulesAndPreloader.defer(nowRulesQueue);
+        queueForNowRulesAndPreloader.defer(preloaderQueue);
+        // invoke the now queue
+        queueForNowRulesAndPreloader
+          .then(nowRulesAndPreloaderResults => {
+            // interpolate results into separate variables
+            const assetsFromQueue = nowRulesAndPreloaderResults.pop();
+            if (assetsFromQueue && assetsFromQueue.length) {
+              // result is a queue (again), hence the index resolution
+              // assets is either an object of key value pairs of asset type and values
+              // eg: cssom: [stylesheets]
+              // or undefined if preload failed
+              const assets = assetsFromQueue[0];
+              // extend context with preloaded assets
+              if (assets) {
+                context = {
+                  ...context,
+                  ...assets
+                };
+              }
+            }
+            // the reminder of the results are RuleResults
+            const nowRulesResults = nowRulesAndPreloaderResults[0];
+            // if there are no rules to run LATER - resolve with rule results
+            if (!runLaterRules.length) {
+              // remove the cache
+              axe._selectCache = undefined;
+              // resolve
+              resolve(nowRulesResults.filter(result => !!result));
+              return;
+            }
+            // init a LATER queue for rules that are dependant on preloaded assets
+            const laterRulesQueue = queue();
+            runLaterRules.forEach(rule => {
+              const deferredRule = getDefferedRule(rule, context, options);
+              laterRulesQueue.defer(deferredRule);
+            });
+            // invoke the later queue
+            laterRulesQueue
+              .then(laterRuleResults => {
+                // remove the cache
+                axe._selectCache = undefined;
+                // resolve
+                resolve(
+                  nowRulesResults
+                    .concat(laterRuleResults)
+                    .filter(result => !!result)
+                );
+              })
+              .catch(reject);
           })
           .catch(reject);
       })
@@ -366,16 +377,26 @@ export default class Audit {
    * @param  {Mixed} options  Options object to pass into rules and/or disable rules or checks
    */
   after(results, options) {
-    var rules = this.rules;
+    const rules = this.rules;
     return results.map(ruleResult => {
-      var rule = findBy(rules, 'id', ruleResult.id);
+      if (ruleResult.error) {
+        return ruleResult;
+      }
+      const rule = findBy(rules, 'id', ruleResult.id);
       if (!rule) {
         // If you see this, you're probably running the Mocha tests with the axe extension installed
         throw new Error(
           'Result for unknown rule. You may be running mismatch axe-core versions'
         );
       }
-      return rule.after(ruleResult, options);
+      try {
+        return rule.after(ruleResult, options);
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (options.debug) {
+          throw err;
+        }
+        return createIncompleteErrorResult(rule, err);
+      }
     });
   }
   /**
@@ -386,95 +407,12 @@ export default class Audit {
   getRule(ruleId) {
     return this.rules.find(rule => rule.id === ruleId);
   }
-  /**
-   * Ensure all rules that are expected to run exist
-   * @throws {Error} If any tag or rule specified in options is unknown
-   * @param  {Object} options  Options object
-   * @return {Object}          Validated options object
-   */
-  normalizeOptions(options) {
-    var audit = this;
-    const tags = [];
-    const ruleIds = [];
-    audit.rules.forEach(rule => {
-      ruleIds.push(rule.id);
-      rule.tags.forEach(tag => {
-        if (!tags.includes(tag)) {
-          tags.push(tag);
-        }
-      });
-    });
-    // Validate runOnly
-    if (['object', 'string'].includes(typeof options.runOnly)) {
-      if (typeof options.runOnly === 'string') {
-        options.runOnly = [options.runOnly];
-      }
-      if (Array.isArray(options.runOnly)) {
-        const hasTag = options.runOnly.find(value => tags.includes(value));
-        const hasRule = options.runOnly.find(value => ruleIds.includes(value));
-        if (hasTag && hasRule) {
-          throw new Error('runOnly cannot be both rules and tags');
-        }
-        if (hasRule) {
-          options.runOnly = {
-            type: 'rule',
-            values: options.runOnly
-          };
-        } else {
-          options.runOnly = {
-            type: 'tag',
-            values: options.runOnly
-          };
-        }
-      }
-      const only = options.runOnly;
-      if (only.value && !only.values) {
-        only.values = only.value;
-        delete only.value;
-      }
-      if (!Array.isArray(only.values) || only.values.length === 0) {
-        throw new Error('runOnly.values must be a non-empty array');
-      }
-      // Check if every value in options.runOnly is a known rule ID
-      if (['rule', 'rules'].includes(only.type)) {
-        only.type = 'rule';
-        only.values.forEach(ruleId => {
-          if (!ruleIds.includes(ruleId)) {
-            throw new Error('unknown rule `' + ruleId + '` in options.runOnly');
-          }
-        });
-        // Validate 'tags' (e.g. anything not 'rule')
-      } else if (['tag', 'tags', undefined].includes(only.type)) {
-        only.type = 'tag';
 
-        const unmatchedTags = only.values.filter(
-          tag => !tags.includes(tag) && !/wcag2[1-3]a{1,3}/.test(tag)
-        );
-        if (unmatchedTags.length !== 0) {
-          axe.log('Could not find tags `' + unmatchedTags.join('`, `') + '`');
-        }
-      } else {
-        throw new Error(`Unknown runOnly type '${only.type}'`);
-      }
-    }
-    if (typeof options.rules === 'object') {
-      Object.keys(options.rules).forEach(ruleId => {
-        if (!ruleIds.includes(ruleId)) {
-          throw new Error('unknown rule `' + ruleId + '` in options.rules');
-        }
-      });
-    }
-    return options;
-  }
   /*
    * Updates the default options and then applies them
-   * @param  {Mixed} options  Options object
+   * @param  {Mixed} branding
    */
   setBranding(branding) {
-    const previous = {
-      brand: this.brand,
-      application: this.application
-    };
     if (typeof branding === 'string') {
       this.application = branding;
     }
@@ -494,11 +432,10 @@ export default class Audit {
     ) {
       this.application = branding.application;
     }
-    this._constructHelpUrls(previous);
   }
   _constructHelpUrls(previous = null) {
     // TODO: es-modules-version
-    var version = (axe.version.match(/^[1-9][0-9]*\.[0-9]+/) || ['x.y'])[0];
+    const version = (axe.version.match(/^[1-9][0-9]*\.[0-9]+/) || ['x.y'])[0];
     this.rules.forEach(rule => {
       if (!this.data.rules[rule.id]) {
         this.data.rules[rule.id] = {};
@@ -732,36 +669,37 @@ function getDefferedRule(rule, context, options) {
     rule.run(
       context,
       options,
-      // resolve callback for rule `run`
-      ruleResult => {
-        // resolve
-        resolve(ruleResult);
-      },
-      // reject callback for rule `run`
+      ruleResult => resolve(ruleResult),
       err => {
-        // if debug - construct error details
-        if (!options.debug) {
-          const errResult = Object.assign(new RuleResult(rule), {
-            result: constants.CANTTELL,
-            description: 'An error occured while running this rule',
-            message: err.message,
-            stack: err.stack,
-            error: err,
-            // Add a serialized reference to the node the rule failed on for easier debugging.
-            // See https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/1317.
-            errorNode: err.errorNode
-          });
-          // resolve
-          resolve(errResult);
-        } else {
-          // reject
+        if (options.debug) {
           reject(err);
+        } else {
+          resolve(createIncompleteErrorResult(rule, err));
         }
       }
     );
   };
 }
 
+function createIncompleteErrorResult(rule, error) {
+  const { errorNode } = error;
+  const serialError = serializeError(error);
+  const none = [
+    {
+      id: 'error-occurred',
+      result: undefined,
+      data: serialError,
+      relatedNodes: []
+    }
+  ];
+  const node = errorNode || new DqElement(document.documentElement);
+  return Object.assign(new RuleResult(rule), {
+    error: serialError,
+    result: constants.CANTTELL,
+    nodes: [{ any: [], all: [], none, node }]
+  });
+}
+
 /**
  * For all the rules, create the helpUrl and add it to the data for that rule
  */
diff --git a/lib/core/base/context/create-frame-context.js b/lib/core/base/context/create-frame-context.js
index cbe52eb3a..c348f5848 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/context/create-frame-context.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/context/create-frame-context.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { parseTabindex } from '../../utils';
+
 export function createFrameContext(frame, { focusable, page }) {
   return {
     node: frame,
@@ -11,12 +13,8 @@ export function createFrameContext(frame, { focusable, page }) {
 }
 
 function frameFocusable(frame) {
-  var tabIndex = frame.getAttribute('tabindex');
-  if (!tabIndex) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  const int = parseInt(tabIndex, 10);
-  return isNaN(int) || int >= 0;
+  const tabIndex = parseTabindex(frame.getAttribute('tabindex'));
+  return tabIndex === null || tabIndex >= 0;
 }
 
 function getBoundingSize(domNode) {
diff --git a/lib/core/base/context/normalize-context.js b/lib/core/base/context/normalize-context.js
index 8187b3d64..a3dbb28ef 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/context/normalize-context.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/context/normalize-context.js
@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
-import { assert as utilsAssert } from '../../utils';
+import {
+  assert as utilsAssert,
+  objectHasOwn,
+  isArrayLike,
+  isContextObject,
+  isContextProp,
+  isLabelledFramesSelector,
+  isLabelledShadowDomSelector
+} from '../../utils';
 
 /**
  * Normalize the input of "context" so that many different methods of input are accepted
@@ -29,16 +37,6 @@ export function normalizeContext(contextSpec) {
   return { include, exclude };
 }
 
-/**
- * Determine if some value can be parsed as a context
- * @private
- * @param  {Mixed} contextSpec The configuration object passed to `Context`
- * @return {boolea}
- */
-export function isContextSpec(contextSpec) {
-  return isContextObject(contextSpec) || isContextProp(contextSpec);
-}
-
 function normalizeContextList(selectorList = []) {
   const normalizedList = [];
   if (!isArrayLike(selectorList)) {
@@ -89,30 +87,6 @@ function normalizeFrameSelectors(frameSelectors) {
   return normalizedSelectors;
 }
 
-function isContextObject(contextSpec) {
-  return ['include', 'exclude'].some(
-    prop => objectHasOwn(contextSpec, prop) && isContextProp(contextSpec[prop])
-  );
-}
-
-function isContextProp(contextList) {
-  return (
-    typeof contextList === 'string' ||
-    contextList instanceof window.Node ||
-    isLabelledFramesSelector(contextList) ||
-    isLabelledShadowDomSelector(contextList) ||
-    isArrayLike(contextList)
-  );
-}
-
-function isLabelledFramesSelector(selector) {
-  return objectHasOwn(selector, 'fromFrames');
-}
-
-function isLabelledShadowDomSelector(selector) {
-  return objectHasOwn(selector, 'fromShadowDom');
-}
-
 function assertLabelledFrameSelector(selector) {
   assert(
     Array.isArray(selector.fromFrames),
@@ -157,15 +131,6 @@ function isShadowSelector(selector) {
   );
 }
 
-function isArrayLike(arr) {
-  return (
-    arr &&
-    typeof arr === 'object' &&
-    typeof arr.length === 'number' &&
-    arr instanceof window.Node === false // Avoid DOM weirdness
-  );
-}
-
 // Wrapper to ensure the correct message
 function assert(bool, str) {
   utilsAssert(
@@ -173,11 +138,3 @@ function assert(bool, str) {
     `Invalid context; ${str}\nSee: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/master/doc/context.md`
   );
 }
-
-// Wrapper to prevent throwing for non-objects & null
-function objectHasOwn(obj, prop) {
-  if (!obj || typeof obj !== 'object') {
-    return false;
-  }
-  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
-}
diff --git a/lib/core/base/context/parse-selector-array.js b/lib/core/base/context/parse-selector-array.js
index 4435664f4..d237508fb 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/context/parse-selector-array.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/context/parse-selector-array.js
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ export function parseSelectorArray(context, type) {
     if (item instanceof window.Node) {
       if (item.documentElement instanceof window.Node) {
         result.push(context.flatTree[0]);
+      } else if (item.host instanceof window.Node) {
+        // Item is a shadow root. We only cache instances of `Element`,
+        // not `DocumentFragment`, so instead of the shadow root itself,
+        // we'll push all of its children to context.
+        const children = Array.from(item.children).map(child =>
+          getNodeFromTree(child)
+        );
+        result.push(...children);
       } else {
         result.push(getNodeFromTree(item));
       }
diff --git a/lib/core/base/rule.js b/lib/core/base/rule.js
index a5995adfe..84ef29cfb 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/rule.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/rule.js
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-/*global SupportError */
 import { createExecutionContext } from './check';
 import RuleResult from './rule-result';
 import {
@@ -8,7 +7,8 @@ import {
   queue,
   DqElement,
   select,
-  assert
+  assert,
+  RuleError
 } from '../utils';
 import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 import constants from '../constants';
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Rule.prototype.gather = function gather(context, options = {}) {
     performanceTimer.mark(markStart);
   }
 
-  var elements = select(this.selector, context);
+  let elements = select(this.selector, context);
   if (this.excludeHidden) {
     if (options.performanceTimer) {
       performanceTimer.mark(markHiddenStart);
@@ -173,15 +173,24 @@ Rule.prototype.runChecks = function runChecks(
   resolve,
   reject
 ) {
-  var self = this;
+  const self = this;
 
-  var checkQueue = queue();
+  const checkQueue = queue();
 
   this[type].forEach(c => {
-    var check = self._audit.checks[c.id || c];
-    var option = getCheckOption(check, self.id, options);
+    const check = self._audit.checks[c.id || c];
+    const option = getCheckOption(check, self.id, options);
     checkQueue.defer((res, rej) => {
-      check.run(node, option, context, res, rej);
+      check.run(node, option, context, res, error => {
+        rej(
+          new RuleError({
+            ruleId: self.id,
+            method: `${check.id}#evaluate`,
+            errorNode: new DqElement(node),
+            error
+          })
+        );
+      });
     });
   });
 
@@ -235,8 +244,7 @@ Rule.prototype.run = function run(context, options = {}, resolve, reject) {
     // Matches throws an error when it lacks support for document methods
     nodes = this.gatherAndMatchNodes(context, options);
   } catch (error) {
-    // Exit the rule execution if matches fails
-    reject(new SupportError({ cause: error, ruleId: this.id }));
+    reject(error);
     return;
   }
 
@@ -246,7 +254,7 @@ Rule.prototype.run = function run(context, options = {}, resolve, reject) {
 
   nodes.forEach(node => {
     q.defer((resolveNode, rejectNode) => {
-      var checkQueue = queue();
+      const checkQueue = queue();
 
       ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(type => {
         checkQueue.defer((res, rej) => {
@@ -284,15 +292,21 @@ Rule.prototype.run = function run(context, options = {}, resolve, reject) {
     });
   });
 
-  // Defer the rule's execution to prevent "unresponsive script" warnings.
-  // See https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/1172 for discussion and details.
-  q.defer(res => setTimeout(res, 0));
-
-  if (options.performanceTimer) {
-    this._logRulePerformance();
-  }
-
-  q.then(() => resolve(ruleResult)).catch(error => reject(error));
+  q.then(() => {
+    if (options.performanceTimer) {
+      this._logRulePerformance();
+    }
+    // Defer the rule's execution to prevent "unresponsive script" warnings.
+    // See https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/1172 for discussion and details.
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      resolve(ruleResult);
+    }, 0);
+  }).catch(error => {
+    if (options.performanceTimer) {
+      this._logRulePerformance();
+    }
+    reject(error);
+  });
 };
 
 /**
@@ -306,15 +320,7 @@ Rule.prototype.runSync = function runSync(context, options = {}) {
   }
 
   const ruleResult = new RuleResult(this);
-  let nodes;
-
-  try {
-    nodes = this.gatherAndMatchNodes(context, options);
-  } catch (error) {
-    // Exit the rule execution if matches fails
-    throw new SupportError({ cause: error, ruleId: this.id });
-  }
-
+  const nodes = this.gatherAndMatchNodes(context, options);
   if (options.performanceTimer) {
     this._logGatherPerformance(nodes);
   }
@@ -374,7 +380,9 @@ Rule.prototype._trackPerformance = function _trackPerformance() {
  * @param {Array} nodes Result of rule.gather
  */
 Rule.prototype._logGatherPerformance = function _logGatherPerformance(nodes) {
-  log('gather (', nodes.length, '):', performanceTimer.timeElapsed() + 'ms');
+  log(
+    `gather for ${this.id} (${nodes.length} nodes): ${performanceTimer.timeElapsed()}ms`
+  );
   performanceTimer.mark(this._markChecksStart);
 };
 
@@ -443,7 +451,18 @@ Rule.prototype.gatherAndMatchNodes = function gatherAndMatchNodes(
     performanceTimer.mark(markMatchesStart);
   }
 
-  nodes = nodes.filter(node => this.matches(node.actualNode, node, context));
+  nodes = nodes.filter(node => {
+    try {
+      return this.matches(node.actualNode, node, context);
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new RuleError({
+        ruleId: this.id,
+        method: `#matches`,
+        errorNode: new DqElement(node),
+        error
+      });
+    }
+  });
 
   if (options.performanceTimer) {
     performanceTimer.mark(markMatchesEnd);
@@ -466,7 +485,7 @@ Rule.prototype.gatherAndMatchNodes = function gatherAndMatchNodes(
 function findAfterChecks(rule) {
   return getAllChecks(rule)
     .map(c => {
-      var check = rule._audit.checks[c.id || c];
+      const check = rule._audit.checks[c.id || c];
       return check && typeof check.after === 'function' ? check : null;
     })
     .filter(Boolean);
@@ -480,9 +499,9 @@ function findAfterChecks(rule) {
  * @return {Array}         Matching CheckResults
  */
 function findCheckResults(nodes, checkID) {
-  var checkResults = [];
+  const checkResults = [];
   nodes.forEach(nodeResult => {
-    var checks = getAllChecks(nodeResult);
+    const checks = getAllChecks(nodeResult);
     checks.forEach(checkResult => {
       if (checkResult.id === checkID) {
         checkResult.node = nodeResult.node;
@@ -500,10 +519,10 @@ function filterChecks(checks) {
 }
 
 function sanitizeNodes(result) {
-  var checkTypes = ['any', 'all', 'none'];
+  const checkTypes = ['any', 'all', 'none'];
 
-  var nodes = result.nodes.filter(detail => {
-    var length = 0;
+  let nodes = result.nodes.filter(detail => {
+    let length = 0;
     checkTypes.forEach(type => {
       detail[type] = filterChecks(detail[type]);
       length += detail[type].length;
@@ -533,13 +552,21 @@ function sanitizeNodes(result) {
  * @return {RuleResult}         The RuleResult as filtered by after functions
  */
 Rule.prototype.after = function after(result, options) {
-  var afterChecks = findAfterChecks(this);
-  var ruleID = this.id;
+  const afterChecks = findAfterChecks(this);
   afterChecks.forEach(check => {
-    var beforeResults = findCheckResults(result.nodes, check.id);
-    var checkOption = getCheckOption(check, ruleID, options);
-
-    var afterResults = check.after(beforeResults, checkOption.options);
+    const beforeResults = findCheckResults(result.nodes, check.id);
+    const checkOption = getCheckOption(check, this.id, options);
+    let afterResults;
+    try {
+      afterResults = check.after(beforeResults, checkOption.options);
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new RuleError({
+        ruleId: this.id,
+        method: `${check.id}#after`,
+        errorNode: result.nodes?.[0]?.node,
+        error
+      });
+    }
 
     if (this.reviewOnFail) {
       afterResults.forEach(checkResult => {
diff --git a/lib/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js b/lib/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
index 4a19c8b02..e0c7e5da4 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import AbstractVirtualNode from './abstract-virtual-node';
-import { isXHTML, validInputTypes } from '../../utils';
+import { isXHTML, validInputTypes, getElementInternals } from '../../utils';
 import { isFocusable, getTabbableElements } from '../../../commons/dom';
 import cache from '../cache';
 
 let nodeIndex = 0;
 
-class VirtualNode extends AbstractVirtualNode {
+export default class VirtualNode extends AbstractVirtualNode {
   /**
    * Wrap the real node and provide list of the flattened children
    * @param {Node} node the node in question
@@ -189,6 +189,26 @@ class VirtualNode extends AbstractVirtualNode {
     }
     return this._cache.boundingClientRect;
   }
-}
 
-export default VirtualNode;
+  /**
+   * Return the element internals for this element and cache the result.
+   * @return {ElementInternals}
+   */
+  get elementInternals() {
+    // feature flag to enable internals. uses globalThis.axe as it can be run outside of axe context
+    // TODO: remove when feature is fully enabled
+    if (!axe._enableElementInternals) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (!this._cache.hasOwnProperty('elementInternals')) {
+      this._cache.elementInternals = getElementInternals(this.actualNode);
+    }
+
+    return this._cache.elementInternals;
+  }
+
+  set elementInternals(value) {
+    this._cache.elementInternals = value;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/constants.js b/lib/core/constants.js
index 3880c0a16..c5b9fd2b9 100644
--- a/lib/core/constants.js
+++ b/lib/core/constants.js
@@ -27,7 +27,11 @@ const definitions = [
 
 const constants = {
   helpUrlBase: 'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/',
+  // Size of a grid square in pixels
   gridSize: 200,
+  // At a certain point, looping over an array of elements and using .match on them
+  // is slower than just running querySelectorAll again.
+  selectorSimilarFilterLimit: 700,
   results: [],
   resultGroups: [],
   resultGroupMap: {},
@@ -43,7 +47,15 @@ const constants = {
     timeout: 10000
   }),
   allOrigins: '<unsafe_all_origins>',
-  sameOrigin: '<same_origin>'
+  sameOrigin: '<same_origin>',
+  serializableErrorProps: Object.freeze([
+    'message',
+    'stack',
+    'name',
+    'code',
+    'ruleId',
+    'method'
+  ])
 };
 
 definitions.forEach(definition => {
diff --git a/lib/core/core.js b/lib/core/core.js
index 19dedc20f..8994ad3d5 100644
--- a/lib/core/core.js
+++ b/lib/core/core.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import constants from './constants';
-import log from './log';
+import log, { setLogger } from './log';
 
 import AbstractVirtualNode from './base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
 import SerialVirtualNode from './base/virtual-node/serial-virtual-node';
@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@ import * as imports from './imports';
 
 import cleanup from './public/cleanup';
 import configure from './public/configure';
+import externalAPIs from './public/external-apis';
 import frameMessenger from './public/frame-messenger';
 import getRules from './public/get-rules';
 import load from './public/load';
 import registerPlugin from './public/plugins';
 import { hasReporter, getReporter, addReporter } from './public/reporter';
 import reset from './public/reset';
+import resetLocale from './public/reset-locale';
 import runRules from './public/run-rules';
 import runVirtualRule from './public/run-virtual-rule';
 import run from './public/run';
@@ -40,6 +42,9 @@ axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse = _thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse;
 axe.constants = constants;
 axe.log = log;
 
+// @private, for tests only
+axe._setLogger = setLogger;
+
 axe.AbstractVirtualNode = AbstractVirtualNode;
 axe.SerialVirtualNode = SerialVirtualNode;
 axe.VirtualNode = VirtualNode;
@@ -49,6 +54,7 @@ axe.imports = imports;
 
 axe.cleanup = cleanup;
 axe.configure = configure;
+axe.externalAPIs = externalAPIs;
 axe.frameMessenger = frameMessenger;
 axe.getRules = getRules;
 axe._load = load;
@@ -58,6 +64,7 @@ axe.hasReporter = hasReporter;
 axe.getReporter = getReporter;
 axe.addReporter = addReporter;
 axe.reset = reset;
+axe.resetLocale = resetLocale;
 axe._runRules = runRules;
 axe.runVirtualRule = runVirtualRule;
 axe.run = run;
diff --git a/lib/core/imports/index.js b/lib/core/imports/index.js
index 80aa717d5..4a23f352f 100644
--- a/lib/core/imports/index.js
+++ b/lib/core/imports/index.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import doT from '@deque/dot';
 import emojiRegexText from 'emoji-regex';
 import memoize from 'memoizee';
 import Color from 'colorjs.io';
+import ArrayFrom from 'core-js-pure/actual/array/from';
 
 // prevent striping newline characters from strings (e.g. failure
 // summaries). value must be synced with build/configure.js
@@ -17,4 +18,11 @@ doT.templateSettings.strip = false;
  * @namespace imports
  * @memberof axe
  */
-export { CssSelectorParser, doT, emojiRegexText, memoize, Color as Colorjs };
+export {
+  CssSelectorParser,
+  doT,
+  emojiRegexText,
+  memoize,
+  Color as Colorjs,
+  ArrayFrom
+};
diff --git a/lib/core/imports/polyfills.js b/lib/core/imports/polyfills.js
index 5725632e4..de47772a5 100644
--- a/lib/core/imports/polyfills.js
+++ b/lib/core/imports/polyfills.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Uint32Array } from 'typedarray';
 import 'weakmap-polyfill';
 import hasOwn from 'core-js-pure/actual/object/has-own';
 import values from 'core-js-pure/actual/object/values';
+import ArrayFrom from 'core-js-pure/actual/array/from';
 
 if (!('hasOwn' in Object)) {
   Object.hasOwn = hasOwn;
@@ -48,11 +49,11 @@ if (typeof Object.assign !== 'function') {
         throw new TypeError('Cannot convert undefined or null to object');
       }
 
-      var output = Object(target);
-      for (var index = 1; index < arguments.length; index++) {
-        var source = arguments[index];
+      let output = Object(target);
+      for (let index = 1; index < arguments.length; index++) {
+        let source = arguments[index];
         if (source !== undefined && source !== null) {
-          for (var nextKey in source) {
+          for (let nextKey in source) {
             if (source.hasOwnProperty(nextKey)) {
               output[nextKey] = source[nextKey];
             }
@@ -73,12 +74,12 @@ if (!Array.prototype.find) {
       if (typeof predicate !== 'function') {
         throw new TypeError('predicate must be a function');
       }
-      var list = Object(this);
-      var length = list.length >>> 0;
-      var thisArg = arguments[1];
-      var value;
+      let list = Object(this);
+      let length = list.length >>> 0;
+      let thisArg = arguments[1];
+      let value;
 
-      for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
         value = list[i];
         if (predicate.call(thisArg, value, i, list)) {
           return value;
@@ -98,11 +99,11 @@ if (!Array.prototype.findIndex) {
       if (typeof predicate !== 'function') {
         throw new TypeError('predicate must be a function');
       }
-      var list = Object(this);
-      var length = list.length >>> 0;
-      var value;
+      let list = Object(this);
+      let length = list.length >>> 0;
+      let value;
 
-      for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
         value = list[i];
         if (predicate.call(thisArg, value, i, list)) {
           return i;
@@ -116,13 +117,13 @@ if (!Array.prototype.findIndex) {
 if (!Array.prototype.includes) {
   Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'includes', {
     value: function (searchElement) {
-      var O = Object(this);
-      var len = parseInt(O.length, 10) || 0;
+      let O = Object(this);
+      let len = parseInt(O.length, 10) || 0;
       if (len === 0) {
         return false;
       }
-      var n = parseInt(arguments[1], 10) || 0;
-      var k;
+      let n = parseInt(arguments[1], 10) || 0;
+      let k;
       if (n >= 0) {
         k = n;
       } else {
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.includes) {
           k = 0;
         }
       }
-      var currentElement;
+      let currentElement;
       while (k < len) {
         currentElement = O[k];
         if (
@@ -161,11 +162,11 @@ if (!Array.prototype.some) {
         throw new TypeError();
       }
 
-      var t = Object(this);
-      var len = t.length >>> 0;
+      let t = Object(this);
+      let len = t.length >>> 0;
 
-      var thisArg = arguments.length >= 2 ? arguments[1] : void 0;
-      for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      let thisArg = arguments.length >= 2 ? arguments[1] : void 0;
+      for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
         if (i in t && fun.call(thisArg, t[i], i, t)) {
           return true;
         }
@@ -177,95 +178,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.some) {
 }
 
 if (!Array.from) {
-  Object.defineProperty(Array, 'from', {
-    value: (function () {
-      var toStr = Object.prototype.toString;
-      var isCallable = function (fn) {
-        return (
-          typeof fn === 'function' || toStr.call(fn) === '[object Function]'
-        );
-      };
-      var toInteger = function (value) {
-        var number = Number(value);
-        if (isNaN(number)) {
-          return 0;
-        }
-        if (number === 0 || !isFinite(number)) {
-          return number;
-        }
-        return (number > 0 ? 1 : -1) * Math.floor(Math.abs(number));
-      };
-      var maxSafeInteger = Math.pow(2, 53) - 1;
-      var toLength = function (value) {
-        var len = toInteger(value);
-        return Math.min(Math.max(len, 0), maxSafeInteger);
-      };
-
-      // The length property of the from method is 1.
-      return function from(arrayLike /*, mapFn, thisArg */) {
-        // 1. Let C be the this value.
-        var C = this;
-
-        // 2. Let items be ToObject(arrayLike).
-        var items = Object(arrayLike);
-
-        // 3. ReturnIfAbrupt(items).
-        if (arrayLike == null) {
-          throw new TypeError(
-            'Array.from requires an array-like object - not null or undefined'
-          );
-        }
-
-        // 4. If mapfn is undefined, then let mapping be false.
-        var mapFn = arguments.length > 1 ? arguments[1] : void undefined;
-        var T;
-        if (typeof mapFn !== 'undefined') {
-          // 5. else
-          // 5. a If IsCallable(mapfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
-          if (!isCallable(mapFn)) {
-            throw new TypeError(
-              'Array.from: when provided, the second argument must be a function'
-            );
-          }
-
-          // 5. b. If thisArg was supplied, let T be thisArg; else let T be undefined.
-          if (arguments.length > 2) {
-            T = arguments[2];
-          }
-        }
-
-        // 10. Let lenValue be Get(items, "length").
-        // 11. Let len be ToLength(lenValue).
-        var len = toLength(items.length);
-
-        // 13. If IsConstructor(C) is true, then
-        // 13. a. Let A be the result of calling the [[Construct]] internal method of C with an argument list containing the single item len.
-        // 14. a. Else, Let A be ArrayCreate(len).
-        var A = isCallable(C) ? Object(new C(len)) : new Array(len);
-
-        // 16. Let k be 0.
-        var k = 0;
-        // 17. Repeat, while k < len… (also steps a - h)
-        var kValue;
-        while (k < len) {
-          kValue = items[k];
-          if (mapFn) {
-            A[k] =
-              typeof T === 'undefined'
-                ? mapFn(kValue, k)
-                : mapFn.call(T, kValue, k);
-          } else {
-            A[k] = kValue;
-          }
-          k += 1;
-        }
-        // 18. Let putStatus be Put(A, "length", len, true).
-        A.length = len;
-        // 20. Return A.
-        return A;
-      };
-    })()
-  });
+  Array.from = ArrayFrom;
 }
 
 if (!String.prototype.includes) {
@@ -286,7 +199,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.flat) {
   Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'flat', {
     configurable: true,
     value: function flat() {
-      var depth = isNaN(arguments[0]) ? 1 : Number(arguments[0]);
+      let depth = isNaN(arguments[0]) ? 1 : Number(arguments[0]);
 
       return depth
         ? Array.prototype.reduce.call(
diff --git a/lib/core/index.js b/lib/core/index.js
index 6aa45e488..952970718 100644
--- a/lib/core/index.js
+++ b/lib/core/index.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 /*global axeFunction, module, define */
 // exported namespace for axe
 /*eslint no-use-before-define: 0, no-unused-vars: 0*/
-var axe = axe || {};
+const axe = axe || {};
 axe.version = '<%= pkg.version %>';
 
 if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
@@ -24,17 +24,4 @@ if (typeof window.getComputedStyle === 'function') {
   window.axe = axe;
 }
 // local namespace for common functions
-var commons;
-
-function SupportError(error) {
-  this.name = 'SupportError';
-  this.cause = error.cause;
-  this.message = `\`${error.cause}\` - feature unsupported in your environment.`;
-  if (error.ruleId) {
-    this.ruleId = error.ruleId;
-    this.message += ` Skipping ${this.ruleId} rule.`;
-  }
-  this.stack = new Error().stack;
-}
-SupportError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
-SupportError.prototype.constructor = SupportError;
+let commons;
diff --git a/lib/core/log.js b/lib/core/log.js
index 3460bb7bd..47f504afd 100644
--- a/lib/core/log.js
+++ b/lib/core/log.js
@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
-/*eslint no-console: 0 */
+let logger;
 
 /**
  * Logs a message to the developer console (if it exists and is active).
  */
-function log() {
-  if (typeof console === 'object' && console.log) {
-    // IE does not support console.log.apply
-    Function.prototype.apply.call(console.log, console, arguments);
+export default function log(...args) {
+  if (logger) {
+    logger(...args);
+  } else if (typeof console === 'object' && console.log) {
+    console.log(...args);
   }
 }
 
-export default log;
+/**
+ * Set the logger. Exposed for testing.
+ * @private
+ */
+export function setLogger(fn) {
+  logger = fn;
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/public/cleanup.js b/lib/core/public/cleanup.js
index 76492c592..6b5de2555 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/cleanup.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/cleanup.js
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ function cleanup(resolve, reject) {
     throw new Error('No audit configured');
   }
 
-  var q = axe.utils.queue();
+  const q = axe.utils.queue();
   // If a plugin fails it's cleanup, we still want the others to run
-  var cleanupErrors = [];
+  const cleanupErrors = [];
 
   Object.keys(axe.plugins).forEach(key => {
     q.defer(res => {
-      var rej = function rej(err) {
+      const rej = function rej(err) {
         cleanupErrors.push(err);
         res();
       };
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ function cleanup(resolve, reject) {
     });
   });
 
-  var flattenedTree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.body);
+  const flattenedTree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.body);
 
   axe.utils.querySelectorAll(flattenedTree, 'iframe, frame').forEach(node => {
     q.defer((res, rej) => {
diff --git a/lib/core/public/configure.js b/lib/core/public/configure.js
index cbd642483..587f617fb 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/configure.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/configure.js
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ import { configureStandards } from '../../standards';
 import constants from '../constants';
 
 function configure(spec) {
-  var audit;
+  const audit = axe._audit;
 
-  audit = axe._audit;
   if (!audit) {
     throw new Error('No audit configured');
   }
@@ -53,7 +52,6 @@ function configure(spec) {
     spec.checks.forEach(check => {
       if (!check.id) {
         throw new TypeError(
-          // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
           `Configured check ${JSON.stringify(
             check
           )} is invalid. Checks must be an object with at least an id property`
@@ -73,7 +71,6 @@ function configure(spec) {
     spec.rules.forEach(rule => {
       if (!rule.id) {
         throw new TypeError(
-          // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
           `Configured rule ${JSON.stringify(
             rule
           )} is invalid. Rules must be an object with at least an id property`
@@ -93,10 +90,13 @@ function configure(spec) {
     });
   }
 
+  const previousHelpUrlSettings = {
+    brand: audit.brand,
+    application: audit.application,
+    lang: audit.lang
+  };
   if (typeof spec.branding !== 'undefined') {
     audit.setBranding(spec.branding);
-  } else {
-    audit._constructHelpUrls();
   }
 
   if (spec.tagExclude) {
@@ -108,6 +108,8 @@ function configure(spec) {
     audit.applyLocale(spec.locale);
   }
 
+  audit._constructHelpUrls(previousHelpUrlSettings);
+
   if (spec.standards) {
     configureStandards(spec.standards);
   }
diff --git a/lib/core/public/external-apis.js b/lib/core/public/external-apis.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea4668c13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/public/external-apis.js
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+import { shadowSelect, getNodeFromTree, clone, assert } from '../utils';
+import log from '../log';
+
+const ELEMENT_INTERNALS_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 1000;
+
+let getElementInternals;
+let elementInternalsTimeout;
+
+export default function externalAPIs({
+  elementInternalsTimeout: internalsTimeout,
+  getElementInternals: getInternals
+} = {}) {
+  if (isNotNullOrUndefined(internalsTimeout)) {
+    assert(
+      typeof internalsTimeout === 'number',
+      'elementInternalsTimeout must be a number'
+    );
+    elementInternalsTimeout = internalsTimeout;
+  }
+  // reset if set to null
+  else if (internalsTimeout === null) {
+    elementInternalsTimeout = ELEMENT_INTERNALS_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT;
+  }
+
+  if (isNotNullOrUndefined(getInternals)) {
+    assert(
+      typeof getInternals === 'function',
+      'getElementInternals must be a function that returns a Promise'
+    );
+    getElementInternals = getInternals;
+  }
+  // reset if set to null
+  else if (getInternals === null) {
+    getElementInternals = null;
+  }
+}
+
+function isNotNullOrUndefined(val) {
+  return val !== undefined && val !== null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Async setTimeout
+ */
+async function asyncTimeout(ms) {
+  return new Promise(res => setTimeout(res, ms, 'timeout'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * load element internals map data provided by the user to elementInternals property on vNodes
+ */
+async function loadElementInternals(logger = log) {
+  if (!getElementInternals) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const promiseValue = await Promise.race([
+    asyncTimeout(elementInternalsTimeout),
+    getElementInternals()
+  ]);
+
+  assert(promiseValue !== 'timeout', 'Timeout called for elementInternals');
+
+  const internalsMap = clone(promiseValue);
+
+  // validate the map structure
+  if (!internalsMap || !Array.isArray(internalsMap)) {
+    logger('externalAPIs.getElementInternals() did not return an array');
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < internalsMap.length; i++) {
+    // validate we can destructure the item
+    if (!internalsMap[i] || typeof internalsMap[i] !== 'object') {
+      logger(`externalAPIs.getElementInternals()[${i}] is not an object`);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const { internals, ancestry } = internalsMap[i];
+
+    // skip missing or malformed properties
+    if (!internals || typeof internals !== 'object') {
+      logger(
+        `externalAPIs.getElementInternals()[${i}].internals is not an object`
+      );
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (
+      !ancestry ||
+      !(Array.isArray(ancestry) || typeof ancestry === 'string')
+    ) {
+      logger(
+        `externalAPIs.getElementInternals()[${i}].ancestry is not a string or an array of strings`
+      );
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const node = shadowSelect(ancestry);
+    const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
+
+    if (!vNode) {
+      logger(
+        `Unable to locate node using selector ${ancestry} from externalAPIs.getElementInternals()[${i}]`
+      );
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // convert idref(s) ancestries back to nodes
+    for (const [key, val] of Object.entries(internals)) {
+      if (typeof val === 'string') {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const { type, value } = val;
+      if (!type) {
+        logger(
+          `externalAPIs.getElementInternals()[${i}].internals.${key} is an object but has no "type" property`
+        );
+      }
+      if (!value) {
+        logger(
+          `externalAPIs.getElementInternals()[${i}].internals.${key} is an object but has no "value" property`
+        );
+      }
+
+      if (type === 'HTMLElement') {
+        setHTMLElement(internals, key, value);
+      } else if (type === 'NodeList') {
+        setNodeList(internals, key, value);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // set internals directly onto the vNode
+    vNode.elementInternals = internals;
+  }
+}
+
+export const external = {
+  loadElementInternals
+};
+
+/**
+ * Find an HTMLElement idref on the page and set it on the internal object or set a getter that will error on access so rules will incomplete.
+ * @param {Object} internals
+ * @param {String} key
+ * @param {String|String[]} value
+ */
+function setHTMLElement(internals, key, value) {
+  const node = shadowSelect(value);
+  if (node) {
+    internals[key] = node;
+  } else {
+    // only throw when we access it so rules can incomplete
+    Object.defineProperty(internals, key, {
+      get() {
+        throw new Error(`Unable to locate node using selector: ${value}`);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Find a NodeList idrefs on the page and set it on the internal object or set a getter that will error on access so rules will incomplete.
+ * @param {Object} internals
+ * @param {String} key
+ * @param {String|String[]} value
+ */
+function setNodeList(internals, key, value) {
+  const nodes = [];
+  const errorSelectors = [];
+
+  for (const selector of value) {
+    const node = shadowSelect(selector);
+    if (node) {
+      nodes.push(node);
+    } else {
+      errorSelectors.push(selector);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (errorSelectors.length === 0) {
+    internals[key] = nodes;
+  } else {
+    // only throw when we access it so rules can incomplete
+    Object.defineProperty(internals, key, {
+      get() {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Unable to locate nodes using selectors: ${errorSelectors.join(',')}`
+        );
+      }
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/public/finish-run.js b/lib/core/public/finish-run.js
index 31e6417c2..83f3ca8f1 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/finish-run.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/finish-run.js
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ import {
   publishMetaData,
   finalizeRuleResult,
   nodeSerializer,
-  clone
+  clone,
+  normalizeRunOptions
 } from '../utils';
 
 export default function finishRun(partialResults, options = {}) {
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ export default function finishRun(partialResults, options = {}) {
   const { environmentData } = partialResults.find(r => r.environmentData) || {};
 
   // normalize the runOnly option for the output of reporters toolOptions
-  axe._audit.normalizeOptions(options);
+  normalizeRunOptions(options);
   options.reporter = options.reporter ?? axe._audit?.reporter ?? 'v1';
 
   setFrameSpec(partialResults);
diff --git a/lib/core/public/get-rules.js b/lib/core/public/get-rules.js
index d52216f77..e0870e5a3 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/get-rules.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/get-rules.js
@@ -5,24 +5,29 @@
  */
 function getRules(tags) {
   tags = tags || [];
-  var matchingRules = !tags.length
-    ? axe._audit.rules
-    : axe._audit.rules.filter(item => {
+  const { rules, data, tagExclude } = axe._audit;
+
+  const matchingRules = !tags.length
+    ? rules
+    : rules.filter(item => {
         return !!tags.filter(tag => {
           return item.tags.indexOf(tag) !== -1;
         }).length;
       });
 
-  var ruleData = axe._audit.data.rules || {};
+  const ruleData = data.rules || {};
   return matchingRules.map(matchingRule => {
-    var rd = ruleData[matchingRule.id] || {};
+    const rd = ruleData[matchingRule.id] || {};
     return {
       ruleId: matchingRule.id,
       description: rd.description,
       help: rd.help,
       helpUrl: rd.helpUrl,
       tags: matchingRule.tags,
-      actIds: matchingRule.actIds
+      actIds: matchingRule.actIds,
+      enabled:
+        matchingRule.enabled &&
+        !matchingRule.tags.some(tag => tagExclude.includes(tag))
     };
   });
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/public/load.js b/lib/core/public/load.js
index 124c849b1..a6dbe6972 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/load.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/load.js
@@ -14,19 +14,19 @@ export default function load(audit) {
 }
 
 function runCommand(data, keepalive, callback) {
-  var resolve = callback;
-  var reject = function reject(err) {
+  const resolve = callback;
+  const reject = function reject(err) {
     if (err instanceof Error === false) {
       err = new Error(err);
     }
     callback(err);
   };
 
-  var context = (data && data.context) || {};
+  const context = (data && data.context) || {};
   if (context.hasOwnProperty('include') && !context.include.length) {
     context.include = [document];
   }
-  var options = (data && data.options) || {};
+  const options = (data && data.options) || {};
 
   switch (data.command) {
     case 'rules':
diff --git a/lib/core/public/plugins.js b/lib/core/public/plugins.js
index 5b20b4f8c..4da9100d6 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/plugins.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/plugins.js
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ Plugin.prototype.collect = function collect() {
 };
 
 Plugin.prototype.cleanup = function cleanup(done) {
-  var q = axe.utils.queue();
-  var that = this;
+  const q = axe.utils.queue();
+  const that = this;
   Object.keys(this._registry).forEach(key => {
     q.defer(_done => {
       that._registry[key].cleanup(_done);
diff --git a/lib/core/public/reset-locale.js b/lib/core/public/reset-locale.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c82b4ba68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/public/reset-locale.js
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/**
+ * Restore the default locale that was active before any
+ * `axe.configure({ locale })` call. No-op if no non-default
+ * locale has ever been applied. Does not affect any other
+ * configuration; for a full reset, use `axe.reset()`.
+ */
+function resetLocale() {
+  const audit = axe._audit;
+
+  if (!audit) {
+    throw new Error('No audit configured');
+  }
+  audit._resetLocale();
+}
+
+export default resetLocale;
diff --git a/lib/core/public/reset.js b/lib/core/public/reset.js
index 586224bb8..ae33123f0 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/reset.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/reset.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { resetStandards } from '../../standards';
 
 function reset() {
-  var audit = axe._audit;
+  const audit = axe._audit;
 
   if (!audit) {
     throw new Error('No audit configured');
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run-partial.js b/lib/core/public/run-partial.js
index 50ab6465d..7c2e0d3e5 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run-partial.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run-partial.js
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ import {
   nodeSerializer,
   getSelectorData,
   assert,
-  getEnvironmentData
+  getEnvironmentData,
+  performanceTimer
 } from '../utils';
 import normalizeRunParams from './run/normalize-run-params';
 
@@ -27,9 +28,17 @@ export default function runPartial(...args) {
 
   return (
     new Promise((res, rej) => {
+      if (options.performanceTimer) {
+        performanceTimer.auditStart();
+      }
+
       axe._audit.run(contextObj, options, res, rej);
     })
       .then(results => {
+        if (options.performanceTimer) {
+          performanceTimer.auditEnd();
+        }
+
         results = nodeSerializer.mapRawResults(results);
         const frames = contextObj.frames.map(({ node }) => {
           return nodeSerializer.toSpec(node);
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run-rules.js b/lib/core/public/run-rules.js
index 5eb26d7c9..388aeff98 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run-rules.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run-rules.js
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ export default function runRules(context, options, resolve, reject) {
     return reject(e);
   }
 
-  var q = queue();
-  var audit = axe._audit;
+  const q = queue();
+  const audit = axe._audit;
 
   if (options.performanceTimer) {
     performanceTimer.auditStart();
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export default function runRules(context, options, resolve, reject) {
       }
 
       // Add wrapper object so that we may use the same "merge" function for results from inside and outside frames
-      var results = mergeResults(
+      let results = mergeResults(
         data.map(res => {
           return { results: res };
         })
@@ -59,8 +59,19 @@ export default function runRules(context, options, resolve, reject) {
 
       // after should only run once, so ensure we are in the top level window
       if (context.initiator) {
+        if (options.performanceTimer) {
+          performanceTimer.mark('auditAfterStart');
+        }
         results = audit.after(results, options);
-
+        if (options.performanceTimer) {
+          performanceTimer.mark('auditAfterEnd');
+          performanceTimer.measure(
+            'audit.after',
+            'auditAfterStart',
+            'auditAfterEnd'
+          );
+          performanceTimer.logMeasures('audit.after');
+        }
         results.forEach(publishMetaData);
         results = results.map(finalizeRuleResult);
       }
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run.js b/lib/core/public/run.js
index 74983c7e8..c891784b6 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { getReporter } from './reporter';
 import normalizeRunParams from './run/normalize-run-params';
 import { setupGlobals } from './run/globals-setup';
 import { assert } from '../utils';
+import performanceTimer from '../utils/performance-timer';
 
 const noop = () => {};
 
@@ -33,11 +34,17 @@ export default function run(...args) {
 
   axe._running = true;
   if (options.performanceTimer) {
-    axe.utils.performanceTimer.start();
+    performanceTimer.start();
   }
 
   function handleRunRules(rawResults, teardown) {
     const respond = results => {
+      if (options.performanceTimer) {
+        performanceTimer.mark('reporterEnd');
+        performanceTimer.measure('reporter', 'reporterStart', 'reporterEnd');
+        performanceTimer.logMeasures('reporter');
+        performanceTimer.end();
+      }
       axe._running = false;
       teardown();
       try {
@@ -56,11 +63,10 @@ export default function run(...args) {
       }
     };
 
-    if (options.performanceTimer) {
-      axe.utils.performanceTimer.end();
-    }
-
     try {
+      if (options.performanceTimer) {
+        performanceTimer.mark('reporterStart');
+      }
       createReport(rawResults, options, respond, wrappedReject);
     } catch (err) {
       wrappedReject(err);
@@ -69,7 +75,7 @@ export default function run(...args) {
 
   function errorRunRules(err) {
     if (options.performanceTimer) {
-      axe.utils.performanceTimer.end();
+      performanceTimer.end();
     }
     axe._running = false;
     callback(err);
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run/normalize-run-params.js b/lib/core/public/run/normalize-run-params.js
index 96c4b18f4..c952684b9 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run/normalize-run-params.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run/normalize-run-params.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-import { clone } from '../../utils';
-import { isContextSpec } from '../../base/context/normalize-context';
+import { clone, isContextSpec } from '../../utils';
 
 /**
  * Normalize the optional params of axe.run()
diff --git a/lib/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js b/lib/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js
index a35c8554b..19f69e8d7 100644
--- a/lib/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js
+++ b/lib/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * @return {String}          failure messages
  */
 function failureSummary(nodeData) {
-  var failingChecks = {};
+  const failingChecks = {};
   // combine "all" and "none" as messaging is the same
   failingChecks.none = nodeData.none.concat(nodeData.all);
   failingChecks.any = nodeData.any;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ function failureSummary(nodeData) {
         return;
       }
 
-      var sum = axe._audit.data.failureSummaries[key];
+      const sum = axe._audit.data.failureSummaries[key];
       if (sum && typeof sum.failureMessage === 'function') {
         return sum.failureMessage(
           failingChecks[key].map(check => {
diff --git a/lib/core/reporters/no-passes.js b/lib/core/reporters/no-passes.js
index 3cc3cbe45..8c9c41c66 100644
--- a/lib/core/reporters/no-passes.js
+++ b/lib/core/reporters/no-passes.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ const noPassesReporter = (results, options, callback) => {
   // limit result processing to types we want to include in the output
   options.resultTypes = ['violations'];
 
-  var { violations } = processAggregate(results, options);
+  const { violations } = processAggregate(results, options);
 
   callback({
     ...getEnvironmentData(environmentData),
diff --git a/lib/core/reporters/v2.js b/lib/core/reporters/v2.js
index f4a63333e..4597ca109 100644
--- a/lib/core/reporters/v2.js
+++ b/lib/core/reporters/v2.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ const v2Reporter = (results, options, callback) => {
     options = {};
   }
   const { environmentData, ...toolOptions } = options;
-  var out = processAggregate(results, options);
+  const out = processAggregate(results, options);
   callback({
     ...getEnvironmentData(environmentData),
     toolOptions,
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/aggregate-node-results.js b/lib/core/utils/aggregate-node-results.js
index 151880e57..d7ce70675 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/aggregate-node-results.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/aggregate-node-results.js
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ function aggregateNodeResults(nodeResults) {
 
   // Fill the array with nodes
   nodeResults.forEach(nodeResult => {
-    var groupName = constants.resultGroupMap[nodeResult.result];
+    const groupName = constants.resultGroupMap[nodeResult.result];
     ruleResult[groupName].push(nodeResult);
   });
 
   // Take the highest impact of failed or canttell rules
-  var impactGroup = constants.FAIL_GROUP;
+  let impactGroup = constants.FAIL_GROUP;
   if (ruleResult[impactGroup].length === 0) {
     impactGroup = constants.CANTTELL_GROUP;
   }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/aggregate-result.js b/lib/core/utils/aggregate-result.js
index d60122a06..ba7356d06 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/aggregate-result.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/aggregate-result.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import constants from '../constants';
 
 function copyToGroup(resultObject, subResult, group) {
-  var resultCopy = Object.assign({}, subResult);
+  const resultCopy = Object.assign({}, subResult);
   resultCopy.nodes = (resultCopy[group] || []).concat();
   constants.resultGroups.forEach(resultGroup => {
     delete resultCopy[resultGroup];
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/aggregate.js b/lib/core/utils/aggregate.js
index bdc186e01..16fcc0c01 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/aggregate.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/aggregate.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ function aggregate(map, values, initial) {
     values.push(initial);
   }
 
-  var sorting = values.map(val => map.indexOf(val)).sort(); // Stupid NodeJS array.sort functor doesn't work!!
+  const sorting = values.map(val => map.indexOf(val)).sort(); // Stupid NodeJS array.sort functor doesn't work!!
 
   return map[sorting.pop()];
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/are-styles-set.js b/lib/core/utils/are-styles-set.js
index 7192a83c9..c6332041f 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/are-styles-set.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/are-styles-set.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 function areStylesSet(el, styles, stopAt) {
-  var styl = window.getComputedStyle(el, null);
+  const styl = window.getComputedStyle(el, null);
   if (!styl) {
     return false;
   }
-  for (var i = 0; i < styles.length; ++i) {
-    var att = styles[i];
+  for (let i = 0; i < styles.length; ++i) {
+    const att = styles[i];
     if (styl.getPropertyValue(att.property) === att.value) {
       return true;
     }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js b/lib/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
index be17f8ccf..7ca5de6e1 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ export default function collectResultsFromFrames(
   // elementRefs can't be passed across frame boundaries
   options = { ...options, elementRef: false };
 
-  var q = queue();
-  var frames = parentContent.frames;
+  const q = queue();
+  const frames = parentContent.frames;
 
   // Tell each axe running in each frame to collect results
   frames.forEach(({ node: frameElement, ...context }) => {
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/contains.js b/lib/core/utils/contains.js
index dfea001e1..6b05722c0 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/contains.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/contains.js
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@ export default function contains(vNode, otherVNode) {
     !vNode.shadowId &&
     !otherVNode.shadowId &&
     vNode.actualNode &&
+    // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax
     typeof vNode.actualNode.contains === 'function'
   ) {
+    // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax
     return vNode.actualNode.contains(otherVNode.actualNode);
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/css-parser.js b/lib/core/utils/css-parser.js
index 355a40236..b76ca1349 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/css-parser.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/css-parser.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { CssSelectorParser } from 'css-selector-parser';
+import { CssSelectorParser } from '../imports';
 
 const parser = new CssSelectorParser();
 parser.registerSelectorPseudos('not');
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/dq-element.js b/lib/core/utils/dq-element.js
index 3cf790fe1..de6480ebf 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/dq-element.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/dq-element.js
@@ -4,31 +4,11 @@ import getXpath from './get-xpath';
 import getNodeFromTree from './get-node-from-tree';
 import AbstractVirtualNode from '../base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
 import cache from '../base/cache';
+import memoize from './memoize';
+import getSource from './get-element-source';
 
 const CACHE_KEY = 'DqElm.RunOptions';
 
-function truncate(str, maxLength) {
-  maxLength = maxLength || 300;
-
-  if (str.length > maxLength) {
-    var index = str.indexOf('>');
-    str = str.substring(0, index + 1);
-  }
-
-  return str;
-}
-
-function getSource(element) {
-  if (!element?.outerHTML) {
-    return '';
-  }
-  var source = element.outerHTML;
-  if (!source && typeof window.XMLSerializer === 'function') {
-    source = new window.XMLSerializer().serializeToString(element);
-  }
-  return truncate(source || '');
-}
-
 /**
  * "Serialized" `HTMLElement`. It will calculate the CSS selector,
  * grab the source (outerHTML) and offer an array for storing frame paths
@@ -36,7 +16,10 @@ function getSource(element) {
  * @param {Object} options Propagated from axe.run/etc
  * @param {Object} spec Properties to use in place of the element when instantiated on Elements from other frames
  */
-function DqElement(elm, options = null, spec = {}) {
+const DqElement = memoize(function DqElement(elm, options, spec) {
+  options ??= null;
+  spec ??= {};
+
   if (!options) {
     options = cache.get(CACHE_KEY) ?? {};
   }
@@ -82,7 +65,9 @@ function DqElement(elm, options = null, spec = {}) {
   if (!axe._audit.noHtml) {
     this.source = this.spec.source ?? getSource(this._element);
   }
-}
+
+  return this;
+});
 
 DqElement.prototype = {
   /**
@@ -137,6 +122,7 @@ DqElement.prototype = {
   }
 };
 
+/** @deprecated */
 DqElement.fromFrame = function fromFrame(node, options, frame) {
   const spec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(node, frame);
   return new DqElement(frame.element, options, spec);
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/element-matches.js b/lib/core/utils/element-matches.js
index bad802d42..7399e59ff 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/element-matches.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/element-matches.js
@@ -5,19 +5,18 @@
  * @return {Boolean}
  */
 const matchesSelector = (() => {
-  var method;
+  let method;
 
   function getMethod(node) {
-    var index,
-      candidate,
-      candidates = [
-        'matches',
-        'matchesSelector',
-        'mozMatchesSelector',
-        'webkitMatchesSelector',
-        'msMatchesSelector'
-      ],
-      length = candidates.length;
+    const candidates = [
+      'matches',
+      'matchesSelector',
+      'mozMatchesSelector',
+      'webkitMatchesSelector',
+      'msMatchesSelector'
+    ];
+    const length = candidates.length;
+    let index, candidate;
 
     for (index = 0; index < length; index++) {
       candidate = candidates[index];
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/escape-selector.js b/lib/core/utils/escape-selector.js
index 7add6e89b..dc4bf0d68 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/escape-selector.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/escape-selector.js
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@
  */
 function escapeSelector(value) {
   /*eslint no-bitwise: 0, eqeqeq: 0, one-var: 0 */
-  var string = String(value);
-  var length = string.length;
-  var index = -1;
-  var codeUnit;
-  var result = '';
-  var firstCodeUnit = string.charCodeAt(0);
+  const string = String(value);
+  const length = string.length;
+  let index = -1;
+  let codeUnit;
+  let result = '';
+  const firstCodeUnit = string.charCodeAt(0);
   while (++index < length) {
     codeUnit = string.charCodeAt(index);
     // Note: there’s no need to special-case astral symbols, surrogate
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js b/lib/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js
index 3634915b7..c97d895ce 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ function extendMetaData(to, from) {
       to[prop] = null;
       try {
         to[prop] = from[prop](to);
-      } catch (e) {
+      } catch {
         // Ignore
       }
     });
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/channel-store.js b/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/channel-store.js
index 59ba07878..1cb12256c 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/channel-store.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/channel-store.js
@@ -8,14 +8,16 @@ export function storeReplyHandler(
   sendToParent = true
 ) {
   assert(
-    !channels[channelId],
+    !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(channels, channelId),
     `A replyHandler already exists for this message channel.`
   );
   channels[channelId] = { replyHandler, sendToParent };
 }
 
 export function getReplyHandler(channelId) {
-  return channels[channelId];
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(channels, channelId)
+    ? channels[channelId]
+    : undefined;
 }
 
 export function deleteReplyHandler(channelId) {
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/message-parser.js b/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/message-parser.js
index c7154f8e3..881ac07c8 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/message-parser.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/message-parser.js
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ export function parseMessage(dataString) {
   let data;
   try {
     data = JSON.parse(dataString);
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return; // Wasn't meant for us.
   }
   if (!isRespondableMessage(data)) {
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-all-checks.js b/lib/core/utils/get-all-checks.js
index 4c79e8368..78c203489 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-all-checks.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-all-checks.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * @param {RuleResult|Rule} rule
  */
 function getAllChecks(object) {
-  var result = [];
+  const result = [];
   return result
     .concat(object.any || [])
     .concat(object.all || [])
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-ancestry.js b/lib/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
index b80edb933..c5b1fd2d5 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
+import escapeSelector from './escape-selector';
 import getShadowSelector from './get-shadow-selector';
 
 function generateAncestry(node) {
-  const nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-  const parent = node.parentElement;
-  if (!parent) {
-    return nodeName;
-  }
+  const nodeName = escapeSelector(node.nodeName.toLowerCase());
+  const parentElement = node.parentElement;
+  const parentNode = node.parentNode;
 
   let nthChild = '';
   if (
     nodeName !== 'head' &&
     nodeName !== 'body' &&
-    parent.children.length > 1
+    parentNode?.children.length > 1
   ) {
-    const index = Array.prototype.indexOf.call(parent.children, node) + 1;
+    const index = Array.prototype.indexOf.call(parentNode.children, node) + 1;
     nthChild = `:nth-child(${index})`;
   }
 
-  return generateAncestry(parent) + ' > ' + nodeName + nthChild;
+  if (!parentElement) {
+    return nodeName + nthChild;
+  }
+
+  return generateAncestry(parentElement) + ' > ' + nodeName + nthChild;
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-check-option.js b/lib/core/utils/get-check-option.js
index e159965e8..f438d8d41 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-check-option.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-check-option.js
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
  * @return {Object}         The resolved object with `options` and `enabled` keys
  */
 function getCheckOption(check, ruleID, options) {
-  var ruleCheckOption = (((options.rules && options.rules[ruleID]) || {})
+  const ruleCheckOption = (((options.rules && options.rules[ruleID]) || {})
     .checks || {})[check.id];
-  var checkOption = (options.checks || {})[check.id];
+  const checkOption = (options.checks || {})[check.id];
 
-  var enabled = check.enabled;
-  var opts = check.options;
+  let enabled = check.enabled;
+  let opts = check.options;
 
   if (checkOption) {
     if (checkOption.hasOwnProperty('enabled')) {
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-element-internals.js b/lib/core/utils/get-element-internals.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcfbd414e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-element-internals.js
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import isValidCustomElementName from './is-valid-custom-element-name';
+
+/**
+ * community protocols that axe-core supports to find element internals:
+ * - globalThis._elementInternals.get(node)
+ * - node._internals (recommended)
+ * - node.internals
+ * - node.internals_
+ * - node[Symbol('internals')]
+ * - node[Symbol('privateInternals')]
+ **/
+const propNames = ['_internals', 'internals', 'internals_'];
+const symbolNames = ['internals', 'privateInternals'];
+
+/**
+ * Get the ElementInternals object for a custom element using a community protocol.
+ * @example
+ * // use the global map
+ * const internals = node.attachInternals()
+ * globalThis._elementInternals ??= new WeakMap();
+ * globalThis._elementInternals.set(node, internals);
+ * @example
+ * // set property
+ * const internals = node.attachInternals()
+ * node._internals = internals;
+ * @param  {HTMLElement} node
+ * @return {ElementInternals|undefined}
+ */
+export default function getElementInternals(node) {
+  // internals can only be attached to custom-elements
+  // trying to do otherwise results in an error "Cannot attach ElementInternals to a customized built-in or non-custom element"
+  if (!isValidCustomElementName(node.nodeName.toLowerCase())) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // support finding internals from an optional global map. we assume that if a node is set here the value will be an ElementInternals object
+  const mapInternals = globalThis._elementInternals?.get(node);
+  if (mapInternals) {
+    return mapInternals;
+  }
+
+  // ie11 guard
+  if (!('ElementInternals' in window)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (const propName of propNames) {
+    if (Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(node, propName)?.get) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (node[propName] instanceof window.ElementInternals) {
+      return node[propName];
+    }
+  }
+
+  const ownSymbols = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(node);
+  if (!ownSymbols.length) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (const symbolName of symbolNames) {
+    const symbol = ownSymbols.find(s => s.description === symbolName);
+
+    if (symbol) {
+      if (Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(node, symbol)?.get) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (node[symbol] instanceof window.ElementInternals) {
+        return node[symbol];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-element-source.js b/lib/core/utils/get-element-source.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b30354c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-element-source.js
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import getNodeAttributes from './get-node-attributes';
+import isXHTML from './is-xhtml';
+
+/**
+ * Gets the truncated HTML source of an element, or nodeValue for non-element nodes
+ * @param  {Node}   node the DOM node (element, text, comment, etc.)
+ * @param  {Object} options truncation options
+ * @param  {Number} [options.maxLength=300] maximum length of the output
+ * @param  {Number} [options.attrLimit=20] maximum length for attribute names and values
+ * @returns {String} The outerHTML, truncated representation, or nodeValue for non-elements
+ */
+export default function getElementSource(
+  node,
+  { maxLength = 300, attrLimit = 20 } = {}
+) {
+  if (!node) {
+    return '';
+  }
+  // non-element nodes
+  if (node.nodeType !== 1) {
+    const value = node.nodeValue ?? '';
+    return truncate(value, maxLength);
+  }
+
+  const deepStr = getOuterHtml(node);
+  if (deepStr.length > maxLength) {
+    return getTruncatedElementSource(node, { maxLength, attrLimit });
+  }
+
+  return deepStr;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the outerHTML of an element, using XMLSerializer as fallback for SVG/MathML
+ * @param  {Element} element the DOM element
+ * @returns {String} The serialized HTML or empty string
+ */
+function getOuterHtml(element) {
+  let source = element.outerHTML;
+  if (!source && typeof window.XMLSerializer === 'function') {
+    source = new window.XMLSerializer().serializeToString(element);
+  }
+  return source || '';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds a truncated HTML representation of an element when outerHTML exceeds maxLength.
+ * Note: attribute order may differ from the original source as node.attributes order is not guaranteed.
+ * @param  {Element} elm the DOM element
+ * @param  {Object} options truncation options
+ * @param  {Number} options.maxLength maximum length of the output
+ * @param  {Number} options.attrLimit maximum length for attribute names and values
+ * @returns {String} Truncated opening tag (e.g. '<div id="foo" ...>')
+ */
+function getTruncatedElementSource(elm, { maxLength, attrLimit }) {
+  const nodeName = isXHTML(elm.ownerDocument || document)
+    ? elm.nodeName
+    : elm.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+
+  // Get a mutable attribute map, and work out their rendered length
+  const nodeAttrs = Array.from(getNodeAttributes(elm)).map(
+    ({ name, value }) => ({ name, value })
+  );
+  const attrsLength = nodeAttrs.reduce((acc, { name, value }) => {
+    // 4 = space before name + equals sign + opening quote + closing quote
+    return acc + name.length + value.length + 4;
+  }, 0);
+
+  // 2 = opening "<" + space before first attribute
+  if (2 + nodeName.length + attrsLength > maxLength) {
+    nodeAttrs.forEach(attr => {
+      attr.name = truncate(attr.name, attrLimit);
+      attr.value = truncate(attr.value, attrLimit);
+    });
+  }
+
+  let source = `<${nodeName}`;
+  let tagEnd = '>';
+  const truncateEnd = ' ...>';
+  // Must check every attribute: an attr that doesn't fit may be followed by one that does
+  for (const attr of nodeAttrs) {
+    const attrStr = ` ${attr.name}="${attr.value}"`;
+    if (source.length + attrStr.length > maxLength - truncateEnd.length) {
+      tagEnd = truncateEnd;
+      continue;
+    }
+    source += attrStr;
+  }
+
+  return source + tagEnd;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Truncates a string to max length, appending '...' when truncated
+ * @param  {String} str the string to truncate
+ * @param  {Number} attrLimit maximum length before truncation
+ * @returns {String} The original string or truncated version with '...' suffix
+ */
+function truncate(str, attrLimit) {
+  return str.length <= attrLimit ? str : str.substring(0, attrLimit) + '...';
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-flattened-tree.js b/lib/core/utils/get-flattened-tree.js
index 2fb869e78..39f0935bb 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-flattened-tree.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-flattened-tree.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import cache from '../base/cache';
 import { cacheNodeSelectors } from './selector-cache';
 
 /**
- * This implemnts the flatten-tree algorithm specified:
+ * This implements the flatten-tree algorithm specified:
  * Originally here https://drafts.csswg.org/css-scoping/#flat-tree
  * Hopefully soon published here: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-scoping-1/#flat-tree
  *
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ export default function getFlattenedTree(
  * @return Array{Nodes}
  */
 function getSlotChildren(node) {
-  var retVal = [];
+  const childNodes = [];
 
   node = node.firstChild;
   while (node) {
-    retVal.push(node);
+    childNodes.push(node);
     node = node.nextSibling;
   }
-  return retVal;
+  return childNodes;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -86,92 +86,94 @@ function createNode(node, parent, shadowId) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Recursvely returns an array of the virtual DOM nodes at this level
+ * Add children to the parent virtual node
+ * @param {Node[]} childNodes the children of the parent
+ * @param {VirtualNode} parent the parent VirtualNode
+ * @param {String} shadowId, optional ID of the shadow DOM that is the closest shadow ancestor of the node
+ */
+function createChildren(childNodes, parent, shadowId) {
+  const children = [];
+
+  childNodes.forEach(childNode => {
+    const child = flattenTree(childNode, shadowId, parent);
+    if (child) {
+      children.push(...child);
+    }
+  });
+
+  return children;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Recursively returns an array of the virtual DOM nodes at this level
  * excluding comment nodes and the shadow DOM nodes <content> and <slot>
  *
  * @param {Node} node the current node
- * @param {String} shadowId, optional ID of the shadow DOM that is the closest shadow
- *                           ancestor of the node
+ * @param {String} shadowId, optional ID of the shadow DOM that is the closest shadow ancestor of the node
  * @param {VirtualNode} parent the parent VirtualNode
  */
 function flattenTree(node, shadowId, parent) {
-  // using a closure here and therefore cannot easily refactor toreduce the statements
-  var retVal, realArray, nodeName;
-  function reduceShadowDOM(res, child, parentVNode) {
-    const replacements = flattenTree(child, shadowId, parentVNode);
-    if (replacements) {
-      res = res.concat(replacements);
-    }
-    return res;
-  }
+  let vNode, childNodes;
 
   if (node.documentElement) {
     // document
     node = node.documentElement;
   }
-  nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+  const nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
 
   if (isShadowRoot(node)) {
     hasShadowRoot = true;
 
     // generate an ID for this shadow root and overwrite the current
     // closure shadowId with this value so that it cascades down the tree
-    retVal = createNode(node, parent, shadowId);
+    vNode = createNode(node, parent, shadowId);
     shadowId = 'a' + Math.random().toString().substring(2);
-    realArray = Array.from(node.shadowRoot.childNodes);
-    retVal.children = realArray.reduce((res, child) => {
-      return reduceShadowDOM(res, child, retVal);
-    }, []);
-
-    return [retVal];
-  } else {
-    if (
-      nodeName === 'content' &&
-      typeof node.getDistributedNodes === 'function'
-    ) {
-      realArray = Array.from(node.getDistributedNodes());
-      return realArray.reduce((res, child) => {
-        return reduceShadowDOM(res, child, parent);
-      }, []);
-    } else if (
-      nodeName === 'slot' &&
-      typeof node.assignedNodes === 'function'
-    ) {
-      realArray = Array.from(node.assignedNodes());
-      if (!realArray.length) {
-        // fallback content
-        realArray = getSlotChildren(node);
-      }
-      var styl = window.getComputedStyle(node);
-      // check the display property
-      if (false && styl.display !== 'contents') {
-        // intentionally commented out
-        // has a box
-        retVal = createNode(node, parent, shadowId);
-        retVal.children = realArray.reduce((res, child) => {
-          return reduceShadowDOM(res, child, retVal);
-        }, []);
-
-        return [retVal];
-      } else {
-        return realArray.reduce((res, child) => {
-          return reduceShadowDOM(res, child, parent);
-        }, []);
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (node.nodeType === 1) {
-        retVal = createNode(node, parent, shadowId);
-        realArray = Array.from(node.childNodes);
-        retVal.children = realArray.reduce((res, child) => {
-          return reduceShadowDOM(res, child, retVal);
-        }, []);
-
-        return [retVal];
-      } else if (node.nodeType === 3) {
-        // text
-        return [createNode(node, parent)];
-      }
-      return undefined;
+    childNodes = Array.from(node.shadowRoot.childNodes);
+    vNode.children = createChildren(childNodes, vNode, shadowId);
+
+    return [vNode];
+  }
+
+  if (
+    nodeName === 'content' &&
+    typeof node.getDistributedNodes === 'function'
+  ) {
+    childNodes = Array.from(node.getDistributedNodes());
+    return createChildren(childNodes, parent, shadowId);
+  }
+
+  if (nodeName === 'slot' && typeof node.assignedNodes === 'function') {
+    childNodes = Array.from(node.assignedNodes());
+    if (!childNodes.length) {
+      // fallback content
+      childNodes = getSlotChildren(node);
+    }
+
+    const styl = window.getComputedStyle(node);
+
+    // check the display property. intentionally does not run, see notable information at top of file
+    if (false && styl.display !== 'contents') {
+      // has a box
+      vNode = createNode(node, parent, shadowId);
+      vNode.children = createChildren(childNodes, vNode, shadowId);
+
+      return [vNode];
     }
+
+    return createChildren(childNodes, parent, shadowId);
+  }
+
+  if (node.nodeType === document.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+    vNode = createNode(node, parent, shadowId);
+    childNodes = Array.from(node.childNodes);
+    vNode.children = createChildren(childNodes, vNode, shadowId);
+
+    return [vNode];
   }
+
+  if (node.nodeType === document.TEXT_NODE) {
+    return [createNode(node, parent)];
+  }
+
+  return undefined;
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-root-node.js b/lib/core/utils/get-root-node.js
index 6eaf28d08..aaab8944a 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-root-node.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-root-node.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * @returns {DocumentFragment|Document}
  */
 function getRootNode(node) {
-  var doc = (node.getRootNode && node.getRootNode()) || document; // this is for backwards compatibility
+  let doc = (node.getRootNode && node.getRootNode()) || document; // this is for backwards compatibility
   if (doc === node) {
     // disconnected node
     doc = document;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js b/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js
index 470946705..16e156f5f 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import getNodeAttributes from './get-node-attributes';
 import matchesSelector from './element-matches';
 import isXHTML from './is-xhtml';
 import getShadowSelector from './get-shadow-selector';
+import memoize from './memoize';
+import constants from '../../core/constants';
 
 const ignoredAttributes = [
   'class',
@@ -25,6 +27,7 @@ const ignoredAttributes = [
   'aria-valuenow',
   'xmlns'
 ];
+
 const MAXATTRIBUTELENGTH = 31;
 const attrCharsRegex = /([\\"])/g;
 const newlineChars = /(\r\n|\r|\n)/g;
@@ -97,8 +100,6 @@ function filterAttributes(at) {
  *														the counts for how many elements with that feature exist
  */
 export function getSelectorData(domTree) {
-  /* eslint no-loop-func:0*/
-
   // Initialize the return structure with the three maps
   const data = {
     classes: {},
@@ -348,7 +349,6 @@ function getThreeLeastCommonFeatures(elm, selectorData) {
  * @param {RootNode} doc		 The root node of the document or document fragment
  * @returns {String}				 The selector
  */
-
 function generateSelector(elm, options, doc) {
   /*eslint no-loop-func:0*/
   // TODO: es-modules_selectorData
@@ -375,8 +375,9 @@ function generateSelector(elm, options, doc) {
     } else {
       selector = features;
     }
-    if (!similar) {
-      similar = Array.from(doc.querySelectorAll(selector));
+    // If there are too many similar element running QSA again is faster
+    if (!similar || similar.length > constants.selectorSimilarFilterLimit) {
+      similar = findSimilar(doc, selector);
     } else {
       similar = similar.filter(item => {
         return matchesSelector(item, selector);
@@ -400,6 +401,16 @@ function generateSelector(elm, options, doc) {
  * @param {Object} optional options
  * @returns {String|Array<String>} Unique CSS selector for the node
  */
-export default function getSelector(elm, options) {
+function getSelector(elm, options) {
   return getShadowSelector(generateSelector, elm, options);
 }
+
+// Axe can call getSelector more than once for the same element because
+// the same element can end up on multiple DqElements.
+export default memoize(getSelector);
+
+// Similar elements create similar selectors. If there are lots of similar elements on the page,
+// axe ends up needing to run that same selector many times. We can memoize for a huge perf boost.
+const findSimilar = memoize((doc, selector) =>
+  Array.from(doc.querySelectorAll(selector))
+);
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-xpath.js b/lib/core/utils/get-xpath.js
index b0b66ba9c..d79b0f830 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-xpath.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-xpath.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import escapeSelector from './escape-selector';
 
 function getXPathArray(node, path) {
-  var sibling, count;
+  let sibling, count;
   // Gets an XPath for an element which describes its hierarchical location.
   if (!node) {
     return [];
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ function getXPathArray(node, path) {
   }
 
   if (node.nodeType === 1) {
-    var element = {};
+    const element = {};
     element.str = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
     // add the id and the count so we can construct robust versions of the xpath
-    var id = node.getAttribute && escapeSelector(node.getAttribute('id'));
+    const id = node.getAttribute && escapeSelector(node.getAttribute('id'));
     if (id && node.ownerDocument.querySelectorAll('#' + id).length === 1) {
       element.id = node.getAttribute('id');
     }
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ function getXPathArray(node, path) {
 function xpathToString(xpathArray) {
   return xpathArray.reduce((str, elm) => {
     if (elm.id) {
-      return `/${elm.str}[@id='${elm.id}']`;
+      return `//${elm.str}[@id='${elm.id}']`;
     } else {
       return str + `/${elm.str}` + (elm.count > 0 ? `[${elm.count}]` : '');
     }
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ function xpathToString(xpathArray) {
 }
 
 function getXpath(node) {
-  var xpathArray = getXPathArray(node);
+  const xpathArray = getXPathArray(node);
   return xpathToString(xpathArray);
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/index.js b/lib/core/utils/index.js
index 360c1d728..9a574fef5 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/index.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/index.js
@@ -42,7 +42,18 @@ export { default as getStandards } from './get-standards';
 export { default as getStyleSheetFactory } from './get-stylesheet-factory';
 export { default as getXpath } from './get-xpath';
 export { default as getAncestry } from './get-ancestry';
+export { default as getElementInternals } from './get-element-internals';
+export { default as getElementSource } from './get-element-source';
 export { default as injectStyle } from './inject-style';
+export { default as isArrayLike } from './is-array-like';
+export {
+  isContextSpec,
+  isContextObject,
+  isContextProp,
+  isLabelledShadowDomSelector,
+  isLabelledFramesSelector
+} from './is-context';
+export { default as isValidCustomElementName } from './is-valid-custom-element-name';
 export { default as isHidden } from './is-hidden';
 export { default as isHtmlElement } from './is-html-element';
 export { default as isNodeInContext } from './is-node-in-context';
@@ -59,9 +70,11 @@ export { default as mergeResults } from './merge-results';
 export { default as nodeSerializer } from './node-serializer';
 export { default as nodeSorter } from './node-sorter';
 export { default as nodeLookup } from './node-lookup';
+export { default as objectHasOwn } from './object-has-own';
 export { default as parseCrossOriginStylesheet } from './parse-crossorigin-stylesheet';
 export { default as parseSameOriginStylesheet } from './parse-sameorigin-stylesheet';
 export { default as parseStylesheet } from './parse-stylesheet';
+export { default as parseTabindex } from './parse-tabindex';
 export { default as performanceTimer } from './performance-timer';
 export { pollyfillElementsFromPoint } from './pollyfill-elements-from-point';
 export { default as preloadCssom } from './preload-cssom';
@@ -77,6 +90,8 @@ export { default as ruleShouldRun } from './rule-should-run';
 export { default as filterHtmlAttrs } from './filter-html-attrs';
 export { default as select } from './select';
 export { default as sendCommandToFrame } from './send-command-to-frame';
+export { default as serializeError } from './serialize-error';
+export { default as RuleError } from './rule-error';
 export { default as setScrollState } from './set-scroll-state';
 export { default as shadowSelect } from './shadow-select';
 export { default as shadowSelectAll } from './shadow-select-all';
@@ -86,3 +101,4 @@ export { default as uniqueArray } from './unique-array';
 export { default as uuid } from './uuid';
 export { default as validInputTypes } from './valid-input-type';
 export { default as isValidLang, validLangs } from './valid-langs';
+export { default as normalizeRunOptions } from './normalize-run-options';
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/inject-style.js b/lib/core/utils/inject-style.js
index 503300648..86ce8b03a 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/inject-style.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/inject-style.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var styleSheet;
+let styleSheet;
 function injectStyle(style) {
   if (styleSheet && styleSheet.parentNode) {
     // append the style to the existing sheet
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ function injectStyle(style) {
     return;
   }
 
-  var head = document.head || document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
+  const head = document.head || document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
   styleSheet = document.createElement('style');
   styleSheet.type = 'text/css';
 
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/is-array-like.js b/lib/core/utils/is-array-like.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97e7b4f91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/is-array-like.js
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/**
+ * Checks if a value is array-like.
+ *
+ * @param {any} arr - The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} - Returns true if the value is array-like, false otherwise.
+ */
+export default function isArrayLike(arr) {
+  return (
+    !!arr &&
+    typeof arr === 'object' &&
+    typeof arr.length === 'number' &&
+    // Avoid DOM weirdness
+    arr instanceof window.Node === false
+  );
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/is-context.js b/lib/core/utils/is-context.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcee309ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/is-context.js
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import objectHasOwn from './object-has-own';
+import isArrayLike from './is-array-like';
+
+/**
+ * Determine if some value can be parsed as a context
+ * @private
+ * @param  {Mixed} contextSpec The configuration object passed to `Context`
+ * @return {boolea}
+ */
+export function isContextSpec(contextSpec) {
+  return isContextObject(contextSpec) || isContextProp(contextSpec);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if the given context specification is a valid context object.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} contextSpec - The context specification object to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} - Returns true if the context specification is a valid context object, otherwise returns false.
+ */
+export function isContextObject(contextSpec) {
+  return ['include', 'exclude'].some(
+    prop => objectHasOwn(contextSpec, prop) && isContextProp(contextSpec[prop])
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if the given contextList is a valid context property.
+ * @param {string|Node|Array} contextList - The contextList to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} - Returns true if the contextList is a valid context property, otherwise false.
+ */
+export function isContextProp(contextList) {
+  return (
+    typeof contextList === 'string' ||
+    contextList instanceof window.Node ||
+    isLabelledFramesSelector(contextList) ||
+    isLabelledShadowDomSelector(contextList) ||
+    isArrayLike(contextList)
+  );
+}
+
+export function isLabelledFramesSelector(selector) {
+  // This doesn't guarantee the selector is valid.
+  // Just that this isn't a runOptions object
+  // Normalization will ignore invalid selectors
+  return objectHasOwn(selector, 'fromFrames');
+}
+
+export function isLabelledShadowDomSelector(selector) {
+  // This doesn't guarantee the selector is valid.
+  // Just that this isn't a runOptions object
+  // Normalization will ignore invalid selectors
+  return objectHasOwn(selector, 'fromShadowDom');
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/is-html-element.js b/lib/core/utils/is-html-element.js
index a2f3f112f..678525729 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/is-html-element.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/is-html-element.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import standards from '../../standards';
  * @param {HTMLElement|VirtualNode} node node to check if valid
  * @return {Boolean} true/ false
  */
-function isHtmlElement(node) {
+export default function isHtmlElement(node) {
   const nodeName = node.props?.nodeName ?? node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
 
   if (node.namespaceURI === 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg') {
@@ -16,5 +16,3 @@ function isHtmlElement(node) {
 
   return !!standards.htmlElms[nodeName];
 }
-
-export default isHtmlElement;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js b/lib/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js
index ab8aedd00..0bd6a9fd3 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import isValidCustomElementName from './is-valid-custom-element-name';
+
 const possibleShadowRoots = [
   'article',
   'aside',
@@ -18,6 +20,7 @@ const possibleShadowRoots = [
   'section',
   'span'
 ];
+
 /**
  * Test a node to see if it has a spec-conforming shadow root
  *
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ function isShadowRoot(node) {
     const nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
     if (
       possibleShadowRoots.includes(nodeName) ||
-      /^[a-z][a-z0-9_.-]*-[a-z0-9_.-]*$/.test(nodeName)
+      isValidCustomElementName(nodeName)
     ) {
       return true;
     }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/is-valid-custom-element-name.js b/lib/core/utils/is-valid-custom-element-name.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63e15ea5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/is-valid-custom-element-name.js
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// reserved names that match the custom element regex but are not valid custom elements
+// @see https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/custom-elements.html#valid-custom-element-name
+const reservedNames = [
+  'annotation-xml',
+  'color-profile',
+  'font-face',
+  'font-face-src',
+  'font-face-uri',
+  'font-face-format',
+  'font-face-name',
+  'missing-glyph'
+];
+
+// valid localname regex
+// @see https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#valid-element-local-name
+const validLocalNameRegex =
+  /^(?:[A-Za-z][^\0\t\n\f\r\u0020/>]*|[:_\u0080-\u{10FFFF}][A-Za-z0-9-.:_\u0080-\u{10FFFF}]*)$/u;
+const alphaLowerRegex = /[a-z]/;
+const alphaUpperRegex = /[A-Z]/;
+
+/**
+ * Verifies that the passed in string is a valid custom element name
+ * @method isValidCustomElementName
+ * @memberof axe.utils
+ * @param {string} nodeName nodeName to validate
+ * @return {Boolean} true / false
+ */
+export default function isValidCustomElementName(nodeName) {
+  // @see https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#valid-custom-element-name
+  return (
+    !reservedNames.includes(nodeName) &&
+    validLocalNameRegex.test(nodeName) &&
+    alphaLowerRegex.test(nodeName[0]) &&
+    !alphaUpperRegex.test(nodeName) &&
+    nodeName.includes('-')
+  );
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/matches.js b/lib/core/utils/matches.js
index f49bace8f..7bd28c650 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/matches.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/matches.js
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ function matchesAttributes(vNode, exp) {
   return (
     !exp.attributes ||
     exp.attributes.every(att => {
-      var nodeAtt = vNode.attr(att.key);
+      const nodeAtt = vNode.attr(att.key);
       return nodeAtt !== null && att.test(nodeAtt);
     })
   );
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ function matchExpression(vNode, expression) {
   );
 }
 
-var escapeRegExp = (() => {
+const escapeRegExp = (() => {
   /*! Credit: XRegExp 0.6.1 (c) 2007-2008 Steven Levithan <http://stevenlevithan.com/regex/xregexp/> MIT License */
-  var from = /(?=[\-\[\]{}()*+?.\\\^$|,#\s])/g;
-  var to = '\\';
+  const from = /(?=[\-\[\]{}()*+?.\\\^$|,#\s])/g;
+  const to = '\\';
   return string => {
     return string.replace(from, to);
   };
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ function convertPseudos(pseudos) {
     return;
   }
   return pseudos.map(p => {
-    var expressions;
+    let expressions;
 
     if (['is', 'not'].includes(p.name)) {
       expressions = p.value;
@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@ function convertPseudos(pseudos) {
  */
 function convertExpressions(expressions) {
   return expressions.map(exp => {
-    var newExp = [];
-    var rule = exp.rule;
+    const newExp = [];
+    let rule = exp.rule;
     while (rule) {
       /* eslint no-restricted-syntax: 0 */
       // `.tagName` is a property coming from the `CSSSelectorParser` library
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ function convertExpressions(expressions) {
  * @returns {Object[]} Array of Slick format expressions
  */
 export function convertSelector(selector) {
-  var expressions = cssParser.parse(selector);
+  let expressions = cssParser.parse(selector);
   expressions = expressions.selectors ? expressions.selectors : [expressions];
   return convertExpressions(expressions);
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/memoize.js b/lib/core/utils/memoize.js
index 88ec2f472..d8b6a3068 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/memoize.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/memoize.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import memoize from 'memoizee';
+import { memoize } from '../imports';
 
 // FYI: memoize does not always play nice with esbuild
 // and sometimes is built out of order.
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/merge-results.js b/lib/core/utils/merge-results.js
index e5c9547ad..0064623d8 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/merge-results.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/merge-results.js
@@ -31,8 +31,9 @@ function pushFrame(resultSet, options, frameSpec) {
  */
 function spliceNodes(target, to) {
   const firstFromFrame = to[0].node;
+  let node;
   for (let i = 0; i < target.length; i++) {
-    const node = target[i].node;
+    node = target[i].node;
     const resultSort = nodeIndexSort(
       node.nodeIndexes,
       firstFromFrame.nodeIndexes
@@ -87,13 +88,16 @@ function mergeResults(frameResults, options) {
         pushFrame(ruleResult.nodes, options, frameSpec);
       }
 
-      var res = findBy(mergedResult, 'id', ruleResult.id);
+      const res = findBy(mergedResult, 'id', ruleResult.id);
       if (!res) {
         mergedResult.push(ruleResult);
       } else {
         if (ruleResult.nodes.length) {
           spliceNodes(res.nodes, ruleResult.nodes);
         }
+        if (ruleResult.error) {
+          res.error ??= ruleResult.error;
+        }
       }
     });
   });
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/normalize-run-options.js b/lib/core/utils/normalize-run-options.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c65d518c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/normalize-run-options.js
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/**
+ * Ensure all rules that are expected to run exist
+ * @throws {Error} If any tag or rule specified in options is unknown
+ * @param  {Object} options  Options object
+ * @return {Object}          Validated options object
+ */
+export default function normalizeRunOptions(options = {}) {
+  const tags = [];
+  const ruleIds = [];
+  axe._audit.rules.forEach(rule => {
+    ruleIds.push(rule.id);
+    rule.tags.forEach(tag => {
+      if (!tags.includes(tag)) {
+        tags.push(tag);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+  // Validate runOnly
+  if (['object', 'string'].includes(typeof options.runOnly)) {
+    if (typeof options.runOnly === 'string') {
+      options.runOnly = [options.runOnly];
+    }
+    if (Array.isArray(options.runOnly)) {
+      const hasTag = options.runOnly.find(value => tags.includes(value));
+      const hasRule = options.runOnly.find(value => ruleIds.includes(value));
+      if (hasTag && hasRule) {
+        throw new Error('runOnly cannot be both rules and tags');
+      }
+      if (hasRule) {
+        options.runOnly = {
+          type: 'rule',
+          values: options.runOnly
+        };
+      } else {
+        options.runOnly = {
+          type: 'tag',
+          values: options.runOnly
+        };
+      }
+    }
+    const only = options.runOnly;
+    if (only.value && !only.values) {
+      only.values = only.value;
+      delete only.value;
+    }
+    if (!Array.isArray(only.values) || only.values.length === 0) {
+      throw new Error('runOnly.values must be a non-empty array');
+    }
+    // Check if every value in options.runOnly is a known rule ID
+    if (['rule', 'rules'].includes(only.type)) {
+      only.type = 'rule';
+      only.values.forEach(ruleId => {
+        if (!ruleIds.includes(ruleId)) {
+          throw new Error('unknown rule `' + ruleId + '` in options.runOnly');
+        }
+      });
+      // Validate 'tags' (e.g. anything not 'rule')
+    } else if (['tag', 'tags', undefined].includes(only.type)) {
+      only.type = 'tag';
+
+      const unmatchedTags = only.values.filter(
+        tag => !tags.includes(tag) && !/wcag2[1-3]a{1,3}/.test(tag)
+      );
+      if (unmatchedTags.length !== 0) {
+        axe.log('Could not find tags `' + unmatchedTags.join('`, `') + '`');
+      }
+    } else {
+      throw new Error(`Unknown runOnly type '${only.type}'`);
+    }
+  }
+  if (typeof options.rules === 'object') {
+    Object.keys(options.rules).forEach(ruleId => {
+      if (!ruleIds.includes(ruleId)) {
+        throw new Error('unknown rule `' + ruleId + '` in options.rules');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+  return options;
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/object-has-own.js b/lib/core/utils/object-has-own.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ac189bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/object-has-own.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// Wrapper to prevent throwing for non-objects & null
+export default function objectHasOwn(obj, prop) {
+  if (!obj || typeof obj !== 'object') {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js b/lib/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
index 3ec44fa52..825ba31a9 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ function parseCrossOriginStylesheet(
   importedUrls,
   isCrossOrigin
 ) {
+  if (url === null || url === undefined) {
+    return Promise.resolve();
+  }
+
   /**
    * Add `url` to `importedUrls`
    */
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/parse-tabindex.js b/lib/core/utils/parse-tabindex.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c62cc5c51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/parse-tabindex.js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/**
+ * Parses a tabindex value to return an integer if valid, or null if invalid.
+ * @method parseTabindex
+ * @memberof axe.utils
+ * @param  {string|null} str
+ * @return {number|null}
+ */
+function parseTabindex(value) {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // spec: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#rules-for-parsing-integers
+  const match = value.trim().match(/^([-+]?\d+)/);
+  if (match) {
+    return Number(match[1]);
+  }
+
+  return null;
+}
+
+export default parseTabindex;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/performance-timer.js b/lib/core/utils/performance-timer.js
index 78c25f404..1151b1360 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/performance-timer.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/performance-timer.js
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ const performanceTimer = (() => {
       return window.performance.now();
     }
   }
-  var originalTime = null;
-  var lastRecordedTime = now();
+  let axeStartTime = now();
+  let axeStarted = false;
 
   /**
    * @typedef {utils.performanceTimer} Public API Methods
@@ -28,32 +28,48 @@ const performanceTimer = (() => {
      * @member {Function} start Kicks off performance timing for overall axe audit
      */
     start() {
+      this.reset();
+      axeStarted = true;
       this.mark('mark_axe_start');
     },
+
     /**
      * @member {Function} end Concludes performance timing, compares start/end marks
      */
     end() {
       this.mark('mark_axe_end');
-      this.measure('axe', 'mark_axe_start', 'mark_axe_end');
-
+      this.measure('axe', 'mark_axe_start', 'mark_axe_end', true);
       this.logMeasures('axe');
+      this.clearMark('mark_axe_start', 'mark_axe_end');
+      axeStarted = false;
     },
+
     /**
      * @member {Function} auditStart Starts an audit for a page or frame
      */
     auditStart() {
+      if (!axeStarted) {
+        this.reset(); // We're in a frame
+      }
       this.mark('mark_audit_start');
     },
+
     /**
      * @member {Function} auditEnd Ends an audit for a page or frame, logs measurement of start/end marks
      */
     auditEnd() {
       this.mark('mark_audit_end');
-      this.measure('audit_start_to_end', 'mark_audit_start', 'mark_audit_end');
+      this.measure(
+        'audit_start_to_end',
+        'mark_audit_start',
+        'mark_audit_end',
+        true
+      );
       // log audit/rule measures
       this.logMeasures();
+      this.clearMark('mark_audit_start', 'mark_audit_end');
     },
+
     /**
      * @member {Function} mark Shims creating a new named time stamp, called a mark
      * @param {String} markName String name to record how long it took to get there.
@@ -61,10 +77,11 @@ const performanceTimer = (() => {
      *
      */
     mark(markName) {
-      if (window.performance && window.performance.mark !== undefined) {
+      if (window.performance?.mark) {
         window.performance.mark(markName);
       }
     },
+
     /**
      * @member {Function} measure Shims creating a measure to compare two marks, which can be logged
      * @param {String} measureName String name to log what is being compared.
@@ -72,53 +89,97 @@ const performanceTimer = (() => {
      * @param {String} startMark String name of mark to start measuring
      * @param {String} endMark String name of mark to end measuring
      */
-    measure(measureName, startMark, endMark) {
-      if (window.performance && window.performance.measure !== undefined) {
+    measure(measureName, startMark, endMark, keepMarks = false) {
+      if (!window.performance?.measure) {
+        return;
+      }
+      try {
         window.performance.measure(measureName, startMark, endMark);
+      } catch (e) {
+        this._log(e);
+      }
+      if (!keepMarks) {
+        this.clearMark(startMark, endMark);
       }
     },
+
     /**
-     * @member {Function} logMeasures Iterates through measures and logs any that exist
+     * @member {Function} logMeasures Logs previously captured measures in chronological order.
+     * Starts from the most recent start()/auditStart() call.
+     * @param {String|undefined} measureName If provided, will only log up to the first matching measure.
      */
     logMeasures(measureName) {
-      function logMeasure(req) {
-        log('Measure ' + req.name + ' took ' + req.duration + 'ms');
-      }
+      const last = arr => (Array.isArray(arr) ? arr[arr.length - 1] : arr);
+      const logMeasure = req => {
+        this._log('Measure ' + req.name + ' took ' + req.duration + 'ms');
+      };
       if (
-        window.performance &&
-        window.performance.getEntriesByType !== undefined
+        !window.performance?.getEntriesByType ||
+        !window.performance?.getEntriesByName
       ) {
-        // only output measures that were started after axe started, otherwise
-        // we get measures made by the page before axe ran (which is confusing)
-        var axeStart = window.performance.getEntriesByName('mark_axe_start')[0];
-        var measures = window.performance
-          .getEntriesByType('measure')
-          .filter(measure => measure.startTime >= axeStart.startTime);
-        for (var i = 0; i < measures.length; ++i) {
-          var req = measures[i];
-          if (req.name === measureName) {
-            logMeasure(req);
-            return;
-          }
+        return;
+      }
+      // only output measures that were started after axe started, otherwise
+      // we get measures made by the page before axe ran (which is confusing)
+      const axeStart =
+        last(window.performance.getEntriesByName('mark_axe_start')) ||
+        last(window.performance.getEntriesByName('mark_audit_start'));
+      if (!axeStart) {
+        this._log('Axe must be started before using performanceTimer');
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const measures = window.performance
+        .getEntriesByType('measure')
+        .filter(measure => measure.startTime >= axeStart.startTime);
+      for (let i = 0; i < measures.length; ++i) {
+        const req = measures[i];
+        if (req.name === measureName) {
+          logMeasure(req);
+          return;
+        } else if (!measureName) {
           logMeasure(req);
         }
       }
     },
+
     /**
      * @member {Function} timeElapsed Records time since last audit
      * @return {DOMTimeStamp}
      */
     timeElapsed() {
-      return now() - lastRecordedTime;
+      const currentTime = now();
+      return currentTime - axeStartTime;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * @member {Function} clearMark Clears a mark
+     * @param {String} markName String name of mark to clear
+     */
+    clearMark(...markNames) {
+      if (!window.performance?.clearMarks) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      for (const markName of markNames) {
+        window.performance.clearMarks(markName);
+      }
     },
+
     /**
      * @member {Function} reset Resets the time for a new audit
      */
     reset() {
-      if (!originalTime) {
-        originalTime = now();
-      }
-      lastRecordedTime = now();
+      axeStartTime = now();
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Logs the message, available to override in testing
+     * @private
+     * @param {String} message
+     */
+    _log(message) {
+      log(message);
     }
   };
 })();
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/pollyfill-elements-from-point.js b/lib/core/utils/pollyfill-elements-from-point.js
index 1783f1294..43daca54e 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/pollyfill-elements-from-point.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/pollyfill-elements-from-point.js
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ export function pollyfillElementsFromPoint() {
   if (document.elementsFromPoint) return document.elementsFromPoint;
   if (document.msElementsFromPoint) return document.msElementsFromPoint;
 
-  var usePointer = (function () {
-    var element = document.createElement('x');
+  const usePointer = (function () {
+    const element = document.createElement('x');
     element.style.cssText = 'pointer-events:auto';
     return element.style.pointerEvents === 'auto';
   })();
 
-  var cssProp = usePointer ? 'pointer-events' : 'visibility';
-  var cssDisableVal = usePointer ? 'none' : 'hidden';
+  const cssProp = usePointer ? 'pointer-events' : 'visibility';
+  const cssDisableVal = usePointer ? 'none' : 'hidden';
 
-  var style = document.createElement('style');
+  const style = document.createElement('style');
   style.innerHTML = usePointer
     ? '* { pointer-events: all }'
     : '* { visibility: visible }';
 
   return function (x, y) {
-    var current, i, d;
-    var elements = [];
-    var previousPointerEvents = [];
+    let current, i, d;
+    const elements = [];
+    const previousPointerEvents = [];
 
     // startup
     document.head.appendChild(style);
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ export function pollyfillElementsFromPoint() {
     for (
       i = previousPointerEvents.length;
       !!(d = previousPointerEvents[--i]);
-
     ) {
       elements[i].style.setProperty(
         cssProp,
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/preload-media.js b/lib/core/utils/preload-media.js
index 72c8a9e9f..65187205b 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/preload-media.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/preload-media.js
@@ -12,10 +12,49 @@ import querySelectorAllFilter from './query-selector-all-filter';
 function preloadMedia({ treeRoot = axe._tree[0] }) {
   const mediaVirtualNodes = querySelectorAllFilter(
     treeRoot,
-    'video, audio',
+    /**
+     * Only concern ourselves with media that autoplays as the no-autoplay-audio rule
+     * is the only rule that uses this information
+     */
+    'video[autoplay], audio[autoplay]',
     ({ actualNode }) => {
       /**
-       * this is to safe-gaurd against empty `src` values which can get resolved `window.location`, thus never preloading as the URL is not a media asset
+       * Ignore media that won't load no matter how long we wait (i.e. preload=none).
+       *
+       * Although the spec says that the autoplay attribute can override the preload
+       * attribute, it depends on the browser settings (if autoplay is allowed) and
+       * operating system (e.g. Android does not preload autoplay media even when
+       * autoplay is allowed).
+       *
+       * We can identify preload=none media that won't load if the networkState is
+       * idle and the readyState is 0. If the browser is currently loading the media
+       * (networkState) or if the media is already loaded (readyState) that means the
+       * preload attribute was ignored.
+       *
+       * @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4665
+       * @see https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#attr-media-preload
+       */
+      if (
+        actualNode.preload === 'none' &&
+        actualNode.readyState === 0 &&
+        actualNode.networkState !== actualNode.NETWORK_LOADING
+      ) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Ignore media nodes which are `paused` or `muted` as the no-autoplay-audio
+       * rule matcher ignores them
+       */
+      if (
+        actualNode.hasAttribute('paused') ||
+        actualNode.hasAttribute('muted')
+      ) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * This is to safe-gaurd against empty `src` values which can get resolved `window.location`, thus never preloading as the URL is not a media asset
        */
       if (actualNode.hasAttribute('src')) {
         return !!actualNode.getAttribute('src');
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/publish-metadata.js b/lib/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
index 8354ceab0..3ab459ccb 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ function getIncompleteReason(checkData, messages) {
         throw new Error();
       }
       return msg;
-    } catch (e) {
+    } catch {
       if (typeof checkData.missingData === 'string') {
         // return a string with the appropriate reason
         return messages.incomplete[checkData.missingData];
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/queue.js b/lib/core/utils/queue.js
index 5d5e82053..fd27e4a5d 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/queue.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/queue.js
@@ -12,16 +12,16 @@ function funcGuard(f) {
  * @return {Queue} The newly generated "queue"
  */
 function queue() {
-  var tasks = [];
-  var started = 0;
-  var remaining = 0; // number of tasks not yet finished
-  var completeQueue = noop;
-  var complete = false;
-  var err;
+  const tasks = [];
+  let started = 0;
+  let remaining = 0; // number of tasks not yet finished
+  let completeQueue = noop;
+  let complete = false;
+  let err;
 
   // By default, wait until the next tick,
   // if no catch was set, throw to console.
-  var defaultFail = e => {
+  const defaultFail = e => {
     err = e;
     setTimeout(() => {
       if (err !== undefined && err !== null) {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ function queue() {
       }
     }, 1);
   };
-  var failed = defaultFail;
+  let failed = defaultFail;
 
   function createResolve(i) {
     return r => {
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ function queue() {
   }
 
   function pop() {
-    var length = tasks.length;
+    const length = tasks.length;
     for (; started < length; started++) {
-      var task = tasks[started];
+      const task = tasks[started];
 
       try {
         task.call(null, createResolve(started), abort);
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ function queue() {
     }
   }
 
-  var q = {
+  const q = {
     /**
      * Defer a function that may or may not run asynchronously.
      *
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ function queue() {
      */
     defer(fn) {
       if (typeof fn === 'object' && fn.then && fn.catch) {
-        var defer = fn;
+        const defer = fn;
         fn = (resolve, reject) => {
           defer.then(resolve).catch(reject);
         };
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/respondable.js b/lib/core/utils/respondable.js
index a43a8332b..cbacaf932 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/respondable.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/respondable.js
@@ -39,7 +39,13 @@ export default function respondable(
  */
 function messageListener(data, responder) {
   const { topic, message, keepalive } = data;
-  const topicHandler = topicHandlers[topic];
+  const topicHandler = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(
+    topicHandlers,
+    topic
+  )
+    ? topicHandlers[topic]
+    : undefined;
+
   if (!topicHandler) {
     return;
   }
@@ -64,7 +70,7 @@ respondable.updateMessenger = function updateMessenger({ open, post }) {
     closeHandler();
   }
 
-  var close = open(messageListener);
+  const close = open(messageListener);
 
   if (close) {
     assert(
@@ -92,7 +98,10 @@ respondable.subscribe = function subscribe(topic, topicHandler) {
     typeof topicHandler === 'function',
     'Subscriber callback must be a function'
   );
-  assert(!topicHandlers[topic], `Topic ${topic} is already registered to.`);
+  assert(
+    !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(topicHandlers, topic),
+    `Topic ${topic} is already registered to.`
+  );
 
   topicHandlers[topic] = topicHandler;
 };
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/rule-error.js b/lib/core/utils/rule-error.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb8147f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/rule-error.js
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import serializeError from './serialize-error';
+
+export default class RuleError extends Error {
+  constructor({ error, ruleId, method, errorNode }) {
+    super();
+    this.name = error.name ?? 'RuleError';
+    this.message = error.message;
+    this.stack = error.stack;
+    if (error.cause) {
+      this.cause = serializeError(error.cause);
+    }
+    if (ruleId) {
+      this.ruleId = ruleId;
+      this.message += ` Skipping ${this.ruleId} rule.`;
+    }
+    if (method) {
+      this.method = method;
+    }
+    if (errorNode) {
+      this.errorNode = errorNode;
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/rule-should-run.js b/lib/core/utils/rule-should-run.js
index 70c1fef55..38fde1fcb 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/rule-should-run.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/rule-should-run.js
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
  * @return {bool}
  */
 function matchTags(rule, runOnly) {
-  var include, exclude, matching;
-  var defaultExclude =
+  let include, exclude;
+  const defaultExclude =
     // TODO: es-modules_audit
     axe._audit && axe._audit.tagExclude ? axe._audit.tagExclude : [];
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ function matchTags(rule, runOnly) {
     });
   }
 
-  matching = include.some(tag => {
+  const matching = include.some(tag => {
     return rule.tags.indexOf(tag) !== -1;
   });
   if (matching || (include.length === 0 && rule.enabled !== false)) {
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ function matchTags(rule, runOnly) {
  * @return {Boolean}
  */
 function ruleShouldRun(rule, context, options) {
-  var runOnly = options.runOnly || {};
-  var ruleOptions = (options.rules || {})[rule.id];
+  const runOnly = options.runOnly || {};
+  const ruleOptions = (options.rules || {})[rule.id];
 
   // Never run page level rules if the context is not on the page
   if (rule.pageLevel && !context.page) {
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js b/lib/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js
index 7d7f5b57e..f6b13fac3 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ function callAxeStart(node, parameters, resolve, reject) {
 }
 
 function err(message, node) {
-  var selector;
+  let selector;
   // TODO: es-modules_tree
   if (axe._tree) {
     selector = getSelector(node);
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/serialize-error.js b/lib/core/utils/serialize-error.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5da40c4b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/serialize-error.js
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import constants from '../constants';
+
+/**
+ * Serializes an error to a JSON object
+ * @param e - The error to serialize
+ * @returns A JSON object representing the error
+ */
+export default function serializeError(err, iteration = 0) {
+  if (typeof err !== 'object' || err === null) {
+    return { message: String(err) };
+  }
+  const serial = {};
+  for (const prop of constants.serializableErrorProps) {
+    if (['string', 'number', 'boolean'].includes(typeof err[prop])) {
+      serial[prop] = err[prop];
+    }
+  }
+  // Recursively serialize cause up to 10 levels deep
+  if (err.cause) {
+    serial.cause =
+      iteration < 10 ? serializeError(err.cause, iteration + 1) : '...';
+  }
+  return serial;
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/uuid.js b/lib/core/utils/uuid.js
index de8a9eb66..c10369a1f 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/uuid.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/uuid.js
@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@
 //
 //		 Copyright (c) 2010-2012 Robert Kieffer
 //		 MIT License - http://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-var uuid;
+let uuid;
 // Unique ID creation requires a high quality random # generator.	We feature
 // detect to determine the best RNG source, normalizing to a function that
 // returns 128-bits of randomness, since that's what's usually required
-var _rng;
+let _rng;
 
 // Allow for MSIE11 msCrypto
-var _crypto = window.crypto || window.msCrypto;
+let _crypto = window.crypto || window.msCrypto;
 
 if (!_rng && _crypto && _crypto.getRandomValues) {
   // WHATWG crypto-based RNG - http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Crypto
   //
   // Moderately fast, high quality
-  var _rnds8 = new Uint8Array(16);
+  let _rnds8 = new Uint8Array(16);
   _rng = function whatwgRNG() {
     _crypto.getRandomValues(_rnds8);
     return _rnds8;
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ if (!_rng) {
   //
   // If all else fails, use Math.random().	It's fast, but is of unspecified
   // quality.
-  var _rnds = new Array(16);
+  let _rnds = new Array(16);
   _rng = () => {
-    for (var i = 0, r; i < 16; i++) {
+    for (let i = 0, r; i < 16; i++) {
       if ((i & 0x03) === 0) r = Math.random() * 0x100000000;
       _rnds[i] = (r >>> ((i & 0x03) << 3)) & 0xff;
     }
@@ -40,19 +40,19 @@ if (!_rng) {
 }
 
 // Buffer class to use
-var BufferClass = typeof window.Buffer == 'function' ? window.Buffer : Array;
+let BufferClass = typeof window.Buffer == 'function' ? window.Buffer : Array;
 
 // Maps for number <-> hex string conversion
-var _byteToHex = [];
-var _hexToByte = {};
-for (var i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+let _byteToHex = [];
+let _hexToByte = {};
+for (let i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
   _byteToHex[i] = (i + 0x100).toString(16).substr(1);
   _hexToByte[_byteToHex[i]] = i;
 }
 
 // **`parse()` - Parse a UUID into it's component bytes**
 function parse(s, buf, offset) {
-  var i = (buf && offset) || 0,
+  let i = (buf && offset) || 0,
     ii = 0;
 
   buf = buf || [];
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ function parse(s, buf, offset) {
 
 // **`unparse()` - Convert UUID byte array (ala parse()) into a string**
 function unparse(buf, offset) {
-  var i = offset || 0,
+  let i = offset || 0,
     bth = _byteToHex;
   return (
     bth[buf[i++]] +
@@ -105,10 +105,10 @@ function unparse(buf, offset) {
 // and http://docs.python.org/library/uuid.html
 
 // random #'s we need to init node and clockseq
-var _seedBytes = _rng();
+let _seedBytes = _rng();
 
 // Per 4.5, create and 48-bit node id, (47 random bits + multicast bit = 1)
-var _nodeId = [
+let _nodeId = [
   _seedBytes[0] | 0x01,
   _seedBytes[1],
   _seedBytes[2],
@@ -118,33 +118,33 @@ var _nodeId = [
 ];
 
 // Per 4.2.2, randomize (14 bit) clockseq
-var _clockseq = ((_seedBytes[6] << 8) | _seedBytes[7]) & 0x3fff;
+let _clockseq = ((_seedBytes[6] << 8) | _seedBytes[7]) & 0x3fff;
 
 // Previous uuid creation time
-var _lastMSecs = 0,
+let _lastMSecs = 0,
   _lastNSecs = 0;
 
 // See https://github.com/broofa/node-uuid for API details
 function v1(options, buf, offset) {
-  var i = (buf && offset) || 0;
-  var b = buf || [];
+  let i = (buf && offset) || 0;
+  let b = buf || [];
 
   options = options || {};
 
-  var clockseq = options.clockseq != null ? options.clockseq : _clockseq;
+  let clockseq = options.clockseq != null ? options.clockseq : _clockseq;
 
   // UUID timestamps are 100 nano-second units since the Gregorian epoch,
   // (1582-10-15 00:00).	JSNumbers aren't precise enough for this, so
   // time is handled internally as 'msecs' (integer milliseconds) and 'nsecs'
   // (100-nanoseconds offset from msecs) since unix epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00.
-  var msecs = options.msecs != null ? options.msecs : new Date().getTime();
+  let msecs = options.msecs != null ? options.msecs : new Date().getTime();
 
   // Per 4.2.1.2, use count of uuid's generated during the current clock
   // cycle to simulate higher resolution clock
-  var nsecs = options.nsecs != null ? options.nsecs : _lastNSecs + 1;
+  let nsecs = options.nsecs != null ? options.nsecs : _lastNSecs + 1;
 
   // Time since last uuid creation (in msecs)
-  var dt = msecs - _lastMSecs + (nsecs - _lastNSecs) / 10000;
+  let dt = msecs - _lastMSecs + (nsecs - _lastNSecs) / 10000;
 
   // Per 4.2.1.2, Bump clockseq on clock regression
   if (dt < 0 && options.clockseq == null) {
@@ -170,14 +170,14 @@ function v1(options, buf, offset) {
   msecs += 12219292800000;
 
   // `time_low`
-  var tl = ((msecs & 0xfffffff) * 10000 + nsecs) % 0x100000000;
+  let tl = ((msecs & 0xfffffff) * 10000 + nsecs) % 0x100000000;
   b[i++] = (tl >>> 24) & 0xff;
   b[i++] = (tl >>> 16) & 0xff;
   b[i++] = (tl >>> 8) & 0xff;
   b[i++] = tl & 0xff;
 
   // `time_mid`
-  var tmh = ((msecs / 0x100000000) * 10000) & 0xfffffff;
+  let tmh = ((msecs / 0x100000000) * 10000) & 0xfffffff;
   b[i++] = (tmh >>> 8) & 0xff;
   b[i++] = tmh & 0xff;
 
@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ function v1(options, buf, offset) {
   b[i++] = clockseq & 0xff;
 
   // `node`
-  var node = options.node || _nodeId;
-  for (var n = 0; n < 6; n++) {
+  let node = options.node || _nodeId;
+  for (let n = 0; n < 6; n++) {
     b[i + n] = node[n];
   }
 
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ function v1(options, buf, offset) {
 // See https://github.com/broofa/node-uuid for API details
 function v4(options, buf, offset) {
   // Deprecated - 'format' argument, as supported in v1.2
-  var i = (buf && offset) || 0;
+  let i = (buf && offset) || 0;
 
   if (typeof options == 'string') {
     buf = options == 'binary' ? new BufferClass(16) : null;
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ function v4(options, buf, offset) {
   }
   options = options || {};
 
-  var rnds = options.random || (options.rng || _rng)();
+  let rnds = options.random || (options.rng || _rng)();
 
   // Per 4.4, set bits for version and `clock_seq_hi_and_reserved`
   rnds[6] = (rnds[6] & 0x0f) | 0x40;
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ function v4(options, buf, offset) {
 
   // Copy bytes to buffer, if provided
   if (buf) {
-    for (var ii = 0; ii < 16; ii++) {
+    for (let ii = 0; ii < 16; ii++) {
       buf[i + ii] = rnds[ii];
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/valid-langs.js b/lib/core/utils/valid-langs.js
index b52ec759d..9dfaca93c 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/valid-langs.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/valid-langs.js
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ JSON.stringify(encodedLangs).replace(/null/g, '');
 */
 
 // prettier-ignore
-/* eslint-disable-next-line */
-const langs = [,[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,,,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1],[1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,1,,,,,1,,1,,,,1,1,,1,,,1],[1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,1,,,1,,,,,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,,,,,,1],[1,,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,,1,,1,,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,1,,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,,1,1,1,,,,,1,,,,,,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1],[1,1,1,,,,,1,,,,1,1,,1,,,,,,1,,,,,1],[,1,,,1,,,1,,,,,,1],[,1,,1,,,,1,,,,1],[1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,1,1,,1,,1,,,,,1,,1],[,1,,,,1,,,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,,1,,,1],[,1,1,,,,,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1],[,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,,1,1,,1,,1],[,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,,,,1,1,1,,,1,,1,,,1,1],[,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,,,,1],[1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,1,1,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],,[1,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,,1,1,,,,,1]],[,[1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,,1,1,,,,1,1,,,1,1,,,,1],[1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,,1],,[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1],[,1,,,1,,,1,,1,,,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,1,,,,1,,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],,[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1],[,,1,,,1,,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,,1],[,1,1,,1,,,,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1],,[,1,1,,1,,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,,,,,,1,,,,1],[1,1,,,1,1,,1,,,,,1,,1]],[,[,1],[,,,1,,,,1,,,,1,,,,1,,,1,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,1],,[1,,,,,1],[,1,,,,1,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,,,,,,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,1,,1],[,1],[,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,,,,,,,1],[1,,,,,1,,,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1,,,,,1,,,1],[,1,1,,,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1,,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1],[1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,1],,[,1,,,,,,1,1,1,,1,,,,1,,,1,1,1,,,1],[1,,,,,1,,1,1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1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,1,,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1],[1,1,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1],,[,1,1,,,,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,,,1,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,1,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,1,,1,,,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1]],[,[,1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,,1,,1,1],[,1,,1,,1,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,,1,1],[,1,,1,,,,,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1]],[,[,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,1,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,1],[,,,,,,1],[,,1],[,1,1,,,1,,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,,,,,1],,[,1,,,,1,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,1,1,,1],[,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1,1,,,,1,,1,1],[,,,,,,,1,,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,,,,,1,1,,,,1,,,,,,,1,,,1],,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,,,1,,,1,,,,,1,,1,,1,,1,,,,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,,1,1,,1,1,,1,,,1,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,1],,[,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,1,,,,,1],[,,1,,,,,,,1,,,1,1],[,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,,1,,,,1],[1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,,1,1],,[1,1,,,,,,,,,,1,,1,,1,,,1],[,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1,,1],[,,,,,,,,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,,1,,,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,1,,,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[1,1,,,,,,,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1],[1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,,,,,,1,,1,,,,,1,1,,,,,1],[1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,1,1,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,,1,,1,,1,,,1,,,1,1,,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1,,1],[1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,1,,,,,,,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1],[1,1,,,,1,,,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,1]],[,[,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,1],,[,1,,,,1,,1,,1,1,,1,1,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,1],[1,1,1,,,1,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,1],[1,1,,,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,,,,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,,,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,,,,1,,1,1,,1,,1,,,1,,,1,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],,[1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,,1,1,,1,,,,,1,,,1,,1],[,1,,,,1,,,1,,,,,,,,1,,1,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,1,,,1],[,,,,,1,,,1,,,,1],[,1],,[,1],[1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1]],[,[,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,,1],[,,1,,,,,,,,,1],,,[1,,,1,1,,,,,,,,1,1,,1,1,,1],,[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,1],,[1,,,1,1,,1,1,,,,,1,,1,,,,,1,1,,1],,[,1,,,,,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,,,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,1,,1,,,1],[1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,1],,,[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,1],,[,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,1,,,1,,,1,1,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,1],[,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,,,,1,,1,,,,,,1,,,,,,1,,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,1,,,1,,1,,1],[,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,,1,1,1,,,,1,1,,,1,1],[,,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,1,,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,,1,,1],[,,,1],,[,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,1,,1,,,,,,,1,1,,1,1],[,,,,,,1,,1,1,,1,,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,1,,,,1,,,,1,1,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1],,[,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,,,,,,1,,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,,,1]],[,[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,,1,1,1],[,,1,1,,1,,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,,1,,,,,,,,1,,1,,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,1,,1,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1],[,1,1,,1,,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,,,1,,,1,,1],[1,1,,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,1,1,1],[,1,1,,,,,,,1,,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,,,1,,,1],[,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,,,,1,1,1,,,1,,1,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1],[,,,1,1,,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,1,1,,1,,1,,,,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,1,,1,,,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1],[,,,,,1,,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,,1],[,1,,1,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,1,,,1],[,,1,,,,,,,,,1,,1,,,,,1,,1],[,1,1,,,,,,,,1,1,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1,,,1]],[,[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,1,1],[,,,,,,,,1,,,,1,,1,,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,,,,1,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,1,,1,,,,1,1,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1],,[,1,,,,,,,,1,,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,,1,,1],[,1,,,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,1],[1,1,,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1],,[,1,,,,,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1,1,,,,1],[,1,1,,,1,,1,,1,,,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,,1,,1,,1],[1,,1,,,,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,1,1,,,,1,1],[,1,1,,,,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,,1],,[,1,1,,,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,,,,1,,1],[,,,1,1,,,1,,,,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,1,,,,,,,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,,,,1,,1,,,1,1,,1,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,1,,,,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,,1,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,1,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,1],,[,1,1,,,,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,,1],[1,,1,,1,,,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,1,1],[,1,1,,,,,,,,,1,1,1,1,,,,1,,,,,1,,,1],,[,1,1,,1,,,1,1,,,1,,,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,,,1],[,,,,,1,,,,,1,,,1,1,,,1,,1,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,,,,1,,,,,,,,1],[,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,1,,1,,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,,,,,,1,1,1,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,1,1,1,,,,,1,,,1],[,,,,,1,,1,,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1],[1,1,,,,,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,1],,[,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,1,,,,,1,,,1,,,,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,1]]];
+
+const langs = [,[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,,,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1],[1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,1,,,,,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,1,,,1],[1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,1,,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,,,,,,1],[1,,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,,1,,1,,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,1,,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,,1,1,1,,,,,1,,,,,,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1],[1,1,1,,,,,1,,,,1,1,,1,,,,,,1,,,,,1],[,1,,,1,,,1,,,,,,1],[,1,,1,,,,1,,,,1],[1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,1,1,,1,,1,,,,,1,,1],[,1,,,,1,,,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,,1,,,1],[,1,1,,,,,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1],[,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,,1,,1],[,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,,,,1,1,1,,,1,,1,,,1,1],[,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,,,1,1],[1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,1,1,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,1],[1,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,,1,1,,,,,1]],[,[1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,,1,1,,,,1,1,,,1,1,,,,1],[1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,,1],,[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1],[,1,,,1,,,1,,1,,,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,1,,,,1,,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],,[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1],[,,1,,,1,,,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,1,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,1,,,,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1],,[,1,1,,1,,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,,,1],[1,1,,,1,1,,1,,,,,1,,1]],[,[,1],[,,,1,,,,1,,,,1,,,,1,,,1,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,1],,[1,,,,,1],[,1,,,,1,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,1,,,,,,,,,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,1,,1],[,1],[,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,,,,,,,1],[1,,,,,1,,,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1,,,,,1,,,1],[,1,1,,,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1],[1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,1],,[,1,,,,,,1,1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,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,,1,,1,1,1],[,1,,,,1,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,1,,,1,,1,,1,1,,1,,,,,1,,1,,,,1,1],[,1,,,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,1,,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1],[1,1,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1],,[,1,1,,,,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,,,1,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,1,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,1,,1,,,1,1],[,,,,,1,,,1,,,,,,1]],[,[,1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,,1,,1,1],[,1,,1,,1,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,,1,1],[,1,,1,,,,,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1]],[,[,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,1,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,1],[,,,,,,1],[,,1],[,1,1,,,1,,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,,,,,1],,[,1,,,,1,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,1,1,,1],[,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,,1,1,,,,,,1,1,1,,,,1,,1,1],[,,,,,,,1,,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,,,,,1,1,,,,1,,,,,,,1,,,1],,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,,1,,,1,,,,,1,,1,,1,,1,,,,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,,1,1,,1,1,,1,,,1,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,1],,[,,,,,,,,,1,,,,1,,1,,,,,1],[,,1,,,,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,,1,,,,1],[1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,,1,1],,[1,1,,,,,,,,,,1,1,1,,1,,,1],[,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1,,1],[,,,,,,,,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,,1,,,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,1,,,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[1,1,,,,,,,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1],[1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,,1,,,,,,1,,1,,,,,1,1,,,,,1],[1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,1,1,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,,1,,1,,1,,,1,,,1,1,,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1,,1],[1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,1,,,,,,,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,1,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1],[1,1,,,,1,,,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,1]],[,[,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,1],,[,1,,,,1,,1,,1,1,,1,1,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,1],[1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,1],[1,1,,,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,,,,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,,,1,,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,,1,,1,,,1,,,1,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],,[1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,,1,1,,1,,,,,1,,,1,,1],[,1,,,,1,,,1,,,,,,,,1,,1,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,1,,,1],[,,,,,1,,,1,,,,1],[,1],,[,1],[1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1]],[,[,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,,1],[,,1,,,,,,,,,1],,,[1,,,1,1,,,,,,,,1,1,,1,1,,1],,[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,1],,[1,,,1,1,,1,1,,,,,1,,1,,,,,1,1,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,1,,1,,,1],[1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,1],,,[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,1,1],[,,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,1,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,1],,[,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,,,,,,,,1],[,,,,1,,,1,,,1,1,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,1],[,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,,,,1,,1,,,,,,1,,,,,,1,,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,1,,,1,,1,,1],[,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,,,1,1,1,,,,1,1,,,1,1],[,,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,1,,1,,1],[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1,,,,1,,1],[,,,1],,[,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,1,,1,,,,,,,1,1,,1,1],[,,1,,,,1,,1,1,,1,,1,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,1,,,,1,,,,1,1,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,,1,1],,[,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,,,,,,1,,,,1,1,,,,1,,,,,,,1]],[,[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,,1,1,1],[,,1,1,,1,,1,1,,,,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1],[,1,,1,,,,,,,,1,,1,,1,,1,,,,,,,,1],[,,1,,1,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1],[,1,1,,1,,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,,,1,,,1,,1],[1,1,,1,1,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1,,1,1,1],[,1,1,,,,,,,1,,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,,,1,,,1],[,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,,,,,1,1,1,,,1,,1,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,1],[,,,1,1,,,1,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,1,,1,1,,1,,1,,,,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1],[,1,1,,1,,,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,,1,1],[,,,,,1,,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,,1],[,1,,1,1,1,,1,,,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,1,,,1],[,,1,,,,,,,,,1,,1,,,,,1,,1],[,1,1,,,,,,,,1,1,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,1,,,,,1,,,1]],[,[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,1,,1,1,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,1,1],[,,,,,,,,1,,,,1,,1,,1,,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,,,,1,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,1,,1,,,,1,1,,1,,1,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1],,[,1,,,,,,,,1,,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,,1,,1],[,1,,,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,1],[1,1,,,,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1],,[,1,,,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,1,,1,1,,,,1],[,1,1,,,1,,1,,1,,,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,1,,,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,,1],[,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,,,1,1,,1,1,,1,,1,,1],[1,,1,,,,,1,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,1,1,,,,1,1],[,1,1,,,,,1,1,,,1,,1,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,,1],,[,1,1,,,1,,,,1,,1,1,1,1,1,,,,1,,,,1,,1],[,,,1,1,,,1,,,,,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,1,,,,,,,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,,,,1,,1,,,1,1,,1,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,1,,,,,1],[,,,,,,,1,,,,1]],[,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,1,,1,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,1,1,,1],[,1,,,1,,,,1],[,,,,,,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,1,,,,,1,1],,[,1,1,,,,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,,1],[1,,1,,1,,,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,1,1],[,1,1,,,,,,,,,1,1,1,1,,,,1,,,,,1,,,1],,[,1,1,,1,,,1,1,,,1,,,1,1,1,,1,,1,1,1,,,,1],[,1,,,,1,,,,,1,,,1,1,,,1,,1,,1,,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,1,,,1,1,,1,,,,1,,,,,,,,1],[,,,1,,,,,1,,,,,1,,1,,1,1,1],[,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[,,,,,1],[,1,,,,,,1,,,,,,,1,1,1,,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,,1,1,1,,,,,1,,,1],[,,,,,1,,1,,,,,1,1,1,,1,1,,1,1,1,,,1,1],[1,1,,,,,,,1,,,,,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,1],,[,1],[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1],[,,1,,,,,1,,,1,,,,1,,1],[,1,,,,,,,,,1]]];
 
 /**
  * Determine if a string is a valid language code
diff --git a/lib/gather-internals/main.js b/lib/gather-internals/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc9063449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/gather-internals/main.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import { walkTree, elementInternalsMap } from './walk-tree';
+
+walkTree();
+module.exports = elementInternalsMap;
diff --git a/lib/gather-internals/walk-tree.js b/lib/gather-internals/walk-tree.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1cf0fe12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/gather-internals/walk-tree.js
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// importing from the index file results in esbuild processing all utils files and not tree shaking them correctly
+import getElementInternals from '../core/utils/get-element-internals';
+import getAncestry from '../core/utils/get-ancestry';
+import isShadowRoot from '../core/utils/is-shadow-root';
+
+export const elementInternalsMap = [];
+const ariaPropRegex = /^aria[A-Z]/;
+const propsToCapture = ['role', 'labels', 'form'];
+
+export function walkTree(tree = document.body) {
+  const treeWalker = document.createTreeWalker(
+    tree,
+    globalThis.NodeFilter.SHOW_ELEMENT,
+    null,
+    false
+  );
+
+  let node = treeWalker.currentNode;
+  while (node) {
+    const elementInternals = getElementInternals(node);
+    if (elementInternals) {
+      const ancestry = getAncestry(node);
+      const internals = {};
+
+      // can't spread internals so have to loop over the props instead
+      for (const prop in elementInternals) {
+        if (!ariaPropRegex.test(prop) && !propsToCapture.includes(prop)) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        // trying to read internals.form will throw if the custom element isn't a form associated element :(
+        try {
+          const value = elementInternals[prop];
+          if (value === null) {
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          // convert idref to node ancestry
+          // aria props can use unattached nodes but those won't be used by the browser to calculate the prop value
+          if (value instanceof globalThis.HTMLElement) {
+            internals[prop] = value.isConnected
+              ? { type: 'HTMLElement', value: getAncestry(value) }
+              : undefined;
+          }
+          // convert idrefs to node ancestry. `labels` is a NodeList while idrefs aria props are arrays
+          else if (
+            Array.isArray(value) ||
+            value instanceof globalThis.NodeList
+          ) {
+            const array = Array.from(value).filter(n => n.isConnected);
+            internals[prop] = array.length
+              ? { type: 'NodeList', value: array.map(n => getAncestry(n)) }
+              : undefined;
+          } else if (typeof value === 'string') {
+            internals[prop] = value;
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // do nothing
+        }
+      }
+
+      elementInternalsMap.push({
+        ancestry,
+        internals
+      });
+    }
+
+    if (isShadowRoot(node)) {
+      walkTree(node.shadowRoot);
+    }
+
+    node = treeWalker.nextNode();
+  }
+}
+
+// exposed for testing
+export function _reset() {
+  elementInternalsMap.length = 0;
+}
+export { getAncestry };
diff --git a/lib/rules/accesskeys.json b/lib/rules/accesskeys.json
index d5eb681cd..4b3cdfbcf 100644
--- a/lib/rules/accesskeys.json
+++ b/lib/rules/accesskeys.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "excludeHidden": false,
   "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every accesskey attribute value is unique",
+    "description": "Ensure every accesskey attribute value is unique",
     "help": "accesskey attribute value should be unique"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/area-alt.json b/lib/rules/area-alt.json
index 06218e354..9578101f0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/area-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/area-alt.json
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.2.4.4",
     "EN-9.4.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-1.1.2"
   ],
   "actIds": ["c487ae"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <area> elements of image maps have alternate text",
-    "help": "Active <area> elements must have alternate text"
+    "description": "Ensure <area> elements of image maps have alternative text",
+    "help": "Active <area> elements must have alternative text"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": ["non-empty-alt", "aria-label", "aria-labelledby", "non-empty-title"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-allowed-attr.json b/lib/rules/aria-allowed-attr.json
index b7073c38c..4ef67632c 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-allowed-attr.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-allowed-attr.json
@@ -2,13 +2,21 @@
   "id": "aria-allowed-attr",
   "impact": "critical",
   "matches": "aria-allowed-attr-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["5c01ea"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures an element's role supports its ARIA attributes",
+    "description": "Ensure an element's role supports its ARIA attributes",
     "help": "Elements must only use supported ARIA attributes"
   },
-  "all": ["aria-allowed-attr"],
+  "all": ["aria-allowed-attr", "aria-allowed-attr-elm"],
   "any": [],
   "none": ["aria-unsupported-attr"]
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-allowed-role.json b/lib/rules/aria-allowed-role.json
index 43035835c..62c14398d 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-allowed-role.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-allowed-role.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "matches": "aria-allowed-role-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.aria", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures role attribute has an appropriate value for the element",
+    "description": "Ensure role attribute has an appropriate value for the element",
     "help": "ARIA role should be appropriate for the element"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-command-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-command-name.json
index bd7803d14..1223dec7f 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-command-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-command-name.json
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@
     "TT6.a",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.4.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-11.9.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["97a4e1"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA commands must have an accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-conditional-attr.json b/lib/rules/aria-conditional-attr.json
index ac1f57ae4..c162d4b31 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-conditional-attr.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-conditional-attr.json
@@ -2,10 +2,18 @@
   "id": "aria-conditional-attr",
   "impact": "serious",
   "matches": "aria-allowed-attr-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["5c01ea"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures ARIA attributes are used as described in the specification of the element's role",
+    "description": "Ensure ARIA attributes are used as described in the specification of the element's role",
     "help": "ARIA attributes must be used as specified for the element's role"
   },
   "all": ["aria-conditional-attr"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-deprecated-role.json b/lib/rules/aria-deprecated-role.json
index 3e181f366..7fdc7065e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-deprecated-role.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-deprecated-role.json
@@ -3,10 +3,18 @@
   "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "[role]",
   "matches": "no-empty-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["674b10"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures elements do not use deprecated roles",
+    "description": "Ensure elements do not use deprecated roles",
     "help": "Deprecated ARIA roles must not be used"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-dialog-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-dialog-name.json
index fe30cd09d..60bf60aaf 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-dialog-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-dialog-name.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.aria", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every ARIA dialog and alertdialog node has an accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure every ARIA dialog and alertdialog node has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA dialog and alertdialog nodes should have an accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-hidden-body.json b/lib/rules/aria-hidden-body.json
index a1b74c2c3..513519e62 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-hidden-body.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-hidden-body.json
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
     "wcag412",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.3.1",
-    "EN-9.4.1.2"
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-10.8.1"
   ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures aria-hidden=\"true\" is not present on the document body.",
+    "description": "Ensure aria-hidden=\"true\" is not present on the document body.",
     "help": "aria-hidden=\"true\" must not be present on the document body"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-hidden-focus.json b/lib/rules/aria-hidden-focus.json
index b49c75ae8..ddd7a9395 100755
--- a/lib/rules/aria-hidden-focus.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-hidden-focus.json
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT6.a",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.4.1.2"
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-10.8.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["6cfa84"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements",
+    "description": "Ensure aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements",
     "help": "ARIA hidden element must not be focusable or contain focusable elements"
   },
   "all": [
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-input-field-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-input-field-name.json
index 9aff44648..d43ec944e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-input-field-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-input-field-name.json
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@
     "TT5.c",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.4.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-11.1.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["e086e5"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every ARIA input field has an accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure every ARIA input field has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA input fields must have an accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-meter-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-meter-name.json
index f62d5c975..8c9a253ab 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-meter-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-meter-name.json
@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@
   "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"meter\"]",
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag111", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.1.1"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag111",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.1.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-11.1.1"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every ARIA meter node has an accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure every ARIA meter node has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA meter nodes must have an accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-progressbar-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-progressbar-name.json
index 10650ff1e..f4490e684 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-progressbar-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-progressbar-name.json
@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@
   "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"progressbar\"]",
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag111", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.1.1"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag111",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.1.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-11.1.1"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA progressbar nodes must have an accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-prohibited-attr.json b/lib/rules/aria-prohibited-attr.json
index f97a04774..3cfe59499 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-prohibited-attr.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-prohibited-attr.json
@@ -2,10 +2,18 @@
   "id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
   "impact": "serious",
   "matches": "aria-allowed-attr-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["5c01ea"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures ARIA attributes are not prohibited for an element's role",
+    "description": "Ensure ARIA attributes are not prohibited for an element's role",
     "help": "Elements must only use permitted ARIA attributes"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-required-attr.json b/lib/rules/aria-required-attr.json
index cfe0323bc..d21af781e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-required-attr.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-required-attr.json
@@ -2,10 +2,18 @@
   "id": "aria-required-attr",
   "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "[role]",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["4e8ab6"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes",
+    "description": "Ensure elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes",
     "help": "Required ARIA attributes must be provided"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-required-children.json b/lib/rules/aria-required-children.json
index e1b22fb12..3ff50d1a6 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-required-children.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-required-children.json
@@ -3,10 +3,18 @@
   "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "[role]",
   "matches": "aria-required-children-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag131",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-9.3.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["bc4a75", "ff89c9"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them",
+    "description": "Ensure elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them",
     "help": "Certain ARIA roles must contain particular children"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-required-parent.json b/lib/rules/aria-required-parent.json
index 370a0ed67..2e0e08669 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-required-parent.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-required-parent.json
@@ -3,10 +3,18 @@
   "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "[role]",
   "matches": "aria-required-parent-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag131",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-9.3.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["ff89c9"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them",
+    "description": "Ensure elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them",
     "help": "Certain ARIA roles must be contained by particular parents"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-roles.json b/lib/rules/aria-roles.json
index 3cc591cb3..782fa78c2 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-roles.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-roles.json
@@ -3,10 +3,18 @@
   "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "[role]",
   "matches": "no-empty-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["674b10"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures all elements with a role attribute use a valid value",
+    "description": "Ensure all elements with a role attribute use a valid value",
     "help": "ARIA roles used must conform to valid values"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-tab-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-tab-name.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97a959a79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-tab-name.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "id": "aria-tab-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "selector": "[role=\"tab\"]",
+  "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT5.c",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
+  ],
+  "metadata": {
+    "description": "Ensure every ARIA tab node has an accessible name",
+    "help": "ARIA tab nodes must have an accessible name"
+  },
+  "all": [],
+  "any": [
+    "has-visible-text",
+    "aria-label",
+    "aria-labelledby",
+    "non-empty-title"
+  ],
+  "none": []
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-text.json b/lib/rules/aria-text.json
index 30db55013..2ef28fda5 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-text.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-text.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "selector": "[role=text]",
   "tags": ["cat.aria", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures role=\"text\" is used on elements with no focusable descendants",
+    "description": "Ensure role=\"text\" is used on elements with no focusable descendants",
     "help": "\"role=text\" should have no focusable descendants"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-toggle-field-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-toggle-field-name.json
index e673facfb..7f277bcf0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-toggle-field-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-toggle-field-name.json
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@
     "TT5.c",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.4.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["e086e5"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA toggle fields must have an accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-tooltip-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-tooltip-name.json
index c90b7ffde..be4d4628d 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-tooltip-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-tooltip-name.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA tooltip nodes must have an accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-treeitem-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-treeitem-name.json
index 091cd7ee2..15e6b80d3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-treeitem-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-treeitem-name.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.aria", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every ARIA treeitem node has an accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure every ARIA treeitem node has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA treeitem nodes should have an accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr-value.json b/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr-value.json
index 924380388..038a8dc50 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr-value.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr-value.json
@@ -2,10 +2,18 @@
   "id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
   "impact": "critical",
   "matches": "aria-has-attr-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["6a7281"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures all ARIA attributes have valid values",
+    "description": "Ensure all ARIA attributes have valid values",
     "help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid values"
   },
   "all": ["aria-valid-attr-value", "aria-errormessage", "aria-level"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr.json b/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr.json
index 22476a16c..5958d2c59 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr.json
@@ -2,10 +2,18 @@
   "id": "aria-valid-attr",
   "impact": "critical",
   "matches": "aria-has-attr-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["5f99a7"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes",
+    "description": "Ensure attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes",
     "help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid names"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/audio-caption.json b/lib/rules/audio-caption.json
index 3974aade1..5776d2b89 100644
--- a/lib/rules/audio-caption.json
+++ b/lib/rules/audio-caption.json
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
   ],
   "actIds": ["2eb176", "afb423"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <audio> elements have captions",
+    "description": "Ensure <audio> elements have captions",
     "help": "<audio> elements must have a captions track"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/autocomplete-matches.js b/lib/rules/autocomplete-matches.js
index 23b622a84..1a5953644 100644
--- a/lib/rules/autocomplete-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/autocomplete-matches.js
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import { sanitize } from '../commons/text';
 import standards from '../standards';
 import { isVisibleToScreenReaders, isVisibleOnScreen } from '../commons/dom';
+import { parseTabindex } from '../core/utils';
+import { getExplicitRole } from '../commons/aria';
 
 function autocompleteMatches(node, virtualNode) {
   const autocomplete = virtualNode.attr('autocomplete');
@@ -13,6 +15,15 @@ function autocompleteMatches(node, virtualNode) {
     return false;
   }
 
+  // The element has a `readonly` or `aria-readonly="true"` attribute
+  const ariaReadonly = virtualNode.attr('aria-readonly') || 'false';
+  if (
+    virtualNode.hasAttr('readonly') ||
+    ariaReadonly.toLowerCase() === 'true'
+  ) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   // The element is an `input` element a `type` of `hidden`, `button`, `submit` or `reset`
   const excludedInputTypes = ['submit', 'reset', 'button', 'hidden'];
   if (
@@ -33,9 +44,9 @@ function autocompleteMatches(node, virtualNode) {
 
   // The element has `tabindex="-1"` and has a [[semantic role]] that is
   //   not a [widget](https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#widget_roles)
-  const role = virtualNode.attr('role');
-  const tabIndex = virtualNode.attr('tabindex');
-  if (tabIndex === '-1' && role) {
+  const role = getExplicitRole(virtualNode);
+  const tabIndex = parseTabindex(virtualNode.attr('tabindex'));
+  if (tabIndex < 0 && virtualNode.hasAttr('role')) {
     const roleDef = standards.ariaRoles[role];
     if (roleDef === undefined || roleDef.type !== 'widget') {
       return false;
@@ -44,7 +55,7 @@ function autocompleteMatches(node, virtualNode) {
 
   // The element is **not** visible on the page or exposed to assistive technologies
   if (
-    tabIndex === '-1' &&
+    tabIndex < 0 &&
     virtualNode.actualNode &&
     !isVisibleOnScreen(virtualNode) &&
     !isVisibleToScreenReaders(virtualNode)
diff --git a/lib/rules/autocomplete-valid.json b/lib/rules/autocomplete-valid.json
index f1a1e0190..acec4a391 100644
--- a/lib/rules/autocomplete-valid.json
+++ b/lib/rules/autocomplete-valid.json
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
     "wcag135",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.3.5",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-11.13.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["73f2c2"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/blink.json b/lib/rules/blink.json
index de3b7b16b..6d3205f88 100644
--- a/lib/rules/blink.json
+++ b/lib/rules/blink.json
@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT2.b",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.2.2.2"
+    "EN-9.2.2.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-13.8.1"
   ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <blink> elements are not used",
+    "description": "Ensure <blink> elements are not used",
     "help": "<blink> elements are deprecated and must not be used"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/button-name.json b/lib/rules/button-name.json
index 50ca03ba4..ec421553a 100644
--- a/lib/rules/button-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/button-name.json
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@
     "TT6.a",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.4.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-11.9.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["97a4e1", "m6b1q3"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures buttons have discernible text",
+    "description": "Ensure buttons have discernible text",
     "help": "Buttons must have discernible text"
   },
   "all": [],
@@ -26,6 +28,8 @@
     "aria-label",
     "aria-labelledby",
     "non-empty-title",
+    "implicit-label",
+    "explicit-label",
     "presentational-role"
   ],
   "none": []
diff --git a/lib/rules/bypass.json b/lib/rules/bypass.json
index cc7752bf4..286ae3e69 100644
--- a/lib/rules/bypass.json
+++ b/lib/rules/bypass.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "id": "bypass",
   "impact": "serious",
-  "selector": "html",
+  "selector": "html:not(html *)",
   "pageLevel": true,
   "matches": "bypass-matches",
   "reviewOnFail": true,
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT9.a",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.2.4.1"
+    "EN-9.2.4.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-12.7.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["cf77f2", "047fe0", "b40fd1", "3e12e1", "ye5d6e"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content",
+    "description": "Ensure each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content",
     "help": "Page must have means to bypass repeated blocks"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/color-contrast-enhanced.json b/lib/rules/color-contrast-enhanced.json
index 60187a8c0..bad39ce4f 100644
--- a/lib/rules/color-contrast-enhanced.json
+++ b/lib/rules/color-contrast-enhanced.json
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
   "tags": ["cat.color", "wcag2aaa", "wcag146", "ACT"],
   "actIds": ["09o5cg"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA enhanced contrast ratio thresholds",
+    "description": "Ensure the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA enhanced contrast ratio thresholds",
     "help": "Elements must meet enhanced color contrast ratio thresholds"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/color-contrast-matches.js b/lib/rules/color-contrast-matches.js
index b76921bc3..2c7faf782 100644
--- a/lib/rules/color-contrast-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/color-contrast-matches.js
@@ -137,6 +137,10 @@ function colorContrastMatches(node, virtualNode) {
     return false;
   }
 
+  if (!parseFloat(virtualNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('font-size'))) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   const range = document.createRange();
   const childNodes = virtualNode.children;
   for (let index = 0; index < childNodes.length; index++) {
diff --git a/lib/rules/color-contrast.json b/lib/rules/color-contrast.json
index 27ed7b19c..8c3261f1e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/color-contrast.json
+++ b/lib/rules/color-contrast.json
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@
     "TT13.c",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.4.3",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-3.2.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["afw4f7", "09o5cg"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds",
+    "description": "Ensure the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds",
     "help": "Elements must meet minimum color contrast ratio thresholds"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/css-orientation-lock.json b/lib/rules/css-orientation-lock.json
index ddbf7857d..3061e29e0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/css-orientation-lock.json
+++ b/lib/rules/css-orientation-lock.json
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
 {
   "id": "css-orientation-lock",
   "impact": "serious",
-  "selector": "html",
+  "selector": "html:not(html *)",
   "tags": [
     "cat.structure",
     "wcag134",
     "wcag21aa",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.3.4",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-13.9.1",
     "experimental"
   ],
   "actIds": ["b33eff"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures content is not locked to any specific display orientation, and the content is operable in all display orientations",
+    "description": "Ensure content is not locked to any specific display orientation, and the content is operable in all display orientations",
     "help": "CSS Media queries must not lock display orientation"
   },
   "all": ["css-orientation-lock"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/data-table-large-matches.js b/lib/rules/data-table-large-matches.js
index f2cab57d2..b4ea755ac 100644
--- a/lib/rules/data-table-large-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/data-table-large-matches.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { isDataTable, toArray } from '../commons/table';
 
 function dataTableLargeMatches(node) {
   if (isDataTable(node)) {
-    var tableArray = toArray(node);
+    const tableArray = toArray(node);
     return (
       tableArray.length >= 3 &&
       tableArray[0].length >= 3 &&
diff --git a/lib/rules/definition-list.json b/lib/rules/definition-list.json
index c88a1a48e..6eb8e33c1 100644
--- a/lib/rules/definition-list.json
+++ b/lib/rules/definition-list.json
@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@
   "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "dl",
   "matches": "no-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.structure",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag131",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-9.3.3"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <dl> elements are structured correctly",
+    "description": "Ensure <dl> elements are structured correctly",
     "help": "<dl> elements must only directly contain properly-ordered <dt> and <dd> groups, <script>, <template> or <div> elements"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/dlitem.json b/lib/rules/dlitem.json
index 8aca260d3..b550821cf 100644
--- a/lib/rules/dlitem.json
+++ b/lib/rules/dlitem.json
@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@
   "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "dd, dt",
   "matches": "no-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.structure",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag131",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-9.3.3"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <dt> and <dd> elements are contained by a <dl>",
+    "description": "Ensure <dt> and <dd> elements are contained by a <dl>",
     "help": "<dt> and <dd> elements must be contained by a <dl>"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/document-title.json b/lib/rules/document-title.json
index 9ee06b599..27f888adb 100644
--- a/lib/rules/document-title.json
+++ b/lib/rules/document-title.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "id": "document-title",
   "impact": "serious",
-  "selector": "html",
+  "selector": "html:not(html *)",
   "matches": "is-initiator-matches",
   "tags": [
     "cat.text-alternatives",
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@
     "TT12.a",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.2.4.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-8.5.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["2779a5"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures each HTML document contains a non-empty <title> element",
+    "description": "Ensure each HTML document contains a non-empty <title> element",
     "help": "Documents must have <title> element to aid in navigation"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/duplicate-id-active.json b/lib/rules/duplicate-id-active.json
index ef8a8687b..749d8b37f 100644
--- a/lib/rules/duplicate-id-active.json
+++ b/lib/rules/duplicate-id-active.json
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
   "enabled": false,
   "actIds": ["3ea0c8"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every id attribute value of active elements is unique",
+    "description": "Ensure every id attribute value of active elements is unique",
     "help": "IDs of active elements must be unique"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/duplicate-id-aria.json b/lib/rules/duplicate-id-aria.json
index 8b42aae68..9a52cac8b 100644
--- a/lib/rules/duplicate-id-aria.json
+++ b/lib/rules/duplicate-id-aria.json
@@ -4,11 +4,19 @@
   "selector": "[id]",
   "matches": "duplicate-id-aria-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "tags": ["cat.parsing", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.parsing",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-8.2.1"
+  ],
   "reviewOnFail": true,
   "actIds": ["3ea0c8"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique",
+    "description": "Ensure every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique",
     "help": "IDs used in ARIA and labels must be unique"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/duplicate-id.json b/lib/rules/duplicate-id.json
index 2189f8e54..303f66c73 100644
--- a/lib/rules/duplicate-id.json
+++ b/lib/rules/duplicate-id.json
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
   "enabled": false,
   "actIds": ["3ea0c8"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every id attribute value is unique",
+    "description": "Ensure every id attribute value is unique",
     "help": "id attribute value must be unique"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/empty-heading.json b/lib/rules/empty-heading.json
index 1b510a423..dfa51e0eb 100644
--- a/lib/rules/empty-heading.json
+++ b/lib/rules/empty-heading.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "tags": ["cat.name-role-value", "best-practice"],
   "actIds": ["ffd0e9"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures headings have discernible text",
+    "description": "Ensure headings have discernible text",
     "help": "Headings should not be empty"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/empty-table-header.json b/lib/rules/empty-table-header.json
index dd81a1882..3e873b5fa 100644
--- a/lib/rules/empty-table-header.json
+++ b/lib/rules/empty-table-header.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "selector": "th:not([role]), [role=\"rowheader\"], [role=\"columnheader\"]",
   "tags": ["cat.name-role-value", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures table headers have discernible text",
+    "description": "Ensure table headers have discernible text",
     "help": "Table header text should not be empty"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/focus-order-semantics.json b/lib/rules/focus-order-semantics.json
index 8c73c2b9f..d0a08f21f 100644
--- a/lib/rules/focus-order-semantics.json
+++ b/lib/rules/focus-order-semantics.json
@@ -3,9 +3,15 @@
   "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "div, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, [role=heading], p, span",
   "matches": "inserted-into-focus-order-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice", "experimental"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.keyboard",
+    "best-practice",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-12.8.1",
+    "experimental"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures elements in the focus order have a role appropriate for interactive content",
+    "description": "Ensure elements in the focus order have a role appropriate for interactive content",
     "help": "Elements in the focus order should have an appropriate role"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/form-field-multiple-labels.json b/lib/rules/form-field-multiple-labels.json
index 24a6d3882..aa0d766d1 100644
--- a/lib/rules/form-field-multiple-labels.json
+++ b/lib/rules/form-field-multiple-labels.json
@@ -10,10 +10,12 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT5.c",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.3.3.2"
+    "EN-9.3.3.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-11.2.1"
   ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures form field does not have multiple label elements",
+    "description": "Ensure form field does not have multiple label elements",
     "help": "Form field must not have multiple label elements"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/frame-focusable-content.json b/lib/rules/frame-focusable-content.json
index b8f8b8538..f646e9a14 100644
--- a/lib/rules/frame-focusable-content.json
+++ b/lib/rules/frame-focusable-content.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "id": "frame-focusable-content",
   "impact": "serious",
-  "selector": "html",
+  "selector": "html:not(html *)",
   "matches": "frame-focusable-content-matches",
   "tags": [
     "cat.keyboard",
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT4.a",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.2.1.1"
+    "EN-9.2.1.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.3.2"
   ],
   "actIds": ["akn7bn"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <frame> and <iframe> elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1",
+    "description": "Ensure <frame> and <iframe> elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1",
     "help": "Frames with focusable content must not have tabindex=-1"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/frame-tested.json b/lib/rules/frame-tested.json
index b8037ecda..4b3d705cb 100644
--- a/lib/rules/frame-tested.json
+++ b/lib/rules/frame-tested.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
   "id": "frame-tested",
   "impact": "critical",
-  "selector": "html, frame, iframe",
+  "selector": "html:not(html *), frame, iframe",
   "tags": ["cat.structure", "best-practice", "review-item"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements contain the axe-core script",
+    "description": "Ensure <iframe> and <frame> elements contain the axe-core script",
     "help": "Frames should be tested with axe-core"
   },
   "all": ["frame-tested"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/frame-title-has-text-matches.js b/lib/rules/frame-title-has-text-matches.js
index 651260f40..d821d84e0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/frame-title-has-text-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/frame-title-has-text-matches.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { sanitize } from '../commons/text';
 
 function frameTitleHasTextMatches(node) {
-  var title = node.getAttribute('title');
+  const title = node.getAttribute('title');
   return !!sanitize(title);
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/rules/frame-title-unique.json b/lib/rules/frame-title-unique.json
index 5a7e32186..2c9054be4 100644
--- a/lib/rules/frame-title-unique.json
+++ b/lib/rules/frame-title-unique.json
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT12.d",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.4.1.2"
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-2.2.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["4b1c6c"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements contain a unique title attribute",
+    "description": "Ensure <iframe> and <frame> elements contain a unique title attribute",
     "help": "Frames must have a unique title attribute"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/frame-title.json b/lib/rules/frame-title.json
index e6046a33a..d511d7d70 100644
--- a/lib/rules/frame-title.json
+++ b/lib/rules/frame-title.json
@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT12.d",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.4.1.2"
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-2.1.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["cae760"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements have an accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure <iframe> and <frame> elements have an accessible name",
     "help": "Frames must have an accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/heading-order.json b/lib/rules/heading-order.json
index 843a291ec..4de651d44 100644
--- a/lib/rules/heading-order.json
+++ b/lib/rules/heading-order.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "matches": "heading-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the order of headings is semantically correct",
+    "description": "Ensure the order of headings is semantically correct",
     "help": "Heading levels should only increase by one"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/hidden-content.json b/lib/rules/hidden-content.json
index 05323aca1..719113ccd 100644
--- a/lib/rules/hidden-content.json
+++ b/lib/rules/hidden-content.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "excludeHidden": false,
   "tags": ["cat.structure", "best-practice", "experimental", "review-item"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Informs users about hidden content.",
+    "description": "Inform users about hidden content.",
     "help": "Hidden content on the page should be analyzed"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/html-has-lang.json b/lib/rules/html-has-lang.json
index 933d96e4e..a1ece04b4 100644
--- a/lib/rules/html-has-lang.json
+++ b/lib/rules/html-has-lang.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "id": "html-has-lang",
   "impact": "serious",
-  "selector": "html",
+  "selector": "html:not(html *)",
   "matches": "is-initiator-matches",
   "tags": [
     "cat.language",
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@
     "TT11.a",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.3.1.1",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-8.3.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["b5c3f8"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every HTML document has a lang attribute",
+    "description": "Ensure every HTML document has a lang attribute",
     "help": "<html> element must have a lang attribute"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/html-lang-valid.json b/lib/rules/html-lang-valid.json
index 34c65cbfa..01d40116a 100644
--- a/lib/rules/html-lang-valid.json
+++ b/lib/rules/html-lang-valid.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "id": "html-lang-valid",
   "impact": "serious",
-  "selector": "html[lang]:not([lang=\"\"]), html[xml\\:lang]:not([xml\\:lang=\"\"])",
+  "selector": "html[lang]:not([lang=\"\"]):not(html *), html[xml\\:lang]:not([xml\\:lang=\"\"]):not(html *)",
   "tags": [
     "cat.language",
     "wcag2a",
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@
     "TT11.a",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.3.1.1",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-8.4.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["bf051a"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the lang attribute of the <html> element has a valid value",
+    "description": "Ensure the lang attribute of the <html> element has a valid value",
     "help": "<html> element must have a valid value for the lang attribute"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/html-xml-lang-mismatch.json b/lib/rules/html-xml-lang-mismatch.json
index 8a5ebc4f7..b656ad2a0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/html-xml-lang-mismatch.json
+++ b/lib/rules/html-xml-lang-mismatch.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "id": "html-xml-lang-mismatch",
   "impact": "moderate",
-  "selector": "html[lang][xml\\:lang]",
+  "selector": "html[lang][xml\\:lang]:not(html *)",
   "matches": "xml-lang-mismatch-matches",
   "tags": [
     "cat.language",
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
     "wcag311",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.3.1.1",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-8.3.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["5b7ae0"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/image-alt.json b/lib/rules/image-alt.json
index 1fe226227..ca0111113 100644
--- a/lib/rules/image-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/image-alt.json
@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@
     "TT7.b",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.1.1",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-1.1.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["23a2a8"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <img> elements have alternate text or a role of none or presentation",
-    "help": "Images must have alternate text"
+    "description": "Ensure <img> elements have alternative text or a role of none or presentation",
+    "help": "Images must have alternative text"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": [
diff --git a/lib/rules/input-button-name.json b/lib/rules/input-button-name.json
index 60d116bc8..ae19968a9 100644
--- a/lib/rules/input-button-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/input-button-name.json
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@
     "TT5.c",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.4.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-11.9.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["97a4e1"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures input buttons have discernible text",
+    "description": "Ensure input buttons have discernible text",
     "help": "Input buttons must have discernible text"
   },
   "all": [],
@@ -27,6 +29,8 @@
     "aria-label",
     "aria-labelledby",
     "non-empty-title",
+    "implicit-label",
+    "explicit-label",
     "presentational-role"
   ],
   "none": []
diff --git a/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json b/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json
index 4e6f4ebca..8434efde9 100644
--- a/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json
@@ -15,14 +15,23 @@
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.1.1",
     "EN-9.4.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-1.1.3"
   ],
   "actIds": ["59796f"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <input type=\"image\"> elements have alternate text",
-    "help": "Image buttons must have alternate text"
+    "description": "Ensure <input type=\"image\"> elements have alternative text",
+    "help": "Image buttons must have alternative text"
   },
   "all": [],
-  "any": ["non-empty-alt", "aria-label", "aria-labelledby", "non-empty-title"],
+  "any": [
+    "non-empty-alt",
+    "aria-label",
+    "aria-labelledby",
+    "non-empty-title",
+    "implicit-label",
+    "explicit-label"
+  ],
   "none": []
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/label-content-name-mismatch.json b/lib/rules/label-content-name-mismatch.json
index c14e30f1f..c856d9b5f 100644
--- a/lib/rules/label-content-name-mismatch.json
+++ b/lib/rules/label-content-name-mismatch.json
@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@
     "wcag253",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.2.5.3",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-6.1.5",
     "experimental"
   ],
   "actIds": ["2ee8b8"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures that elements labelled through their content must have their visible text as part of their accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure that elements labelled through their content must have their visible text as part of their accessible name",
     "help": "Elements must have their visible text as part of their accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/label-matches.js b/lib/rules/label-matches.js
index 561db2d41..8b020bc29 100644
--- a/lib/rules/label-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/label-matches.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ function labelMatches(node, virtualNode) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  var type = virtualNode.attr('type').toLowerCase();
+  const type = virtualNode.attr('type').toLowerCase();
   return (
     ['hidden', 'image', 'button', 'submit', 'reset'].includes(type) === false
   );
diff --git a/lib/rules/label-title-only.json b/lib/rules/label-title-only.json
index 8f6190b12..e21397680 100644
--- a/lib/rules/label-title-only.json
+++ b/lib/rules/label-title-only.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "matches": "label-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.forms", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures that every form element has a visible label and is not solely labeled using hidden labels, or the title or aria-describedby attributes",
+    "description": "Ensure that every form element has a visible label and is not solely labeled using hidden labels, or the title or aria-describedby attributes",
     "help": "Form elements should have a visible label"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/label.json b/lib/rules/label.json
index e781f2311..a640cd7d3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/label.json
+++ b/lib/rules/label.json
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@
     "TT5.c",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.4.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-11.1.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["e086e5"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures every form element has a label",
+    "description": "Ensure every form element has a label",
     "help": "Form elements must have labels"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-banner-is-top-level.json b/lib/rules/landmark-banner-is-top-level.json
index 8eeff69e2..4275a59be 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-banner-is-top-level.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-banner-is-top-level.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "matches": "landmark-has-body-context-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the banner landmark is at top level",
+    "description": "Ensure the banner landmark is at top level",
     "help": "Banner landmark should not be contained in another landmark"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-complementary-is-top-level.json b/lib/rules/landmark-complementary-is-top-level.json
index 950b5c9f6..60f7e319e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-complementary-is-top-level.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-complementary-is-top-level.json
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
   "id": "landmark-complementary-is-top-level",
   "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "aside:not([role]), [role=complementary]",
-  "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
+  "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice", "deprecated"],
+  "enabled": false,
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the complementary landmark or aside is at top level",
+    "description": "Ensure the complementary landmark or aside is at top level",
     "help": "Aside should not be contained in another landmark"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level.json b/lib/rules/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level.json
index 489ef333c..1cdc972d7 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "matches": "landmark-has-body-context-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the contentinfo landmark is at top level",
+    "description": "Ensure the contentinfo landmark is at top level",
     "help": "Contentinfo landmark should not be contained in another landmark"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-main-is-top-level.json b/lib/rules/landmark-main-is-top-level.json
index 3b510ca34..426fe26b4 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-main-is-top-level.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-main-is-top-level.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "selector": "main:not([role]), [role=main]",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the main landmark is at top level",
+    "description": "Ensure the main landmark is at top level",
     "help": "Main landmark should not be contained in another landmark"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-banner.json b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-banner.json
index ee26e4a1a..7863a6a62 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-banner.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-banner.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "selector": "header:not([role]), [role=banner]",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the document has at most one banner landmark",
+    "description": "Ensure the document has at most one banner landmark",
     "help": "Document should not have more than one banner landmark"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json
index ddf4e96cb..d5648fdf5 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "selector": "footer:not([role]), [role=contentinfo]",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the document has at most one contentinfo landmark",
+    "description": "Ensure the document has at most one contentinfo landmark",
     "help": "Document should not have more than one contentinfo landmark"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-main.json b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-main.json
index 3f4bbc870..f977bc2cc 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-main.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-main.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "selector": "main:not([role]), [role=main]",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the document has at most one main landmark",
+    "description": "Ensure the document has at most one main landmark",
     "help": "Document should not have more than one main landmark"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-one-main.json b/lib/rules/landmark-one-main.json
index 97a03588f..34584d5b3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-one-main.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-one-main.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
   "id": "landmark-one-main",
   "impact": "moderate",
-  "selector": "html",
+  "selector": "html:not(html *)",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the document has a main landmark",
+    "description": "Ensure the document has a main landmark",
     "help": "Document should have one main landmark"
   },
   "all": ["page-has-main"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-unique-matches.js b/lib/rules/landmark-unique-matches.js
index b1384e719..d65194976 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-unique-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-unique-matches.js
@@ -1,22 +1,8 @@
 import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../commons/dom';
-import { closest } from '../core/utils';
 import { getRole } from '../commons/aria';
 import { getAriaRolesByType } from '../commons/standards';
 import { accessibleTextVirtual } from '../commons/text';
 
-/*
- * Since this is a best-practice rule, we are filtering elements as dictated by ARIA 1.1 Practices regardless of treatment by browser/AT combinations.
- *
- * Info: https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-practices-1.1/#aria_landmark
- */
-const excludedParentsForHeaderFooterLandmarks = [
-  'article',
-  'aside',
-  'main',
-  'nav',
-  'section'
-].join(',');
-
 export default function landmarkUniqueMatches(node, virtualNode) {
   return (
     isLandmarkVirtual(virtualNode) && isVisibleToScreenReaders(virtualNode)
@@ -31,9 +17,6 @@ function isLandmarkVirtual(vNode) {
   }
 
   const { nodeName } = vNode.props;
-  if (nodeName === 'header' || nodeName === 'footer') {
-    return isHeaderFooterLandmark(vNode);
-  }
 
   if (nodeName === 'section' || nodeName === 'form') {
     const accessibleText = accessibleTextVirtual(vNode);
@@ -42,7 +25,3 @@ function isLandmarkVirtual(vNode) {
 
   return landmarkRoles.indexOf(role) >= 0 || role === 'region';
 }
-
-function isHeaderFooterLandmark(headerFooterElement) {
-  return !closest(headerFooterElement, excludedParentsForHeaderFooterLandmarks);
-}
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-unique.json b/lib/rules/landmark-unique.json
index dff8639ad..2402fffc4 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-unique.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-unique.json
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
   "selector": "[role=banner], [role=complementary], [role=contentinfo], [role=main], [role=navigation], [role=region], [role=search], [role=form], form, footer, header, aside, main, nav, section",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "help": "Ensures landmarks are unique",
-    "description": "Landmarks should have a unique role or role/label/title (i.e. accessible name) combination"
+    "description": "Ensure landmarks are unique",
+    "help": "Landmarks should have a unique role or role/label/title (i.e. accessible name) combination"
   },
   "matches": "landmark-unique-matches",
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/link-in-text-block-matches.js b/lib/rules/link-in-text-block-matches.js
index 448740e25..5d6f608c0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/link-in-text-block-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/link-in-text-block-matches.js
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import { sanitize } from '../commons/text';
 import { isVisibleOnScreen, isInTextBlock } from '../commons/dom';
+import { getExplicitRole } from '../commons/aria';
 
 function linkInTextBlockMatches(node) {
-  var text = sanitize(node.innerText);
-  var role = node.getAttribute('role');
+  const text = sanitize(node.innerText);
+  const role = getExplicitRole(node);
 
   if (role && role !== 'link') {
     return false;
diff --git a/lib/rules/link-in-text-block.json b/lib/rules/link-in-text-block.json
index 86818cf85..5f6d167b8 100644
--- a/lib/rules/link-in-text-block.json
+++ b/lib/rules/link-in-text-block.json
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT13.a",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.1.4.1"
+    "EN-9.1.4.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-10.6.1"
   ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure links are distinguished from surrounding text in a way that does not rely on color",
diff --git a/lib/rules/link-name.json b/lib/rules/link-name.json
index 4a1c371cd..6d3d2a2e3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/link-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/link-name.json
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.2.4.4",
     "EN-9.4.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-6.2.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["c487ae"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures links have discernible text",
+    "description": "Ensure links have discernible text",
     "help": "Links must have discernible text"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/list.json b/lib/rules/list.json
index 07e3205f0..05372abbb 100644
--- a/lib/rules/list.json
+++ b/lib/rules/list.json
@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@
   "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "ul, ol",
   "matches": "no-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.structure",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag131",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-9.3.1"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures that lists are structured correctly",
+    "description": "Ensure that lists are structured correctly",
     "help": "<ul> and <ol> must only directly contain <li>, <script> or <template> elements"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/listitem.json b/lib/rules/listitem.json
index a7f8600c2..c41d8e8a6 100644
--- a/lib/rules/listitem.json
+++ b/lib/rules/listitem.json
@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@
   "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "li",
   "matches": "no-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.structure",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag131",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-9.3.1"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <li> elements are used semantically",
+    "description": "Ensure <li> elements are used semantically",
     "help": "<li> elements must be contained in a <ul> or <ol>"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/marquee.json b/lib/rules/marquee.json
index fe46a86aa..753a74fda 100644
--- a/lib/rules/marquee.json
+++ b/lib/rules/marquee.json
@@ -10,10 +10,12 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT2.b",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.2.2.2"
+    "EN-9.2.2.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-13.8.1"
   ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <marquee> elements are not used",
+    "description": "Ensure <marquee> elements are not used",
     "help": "<marquee> elements are deprecated and must not be used"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.json b/lib/rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.json
index 2837e0397..3d708f6f2 100644
--- a/lib/rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.json
+++ b/lib/rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.json
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
   "tags": ["cat.time-and-media", "wcag2aaa", "wcag224", "wcag325"],
   "actIds": ["bisz58"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
+    "description": "Ensure <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
     "help": "Delayed refresh must not be used"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/meta-refresh.json b/lib/rules/meta-refresh.json
index ab27dca06..db5f581da 100644
--- a/lib/rules/meta-refresh.json
+++ b/lib/rules/meta-refresh.json
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT8.a",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.2.2.1"
+    "EN-9.2.2.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-13.1.2"
   ],
   "actIds": ["bc659a", "bisz58"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
+    "description": "Ensure <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
     "help": "Delayed refresh under 20 hours must not be used"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/meta-viewport-large.json b/lib/rules/meta-viewport-large.json
index ee7b8f866..476b8946f 100644
--- a/lib/rules/meta-viewport-large.json
+++ b/lib/rules/meta-viewport-large.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "excludeHidden": false,
   "tags": ["cat.sensory-and-visual-cues", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <meta name=\"viewport\"> can scale a significant amount",
+    "description": "Ensure <meta name=\"viewport\"> can scale a significant amount",
     "help": "Users should be able to zoom and scale the text up to 500%"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/meta-viewport.json b/lib/rules/meta-viewport.json
index 083662fa2..0f08d59da 100644
--- a/lib/rules/meta-viewport.json
+++ b/lib/rules/meta-viewport.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "meta-viewport",
-  "impact": "critical",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "meta[name=\"viewport\"]",
   "matches": "is-initiator-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@
     "wcag144",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.4.4",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-10.4.2"
   ],
   "actIds": ["b4f0c3"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <meta name=\"viewport\"> does not disable text scaling and zooming",
+    "description": "Ensure <meta name=\"viewport\"> does not disable text scaling and zooming",
     "help": "Zooming and scaling must not be disabled"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/nested-interactive.json b/lib/rules/nested-interactive.json
index 89f8c588e..dd103c28e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/nested-interactive.json
+++ b/lib/rules/nested-interactive.json
@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT6.a",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.4.1.2"
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.1.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["307n5z"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies",
+    "description": "Ensure interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies",
     "help": "Interactive controls must not be nested"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-autoplay-audio.json b/lib/rules/no-autoplay-audio.json
index 7f2f37b30..72d81473c 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-autoplay-audio.json
+++ b/lib/rules/no-autoplay-audio.json
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@
     "TT2.a",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.4.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-4.10.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["80f0bf"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <video> or <audio> elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio",
+    "description": "Ensure <video> or <audio> elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio",
     "help": "<video> or <audio> elements must not play automatically"
   },
   "preload": true,
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-negative-tabindex-matches.js b/lib/rules/no-negative-tabindex-matches.js
index 1cc34736c..72816ecd7 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-negative-tabindex-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/no-negative-tabindex-matches.js
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+import { parseTabindex } from '../core/utils';
+
 function noNegativeTabindexMatches(node, virtualNode) {
-  const tabindex = parseInt(virtualNode.attr('tabindex'), 10);
-  return isNaN(tabindex) || tabindex >= 0;
+  const tabindex = parseTabindex(virtualNode.attr('tabindex'));
+  return tabindex === null || tabindex >= 0;
 }
 
 export default noNegativeTabindexMatches;
diff --git a/lib/rules/object-alt.json b/lib/rules/object-alt.json
index 687f16db6..d269e3182 100644
--- a/lib/rules/object-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/object-alt.json
@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@
     "section508",
     "section508.22.a",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.1.1.1"
+    "EN-9.1.1.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-1.1.6"
   ],
   "actIds": ["8fc3b6"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <object> elements have alternate text",
-    "help": "<object> elements must have alternate text"
+    "description": "Ensure <object> elements have alternative text",
+    "help": "<object> elements must have alternative text"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": [
diff --git a/lib/rules/p-as-heading.json b/lib/rules/p-as-heading.json
index 68e6e195b..2aab03b25 100644
--- a/lib/rules/p-as-heading.json
+++ b/lib/rules/p-as-heading.json
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
     "wcag131",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-9.1.3",
     "experimental"
   ],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/page-has-heading-one.json b/lib/rules/page-has-heading-one.json
index 7cc81f75b..9bd906c09 100644
--- a/lib/rules/page-has-heading-one.json
+++ b/lib/rules/page-has-heading-one.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "id": "page-has-heading-one",
   "impact": "moderate",
-  "selector": "html",
+  "selector": "html:not(html *)",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure that the page, or at least one of its frames contains a level-one heading",
diff --git a/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict.json b/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict.json
index 48af7c2ce..27387122d 100644
--- a/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict.json
+++ b/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict.json
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
   "tags": ["cat.aria", "best-practice", "ACT"],
   "actIds": ["46ca7f"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Elements marked as presentational should not have global ARIA or tabindex to ensure all screen readers ignore them",
-    "help": "Ensure elements marked as presentational are consistently ignored"
+    "description": "Ensure elements marked as presentational do not have global ARIA or tabindex so that all screen readers ignore them",
+    "help": "Elements marked as presentational should be consistently ignored"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/region.json b/lib/rules/region.json
index 2ab0b837d..dfa892205 100644
--- a/lib/rules/region.json
+++ b/lib/rules/region.json
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
   "id": "region",
   "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "body *",
-  "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice"],
+  "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice", "RGAAv4", "RGAA-9.2.1"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures all page content is contained by landmarks",
+    "description": "Ensure all page content is contained by landmarks",
     "help": "All page content should be contained by landmarks"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/role-img-alt.json b/lib/rules/role-img-alt.json
index 8f3f8f9b8..7471f9734 100644
--- a/lib/rules/role-img-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/role-img-alt.json
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@
     "TT7.a",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.1.1",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-1.1.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["23a2a8"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures [role=\"img\"] elements have alternate text",
-    "help": "[role=\"img\"] elements must have an alternative text"
+    "description": "Ensure [role=\"img\"] elements have alternative text",
+    "help": "[role=\"img\"] elements must have alternative text"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": ["aria-label", "aria-labelledby", "non-empty-title"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/scope-attr-valid.json b/lib/rules/scope-attr-valid.json
index 096a983e4..4a10f98f3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/scope-attr-valid.json
+++ b/lib/rules/scope-attr-valid.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "selector": "td[scope], th[scope]",
   "tags": ["cat.tables", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the scope attribute is used correctly on tables",
+    "description": "Ensure the scope attribute is used correctly on tables",
     "help": "scope attribute should be used correctly"
   },
   "all": ["html5-scope", "scope-value"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js b/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
index 34c4b08d7..9f1cad3b6 100644
--- a/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-import hasContentVirtual from '../commons/dom/has-content-virtual';
+import hasContentVirtual, {
+  hasChildTextNodes
+} from '../commons/dom/has-content-virtual';
 import isComboboxPopup from '../commons/aria/is-combobox-popup';
 import { querySelectorAll, getScroll } from '../core/utils';
 
@@ -9,13 +11,39 @@ export default function scrollableRegionFocusableMatches(node, virtualNode) {
     // It's not a combobox popup, which commonly has keyboard focus added
     isComboboxPopup(virtualNode) === false &&
     // And there's something actually worth scrolling to
-    isNoneEmptyElement(virtualNode)
+    isNonEmptyElementOutsideViewableRect(virtualNode)
   );
 }
 
-function isNoneEmptyElement(vNode) {
-  return querySelectorAll(vNode, '*').some(elm =>
+function isNonEmptyElementOutsideViewableRect(vNode) {
+  const boundingRect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+
+  return querySelectorAll(vNode, '*').some(elm => {
     // (elm, noRecursion, ignoreAria)
-    hasContentVirtual(elm, true, true)
-  );
+    if (!hasContentVirtual(elm, true, true)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    let rects = [];
+    if (hasChildTextNodes(elm)) {
+      rects.push(...getContentRects(elm));
+    } else {
+      rects = [elm.boundingClientRect];
+    }
+
+    return rects.some(rect => {
+      return (
+        rect.left < boundingRect.left ||
+        rect.right > boundingRect.right ||
+        rect.top < boundingRect.top ||
+        rect.bottom > boundingRect.bottom
+      );
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function getContentRects(vNode) {
+  const range = document.createRange();
+  range.selectNodeContents(vNode.actualNode);
+  return Array.from(range.getClientRects());
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable.json b/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable.json
index 88bb4ceaa..ce3df6a9c 100644
--- a/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable.json
+++ b/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable.json
@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@
     "TT4.a",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.2.1.1",
-    "EN-9.2.1.3"
+    "EN-9.2.1.3",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-7.3.2"
   ],
   "actIds": ["0ssw9k"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard",
+    "description": "Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard in Safari",
     "help": "Scrollable region must have keyboard access"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/select-name.json b/lib/rules/select-name.json
index 3a77da8e3..c60985ee5 100644
--- a/lib/rules/select-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/select-name.json
@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@
     "TT5.c",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.4.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-11.1.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["e086e5"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures select element has an accessible name",
+    "description": "Ensure select element has an accessible name",
     "help": "Select element must have an accessible name"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/server-side-image-map.json b/lib/rules/server-side-image-map.json
index 88456fb73..594149d3b 100644
--- a/lib/rules/server-side-image-map.json
+++ b/lib/rules/server-side-image-map.json
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT4.a",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.2.1.1"
+    "EN-9.2.1.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-1.1.4"
   ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures that server-side image maps are not used",
+    "description": "Ensure that server-side image maps are not used",
     "help": "Server-side image maps must not be used"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/skip-link.json b/lib/rules/skip-link.json
index 12686f08b..1e3558a4c 100644
--- a/lib/rules/skip-link.json
+++ b/lib/rules/skip-link.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "a[href^=\"#\"], a[href^=\"/#\"]",
   "matches": "skip-link-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice"],
+  "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice", "RGAAv4", "RGAA-12.7.1"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure all skip links have a focusable target",
     "help": "The skip-link target should exist and be focusable"
diff --git a/lib/rules/summary-interactive-matches.js b/lib/rules/summary-interactive-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..883dd51e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/summary-interactive-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+export default function summaryIsInteractiveMatches(_, virtualNode) {
+  // Summary only interactive if its real DOM parent is a details element
+  const parent = virtualNode.parent;
+  if (parent.props.nodeName !== 'details' || isSlottedElm(virtualNode)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Only the first summary element is interactive
+  const firstSummary = parent.children.find(
+    child => child.props.nodeName === 'summary'
+  );
+  if (firstSummary !== virtualNode) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+function isSlottedElm(vNode) {
+  // Normally this wouldn't be enough, but since we know parent is a details
+  // element, we can ignore edge cases like slot being the real parent
+  const domParent = vNode.actualNode?.parentElement;
+  return domParent && domParent !== vNode.parent.actualNode;
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/summary-name.json b/lib/rules/summary-name.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a56d230ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/summary-name.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "id": "summary-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "selector": "summary",
+  "matches": "summary-interactive-matches",
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.name-role-value",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "section508",
+    "section508.22.a",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT6.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2"
+  ],
+  "metadata": {
+    "description": "Ensure summary elements have discernible text",
+    "help": "Summary elements must have discernible text"
+  },
+  "all": [],
+  "any": [
+    "has-visible-text",
+    "aria-label",
+    "aria-labelledby",
+    "non-empty-title"
+  ],
+  "none": []
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/svg-img-alt.json b/lib/rules/svg-img-alt.json
index fbbe9b4d0..88a2b73b0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/svg-img-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/svg-img-alt.json
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@
     "TT7.a",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.1.1.1",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-1.1.5"
   ],
   "actIds": ["7d6734"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <svg> elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text",
-    "help": "<svg> elements with an img role must have an alternative text"
+    "description": "Ensure <svg> elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have accessible text",
+    "help": "<svg> elements with an img role must have alternative text"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": [
diff --git a/lib/rules/svg-namespace-matches.js b/lib/rules/svg-namespace-matches.js
index 095cc96b5..382073b90 100644
--- a/lib/rules/svg-namespace-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/svg-namespace-matches.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ function svgNamespaceMatches(node, virtualNode) {
 
     // element is svg namespace if its parent is an svg element
     return !!closest(virtualNode, 'svg');
-  } catch (e) {
+  } catch {
     return false;
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/tabindex.json b/lib/rules/tabindex.json
index c479c863b..f6cd92856 100644
--- a/lib/rules/tabindex.json
+++ b/lib/rules/tabindex.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "selector": "[tabindex]",
   "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures tabindex attribute values are not greater than 0",
+    "description": "Ensure tabindex attribute values are not greater than 0",
     "help": "Elements should not have tabindex greater than zero"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/table-duplicate-name.json b/lib/rules/table-duplicate-name.json
index da3a076c0..137798e93 100644
--- a/lib/rules/table-duplicate-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/table-duplicate-name.json
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
   "id": "table-duplicate-name",
   "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "table",
-  "tags": ["cat.tables", "best-practice"],
+  "tags": ["cat.tables", "best-practice", "RGAAv4", "RGAA-5.2.1"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure the <caption> element does not contain the same text as the summary attribute",
-    "help": "tables should not have the same summary and caption"
+    "help": "Tables should not have the same summary and caption"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/table-fake-caption.json b/lib/rules/table-fake-caption.json
index 4561ebc50..5e3fa88b5 100644
--- a/lib/rules/table-fake-caption.json
+++ b/lib/rules/table-fake-caption.json
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@
     "section508",
     "section508.22.g",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.1.3.1"
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-5.4.1"
   ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure that tables with a caption use the <caption> element.",
diff --git a/lib/rules/target-size.json b/lib/rules/target-size.json
index 7a03bd030..42b3e44de 100644
--- a/lib/rules/target-size.json
+++ b/lib/rules/target-size.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "matches": "widget-not-inline-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.sensory-and-visual-cues", "wcag22aa", "wcag258"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensure touch target have sufficient size and space",
+    "description": "Ensure touch targets have sufficient size and space",
     "help": "All touch targets must be 24px large, or leave sufficient space"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/td-has-header.json b/lib/rules/td-has-header.json
index 1e1880f27..47adc3f4e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/td-has-header.json
+++ b/lib/rules/td-has-header.json
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT14.b",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.1.3.1"
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-5.7.4"
   ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure that each non-empty data cell in a <table> larger than 3 by 3  has one or more table headers",
diff --git a/lib/rules/td-headers-attr.json b/lib/rules/td-headers-attr.json
index b729c6acd..887591468 100644
--- a/lib/rules/td-headers-attr.json
+++ b/lib/rules/td-headers-attr.json
@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT14.b",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.1.3.1"
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-5.7.4"
   ],
   "actIds": ["a25f45"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other cells in that table",
-    "help": "Table cells that use the headers attribute must only refer to cells in the same table"
+    "description": "Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other <th> elements in that table",
+    "help": "Table cell headers attributes must refer to other <th> elements in the same table"
   },
   "all": ["td-headers-attr"],
   "any": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/th-has-data-cells.json b/lib/rules/th-has-data-cells.json
index 90bee0a2d..3bb2e30bc 100644
--- a/lib/rules/th-has-data-cells.json
+++ b/lib/rules/th-has-data-cells.json
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT14.b",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.1.3.1"
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-5.7.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["d0f69e"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/valid-lang.json b/lib/rules/valid-lang.json
index 688fb8bd6..b8b17ca61 100644
--- a/lib/rules/valid-lang.json
+++ b/lib/rules/valid-lang.json
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@
     "TT11.b",
     "EN-301-549",
     "EN-9.3.1.2",
-    "ACT"
+    "ACT",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-8.8.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["de46e4"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures lang attributes have valid values",
+    "description": "Ensure lang attributes have valid values",
     "help": "lang attribute must have a valid value"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/video-caption.json b/lib/rules/video-caption.json
index f2ff1b721..2cea14ab8 100644
--- a/lib/rules/video-caption.json
+++ b/lib/rules/video-caption.json
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@
     "TTv5",
     "TT17.a",
     "EN-301-549",
-    "EN-9.1.2.2"
+    "EN-9.1.2.2",
+    "RGAAv4",
+    "RGAA-4.3.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["eac66b"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <video> elements have captions",
+    "description": "Ensure <video> elements have captions",
     "help": "<video> elements must have captions"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/widget-not-inline-matches.js b/lib/rules/widget-not-inline-matches.js
index 61e5f2270..14b1036ef 100644
--- a/lib/rules/widget-not-inline-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/widget-not-inline-matches.js
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ const matchesFns = [
   (node, vNode) => isFocusable(vNode),
   // Skip nested widgets with tabindex=-1
   (node, vNode) => isInTabOrder(vNode) || !hasWidgetAncestorInTabOrder(vNode),
-  node => !isInTextBlock(node, { noLengthCompare: true })
+  node =>
+    !isInTextBlock(node, { noLengthCompare: true, includeInlineBlock: true })
 ];
 
 function isWidgetType(vNode) {
diff --git a/lib/standards/aria-roles.js b/lib/standards/aria-roles.js
index 340fdb9b1..cd49dc37a 100644
--- a/lib/standards/aria-roles.js
+++ b/lib/standards/aria-roles.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Source: https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#roles
+// Source for abstract roles (types): https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/#abstract_roles
 
 /* easiest way to see allowed roles is to filter out the global ones
    from the list of inherited states and properties. The dpub spec
@@ -17,13 +18,13 @@
 */
 const ariaRoles = {
   alert: {
-    type: 'widget',
+    type: 'structure',
     // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
   alertdialog: {
-    type: 'widget',
+    type: 'window',
     // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded', 'aria-modal'],
     superclassRole: ['alert', 'dialog'],
@@ -119,6 +120,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
     nameFromContent: true
   },
   combobox: {
+    // Note: spec difference
     type: 'widget',
     requiredAttrs: ['aria-expanded', 'aria-controls'],
     allowedAttrs: [
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
     prohibitedAttrs: ['aria-label', 'aria-labelledby']
   },
   dialog: {
-    type: 'widget',
+    type: 'window',
     // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded', 'aria-modal'],
     superclassRole: ['window'],
@@ -301,6 +303,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
   listbox: {
+    // Note: spec difference
     type: 'widget',
     requiredOwned: ['group', 'option'],
     allowedAttrs: [
@@ -328,7 +331,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
     nameFromContent: true
   },
   log: {
-    type: 'widget',
+    type: 'structure',
     // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
@@ -340,7 +343,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
     superclassRole: ['landmark']
   },
   marquee: {
-    type: 'widget',
+    type: 'structure',
     // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
@@ -696,7 +699,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
     accessibleNameRequired: true
   },
   status: {
-    type: 'widget',
+    type: 'structure',
     // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
@@ -778,7 +781,10 @@ const ariaRoles = {
     superclassRole: ['composite']
   },
   tabpanel: {
-    type: 'widget',
+    // Spec ambiguity: Aria 1.1 and 1.2 both say that tabpanel rolls up to
+    // structure via its section superclass, but also include it as a widget
+    // in §5.3.2 Widget Roles.
+    type: 'structure',
     // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section'],
@@ -816,7 +822,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
   timer: {
-    type: 'widget',
+    type: 'structure',
     // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['status']
diff --git a/lib/standards/html-elms.js b/lib/standards/html-elms.js
index ce773e111..76e296f21 100644
--- a/lib/standards/html-elms.js
+++ b/lib/standards/html-elms.js
@@ -133,21 +133,26 @@ const htmlElms = {
   br: {
     contentTypes: ['phrasing', 'flow'],
     allowedRoles: ['presentation', 'none'],
-    namingMethods: ['titleText', 'singleSpace']
+    namingMethods: ['titleText', 'singleSpace'],
+    allowedAriaAttrs: ['aria-hidden']
   },
   button: {
     contentTypes: ['interactive', 'phrasing', 'flow'],
     allowedRoles: [
       'checkbox',
       'combobox',
+      'gridcell',
       'link',
       'menuitem',
       'menuitemcheckbox',
       'menuitemradio',
       'option',
       'radio',
+      'separator',
+      'slider',
       'switch',
-      'tab'
+      'tab',
+      'treeitem'
     ],
     // 5.4 button Element
     namingMethods: ['subtreeText']
@@ -257,7 +262,7 @@ const htmlElms = {
   },
   form: {
     contentTypes: ['flow'],
-    allowedRoles: ['search', 'none', 'presentation']
+    allowedRoles: ['form', 'search', 'none', 'presentation']
   },
   h1: {
     contentTypes: ['heading', 'flow'],
@@ -356,6 +361,7 @@ const htmlElms = {
           'button',
           'checkbox',
           'link',
+          'math',
           'menuitem',
           'menuitemcheckbox',
           'menuitemradio',
@@ -964,7 +970,8 @@ const htmlElms = {
   },
   wbr: {
     contentTypes: ['phrasing', 'flow'],
-    allowedRoles: ['presentation', 'none']
+    allowedRoles: ['presentation', 'none'],
+    allowedAriaAttrs: ['aria-hidden']
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/locales/README.md b/locales/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e95913324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/locales/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Localizations
+
+We welcome any localization for axe-core. For details on how to contribute, see the [Contributing section](../README.md#contributing) of the main README. For details on the message syntax, see [Check Message Template](../doc/check-message-template.md).
+
+To create a new translation for axe, start by running `grunt translate --lang=<langcode>`. This will create a JSON file with the default English text in it for you to translate. Alternatively, you could copy `_template.json`.
+
+To update an existing translation file, re-run `grunt translate --lang=<langcode>`. This will add new messages used in English and remove messages that are no longer used in English.
+
+`_template.json` is a generated file which is created every time axe is built. It's compiled using each rule's `description` and `help` properties, as well as each check's `metadata.messages` property. To update the `_template.json` file you'll need to update the corresponding [rule](../lib/rules) or [check](../lib/checks) metadata file and rebuild.
diff --git a/locales/_template.json b/locales/_template.json
index a911c6014..f34a1cf61 100644
--- a/locales/_template.json
+++ b/locales/_template.json
@@ -2,19 +2,19 @@
   "lang": "xyz",
   "rules": {
     "accesskeys": {
-      "description": "Ensures every accesskey attribute value is unique",
+      "description": "Ensure every accesskey attribute value is unique",
       "help": "accesskey attribute value should be unique"
     },
     "area-alt": {
-      "description": "Ensures <area> elements of image maps have alternate text",
-      "help": "Active <area> elements must have alternate text"
+      "description": "Ensure <area> elements of image maps have alternative text",
+      "help": "Active <area> elements must have alternative text"
     },
     "aria-allowed-attr": {
-      "description": "Ensures an element's role supports its ARIA attributes",
+      "description": "Ensure an element's role supports its ARIA attributes",
       "help": "Elements must only use supported ARIA attributes"
     },
     "aria-allowed-role": {
-      "description": "Ensures role attribute has an appropriate value for the element",
+      "description": "Ensure role attribute has an appropriate value for the element",
       "help": "ARIA role should be appropriate for the element"
     },
     "aria-braille-equivalent": {
@@ -22,55 +22,55 @@
       "help": "aria-braille attributes must have a non-braille equivalent"
     },
     "aria-command-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name",
       "help": "ARIA commands must have an accessible name"
     },
     "aria-conditional-attr": {
-      "description": "Ensures ARIA attributes are used as described in the specification of the element's role",
+      "description": "Ensure ARIA attributes are used as described in the specification of the element's role",
       "help": "ARIA attributes must be used as specified for the element's role"
     },
     "aria-deprecated-role": {
-      "description": "Ensures elements do not use deprecated roles",
+      "description": "Ensure elements do not use deprecated roles",
       "help": "Deprecated ARIA roles must not be used"
     },
     "aria-dialog-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures every ARIA dialog and alertdialog node has an accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure every ARIA dialog and alertdialog node has an accessible name",
       "help": "ARIA dialog and alertdialog nodes should have an accessible name"
     },
     "aria-hidden-body": {
-      "description": "Ensures aria-hidden=\"true\" is not present on the document body.",
+      "description": "Ensure aria-hidden=\"true\" is not present on the document body.",
       "help": "aria-hidden=\"true\" must not be present on the document body"
     },
     "aria-hidden-focus": {
-      "description": "Ensures aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements",
+      "description": "Ensure aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements",
       "help": "ARIA hidden element must not be focusable or contain focusable elements"
     },
     "aria-input-field-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures every ARIA input field has an accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure every ARIA input field has an accessible name",
       "help": "ARIA input fields must have an accessible name"
     },
     "aria-meter-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures every ARIA meter node has an accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure every ARIA meter node has an accessible name",
       "help": "ARIA meter nodes must have an accessible name"
     },
     "aria-progressbar-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name",
       "help": "ARIA progressbar nodes must have an accessible name"
     },
     "aria-prohibited-attr": {
-      "description": "Ensures ARIA attributes are not prohibited for an element's role",
+      "description": "Ensure ARIA attributes are not prohibited for an element's role",
       "help": "Elements must only use permitted ARIA attributes"
     },
     "aria-required-attr": {
-      "description": "Ensures elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes",
+      "description": "Ensure elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes",
       "help": "Required ARIA attributes must be provided"
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "description": "Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them",
+      "description": "Ensure elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them",
       "help": "Certain ARIA roles must contain particular children"
     },
     "aria-required-parent": {
-      "description": "Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them",
+      "description": "Ensure elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them",
       "help": "Certain ARIA roles must be contained by particular parents"
     },
     "aria-roledescription": {
@@ -78,35 +78,39 @@
       "help": "aria-roledescription must be on elements with a semantic role"
     },
     "aria-roles": {
-      "description": "Ensures all elements with a role attribute use a valid value",
+      "description": "Ensure all elements with a role attribute use a valid value",
       "help": "ARIA roles used must conform to valid values"
     },
+    "aria-tab-name": {
+      "description": "Ensure every ARIA tab node has an accessible name",
+      "help": "ARIA tab nodes must have an accessible name"
+    },
     "aria-text": {
-      "description": "Ensures role=\"text\" is used on elements with no focusable descendants",
+      "description": "Ensure role=\"text\" is used on elements with no focusable descendants",
       "help": "\"role=text\" should have no focusable descendants"
     },
     "aria-toggle-field-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name",
       "help": "ARIA toggle fields must have an accessible name"
     },
     "aria-tooltip-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name",
       "help": "ARIA tooltip nodes must have an accessible name"
     },
     "aria-treeitem-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures every ARIA treeitem node has an accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure every ARIA treeitem node has an accessible name",
       "help": "ARIA treeitem nodes should have an accessible name"
     },
     "aria-valid-attr-value": {
-      "description": "Ensures all ARIA attributes have valid values",
+      "description": "Ensure all ARIA attributes have valid values",
       "help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid values"
     },
     "aria-valid-attr": {
-      "description": "Ensures attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes",
+      "description": "Ensure attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes",
       "help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid names"
     },
     "audio-caption": {
-      "description": "Ensures <audio> elements have captions",
+      "description": "Ensure <audio> elements have captions",
       "help": "<audio> elements must have a captions track"
     },
     "autocomplete-valid": {
@@ -118,99 +122,99 @@
       "help": "Inline text spacing must be adjustable with custom stylesheets"
     },
     "blink": {
-      "description": "Ensures <blink> elements are not used",
+      "description": "Ensure <blink> elements are not used",
       "help": "<blink> elements are deprecated and must not be used"
     },
     "button-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures buttons have discernible text",
+      "description": "Ensure buttons have discernible text",
       "help": "Buttons must have discernible text"
     },
     "bypass": {
-      "description": "Ensures each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content",
+      "description": "Ensure each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content",
       "help": "Page must have means to bypass repeated blocks"
     },
     "color-contrast-enhanced": {
-      "description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA enhanced contrast ratio thresholds",
+      "description": "Ensure the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA enhanced contrast ratio thresholds",
       "help": "Elements must meet enhanced color contrast ratio thresholds"
     },
     "color-contrast": {
-      "description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds",
+      "description": "Ensure the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds",
       "help": "Elements must meet minimum color contrast ratio thresholds"
     },
     "css-orientation-lock": {
-      "description": "Ensures content is not locked to any specific display orientation, and the content is operable in all display orientations",
+      "description": "Ensure content is not locked to any specific display orientation, and the content is operable in all display orientations",
       "help": "CSS Media queries must not lock display orientation"
     },
     "definition-list": {
-      "description": "Ensures <dl> elements are structured correctly",
+      "description": "Ensure <dl> elements are structured correctly",
       "help": "<dl> elements must only directly contain properly-ordered <dt> and <dd> groups, <script>, <template> or <div> elements"
     },
     "dlitem": {
-      "description": "Ensures <dt> and <dd> elements are contained by a <dl>",
+      "description": "Ensure <dt> and <dd> elements are contained by a <dl>",
       "help": "<dt> and <dd> elements must be contained by a <dl>"
     },
     "document-title": {
-      "description": "Ensures each HTML document contains a non-empty <title> element",
+      "description": "Ensure each HTML document contains a non-empty <title> element",
       "help": "Documents must have <title> element to aid in navigation"
     },
     "duplicate-id-active": {
-      "description": "Ensures every id attribute value of active elements is unique",
+      "description": "Ensure every id attribute value of active elements is unique",
       "help": "IDs of active elements must be unique"
     },
     "duplicate-id-aria": {
-      "description": "Ensures every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique",
+      "description": "Ensure every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique",
       "help": "IDs used in ARIA and labels must be unique"
     },
     "duplicate-id": {
-      "description": "Ensures every id attribute value is unique",
+      "description": "Ensure every id attribute value is unique",
       "help": "id attribute value must be unique"
     },
     "empty-heading": {
-      "description": "Ensures headings have discernible text",
+      "description": "Ensure headings have discernible text",
       "help": "Headings should not be empty"
     },
     "empty-table-header": {
-      "description": "Ensures table headers have discernible text",
+      "description": "Ensure table headers have discernible text",
       "help": "Table header text should not be empty"
     },
     "focus-order-semantics": {
-      "description": "Ensures elements in the focus order have a role appropriate for interactive content",
+      "description": "Ensure elements in the focus order have a role appropriate for interactive content",
       "help": "Elements in the focus order should have an appropriate role"
     },
     "form-field-multiple-labels": {
-      "description": "Ensures form field does not have multiple label elements",
+      "description": "Ensure form field does not have multiple label elements",
       "help": "Form field must not have multiple label elements"
     },
     "frame-focusable-content": {
-      "description": "Ensures <frame> and <iframe> elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1",
+      "description": "Ensure <frame> and <iframe> elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1",
       "help": "Frames with focusable content must not have tabindex=-1"
     },
     "frame-tested": {
-      "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements contain the axe-core script",
+      "description": "Ensure <iframe> and <frame> elements contain the axe-core script",
       "help": "Frames should be tested with axe-core"
     },
     "frame-title-unique": {
-      "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements contain a unique title attribute",
+      "description": "Ensure <iframe> and <frame> elements contain a unique title attribute",
       "help": "Frames must have a unique title attribute"
     },
     "frame-title": {
-      "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements have an accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure <iframe> and <frame> elements have an accessible name",
       "help": "Frames must have an accessible name"
     },
     "heading-order": {
-      "description": "Ensures the order of headings is semantically correct",
+      "description": "Ensure the order of headings is semantically correct",
       "help": "Heading levels should only increase by one"
     },
     "hidden-content": {
-      "description": "Informs users about hidden content.",
+      "description": "Inform users about hidden content.",
       "help": "Hidden content on the page should be analyzed"
     },
     "html-has-lang": {
-      "description": "Ensures every HTML document has a lang attribute",
+      "description": "Ensure every HTML document has a lang attribute",
       "help": "<html> element must have a lang attribute"
     },
     "html-lang-valid": {
-      "description": "Ensures the lang attribute of the <html> element has a valid value",
+      "description": "Ensure the lang attribute of the <html> element has a valid value",
       "help": "<html> element must have a valid value for the lang attribute"
     },
     "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
@@ -222,116 +226,116 @@
       "help": "Links with the same name must have a similar purpose"
     },
     "image-alt": {
-      "description": "Ensures <img> elements have alternate text or a role of none or presentation",
-      "help": "Images must have alternate text"
+      "description": "Ensure <img> elements have alternative text or a role of none or presentation",
+      "help": "Images must have alternative text"
     },
     "image-redundant-alt": {
       "description": "Ensure image alternative is not repeated as text",
       "help": "Alternative text of images should not be repeated as text"
     },
     "input-button-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures input buttons have discernible text",
+      "description": "Ensure input buttons have discernible text",
       "help": "Input buttons must have discernible text"
     },
     "input-image-alt": {
-      "description": "Ensures <input type=\"image\"> elements have alternate text",
-      "help": "Image buttons must have alternate text"
+      "description": "Ensure <input type=\"image\"> elements have alternative text",
+      "help": "Image buttons must have alternative text"
     },
     "label-content-name-mismatch": {
-      "description": "Ensures that elements labelled through their content must have their visible text as part of their accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure that elements labelled through their content must have their visible text as part of their accessible name",
       "help": "Elements must have their visible text as part of their accessible name"
     },
     "label-title-only": {
-      "description": "Ensures that every form element has a visible label and is not solely labeled using hidden labels, or the title or aria-describedby attributes",
+      "description": "Ensure that every form element has a visible label and is not solely labeled using hidden labels, or the title or aria-describedby attributes",
       "help": "Form elements should have a visible label"
     },
     "label": {
-      "description": "Ensures every form element has a label",
+      "description": "Ensure every form element has a label",
       "help": "Form elements must have labels"
     },
     "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
-      "description": "Ensures the banner landmark is at top level",
+      "description": "Ensure the banner landmark is at top level",
       "help": "Banner landmark should not be contained in another landmark"
     },
     "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
-      "description": "Ensures the complementary landmark or aside is at top level",
+      "description": "Ensure the complementary landmark or aside is at top level",
       "help": "Aside should not be contained in another landmark"
     },
     "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
-      "description": "Ensures the contentinfo landmark is at top level",
+      "description": "Ensure the contentinfo landmark is at top level",
       "help": "Contentinfo landmark should not be contained in another landmark"
     },
     "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
-      "description": "Ensures the main landmark is at top level",
+      "description": "Ensure the main landmark is at top level",
       "help": "Main landmark should not be contained in another landmark"
     },
     "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
-      "description": "Ensures the document has at most one banner landmark",
+      "description": "Ensure the document has at most one banner landmark",
       "help": "Document should not have more than one banner landmark"
     },
     "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
-      "description": "Ensures the document has at most one contentinfo landmark",
+      "description": "Ensure the document has at most one contentinfo landmark",
       "help": "Document should not have more than one contentinfo landmark"
     },
     "landmark-no-duplicate-main": {
-      "description": "Ensures the document has at most one main landmark",
+      "description": "Ensure the document has at most one main landmark",
       "help": "Document should not have more than one main landmark"
     },
     "landmark-one-main": {
-      "description": "Ensures the document has a main landmark",
+      "description": "Ensure the document has a main landmark",
       "help": "Document should have one main landmark"
     },
     "landmark-unique": {
-      "help": "Ensures landmarks are unique",
-      "description": "Landmarks should have a unique role or role/label/title (i.e. accessible name) combination"
+      "description": "Ensure landmarks are unique",
+      "help": "Landmarks should have a unique role or role/label/title (i.e. accessible name) combination"
     },
     "link-in-text-block": {
       "description": "Ensure links are distinguished from surrounding text in a way that does not rely on color",
       "help": "Links must be distinguishable without relying on color"
     },
     "link-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures links have discernible text",
+      "description": "Ensure links have discernible text",
       "help": "Links must have discernible text"
     },
     "list": {
-      "description": "Ensures that lists are structured correctly",
+      "description": "Ensure that lists are structured correctly",
       "help": "<ul> and <ol> must only directly contain <li>, <script> or <template> elements"
     },
     "listitem": {
-      "description": "Ensures <li> elements are used semantically",
+      "description": "Ensure <li> elements are used semantically",
       "help": "<li> elements must be contained in a <ul> or <ol>"
     },
     "marquee": {
-      "description": "Ensures <marquee> elements are not used",
+      "description": "Ensure <marquee> elements are not used",
       "help": "<marquee> elements are deprecated and must not be used"
     },
     "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
-      "description": "Ensures <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
+      "description": "Ensure <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
       "help": "Delayed refresh must not be used"
     },
     "meta-refresh": {
-      "description": "Ensures <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
+      "description": "Ensure <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
       "help": "Delayed refresh under 20 hours must not be used"
     },
     "meta-viewport-large": {
-      "description": "Ensures <meta name=\"viewport\"> can scale a significant amount",
+      "description": "Ensure <meta name=\"viewport\"> can scale a significant amount",
       "help": "Users should be able to zoom and scale the text up to 500%"
     },
     "meta-viewport": {
-      "description": "Ensures <meta name=\"viewport\"> does not disable text scaling and zooming",
+      "description": "Ensure <meta name=\"viewport\"> does not disable text scaling and zooming",
       "help": "Zooming and scaling must not be disabled"
     },
     "nested-interactive": {
-      "description": "Ensures interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies",
+      "description": "Ensure interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies",
       "help": "Interactive controls must not be nested"
     },
     "no-autoplay-audio": {
-      "description": "Ensures <video> or <audio> elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio",
+      "description": "Ensure <video> or <audio> elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio",
       "help": "<video> or <audio> elements must not play automatically"
     },
     "object-alt": {
-      "description": "Ensures <object> elements have alternate text",
-      "help": "<object> elements must have alternate text"
+      "description": "Ensure <object> elements have alternative text",
+      "help": "<object> elements must have alternative text"
     },
     "p-as-heading": {
       "description": "Ensure bold, italic text and font-size is not used to style <p> elements as a heading",
@@ -342,55 +346,59 @@
       "help": "Page should contain a level-one heading"
     },
     "presentation-role-conflict": {
-      "description": "Elements marked as presentational should not have global ARIA or tabindex to ensure all screen readers ignore them",
-      "help": "Ensure elements marked as presentational are consistently ignored"
+      "description": "Ensure elements marked as presentational do not have global ARIA or tabindex so that all screen readers ignore them",
+      "help": "Elements marked as presentational should be consistently ignored"
     },
     "region": {
-      "description": "Ensures all page content is contained by landmarks",
+      "description": "Ensure all page content is contained by landmarks",
       "help": "All page content should be contained by landmarks"
     },
     "role-img-alt": {
-      "description": "Ensures [role=\"img\"] elements have alternate text",
-      "help": "[role=\"img\"] elements must have an alternative text"
+      "description": "Ensure [role=\"img\"] elements have alternative text",
+      "help": "[role=\"img\"] elements must have alternative text"
     },
     "scope-attr-valid": {
-      "description": "Ensures the scope attribute is used correctly on tables",
+      "description": "Ensure the scope attribute is used correctly on tables",
       "help": "scope attribute should be used correctly"
     },
     "scrollable-region-focusable": {
-      "description": "Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard",
+      "description": "Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard in Safari",
       "help": "Scrollable region must have keyboard access"
     },
     "select-name": {
-      "description": "Ensures select element has an accessible name",
+      "description": "Ensure select element has an accessible name",
       "help": "Select element must have an accessible name"
     },
     "server-side-image-map": {
-      "description": "Ensures that server-side image maps are not used",
+      "description": "Ensure that server-side image maps are not used",
       "help": "Server-side image maps must not be used"
     },
     "skip-link": {
       "description": "Ensure all skip links have a focusable target",
       "help": "The skip-link target should exist and be focusable"
     },
+    "summary-name": {
+      "description": "Ensure summary elements have discernible text",
+      "help": "Summary elements must have discernible text"
+    },
     "svg-img-alt": {
-      "description": "Ensures <svg> elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text",
-      "help": "<svg> elements with an img role must have an alternative text"
+      "description": "Ensure <svg> elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have accessible text",
+      "help": "<svg> elements with an img role must have alternative text"
     },
     "tabindex": {
-      "description": "Ensures tabindex attribute values are not greater than 0",
+      "description": "Ensure tabindex attribute values are not greater than 0",
       "help": "Elements should not have tabindex greater than zero"
     },
     "table-duplicate-name": {
       "description": "Ensure the <caption> element does not contain the same text as the summary attribute",
-      "help": "tables should not have the same summary and caption"
+      "help": "Tables should not have the same summary and caption"
     },
     "table-fake-caption": {
       "description": "Ensure that tables with a caption use the <caption> element.",
       "help": "Data or header cells must not be used to give caption to a data table."
     },
     "target-size": {
-      "description": "Ensure touch target have sufficient size and space",
+      "description": "Ensure touch targets have sufficient size and space",
       "help": "All touch targets must be 24px large, or leave sufficient space"
     },
     "td-has-header": {
@@ -398,19 +406,19 @@
       "help": "Non-empty <td> elements in larger <table> must have an associated table header"
     },
     "td-headers-attr": {
-      "description": "Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other cells in that table",
-      "help": "Table cells that use the headers attribute must only refer to cells in the same table"
+      "description": "Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other <th> elements in that table",
+      "help": "Table cell headers attributes must refer to other <th> elements in the same table"
     },
     "th-has-data-cells": {
       "description": "Ensure that <th> elements and elements with role=columnheader/rowheader have data cells they describe",
       "help": "Table headers in a data table must refer to data cells"
     },
     "valid-lang": {
-      "description": "Ensures lang attributes have valid values",
+      "description": "Ensure lang attributes have valid values",
       "help": "lang attribute must have a valid value"
     },
     "video-caption": {
-      "description": "Ensures <video> elements have captions",
+      "description": "Ensure <video> elements have captions",
       "help": "<video> elements must have captions"
     }
   },
@@ -422,6 +430,13 @@
         "plural": "Abstract roles cannot be directly used: ${data.values}"
       }
     },
+    "aria-allowed-attr-elm": {
+      "pass": "ARIA attributes are allowed for this element",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ARIA attribute is not allowed on ${data.nodeName} elements: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "ARIA attributes are not allowed on ${data.nodeName} elements: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
     "aria-allowed-attr": {
       "pass": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role",
       "fail": {
@@ -449,6 +464,7 @@
       "pass": "ARIA attribute is allowed",
       "fail": {
         "checkbox": "Remove aria-checked, or set it to \"${data.checkState}\" to match the real checkbox state",
+        "radio": "Remove aria-checked, or set it to \"${data.checkState}\" to match the real radio state",
         "rowSingular": "This attribute is supported with treegrid rows, but not ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}",
         "rowPlural": "These attributes are supported with treegrid rows, but not ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}"
       }
@@ -458,12 +474,13 @@
       "fail": {
         "singular": "aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` must use a technique to announce the message (e.g., aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.)",
         "plural": "aria-errormessage values `${data.values}` must use a technique to announce the message (e.g., aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.)",
+        "unsupported": "Multiple IDs in aria-errormessage is not widely supported in assistive technologies",
         "hidden": "aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` cannot reference a hidden element"
       },
       "incomplete": {
-        "singular": "ensure aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` references an existing element",
-        "plural": "ensure aria-errormessage values `${data.values}` reference existing elements",
-        "idrefs": "unable to determine if aria-errormessage element exists on the page: ${data.values}"
+        "singular": "Ensure aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` references an existing element",
+        "plural": "Ensure aria-errormessage values `${data.values}` reference existing elements",
+        "idrefs": "Unable to determine if aria-errormessage element exists on the page: ${data.values}"
       }
     },
     "aria-hidden-body": {
@@ -504,7 +521,8 @@
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Required ARIA child role not present: ${data.values}",
         "plural": "Required ARIA children role not present: ${data.values}",
-        "unallowed": "Element has children which are not allowed: ${data.values}"
+        "unallowed": "Element has children which are not allowed: ${data.values}",
+        "aria-busy-fail": "Element has children which are not allowed: ${data.values}; Having aria-busy=\"true\" does not allow children with roles that are not allowed"
       },
       "incomplete": {
         "singular": "Expecting ARIA child role to be added: ${data.values}",
@@ -538,7 +556,8 @@
         "noIdShadow": "ARIA attribute element ID does not exist on the page or is a descendant of a different shadow DOM tree: ${data.needsReview}",
         "ariaCurrent": "ARIA attribute value is invalid and will be treated as \"aria-current=true\": ${data.needsReview}",
         "idrefs": "Unable to determine if ARIA attribute element ID exists on the page: ${data.needsReview}",
-        "empty": "ARIA attribute value is ignored while empty: ${data.needsReview}"
+        "empty": "ARIA attribute value is ignored while empty: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "controlsWithinPopup": "Unable to determine if aria-controls referenced ID exists on the page while using aria-haspopup: ${data.needsReview}"
       }
     },
     "aria-valid-attr": {
@@ -623,7 +642,8 @@
         "equalRatio": "Element has a 1:1 contrast ratio with the background",
         "shortTextContent": "Element content is too short to determine if it is actual text content",
         "nonBmp": "Element content contains only non-text characters",
-        "pseudoContent": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
+        "pseudoContent": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element",
+        "colorParse": "Could not parse color string ${data.colorParse}"
       }
     },
     "color-contrast": {
@@ -650,7 +670,8 @@
         "equalRatio": "Element has a 1:1 contrast ratio with the background",
         "shortTextContent": "Element content is too short to determine if it is actual text content",
         "nonBmp": "Element content contains only non-text characters",
-        "pseudoContent": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
+        "pseudoContent": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element",
+        "colorParse": "Could not parse color string ${data.colorParse}"
       }
     },
     "link-in-text-block-style": {
@@ -677,12 +698,13 @@
       }
     },
     "autocomplete-appropriate": {
-      "pass": "the autocomplete value is on an appropriate element",
-      "fail": "the autocomplete value is inappropriate for this type of input"
+      "pass": "The autocomplete value is on an appropriate element",
+      "fail": "The autocomplete value is inappropriate for this type of input"
     },
     "autocomplete-valid": {
       "pass": "the autocomplete attribute is correctly formatted",
-      "fail": "the autocomplete attribute is incorrectly formatted"
+      "fail": "the autocomplete attribute is incorrectly formatted",
+      "incomplete": "the autocomplete attribute has a non-standard value. Check whether any standard value could be used instead."
     },
     "accesskeys": {
       "pass": "Accesskey attribute value is unique",
@@ -765,8 +787,8 @@
       "fail": "Element contains <img> element with alt text that duplicates existing text"
     },
     "explicit-label": {
-      "pass": "Form element has an explicit <label>",
-      "fail": "Form element does not have an explicit <label>",
+      "pass": "Element has an explicit <label>",
+      "fail": "Element does not have an explicit <label>",
       "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an explicit <label>"
     },
     "help-same-as-label": {
@@ -779,9 +801,9 @@
       "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has explicit <label> that is hidden"
     },
     "implicit-label": {
-      "pass": "Form element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
-      "fail": "Form element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
-      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an implicit (wrapped} <label>"
+      "pass": "Element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
+      "fail": "Element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>"
     },
     "label-content-name-mismatch": {
       "pass": "Element contains visible text as part of it's accessible name",
@@ -839,7 +861,7 @@
     },
     "caption": {
       "pass": "The multimedia element has a captions track",
-      "incomplete": "Check that captions is available for the element"
+      "incomplete": "Check that captions are available for the element"
     },
     "frame-tested": {
       "pass": "The iframe was tested with axe-core",
@@ -872,7 +894,8 @@
       "fail": "Target has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px.",
       "incomplete": {
         "default": "Element with negative tabindex has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px. Is this a target?",
-        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Target has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px. Is the neighbor a target?"
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Target has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px. Is the neighbor a target?",
+        "tooManyRects": "Could not get the target size because there are too many overlapping elements"
       }
     },
     "target-size": {
@@ -959,7 +982,7 @@
     "aria-labelledby": {
       "pass": "aria-labelledby attribute exists and references elements that are visible to screen readers",
       "fail": "aria-labelledby attribute does not exist, references elements that do not exist or references elements that are empty",
-      "incomplete": "ensure aria-labelledby references an existing element"
+      "incomplete": "Ensure aria-labelledby references an existing element"
     },
     "avoid-inline-spacing": {
       "pass": "No inline styles with '!important' that affect text spacing has been specified",
@@ -977,6 +1000,10 @@
       "pass": "Document has a non-empty <title> element",
       "fail": "Document does not have a non-empty <title> element"
     },
+    "error-occurred": {
+      "pass": "",
+      "incomplete": "Axe encountered an error; test the page for this type of problem manually"
+    },
     "exists": {
       "pass": "Element does not exist",
       "incomplete": "Element exists"
@@ -1042,7 +1069,7 @@
       }
     },
     "presentational-role": {
-      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"${data.role}\"",
+      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overridden with role=\"${data.role}\"",
       "fail": {
         "default": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\" or role=\"presentation\"",
         "globalAria": "Element's role is not presentational because it has a global ARIA attribute",
@@ -1052,11 +1079,11 @@
       }
     },
     "role-none": {
-      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"none\"",
+      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overridden with role=\"none\"",
       "fail": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\""
     },
     "role-presentation": {
-      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"presentation\"",
+      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overridden with role=\"presentation\"",
       "fail": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"presentation\""
     },
     "svg-non-empty-title": {
@@ -1089,9 +1116,13 @@
       "fail": "Some non-empty data cells do not have table headers"
     },
     "td-headers-attr": {
-      "pass": "The headers attribute is exclusively used to refer to other cells in the table",
+      "pass": "The headers attribute is exclusively used to refer to other header cells in the table",
       "incomplete": "The headers attribute is empty",
-      "fail": "The headers attribute is not exclusively used to refer to other cells in the table"
+      "fail": {
+        "cell-header-not-in-table": "The headers attribute is not exclusively used to refer to other header cells in the table",
+        "cell-header-not-th": "The headers attribute must refer to header cells, not data cells",
+        "header-refs-self": "The element with headers attribute refers to itself"
+      }
     },
     "th-has-data-cells": {
       "pass": "All table header cells refer to data cells",
diff --git a/locales/de.json b/locales/de.json
index cab4da906..b98a53382 100644
--- a/locales/de.json
+++ b/locales/de.json
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
       "help": "Erforderliche ARIA-Attribute müssen bereitgestellt werden."
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Elemente mit einer ARIA-Rolle, welche bestimmte untergeordnete Rollen voraussetzten auch diese enthalten.",
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Elemente mit einer ARIA-Rolle, welche bestimmte untergeordnete Rollen voraussetzten diese auch enthalten.",
       "help": "Bestimmte ARIA-Rollen müssen spezifische, untergeordnete Kind-Rollen enthalten."
     },
     "aria-required-parent": {
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
     },
     "empty-heading": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Überschriften einen wahrnehmbaren Text beinhalten.",
-      "help": "Überschriften dürfen nichtleer sein."
+      "help": "Überschriften dürfen nicht leer sein."
     },
     "empty-table-header": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Tabellenkopfzeilen einen wahrnehmbaren Text beinhalten.",
@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@
       "help": "Seite muss eine main landmark enthalten."
     },
     "landmark-unique": {
-      "help": "Stellt sicher, dass landmarks einzigartig sind.",
-      "description": "Landmarks müssen eine einzigartige role oder role/label/title Kombination (bzw. zugänglicher Name / accessible name) besitzen."
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass landmarks einzigartig sind.",
+      "help": "Landmarks müssen eine einzigartige role oder role/label/title Kombination (bzw. zugänglicher Name / accessible name) besitzen."
     },
     "link-in-text-block": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Links vom umgebenden Text nicht allein durch die Farbe unterschieden werden können.",
@@ -342,8 +342,8 @@
       "help": "Die Seite muss eine Überschrift der ersten Ebene enthalten."
     },
     "presentation-role-conflict": {
-      "description": "Markiert Elemente welche eine Rolle besitzen, die none oder presentation ist und die eine Rollenauflösung benötigen.",
-      "help": "Elemente mit Rolle none oder presentation dürfen mit anderen Rollen nicht in Konflikt stehen."
+      "description": "Elemente mit role=\"none\" oder role=\"presentation\" sollten kein globales ARIA-Attribute besitzen oder fokussierbar sein, damit sie von Screenreadern ignoriert werden.",
+      "help": "Elemente mit \"role=none\" oder \"role=presentation\" sollen von Screenreadern ignoriert werden."
     },
     "region": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass jeglicher Inhalt in einer landmark region enthalten ist.",
@@ -373,6 +373,10 @@
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass alle Skip-Links ein fokussierbares Ziel enthalten.",
       "help": "Das Ziel eines Skip-Links sollte existieren und fokussierbar sein."
     },
+    "summary-name": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass die summary-Elemente einen erkennbaren Text haben",
+      "help": "summary-Elemente müssen einen erkennbaren Text haben"
+    },
     "svg-img-alt": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass <svg> Elemente mit einer img, graphics-document oder graphics-symbol Rolle einen zugänglichen Namen (accessible name) besitzen.",
       "help": "<svg> Elemente mit einer img Rolle sollten einen Alternativtext besitzen."
@@ -461,7 +465,7 @@
         "hidden": "aria-errormessage Wert `${data.values}` kann nicht auf ein verstecktes Element verweisen."
       },
       "incomplete": {
-        "singular": "Stellt sicher, dass aria-errormessage Wert `${data.values}` zu einem existierendem Element verweist.",
+        "singular": "Stellt sicher, dass aria-errormessage Wert `${data.values}` auf ein existierendes Element verweist.",
         "plural": "Stellt sicher, dass aria-errormessage Werte `${data.values}` zu existierenden Elementen verweisen.",
         "idrefs": "Es konnte nicht festgestellt werden, ob das Element aria-errormessage auf der Seite existiert: ${data.values}"
       }
@@ -498,7 +502,8 @@
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
       "pass": {
-        "default": "Alle benötigten ARIA Kinder sind vorhanden."
+        "default": "Alle benötigten ARIA Kinder sind vorhanden.",
+        "aria-busy": "Element hat ein aria-busy-Attribut, daher ist es erlaubt, erforderliche ARIA Kinder wegzulassen"
       },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Benötigte ARIA Kindrolle nicht vorhanden: ${data.values}",
@@ -524,7 +529,7 @@
     },
     "aria-unsupported-attr": {
       "pass": "ARIA Attribut wird unterstützt",
-      "fail": "ARIA Attribut ist nicht wirklich in Screenreadern und anderen assistiven Technologien unterstützt: ${data.values}"
+      "fail": "ARIA Attribut ist nicht allgemein in Screenreadern und anderen assistiven Technologien unterstützt: ${data.values}"
     },
     "aria-valid-attr-value": {
       "pass": "ARIA Attributwerte sind gültig.",
@@ -537,7 +542,8 @@
         "noIdShadow": "ARIA-Attribut Element-ID existiert nicht auf der Seite oder ist ein Nachkomme (descendant) eines anderen Schatten-DOM-tree: ${data.needsReview}",
         "ariaCurrent": "Folgendes ARIA Attributwert ist ungültig und wird wie \"aria-current=true\" gesehen: ${data.needsReview}",
         "idrefs": "Es konnte nicht festgestellt werden, ob das ARIA-Attribut element ID auf der Seite existiert: ${data.needsReview}",
-        "empty": "ARIA-Attributwert wird ignoriert, wenn leer: ${data.needsReview}"
+        "empty": "ARIA-Attributwert wird ignoriert, wenn leer: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "controlsWithinPopup": "Bei der Verwendung von aria-haspopup konnte nicht festgestellt werden, ob die von aria-controls referenzierte ID auf der Seite existiert: ${data.needsReview}"
       }
     },
     "aria-valid-attr": {
@@ -596,7 +602,7 @@
     },
     "unsupportedrole": {
       "pass": "ARIA Rolle wird unterstützt.",
-      "fail": "Folgende Rollen werden nicht wirklich in Screenreadern und assistiven Technologien unterstützt: ${data.values}"
+      "fail": "Folgende Rollen werden nicht allgemein in Screenreadern und assistiven Technologien unterstützt: ${data.values}"
     },
     "valid-scrollable-semantics": {
       "pass": "Das Element hat eine gültige Semantik für ein Element in der Fokusreihenfolge.",
@@ -628,7 +634,7 @@
     "color-contrast": {
       "pass": {
         "default": "Das Element hat einen ausreichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio}.",
-        "hidden": "Das Element ist verstec"
+        "hidden": "Das Element ist versteckt."
       },
       "fail": {
         "default": "Das Element hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio} (Vordergrundfarbe: ${data.fgColor}, Hintergrundfarbe: ${data.bgColor}, Schriftgröße: ${data.fontSize}, Schriftstärke: ${data.fontWeight}). Erwartetes Kontrastverhältnis von ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
@@ -681,7 +687,8 @@
     },
     "autocomplete-valid": {
       "pass": "Der Wert des autocomplete Attributes ist korrekt formatiert.",
-      "fail": "Der Wert des autocomplete Attributes ist inkorrekt formatiert."
+      "fail": "Der Wert des autocomplete Attributes ist inkorrekt formatiert.",
+      "incomplete": "Der Wert des autocomplete Attributes hat einen Nicht-Standardwert. Prüfe, ob stattdessen ein Standardwert verwendet werden kann."
     },
     "accesskeys": {
       "pass": "Alle accesskey-Attribute sind einzigartig.",
@@ -702,7 +709,7 @@
     },
     "focusable-modal-open": {
       "pass": "Keine fokussierbaren Elemente während ein modaler Dialog offen ist.",
-      "incomplete": "Üerprüfe ob Elemente fokussierbar während des derzeitigen Status sind."
+      "incomplete": "Überprüfe ob Elemente während des derzeitigen Status fokussierbar sind."
     },
     "focusable-no-name": {
       "pass": "Das Element befindet sich nicht in der Tabreihenfolge und enthält keinen zugänglichen Text.",
@@ -788,15 +795,15 @@
     },
     "multiple-label": {
       "pass": "Das <form>-Element besitzt keine multiplen <label>-Elemente.",
-      "incomplete": "Unterstützung in assistiven Technologien von Elementen mit mehreren Labeln ist nicht wirklich gegeben. Es sollte sichergestellt werden, dass alle relevanten Informationen im ersten Label enthalten sind."
+      "incomplete": "Elemente mit mehreren Labeln werden in assistiven Technologien nicht allgemein unterstützt. Es sollte sichergestellt werden, dass alle relevanten Informationen im ersten Label enthalten sind."
     },
     "title-only": {
       "pass": "Das <form>-Element ist nicht nur lediglich durch ein title-Attribut beschriftet.",
       "fail": "Das <form>-Element ist lediglich durch ein title-Attribut beschriftet."
     },
     "landmark-is-unique": {
-      "pass": "Landmarks sollten eine einzigartige Rolle oder Rollen/Label/Titel (zugänglicher Name / accessible name) Kombination besitzen.",
-      "fail": "Landmark muss ein einzigartiges aria-label, aria-labelledby oder Titel besitzen um es von anderen zu unterscheiden."
+      "pass": "Landmarks besitzen eine einzigartige Rolle oder Rollen/Label/Titel (zugänglicher Name / accessible name) Kombination.",
+      "fail": "Landmark muss ein einzigartiges aria-label, aria-labelledby oder einen Titel besitzen, um es von anderen zu unterscheiden."
     },
     "has-lang": {
       "pass": "Das <html>-Element besitzt ein lang-Attribut.",
@@ -833,7 +840,7 @@
       "fail": "Das Aufzählungselement besitzt Kinder, die nicht erlaubt sind: ${data.values}"
     },
     "structured-dlitems": {
-      "pass": "Das Definitionslisten-Element enthält sowohl <dt> als auch <dd>-Elemente, falls es nichtleer sein sollte.",
+      "pass": "Das Definitionslisten-Element enthält sowohl <dt> als auch <dd>-Elemente, falls es nicht leer sein sollte.",
       "fail": "Das Definitionslisten-Element enthält kein <dt>-Element, welches von keinem <dd>-Element gefolgt wird."
     },
     "caption": {
@@ -864,17 +871,22 @@
       "fail": "Die viewport-Einstellungen im <meta>-Tag blockieren das Zoomen auf mobilen Geräten."
     },
     "target-offset": {
-      "pass": "Das Ziel hat genügend Abstand zu seinen nächsten Nachbarn. Der sichere klickbare Bereich hat einen Durchmesser von ${data.closestOffset}px, der mindestens ${data.minOffset}px beträgt.",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Das Ziel hat genügend Abstand zu seinen nächsten Nachbarn. Der sichere klickbare Bereich hat einen Durchmesser von ${data.closestOffset}px, der mindestens ${data.minOffset}px beträgt.",
+        "large": "Das Ziel überschreitet bei weitem die Mindestgröße von ${data.minOffset}px."
+      },
       "fail": "Das Ziel hat nicht genügend Abstand zu seinen nächsten Nachbarn. Der sichere klickbare Bereich hat einen Durchmesser von ${data.closestOffset}px statt mindestens ${data.minOffset}px.",
       "incomplete": {
         "default": "Element mit negativem Tabindex hat nicht genügend Abstand zu seinen nächsten Nachbarn. Der sichere klickbare Bereich hat einen Durchmesser von ${data.closestOffset}px statt mindestens ${data.minOffset}px. Ist dies ein Ziel?",
-        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Das Ziel hat nicht genügend Abstand zu seinen nächsten Nachbarn. Der sichere klickbare Bereich hat einen Durchmesser von ${data.closestOffset}px statt mindestens ${data.minOffset}px. Ist der Nachbar ein Ziel?"
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Das Ziel hat nicht genügend Abstand zu seinen nächsten Nachbarn. Der sichere klickbare Bereich hat einen Durchmesser von ${data.closestOffset}px statt mindestens ${data.minOffset}px. Ist der Nachbar ein Ziel?",
+        "tooManyRects": "Die Zielgröße konnte nicht ermittelt werden, da zu viele überlappende Elemente vorhanden sind."
       }
     },
     "target-size": {
       "pass": {
         "default": "Das Steuerelement hat eine ausreichende Größe (${data.width}px x ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px sein).",
-        "obscured": "Das Steuerelement wird ignoriert, da es vollständig verdeckt ist und daher nicht angeklickt werden kann."
+        "obscured": "Das Steuerelement wird ignoriert, da es vollständig verdeckt ist und daher nicht angeklickt werden kann.",
+        "large": "Das Ziel überschreitet bei weitem die Mindestgröße von ${data.minSize}px."
       },
       "fail": {
         "default": "Das Ziel hat eine unzureichende Größe (${data.width}px x ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px sein).",
@@ -884,7 +896,8 @@
         "default": "Element mit negativem Tabindex hat unzureichende Größe (${data.width}px mal ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px mal ${data.minSize}px sein). Ist dies ein Ziel?",
         "contentOverflow": "Elementgröße konnte aufgrund von Überlaufinhalten nicht genau bestimmt werden",
         "partiallyObscured": "Element mit negativem Tabindex hat unzureichende Größe, weil es teilweise verdeckt ist (kleinster Platz ist ${data.width}px mal ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px mal ${data.minSize}px sein). Ist dies ein Ziel?",
-        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "Das Ziel hat eine unzureichende Größe, weil es teilweise von einem Nachbarn mit negativem Tabindex verdeckt wird (der kleinste Platz ist ${data.width}px mal ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px mal ${data.minSize}px sein). Ist der Nachbar ein Ziel?"
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "Das Ziel hat eine unzureichende Größe, weil es teilweise von einem Nachbarn mit negativem Tabindex verdeckt wird (der kleinste Platz ist ${data.width}px mal ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px mal ${data.minSize}px sein). Ist der Nachbar ein Ziel?",
+        "tooManyRects": "Die Zielgröße konnte nicht ermittelt werden, da zu viele überlappende Elemente vorhanden sind."
       }
     },
     "header-present": {
@@ -947,7 +960,7 @@
       "fail": "Das Dokument besitzt mehrere Elemente mit demselben id-Attributwert: ${data}."
     },
     "aria-label": {
-      "pass": "Das aria-label-Attribut existiert und ist nichtleer.",
+      "pass": "Das aria-label-Attribut existiert und ist nicht leer.",
       "fail": "Es existiert kein aria-label-Attribut oder das Attribut ist leer."
     },
     "aria-labelledby": {
@@ -968,7 +981,7 @@
       "incomplete": "Ob das Element über Kindelemente bzw. textuelle Inhalte verfügt, kann nicht ermittelt werden."
     },
     "doc-has-title": {
-      "pass": "Test",
+      "pass": "Das Dokument besitzt ein nichtleeres <title>-Element.",
       "fail": "Das Dokument besitzt kein <title>-Element oder das <title>-Element ist leer."
     },
     "exists": {
@@ -1083,9 +1096,13 @@
       "fail": "Nicht alle (nichtleeren) Datenzellen haben eine Tabellenkopfzelle."
     },
     "td-headers-attr": {
-      "pass": "Das headers-Attribut wird ausschließlich dafür verwendet, um auf andere Zellen in der Tabelle zu verweisen.",
+      "pass": "Das headers-Attribut wird ausschließlich dafür verwendet, um auf andere Kopfzellen in der Tabelle zu verweisen.",
       "incomplete": "Das headers-Attribut ist leer.",
-      "fail": "Das headers-Attribut wird nicht ausschließlich dafür verwendet, um auf andere Zellen in der Tabelle zu verweisen."
+      "fail": {
+        "cell-header-not-in-table": "Das headers-Attribut wird nicht ausschließlich dafür verwendet, um auf andere Kopfzellen in der Tabelle zu verweisen.",
+        "cell-header-not-th": "Das headers-Attribut muss auf Kopfzellen verweisen, nicht auf Datenzellen.",
+        "header-refs-self": "Das Element mit dem headers-Attribut verweist auf sich selbst."
+      }
     },
     "th-has-data-cells": {
       "pass": "Alle Tabellenkopfzellen beziehen sich auf Datenzellen.",
@@ -1095,7 +1112,7 @@
     "hidden-content": {
       "pass": "Jeglicher Inhalt der Seite wurde analysiert.",
       "fail": "Beim Analysieren der Inhalte auf dieser Seite sind Probleme aufgetreten.",
-      "incomplete": "Auf der Seite befinden sich versteckte Inhalte, die nicht analysiert werden konnten. Um den Inhalt analysieren zu können, müssen Sie die Anzeige auslösen."
+      "incomplete": "Auf der Seite befinden sich versteckte Inhalte, die nicht analysiert werden konnten. Um den Inhalt analysieren zu können, müssen Sie die Anzeige dieser Inhalte auslösen."
     }
   },
   "failureSummaries": {
@@ -1106,5 +1123,5 @@
       "failureMessage": "Korrigiere alle der folgenden Punkte:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
     }
   },
-  "incompleteFallbackMessage": ""
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "axe konnte den Grund nicht ermitteln. Versuchen Sie es mit dem Element Inspector."
 }
diff --git a/locales/ja.json b/locales/ja.json
index 161fdba32..e07bf095c 100644
--- a/locales/ja.json
+++ b/locales/ja.json
@@ -2,415 +2,419 @@
   "lang": "ja",
   "rules": {
     "accesskeys": {
-      "description": "すべてのaccesskey属性の値が一意であることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのaccesskey属性の値が一意であることを確認してください",
       "help": "accesskey属性の値は一意でなければなりません"
     },
     "area-alt": {
-      "description": "イメージマップの<area>要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "イメージマップの<area>要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "アクティブな<area>要素には代替テキストが存在しなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-allowed-attr": {
-      "description": "要素のロールがARIA属性をサポートしていることを確認します",
+      "description": "要素のロールがARIA属性をサポートしていることを確認してください",
       "help": "要素にはサポートされているARIA属性のみを使用しなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-allowed-role": {
-      "description": "role属性の値が要素に対して適切であることを確認します",
+      "description": "role属性の値が要素に対して適切であることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIAロールは要素に対して適切でなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-braille-equivalent": {
-      "description": "aria-braillelabelとaria-brailleroledescriptionには、点字以外の同等のものが存在することを確認します",
-      "help": "aria-braille属性には、点じ以外の同等のものがなければなりません "
+      "description": "aria-braillelabelとaria-brailleroledescriptionには、点字以外の同等のものが存在することを確認してください",
+      "help": "aria-braille属性には、点字以外の同等のものがなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-command-name": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIA button、link、menuitemにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIA button、link、menuitemにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIAコマンドにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-conditional-attr": {
-      "description": "ARIA属性が要素のロールの仕様に従って使用されていることを確認します",
+      "description": "ARIA属性が要素のロールの仕様に従って使用されていることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIA属性は要素のロールの仕様に従って使用しなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-deprecated-role": {
-      "description": "要素に非推奨のロールが使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "要素に非推奨のロールが使用されていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "非推奨のARIAロールを使用してはなりません"
     },
     "aria-dialog-name": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIA dialog、alertdialogノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIA dialog、alertdialogノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIA dialogとalertdialogノードにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-hidden-body": {
-      "description": "ドキュメント本体にaria-hidden=\"true\"が存在しないことを確認します",
+      "description": "ドキュメント本体にaria-hidden=\"true\"が存在しないことを確認してください",
       "help": "ドキュメント本体にaria-hidden=\"true\"が存在してはなりません"
     },
     "aria-hidden-focus": {
-      "description": "aria-hiddenが指定されている要素にフォーカスできないこと、その要素にフォーカス可能な要素が含まれていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "aria-hiddenが指定されている要素にフォーカスできないこと、その要素にフォーカス可能な要素が含まれていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "aria-hiddenが指定されている要素は、フォーカス可能であったり、フォーカス可能な要素を含んでいたりしてはなりません"
     },
     "aria-input-field-name": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIA入力欄にアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIA入力欄にアクセシブルな名前があることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIA入力欄にはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-meter-name": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIA meterノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIA meterノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIA meterノードにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-progressbar-name": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIA progressbarノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIA progressbarノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIA progressbarノードにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-prohibited-attr": {
-      "description": "要素のロールでARIA属性が禁止されていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "要素のロールでARIA属性が禁止されていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "要素には禁止されているARIA属性を使用してはなりません"
     },
     "aria-required-attr": {
-      "description": "ARIAロールのある要素にすべての必須ARIA属性が存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "ARIAロールのある要素にすべての必須ARIA属性が存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "必須のARIA属性が提供されていなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "description": "子ロールを必須とするARIAロールが指定された要素に、それらが含まれていることを確認します",
+      "description": "子ロールを必須とするARIAロールが指定された要素に、それらが含まれていることを確認してください",
       "help": "特定のARIAロールには特定の子が含まれていなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-required-parent": {
-      "description": "親ロールを必須とするARIAロールが指定された要素に、それらが含まれていることを確認します",
+      "description": "親ロールを必須とするARIAロールが指定された要素に、それらが含まれていることを確認してください",
       "help": "特定のARIAロールは特定の親に含まれていなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-roledescription": {
-      "description": "aria-roledescriptionが暗黙的もしくは明示的なロールを持った要素に使用されていることを確認します",
+      "description": "aria-roledescriptionが暗黙的もしくは明示的なロールを持った要素に使用されていることを確認してください",
       "help": "aria-roledescriptionはセマンティックなロールを持った要素に使用しなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-roles": {
-      "description": "すべてのrole属性が指定された要素で、有効な値が使用されていることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのrole属性が指定された要素で、有効な値が使用されていることを確認してください",
       "help": "使用されているARIAロールは有効な値に一致しなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-text": {
-      "description": "role=\"text\"が指定されている要素にフォーカス可能な子孫がないことを確認します",
+      "description": "role=\"text\"が指定されている要素にフォーカス可能な子孫がないことを確認してください",
       "help": "\"role=text\"が指定されている要素には、フォーカス可能な子孫が含まれていてはなりません"
     },
     "aria-toggle-field-name": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIAトグル欄にアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIAトグル欄にアクセシブルな名前があることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIAトグル欄にはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-tooltip-name": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIA tooltipノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIA tooltipノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIA tooltipノードにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-treeitem-name": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIA treeitemノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIA treeitemノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIA treeitemノードにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-valid-attr-value": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIA属性に有効な値が存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIA属性に有効な値が存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIA属性は有効な値に一致しなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-valid-attr": {
-      "description": "aria- で始まる属性が有効なARIA属性であることを確認します",
+      "description": "aria- で始まる属性が有効なARIA属性であることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIA属性は有効な名前に一致しなければなりません"
     },
     "audio-caption": {
-      "description": "<audio>要素にキャプションが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "<audio>要素にキャプションが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "<audio>要素にはキャプショントラックが存在しなければなりません"
     },
     "autocomplete-valid": {
-      "description": "autocomplete属性が正しく、かつフォームフィールドに対して適切であることを確認します",
+      "description": "autocomplete属性が正しく、かつフォームフィールドに対して適切であることを確認してください",
       "help": "autocomplete属性は正しく使用しなければなりません"
     },
     "avoid-inline-spacing": {
-      "description": "style属性で指定されたテキストの間隔は、カスタムスタイルシートにより調整可能であることを確認します",
+      "description": "style属性で指定されたテキストの間隔は、カスタムスタイルシートにより調整可能であることを確認してください",
       "help": "インラインのテキスト間隔設定はカスタムスタイルシートによって調整可能でなければなりません"
     },
     "blink": {
-      "description": "<blink>要素が使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "<blink>要素が使用されていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "<blink>要素の使用は非推奨で、使用するべきではありません"
     },
     "button-name": {
-      "description": "ボタンに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "ボタンに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "ボタンには認識可能なテキストが存在しなければなりません"
     },
     "bypass": {
-      "description": "各ページに少なくとも1つ、ユーザーがナビゲーション部分をスキップして直接本文へ移動できるメカニズムが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "各ページに少なくとも1つ、ユーザーがナビゲーション部分をスキップして直接本文へ移動できるメカニズムが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "ページには繰り返されるブロックをスキップする手段が存在しなければなりません"
     },
     "color-contrast-enhanced": {
-      "description": "前景色と背景色のコントラストがWCAG 2のAAAコントラスト比（高度）のしきい値を満たすことを確認します",
+      "description": "前景色と背景色のコントラストがWCAG 2のAAAコントラスト比（高度）のしきい値を満たすことを確認してください",
       "help": "要素は色のコントラスト比（高度）の閾値を満たしていなければなりません"
     },
     "color-contrast": {
-      "description": "前景色と背景色のコントラストがWCAG 2のAAコントラスト比（最低限）のしきい値を満たすことを確認します",
+      "description": "前景色と背景色のコントラストがWCAG 2のAAコントラスト比（最低限）のしきい値を満たすことを確認してください",
       "help": "要素は色のコントラスト比（最低限）の閾値を満たしていなければなりません"
     },
     "css-orientation-lock": {
-      "description": "コンテンツが特定のディスプレイの向きに固定されていないこと、およびコンテンツがすべてのディスプレイの向きで操作可能なことを確認します",
+      "description": "コンテンツが特定のディスプレイの向きに固定されていないこと、およびコンテンツがすべてのディスプレイの向きで操作可能なことを確認してください",
       "help": "CSSメディアクエリーはディスプレイの向きを固定するために使用してはなりません"
     },
     "definition-list": {
-      "description": "<dl>要素の構造が正しいことを確認します",
+      "description": "<dl>要素の構造が正しいことを確認してください",
       "help": "<dl>要素は、適切な順序で並べられた<dt>および<dd>のグループ、<script>要素、<template>要素またはdiv要素のみを直接含んでいなければなりません"
     },
     "dlitem": {
-      "description": "<dt>および<dd>要素が<dl>に含まれていることを確認します",
+      "description": "<dt>および<dd>要素が<dl>に含まれていることを確認してください",
       "help": "<dt>および<dd>要素は<dl>に含まれていなければなりません"
     },
     "document-title": {
-      "description": "各HTMLドキュメントに空ではない<title>要素が含まれていることを確認します",
+      "description": "各HTMLドキュメントに空ではない<title>要素が含まれていることを確認してください",
       "help": "ドキュメントにはナビゲーションを補助するために<title>要素がなければなりません"
     },
     "duplicate-id-active": {
-      "description": "アクティブな要素のid属性の値が一意であることを確認します",
+      "description": "アクティブな要素のid属性の値が一意であることを確認してください",
       "help": "アクティブな要素のIDは一意でなければなりません"
     },
     "duplicate-id-aria": {
-      "description": "ARIAおよびラベルに使用されているすべてのid属性の値が一意であることを確認します",
+      "description": "ARIAおよびラベルに使用されているすべてのid属性の値が一意であることを確認してください",
       "help": "ARIAおよびラベルに使用されているIDは一意でなければなりません"
     },
     "duplicate-id": {
-      "description": "すべてのid属性の値が一意であることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのid属性の値が一意であることを確認してください",
       "help": "id属性の値は一意でなければなりません"
     },
     "empty-heading": {
-      "description": "見出しに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "見出しに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "見出しは空にしてはなりません"
     },
     "empty-table-header": {
-      "description": "テーブルのヘッダーに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "テーブルのヘッダーに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "テーブルのヘッダーは空にしてはなりません"
     },
     "focus-order-semantics": {
-      "description": "フォーカス順序に含まれる要素にインタラクティブコンテンツに適したロールがあることを確認します",
+      "description": "フォーカス順序に含まれる要素にインタラクティブコンテンツに適したロールがあることを確認してください",
       "help": "フォーカス順序に含まれる要素には、適切なロールがなければなりません"
     },
     "form-field-multiple-labels": {
-      "description": "フォームフィールドに複数のlabel要素が存在しないことを確認します",
-      "help": "フォームフィールドに複数のlabel要素を付与してはなりりません"
+      "description": "フォームフィールドに複数のlabel要素が存在しないことを確認してください",
+      "help": "フォームフィールドに複数のlabel要素を付与してはなりません"
     },
     "frame-focusable-content": {
-      "description": "フォーカス可能な<frame>と<iframe>要素に、tabindex=-1が指定されていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "フォーカス可能な<frame>と<iframe>要素に、tabindex=-1が指定されていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "フォーカス可能なコンテンツを含むフレームには、tabindex=-1が指定されていてはなりません"
     },
     "frame-tested": {
-      "description": "<iframe>および<frame>要素にaxe-coreスクリプトが含まれていることを確認します",
+      "description": "<iframe>および<frame>要素にaxe-coreスクリプトが含まれていることを確認してください",
       "help": "フレームはaxe-coreでテストしなければなりません"
     },
     "frame-title-unique": {
-      "description": "<iframe>および<frame>要素に一意のtitle属性が含まれていることを確認します",
+      "description": "<iframe>および<frame>要素に一意のtitle属性が含まれていることを確認してください",
       "help": "フレームには一意のtitle属性がなければなりません"
     },
     "frame-title": {
-      "description": "<iframe>および<frame>要素にアクセシブルな名前が存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "<iframe>および<frame>要素にアクセシブルな名前が存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "フレームにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "heading-order": {
-      "description": "見出しの順序が意味的に正しいことを確認します",
+      "description": "見出しの順序が意味的に正しいことを確認してください",
       "help": "見出しのレベルは1つずつ増加させなければなりません"
     },
     "hidden-content": {
-      "description": "隠れているコンテンツについてユーザーに通知します",
+      "description": "隠れているコンテンツについてユーザーに通知してください",
       "help": "ページ上の隠れているコンテンツは分析されなければなりません"
     },
     "html-has-lang": {
-      "description": "すべてのHTMLドキュメントにlang属性が存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのHTMLドキュメントにlang属性が存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "<html>要素にはlang属性がなければなりません"
     },
     "html-lang-valid": {
-      "description": "<html>要素のlang属性に有効な値があることを確認します",
+      "description": "<html>要素のlang属性に有効な値があることを確認してください",
       "help": "<html>要素のlang属性には有効な値がなければなりません"
     },
     "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
-      "description": "HTML要素に指定された有効なlangおよびxml:lang属性の両方がページの基本言語と一致することを確認します",
+      "description": "HTML要素に指定された有効なlangおよびxml:lang属性の両方がページの基本言語と一致することを確認してください",
       "help": "HTML要素に指定されたlangおよびxml:lang属性は同じ基本言語を持たなければなりません"
     },
     "identical-links-same-purpose": {
-      "description": "同じアクセシブルな名前を持つ複数のリンクが類似した目的を果たすことを確認します",
+      "description": "同じアクセシブルな名前を持つ複数のリンクが類似した目的を果たすことを確認してください",
       "help": "同じ名前を持つ複数のリンクは類似した目的を持っていなければなりません"
     },
     "image-alt": {
-      "description": "<img>要素に代替テキストが存在する、またはnoneまたはpresentationのロールが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "<img>要素に代替テキストが存在する、またはnoneまたはpresentationのロールが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "画像には代替テキストがなければなりません"
     },
     "image-redundant-alt": {
-      "description": "画像の代替がテキストとして繰り返されていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "画像の代替がテキストとして繰り返されていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "画像の代替テキストはテキストとして繰り返されるべきではありません"
     },
     "input-button-name": {
-      "description": "入力ボタンに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "入力ボタンに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "入力ボタンには認識可能なテキストが存在しなければなりません"
     },
     "input-image-alt": {
-      "description": "<input type=\"image\">要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "<input type=\"image\">要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "画像ボタンには代替テキストがなければなりません"
     },
     "label-content-name-mismatch": {
-      "description": "コンテンツによってラベル付けされた要素は、それらの視認できるテキストがアクセシブルな名前の一部になっていることを確認します",
+      "description": "コンテンツによってラベル付けされた要素は、それらの視認できるテキストがアクセシブルな名前の一部になっていることを確認してください",
       "help": "要素の視認できるテキストはそれらのアクセシブルな名前の一部でなければなりません"
     },
     "label-title-only": {
-      "description": "すべてのフォーム要素に視認できるラベルがあり、非表示のラベル、titleまたはaria-describedby属性のみを使用してラベル付けされていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのフォーム要素に視認できるラベルがあり、非表示のラベル、titleまたはaria-describedby属性のみを使用してラベル付けされていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "フォーム要素には視認できるラベルがなければなりません"
     },
     "label": {
-      "description": "すべてのフォーム要素にラベルが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのフォーム要素にラベルが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "フォーム要素にはラベルがなければなりません"
     },
     "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
-      "description": "bannerランドマークがトップレベルにあることを確認します",
+      "description": "bannerランドマークがトップレベルにあることを確認してください",
       "help": "bannerランドマークは他のランドマークに含まれるべきではありません"
     },
     "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
-      "description": "complementaryランドマークあるいはasideがトップレベルにあることを確認します",
+      "description": "complementaryランドマークあるいはasideがトップレベルにあることを確認してください",
       "help": "asideは他の要素に含まれるべきではありません"
     },
     "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
-      "description": "contentinfoランドマークがトップレベルにあることを確認します",
+      "description": "contentinfoランドマークがトップレベルにあることを確認してください",
       "help": "contentinfoランドマークは他のランドマークに含まれるべきではありません"
     },
     "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
-      "description": "mainランドマークがトップレベルにあることを確認します",
+      "description": "mainランドマークがトップレベルにあることを確認してください",
       "help": "mainランドマークは他のランドマークに含まれるべきではありません"
     },
     "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
-      "description": "ドキュメント内のbannerランドマークが最大で1つのみであることを確認します",
+      "description": "ドキュメント内のbannerランドマークが最大で1つのみであることを確認してください",
       "help": "ドキュメントに複数のbannerランドマークが存在してはなりません"
     },
     "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
-      "description": "ドキュメント内のcontentinfoランドマークが最大で1つのみであることを確認します",
+      "description": "ドキュメント内のcontentinfoランドマークが最大で1つのみであることを確認してください",
       "help": "ドキュメントに複数のcontentinfoランドマークが存在してはなりません"
     },
     "landmark-no-duplicate-main": {
-      "description": "ドキュメント内のmainランドマークが最大で1つのみであることを確認します",
+      "description": "ドキュメント内のmainランドマークが最大で1つのみであることを確認してください",
       "help": "ドキュメントに複数のmainランドマークが存在してはなりません"
     },
     "landmark-one-main": {
-      "description": "ドキュメントにmainランドマークが含まれていることを確認します",
+      "description": "ドキュメントにmainランドマークが含まれていることを確認してください",
       "help": "ドキュメントにはmainランドマークが1つ含まれていなければなりません"
     },
     "landmark-unique": {
-      "help": "ランドマークが一意であることを確認します",
-      "description": "ランドマークには一意のロール又はロール／ラベル／タイトル (すなわちアクセシブルな名前) の組み合わせがなければなりません"
+      "description": "ランドマークが一意であることを確認してください",
+      "help": "ランドマークには一意のロール又はロール／ラベル／タイトル (すなわちアクセシブルな名前) の組み合わせがなければなりません"
     },
     "link-in-text-block": {
-      "description": "リンクが色に依存しない形で周囲のテキストと区別できることを確認します",
+      "description": "リンクが色に依存しない形で周囲のテキストと区別できることを確認してください",
       "help": "リンクは色に依存しない形で区別できなければなりません"
     },
     "link-name": {
-      "description": "リンクに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "リンクに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "リンクには認識可能なテキストがなければなりません"
     },
     "list": {
-      "description": "リストが正しく構造化されていることを確認します",
+      "description": "リストが正しく構造化されていることを確認してください",
       "help": "<ul>および<ol>の直下には<li>、<script>または<template>要素のみを含まなければなりません"
     },
     "listitem": {
-      "description": "<li>要素がセマンティックに使用されていることを確認します",
+      "description": "<li>要素がセマンティックに使用されていることを確認してください",
       "help": "<li>要素は<ul>または<ol>内に含まれていなければなりません"
     },
     "marquee": {
-      "description": "<marquee>要素が使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "<marquee>要素が使用されていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "<marquee>要素は非推奨のため、使用してはなりません"
     },
     "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
-      "description": "一定時間経過後のページの自動リロードのために<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\">が使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "一定時間経過後のページの自動リロードのために<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\">が使用されていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "一定時間経過後のページの自動リロードを使用してはなりません"
     },
     "meta-refresh": {
-      "description": "一定時間経過後のページの自動リロードのために<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\">が使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "一定時間経過後のページの自動リロードのために<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\">が使用されていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "20時間より短い時間経過後のページの自動リロードを使用してはなりません"
     },
     "meta-viewport-large": {
-      "description": "<meta name=\"viewport\">で大幅に拡大縮小できることを確認します",
+      "description": "<meta name=\"viewport\">で大幅に拡大縮小できることを確認してください",
       "help": "ユーザーがズームをしてテキストを最大500％まで拡大できなければなりません"
     },
     "meta-viewport": {
-      "description": "<meta name=\"viewport\">がテキストのサイズ変更やズームを無効化しないことを確認します",
+      "description": "<meta name=\"viewport\">がテキストのサイズ変更やズームを無効化しないことを確認してください",
       "help": "ズーム機能やテキストのサイズ変更は無効にしてはなりません"
     },
     "nested-interactive": {
-      "description": "スクリーン・リーダーで必ずしもよみあげられなかったり支援技術のフォーカスに関する問題を引き起こす可能性があったりするため、対話的なコントロールがネストされていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "スクリーン・リーダーで必ずしもよみあげられなかったり支援技術のフォーカスに関する問題を引き起こす可能性があったりするため、対話的なコントロールがネストされていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "対話的なコントロールはネストされていてはなりません"
     },
     "no-autoplay-audio": {
-      "description": "<video> または <audio> 要素が音声を停止またはミュートするコントロールなしに音声を3秒より長く自動再生しないことを確認します",
+      "description": "<video> または <audio> 要素が音声を停止またはミュートするコントロールなしに音声を3秒より長く自動再生しないことを確認してください",
       "help": "<video> または <audio> 要素は音声を自動再生してはなりません"
     },
     "object-alt": {
-      "description": "<object>要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "<object>要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "<object>要素には代替テキストがなければなりません"
     },
     "p-as-heading": {
-      "description": "<p>要素を見出しとしてスタイル付けするために太字、イタリック体、およびフォントサイズが使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "<p>要素を見出しとしてスタイル付けするために太字、イタリック体、およびフォントサイズが使用されていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "スタイル付けした<p>要素を見出しとして使用してはなりません"
     },
     "page-has-heading-one": {
-      "description": "ページ、またはそのページ中のフレームの少なくとも1つにはレベル1の見出しが含まれていることを確認します",
+      "description": "ページ、またはそのページ中のフレームの少なくとも1つにはレベル1の見出しが含まれていることを確認してください",
       "help": "ページにはレベル1の見出しが含まれていなければなりません"
     },
     "presentation-role-conflict": {
-      "description": "すべてのスクリーン・リーダーに確実に無視させるために、プレゼンテーション目的とされている要素にはグローバルなARIAまたはtabindexが指定されていてはなりません",
-      "help": "プレゼンテーション目的とされている要素が一貫して無視されることを確認します"
+      "description": "プレゼンテーション目的とされている要素には、グローバルなARIAまたはtabindexが指定されておらず、すべてのスクリーン・リーダーが無視するようになっていることを確認してください",
+      "help": "プレゼンテーション目的とされている要素は一貫して無視されなければなりません"
     },
     "region": {
-      "description": "ページのすべてのコンテンツがlandmarkに含まれていることを確認します",
+      "description": "ページのすべてのコンテンツがlandmarkに含まれていることを確認してください",
       "help": "ページのすべてのコンテンツはlandmarkに含まれていなければなりません"
     },
     "role-img-alt": {
-      "description": "[role=\"img\"] の要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "[role=\"img\"] の要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "[role=\"img\"] の要素には代替テキストがなければなりません"
     },
     "scope-attr-valid": {
-      "description": "scope属性がテーブルで正しく使用されていることを確認します",
+      "description": "scope属性がテーブルで正しく使用されていることを確認してください",
       "help": "scope属性は正しく使用されなければなりません"
     },
     "scrollable-region-focusable": {
-      "description": "スクロール可能なコンテンツを持つ要素がキーボードでアクセスできることを確認します",
+      "description": "スクロール可能なコンテンツを持つ要素がキーボードでアクセスできることを確認してください",
       "help": "スクロール可能な領域はキーボードでアクセスできなければなりません"
     },
     "select-name": {
-      "description": "select要素にはアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "select要素にはアクセシブルな名前があることを確認してください",
       "help": "select要素にはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "server-side-image-map": {
-      "description": "サーバーサイドのイメージマップが使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "サーバーサイドのイメージマップが使用されていないことを確認してください",
       "help": "サーバーサイドのイメージマップを使用してはなりません"
     },
     "skip-link": {
-      "description": "すべてのスキップリンクにフォーカス可能なターゲットがあることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのスキップリンクにフォーカス可能なターゲットがあることを確認してください",
       "help": "スキップリンクのターゲットが存在し、フォーカス可能でなければなりません"
     },
+    "summary-name": {
+      "description": "summary要素に認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認してください",
+      "help": "summary要素には認識可能なテキストがなければなりません"
+    },
     "svg-img-alt": {
-      "description": "img、graphics-documentまたはgraphics-symbolロールを持つsvg要素にアクセシブルなテキストがあることを確認します",
+      "description": "img、graphics-documentまたはgraphics-symbolロールを持つsvg要素にアクセシブルなテキストがあることを確認してください",
       "help": "imgロールを持つ<svg>要素には代替テキストが存在しなければなりません"
     },
     "tabindex": {
-      "description": "tabindex属性値が0より大きくないことを確認します",
+      "description": "tabindex属性値が0より大きくないことを確認してください",
       "help": "要素に指定するtabindexは0より大きい値であってはなりません"
     },
     "table-duplicate-name": {
-      "description": "<caption>要素の内用がsummary属性のテキストと同一ではないことを確認します",
+      "description": "<caption>要素の内容がsummary属性のテキストと同一ではないことを確認してください",
       "help": "テーブルのキャプションとサマリーは同一であってはなりません"
     },
     "table-fake-caption": {
-      "description": "キャプション付きのテーブルが<caption>要素を用いていることを確認します",
+      "description": "キャプション付きのテーブルが<caption>要素を用いていることを確認してください",
       "help": "データテーブルにキャプションをつけるためにデータまたはヘッダーセルを用いてはなりません"
     },
     "target-size": {
-      "description": "タッチターゲットのサイズとスペースが十分にあることを確認します",
+      "description": "タッチターゲットのサイズとスペースが十分にあることを確認してください",
       "help": "すべてのタッチターゲットは24pxの大きさか、十分なスペースがなければなりません"
     },
     "td-has-header": {
-      "description": "3×3より大きい<table>の空ではないデータセルにはそれぞれ1つ以上のテーブルヘッダーが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "3×3より大きい<table>の空ではないデータセルにはそれぞれ1つ以上のテーブルヘッダーが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "大きい<table>の空ではない<td>要素は対応するテーブルヘッダーと関連づけられていなければなりません"
     },
     "td-headers-attr": {
-      "description": "テーブルでheaders属性を使用している各セルの参照先が同じテーブル内の他のセルであることを確認します",
-      "help": "テーブルのheaders属性を使用するすべてのセルは同じ表内の他のセルのみを参照しなければなりません"
+      "description": "テーブルでheaders属性を使用している各セルの参照先が、同じテーブル内の他の<th>要素であることを確認してください",
+      "help": "テーブルのheaders属性を使用するすべてのセルは、同じ表内の他の<th>要素を参照しなければなりません"
     },
     "th-has-data-cells": {
-      "description": "すべての<th>要素およびrole=columnheader/rowheaderを持つ要素にはそれらが説明するデータセルがあることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべての<th>要素およびrole=columnheader/rowheaderを持つ要素にはそれらが説明するデータセルがあることを確認してください",
       "help": "データテーブルのテーブルヘッダーはデータセルを参照していなければなりません"
     },
     "valid-lang": {
-      "description": "lang属性に有効な値が存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "lang属性に有効な値が存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "lang属性には有効な値がなければなりません"
     },
     "video-caption": {
-      "description": "<video>要素にキャプションが存在することを確認します",
+      "description": "<video>要素にキャプションが存在することを確認してください",
       "help": "<video>要素にはキャプションがなければなりません"
     }
   },
@@ -449,6 +453,7 @@
       "pass": "ARIA 属性が許可されています",
       "fail": {
         "checkbox": "aria-checkedを削除するか\"${data.checkState}\"を設定して、チェックボックスの実際の状態と合うようにしましょう",
+        "radio": "aria-checkedを削除するか\"${data.checkState}\"を設定して、ラジオボタンの実際の状態と合うようにしましょう",
         "rowSingular": "treegridの行でサポートされている属性ですが、${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}の場合はこの限りではありません",
         "rowPlural": "treegridの行でサポートされている属性ですが、${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}の場合はこの限りではありません"
       }
@@ -498,7 +503,8 @@
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
       "pass": {
-        "default": "必須のARIA子ロールが存在します"
+        "default": "必須のARIA子ロールが存在します",
+        "aria-busy": "要素にはaria-busy属性が指定されているため、必要な子要素を省略することが許可されています"
       },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "必須のARIA子ロールが提供されていません: ${data.values}",
@@ -537,7 +543,8 @@
         "noIdShadow": "ARIA属性で指定されている要素のIDがページ上に存在しないか、別のshadow DOMツリーの小要素です: ${data.needsReview}",
         "ariaCurrent": "ARIA属性値が無効であるため、\"aria-current=true\"として扱われます: ${data.needsReview}",
         "idrefs": "ARIA属性で指定されている要素のIDがページ上に存在するかどうか判定できません: ${data.needsReview}",
-        "empty": "ARIA属性値が空のときは無視されます: ${data.needsReview}"
+        "empty": "ARIA属性値が空のときは無視されます: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "controlsWithinPopup": "aria-haspopupを使用している際にaria-controlsが参照するIDがページ上に存在するかどうかを判断できません: ${data.needsReview}"
       }
     },
     "aria-valid-attr": {
@@ -681,7 +688,8 @@
     },
     "autocomplete-valid": {
       "pass": "autocomplete属性は正しくフォーマットされています",
-      "fail": "autocomplete属性は誤ってフォーマットされています"
+      "fail": "autocomplete属性は誤ってフォーマットされています",
+      "incomplete": "autocomplete属性に、標準的ではない値が指定されています。代わりに指定できる標準的な値がないか確認してください。"
     },
     "accesskeys": {
       "pass": "accesskey属性の値は一意です",
@@ -764,8 +772,8 @@
       "fail": "要素が既存のテキストと重複した代替テキストの存在する<img>要素を含んでいます"
     },
     "explicit-label": {
-      "pass": "フォームの要素に明示的な<label>が存在します",
-      "fail": "フォームの要素に明示的な<label>が存在しません",
+      "pass": "要素に明示的な<label>が存在します",
+      "fail": "要素に明示的な<label>が存在しません",
       "incomplete": "フォームの要素に明示的な <label> があるか判定できませんでした"
     },
     "help-same-as-label": {
@@ -778,8 +786,8 @@
       "incomplete": "フォームの要素に明示的で非表示の <label> があるか判定できませんでした"
     },
     "implicit-label": {
-      "pass": "フォームの要素に暗黙の（包含された）<label>が存在します",
-      "fail": "フォームの要素に暗黙の（包含された）<label>が存在しません",
+      "pass": "要素に暗黙の（包含された）<label>が存在します",
+      "fail": "要素に暗黙の（包含された）<label>が存在しません",
       "incomplete": "フォームの要素に暗黙の（包含された）<label>が存在するか判定できません"
     },
     "label-content-name-mismatch": {
@@ -821,7 +829,7 @@
       "pass": "リスト項目に<ul>、<ol>、またはrole=\"list\"の親要素が存在します",
       "fail": {
         "default": "リスト項目に <ul>、<ol> 親要素が存在しません",
-        "roleNotValid": "リスト項目にroleが指定されていない<ul>や<ol>親要素、またはrole=\"list\"の親要素が存在しません"
+        "roleNotValid": "リスト項目の親要素に、role=\"list\"以外のロールが指定されています"
       }
     },
     "only-dlitems": {
@@ -846,7 +854,7 @@
       "incomplete": "iframeはまだaxe-coreでテストする必要があります"
     },
     "no-autoplay-audio": {
-      "pass": "<video> または <audio> は許可された時間より長く音声を出力しない、もしくはコントールするメカニズムを持っています",
+      "pass": "<video> または <audio> は許可された時間より長く音声を出力しない、もしくはコントロールするメカニズムを持っています",
       "fail": "<video> または <audio> は許可された時間より長く音声を出力し、かつコントロールするメカニズムを持っていません",
       "incomplete": "<video> または <audio> が許可された時間より長く音声を出力しない、またはコントロールするメカニズムを提供していることを確認しましょう"
     },
@@ -864,17 +872,22 @@
       "fail": "<meta>タグの${data}がモバイルデバイスでの拡大を無効にします"
     },
     "target-offset": {
-      "pass": "ターゲットに最も近い隣接要素との間の空白の大きさは十分です。クリッカブルな領域として十分な大きさは、直径${data.minOffset}pxで、${data.minOffset}px以上です。",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "ターゲットは最も近い隣接する要素との間に充分な大きさの空白があります。クリッカブルな領域として十分な大きさは、${data.minOffset}px以上で直径${data.closestOffset}pxです。",
+        "large": "ターゲットの大きさは、最低${data.minOffset}pxの基準を大きく上回っています。"
+      },
       "fail": "ターゲットに最も近い隣接要素との間の空白の大きさが不十分です。クリッカブルな領域として十分な大きさは、${data.minOffset}px以上ではなく、直径${data.closestOffset}pxです。",
       "incomplete": {
         "default": "tabindexが負の要素において、最も近い隣接要素との間の空白の大きさが不十分です。クリッカブルな領域として十分な大きさは、${data.minOffset}px以上ではなく、直径${data.closestOffset}pxです。これがターゲットであるか確認しましょう。",
-        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "ターゲットに最も近い隣接要素との間の空白の大きさが不十分です。クリッカブルな領域として十分な大きさは、${data.minOffset}px以上ではなく、直径${data.closestOffset}pxです。隣接要素がターゲットであるか確認しましょう。"
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "ターゲットに最も近い隣接要素との間の空白の大きさが不十分です。クリッカブルな領域として十分な大きさは、${data.minOffset}px以上ではなく、直径${data.closestOffset}pxです。隣接要素がターゲットであるか確認しましょう。",
+        "tooManyRects": "重複する要素が多すぎるため、ターゲットの大きさを取得できません。"
       }
     },
     "target-size": {
       "pass": {
         "default": "コントロールには十分なサイズがあります (${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxであり、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上です)",
-        "obscured": "コントロールは完全に隠されていてクリックできないため無視されます"
+        "obscured": "コントロールは完全に隠されていてクリックできないため無視されます",
+        "large": "ターゲットの大きさは、最低${data.minSize}pxの基準を大きく上回っています。"
       },
       "fail": {
         "default": "ターゲットのサイズが不十分です (${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxですが、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上でなければなりません)",
@@ -884,7 +897,8 @@
         "default": "tabindexが負の要素のサイズが不十分です (${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxですが、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上でなければなりません)。これがターゲットであるか確認しましょう",
         "contentOverflow": "コンテンツがオーバーフローしたため、要素のサイズを正確に決定できませんでした",
         "partiallyObscured": "tabindexが負の要素は、部分的に隠れているためサイズが不十分です (最小のスペースは${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxですが、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上でなければなりません)。これがターゲットであるか確認しましょう",
-        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "ターゲットのサイズが不十分です。これはtabindexが負の隣接オブジェクトによって部分的に隠されているためです (最小のスペースは${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxですが、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上でなければなりません)。隣接要素がターゲットであるか確認しましょう"
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "ターゲットのサイズが不十分です。これはtabindexが負の隣接オブジェクトによって部分的に隠されているためです (最小のスペースは${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxですが、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上でなければなりません)。隣接要素がターゲットであるか確認しましょう",
+        "tooManyRects": "重複する要素が多すぎるため、ターゲットの大きさを取得できません。"
       }
     },
     "header-present": {
@@ -1041,7 +1055,7 @@
         "default": "要素のデフォルトのセマンティクスはrole=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"で上書きされませんでした",
         "globalAria": "要素にはグローバルなARIA属性が指定されているため、role=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"にはなりません",
         "focusable": "要素がフォーカス可能なため、role=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"にはなりません",
-        "both": "要素にはグローバナルARIA属性が指定されており、フォーカス可能なため、role=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"にはなりません",
+        "both": "要素にはグローバルなARIA属性が指定されており、フォーカス可能なため、role=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"にはなりません",
         "iframe": "プレゼンテーション用のロールを指定した${data.nodeName}要素に'title'属性を使用すると、スクリーンリーダー間で動作が一貫しません"
       }
     },
@@ -1083,9 +1097,13 @@
       "fail": "いくつかの空ではないデータセルにテーブルヘッダーが存在しません"
     },
     "td-headers-attr": {
-      "pass": "headers属性はテーブル内の他のセルを参照するためだけに使用されています",
+      "pass": "headers属性はテーブル内の他のヘッダーセルを参照するためだけに使用されています",
       "incomplete": "headers属性が空です",
-      "fail": "headers属性がテーブル内の他のセルを参照するためだけに使用されていません"
+      "fail": {
+        "cell-header-not-in-table": "headers属性がテーブル内の他のヘッダーセルのみを参照するために使用されていません",
+        "cell-header-not-th": "headers属性はデータセルではなく、ヘッダーセルを参照しなければなりません",
+        "header-refs-self": "headers属性を持つ要素が自分自身を参照しています"
+      }
     },
     "th-has-data-cells": {
       "pass": "すべてのテーブルヘッダーセルがデータセルを参照しています",
diff --git a/locales/ko.json b/locales/ko.json
index 9c304d1d7..52cad43ad 100644
--- a/locales/ko.json
+++ b/locales/ko.json
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@
       "help": "form 필드는 반드시 여러 개의 레이블 엘리먼트를 가지지 않아야 합니다."
     },
     "frame-focusable-content": {
-      "description": "초점을 얻을 수 있는(focusable) 콘텐츠를 가진 <frame>과 <iframe> 엘리먼트에 tabindex=-1이 없게 하세요",
+      "description": "초점을 얻을 수 있는(focusable) 콘텐츠를 가진 <frame>과 <iframe> 엘리먼트에 tabindex=-1이 없게 하세요.",
       "help": "초점을 얻을 수 있는(focusable) 콘텐츠를 가진 프레임에는 반드시 tabindex=-1 이 없어야 합니다."
     },
     "frame-tested": {
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@
       "help": "문서는 하나를 초과하는 main 랜드마크를 가지지 않아야 합니다."
     },
     "landmark-one-main": {
-      "description": "문서가 main 랜드마크를 가지고 있는지 확인하세요,",
+      "description": "문서가 main 랜드마크를 가지고 있는지 확인하세요.",
       "help": "문서는 하나의 main 랜드마크를 가져야 합니다."
     },
     "landmark-unique": {
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@
       }
     },
     "autocomplete-appropriate": {
-      "pass": "autocomplete 값이 적절한 엘리먼트에 있습니다",
+      "pass": "autocomplete 값이 적절한 엘리먼트에 있습니다.",
       "fail": "autocomplete 값은 이 유형의 입력에는 적절하지 않습니다."
     },
     "autocomplete-valid": {
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@
     },
     "focusable-modal-open": {
       "pass": "modal이 열려 있는 동안 초점을 얻을 수 있는(focusable) 엘리먼트가 없습니다.",
-      "incomplete": "현재 상태에서 초점을 얻을 수 있는(focusable) 엘리먼트가 키보드로 초점을 얻을 수(tabbable) 없는지 확인하세요"
+      "incomplete": "현재 상태에서 초점을 얻을 수 있는(focusable) 엘리먼트가 키보드로 초점을 얻을 수(tabbable) 없는지 확인하세요."
     },
     "focusable-no-name": {
       "pass": "엘리먼트가 탭 순서(tab order)에 없거나 접근 가능한 텍스트를 가지고 있습니다.",
diff --git a/locales/no_NB.json b/locales/nb.json
similarity index 99%
rename from locales/no_NB.json
rename to locales/nb.json
index 4dbf8dbe9..e5948942a 100644
--- a/locales/no_NB.json
+++ b/locales/nb.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "lang": "nb-no",
+  "lang": "nb",
   "rules": {
     "accesskeys": {
       "description": "",
diff --git a/locales/pt_BR.json b/locales/pt_BR.json
index 404d5ab29..69e1d5c9f 100644
--- a/locales/pt_BR.json
+++ b/locales/pt_BR.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "lang": "pt_BR",
+  "lang": "pt-BR",
   "rules": {
     "accesskeys": {
       "description": "Certifique-se de que cada valor do atributo 'acesskey' é único",
diff --git a/locales/pt_PT.json b/locales/pt_PT.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c013211cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/locales/pt_PT.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1123 @@
+{
+  "lang": "pt-PT",
+  "rules": {
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada valor do atributo 'accesskey' seja único",
+      "help": "O valor do atributo 'accesskey' deve ser único"
+    },
+    "area-alt": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <area> dos mapas de imagem tenham texto alternativo",
+      "help": "Os elementos <area> ativos devem ter texto alternativo"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "description": "Garantir que a função de um elemento suporte os seus atributos ARIA",
+      "help": "Os elementos devem usar apenas atributos ARIA suportados"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o atributo 'role' tenha um valor apropriado para o elemento",
+      "help": "A 'role' ARIA deve ser apropriada para o elemento"
+    },
+    "aria-braille-equivalent": {
+      "description": "Garantir que 'aria-braillelabel' e 'aria-brailleroledescription' tenham um equivalente não braile",
+      "help": "Os atributos 'aria-braille' devem ter um equivalente não braile"
+    },
+    "aria-command-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada botão, link e item de menu ARIA tenha um nome acessível",
+      "help": "Os comandos ARIA devem ter um nome acessível"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os atributos ARIA sejam usados conforme descrito na especificação da função do elemento",
+      "help": "Os atributos ARIA devem ser usados conforme especificado para a função do elemento"
+    },
+    "aria-deprecated-role": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos não usem funções obsoletas",
+      "help": "Não se devem usar funções ARIA obsoletas"
+    },
+    "aria-dialog-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada diálogo e diálogo de alerta ARIA tenha um nome acessível",
+      "help": "Os nós de diálogo e diálogo de alerta ARIA devem ter um nome acessível"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "description": "Garantir que 'aria-hidden=\"true\"' não esteja presente no corpo do documento.",
+      "help": "'aria-hidden=\"true\"' não deve estar presente no corpo do documento"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-focus": {
+      "description": "Garantir que elementos com 'aria-hidden' não sejam focáveis nem contenham elementos focáveis",
+      "help": "Um elemento oculto por ARIA não deve ser focável nem conter elementos focáveis"
+    },
+    "aria-input-field-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada campo de entrada ARIA tenha um nome acessível",
+      "help": "Os campos de entrada ARIA devem ter um nome acessível"
+    },
+    "aria-meter-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada nó de medidor ARIA tenha um nome acessível",
+      "help": "Os nós de medidor ARIA devem ter um nome acessível"
+    },
+    "aria-progressbar-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada nó de barra de progresso ARIA tenha um nome acessível",
+      "help": "Os nós de barra de progresso ARIA devem ter um nome acessível"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os atributos ARIA não sejam proibidos para a função de um elemento",
+      "help": "Os elementos devem usar apenas atributos ARIA permitidos"
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos com funções ARIA tenham todos os atributos ARIA obrigatórios",
+      "help": "Devem ser fornecidos os atributos ARIA obrigatórios"
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos com uma função ARIA que requer funções filhas as contenham",
+      "help": "Certas funções ARIA devem conter determinados elementos filhos"
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos com uma função ARIA que requer funções parentais estejam contidos por estes",
+      "help": "Certas funções ARIA devem estar contidas em pais específicos"
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "description": "Garantir que 'aria-roledescription' seja usado apenas em elementos com uma função implícita ou explícita",
+      "help": "'aria-roledescription' deve estar em elementos com uma função semântica"
+    },
+    "aria-roles": {
+      "description": "Garantir que todos os elementos com o atributo 'role' usem um valor válido",
+      "help": "As funções 'roles' ARIA utilizadas devem corresponder a valores válidos"
+    },
+    "aria-text": {
+      "description": "Garantir que 'role=\"text\"' seja usado em elementos sem descendentes focáveis",
+      "help": "'\"role=text\"' não deve ter descendentes focáveis"
+    },
+    "aria-toggle-field-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada campo de alternância ARIA tenha um nome acessível",
+      "help": "Os campos de alternância ARIA devem ter um nome acessível"
+    },
+    "aria-tooltip-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada nó de 'tooltip' ARIA tenha um nome acessível",
+      "help": "Os nós de 'tooltip' ARIA devem ter um nome acessível"
+    },
+    "aria-treeitem-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada nó de 'treeitem' ARIA tenha um nome acessível",
+      "help": "Os nós de 'treeitem' ARIA devem ter um nome acessível"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "description": "Garantir que todos os atributos ARIA tenham valores válidos",
+      "help": "Os atributos ARIA devem corresponder a valores válidos"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os atributos que começam com 'aria-' sejam atributos ARIA válidos",
+      "help": "Os atributos ARIA devem corresponder a nomes válidos"
+    },
+    "audio-caption": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <audio> tenham legendas",
+      "help": "Os elementos <audio> devem ter uma pista de legendas"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o atributo 'autocomplete' esteja correto e seja adequado para o campo de formulário",
+      "help": "O atributo 'autocomplete' deve ser utilizado corretamente"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o espaçamento do texto definido através de atributos de estilo possa ser ajustado com folhas de estilo personalizadas",
+      "help": "O espaçamento do texto 'inline' deve ser ajustável com folhas de estilo personalizadas"
+    },
+    "blink": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <blink> não sejam usados",
+      "help": "Os elementos <blink> estão obsoletos e não devem ser usados"
+    },
+    "button-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os botões tenham texto discernível",
+      "help": "Os botões devem ter texto discernível"
+    },
+    "bypass": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada página tenha pelo menos um mecanismo para o utilizador contornar a navegação e saltar diretamente para o conteúdo",
+      "help": "A página deve ter meios para contornar blocos repetitivos"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o contraste entre as cores de primeiro plano e de fundo cumpra os limites de razão de contraste aprimorada, WCAG 2 AAA",
+      "help": "Os elementos devem cumprir os limites de razão de contraste aprimorada"
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o contraste entre as cores de primeiro plano e de fundo cumpra os limites mínimos de razão de contraste, WCAG 2 AA",
+      "help": "Os elementos devem cumprir os limites mínimos de razão de contraste"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o conteúdo não esteja bloqueado a uma orientação de ecrã específica, e que seja operativo em todas as orientações de ecrã",
+      "help": "As media queries CSS não devem bloquear a orientação do ecrã"
+    },
+    "definition-list": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <dl> estejam estruturados corretamente",
+      "help": "Os elementos <dl> devem conter apenas grupos de <dt> e <dd> ordenados corretamente, ou elementos <script>, <template> ou <div>"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <dt> e <dd> estejam contidos num <dl>",
+      "help": "Os elementos <dt> e <dd> devem estar contidos num <dl>"
+    },
+    "document-title": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada documento HTML contenha um elemento <title> não vazio",
+      "help": "Os documentos devem ter um elemento <title> para ajudar na navegação"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada valor do atributo 'id' dos elementos ativos seja único",
+      "help": "Os IDs dos elementos ativos devem ser únicos"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada valor do atributo 'id' utilizado em ARIA e em etiquetas seja único",
+      "help": "Os IDs usados em ARIA e etiquetas devem ser únicos"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada valor do atributo 'id' seja único",
+      "help": "O valor do atributo 'id' deve ser único"
+    },
+    "empty-heading": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os cabeçalhos tenham texto discernível",
+      "help": "Os cabeçalhos não devem estar vazios"
+    },
+    "empty-table-header": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os cabeçalhos de tabelas tenham texto discernível",
+      "help": "O texto dos cabeçalhos de tabela não deve estar vazio"
+    },
+    "focus-order-semantics": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos na ordem de foco tenham uma função apropriada para conteúdo interativo",
+      "help": "Os elementos na ordem de foco devem ter uma função apropriada"
+    },
+    "form-field-multiple-labels": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o campo de formulário não possua múltiplos elementos 'label'",
+      "help": "O campo de formulário não deve ter múltiplos elementos 'label'"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <frame> e <iframe> com conteúdo focável não tenham tabindex=-1",
+      "help": "Os frames com conteúdo focável não devem ter tabindex=-1"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <iframe> e <frame> contenham o script axe-core",
+      "help": "Os frames devem ser testados com axe-core"
+    },
+    "frame-title-unique": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <iframe> e <frame> contenham um atributo 'title' único",
+      "help": "Os frames devem ter um atributo 'title' único"
+    },
+    "frame-title": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <iframe> e <frame> tenham um atributo 'title' acessível",
+      "help": "Os frames devem ter um atributo 'title' acessível"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "description": "Garantir que a ordem dos cabeçalhos seja semanticamente correta",
+      "help": "Os níveis de cabeçalho devem aumentar apenas de um em um"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "description": "Informa os utilizadores sobre conteúdo oculto.",
+      "help": "O conteúdo oculto na página deve ser analisado"
+    },
+    "html-has-lang": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada documento HTML tenha um atributo 'lang'",
+      "help": "O elemento <html> deve ter um atributo 'lang'"
+    },
+    "html-lang-valid": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o atributo 'lang' do elemento <html> tenha um valor válido",
+      "help": "O elemento <html> deve ter um valor válido para o atributo 'lang'"
+    },
+    "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos HTML com atributos 'lang' e 'xml:lang' válidos concordem na língua base da página",
+      "help": "Os elementos HTML com 'lang' e 'xml:lang' devem ter a mesma língua base"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "description": "Garantir que links com o mesmo nome acessível tenham um propósito semelhante",
+      "help": "Links com o mesmo nome devem ter um propósito semelhante"
+    },
+    "image-alt": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <img> tenham texto alternativo ou um 'role' igual a 'none' ou 'presentation'",
+      "help": "As imagens devem ter texto alternativo"
+    },
+    "image-redundant-alt": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o texto alternativo da imagem não seja repetido como texto",
+      "help": "O texto alternativo das imagens não deve ser repetido como texto"
+    },
+    "input-button-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os botões de 'input' tenham texto discernível",
+      "help": "Os botões de 'input' devem ter texto discernível"
+    },
+    "input-image-alt": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <input type=\"image\"> tenham texto alternativo",
+      "help": "Os botões de imagem devem ter texto alternativo"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos etiquetados através do seu conteúdo incluam o texto visível como parte do seu nome acessível",
+      "help": "Os elementos devem incluir o seu texto visível como parte do nome acessível"
+    },
+    "label-title-only": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada elemento de formulário tenha uma etiqueta visível e não seja etiquetado apenas através de etiquetas ocultas, ou dos atributos 'title' ou 'aria-describedby'",
+      "help": "Os elementos de formulário devem ter uma etiqueta visível"
+    },
+    "label": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada elemento de formulário tenha uma etiqueta",
+      "help": "Os elementos de formulário devem ter etiquetas"
+    },
+    "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o marco de 'banner' esteja no nível principal",
+      "help": "O marco de 'banner' não deve estar contido noutro marco"
+    },
+    "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o marco 'complementary' ou 'aside' estejam no nível principal",
+      "help": "O 'aside' não deve estar contido noutro marco"
+    },
+    "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o marco 'contentinfo' esteja no nível principal",
+      "help": "O marco 'contentinfo' não deve estar contido noutro marco"
+    },
+    "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o marco 'main' esteja no nível principal",
+      "help": "O marco 'main' não deve estar contido noutro marco"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o documento tenha, no máximo, um marco de 'banner'",
+      "help": "O documento não deve ter mais do que um marco de 'banner'"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o documento tenha, no máximo, um marco 'contentinfo'",
+      "help": "O documento não deve ter mais do que um marco 'contentinfo'"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o documento tenha, no máximo, um marco 'main'",
+      "help": "O documento não deve ter mais do que um marco 'main'"
+    },
+    "landmark-one-main": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o documento tenha um marco 'main'",
+      "help": "O documento deve ter um marco 'main'"
+    },
+    "landmark-unique": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os marcos sejam únicos",
+      "help": "Os marcos devem ter uma combinação única de 'role' ou 'role'/'label'/'title' (ou seja, nome acessível)"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os links se distingam do texto circundante de forma que não dependa da cor",
+      "help": "Os links devem ser distinguíveis sem depender da cor"
+    },
+    "link-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os links tenham texto discernível",
+      "help": "Os links devem ter texto discernível"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "description": "Garantir que as listas estejam estruturadas corretamente",
+      "help": "Os elementos <ul> e <ol> devem conter diretamente apenas elementos <li>, <script> ou <template>"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <li> sejam usados de forma semântica",
+      "help": "Os elementos <li> devem estar contidos num <ul> ou <ol>"
+    },
+    "marquee": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <marquee> não sejam usados",
+      "help": "Os elementos <marquee> estão obsoletos e não devem ser usados"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "Garantir que <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> não seja usado para atualização com atraso",
+      "help": "Não se deve usar atualização com atraso"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "description": "Garantir que <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> não seja usado para atualização com atraso",
+      "help": "Não se deve usar atualização com atraso inferior a 20 horas"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "description": "Garantir que <meta name=\"viewport\"> permita uma ampliação significativa",
+      "help": "Os utilizadores devem ser capazes de ampliar e escalar o texto até 500%"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "description": "Garantir que <meta name=\"viewport\"> não desative a escalabilidade e ampliação do texto",
+      "help": "A ampliação e escalabilidade não devem ser desativadas"
+    },
+    "nested-interactive": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os controles interativos não estejam aninhados, pois nem sempre são anunciados pelos leitores de ecrã ou podem causar problemas de foco para tecnologias assistivas",
+      "help": "Os controles interativos não devem estar aninhados"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <video> ou <audio> não reproduzam áudio automaticamente por mais de 3 segundos sem um mecanismo de controlo para parar ou silenciar o áudio",
+      "help": "Os elementos <video> ou <audio> não devem reproduzir automaticamente"
+    },
+    "object-alt": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <object> tenham texto alternativo",
+      "help": "Os elementos <object> devem ter texto alternativo"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "description": "Garantir que texto em negrito, itálico e tamanho de fonte não sejam usados para estilizar elementos <p> como cabeçalhos",
+      "help": "Os elementos <p> estilizados não devem ser usados como cabeçalhos"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "description": "Garantir que a página, ou pelo menos um dos seus 'frames', contenha um cabeçalho de nível 1",
+      "help": "A página deve conter um cabeçalho de nível 1"
+    },
+    "presentation-role-conflict": {
+      "description": "Os elementos marcados como 'none' ou 'presentation' não devem ter ARIA global ou 'tabindex', para garantir que todos os leitores de ecrã os ignorem",
+      "help": "Garantir que os elementos marcados como 'none' ou 'presentation' sejam consistentemente ignorados"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "description": "Garantir que todo o conteúdo da página esteja contido em marcos (landmarks)",
+      "help": "Todo o conteúdo da página deve estar contido em marcos (landmarks)"
+    },
+    "role-img-alt": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos com 'role=\"img\"' tenham texto alternativo",
+      "help": "Os elementos com 'role=\"img\"' devem ter um texto alternativo"
+    },
+    "scope-attr-valid": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o atributo 'scope' seja usado corretamente em tabelas",
+      "help": "O atributo 'scope' deve ser usado corretamente"
+    },
+    "scrollable-region-focusable": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos com conteúdo rolável sejam acessíveis por teclado",
+      "help": "A região rolável deve ser acessível por teclado"
+    },
+    "select-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o elemento 'select' tenha um nome acessível",
+      "help": "O elemento 'select' deve ter um nome acessível"
+    },
+    "server-side-image-map": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os mapas de imagem do lado do servidor não sejam usados",
+      "help": "Os mapas de imagem do lado do servidor não devem ser usados"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "description": "Garantir que todos os links de salto tenham um destino focável",
+      "help": "O destino do link de salto deve existir e ser focável"
+    },
+    "summary-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos 'summary' tenham texto discernível",
+      "help": "Os elementos 'summary' devem ter texto discernível"
+    },
+    "svg-img-alt": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <svg> com uma função 'img', 'graphics-document' ou 'graphics-symbol' tenham um texto acessível",
+      "help": "Os elementos <svg> com a função 'img' devem ter um texto alternativo"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os valores do atributo 'tabindex' não sejam superiores a 0",
+      "help": "Os elementos não devem ter 'tabindex' superior a zero"
+    },
+    "table-duplicate-name": {
+      "description": "Garantir que o elemento <caption> não contenha o mesmo texto que o atributo 'summary'",
+      "help": "As tabelas não devem ter o mesmo 'summary' e <caption>"
+    },
+    "table-fake-caption": {
+      "description": "Garantir que as tabelas com caption utilizem o elemento <caption>.",
+      "help": "Não se devem usar células de dados ou de cabeçalho para dar caption a uma tabela de dados."
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os alvos tácteis tenham tamanho e espaço suficientes",
+      "help": "Todos os alvos tácteis devem ter 24px de dimensão ou deixar espaço suficiente"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada célula de dados não vazia numa tabela maior do que 3x3 tenha um ou mais cabeçalhos",
+      "help": "Os elementos <td> não vazios em tabelas maiores devem ter um cabeçalho associado"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "description": "Garantir que cada célula numa tabela que usa o atributo 'headers' se refira apenas a outras células nessa tabela",
+      "help": "As células de tabela que usam o atributo 'headers' devem referir-se apenas a células na mesma tabela"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <th> e os elementos com 'role=columnheader/rowheader' tenham células de dados que descrevem",
+      "help": "Os cabeçalhos de tabela numa tabela de dados devem referir-se às células de dados"
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os atributos 'lang' tenham valores válidos",
+      "help": "O atributo 'lang' deve ter um valor válido"
+    },
+    "video-caption": {
+      "description": "Garantir que os elementos <video> tenham legendas",
+      "help": "Os elementos <video> devem ter legendas"
+    }
+  },
+  "checks": {
+    "abstractrole": {
+      "pass": "Funções abstratas não são utilizadas",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "A função abstrata não pode ser usada diretamente: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "As funções abstratas não podem ser usadas diretamente: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "pass": "Os atributos ARIA são usados corretamente para a função definida",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Atributo ARIA não é permitido: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Atributos ARIA não são permitidos: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Verifique se não há problemas se o atributo ARIA for ignorado neste elemento: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "pass": "A função ARIA é permitida para o elemento",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "A função ARIA ${data.values} não é permitida para o elemento",
+        "plural": "As funções ARIA ${data.values} não são permitidas para o elemento"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "A função ARIA ${data.values} deve ser removida quando o elemento se tornar visível, pois não é permitida para o elemento",
+        "plural": "As funções ARIA ${data.values} devem ser removidas quando o elemento se tornar visível, pois não são permitidas para o elemento"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-busy": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem o atributo 'aria-busy'",
+      "fail": "O elemento utiliza 'aria-busy=\"true\"' enquanto mostra um carregador"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "pass": "O atributo ARIA é permitido",
+      "fail": {
+        "checkbox": "Remova aria-checked, ou defina-o como '\"${data.checkState}\"' para corresponder ao estado real da caixa de seleção",
+        "rowSingular": "Este atributo é suportado em linhas de 'treegrid', mas não em ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}",
+        "rowPlural": "Estes atributos são suportados em linhas de 'treegrid', mas não em ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-errormessage": {
+      "pass": "'aria-errormessage' existe e referencia elementos visíveis para leitores de ecrã que utilizam uma técnica suportada de 'aria-errormessage'",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "O valor de 'aria-errormessage' `${data.values}` deve utilizar uma técnica para anunciar a mensagem (por exemplo, aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.)",
+        "plural": "Os valores de 'aria-errormessage' `${data.values}` devem utilizar uma técnica para anunciar a mensagem (por exemplo, aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.)",
+        "hidden": "O valor de 'aria-errormessage' `${data.values}` não pode referenciar um elemento oculto"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Assegure que o valor de 'aria-errormessage' `${data.values}` referencia um elemento existente",
+        "plural": "Assegure que os valores de 'aria-errormessage' `${data.values}` referenciem elementos existentes",
+        "idrefs": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento 'aria-errormessage' existe na página: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "pass": "Não há nenhum atributo 'aria-hidden' no corpo do documento",
+      "fail": "'aria-hidden=true' não deve estar presente no corpo do documento"
+    },
+    "aria-level": {
+      "pass": "Os valores de 'aria-level' são válidos",
+      "incomplete": "Valores de 'aria-level' superiores a 6 não são suportados em todas as combinações de leitores de ecrã e navegadores"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "pass": "O atributo ARIA é permitido",
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "Os atributos ${data.prohibited} não podem ser usados com a função '\"${data.role}\"'.",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "O atributo ${data.prohibited} não pode ser usado com a função '\"${data.role}\"'.",
+        "noRolePlural": "Os atributos ${data.prohibited} não podem ser usados num ${data.nodeName} sem um atributo 'role' válido.",
+        "noRoleSingular": "O atributo ${data.prohibited} não pode ser usado num ${data.nodeName} sem um atributo 'role' válido."
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "O atributo ${data.prohibited} não é bem suportado com a função '\"${data.role}\"'.",
+        "hasRolePlural": "Os atributos ${data.prohibited} não são bem suportados com a função '\"${data.role}\"'.",
+        "noRoleSingular": "O atributo ${data.prohibited} não é bem suportado num ${data.nodeName} sem um atributo 'role' válido.",
+        "noRolePlural": "Os atributos ${data.prohibited} não são bem suportados num ${data.nodeName} sem um atributo 'role' válido."
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "pass": "Todos os atributos ARIA obrigatórios estão presentes",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Atributo ARIA obrigatório não está presente: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Atributos ARIA obrigatórios não estão presentes: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Os elementos filhos ARIA obrigatórios estão presentes",
+        "aria-busy": "O elemento tem o atributo 'aria-busy', pelo que é permitido omitir os elementos filhos obrigatórios"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "A função ARIA de filho obrigatório não está presente: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "A função ARIA de filhos obrigatórios não está presente: ${data.values}",
+        "unallowed": "O elemento tem filhos que não são permitidos: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Espera-se que seja adicionada a função ARIA de filho: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Espera-se que sejam adicionadas as funções ARIA de filhos: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "pass": "A função ARIA parental obrigatória está presente",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "A função ARIA parental obrigatória não está presente: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "As funções ARIA parentais obrigatórias não estão presentes: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "pass": "'aria-roledescription' é utilizado numa função semântica suportada",
+      "incomplete": "Verifique se o 'aria-roledescription' é anunciado por leitores de ecrã suportados",
+      "fail": "Atribua ao elemento uma função que suporte 'aria-roledescription'"
+    },
+    "aria-unsupported-attr": {
+      "pass": "O atributo ARIA é suportado",
+      "fail": "O atributo ARIA não é amplamente suportado em leitores de ecrã e tecnologias assistivas: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "pass": "Os valores dos atributos ARIA são válidos",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Valor de atributo ARIA inválido: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Valores de atributo ARIA inválidos: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "noId": "O ID do elemento do atributo ARIA não existe na página: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "noIdShadow": "O ID do elemento do atributo ARIA não existe na página ou é descendente de uma shadow DOM tree diferente: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "O valor do atributo ARIA é inválido e será tratado como '\"aria-current=true\"': ${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "Não foi possível determinar se o ID do elemento do atributo ARIA existe na página: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "O valor do atributo ARIA é ignorado quando está vazio: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "controlsWithinPopup": "Não foi possível determinar se o ID referenciado por 'aria-controls existe' na página enquanto se utiliza 'aria-haspopup': ${data.needsReview}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "pass": "O nome do atributo ARIA é válido",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Nome de atributo ARIA inválido: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Nomes de atributos ARIA inválidos: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "braille-label-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "'aria-braillelabel' é utilizado num elemento com texto acessível",
+      "fail": "'aria-braillelabel' é utilizado num elemento sem texto acessível",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível calcular o texto acessível"
+    },
+    "braille-roledescription-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "'aria-brailleroledescription' é utilizado num elemento com aria-roledescription",
+      "fail": {
+        "noRoleDescription": "'aria-brailleroledescription' é utilizado num elemento sem 'aria-roledescription'",
+        "emptyRoleDescription": "'aria-brailleroledescription' é utilizado num elemento com 'aria-roledescription' vazio"
+      }
+    },
+    "deprecatedrole": {
+      "pass": "A função ARIA não está obsoleta",
+      "fail": "A função utilizada está obsoleta: ${data}"
+    },
+    "fallbackrole": {
+      "pass": "Foi utilizado apenas um valor de 'role'",
+      "fail": "Utilize apenas um valor de 'role', pois as funções de 'fallback' não são suportadas em navegadores mais antigos",
+      "incomplete": "Utilize apenas o role 'presentation' ou 'none', pois são sinónimos."
+    },
+    "has-global-aria-attribute": {
+      "pass": {
+        "singular": "O elemento tem o atributo ARIA global: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "O elemento tem os atributos ARIA globais: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "fail": "O elemento não tem atributo ARIA global"
+    },
+    "has-widget-role": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem uma função de 'widget'.",
+      "fail": "O elemento não tem uma função de 'widget'."
+    },
+    "invalidrole": {
+      "pass": "A função ARIA é válida",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "A função deve ser uma das funções ARIA válidas: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "As funções devem ser uma das funções ARIA válidas: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "is-element-focusable": {
+      "pass": "O elemento é focável.",
+      "fail": "O elemento não é focável."
+    },
+    "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Não há discrepância entre uma <label> e o nome acessível",
+      "incomplete": "Verifique se a <label> não precisa fazer parte do nome do campo ARIA ${data}"
+    },
+    "unsupportedrole": {
+      "pass": "A função ARIA é suportada",
+      "fail": "A função utilizada não é amplamente suportada em leitores de ecrã e tecnologias assistivas: ${data}"
+    },
+    "valid-scrollable-semantics": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem semântica válida para um elemento na ordem de foco.",
+      "fail": "O elemento tem semântica inválida para um elemento na ordem de foco."
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem um contraste de cor suficiente de ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "O elemento tem um contraste de cor insuficiente de ${data.contrastRatio} (cor de primeiro plano: ${data.fgColor}, cor de fundo: ${data.bgColor}, tamanho da fonte: ${data.fontSize}, peso da fonte: ${data.fontWeight}). Esperava-se uma razão de contraste de ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "O elemento tem um contraste de cor insuficiente de ${data.contrastRatio} entre a cor de primeiro plano e a cor da sombra (cor de primeiro plano: ${data.fgColor}, cor do text-shadow: ${data.shadowColor}, tamanho da fonte: ${data.fontSize}, peso da fonte: ${data.fontWeight}). Esperava-se uma razão de contraste de ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "O elemento tem um contraste de cor insuficiente de ${data.contrastRatio} entre a cor da sombra e a cor de fundo (cor do text-shadow: ${data.shadowColor}, cor de fundo: ${data.bgColor}, tamanho da fonte: ${data.fontSize}, peso da fonte: ${data.fontWeight}). Esperava-se uma razão de contraste de ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Não foi possível determinar a razão de contraste",
+        "bgImage": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada devido a uma imagem de fundo",
+        "bgGradient": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada devido a um gradiente de fundo",
+        "imgNode": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada porque o elemento contém um nó de imagem",
+        "bgOverlap": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada porque está sobreposto por outro elemento",
+        "fgAlpha": "A cor de primeiro plano do elemento não pôde ser determinada devido à transparência alfa",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada porque está parcialmente encoberta por outro elemento",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada porque se sobrepõe parcialmente a outros elementos",
+        "outsideViewport": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada porque está fora da área visível",
+        "equalRatio": "O elemento tem uma razão de contraste 1:1 com o fundo",
+        "shortTextContent": "O conteúdo do elemento é demasiado curto para determinar se é realmente conteúdo textual",
+        "nonBmp": "O conteúdo do elemento contém apenas caracteres não textuais",
+        "pseudoContent": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada devido a um pseudo-elemento"
+      }
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "O elemento tem um contraste de cor suficiente de ${data.contrastRatio}",
+        "hidden": "O elemento está oculto"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "O elemento tem um contraste de cor insuficiente de ${data.contrastRatio} (cor de primeiro plano: ${data.fgColor}, cor de fundo: ${data.bgColor}, tamanho da fonte: ${data.fontSize}, peso da fonte: ${data.fontWeight}). Esperava-se uma razão de contraste de ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "O elemento tem um contraste de cor insuficiente de ${data.contrastRatio} entre a cor de primeiro plano e a cor da sombra (cor de primeiro plano: ${data.fgColor}, cor do text-shadow: ${data.shadowColor}, tamanho da fonte: ${data.fontSize}, peso da fonte: ${data.fontWeight}). Esperava-se uma razão de contraste de ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "O elemento tem um contraste de cor insuficiente de ${data.contrastRatio} entre a cor da sombra e a cor de fundo (cor do text-shadow: ${data.shadowColor}, cor de fundo: ${data.bgColor}, tamanho da fonte: ${data.fontSize}, peso da fonte: ${data.fontWeight}). Esperava-se uma razão de contraste de ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Não foi possível determinar a razão de contraste",
+        "bgImage": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada devido a uma imagem de fundo",
+        "bgGradient": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada devido a um gradiente de fundo",
+        "imgNode": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada porque o elemento contém um nó de imagem",
+        "bgOverlap": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada porque está sobreposto por outro elemento",
+        "complexTextShadows": "Não foi possível determinar o contraste do elemento porque utiliza sombras de texto complexas",
+        "fgAlpha": "A cor de primeiro plano do elemento não pôde ser determinada devido à transparência alfa",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada porque está parcialmente encoberta por outro elemento",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada porque se sobrepõe parcialmente a outros elementos",
+        "outsideViewport": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada porque está fora da área visível",
+        "equalRatio": "O elemento tem uma razão de contraste 1:1 com o fundo",
+        "shortTextContent": "O conteúdo do elemento é demasiado curto para determinar se é realmente texto",
+        "nonBmp": "O conteúdo do elemento contém apenas caracteres não textuais",
+        "pseudoContent": "A cor de fundo do elemento não pôde ser determinada devido a um pseudo-elemento"
+      }
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block-style": {
+      "pass": "Os links podem ser distinguidos do texto circundante através de estilos visuais",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Verifique se o link necessita de estilos para se distinguir do texto próximo",
+        "pseudoContent": "Verifique se o pseudo-estilo do link é suficiente para o distinguir do texto circundante"
+      },
+      "fail": "O link não tem estilos (como sublinhado) para se distinguir do texto circundante"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "pass": "Os links podem ser distinguidos do texto circundante de alguma forma que não seja pela cor",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "O link tem um contraste de cor insuficiente de ${data.contrastRatio}:1 com o texto circundante. (O contraste mínimo é ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, cor do link: ${data.nodeColor}, cor do texto circundante: ${data.parentColor})",
+        "bgContrast": "O fundo do link tem um contraste de cor insuficiente de ${data.contrastRatio} (o contraste mínimo é ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, cor de fundo do link: ${data.nodeBackgroundColor}, cor de fundo circundante: ${data.parentBackgroundColor})"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Não foi possível determinar a razão de contraste do primeiro plano do elemento",
+        "bgContrast": "Não foi possível determinar a razão de contraste do fundo do elemento",
+        "bgImage": "Não foi possível determinar a razão de contraste do elemento devido a uma imagem de fundo",
+        "bgGradient": "Não foi possível determinar a razão de contraste do elemento devido a um gradiente de fundo",
+        "imgNode": "Não foi possível determinar a razão de contraste do elemento porque contém um nó de imagem",
+        "bgOverlap": "Não foi possível determinar a razão de contraste do elemento devido à sobreposição de elementos"
+      }
+    },
+    "autocomplete-appropriate": {
+      "pass": "O valor de 'autocomplete' está num elemento apropriado",
+      "fail": "O valor de 'autocomplete' é inapropriado para este tipo de entrada"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "pass": "o atributo 'autocomplete' está formatado corretamente",
+      "fail": "o atributo 'autocomplete' está formatado incorretamente",
+      "incomplete": "o atributo 'autocomplete' tem um valor não padrão. Verifique se poderia ser utilizado algum valor padrão."
+    },
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "pass": "O valor do atributo 'accesskey' é único",
+      "fail": "O documento tem múltiplos elementos com o mesmo 'accesskey'"
+    },
+    "focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "O elemento contém elementos focáveis",
+      "fail": "O elemento deveria ter conteúdo focável"
+    },
+    "focusable-disabled": {
+      "pass": "Não há elementos focáveis contidos no elemento",
+      "incomplete": "Verifique se os elementos focáveis movem imediatamente o indicador de foco",
+      "fail": "O conteúdo focável deve ser desativado ou removido do DOM"
+    },
+    "focusable-element": {
+      "pass": "O elemento é focável",
+      "fail": "O elemento deveria ser focável"
+    },
+    "focusable-modal-open": {
+      "pass": "Não há elementos focáveis enquanto um modal está aberto",
+      "incomplete": "Verifique se os elementos focáveis não são tabuláveis no estado atual"
+    },
+    "focusable-no-name": {
+      "pass": "O elemento não está na ordem de tabulação ou tem texto acessível",
+      "fail": "O elemento está na ordem de tabulação e não tem texto acessível",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento tem um nome acessível"
+    },
+    "focusable-not-tabbable": {
+      "pass": "Não há elementos focáveis contidos no elemento",
+      "incomplete": "Verifique se os elementos focáveis movem imediatamente o indicador de foco",
+      "fail": "O conteúdo focável deve ter 'tabindex=\"-1\"' ou ser removido do DOM"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "O elemento não tem descendentes focáveis",
+      "fail": "O elemento tem descendentes focáveis",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento tem descendentes"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-top-level": {
+      "pass": "O marco ${data.role} está no nível principal.",
+      "fail": "O marco ${data.role} está contido noutro marco."
+    },
+    "no-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "O elemento não tem descendentes focáveis",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "O elemento tem descendentes focáveis",
+        "notHidden": "Utilizar um tabindex negativo num elemento dentro de um controlo interativo não impede que as tecnologias assistivas foquem o elemento (mesmo com aria-hidden=\"true\")"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento tem descendentes"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "pass": "A página tem pelo menos um cabeçalho de nível 1",
+      "fail": "A página deve ter um cabeçalho de nível 1"
+    },
+    "page-has-main": {
+      "pass": "O documento tem pelo menos um marco 'main'",
+      "fail": "O documento não tem um marco 'main'"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "pass": "O documento não tem mais do que um marco de 'banner'",
+      "fail": "O documento tem mais do que um marco de 'banner'"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "pass": "O documento não tem mais do que um marco 'contentinfo'",
+      "fail": "O documento tem mais do que um marco 'contentinfo'"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "pass": "O documento não tem mais do que um marco 'main'",
+      "fail": "O documento tem mais do que um marco 'main'"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "pass": "O elemento não tem um 'tabindex' superior a 0",
+      "fail": "O elemento tem um 'tabindex' superior a 0"
+    },
+    "alt-space-value": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem um valor válido para o atributo 'alt'",
+      "fail": "O elemento tem um atributo 'alt' que contém apenas um espaço, o qual não é ignorado por todos os leitores de ecrã"
+    },
+    "duplicate-img-label": {
+      "pass": "O elemento não duplica o texto existente no atributo 'alt' da <img>",
+      "fail": "O elemento contém uma <img> com texto 'alt' que duplica texto existente"
+    },
+    "explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem uma <label> explícita",
+      "fail": "O elemento não tem uma <label> explícita",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento de formulário tem uma <label> explícita"
+    },
+    "help-same-as-label": {
+      "pass": "O texto de ajuda (title ou aria-describedby) não duplica o texto da etiqueta",
+      "fail": "O texto de ajuda (title ou aria-describedby) é igual ao texto da etiqueta"
+    },
+    "hidden-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "O elemento de formulário tem uma <label> explícita visível",
+      "fail": "O elemento de formulário tem uma <label> explícita que está oculta",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento de formulário tem uma <label> explícita oculta"
+    },
+    "implicit-label": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem uma <label> implícita (envolvida)",
+      "fail": "O elemento não tem uma <label> implícita (envolvida)",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento de formulário tem uma <label> implícita (envolvida)"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "O elemento contém texto visível como parte do seu nome acessível",
+      "fail": "O texto dentro do elemento não está incluído no nome acessível"
+    },
+    "multiple-label": {
+      "pass": "O campo de formulário não tem múltiplos <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Múltiplos <label> não são amplamente suportadas em tecnologias assistivas. Assegure que a primeira etiqueta contém toda a informação necessária."
+    },
+    "title-only": {
+      "pass": "O elemento de formulário não utiliza apenas o atributo 'title' para a sua etiqueta",
+      "fail": "Apenas o 'title' é usado para gerar a etiqueta do elemento de formulário"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-unique": {
+      "pass": "Os marcos devem ter uma combinação única de 'role' ou 'role'/'label'/'title' (ou seja, nome acessível)",
+      "fail": "O marco deve ter um 'aria-label', 'aria-labelledby' ou 'title' únicos para torná-lo distinguível"
+    },
+    "has-lang": {
+      "pass": "O elemento <html> tem um atributo 'lang'",
+      "fail": {
+        "noXHTML": "O atributo 'xml:lang' não é válido em páginas HTML, use o atributo 'lang'.",
+        "noLang": "O elemento <html> não tem um atributo 'lang'"
+      }
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "pass": "O valor do atributo 'lang' está incluído na lista de línguas válidas",
+      "fail": "O valor do atributo 'lang' não está incluído na lista de línguas válidas"
+    },
+    "xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Os atributos 'lang' e 'xml:lang' têm a mesma língua base",
+      "fail": "Os atributos 'lang' e 'xml:lang' não têm a mesma língua base"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "pass": "O item de lista de descrições tem um elemento pai <dl>",
+      "fail": "O item de lista de descrições não tem um elemento pai <dl>"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "pass": "O item de lista tem um elemento pai <ul>, <ol> ou 'role=\"list\"'",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "O item de lista não tem um elemento pai <ul> ou <ol>",
+        "roleNotValid": "O elemento pai do item de lista tem uma role que não é 'role=\"list\"'"
+      }
+    },
+    "only-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "O elemento <dl> tem apenas filhos diretos permitidos: <dt>, <dd> ou <div>",
+      "fail": "O elemento <dl> tem filhos diretos não permitidos: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "only-listitems": {
+      "pass": "O elemento de lista tem apenas filhos diretos permitidos, que devem ser <li>",
+      "fail": "O elemento de lista tem filhos diretos não permitidos: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "structured-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "Quando não está vazio, o elemento tem tanto <dt> como <dd>",
+      "fail": "Quando não está vazio, o elemento não tem pelo menos um elemento <dt> seguido de pelo menos um <dd>"
+    },
+    "caption": {
+      "pass": "O elemento multimédia tem uma pista de legendas",
+      "incomplete": "Verifique se as legendas estão disponíveis para o elemento"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "pass": "O 'iframe' foi testado com axe-core",
+      "fail": "O 'iframe' não pôde ser testado com axe-core",
+      "incomplete": "O 'iframe' ainda tem de ser testado com axe-core"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "pass": "<video> ou <audio> não reproduzem áudio por mais do que a duração permitida ou têm um mecanismo de controlo",
+      "fail": "<video> ou <audio> reproduzem áudio por mais do que a duração permitida e não têm um mecanismo de controlo",
+      "incomplete": "Verifique se o <video> ou <audio> não reproduzem áudio por mais do que a duração permitida ou fornecem um mecanismo de controlo"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "pass": "O ecrã é operativo, e não existe bloqueio de orientação",
+      "fail": "O bloqueio de orientação CSS está aplicado e torna o ecrã inoperável",
+      "incomplete": "Não é possível determinar o bloqueio de orientação CSS"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "pass": "A tag <meta> não impede uma ampliação significativa em dispositivos móveis",
+      "fail": "A tag <meta> limita a ampliação em dispositivos móveis"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "pass": "A tag <meta> não desativa a ampliação em dispositivos móveis",
+      "fail": "${data} na tag <meta> desativa a ampliação em dispositivos móveis"
+    },
+    "target-offset": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "O alvo tem espaço suficiente dos seus vizinhos mais próximos. O espaço clicável seguro tem um diâmetro de ${data.closestOffset}px, que é, no mínimo, ${data.minOffset}px.",
+        "large": "O alvo excede largamente o tamanho mínimo de ${data.minOffset}px."
+      },
+      "fail": "O alvo tem espaço insuficiente em relação aos vizinhos mais próximos. O espaço clicável seguro tem um diâmetro de ${data.closestOffset}px, em vez de, pelo menos, ${data.minOffset}px.",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "O elemento com tabindex negativo tem espaço insuficiente em relação aos seus vizinhos mais próximos. O espaço clicável seguro tem um diâmetro de ${data.closestOffset}px, em vez de, pelo menos, ${data.minOffset}px. É este um alvo?",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "O alvo tem espaço insuficiente em relação aos seus vizinhos mais próximos. O espaço clicável seguro tem um diâmetro de ${data.closestOffset}px, em vez de, pelo menos, ${data.minOffset}px. Será que o vizinho é um alvo?",
+        "tooManyRects": "Não foi possível obter o tamanho do alvo porque há elementos sobrepostos em excesso"
+      }
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "O controlo tem um tamanho suficiente (${data.width}px por ${data.height}px, devendo ter pelo menos ${data.minSize}px por ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "obscured": "O controlo é ignorado porque está totalmente encoberto e, por isso, não é clicável",
+        "large": "O alvo excede largamente o tamanho mínimo de ${data.minSize}px."
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "O alvo tem um tamanho insuficiente (${data.width}px por ${data.height}px, devendo ter pelo menos ${data.minSize}px por ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "partiallyObscured": "O alvo tem um tamanho insuficiente porque está parcialmente encoberto (o menor espaço é de ${data.width}px por ${data.height}px, devendo ser pelo menos ${data.minSize}px por ${data.minSize}px)"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "O elemento com 'tabindex' negativo tem um tamanho insuficiente (${data.width}px por ${data.height}px, devendo ser pelo menos ${data.minSize}px por ${data.minSize}px). É este um alvo?",
+        "contentOverflow": "O tamanho do elemento não pôde ser determinado com precisão devido ao conteúdo com overflow",
+        "partiallyObscured": "O elemento com 'tabindex' negativo tem um tamanho insuficiente porque está parcialmente encoberto (o menor espaço é de ${data.width}px por ${data.height}px, devendo ser pelo menos ${data.minSize}px por ${data.minSize}px). É este um alvo?",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "O alvo tem um tamanho insuficiente porque está parcialmente encoberto por um vizinho com 'tabindex' negativo (o menor espaço é de ${data.width}px por ${data.height}px, devendo ser pelo menos ${data.minSize}px por ${data.minSize}px). Será que o vizinho é um alvo?",
+        "tooManyRects": "Não foi possível obter o tamanho do alvo porque há elementos sobrepostos em excesso"
+      }
+    },
+    "header-present": {
+      "pass": "A página tem um cabeçalho",
+      "fail": "A página não tem um cabeçalho"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "pass": "Ordem dos cabeçalhos válida",
+      "fail": "Ordem dos cabeçalhos inválida",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar o cabeçalho anterior"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "pass": "Não existem outros links com o mesmo nome que direcionem para uma URL diferente",
+      "incomplete": "Verifique se os links têm o mesmo propósito ou se são intencionalmente ambíguos."
+    },
+    "internal-link-present": {
+      "pass": "Foi encontrado um link de salto válido",
+      "fail": "Não foi encontrado um link de salto válido"
+    },
+    "landmark": {
+      "pass": "A página tem uma região de marco",
+      "fail": "A página não tem uma região de marco"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "A tag <meta> não atualiza imediatamente a página",
+      "fail": "A tag <meta> força a atualização da página com temporização"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "pass": "A tag <meta> não atualiza imediatamente a página",
+      "fail": "A tag <meta> força a atualização da página com temporização (inferior a 20 horas)"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "pass": "Os elementos <p> não estão estilizados como cabeçalhos",
+      "fail": "Deveriam ser usados elementos de cabeçalho em vez de elementos <p> estilizados",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se os elementos <p> estão estilizados como cabeçalhos"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "pass": "Todo o conteúdo da página está contido em marcos",
+      "fail": "Algum conteúdo da página não está contido em marcos"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "pass": "O destino do link de salto existe",
+      "incomplete": "O destino do link de salto deve tornar-se visível na ativação",
+      "fail": "Não há destino para o link de salto"
+    },
+    "unique-frame-title": {
+      "pass": "O atributo 'title' do elemento é único",
+      "fail": "O atributo 'title' do elemento não é único"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "pass": "O documento não tem elementos ativos que partilhem o mesmo atributo 'id'",
+      "fail": "O documento tem elementos ativos com o mesmo atributo 'id': ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "pass": "O documento não tem elementos referenciados com ARIA ou etiquetas que partilhem o mesmo atributo 'id'",
+      "fail": "O documento tem múltiplos elementos referenciados com ARIA com o mesmo atributo 'id': ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "pass": "O documento não tem elementos estáticos que partilhem o mesmo atributo 'id'",
+      "fail": "O documento tem múltiplos elementos estáticos com o mesmo atributo 'id': ${data}"
+    },
+    "aria-label": {
+      "pass": "O atributo 'aria-label' existe e não está vazio",
+      "fail": "O atributo 'aria-label' não existe ou está vazio"
+    },
+    "aria-labelledby": {
+      "pass": "O atributo 'aria-labelledby' existe e referencia elementos visíveis para leitores de ecrã",
+      "fail": "O atributo 'aria-labelledby' não existe, referencia elementos que não existem ou que estão vazios",
+      "incomplete": "Assegure que 'aria-labelledby' referencia um elemento existente"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Não foram especificados estilos 'inline' com '!important' que afetem o espaçamento do texto",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Remova '!important' do estilo 'inline' ${data.values}, pois a sua sobreposição não é suportada pela maioria dos navegadores",
+        "plural": "Remova '!important' dos estilos 'inline' ${data.values}, pois a sua sobreposição não é suportada pela maioria dos navegadores"
+      }
+    },
+    "button-has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem texto interno que é visível para leitores de ecrã",
+      "fail": "O elemento não tem texto interno que seja visível para leitores de ecrã",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento tem filhos"
+    },
+    "doc-has-title": {
+      "pass": "O documento tem um elemento <title> não vazio",
+      "fail": "O documento não tem um elemento <title> não vazio"
+    },
+    "exists": {
+      "pass": "O elemento não existe",
+      "incomplete": "O elemento existe"
+    },
+    "has-alt": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem um atributo 'alt'",
+      "fail": "O elemento não tem um atributo 'alt'"
+    },
+    "has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem texto que é visível para leitores de ecrã",
+      "fail": "O elemento não tem texto que seja visível para leitores de ecrã",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento tem filhos"
+    },
+    "important-letter-spacing": {
+      "pass": "O espaçamento entre letras no atributo 'style' não está definido como !important, ou cumpre o mínimo",
+      "fail": "O espaçamento entre letras no atributo 'style' não deve usar !important, ou ter ${data.minValue}em (atualmente ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-line-height": {
+      "pass": "A altura da linha no atributo 'style' não está definida como !important, ou cumpre o mínimo",
+      "fail": "A altura da linha no atributo 'style' não deve usar !important, ou ter ${data.minValue}em (atualmente ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-word-spacing": {
+      "pass": "O espaçamento entre palavras no atributo 'style' não está definido como !important, ou cumpre o mínimo",
+      "fail": "O espaçamento entre palavras no atributo 'style' não deve usar !important, ou ter ${data.minValue}em (atualmente ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "is-on-screen": {
+      "pass": "O elemento não está visível",
+      "fail": "O elemento está visível"
+    },
+    "non-empty-alt": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem um atributo 'alt' não vazio",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "O elemento não tem um atributo 'alt'",
+        "emptyAttr": "O elemento tem um atributo 'alt' vazio"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-if-present": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "O elemento não tem um atributo 'value'",
+        "has-label": "O elemento tem um atributo 'value' não vazio"
+      },
+      "fail": "O elemento tem um atributo 'value' e este está vazio"
+    },
+    "non-empty-placeholder": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem um atributo 'placeholder'",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "O elemento não tem um atributo 'placeholder'",
+        "emptyAttr": "O elemento tem um atributo 'placeholder' vazio"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem um atributo 'title'",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "O elemento não tem um atributo 'title'",
+        "emptyAttr": "O elemento tem um atributo 'title' vazio"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-value": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem um atributo 'value' não vazio",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "O elemento não tem um atributo 'value'",
+        "emptyAttr": "O elemento tem um atributo 'value' vazio"
+      }
+    },
+    "presentational-role": {
+      "pass": "A semântica por defeito do elemento foi substituída por 'role=\"${data.role}\"'",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "A semântica por defeito do elemento não foi substituída por 'role=\"none\"' ou 'role=\"presentation\"'",
+        "globalAria": "A função do elemento não é de apresentação porque tem um atributo ARIA global",
+        "focusable": "A função do elemento não é de apresentação porque é focável",
+        "both": "A função do elemento não é de apresentação porque tem um atributo ARIA global e é focável",
+        "iframe": "Utilizar o atributo '\"title\"' num elemento ${data.nodeName} com uma função de apresentação comporta-se de forma inconsistente entre os leitores de ecrã"
+      }
+    },
+    "role-none": {
+      "pass": "A semântica por defeito do elemento foi substituída por 'role=\"none\"'",
+      "fail": "A semântica por defeito do elemento não foi substituída por 'role=\"none\"'"
+    },
+    "role-presentation": {
+      "pass": "A semântica por defeito do elemento foi substituída por 'role=\"presentation\"'",
+      "fail": "A semântica por defeito do elemento não foi substituída por 'role=\"presentation\"'"
+    },
+    "svg-non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "O elemento tem um filho que é um título",
+      "fail": {
+        "noTitle": "O elemento não tem um filho que seja um título",
+        "emptyTitle": "O título do filho do elemento está vazio"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento tem um filho que seja um título"
+    },
+    "caption-faked": {
+      "pass": "A primeira linha de uma tabela não é utilizada como <caption>",
+      "fail": "O primeiro filho da tabela deveria ser um caption em vez de uma célula"
+    },
+    "html5-scope": {
+      "pass": "O atributo scope é usado apenas em elementos de cabeçalho de tabela (<th>)",
+      "fail": "No HTML 5, os atributos scope só podem ser usados em elementos de cabeçalho de tabela (<th>)"
+    },
+    "same-caption-summary": {
+      "pass": "O conteúdo do atributo 'summary' e do <caption> não está duplicado",
+      "fail": "O conteúdo do atributo 'summary' e do elemento <caption> são idênticos",
+      "incomplete": "Não foi possível determinar se o elemento <table> tem um caption"
+    },
+    "scope-value": {
+      "pass": "O atributo 'scope' é usado corretamente",
+      "fail": "O valor do atributo 'scope' só pode ser 'row' ou 'col'"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "pass": "Todas as células de dados não vazias têm cabeçalhos de tabela",
+      "fail": "Algumas células de dados não vazias não têm cabeçalhos de tabela"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "pass": "O atributo 'headers' é usado exclusivamente para referir-se a outras células da tabela",
+      "incomplete": "O atributo 'headers' está vazio",
+      "fail": "O atributo 'headers' não é usado exclusivamente para referir-se a outras células da tabela"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "pass": "Todos os cabeçalhos de tabela numa tabela de dados referem-se às células de dados",
+      "fail": "Nem todas as células de cabeçalho de tabela referem-se a células de dados",
+      "incomplete": "Faltam células de dados na tabela ou estão vazias"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "pass": "Todo o conteúdo da página foi analisado.",
+      "fail": "Houve problemas na análise do conteúdo desta página.",
+      "incomplete": "Existe conteúdo oculto na página que não foi analisado. Será necessário acionar a sua exibição para o analisar."
+    }
+  },
+  "failureSummaries": {
+    "any": {
+      "failureMessage": "Corrija qualquer um dos seguintes:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    },
+    "none": {
+      "failureMessage": "Corrija todos os seguintes:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    }
+  },
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "O axe não conseguiu identificar a razão. Hora de recorrer ao inspetor de elementos!"
+}
diff --git a/locales/ru.json b/locales/ru.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29c80cee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/locales/ru.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1127 @@
+{
+  "lang": "ru",
+  "rules": {
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что значение атрибута accesskey является уникальным",
+      "help": "Значение атрибута accesskey должно быть уникальным"
+    },
+    "area-alt": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <area> карт изображений имеют альтернативный текст",
+      "help": "Активные элементы <area> должны иметь альтернативный текст"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что роль элемента поддерживает его ARIA атрибуты",
+      "help": "Элементы должны использовать только поддерживаемые ARIA атрибуты"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что атрибут role имеет допустимое значение для элемента",
+      "help": "ARIA роль должна быть подходящей для элемента"
+    },
+    "aria-braille-equivalent": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что aria-braillelabel и aria-brailleroledescription имеют эквивалентный текст не для шрифта Брайля",
+      "help": "Атрибуты aria-braille должны иметь эквивалентный текст не для шрифта Брайля"
+    },
+    "aria-command-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждая ARIA кнопка, ссылка и пункт меню имеет доступное имя",
+      "help": "ARIA команды должны иметь доступное имя"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что ARIA атрибуты используются в соответствии со спецификацией роли элемента",
+      "help": "ARIA атрибуты должны использоваться в соответствии с ролью элемента"
+    },
+    "aria-deprecated-role": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы не используют устаревшие роли",
+      "help": "Устаревшие ARIA роли не должны использоваться"
+    },
+    "aria-dialog-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждая ARIA диалоговая форма и alertdialog узел имеют доступное имя",
+      "help": "ARIA диалоговые формы и alertdialog узлы должны иметь доступное имя"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что aria-hidden=\"true\" отсутствует на теле документа.",
+      "help": "aria-hidden=\"true\" не должно присутствовать на теле документа"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-focus": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что aria-hidden элементы не могут быть сфокусированы и не содержат фокусируемых элементов",
+      "help": "ARIA скрытые элементы не должны быть фокусируемыми или содержать фокусируемые элементы"
+    },
+    "aria-input-field-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждое ARIA поле ввода имеет доступное имя",
+      "help": "ARIA поля ввода должны иметь доступное имя"
+    },
+    "aria-meter-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждый ARIA meter узел имеет доступное имя",
+      "help": "ARIA meter узлы должны иметь доступное имя"
+    },
+    "aria-progressbar-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждый ARIA progressbar узел имеет доступное имя",
+      "help": "ARIA progressbar узлы должны иметь доступное имя"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что ARIA атрибуты не запрещены для роли элемента",
+      "help": "Элементы должны использовать только разрешенные ARIA атрибуты"
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы с ARIA ролями имеют все необходимые ARIA атрибуты",
+      "help": "Необходимые ARIA атрибуты должны быть предоставлены"
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы с ARIA ролями, требующими дочерние роли, содержат их",
+      "help": "Некоторые ARIA роли должны содержать определенные дочерние роли"
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы с ARIA ролями, требующими родительские роли, содержатся ими",
+      "help": "Некоторые ARIA роли должны содержаться в определенных родительских ролях"
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что aria-roledescription используется только на элементах с явной или неявной ролью",
+      "help": "aria-roledescription должен использоваться на элементах с семантической ролью"
+    },
+    "aria-roles": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что все элементы с атрибутом role используют допустимое значение",
+      "help": "ARIA роли должны соответствовать допустимым значениям"
+    },
+    "aria-text": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что роль=\"text\" используется на элементах без фокусируемых потомков",
+      "help": "\"роль=text\" не должна иметь фокусируемых потомков"
+    },
+    "aria-toggle-field-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждое ARIA toggle поле имеет доступное имя",
+      "help": "ARIA toggle поля должны иметь доступное имя"
+    },
+    "aria-tooltip-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждый ARIA tooltip узел имеет доступное имя",
+      "help": "ARIA tooltip узлы должны иметь доступное имя"
+    },
+    "aria-treeitem-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждый ARIA treeitem узел имеет доступное имя",
+      "help": "ARIA treeitem узлы должны иметь доступное имя"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что все ARIA атрибуты имеют допустимые значения",
+      "help": "ARIA атрибуты должны соответствовать допустимым значениям"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что атрибуты, начинающиеся с aria-, являются допустимыми ARIA атрибутами",
+      "help": "ARIA атрибуты должны соответствовать допустимым именам"
+    },
+    "audio-caption": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <audio> имеют субтитры",
+      "help": "Элементы <audio> должны иметь трек субтитров"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что атрибут autocomplete правильный и подходит для поля формы",
+      "help": "Атрибут autocomplete должен использоваться правильно"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что расстояние между текстом, установленное через атрибуты стиля, можно настроить с помощью пользовательских таблиц стилей",
+      "help": "Встроенное текстовое пространство должно быть регулируемым с помощью пользовательских таблиц стилей"
+    },
+    "blink": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <blink> не используются",
+      "help": "Элементы <blink> устарели и не должны использоваться"
+    },
+    "button-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что кнопки имеют различимый текст",
+      "help": "Кнопки должны иметь различимый текст"
+    },
+    "bypass": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что на каждой странице есть хотя бы один механизм, позволяющий пользователю обходить навигацию и переходить непосредственно к содержимому",
+      "help": "На странице должен быть способ обойти повторяющиеся блоки"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что контраст между цветами переднего и заднего плана соответствует пороговым значениям улучшенной контрастности WCAG 2 AAA",
+      "help": "Элементы должны соответствовать пороговым значениям улучшенной контрастности цвета"
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что контраст между цветами переднего и заднего плана соответствует минимальным пороговым значениям контрастности WCAG 2 AA",
+      "help": "Элементы должны соответствовать минимальным пороговым значениям контрастности цвета"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что содержимое не привязано к определенной ориентации дисплея, и оно доступно во всех ориентациях дисплея",
+      "help": "Медиа-запросы CSS не должны блокировать ориентацию дисплея"
+    },
+    "definition-list": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <dl> структурированы правильно",
+      "help": "Элементы <dl> должны содержать только группы <dt> и <dd>, <script>, <template> или <div> элементы"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <dt> и <dd> находятся внутри <dl>",
+      "help": "Элементы <dt> и <dd> должны быть размещены внутри <dl>"
+    },
+    "document-title": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждый HTML-документ содержит непустой элемент <title>",
+      "help": "Документы должны иметь элемент <title> для навигации"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждое значение атрибута id активных элементов уникально",
+      "help": "Идентификаторы активных элементов должны быть уникальными"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждое значение атрибута id, используемого в ARIA и метках, уникально",
+      "help": "Идентификаторы, используемые в ARIA и метках, должны быть уникальными"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждое значение атрибута id уникально",
+      "help": "Значение атрибута id должно быть уникальным"
+    },
+    "empty-heading": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что заголовки содержат различимый текст",
+      "help": "Заголовки не должны быть пустыми"
+    },
+    "empty-table-header": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что заголовки таблиц содержат различимый текст",
+      "help": "Текст заголовка таблицы не должен быть пустым"
+    },
+    "focus-order-semantics": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы в порядке фокуса имеют роль, соответствующую интерактивному содержимому",
+      "help": "Элементы в порядке фокуса должны иметь соответствующую роль"
+    },
+    "form-field-multiple-labels": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что поле формы не имеет нескольких элементов label",
+      "help": "Поле формы не должно иметь несколько элементов label"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <frame> и <iframe> с фокусируемым содержимым не имеют tabindex=-1",
+      "help": "Фреймы с фокусируемым содержимым не должны иметь tabindex=-1"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <iframe> и <frame> содержат скрипт axe-core",
+      "help": "Фреймы должны быть протестированы с помощью axe-core"
+    },
+    "frame-title-unique": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <iframe> и <frame> содержат уникальный атрибут title",
+      "help": "Фреймы должны иметь уникальный атрибут title"
+    },
+    "frame-title": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <iframe> и <frame> имеют доступное имя",
+      "help": "Фреймы должны иметь доступное имя"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что порядок заголовков соответствует семантической структуре",
+      "help": "Уровни заголовков должны увеличиваться на единицу"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "description": "Информирует пользователей о скрытом содержимом.",
+      "help": "Скрытое содержимое на странице должно быть проанализировано"
+    },
+    "html-has-lang": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждый HTML-документ имеет атрибут lang",
+      "help": "Элемент <html> должен иметь атрибут lang"
+    },
+    "html-lang-valid": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что атрибут lang элемента <html> имеет допустимое значение",
+      "help": "Элемент <html> должен иметь допустимое значение для атрибута lang"
+    },
+    "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что HTML элементы с атрибутами lang и xml:lang согласуются в базовом языке страницы",
+      "help": "HTML элементы с атрибутами lang и xml:lang должны согласоваться в базовом языке"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что ссылки с одинаковым доступным именем выполняют схожую цель",
+      "help": "Ссылки с одинаковым именем должны выполнять схожую цель"
+    },
+    "image-alt": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <img> имеют альтернативный текст или роль \"none\" или \"presentation\"",
+      "help": "Изображения должны иметь альтернативный текст"
+    },
+    "image-redundant-alt": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что альтернативный текст изображения не повторяется в тексте",
+      "help": "Альтернативный текст изображения не должен повторяться в тексте"
+    },
+    "input-button-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что кнопки ввода имеют различимый текст",
+      "help": "Кнопки ввода должны иметь различимый текст"
+    },
+    "input-image-alt": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <input type=\"image\"> имеют альтернативный текст",
+      "help": "Кнопки изображения должны иметь альтернативный текст"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы, маркированные через их содержимое, содержат видимый текст как часть доступного имени",
+      "help": "Элементы должны содержать видимый текст как часть доступного имени"
+    },
+    "label-title-only": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждый элемент формы имеет видимую метку и не маркируется исключительно скрытыми метками, или атрибутами title или aria-describedby",
+      "help": "Элементы формы должны иметь видимую метку"
+    },
+    "label": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждый элемент формы имеет метку",
+      "help": "Элементы формы должны иметь метки"
+    },
+    "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что область баннера находится на верхнем уровне",
+      "help": "Область баннера не должна быть вложена в другую область"
+    },
+    "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что дополнительная область или aside находятся на верхнем уровне",
+      "help": "Aside не должен быть вложен в другую область"
+    },
+    "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что область contentinfo находится на верхнем уровне",
+      "help": "Область contentinfo не должна быть вложена в другую область"
+    },
+    "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что область main находится на верхнем уровне",
+      "help": "Область main не должна быть вложена в другую область"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что документ содержит не более одного баннера",
+      "help": "Документ не должен содержать более одного баннера"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что документ содержит не более одной области contentinfo",
+      "help": "Документ не должен содержать более одной области contentinfo"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что документ содержит не более одной области main",
+      "help": "Документ не должен содержать более одной области main"
+    },
+    "landmark-one-main": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что документ содержит одну основную область",
+      "help": "Документ должен содержать одну основную область"
+    },
+    "landmark-unique": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что области уникальны",
+      "help": "Области должны иметь уникальную роль или комбинацию роли/метки/названия (т.е. доступное имя)"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что ссылки выделяются на фоне окружающего текста, не полагаясь только на цвет",
+      "help": "Ссылки должны быть различимы без использования цвета"
+    },
+    "link-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что ссылки содержат различимый текст",
+      "help": "Ссылки должны содержать различимый текст"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что списки структурированы правильно",
+      "help": "Элементы <ul> и <ol> должны содержать только элементы <li>, <script> или <template>"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <li> используются семантически правильно",
+      "help": "Элементы <li> должны быть вложены в <ul> или <ol>"
+    },
+    "marquee": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <marquee> не используются",
+      "help": "Элементы <marquee> устарели и не должны использоваться"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> не используется для отложенного обновления",
+      "help": "Отложенное обновление не должно использоваться"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> не используется для отложенного обновления",
+      "help": "Отложенное обновление менее 20 часов не должно использоваться"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что <meta name=\"viewport\"> позволяет значительное масштабирование",
+      "help": "Пользователи должны иметь возможность увеличивать и масштабировать текст до 500%"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что <meta name=\"viewport\"> не отключает масштабирование и увеличение текста",
+      "help": "Масштабирование и увеличение текста не должны быть отключены"
+    },
+    "nested-interactive": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что интерактивные элементы не вложены, так как они могут не озвучиваться экранными считывателями или вызывать проблемы с фокусом для вспомогательных технологий",
+      "help": "Интерактивные элементы не должны быть вложены"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <video> или <audio> не воспроизводят аудио автоматически более 3 секунд без механизма для его остановки или отключения",
+      "help": "Элементы <video> или <audio> не должны воспроизводиться автоматически"
+    },
+    "object-alt": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <object> имеют альтернативный текст",
+      "help": "Элементы <object> должны иметь альтернативный текст"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что текст, оформленный как жирный, курсивный или с измененным размером шрифта, не используется для оформления элементов <p> в качестве заголовков",
+      "help": "Оформленные элементы <p> не должны использоваться как заголовки"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что страница или хотя бы один из ее фреймов содержит заголовок первого уровня",
+      "help": "Страница должна содержать заголовок первого уровня"
+    },
+    "presentation-role-conflict": {
+      "description": "Элементы, отмеченные как презентационные, не должны иметь глобальные ARIA атрибуты или tabindex, чтобы все экранные считыватели игнорировали их",
+      "help": "Убедитесь, что элементы, отмеченные как презентационные, последовательно игнорируются"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что все содержимое страницы заключено в ориентиры",
+      "help": "Все содержимое страницы должно быть заключено в ориентиры"
+    },
+    "role-img-alt": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы с ролью [role=\"img\"] имеют альтернативный текст",
+      "help": "Элементы с ролью [role=\"img\"] должны иметь альтернативный текст"
+    },
+    "scope-attr-valid": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что атрибут scope используется правильно в таблицах",
+      "help": "Атрибут scope должен использоваться правильно"
+    },
+    "scrollable-region-focusable": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы с прокручиваемым содержимым доступны с клавиатуры",
+      "help": "Прокручиваемая область должна быть доступна с клавиатуры"
+    },
+    "select-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элемент select имеет доступное имя",
+      "help": "Элемент select должен иметь доступное имя"
+    },
+    "server-side-image-map": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что серверные карты изображений не используются",
+      "help": "Серверные карты изображений не должны использоваться"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что все ссылки для пропуска имеют фокусируемую цель",
+      "help": "Цель ссылки для пропуска должна существовать и быть фокусируемой"
+    },
+    "summary-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы summary содержат различимый текст",
+      "help": "Элементы summary должны содержать различимый текст"
+    },
+    "svg-img-alt": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <svg> с ролью img, graphics-document или graphics-symbol имеют доступный текст",
+      "help": "Элементы <svg> с ролью img должны иметь альтернативный текст"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что значения атрибута tabindex не превышают 0",
+      "help": "Элементы не должны иметь tabindex больше нуля"
+    },
+    "table-duplicate-name": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элемент <caption> не содержит тот же текст, что и атрибут summary",
+      "help": "Таблицы не должны иметь одинаковый summary и caption"
+    },
+    "table-fake-caption": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что таблицы с заголовком используют элемент <caption>",
+      "help": "Данные или заголовочные ячейки не должны использоваться для заголовка таблицы"
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что целевые элементы для касания имеют достаточный размер и пространство",
+      "help": "Все целевые элементы для касания должны быть не менее 24px или иметь достаточное пространство"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждая непустая ячейка данных в таблице больше 3 на 3 имеет один или несколько заголовков таблицы",
+      "help": "Непустые элементы <td> в больших таблицах должны иметь связанные заголовки таблицы"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что каждая ячейка в таблице, использующая атрибут headers, ссылается только на другие элементы <th> в этой таблице",
+      "help": "Атрибуты headers ячеек таблицы должны ссылаться на другие элементы <th> в той же таблице"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <th> и элементы с ролью columnheader/rowheader имеют ячейки данных, которые они описывают",
+      "help": "Заголовки таблицы в таблице данных должны ссылаться на ячейки данных"
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что атрибуты lang имеют допустимые значения",
+      "help": "Атрибут lang должен иметь допустимое значение"
+    },
+    "video-caption": {
+      "description": "Убедитесь, что элементы <video> имеют субтитры",
+      "help": "Элементы <video> должны иметь субтитры"
+    }
+  },
+  "checks": {
+    "abstractrole": {
+      "pass": "Абстрактные роли не используются",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Абстрактная роль не может быть использована напрямую: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Абстрактные роли не могут быть использованы напрямую: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA атрибуты используются правильно для заданной роли",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ARIA атрибут не допускается: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "ARIA атрибуты не допускаются: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Проверьте, не возникает ли проблема, если атрибут ARIA будет проигнорирован на этом элементе: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "pass": "ARIA роль допустима для данного элемента",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ARIA роль ${data.values} не допускается для данного элемента",
+        "plural": "ARIA роли ${data.values} не допускаются для данного элемента"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "ARIA роль ${data.values} должна быть удалена, когда элемент становится видимым, так как она не допускается для элемента",
+        "plural": "ARIA роли ${data.values} должны быть удалены, когда элемент становится видимым, так как они не допускаются для элемента"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-busy": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет атрибут aria-busy",
+      "fail": "Элемент использует aria-busy=\"true\", пока отображается индикатор загрузки"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA атрибут допустим",
+      "fail": {
+        "checkbox": "Удалите aria-checked или установите его значение в \"${data.checkState}\", чтобы оно соответствовало фактическому состоянию флажка",
+        "rowSingular": "Этот атрибут поддерживается для строк treegrid, но не для ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}",
+        "rowPlural": "Эти атрибуты поддерживаются для строк treegrid, но не для ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-errormessage": {
+      "pass": "aria-errormessage существует и ссылается на элементы, видимые для экранных считывателей, которые используют поддерживаемую технику aria-errormessage",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Значение aria-errormessage `${data.values}` должно использовать технику для объявления сообщения (например, aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert и т.д.)",
+        "plural": "Значения aria-errormessage `${data.values}` должны использовать технику для объявления сообщения (например, aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert и т.д.)",
+        "hidden": "Значение aria-errormessage `${data.values}` не может ссылаться на скрытый элемент"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Убедитесь, что значение aria-errormessage `${data.values}` ссылается на существующий элемент",
+        "plural": "Убедитесь, что значения aria-errormessage `${data.values}` ссылаются на существующие элементы",
+        "idrefs": "Невозможно определить, существует ли элемент aria-errormessage на странице: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "pass": "Атрибут aria-hidden отсутствует на теле документа",
+      "fail": "aria-hidden=true не должно присутствовать на теле документа"
+    },
+    "aria-level": {
+      "pass": "Значения aria-level допустимы",
+      "incomplete": "Значения aria-level больше 6 не поддерживаются всеми комбинациями экранных считывателей и браузеров"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA атрибут допустим",
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "Атрибуты ${data.prohibited} не могут использоваться с ролью \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "Атрибут ${data.prohibited} не может использоваться с ролью \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRolePlural": "Атрибуты ${data.prohibited} не могут использоваться на ${data.nodeName} без допустимого атрибута role.",
+        "noRoleSingular": "Атрибут ${data.prohibited} не может использоваться на ${data.nodeName} без допустимого атрибута role."
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "Атрибут ${data.prohibited} не поддерживается с ролью \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRolePlural": "Атрибуты ${data.prohibited} не поддерживаются с ролью \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRoleSingular": "Атрибут ${data.prohibited} не поддерживается на ${data.nodeName} без допустимого атрибута role.",
+        "noRolePlural": "Атрибуты ${data.prohibited} не поддерживаются на ${data.nodeName} без допустимого атрибута role."
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "pass": "Все необходимые ARIA атрибуты присутствуют",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Необходимый ARIA атрибут отсутствует: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Необходимые ARIA атрибуты отсутствуют: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Необходимые ARIA дочерние элементы присутствуют",
+        "aria-busy": "Элемент имеет атрибут aria-busy, поэтому разрешено пропускать необходимые дочерние элементы"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Необходимая ARIA дочерняя роль отсутствует: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Необходимые ARIA дочерние роли отсутствуют: ${data.values}",
+        "unallowed": "Элемент имеет недопустимые дочерние элементы: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Ожидается добавление ARIA дочерней роли: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Ожидается добавление ARIA дочерних ролей: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "pass": "Необходимая ARIA родительская роль присутствует",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Необходимая ARIA родительская роль отсутствует: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Необходимые ARIA родительские роли отсутствуют: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "pass": "aria-roledescription используется на поддерживаемой семантической роли",
+      "incomplete": "Проверьте, объявляется ли aria-roledescription поддерживаемыми экранными считывателями",
+      "fail": "Назначьте элементу роль, поддерживающую aria-roledescription"
+    },
+    "aria-unsupported-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA атрибут поддерживается",
+      "fail": "ARIA атрибут не поддерживается в большинстве экранных считывателей и вспомогательных технологий: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "pass": "Значения ARIA атрибутов допустимы",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Недопустимое значение ARIA атрибута: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Недопустимые значения ARIA атрибутов: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "noId": "Элемент ID атрибута ARIA не существует на странице: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "noIdShadow": "Элемент ID атрибута ARIA не существует на странице или является потомком другого дерева теневых DOM: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "Значение атрибута ARIA недопустимо и будет трактоваться как \"aria-current=true\": ${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "Невозможно определить, существует ли элемент ID атрибута ARIA на странице: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "Значение атрибута ARIA игнорируется, если оно пустое: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "controlsWithinPopup": "Невозможно определить, существует ли ссылка на ID атрибута aria-controls на странице при использовании aria-haspopup: ${data.needsReview}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "pass": "Имя ARIA атрибута допустимо",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Недопустимое имя ARIA атрибута: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Недопустимые имена ARIA атрибутов: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "braille-label-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-braillelabel используется на элементе с доступным текстом",
+      "fail": "aria-braillelabel используется на элементе без доступного текста",
+      "incomplete": "Не удалось вычислить доступный текст"
+    },
+    "braille-roledescription-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-brailleroledescription используется на элементе с aria-roledescription",
+      "fail": {
+        "noRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription используется на элементе без aria-roledescription",
+        "emptyRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription используется на элементе с пустым aria-roledescription"
+      }
+    },
+    "deprecatedrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA роль не устарела",
+      "fail": "Используемая роль устарела: ${data}"
+    },
+    "fallbackrole": {
+      "pass": "Используется только одно значение роли",
+      "fail": "Используйте только одно значение роли, так как резервные роли не поддерживаются в старых браузерах",
+      "incomplete": "Используйте только роль 'presentation' или 'none', так как они являются синонимами."
+    },
+    "has-global-aria-attribute": {
+      "pass": {
+        "singular": "Элемент имеет глобальный ARIA атрибут: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Элемент имеет глобальные ARIA атрибуты: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "fail": "Элемент не имеет глобального ARIA атрибута"
+    },
+    "has-widget-role": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет роль виджета.",
+      "fail": "Элемент не имеет роли виджета."
+    },
+    "invalidrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA роль допустима",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Роль должна быть одной из допустимых ARIA ролей: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Роли должны быть одной из допустимых ARIA ролей: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "is-element-focusable": {
+      "pass": "Элемент может быть сфокусирован.",
+      "fail": "Элемент не может быть сфокусирован."
+    },
+    "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Нет несоответствия между <label> и доступным именем",
+      "incomplete": "Проверьте, нужно ли, чтобы <label> был частью имени поля ARIA ${data}"
+    },
+    "unsupportedrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA роль поддерживается",
+      "fail": "Используемая роль не поддерживается большинством экранных считывателей и вспомогательных технологий: ${data}"
+    },
+    "valid-scrollable-semantics": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет допустимую семантику для элемента в порядке фокусировки.",
+      "fail": "Элемент имеет недопустимую семантику для элемента в порядке фокусировки."
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет достаточный цветовой контраст ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Элемент имеет недостаточный цветовой контраст ${data.contrastRatio} (цвет переднего плана: ${data.fgColor}, цвет фона: ${data.bgColor}, размер шрифта: ${data.fontSize}, толщина шрифта: ${data.fontWeight}). Ожидаемый коэффициент контрастности ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "Элемент имеет недостаточный цветовой контраст ${data.contrastRatio} между цветом переднего плана и тенью (цвет переднего плана: ${data.fgColor}, цвет текстовой тени: ${data.shadowColor}, размер шрифта: ${data.fontSize}, толщина шрифта: ${data.fontWeight}). Ожидаемый коэффициент контрастности ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "Элемент имеет недостаточный цветовой контраст ${data.contrastRatio} между цветом тени и фоном (цвет текстовой тени: ${data.shadowColor}, цвет фона: ${data.bgColor}, размер шрифта: ${data.fontSize}, толщина шрифта: ${data.fontWeight}). Ожидаемый коэффициент контрастности ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Невозможно определить коэффициент контрастности",
+        "bgImage": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента из-за изображения на фоне",
+        "bgGradient": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента из-за градиента на фоне",
+        "imgNode": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента, так как он содержит изображение",
+        "bgOverlap": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента, так как он перекрыт другим элементом",
+        "fgAlpha": "Невозможно определить цвет переднего плана элемента из-за прозрачности альфа-канала",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента, так как он частично перекрыт другим элементом",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента, так как он частично перекрывает другие элементы",
+        "outsideViewport": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента, так как он находится за пределами видимой области",
+        "equalRatio": "Элемент имеет коэффициент контрастности 1:1 с фоном",
+        "shortTextContent": "Содержимое элемента слишком короткое, чтобы определить, является ли оно текстом",
+        "nonBmp": "Содержимое элемента содержит только не текстовые символы",
+        "pseudoContent": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента из-за псевдоэлемента"
+      }
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Элемент имеет достаточный цветовой контраст ${data.contrastRatio}",
+        "hidden": "Элемент скрыт"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Элемент имеет недостаточный цветовой контраст ${data.contrastRatio} (цвет переднего плана: ${data.fgColor}, цвет фона: ${data.bgColor}, размер шрифта: ${data.fontSize}, толщина шрифта: ${data.fontWeight}). Ожидаемый коэффициент контрастности ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "Элемент имеет недостаточный цветовой контраст ${data.contrastRatio} между цветом переднего плана и тенью (цвет переднего плана: ${data.fgColor}, цвет текстовой тени: ${data.shadowColor}, размер шрифта: ${data.fontSize}, толщина шрифта: ${data.fontWeight}). Ожидаемый коэффициент контрастности ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "Элемент имеет недостаточный цветовой контраст ${data.contrastRatio} между цветом тени и фоном (цвет текстовой тени: ${data.shadowColor}, цвет фона: ${data.bgColor}, размер шрифта: ${data.fontSize}, толщина шрифта: ${data.fontWeight}). Ожидаемый коэффициент контрастности ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Невозможно определить коэффициент контрастности",
+        "bgImage": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента из-за изображения на фоне",
+        "bgGradient": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента из-за градиента на фоне",
+        "imgNode": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента, так как он содержит изображение",
+        "bgOverlap": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента, так как он перекрыт другим элементом",
+        "complexTextShadows": "Невозможно определить контрастность элемента из-за сложных теней текста",
+        "fgAlpha": "Невозможно определить цвет переднего плана элемента из-за прозрачности альфа-канала",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента, так как он частично перекрыт другим элементом",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента, так как он частично перекрывает другие элементы",
+        "outsideViewport": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента, так как он находится за пределами видимой области",
+        "equalRatio": "Элемент имеет коэффициент контрастности 1:1 с фоном",
+        "shortTextContent": "Содержимое элемента слишком короткое, чтобы определить, является ли оно текстом",
+        "nonBmp": "Содержимое элемента содержит только не текстовые символы",
+        "pseudoContent": "Невозможно определить цвет фона элемента из-за псевдоэлемента"
+      }
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block-style": {
+      "pass": "Ссылки могут быть выделены среди окружающего текста с помощью визуального стиля",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Проверьте, нужно ли оформлять ссылку, чтобы отличить её от окружающего текста",
+        "pseudoContent": "Проверьте, достаточно ли псевдо-стиля ссылки, чтобы отличить её от окружающего текста"
+      },
+      "fail": "Ссылка не имеет стиля (например, подчеркивания), чтобы отличить её от окружающего текста"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "pass": "Ссылки можно отличить от окружающего текста каким-либо способом, кроме цвета",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "У ссылки недостаточный цветовой контраст ${data.contrastRatio}:1 с окружающим текстом. (Минимальный контраст ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, текст ссылки: ${data.nodeColor}, окружающий текст: ${data.parentColor})",
+        "bgContrast": "Фон ссылки имеет недостаточный цветовой контраст ${data.contrastRatio} (Минимальный контраст ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, цвет фона ссылки: ${data.nodeBackgroundColor}, цвет фона окружающего текста: ${data.parentBackgroundColor})"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Невозможно определить контрастность переднего плана элемента",
+        "bgContrast": "Невозможно определить контрастность фона элемента",
+        "bgImage": "Невозможно определить контрастность элемента из-за изображения на фоне",
+        "bgGradient": "Невозможно определить контрастность элемента из-за градиента на фоне",
+        "imgNode": "Невозможно определить контрастность элемента, так как он содержит изображение",
+        "bgOverlap": "Невозможно определить контрастность элемента, так как он перекрыт другим элементом"
+      }
+    },
+    "autocomplete-appropriate": {
+      "pass": "Значение autocomplete подходит для данного элемента",
+      "fail": "Значение autocomplete не подходит для этого типа ввода"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "pass": "Атрибут autocomplete правильно отформатирован",
+      "fail": "Атрибут autocomplete неправильно отформатирован",
+      "incomplete": "Атрибут autocomplete имеет нестандартное значение. Проверьте, можно ли использовать вместо него какое-либо стандартное значение."
+    },
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "pass": "Значение атрибута accesskey уникально",
+      "fail": "Документ содержит несколько элементов с одинаковым значением accesskey"
+    },
+    "focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Элемент содержит фокусируемые элементы",
+      "fail": "Элемент должен содержать фокусируемое содержимое"
+    },
+    "focusable-disabled": {
+      "pass": "Внутри элемента нет фокусируемых элементов",
+      "incomplete": "Проверьте, немедленно ли индикатор фокуса перемещается на фокусируемые элементы",
+      "fail": "Фокусируемое содержимое должно быть отключено или удалено из DOM"
+    },
+    "focusable-element": {
+      "pass": "Элемент является фокусируемым",
+      "fail": "Элемент должен быть фокусируемым"
+    },
+    "focusable-modal-open": {
+      "pass": "Нет фокусируемых элементов при открытии модального окна",
+      "incomplete": "Проверьте, что фокусируемые элементы не являются доступными в текущем состоянии"
+    },
+    "focusable-no-name": {
+      "pass": "Элемент не находится в таб-ордре или имеет доступный текст",
+      "fail": "Элемент находится в таб-ордре и не имеет доступного текста",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, есть ли у элемента доступное имя"
+    },
+    "focusable-not-tabbable": {
+      "pass": "Внутри элемента нет фокусируемых элементов",
+      "incomplete": "Проверьте, немедленно ли индикатор фокуса перемещается на фокусируемые элементы",
+      "fail": "Фокусируемое содержимое должно иметь tabindex=\"-1\" или быть удалено из DOM"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Элемент не имеет фокусируемых потомков",
+      "fail": "Элемент имеет фокусируемых потомков",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, есть ли у элемента потомки"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-top-level": {
+      "pass": "${data.role} область находится на верхнем уровне.",
+      "fail": "${data.role} область содержится в другой области."
+    },
+    "no-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Элемент не имеет фокусируемых потомков",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Элемент имеет фокусируемых потомков",
+        "notHidden": "Использование отрицательного tabindex на элементе внутри интерактивного управления не предотвращает фокусировку элемента вспомогательными технологиями (даже с aria-hidden=\"true\")"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, есть ли у элемента потомки"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "pass": "На странице есть хотя бы один заголовок первого уровня",
+      "fail": "На странице должен быть заголовок первого уровня"
+    },
+    "page-has-main": {
+      "pass": "В документе есть хотя бы одна основная область",
+      "fail": "В документе нет основной области"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "pass": "В документе нет более одного баннера",
+      "fail": "В документе более одного баннера"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "pass": "В документе нет более одной области contentinfo",
+      "fail": "В документе более одной области contentinfo"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "pass": "В документе нет более одной основной области",
+      "fail": "В документе более одной основной области"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "pass": "Элемент не имеет tabindex больше 0",
+      "fail": "Элемент имеет tabindex больше 0"
+    },
+    "alt-space-value": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет допустимое значение атрибута alt",
+      "fail": "Элемент имеет атрибут alt, содержащий только пробельный символ, который не игнорируется всеми экранными считывателями"
+    },
+    "duplicate-img-label": {
+      "pass": "Элемент не дублирует существующий текст в тексте атрибута alt <img>",
+      "fail": "Элемент содержит <img> с текстом атрибута alt, дублирующим существующий текст"
+    },
+    "explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Элемент формы имеет явную <label>",
+      "fail": "Элемент формы не имеет явной <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, имеет ли элемент формы явную <label>"
+    },
+    "help-same-as-label": {
+      "pass": "Текст помощи (title или aria-describedby) не дублирует текст метки",
+      "fail": "Текст помощи (title или aria-describedby) совпадает с текстом метки"
+    },
+    "hidden-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Элемент формы имеет видимую явную <label>",
+      "fail": "Элемент формы имеет явную <label>, которая скрыта",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, имеет ли элемент формы явную <label>, которая скрыта"
+    },
+    "implicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Элемент формы имеет неявную (обернутую) <label>",
+      "fail": "Элемент формы не имеет неявной (обернутой) <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, имеет ли элемент формы неявную (обернутую) <label>"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Элемент содержит видимый текст как часть его доступного имени",
+      "fail": "Текст внутри элемента не включен в доступное имя"
+    },
+    "multiple-label": {
+      "pass": "Поле формы не имеет нескольких элементов label",
+      "incomplete": "Использование нескольких элементов label не поддерживается большинством вспомогательных технологий. Убедитесь, что первый элемент label содержит всю необходимую информацию."
+    },
+    "title-only": {
+      "pass": "Элемент формы не использует только атрибут title для своей метки",
+      "fail": "Для создания метки элемента формы используется только атрибут title"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-unique": {
+      "pass": "Ориентиры должны иметь уникальную роль или комбинацию роли/метки/названия (т.е. доступное имя)",
+      "fail": "Ориентир должен иметь уникальный aria-label, aria-labelledby или title, чтобы сделать ориентиры различимыми"
+    },
+    "has-lang": {
+      "pass": "Элемент <html> имеет атрибут lang",
+      "fail": {
+        "noXHTML": "Атрибут xml:lang недействителен на HTML страницах, используйте атрибут lang.",
+        "noLang": "Элемент <html> не имеет атрибута lang"
+      }
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "pass": "Значение атрибута lang включено в список допустимых языков",
+      "fail": "Значение атрибута lang не включено в список допустимых языков"
+    },
+    "xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Атрибуты lang и xml:lang имеют один и тот же базовый язык",
+      "fail": "Атрибуты lang и xml:lang не имеют один и тот же базовый язык"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "pass": "Элемент описания списка имеет родительский элемент <dl>",
+      "fail": "Элемент описания списка не имеет родительского элемента <dl>"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "pass": "Элемент списка имеет родительский элемент <ul>, <ol> или роль=\"list\"",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Элемент списка не имеет родительского элемента <ul>, <ol>",
+        "roleNotValid": "Родительский элемент списка имеет роль, которая не является ролью=\"list\""
+      }
+    },
+    "only-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "Элемент dl содержит только допустимые дочерние элементы; <dt>, <dd> или <div> элементы",
+      "fail": "Элемент dl содержит недопустимые дочерние элементы: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "only-listitems": {
+      "pass": "Элемент списка содержит только допустимые дочерние элементы <li>",
+      "fail": "Элемент списка содержит недопустимые дочерние элементы: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "structured-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "Когда элемент не пустой, он имеет как минимум один элемент <dt> и один элемент <dd>",
+      "fail": "Когда элемент не пустой, он не содержит по крайней мере одного элемента <dt>, за которым следует по крайней мере один элемент <dd>"
+    },
+    "caption": {
+      "pass": "Мультимедийный элемент имеет дорожку субтитров",
+      "incomplete": "Проверьте, доступны ли субтитры для элемента"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "pass": "Элемент iframe был протестирован с помощью axe-core",
+      "fail": "Не удалось протестировать элемент iframe с помощью axe-core",
+      "incomplete": "Элемент iframe все еще должен быть протестирован с помощью axe-core"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "pass": "<video> или <audio> не воспроизводит аудио более допустимой продолжительности или имеет механизмы управления",
+      "fail": "<video> или <audio> воспроизводит аудио более допустимой продолжительности и не имеет механизмов управления",
+      "incomplete": "Проверьте, не воспроизводит ли <video> или <audio> аудио более допустимой продолжительности или предоставляет ли механизмы управления"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "pass": "Дисплей работает, блокировка ориентации отсутствует",
+      "fail": "CSS блокировка ориентации применяется и делает дисплей неработоспособным",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, применяется ли CSS блокировка ориентации"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "pass": "Тег <meta> не предотвращает значительное масштабирование на мобильных устройствах",
+      "fail": "Тег <meta> ограничивает масштабирование на мобильных устройствах"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "pass": "Тег <meta> не отключает масштабирование на мобильных устройствах",
+      "fail": "${data} на теге <meta> отключает масштабирование на мобильных устройствах"
+    },
+    "target-offset": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Целевой элемент имеет достаточное пространство от ближайших соседей. Безопасное кликабельное пространство имеет диаметр ${data.closestOffset}px, что не менее ${data.minOffset}px.",
+        "large": "Целевой элемент значительно превышает минимальный размер в ${data.minOffset}px."
+      },
+      "fail": "Целевой элемент имеет недостаточное пространство до ближайших соседей. Безопасное кликабельное пространство имеет диаметр ${data.closestOffset}px вместо как минимум ${data.minOffset}px.",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Элемент с отрицательным tabindex имеет недостаточное пространство до ближайших соседей. Безопасное кликабельное пространство имеет диаметр ${data.closestOffset}px вместо как минимум ${data.minOffset}px. Является ли это целевым элементом?",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Целевой элемент имеет недостаточное пространство до ближайших соседей. Безопасное кликабельное пространство имеет диаметр ${data.closestOffset}px вместо как минимум ${data.minOffset}px. Является ли сосед целевым элементом?",
+        "tooManyRects": "Не удалось определить размер целевого элемента из-за слишком большого количества перекрывающихся элементов"
+      }
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Контрол имеет достаточный размер (${data.width}px на ${data.height}px, должно быть как минимум ${data.minSize}px на ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "obscured": "Контрол игнорируется, так как он полностью скрыт и, следовательно, не кликабелен",
+        "large": "Целевой элемент значительно превышает минимальный размер в ${data.minSize}px."
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Целевой элемент имеет недостаточный размер (${data.width}px на ${data.height}px, должно быть как минимум ${data.minSize}px на ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Целевой элемент имеет недостаточный размер, так как он частично скрыт (наименьшее пространство ${data.width}px на ${data.height}px, должно быть как минимум ${data.minSize}px на ${data.minSize}px)"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Элемент с отрицательным tabindex имеет недостаточный размер (${data.width}px на ${data.height}px, должно быть как минимум ${data.minSize}px на ${data.minSize}px). Является ли это целевым элементом?",
+        "contentOverflow": "Размер элемента не может быть точно определен из-за переполненного содержимого",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Элемент с отрицательным tabindex имеет недостаточный размер, так как он частично скрыт (наименьшее пространство ${data.width}px на ${data.height}px, должно быть как минимум ${data.minSize}px на ${data.minSize}px). Является ли это целевым элементом?",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "Целевой элемент имеет недостаточный размер, так как он частично скрыт соседом с отрицательным tabindex (наименьшее пространство ${data.width}px на ${data.height}px, должно быть как минимум ${data.minSize}px на ${data.minSize}px). Является ли сосед целевым элементом?",
+        "tooManyRects": "Не удалось определить размер целевого элемента из-за слишком большого количества перекрывающихся элементов"
+      }
+    },
+    "header-present": {
+      "pass": "На странице есть заголовок",
+      "fail": "На странице нет заголовка"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "pass": "Порядок заголовков корректен",
+      "fail": "Порядок заголовков некорректен",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить предыдущий заголовок"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "pass": "Нет других ссылок с тем же именем, которые ведут на другой URL",
+      "incomplete": "Проверьте, имеют ли ссылки одинаковую цель, или они намеренно неоднозначны."
+    },
+    "internal-link-present": {
+      "pass": "Найдена допустимая ссылка для пропуска",
+      "fail": "Допустимая ссылка для пропуска не найдена"
+    },
+    "landmark": {
+      "pass": "На странице есть область-ориентир",
+      "fail": "На странице нет области-ориентира"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "Тег <meta> не вызывает немедленное обновление страницы",
+      "fail": "Тег <meta> вызывает обновление страницы по таймеру"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "pass": "Тег <meta> не вызывает немедленное обновление страницы",
+      "fail": "Тег <meta> вызывает обновление страницы по таймеру (менее 20 часов)"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "pass": "Элементы <p> не оформлены как заголовки",
+      "fail": "Для заголовков должны использоваться элементы <h1> - <h6>, а не стилизованные <p>",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, оформлены ли элементы <p> как заголовки"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "pass": "Все содержимое страницы заключено в ориентиры",
+      "fail": "Некоторое содержимое страницы не заключено в ориентиры"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "pass": "Целевая ссылка для пропуска существует",
+      "incomplete": "Целевая ссылка для пропуска должна стать видимой при активации",
+      "fail": "Целевая ссылка для пропуска не найдена"
+    },
+    "unique-frame-title": {
+      "pass": "Атрибут title элемента является уникальным",
+      "fail": "Атрибут title элемента не является уникальным"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "pass": "Документ не содержит активных элементов с одинаковым значением id атрибута",
+      "fail": "Документ содержит активные элементы с одинаковым значением id атрибута: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "pass": "Документ не содержит элементов, ссылающихся на ARIA или метки с одинаковым значением id атрибута",
+      "fail": "Документ содержит несколько элементов, ссылающихся на ARIA, с одинаковым значением id атрибута: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "pass": "Документ не содержит статических элементов с одинаковым значением id атрибута",
+      "fail": "Документ содержит несколько статических элементов с одинаковым значением id атрибута: ${data}"
+    },
+    "aria-label": {
+      "pass": "Атрибут aria-label существует и не пуст",
+      "fail": "Атрибут aria-label не существует или пуст"
+    },
+    "aria-labelledby": {
+      "pass": "Атрибут aria-labelledby существует и ссылается на элементы, видимые для экранных считывателей",
+      "fail": "Атрибут aria-labelledby не существует, ссылается на несуществующие элементы или ссылается на пустые элементы",
+      "incomplete": "Убедитесь, что aria-labelledby ссылается на существующий элемент"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Внутренние стили с '!important', которые влияют на интервал текста, не указаны",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Удалите '!important' из внутреннего стиля ${data.values}, так как переопределение этого стиля не поддерживается большинством браузеров",
+        "plural": "Удалите '!important' из внутренних стилей ${data.values}, так как переопределение этих стилей не поддерживается большинством браузеров"
+      }
+    },
+    "button-has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "Элемент содержит внутренний текст, видимый для экранных считывателей",
+      "fail": "Элемент не содержит внутренний текст, видимый для экранных считывателей",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, есть ли у элемента дочерние элементы"
+    },
+    "doc-has-title": {
+      "pass": "Документ содержит непустой элемент <title>",
+      "fail": "Документ не содержит непустой элемент <title>"
+    },
+    "exists": {
+      "pass": "Элемент не существует",
+      "incomplete": "Элемент существует"
+    },
+    "has-alt": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет атрибут alt",
+      "fail": "Элемент не имеет атрибута alt"
+    },
+    "has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "Элемент содержит текст, видимый для экранных считывателей",
+      "fail": "Элемент не содержит текст, видимый для экранных считывателей",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, есть ли у элемента дочерние элементы"
+    },
+    "important-letter-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Letter-spacing в атрибуте стиля не установлен на !important, либо соответствует минимальному значению",
+      "fail": "Letter-spacing в атрибуте стиля не должен использовать !important, или должен быть не менее ${data.minValue}em (текущее значение ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-line-height": {
+      "pass": "Line-height в атрибуте стиля не установлен на !important, либо соответствует минимальному значению",
+      "fail": "Line-height в атрибуте стиля не должен использовать !important, или должен быть не менее ${data.minValue}em (текущее значение ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-word-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Word-spacing в атрибуте стиля не установлен на !important, либо соответствует минимальному значению",
+      "fail": "Word-spacing в атрибуте стиля не должен использовать !important, или должен быть не менее ${data.minValue}em (текущее значение ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "is-on-screen": {
+      "pass": "Элемент не виден",
+      "fail": "Элемент виден"
+    },
+    "non-empty-alt": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет непустой атрибут alt",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Элемент не имеет атрибута alt",
+        "emptyAttr": "Элемент имеет пустой атрибут alt"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-if-present": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Элемент не имеет атрибута value",
+        "has-label": "Элемент имеет непустой атрибут value"
+      },
+      "fail": "Элемент имеет атрибут value, и этот атрибут пуст"
+    },
+    "non-empty-placeholder": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет атрибут placeholder",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Элемент не имеет атрибута placeholder",
+        "emptyAttr": "Элемент имеет пустой атрибут placeholder"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет атрибут title",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Элемент не имеет атрибута title",
+        "emptyAttr": "Элемент имеет пустой атрибут title"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-value": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет непустой атрибут value",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Элемент не имеет атрибута value",
+        "emptyAttr": "Элемент имеет пустой атрибут value"
+      }
+    },
+    "presentational-role": {
+      "pass": "Стандартная семантика элемента была переопределена с помощью role=\"${data.role}\"",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Стандартная семантика элемента не была переопределена с помощью role=\"none\" или role=\"presentation\"",
+        "globalAria": "Роль элемента не является презентационной, так как у него есть глобальный ARIA атрибут",
+        "focusable": "Роль элемента не является презентационной, так как он может быть сфокусирован",
+        "both": "Роль элемента не является презентационной, так как у него есть глобальный ARIA атрибут и он может быть сфокусирован",
+        "iframe": "Использование атрибута \"title\" на элементе ${data.nodeName} с презентационной ролью ведет себя непоследовательно между экранными считывателями"
+      }
+    },
+    "role-none": {
+      "pass": "Стандартная семантика элемента была переопределена с помощью role=\"none\"",
+      "fail": "Стандартная семантика элемента не была переопределена с помощью role=\"none\""
+    },
+    "role-presentation": {
+      "pass": "Стандартная семантика элемента была переопределена с помощью role=\"presentation\"",
+      "fail": "Стандартная семантика элемента не была переопределена с помощью role=\"presentation\""
+    },
+    "svg-non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "Элемент имеет дочерний элемент title",
+      "fail": {
+        "noTitle": "Элемент не имеет дочернего элемента title",
+        "emptyTitle": "Дочерний элемент title пуст"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, имеет ли элемент дочерний элемент title"
+    },
+    "caption-faked": {
+      "pass": "Первая строка таблицы не используется в качестве заголовка",
+      "fail": "Первый дочерний элемент таблицы должен быть заголовком, а не ячейкой таблицы"
+    },
+    "html5-scope": {
+      "pass": "Атрибут scope используется только для элементов заголовков таблицы (<th>)",
+      "fail": "В HTML 5 атрибуты scope могут использоваться только для элементов заголовков таблицы (<th>)"
+    },
+    "same-caption-summary": {
+      "pass": "Содержимое атрибута summary и элемента <caption> не дублируется",
+      "fail": "Содержимое атрибута summary и элемента <caption> идентично",
+      "incomplete": "Невозможно определить, есть ли у элемента <table> заголовок"
+    },
+    "scope-value": {
+      "pass": "Атрибут scope используется правильно",
+      "fail": "Значение атрибута scope может быть только 'row' или 'col'"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "pass": "Все непустые ячейки данных имеют заголовки таблицы",
+      "fail": "Некоторые непустые ячейки данных не имеют заголовков таблицы"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "pass": "Атрибут headers используется исключительно для ссылки на другие ячейки таблицы",
+      "incomplete": "Атрибут headers пуст",
+      "fail": {
+        "cell-header-not-in-table": "Атрибут headers не используется исключительно для ссылки на другие заголовочные ячейки в таблице",
+        "cell-header-not-th": "Атрибут headers должен ссылаться на заголовочные ячейки, а не на ячейки с данными",
+        "header-refs-self": "Элемент с атрибутом headers ссылается на самого себя"
+      }
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "pass": "Все ячейки заголовков таблицы ссылаются на ячейки данных",
+      "fail": "Не все ячейки заголовков таблицы ссылаются на ячейки данных",
+      "incomplete": "Ячейки данных таблицы отсутствуют или пусты"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "pass": "Все содержимое страницы было проанализировано.",
+      "fail": "Возникли проблемы с анализом содержимого на этой странице.",
+      "incomplete": "На странице есть скрытое содержимое, которое не было проанализировано. Вам нужно будет включить отображение этого содержимого, чтобы его проанализировать."
+    }
+  },
+  "failureSummaries": {
+    "any": {
+      "failureMessage": "Исправьте любое из следующего:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    },
+    "none": {
+      "failureMessage": "Исправьте все из следующего:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    }
+  },
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "axe не смог определить причину. Время использовать инспектор элементов!"
+}
diff --git a/locales/zh_CN.json b/locales/zh_CN.json
index ef5e6876d..961e05010 100644
--- a/locales/zh_CN.json
+++ b/locales/zh_CN.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "lang": "zh_CN",
+  "lang": "zh-CN",
   "rules": {
     "accesskeys": {
       "description": "确保每个 accesskey 属性值都是唯一的",
diff --git a/locales/zh_TW.json b/locales/zh_TW.json
index 37a9d3262..f62a51597 100644
--- a/locales/zh_TW.json
+++ b/locales/zh_TW.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "lang": "zh_TW",
+  "lang": "zh-TW",
   "rules": {
     "accesskeys": {
       "description": "確保每個 accesskey 屬性值都是唯一的",
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index ef9328930..481740b4c 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,40 +1,42 @@
 {
   "name": "axe-core",
-  "version": "4.9.0",
+  "version": "4.12.1",
   "lockfileVersion": 2,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "axe-core",
-      "version": "4.9.0",
+      "version": "4.12.1",
       "license": "MPL-2.0",
       "devDependencies": {
-        "@axe-core/webdriverjs": "^4.5.2",
+        "@axe-core/webdriverjs": "^4.10.2",
         "@babel/core": "^7.20.12",
         "@babel/plugin-proposal-object-rest-spread": "^7.20.7",
         "@babel/preset-env": "^7.20.2",
         "@babel/runtime-corejs3": "^7.20.7",
         "@deque/dot": "^1.1.5",
+        "@types/node": "^25.6.0",
+        "@web/test-runner": "^0.20.2",
         "aria-practices": "github:w3c/aria-practices#ce0336bd82d7d3651abcbde86af644197ddbc629",
         "aria-query": "^5.1.3",
-        "browser-driver-manager": "1.0.4",
         "chai": "^4.3.7",
         "chalk": "^4.x",
-        "chromedriver": "*",
+        "chromedriver": "latest",
         "clean-jsdoc-theme": "^4.2.17",
         "clone": "^2.1.2",
-        "colorjs.io": "^0.5.0",
+        "colorjs.io": "0.4.3",
         "conventional-commits-parser": "^5.0.0",
         "core-js": "^3.27.1",
         "css-selector-parser": "^1.4.1",
         "emoji-regex": "^10.2.1",
         "es6-promise": "^4.2.8",
         "esbuild": "^0.10.x",
-        "eslint": "^8.31.0",
-        "eslint-config-prettier": "^9.0.0",
-        "eslint-plugin-mocha-no-only": "^1.1.1",
+        "eslint": "^9.2.0",
+        "eslint-config-prettier": "^10.0.1",
+        "eslint-plugin-mocha-no-only": "^1.2.0",
         "execa": "5.x",
         "glob": "^10.3.10",
+        "globals": "^17.1.0",
         "grunt": "^1.5.3",
         "grunt-babel": "^8.0.0",
         "grunt-bytesize": "^0.2.0",
@@ -46,35 +48,30 @@
         "http-server": "^14.1.1",
         "husky": "^9.0.7",
         "inquirer": "^8.2.5",
-        "jquery": "^3.6.3",
+        "jquery": "^4.0.0",
         "jsdoc": "^4.0.2",
-        "jsdom": "^24.0.0",
-        "karma": "^6.4.1",
-        "karma-chai": "^0.1.0",
-        "karma-chrome-launcher": "^3.1.1",
-        "karma-firefox-launcher": "^2.1.2",
-        "karma-ie-launcher": "^1.0.0",
-        "karma-mocha": "^2.0.1",
-        "karma-sinon": "^1.0.5",
-        "karma-spec-reporter": "^0.0.36",
-        "lint-staged": "^15.0.2",
+        "jsdom": "^29.0.2",
+        "lint-staged": "^16.1.0",
         "memoizee": "^0.4.15",
-        "mocha": "^10.2.0",
+        "mocha": "^11.1.0",
         "node-notifier": "^10.0.1",
         "npm-run-all": "^4.1.5",
         "outdent": "^0.8.0",
+        "parse5": "^8.0.0",
+        "patch-package": "^8.0.0",
         "prettier": "^3.0.3",
+        "recast": "^0.23.11",
         "revalidator": "^0.3.1",
         "selenium-webdriver": "^4.7.1",
         "serve-handler": "^6.1.5",
-        "sinon": "^17.0.0",
+        "sinon": "^21.0.0",
         "sri-toolbox": "^0.2.0",
         "standard-version": "^9.5.0",
-        "start-server-and-test": "^2.0.1",
+        "start-server-and-test": "^3.0.2",
         "typedarray": "^0.0.7",
-        "typescript": "^5.2.2",
+        "typescript": "^6.0.3",
         "uglify-js": "^3.17.4",
-        "wcag-act-rules": "github:w3c/wcag-act-rules#dc90495a5533d326b300ee5a9487afdfc6d493c0",
+        "wcag-act-rules": "github:w3c/wcag-act-rules#5adb55d19eb2cd7fb23213b2d1acedf9004dc063",
         "weakmap-polyfill": "^2.0.4"
       },
       "engines": {
@@ -90,140 +87,104 @@
         "node": ">=0.10.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@ampproject/remapping": {
-      "version": "2.2.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ampproject/remapping/-/remapping-2.2.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-qRmjj8nj9qmLTQXXmaR1cck3UXSRMPrbsLJAasZpF+t3riI71BXed5ebIOYwQntykeZuhjsdweEc9BxH5Jc26w==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": "^0.1.0",
-        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.9"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=6.0.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@axe-core/webdriverjs": {
-      "version": "4.8.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@axe-core/webdriverjs/-/webdriverjs-4.8.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-cktRjzb3vl/nuyWSmULuw88O21op1LhxlStGu81zjWZssq4gVxBJSqZCBtCVt4w2ekSMxv/vjSXcx+ASnTssmw==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "axe-core": "~4.8.4"
-      },
-      "peerDependencies": {
-        "selenium-webdriver": ">3.0.0-beta  || >=2.53.1 || >4.0.0-alpha"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame": {
-      "version": "7.23.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.23.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-CgH3s1a96LipHCmSUmYFPwY7MNx8C3avkq7i4Wl3cfa662ldtUe4VM1TPXX70pfmrlWTb6jLqTYrZyT2ZTJBgA==",
+    "node_modules/@asamuzakjp/css-color": {
+      "version": "5.1.11",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@asamuzakjp/css-color/-/css-color-5.1.11.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-KVw6qIiCTUQhByfTd78h2yD1/00waTmm9uy/R7Ck/ctUyAPj+AEDLkQIdJW0T8+qGgj3j5bpNKK7Q3G+LedJWg==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@babel/highlight": "^7.23.4",
-        "chalk": "^2.4.2"
+        "@asamuzakjp/generational-cache": "^1.0.1",
+        "@csstools/css-calc": "^3.2.0",
+        "@csstools/css-color-parser": "^4.1.0",
+        "@csstools/css-parser-algorithms": "^4.0.0",
+        "@csstools/css-tokenizer": "^4.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=6.9.0"
+        "node": "^20.19.0 || ^22.12.0 || >=24.0.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/ansi-styles": {
-      "version": "3.2.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-3.2.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-VT0ZI6kZRdTh8YyJw3SMbYm/u+NqfsAxEpWO0Pf9sq8/e94WxxOpPKx9FR1FlyCtOVDNOQ+8ntlqFxiRc+r5qA==",
+    "node_modules/@asamuzakjp/dom-selector": {
+      "version": "7.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@asamuzakjp/dom-selector/-/dom-selector-7.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-67RZDnYRc8H/8MLDgQCDE//zoqVFwajkepHZgmXrbwybzXOEwOWGPYGmALYl9J2DOLfFPPs6kKCqmbzV895hTQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "color-convert": "^1.9.0"
+        "@asamuzakjp/generational-cache": "^1.0.1",
+        "@asamuzakjp/nwsapi": "^2.3.9",
+        "bidi-js": "^1.0.3",
+        "css-tree": "^3.2.1",
+        "is-potential-custom-element-name": "^1.0.1"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=4"
+        "node": "^20.19.0 || ^22.12.0 || >=24.0.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/chalk": {
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+    "node_modules/@asamuzakjp/generational-cache": {
+      "version": "1.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@asamuzakjp/generational-cache/-/generational-cache-1.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-wajfB8KqzMCN2KGNFdLkReeHncd0AslUSrvHVvvYWuU8ghncRJoA50kT3zP9MVL0+9g4/67H+cdvBskj9THPzg==",
       "dev": true,
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-        "escape-string-regexp": "^1.0.5",
-        "supports-color": "^5.3.0"
-      },
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-        "node": ">=4"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/color-convert": {
-      "version": "1.9.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-convert/-/color-convert-1.9.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-QfAUtd+vFdAtFQcC8CCyYt1fYWxSqAiK2cSD6zDB8N3cpsEBAvRxp9zOGg6G/SHHJYAT88/az/IuDGALsNVbGg==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "color-name": "1.1.3"
+        "node": "^20.19.0 || ^22.12.0 || >=24.0.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/color-name": {
-      "version": "1.1.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-name/-/color-name-1.1.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-72fSenhMw2HZMTVHeCA9KCmpEIbzWiQsjN+BHcBbS9vr1mtt+vJjPdksIBNUmKAW8TFUDPJK5SUU3QhE9NEXDw==",
+    "node_modules/@asamuzakjp/nwsapi": {
+      "version": "2.3.9",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@asamuzakjp/nwsapi/-/nwsapi-2.3.9.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-n8GuYSrI9bF7FFZ/SjhwevlHc8xaVlb/7HmHelnc/PZXBD2ZR49NnN9sMMuDdEGPeeRQ5d0hqlSlEpgCX3Wl0Q==",
       "dev": true
     },
-    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/escape-string-regexp": {
-      "version": "1.0.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/escape-string-regexp/-/escape-string-regexp-1.0.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-vbRorB5FUQWvla16U8R/qgaFIya2qGzwDrNmCZuYKrbdSUMG6I1ZCGQRefkRVhuOkIGVne7BQ35DSfo1qvJqFg==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=0.8.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/has-flag": {
-      "version": "3.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/has-flag/-/has-flag-3.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-sKJf1+ceQBr4SMkvQnBDNDtf4TXpVhVGateu0t918bl30FnbE2m4vNLX+VWe/dpjlb+HugGYzW7uQXH98HPEYw==",
+    "node_modules/@axe-core/webdriverjs": {
+      "version": "4.11.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@axe-core/webdriverjs/-/webdriverjs-4.11.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-JGaYFUQq2Jebo7JOve/HZFnoxlNKKCfLSUuZKaZro+TKy2Fh1uPFeNBdCt+zzxa8+7YMkIKmDieGPIQLLuWJRg==",
       "dev": true,
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=4"
+      "dependencies": {
+        "axe-core": "~4.11.4"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "selenium-webdriver": ">3.0.0-beta  || >=2.53.1 || >4.0.0-alpha"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/supports-color": {
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/supports-color/-/supports-color-5.5.0.tgz",
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+    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame": {
+      "version": "7.29.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.29.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9NhCeYjq9+3uxgdtp20LSiJXJvN0FeCtNGpJxuMFZ1Kv3cWUNb6DOhJwUvcVCzKGR66cw4njwM6hrJLqgOwbcw==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "has-flag": "^3.0.0"
+        "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.28.5",
+        "js-tokens": "^4.0.0",
+        "picocolors": "^1.1.1"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=4"
+        "node": ">=6.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/compat-data": {
-      "version": "7.23.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/compat-data/-/compat-data-7.23.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-uU27kfDRlhfKl+w1U6vp16IuvSLtjAxdArVXPa9BvLkrr7CYIsxH5adpHObeAGY/41+syctUWOZ140a2Rvkgjw==",
+      "version": "7.29.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/compat-data/-/compat-data-7.29.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-LIVqM46zQWZhj17qA8wb4nW/ixr2y1Nw+r1etiAWgRM6U1IqP+LNhL1yg440jYZR72jCWcWbLWzIosH+uP1fqg==",
       "dev": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/core": {
-      "version": "7.24.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/core/-/core-7.24.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-fQfkg0Gjkza3nf0c7/w6Xf34BW4YvzNfACRLmmb7XRLa6XHdR+K9AlJlxneFfWYf6uhOzuzZVTjF/8KfndZANw==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ampproject/remapping": "^2.2.0",
-        "@babel/code-frame": "^7.23.5",
-        "@babel/generator": "^7.23.6",
-        "@babel/helper-compilation-targets": "^7.23.6",
-        "@babel/helper-module-transforms": "^7.23.3",
-        "@babel/helpers": "^7.24.0",
-        "@babel/parser": "^7.24.0",
-        "@babel/template": "^7.24.0",
-        "@babel/traverse": "^7.24.0",
-        "@babel/types": "^7.24.0",
+      "version": "7.29.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/core/-/core-7.29.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-CGOfOJqWjg2qW/Mb6zNsDm+u5vFQ8DxXfbM09z69p5Z6+mE1ikP2jUXw+j42Pf1XTYED2Rni5f95npYeuwMDQA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@babel/code-frame": "^7.29.0",
+        "@babel/generator": "^7.29.0",
+        "@babel/helper-compilation-targets": "^7.28.6",
+        "@babel/helper-module-transforms": "^7.28.6",
+        "@babel/helpers": "^7.28.6",
+        "@babel/parser": "^7.29.0",
+        "@babel/template": "^7.28.6",
+        "@babel/traverse": "^7.29.0",
+        "@babel/types": "^7.29.0",
+        "@jridgewell/remapping": "^2.3.5",
         "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0",
         "debug": "^4.1.0",
         "gensync": "^1.0.0-beta.2",
@@ -239,67 +200,42 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/generator": {
-      "version": "7.23.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/generator/-/generator-7.23.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-qrSfCYxYQB5owCmGLbl8XRpX1ytXlpueOb0N0UmQwA073KZxejgQTzAmJezxvpwQD9uGtK2shHdi55QT+MbjIw==",
+      "version": "7.29.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/generator/-/generator-7.29.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-vSH118/wwM/pLR38g/Sgk05sNtro6TlTJKuiMXDaZqPUfjTFcudpCOt00IhOfj+1BFAX+UFAlzCU+6WXr3GLFQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@babel/types": "^7.23.6",
-        "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": "^0.3.2",
-        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.17",
-        "jsesc": "^2.5.1"
+        "@babel/parser": "^7.29.0",
+        "@babel/types": "^7.29.0",
+        "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": "^0.3.12",
+        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.28",
+        "jsesc": "^3.0.2"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@babel/generator/node_modules/@jridgewell/gen-mapping": {
-      "version": "0.3.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@jridgewell/gen-mapping/-/gen-mapping-0.3.5.tgz",
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-        "@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": "^1.4.10",
-        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.24"
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     "node_modules/@babel/helper-annotate-as-pure": {
-      "version": "7.22.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-annotate-as-pure/-/helper-annotate-as-pure-7.22.5.tgz",
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@@ -22686,13 +26349,13 @@
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+      "version": "1.2.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/update-browserslist-db/-/update-browserslist-db-1.2.3.tgz",
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       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
-        "escalade": "^3.1.1",
-        "picocolors": "^1.0.0"
+        "escalade": "^3.2.0",
+        "picocolors": "^1.1.1"
       }
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     "uri-js": {
@@ -22702,14 +26365,6 @@
       "dev": true,
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-          "dev": true
-        }
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@@ -22724,34 +26379,29 @@
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-    "url-parse": {
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-      "dev": true
-    },
     "uuid": {
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       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/uuid/-/uuid-8.3.2.tgz",
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       "dev": true
     },
+    "v8-to-istanbul": {
+      "version": "9.3.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/v8-to-istanbul/-/v8-to-istanbul-9.3.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-kiGUalWN+rgBJ/1OHZsBtU4rXZOfj/7rKQxULKlIzwzQSvMJUUNgPwJEEh7gU6xEVxC0ahoOBvN2YI8GH6FNgA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.12",
+        "@types/istanbul-lib-coverage": "^2.0.1",
+        "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "v8flags": {
       "version": "3.2.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/v8flags/-/v8flags-3.2.0.tgz",
@@ -22777,12 +26427,6 @@
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       "dev": true
     },
-    "void-elements": {
-      "version": "2.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/void-elements/-/void-elements-2.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-qZKX4RnBzH2ugr8Lxa7x+0V6XD9Sb/ouARtiasEQCHB1EVU4NXtmHsDDrx1dO4ne5fc3J6EW05BP1Dl0z0iung==",
-      "dev": true
-    },
     "w3c-xmlserializer": {
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/w3c-xmlserializer/-/w3c-xmlserializer-5.0.0.tgz",
@@ -22793,22 +26437,31 @@
       }
     },
     "wait-on": {
-      "version": "7.2.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wait-on/-/wait-on-7.2.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-wCQcHkRazgjG5XoAq9jbTMLpNIjoSlZslrJ2+N9MxDsGEv1HnFoVjOCexL0ESva7Y9cu350j+DWADdk54s4AFQ==",
+      "version": "9.0.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wait-on/-/wait-on-9.0.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qgnbHDfDTRIp73ANEJNRW/7kn8CrDUcvZz18xotJQku/P4saTGkbIzvnMZebPmVvVNUiRq1qWAPyqCH+W4H8KA==",
       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
-        "axios": "^1.6.1",
-        "joi": "^17.11.0",
-        "lodash": "^4.17.21",
+        "axios": "^1.15.0",
+        "joi": "^18.1.2",
+        "lodash": "^4.18.1",
         "minimist": "^1.2.8",
-        "rxjs": "^7.8.1"
+        "rxjs": "^7.8.2"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "lodash": {
+          "version": "4.18.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash/-/lodash-4.18.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-dMInicTPVE8d1e5otfwmmjlxkZoUpiVLwyeTdUsi/Caj/gfzzblBcCE5sRHV/AsjuCmxWrte2TNGSYuCeCq+0Q==",
+          "dev": true
+        }
       }
     },
     "wcag-act-rules": {
-      "version": "git+ssh://git@github.com/w3c/wcag-act-rules.git#dc90495a5533d326b300ee5a9487afdfc6d493c0",
+      "version": "git+ssh://git@github.com/w3c/wcag-act-rules.git#5adb55d19eb2cd7fb23213b2d1acedf9004dc063",
+      "integrity": "sha512-LbyKmuAqKyKj6lni8qFmt7GnihTUOus8y0U0CEavtTYXeg7rXaaefBP4FZZFHLyIK6Ja7CvCXs7hUOJGl1QYnA==",
       "dev": true,
-      "from": "wcag-act-rules@github:w3c/wcag-act-rules#dc90495a5533d326b300ee5a9487afdfc6d493c0"
+      "from": "wcag-act-rules@github:w3c/wcag-act-rules#5adb55d19eb2cd7fb23213b2d1acedf9004dc063"
     },
     "wcwidth": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
@@ -22825,16 +26478,16 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-ZzxBf288iALJseijWelmECm/1x7ZwQn3sMYIkDr2VvZp7r6SEKuT8D0O9Wiq6L9Nl5mazrOMcmiZE/2NCenaxw==",
       "dev": true
     },
-    "web-streams-polyfill": {
-      "version": "3.2.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/web-streams-polyfill/-/web-streams-polyfill-3.2.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-e0MO3wdXWKrLbL0DgGnUV7WHVuw9OUvL4hjgnPkIeEvESk74gAITi5G606JtZPp39cd8HA9VQzCIvA49LpPN5Q==",
+    "webdriver-bidi-protocol": {
+      "version": "0.4.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webdriver-bidi-protocol/-/webdriver-bidi-protocol-0.4.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ARrjNjtWRRs2w4Tk7nqrf2gBI0QXWuOmMCx2hU+1jUt6d00MjMxURrhxhGbrsoiZKJrhTSTzbIrc554iKI10qw==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "webidl-conversions": {
-      "version": "7.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webidl-conversions/-/webidl-conversions-7.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-VwddBukDzu71offAQR975unBIGqfKZpM+8ZX6ySk8nYhVoo5CYaZyzt3YBvYtRtO+aoGlqxPg/B87NGVZ/fu6g==",
+      "version": "8.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webidl-conversions/-/webidl-conversions-8.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-BMhLD/Sw+GbJC21C/UgyaZX41nPt8bUTg+jWyDeg7e7YN4xOM05YPSIXceACnXVtqyEw/LMClUQMtMZ+PGGpqQ==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "websocket-driver": {
@@ -22875,19 +26528,20 @@
       }
     },
     "whatwg-mimetype": {
-      "version": "4.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-mimetype/-/whatwg-mimetype-4.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-QaKxh0eNIi2mE9p2vEdzfagOKHCcj1pJ56EEHGQOVxp8r9/iszLUUV7v89x9O1p/T+NlTM5W7jW6+cz4Fq1YVg==",
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-mimetype/-/whatwg-mimetype-5.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-sXcNcHOC51uPGF0P/D4NVtrkjSU2fNsm9iog4ZvZJsL3rjoDAzXZhkm2MWt1y+PUdggKAYVoMAIYcs78wJ51Cw==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "whatwg-url": {
-      "version": "14.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-url/-/whatwg-url-14.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-1lfMEm2IEr7RIV+f4lUNPOqfFL+pO+Xw3fJSqmjX9AbXcXcYOkCe1P6+9VBZB6n94af16NfZf+sSk0JCBZC9aw==",
+      "version": "16.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-url/-/whatwg-url-16.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-1to4zXBxmXHV3IiSSEInrreIlu02vUOvrhxJJH5vcxYTBDAx51cqZiKdyTxlecdKNSjj8EcxGBxNf6Vg+945gw==",
       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
-        "tr46": "^5.0.0",
-        "webidl-conversions": "^7.0.0"
+        "@exodus/bytes": "^1.11.0",
+        "tr46": "^6.0.0",
+        "webidl-conversions": "^8.0.1"
       }
     },
     "which": {
@@ -22918,10 +26572,16 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-gvVzJFlPycKc5dZN4yPkP8w7Dc37BtP1yczEneOb4uq34pXZcvrtRTmWV8W+Ume+XCxKgbjM+nevkyFPMybd4Q==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "wordwrapjs": {
+      "version": "5.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wordwrapjs/-/wordwrapjs-5.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-0yweIbkINJodk27gX9LBGMzyQdBDan3s/dEAiwBOj+Mf0PPyWL6/rikalkv8EeD0E8jm4o5RXEOrFTP3NXbhJg==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "workerpool": {
-      "version": "6.2.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/workerpool/-/workerpool-6.2.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ILEIE97kDZvF9Wb9f6h5aXK4swSlKGUcOEGiIYb2OOu/IrDU9iwj0fD//SsA6E5ibwJxpEvhullJY4Sl4GcpAw==",
+      "version": "9.3.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/workerpool/-/workerpool-9.3.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-slxCaKbYjEdFT/o2rH9xS1hf4uRDch1w7Uo+apxhZ+sf/1d9e0ZVkn42kPNGP2dgjIx6YFvSevj0zHvbWe2jdw==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "wrap-ansi": {
@@ -23003,9 +26663,9 @@
       "dev": true
     },
     "ws": {
-      "version": "8.16.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.16.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-HS0c//TP7Ina87TfiPUz1rQzMhHrl/SG2guqRcTOIUYD2q8uhUdNHZYJUaQ8aTGPzCh+c6oawMKW35nFl1dxyQ==",
+      "version": "8.20.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.20.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-It4dO0K5v//JtTXuPkfEOaI3uUN87iYPnqo/ZzqCoG3g8uhA66QUMs/SrM0YK7/NAu+r4LMh/9dq2A7k+rHs+w==",
       "dev": true,
       "requires": {}
     },
@@ -23046,9 +26706,9 @@
       "dev": true
     },
     "yaml": {
-      "version": "2.3.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yaml/-/yaml-2.3.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-8aAvwVUSHpfEqTQ4w/KMlf3HcRdt50E5ODIQJBw1fQ5RL34xabzxtUlzTXVqc4rkZsPbvrXKWnABCD7kWSmocA==",
+      "version": "2.8.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yaml/-/yaml-2.8.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-AvbaCLOO2Otw/lW5bmh9d/WEdcDFdQp2Z2ZUH3pX9U2ihyUY0nvLv7J6TrWowklRGPYbB/IuIMfYgxaCPg5Bpg==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "yargs": {
@@ -23139,11 +26799,23 @@
         "fd-slicer": "~1.1.0"
       }
     },
+    "ylru": {
+      "version": "1.4.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ylru/-/ylru-1.4.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-2OQsPNEmBCvXuFlIni/a+Rn+R2pHW9INm0BxXJ4hVDA8TirqMj+J/Rp9ItLatT/5pZqWwefVrTQcHpixsxnVlA==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "yocto-queue": {
       "version": "0.1.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yocto-queue/-/yocto-queue-0.1.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-rVksvsnNCdJ/ohGc6xgPwyN8eheCxsiLM8mxuE/t/mOVqJewPuO1miLpTHQiRgTKCLexL4MeAFVagts7HmNZ2Q==",
       "dev": true
+    },
+    "zod": {
+      "version": "3.25.76",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/zod/-/zod-3.25.76.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-gzUt/qt81nXsFGKIFcC3YnfEAx5NkunCfnDlvuBSSFS02bcXu4Lmea0AFIUwbLWxWPx3d9p8S5QoaujKcNQxcQ==",
+      "dev": true
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 6c9a3e1fa..e31eb8192 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "axe-core",
   "description": "Accessibility engine for automated Web UI testing",
-  "version": "4.9.0",
+  "version": "4.12.1",
   "license": "MPL-2.0",
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=4"
@@ -32,6 +32,11 @@
       "name": "Marcy Sutton",
       "organization": "Deque Systems, Inc.",
       "url": "http://deque.com/"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Ava Gaiety Wroten",
+      "organization": "Deque Systems, Inc.",
+      "url": "http://deque.com/"
     }
   ],
   "homepage": "https://www.deque.com/axe/",
@@ -56,7 +61,8 @@
     "axe.d.ts",
     "sri-history.json",
     "locales/",
-    "LICENSE-3RD-PARTY.txt"
+    "LICENSE-3RD-PARTY.txt",
+    "gather-internals.js"
   ],
   "standard-version": {
     "scripts": {
@@ -71,18 +77,22 @@
     "develop": "grunt dev --force",
     "api-docs": "jsdoc --configure .jsdoc.json",
     "build": "grunt",
-    "eslint": "eslint --color --format stylish '{lib,test,build,doc}/**/*.js' 'Gruntfile.js'",
+    "patch": "npx patch-package",
+    "unpatch": "npx patch-package --reverse",
+    "eslint": "eslint --color --format stylish '{lib,test,build,doc}/**/*.js' 'Gruntfile.js' '.github/bin/*.mjs'",
     "test": "npm run test:tsc && run-s \"test:unit:* -- {@}\" --",
     "test:tsc": "tsc",
-    "test:unit": "karma start test/karma.conf.js",
-    "test:debug": "npm run test:unit -- --no-single-run --browsers=Chrome",
-    "test:unit:core": "npm run test:unit -- testDirs=core",
-    "test:unit:commons": "npm run test:unit -- testDirs=commons",
-    "test:unit:rule-matches": "npm run test:unit -- testDirs=rule-matches",
-    "test:unit:checks": "npm run test:unit -- testDirs=checks",
-    "test:unit:api": "npm run test:unit -- testDirs=api",
-    "test:unit:integration": "npm run test:unit -- testDirs=integration",
-    "test:unit:virtual-rules": "npm run test:unit -- testDirs=virtual-rules",
+    "test:unit": "web-test-runner --config test/wtr.config.mjs",
+    "test:debug": "web-test-runner --config test/wtr.debug.config.mjs --manual",
+    "build:integration-tests": "node build/generate-integration-tests.js",
+    "test:unit:core": "web-test-runner --config test/wtr.config.mjs --files 'test/core/**/*.js'",
+    "test:unit:commons": "web-test-runner --config test/wtr.config.mjs --files 'test/commons/**/*.js'",
+    "test:unit:rule-matches": "web-test-runner --config test/wtr.config.mjs --files 'test/rule-matches/**/*.js'",
+    "test:unit:checks": "web-test-runner --config test/wtr.config.mjs --files 'test/checks/**/*.js'",
+    "test:unit:api": "web-test-runner --config test/wtr.config.mjs --files 'test/integration/api/**/*.js'",
+    "test:unit:integration": "web-test-runner --config test/wtr.config.mjs --files 'tmp/integration-tests/**/*.test.js'",
+    "test:unit:virtual-rules": "web-test-runner --config test/wtr.config.mjs --files 'test/integration/virtual-rules/**/*.js'",
+    "test:unit:gather-internals": "web-test-runner --config test/wtr.config.mjs --files 'test/gather-internals/**/*.js'",
     "integration": "node test/integration/full/test-webdriver.js",
     "integration:apg": "mocha --fail-zero test/aria-practices/*.spec.js",
     "integration:chrome": "npm run integration -- browser=Chrome",
@@ -101,42 +111,46 @@
     "version": "echo \"use 'npm run release' to bump axe-core version\" && exit 1",
     "release": "git fetch origin --tags --force && standard-version -a",
     "rule-gen": "node build/rule-generator",
-    "next-release": "standard-version --scripts.prebump=./build/next-version.js --skip.commit=true --skip.tag=true",
     "sri-update": "grunt build && node build/sri-update && git add sri-history.json",
     "sri-validate": "node build/sri-update --validate",
+    "codemod:modernize-tests": "node build/codemods/modernize-test-files.mjs",
     "fmt": "prettier --write .",
-    "prepare": "husky",
+    "fmt:check": "prettier --check .",
+    "prepare": "husky && npm run patch",
     "prebuild": "node ./build/check-node-version.js",
     "pretest": "node ./build/check-node-version.js",
+    "pretest:unit:integration": "npm run build:integration-tests",
     "postbuild": "prettier --write ./locales/_template.json ./doc/rule-descriptions.md"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@axe-core/webdriverjs": "^4.5.2",
+    "@axe-core/webdriverjs": "^4.10.2",
     "@babel/core": "^7.20.12",
     "@babel/plugin-proposal-object-rest-spread": "^7.20.7",
     "@babel/preset-env": "^7.20.2",
     "@babel/runtime-corejs3": "^7.20.7",
     "@deque/dot": "^1.1.5",
+    "@types/node": "^25.6.0",
+    "@web/test-runner": "^0.20.2",
     "aria-practices": "github:w3c/aria-practices#ce0336bd82d7d3651abcbde86af644197ddbc629",
     "aria-query": "^5.1.3",
-    "browser-driver-manager": "1.0.4",
     "chai": "^4.3.7",
     "chalk": "^4.x",
     "chromedriver": "latest",
     "clean-jsdoc-theme": "^4.2.17",
     "clone": "^2.1.2",
-    "colorjs.io": "^0.5.0",
+    "colorjs.io": "0.4.3",
     "conventional-commits-parser": "^5.0.0",
     "core-js": "^3.27.1",
     "css-selector-parser": "^1.4.1",
     "emoji-regex": "^10.2.1",
     "es6-promise": "^4.2.8",
     "esbuild": "^0.10.x",
-    "eslint": "^8.31.0",
-    "eslint-config-prettier": "^9.0.0",
-    "eslint-plugin-mocha-no-only": "^1.1.1",
+    "eslint": "^9.2.0",
+    "eslint-config-prettier": "^10.0.1",
+    "eslint-plugin-mocha-no-only": "^1.2.0",
     "execa": "5.x",
     "glob": "^10.3.10",
+    "globals": "^17.1.0",
     "grunt": "^1.5.3",
     "grunt-babel": "^8.0.0",
     "grunt-bytesize": "^0.2.0",
@@ -148,44 +162,39 @@
     "http-server": "^14.1.1",
     "husky": "^9.0.7",
     "inquirer": "^8.2.5",
-    "jquery": "^3.6.3",
+    "jquery": "^4.0.0",
     "jsdoc": "^4.0.2",
-    "jsdom": "^24.0.0",
-    "karma": "^6.4.1",
-    "karma-chai": "^0.1.0",
-    "karma-chrome-launcher": "^3.1.1",
-    "karma-firefox-launcher": "^2.1.2",
-    "karma-ie-launcher": "^1.0.0",
-    "karma-mocha": "^2.0.1",
-    "karma-sinon": "^1.0.5",
-    "karma-spec-reporter": "^0.0.36",
-    "lint-staged": "^15.0.2",
+    "jsdom": "^29.0.2",
+    "lint-staged": "^16.1.0",
     "memoizee": "^0.4.15",
-    "mocha": "^10.2.0",
+    "mocha": "^11.1.0",
     "node-notifier": "^10.0.1",
     "npm-run-all": "^4.1.5",
     "outdent": "^0.8.0",
+    "parse5": "^8.0.0",
+    "patch-package": "^8.0.0",
     "prettier": "^3.0.3",
+    "recast": "^0.23.11",
     "revalidator": "^0.3.1",
     "selenium-webdriver": "^4.7.1",
     "serve-handler": "^6.1.5",
-    "sinon": "^17.0.0",
+    "sinon": "^21.0.0",
     "sri-toolbox": "^0.2.0",
     "standard-version": "^9.5.0",
-    "start-server-and-test": "^2.0.1",
+    "start-server-and-test": "^3.0.2",
     "typedarray": "^0.0.7",
-    "typescript": "^5.2.2",
+    "typescript": "^6.0.3",
     "uglify-js": "^3.17.4",
-    "wcag-act-rules": "github:w3c/wcag-act-rules#dc90495a5533d326b300ee5a9487afdfc6d493c0",
+    "wcag-act-rules": "github:w3c/wcag-act-rules#5adb55d19eb2cd7fb23213b2d1acedf9004dc063",
     "weakmap-polyfill": "^2.0.4"
   },
   "lint-staged": {
     "*.{md,json,ts,html}": [
       "prettier --write"
     ],
-    "*.js": [
-      "eslint --fix",
-      "prettier --write"
+    "*.{js,mjs}": [
+      "prettier --write",
+      "eslint --fix"
     ]
   }
 }
diff --git a/patches/colorjs.io+0.4.3.patch b/patches/colorjs.io+0.4.3.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a4020171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/patches/colorjs.io+0.4.3.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+diff --git a/node_modules/colorjs.io/dist/color.js b/node_modules/colorjs.io/dist/color.js
+index fa7a099..b3ccb68 100644
+--- a/node_modules/colorjs.io/dist/color.js
++++ b/node_modules/colorjs.io/dist/color.js
+@@ -1967,7 +1967,7 @@ var P3 = new RGBColorSpace({
+ // Default space for CSS output. Code in Color.js makes this wider if there's a DOM available
+ defaults.display_space = sRGB;
+ 
+-if (typeof CSS !== "undefined" && CSS.supports) {
++if (typeof CSS !== "undefined" && CSS?.supports) {
+ 	// Find widest supported color space for CSS
+ 	for (let space of [lab, REC2020, P3]) {
+ 		let coords = space.getMinCoords();
+@@ -1996,7 +1996,7 @@ if (typeof CSS !== "undefined" && CSS.supports) {
+ function display (color, {space = defaults.display_space, ...options} = {}) {
+ 	let ret = serialize(color, options);
+ 
+-	if (typeof CSS === "undefined" || CSS.supports("color", ret) || !defaults.display_space) {
++	if (typeof CSS === "undefined" || CSS?.supports("color", ret) || !defaults.display_space) {
+ 		ret = new String(ret);
+ 		ret.color = color;
+ 	}
diff --git a/sri-history.json b/sri-history.json
index dea6ac5f9..2c1505a99 100644
--- a/sri-history.json
+++ b/sri-history.json
@@ -374,5 +374,53 @@
   "4.9.0": {
     "axe.js": "sha256-76H9rp5bFFzCQrHiNlIEZniM30DftZzZ5pUJd/ZG4Qg=",
     "axe.min.js": "sha256-leYBst5Y3dlncZ2YVBpe5s//BhrMC7XbK9yhUCAyPNA="
+  },
+  "4.9.1": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-t7u8FiO2U54AN0dyGu2hAMcYdgpuXEkM6n+Eup6lMyQ=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-GCpA3F2CB+YmwJhhrWUCfUXoXjpW0BBF0Gji6I7kMuo="
+  },
+  "4.10.0": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-n/KN+TQhojZXnh49uUEY3/Df5WszWcCEothu0P58qDY=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-SDpP7Usv5Wz9lKWFZQIMhjmD+EFeKCfzSB3ONecO/7U="
+  },
+  "4.10.1": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-KQDnBck/AyiC+OE3x0AJ/EQYykYTnH+1z7punr4Xc0c=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-OBXf33U9n+qCj0mI9MLkiVyC1nCzabDnmopjyuv1gZ4="
+  },
+  "4.10.2": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-+gZL/deLqt1La/rK9St/UzNzWa4co71yGT5I07FuZuE=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-tRHNnewBx29LKtFyO2a22zfUwutO0ZkHbhgp2e57deM="
+  },
+  "4.10.3": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-vurbjUBDRYSCqEMt0ievkm0brzeP+81jiI6R7AyoU10=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-iAlwwIFwc2DmTzTOol/5GJL1vJVnWwd2kluXCd2KaLs="
+  },
+  "4.11.0": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-RKE4K0g6QAePcUi+Tcnr567YKVEwnoToqe+Qd7w1mzo=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-6eWGPDOodPCbwBrNkjS348hxR59e74gC+lglREZebQE="
+  },
+  "4.11.1": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-fJzJf10MFoA2ixvyHh+fGvPuVq6JXm+IdhMVfaKAnYY=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-fb+r38YGKTbXnIc927X4EaEhn8o5KL2Myd2B8eZfRyA="
+  },
+  "4.11.2": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-l0az3GGxixpCq0IHsMxs3F4nvNGl/89Ypf8icbh6Xfk=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-dacAeIgHzdkplnXlC66fYnqfnzaOkpb+pxf3Ejreyxo="
+  },
+  "4.11.3": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-MgD9sqZmQpnqTg+i7glZ32Zo9TQZ81mOpgg0HABdwoE=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-BWVH7wRf9Q7eSaVMmaNWiQ/4lAxUFqVKnJEAhsVFM90="
+  },
+  "4.11.4": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-MFYbxYKg+pR6osY47p1hwmvMOb7f5kMTHtPU7APqp/A=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-+4OkN42Xjst9La5Io6N3ioTJcaxpLzr9RdcU+6icDw0="
+  },
+  "4.12.0": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-oNBNtCwIenGwI5OepWKyxcy5/OyV+O6pYjPmYhZrVvU=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-oK/ECKvsvgb/dnUDPn6ixARmGBYhZ6qkzhAwsQlj3s4="
+  },
+  "4.12.1": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-FRl8Y/9oP3b35USiZrI5x7sAP6jiyQTDJDTQ6f9ldd4=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-ZqiqqVqLBEp/10pUNYc78E/2WhynVWfJIbdQl0IIWhQ="
   }
 }
diff --git a/test/act-rules/README.md b/test/act-rules/README.md
index eb4b2a32f..5e29be0a8 100644
--- a/test/act-rules/README.md
+++ b/test/act-rules/README.md
@@ -3,3 +3,10 @@
 Each ACT rule that axe-core is consistent with has a test file in this directory named [after the ACT rule](https://github.com/act-rules/act-rules.github.io/tree/develop/_rules). These tests use the `act-runner.js` script, which loads the test cases from `node_modules/wcag-act-rules`. The ACT runner accepts a `id` and `title` from the ACT rule, and an array of `axeRules` that map to this ACT rule.
 
 To run all tests, use `npm run test:act`. To test individual files, you can use Mocha's --grep argument: `npm run test:act -- --grep=afw4f7`.
+
+The spec file object allows the following properties:
+
+- `id` - (required) The `ruleId` of the ACT rule, found in the [testcases.json file](https://github.com/w3c/wcag-act-rules/blob/main/content-assets/wcag-act-rules/testcases.json).
+- `title` - (required) The `ruleName` of the ACT rule, found in the [testcases.json file](https://github.com/w3c/wcag-act-rules/blob/main/content-assets/wcag-act-rules/testcases.json).
+- `axeRules` - (required) A list of axe-core rule ids to run. A single ACT rule can require multiple axe-core rules in order to cover all the ACT examples (e.g. the ACT rule `button-non-empty` requires both `button-name` and `aria-command-name` to run).
+- `skipTests` - (optional) A list of ACT `testcaseId` to skip. Please be sure to add a comment as to why the test should be skipped. If applicable, please open an issue in axe-core and link to the issue in the code so that we can track the issue and know when we can run the test again.
diff --git a/test/act-rules/act-runner.js b/test/act-rules/act-runner.js
index 238e96175..ae3a10fd6 100644
--- a/test/act-rules/act-runner.js
+++ b/test/act-rules/act-runner.js
@@ -28,11 +28,8 @@ module.exports = ({ id, title, axeRules, skipTests = [] }) => {
     this.timeout(50000);
     this.retries(3);
 
-    before(async () => {
-      driver = getWebdriver();
-    });
-
     before(done => {
+      driver = getWebdriver();
       server = http.createServer((request, response) => {
         return handler(request, response, {
           cleanUrls: false,
@@ -50,7 +47,7 @@ module.exports = ({ id, title, axeRules, skipTests = [] }) => {
     });
 
     after(async () => {
-      await driver.close();
+      await driver.quit();
       await new Promise(r => server.close(r));
     });
 
diff --git a/test/act-rules/aria-required-owned-element-bc4a75.spec.js b/test/act-rules/aria-required-owned-element-bc4a75.spec.js
index b5faa0d2b..0791b992b 100644
--- a/test/act-rules/aria-required-owned-element-bc4a75.spec.js
+++ b/test/act-rules/aria-required-owned-element-bc4a75.spec.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require('./act-runner.js')({
   id: 'bc4a75',
   title: 'ARIA required owned elements',
-  axeRules: ['aria-required-children']
+  axeRules: ['list', 'aria-required-children']
 });
diff --git a/test/aria-practices/apg.spec.js b/test/aria-practices/apg.spec.js
index f7da83253..aaebe6f14 100644
--- a/test/aria-practices/apg.spec.js
+++ b/test/aria-practices/apg.spec.js
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ describe('aria-practices', function () {
   // Use path.resolve rather than require.resolve because APG package.json main file does not exist
   const apgPath = path.resolve(__dirname, '../../node_modules/aria-practices/');
   const filePaths = globSync(
-    `${apgPath}/content/patterns/*/**/examples/*.html`
+    `${apgPath}/content/patterns/*/**/examples/*.html`,
+    { posix: true }
   );
   const testFiles = filePaths.map(
     fileName => fileName.split('/aria-practices/content/patterns/')[1]
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ describe('aria-practices', function () {
   });
 
   after(async () => {
-    await driver.close();
+    await driver.quit();
   });
 
   const disabledRules = {
@@ -39,9 +40,9 @@ describe('aria-practices', function () {
     ]
   };
 
-  // Not an actual content file
   const skippedPages = [
-    'toolbar/examples/help.html' // Embedded into another page
+    'toolbar/examples/help.html', // Embedded into another page
+    'tabs/examples/tabs-actions.html' // dequelabs/axe-core#4584
   ];
 
   it('finds examples', () => {
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-elm.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-elm.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e51ad4098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-elm.js
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+describe('aria-allowed-attr-elm', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for br with aria-hidden', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<br aria-hidden="true" id="target">');
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr-elm')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for wbr with aria-hidden', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<wbr aria-hidden="false" id="target">');
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr-elm')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for br with disallowed aria attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<br aria-busy="true" id="target">');
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr-elm')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'singular',
+      nodeName: 'br',
+      values: 'aria-busy="true"'
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for wbr with disallowed aria attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<wbr aria-busy="true" id="target">');
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr-elm')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'singular',
+      nodeName: 'wbr',
+      values: 'aria-busy="true"'
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for br with non-global aria attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<br aria-expanded="true" id="target">');
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr-elm')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for br with explicit role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<br role="heading" aria-busy="true" id="target">'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr-elm')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for element without allowedAriaAttrs restriction', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div aria-busy="true" id="target"></div>');
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr-elm')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr.js
index b1a0d5933..224240766 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-allowed-attr', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should detect incorrectly used attributes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should detect incorrectly used attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="link" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true"></div>'
     );
 
@@ -21,8 +19,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="true"']);
   });
 
-  it('should not report on required attributes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should not report on required attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="checkbox" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-checked="true"></div>'
     );
 
@@ -33,8 +31,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should detect incorrectly used attributes - implicit role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should detect incorrectly used attributes - implicit role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a href="#" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true"></a>'
     );
 
@@ -46,8 +44,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="true"']);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for global attributes if there is no role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true for global attributes if there is no role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-busy="true" aria-owns="foo"></div>'
     );
 
@@ -59,8 +57,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for non-global attributes if there is no role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for non-global attributes if there is no role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true" aria-owns="foo"></div>'
     );
 
@@ -72,8 +70,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="true"']);
   });
 
-  it('should not report on invalid attributes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should not report on invalid attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="dialog" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-cats="true"></div>'
     );
 
@@ -85,8 +83,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should not report on allowed attributes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should not report on allowed attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="radio" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-required="true" aria-checked="true"></div>'
     );
 
@@ -98,8 +96,84 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined for custom element that has no role and is not focusable', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should not report on aria-required=false', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<button id="target" aria-required="false"></button>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for unallowed aria-required=true', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<button id="target" aria-required="true"></button>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-required="true"']);
+  });
+
+  it('should not report on aria-multiline=false with contenteditable', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-multiline="false" contenteditable></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for unallowed aria-multiline=true and contenteditable', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-multiline="true" contenteditable></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-multiline="true"']);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for unallowed aria-multiline=false', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-multiline="false"></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-multiline="false"']);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for unallowed aria-multiline=true', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" aria-multiline="true"></div>');
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-multiline="true"']);
+  });
+
+  it('should return undefined for custom element that has no role and is not focusable', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<my-custom-element id="target" aria-expanded="true"></my-custom-element>'
     );
 
@@ -111,8 +185,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
     assert.isNotNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it("should return false for custom element that has a role which doesn't allow the attribute", function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it("should return false for custom element that has a role which doesn't allow the attribute", () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<my-custom-element role="insertion" id="target" aria-expanded="true"></my-custom-element>'
     );
 
@@ -124,8 +198,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
     assert.isNotNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for custom element that is focusable', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for custom element that is focusable', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<my-custom-element tabindex="1" id="target" aria-expanded="true"></my-custom-element>'
     );
 
@@ -137,8 +211,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
     assert.isNotNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  describe('options', function () {
-    it('should allow provided attribute names for a role', function () {
+  describe('options', () => {
+    it('should allow provided attribute names for a role', () => {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaRoles: {
@@ -149,7 +223,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div role="mccheddarton" id="target" aria-checked="true" aria-selected="true"></div>'
       );
 
@@ -171,7 +245,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should handle multiple roles provided in options', function () {
+    it('should handle multiple roles provided in options', () => {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaRoles: {
@@ -185,10 +259,10 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div role="bagley" id="target" aria-selected="true"></div>'
       );
-      var options = {
+      const options = {
         mccheddarton: ['aria-selected'],
         bagley: ['aria-selected']
       };
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role.js
index 7c062b89a..43090a546 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role.js
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-allowed-role', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true if given element is an ignoredTag in options', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true if given element is an ignoredTag in options', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<article id="target" role="presentation"></article>'
     );
-    var options = {
+    const options = {
       ignoredTags: ['article']
     };
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
+    const actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
       .call(checkContext, null, options, vNode);
-    var expected = true;
+    const expected = true;
     assert.equal(actual, expected);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false with implicit role of row for TR when allowImplicit is set to false via options', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false with implicit role of row for TR when allowImplicit is set to false via options', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<table role="grid"><tr id="target" role="row"></tr></table>'
     );
-    var options = {
+    const options = {
       allowImplicit: false
     };
-    var outcome = axe.testUtils
+    const outcome = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
       .call(checkContext, null, options, vNode);
 
@@ -38,32 +38,40 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['row']);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) when element is hidden and has unallowed role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<button id="target" type="button" aria-hidden="true"' +
-        'role="presentation"></button>'
-    );
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) when element is hidden and has unallowed role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        type="button"
+        aria-hidden="true"
+        role="presentation"
+      ></button>
+    `);
+    const actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
       .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) when element is with in hidden parent and has unallowed role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="display:none">' +
-        '<button id="target" class="mm-tabstart" type="button"' +
-        'role="presentation"></button>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) when element is with in hidden parent and has unallowed role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="display:none">
+        <button
+          id="target"
+          class="mm-tabstart"
+          type="button"
+          role="presentation"
+        ></button>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
       .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when BUTTON has type menu and role as menuitem', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when BUTTON has type menu and role as menuitem', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" type="menu" role="menuitem"></button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -73,8 +81,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has no alt and role="presentation"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="presentation"/>');
+  it('returns true when img has no alt and role="presentation"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="presentation"/>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -83,8 +91,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has no alt and role="none"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="none"/>');
+  it('returns true when img has no alt and role="none"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="none"/>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -93,8 +101,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has empty alt and role="presentation"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="" role="presentation"/>');
+  it('returns true when img has empty alt and role="presentation"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="" role="presentation"/>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -103,8 +111,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has empty alt and role="none"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="" role="none"/>');
+  it('returns true when img has empty alt and role="none"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="" role="none"/>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -113,8 +121,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when img has alt and role="presentation"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when img has alt and role="presentation"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<img id="target" alt="not empty" role="presentation"/>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -125,8 +133,10 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['presentation']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when img has alt and role="none"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="not empty" role="none"/>');
+  it('returns false when img has alt and role="none"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<img id="target" alt="not empty" role="none"/>'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -135,8 +145,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['none']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has aria-label and a valid role, role="button"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when img has aria-label and a valid role, role="button"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<img id="target" aria-label="foo" role="button"/>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -147,8 +157,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when img has aria-label and a invalid role, role="alert"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when img has aria-label and a invalid role, role="alert"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<img id="target" aria-label="foo" role="alert"/>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -159,11 +169,11 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['alert']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has aria-labelledby and a valid role, role="menuitem"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
-        '<img id="target" aria-labelledby="foo" role="menuitem"/>'
-    );
+  it('returns true when img has aria-labelledby and a valid role, role="menuitem"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="foo">hello world</div>
+      <img id="target" aria-labelledby="foo" role="menuitem" />
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -172,11 +182,11 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when img has aria-labelledby and a invalid role, role="rowgroup"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
-        '<img id="target" aria-labelledby="foo" role="rowgroup"/>'
-    );
+  it('returns false when img has aria-labelledby and a invalid role, role="rowgroup"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="foo">hello world</div>
+      <img id="target" aria-labelledby="foo" role="rowgroup" />
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -185,11 +195,11 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['rowgroup']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has title and a valid role, role="link"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
-        '<img id="target" title="foo" role="link"/>'
-    );
+  it('returns true when img has title and a valid role, role="link"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="foo">hello world</div>
+      <img id="target" title="foo" role="link" />
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -198,11 +208,11 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when img has title and a invalid role, role="radiogroup"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
-        '<img id="target" title="foo" role="radiogroup"/>'
-    );
+  it('returns false when img has title and a invalid role, role="radiogroup"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="foo">hello world</div>
+      <img id="target" title="foo" role="radiogroup" />
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -211,8 +221,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['radiogroup']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when input of type image and no role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="image"/>');
+  it('returns true when input of type image and no role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="image"/>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -221,8 +231,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is checkbox and has aria-pressed attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is checkbox and has aria-pressed attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="checkbox" aria-pressed="">'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -232,8 +242,10 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role combobox', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="text" role="combobox">');
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role combobox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<input id="target" type="text" role="combobox">'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -241,8 +253,10 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is tel with role combobox', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="tel" role="combobox">');
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is tel with role combobox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<input id="target" type="tel" role="combobox">'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -250,8 +264,10 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is url with role combobox', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="url" role="combobox">');
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is url with role combobox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<input id="target" type="url" role="combobox">'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -259,8 +275,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is search with role combobox', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is search with role combobox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="search" role="combobox">'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -270,8 +286,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is email with role combobox', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is email with role combobox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="email" role="combobox">'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -281,8 +297,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role spinbutton', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role spinbutton', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="text" role="spinbutton">'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -292,8 +308,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is number with role spinbutton', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is number with role spinbutton', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="number" role="spinbutton">'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -303,8 +319,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is tel with role spinbutton', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is tel with role spinbutton', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="tel" role="spinbutton">'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -314,8 +330,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role searchbox', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role searchbox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="text" role="searchbox">'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -325,8 +341,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false when a role is set on an element that does not allow any role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<dd id="target" role="link">');
+  it('returns false when a role is set on an element that does not allow any role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<dd id="target" role="link">');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -335,8 +351,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['link']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when a role is set on an element that can have any role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="link"></dd>');
+  it('returns true when a role is set on an element that can have any role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="link"></dd>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -344,8 +360,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true an <a> without a href to have any role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" role="presentation"></a>');
+  it('returns true an <a> without a href to have any role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" role="presentation"></a>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -353,16 +369,18 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true <a> with a empty href to have any valid role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" role="link" href=""></a>');
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
+  it('returns true <a> with a empty href to have any valid role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" role="link" href=""></a>');
+    const actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
       .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true <img> with a non-empty alt', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="button" alt="some text">');
+  it('returns true <img> with a non-empty alt', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<img id="target" role="button" alt="some text">'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -370,8 +388,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should allow <select> without a multiple and size attribute to have a menu role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<select id="target" role="menu">');
+  it('should allow <select> without a multiple and size attribute to have a menu role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<select id="target" role="menu">');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -380,17 +398,17 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true custom element <my-navbar> with a role of navigation', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<my-navbar id="target" role="navigation">');
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
+  it('returns true custom element <my-navbar> with a role of navigation', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<my-navbar id="target" role="navigation">');
+    const actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
       .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if a dpub role’s type is not the element’s implicit role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<article id="target" role="doc-biblioref">');
+  it('returns false if a dpub role’s type is not the element’s implicit role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<article id="target" role="doc-biblioref">');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -398,8 +416,10 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true if a dpub role’s type is the element’s implicit role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="foo" role="doc-biblioref">');
+  it('returns true if a dpub role’s type is the element’s implicit role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<a id="target" href="foo" role="doc-biblioref">'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-busy.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-busy.js
index 166faec83..aad9566c7 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-busy.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-busy.js
@@ -1,28 +1,26 @@
-describe('aria-busy', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-busy', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-busy');
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-busy');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if no aria-busy tag on element', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="list"></div>');
+  it('should return false if no aria-busy tag on element', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="list"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if aria-busy is set to false', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if aria-busy is set to false', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="list" aria-busy="false"></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-busy is set to true', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if aria-busy is set to true', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="list" aria-busy="true"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.js
index 2a3f6dc4e..68be521c2 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { checkSetup, getCheckEvaluate } = axe.testUtils;
   const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   const ariaConditionalCheck = getCheckEvaluate('aria-conditional-attr');
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
   it('is true for non-conditional roles', () => {
     const roles = ['main', 'button', 'radiogroup', 'tree', 'none'];
     for (const role of roles) {
-      const params = checkSetup(`<div id="target" role="${role}"></div>`);
+      const params = checkSetup(html`<div id="target" role="${role}"></div>`);
       assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
     }
   });
@@ -25,8 +26,13 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
 
     it('returns true when valid ARIA props are used on table', () => {
       const params = checkSetup(
-        `<div role="treegrid">
-          <div id="target" role="row" aria-rowindex="1" aria-label="hello world"></div>
+        html`<div role="treegrid">
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            role="row"
+            aria-rowindex="1"
+            aria-label="hello world"
+          ></div>
         </div>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -35,7 +41,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
 
     it('returns true when treegrid row props are used on a treegrid row', () => {
       const params = checkSetup(
-        `<div role="treegrid">
+        html`<div role="treegrid">
           <div id="target" role="row" ${treeGridRowProps.join(' ')}></div>
         </div>`
       );
@@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
 
     it('returns true when the row is not in a table, grid, or treegrid', () => {
       const params = checkSetup(
-        `<div id="target" role="row" ${treeGridRowProps.join(' ')}></div>`
+        html`<div id="target" role="row" ${treeGridRowProps.join(' ')}></div>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
@@ -54,7 +60,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
     it('returns false when treegrid row props are used on an ARIA table row', () => {
       for (const prop of treeGridRowProps) {
         const params = checkSetup(
-          `<div role="table">
+          html`<div role="table">
             <div id="target" role="row" ${prop}></div>
           </div>`
         );
@@ -70,7 +76,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
     it('returns false when treegrid row props are used on a grid row', () => {
       for (const prop of treeGridRowProps) {
         const params = checkSetup(
-          `<div role="grid">
+          html`<div role="grid">
             <div id="target" role="row" ${prop}></div>
           </div>`
         );
@@ -86,7 +92,11 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
     it('returns false when treegrid row props are used on a native table row', () => {
       for (const prop of treeGridRowProps) {
         const params = checkSetup(
-          `<table> <tr id="target" ${prop}> <td></td> </tr> </table>`
+          html`<table>
+            <tr id="target" ${prop}>
+              <td></td>
+            </tr>
+          </table>`
         );
         assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
         assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -99,8 +109,13 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
 
     it('sets messageKey to rowPlural with multiple bad attributes', () => {
       const params = checkSetup(
-        `<div role="table">
-          <div id="target" role="row" aria-expanded="false" aria-level="1"></div>
+        html`<div role="table">
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            role="row"
+            aria-expanded="false"
+            aria-level="1"
+          ></div>
         </div>`
       );
       assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -111,11 +126,15 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('options.invalidTableRowAttrs', function () {
+    describe('options.invalidTableRowAttrs', () => {
       it('returns false for removed attribute', () => {
         const options = { invalidTableRowAttrs: ['aria-rowindex'] };
         const params = checkSetup(
-          `<table> <tr id="target" aria-rowindex="1"> <td></td> </tr> </table>`,
+          html`<table>
+            <tr id="target" aria-rowindex="1">
+              <td></td>
+            </tr>
+          </table>`,
           options
         );
         assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -124,8 +143,15 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
       it('returns true for additional attribute', () => {
         const options = { invalidTableRowAttrs: ['aria-level'] };
         const params = checkSetup(
-          `<table>
-            <tr id="target" aria-expanded="true" aria-setsize="1" aria-posinset="1"> <td></td> </tr>
+          html`<table>
+            <tr
+              id="target"
+              aria-expanded="true"
+              aria-setsize="1"
+              aria-posinset="1"
+            >
+              <td></td>
+            </tr>
           </table>`,
           options
         );
@@ -137,7 +163,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
   describe('ariaConditionalCheckboxAttr', () => {
     it('returns true for non-native checkbox', () => {
       const params = checkSetup(
-        `<div id="target" role="checkbox" aria-checked="true"></div>`
+        html`<div id="target" role="checkbox" aria-checked="true"></div>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
@@ -146,7 +172,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
     it('returns true for checkbox without aria-checked value', () => {
       for (const prop of ['', 'aria-checked', 'aria-checked=""']) {
         const params = checkSetup(
-          `<input id="target" type="checkbox" ${prop}>`
+          html`<input id="target" type="checkbox" ${prop} />`
         );
         assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
         assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
@@ -157,7 +183,11 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
       const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
       it('returns true for aria-checked="true" on a [checked] checkbox', () => {
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="true" checked>`;
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<input
+          type="checkbox"
+          aria-checked="true"
+          checked
+        />`;
         const root = axe.setup(fixture);
         const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(root, 'input')[0];
 
@@ -168,7 +198,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
       });
 
       it('returns true for aria-checked="true" on a clicked checkbox', () => {
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="true">`;
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="true" />`;
         fixture.firstChild.click(); // set checked state
         const root = axe.setup(fixture);
         const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(root, 'input')[0];
@@ -182,7 +212,12 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
       it('returns false for other aria-checked values', () => {
         for (const prop of ['  ', 'false', 'mixed', 'incorrect', '  true  ']) {
           const params = checkSetup(
-            `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" checked id="target">`
+            html`<input
+              type="checkbox"
+              aria-checked="${prop}"
+              checked
+              id="target"
+            />`
           );
           assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
           assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -196,7 +231,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
     describe('unchecked state', () => {
       it('returns true for aria-checked="false"', () => {
         const params = checkSetup(
-          `<input id="target" type="checkbox" aria-checked="false">`
+          html`<input id="target" type="checkbox" aria-checked="false" />`
         );
         assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
         assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
@@ -205,7 +240,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
       it('returns true for aria-checked with an invalid value', () => {
         for (const prop of ['  ', 'invalid', 'FALSE', 'nope']) {
           const params = checkSetup(
-            `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target">`
+            html`<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target" />`
           );
           assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
           assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
@@ -215,7 +250,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
       it('returns false for other aria-checked values', () => {
         for (const prop of ['true', 'TRUE', 'mixed', 'MiXeD']) {
           const params = checkSetup(
-            `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target">`
+            html`<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target" />`
           );
           assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
           assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -227,9 +262,9 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
     });
 
     describe('indeterminate state', () => {
-      function asIndeterminateVirtualNode(html) {
+      function asIndeterminateVirtualNode(markup) {
         const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-        fixture.innerHTML = html;
+        fixture.innerHTML = markup;
         fixture.querySelector('input').indeterminate = true;
         const root = axe.setup(fixture);
         return axe.utils.querySelectorAll(root, 'input')[0];
@@ -237,7 +272,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
 
       it('returns true for aria-checked="mixed"', () => {
         const vNode = asIndeterminateVirtualNode(
-          `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="mixed">`
+          html`<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="mixed" />`
         );
         assert.isTrue(
           ariaConditionalCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
@@ -247,7 +282,7 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
       it('returns false for other aria-checked values', () => {
         for (const prop of ['true', 'TRUE', 'false', 'invalid']) {
           const vNode = asIndeterminateVirtualNode(
-            `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target">`
+            html`<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target" />`
           );
           assert.isFalse(
             ariaConditionalCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
@@ -261,4 +296,95 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
       });
     });
   });
+
+  describe('ariaConditionalRadioAttr', () => {
+    it('returns true for non-native radio', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        `<div id="target" role="radio" aria-checked="true"></div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for radio without aria-checked value', () => {
+      for (const prop of ['', 'aria-checked', 'aria-checked=""']) {
+        const params = checkSetup(`<input id="target" type="radio" ${prop}>`);
+        assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+        assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+      }
+    });
+
+    describe('checked state', () => {
+      const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+
+      it('returns true for aria-checked="true" on a [checked] radio', () => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<input type="radio" aria-checked="true" checked>`;
+        const root = axe.setup(fixture);
+        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(root, 'input')[0];
+
+        assert.isTrue(
+          ariaConditionalCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+        );
+        assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+      });
+
+      it('returns true for aria-checked="true" on a clicked radio', () => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<input type="radio" aria-checked="true">`;
+        fixture.firstChild.click(); // set checked state
+        const root = axe.setup(fixture);
+        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(root, 'input')[0];
+
+        assert.isTrue(
+          ariaConditionalCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+        );
+        assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+      });
+
+      it('returns false for other aria-checked values', () => {
+        for (const prop of ['  ', 'false', 'mixed', 'incorrect', '  true  ']) {
+          const params = checkSetup(
+            `<input type="radio" aria-checked="${prop}" checked id="target">`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+          assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+            messageKey: 'radio',
+            checkState: 'true'
+          });
+        }
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('unchecked state', () => {
+      it('returns true for aria-checked="false"', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          `<input id="target" type="radio" aria-checked="false">`
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+        assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+      });
+
+      it('returns true for aria-checked with an invalid value', () => {
+        for (const prop of ['  ', 'invalid', 'FALSE', 'nope']) {
+          const params = checkSetup(
+            `<input type="radio" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target">`
+          );
+          assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+          assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+        }
+      });
+
+      it('returns false for other aria-checked values', () => {
+        for (const prop of ['true', 'TRUE']) {
+          const params = checkSetup(
+            `<input type="radio" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target">`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+          assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+            messageKey: 'radio',
+            checkState: 'false'
+          });
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-hidden-body.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-hidden-body.js
index a84f86e57..fc8b9a138 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-hidden-body.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-hidden-body.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('aria-hidden', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var body = document.body;
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('aria-hidden', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const body = document.body;
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
     body.removeAttribute('aria-hidden');
   });
 
-  it('should not be present on document.body', function () {
-    var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(body);
+  it('should not be present on document.body', () => {
+    const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(body);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-hidden-body')
@@ -17,9 +15,9 @@ describe('aria-hidden', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('fails appropriately if aria-hidden=true on document.body', function () {
+  it('fails appropriately if aria-hidden=true on document.body', () => {
     body.setAttribute('aria-hidden', true);
-    var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(body);
+    const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(body);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-hidden-body')
@@ -27,9 +25,9 @@ describe('aria-hidden', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('passes if aria-hidden=false on document.body', function () {
+  it('passes if aria-hidden=false on document.body', () => {
     body.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'false');
-    var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(body);
+    const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(body);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-hidden-body')
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-level.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-level.js
index 6ac88a4ea..53db0b316 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-level.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-level.js
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
-describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-prohibited-attr', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-level');
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-level');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-level is less than 6', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="2">Contents</div>');
+  it('should return true if aria-level is less than 6', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="2">Contents</div>');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-level is 6', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="6">Contents</div>');
+  it('should return true if aria-level is 6', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="6">Contents</div>');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-level is negative', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="-2">Contents</div>');
+  it('should return true if aria-level is negative', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" aria-level="-2">Contents</div>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if there is no aria-level', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target">Contents</div>');
+  it('should return true if there is no aria-level', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target">Contents</div>');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if aria-level is greater than 6', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="8">Contents</div>');
+  it('should return undefined if aria-level is greater than 6', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="8">Contents</div>');
     assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr.js
index 4ae70f6bb..3895ac694 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-prohibited-attr', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-prohibited-attr');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-prohibited-attr');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true for prohibited attributes and no content', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true for prohibited attributes and no content', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="foo"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined for prohibited attributes and content', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return undefined for prohibited attributes and content', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="foo">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return true for multiple prohibited attributes', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true for multiple prohibited attributes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-hidden="false"  aria-label="foo" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -49,8 +49,10 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if element has no role and has text content (singular)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label="foo">Contents</div>');
+  it('should return undefined if element has no role and has text content (singular)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" aria-label="foo">Contents</div>'
+    );
     assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
       nodeName: 'div',
@@ -60,8 +62,8 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if element has no role and has text content (plural)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return undefined if element has no role and has text content (plural)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="foo" aria-labelledby="foo">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -73,8 +75,8 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has no role and no text content (singular)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label="foo"></div>');
+  it('should return true if element has no role and no text content (singular)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label="foo"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
       nodeName: 'div',
@@ -84,8 +86,8 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has no role and no text content (plural)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if element has no role and no text content (plural)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="foo" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -97,45 +99,172 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if all attributes are allowed', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if all attributes are allowed', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="button" aria-label="foo" aria-labelledby="foo">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if no prohibited attributes are used', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if no prohibited attributes are used', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-selected="true">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if prohibited attributes have no value', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if prohibited attributes have no value', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-label="  " aria-labelledby="  ">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should allow `elementsAllowedAriaLabel` nodes to have aria-label', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should allow `elementsAllowedAriaLabel` nodes to have aria-label', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="hello world"></div>',
       { elementsAllowedAriaLabel: ['div'] }
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should not allow `elementsAllowedAriaLabel` nodes with a prohibited role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should not allow `elementsAllowedAriaLabel` nodes with a prohibited role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-label="hello world"></div>',
       { elementsAllowedAriaLabel: ['div'] }
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should allow elements that have an implicit role in chromium', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<svg id="target" aria-label="hello world"></svg>');
+  it('should allow elements that have an implicit role in chromium', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<svg id="target" aria-label="hello world"></svg>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('should not allow aria-label on divs that have an invalid role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="foo" aria-label="foo"></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      role: null,
+      messageKey: 'noRoleSingular',
+      prohibited: ['aria-label']
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should allow aria-label on divs with a valid fallback role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="foo dialog" aria-label="foo"></div>'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
+
+  it('should not allow aria-label on divs with no valid fallback roles', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="foo bar" aria-label="foo"></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      role: null,
+      messageKey: 'noRoleSingular',
+      prohibited: ['aria-label']
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('widget ancestor', () => {
+    it('should allow aria-label', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <button>
+          <span>
+            <span id="target" aria-label="hello world"></span>
+          </span>
+        </button>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('should allow aria-labelledby', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div id="foo">hello world</div>
+        <button>
+          <span>
+            <span id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></span>
+          </span>
+        </button>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('should skip "role=none" roles in between ancestor', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <button>
+          <h1 role="none">
+            <span id="target" aria-label="hello world"></span>
+          </h1>
+        </button>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('should skip "role=presentation" roles in between ancestor', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <a href="#">
+          <h1 role="presentation">
+            <span id="target" aria-label="hello world"></span>
+          </h1>
+        </a>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('should not allow aria-label on descendant of non-widget', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div role="grid">
+          <span>
+            <span id="target" aria-label="foo"></span>
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('should not allow aria-labelledby on descendant of non-widget', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div id="foo">hello world</div>
+        <div role="grid">
+          <span>
+            <span id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></span>
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('should use closet non-presentational ancestor', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <button>
+          <span role="grid">
+            <span id="target" aria-label="foo"></span>
+          </span>
+        </button>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('should use closet chromium role', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <button>
+          <label>
+            <span id="target" aria-label="foo"></span>
+          </label>
+        </button>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-required-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-required-attr.js
index a18a96e42..4aa7d3a1b 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-required-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-required-attr.js
@@ -49,6 +49,13 @@ describe('aria-required-attr', () => {
     assert.isTrue(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
+  it('passes aria-valuenow if element has aria-valuetext', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="slider" aria-valuetext="foo"></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
   it('passes aria-checkbox if element has checked property', () => {
     const params = checkSetup(
       '<input id="target" type="checkbox" role="switch">'
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-roledescription.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-roledescription.js
index b62ae4433..6b249dd15 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-roledescription.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-roledescription.js
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
-describe('aria-roledescription', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-roledescription', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true for elements with an implicit supported role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true for elements with an implicit supported role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button aria-roledescription="Awesome Button" id="target">Click</button>'
     );
-    var actual = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription').call(
+    const actual = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription').call(
       checkContext,
       null,
       {
@@ -24,11 +22,11 @@ describe('aria-roledescription', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for elements with an explicit supported role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true for elements with an explicit supported role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="radio" aria-roledescription="Awesome Radio" id="target">Click</div>'
     );
-    var actual = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription').call(
+    const actual = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription').call(
       checkContext,
       null,
       {
@@ -40,45 +38,45 @@ describe('aria-roledescription', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined for elements with an unsupported role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined for elements with an unsupported role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="main" aria-roledescription="Awesome Main" id="target">The main element</div>'
     );
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
+    const actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription')
       .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.equal(actual, undefined);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements without role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for elements without role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div aria-roledescription="Awesome Main" id="target">The main element</div>'
     );
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
+    const actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription')
       .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.equal(actual, false);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with role=presentation', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for elements with role=presentation', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="presentation" aria-roledescription="Awesome Main" id="target">The main element</div>'
     );
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
+    const actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription')
       .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.equal(actual, false);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with role=none', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for elements with role=none', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="none" aria-roledescription="Awesome Main" id="target">The main element</div>'
     );
 
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
+    const actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription')
       .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.equal(actual, false);
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent.js b/test/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent.js
index b98439bc2..d63b24baa 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('braille-label-equivalent tests', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { checkSetup, getCheckEvaluate } = axe.testUtils;
   const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   const checkEvaluate = getCheckEvaluate('braille-label-equivalent');
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ describe('braille-label-equivalent tests', () => {
 
   describe('when aria-braillelabel has text', () => {
     it('returns false when the accessible name is empty', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(`
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
         <img id="target" alt="" aria-braillelabel="foo" />
       `);
       assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ describe('braille-label-equivalent tests', () => {
     });
 
     it('returns true when the accessible name is not empty', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(`
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
         <img id="target" alt="foo" aria-braillelabel="foo" />
       `);
       assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent.js b/test/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent.js
index 3dda24c32..2645c5c95 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('braille-roledescription-equivalent tests', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { checkSetup, getCheckEvaluate } = axe.testUtils;
   const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   const checkEvaluate = getCheckEvaluate('braille-roledescription-equivalent');
@@ -28,18 +29,15 @@ describe('braille-roledescription-equivalent tests', () => {
 
   describe('when aria-brailleroledescription has text', () => {
     it('returns false without aria-roledescription', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(`
-        <div
-          id="target"
-          aria-brailleroledescription="foo"
-        ></div>
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div id="target" aria-brailleroledescription="foo"></div>
       `);
       assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'noRoleDescription' });
     });
 
     it('returns false when aria-roledescription is empty', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(`
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
         <div
           id="target"
           aria-roledescription=""
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ describe('braille-roledescription-equivalent tests', () => {
     });
 
     it('returns true when aria-roledescription is not empty', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(`
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
         <div
           id="target"
           aria-roledescription="foo"
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/deprecatedrole.js b/test/checks/aria/deprecatedrole.js
index 5151974ab..3eb57e8ca 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/deprecatedrole.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/deprecatedrole.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('deprecatedrole', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('deprecatedrole');
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('deprecatedrole', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('deprecatedrole');
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true if applied to a deprecated role', function () {
+  it('returns true if applied to a deprecated role', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -20,12 +18,12 @@ describe('deprecatedrole', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="melon">Contents</div>');
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="melon">Contents</div>');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'melon');
   });
 
-  it('returns true if applied to a deprecated DPUB role', function () {
+  it('returns true if applied to a deprecated DPUB role', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -36,31 +34,31 @@ describe('deprecatedrole', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="doc-fizzbuzz">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'doc-fizzbuzz');
   });
 
-  it('returns false if applied to a non-deprecated role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="button">Contents</div>');
+  it('returns false if applied to a non-deprecated role', () => {
+    let params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="button">Contents</div>');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
 
-    var params = checkSetup('<button id="target">Contents</button>');
+    params = checkSetup('<button id="target">Contents</button>');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if applied to an invalid role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" role="foo">');
+  it('returns false if applied to an invalid role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input id="target" role="foo">');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  describe('with fallback roles', function () {
-    it('returns true if the deprecated role is the first valid role', function () {
+  describe('with fallback roles', () => {
+    it('returns true if the deprecated role is the first valid role', () => {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaRoles: {
@@ -71,14 +69,14 @@ describe('deprecatedrole', function () {
           }
         }
       });
-      var params = checkSetup(
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="foo widget melon button">Contents</div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'melon');
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the deprecated role is not the first valid role', function () {
+    it('returns false if the deprecated role is not the first valid role', () => {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaRoles: {
@@ -89,7 +87,7 @@ describe('deprecatedrole', function () {
           }
         }
       });
-      var params = checkSetup(
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="button melon widget">Contents</div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/errormessage.js b/test/checks/aria/errormessage.js
index fd95256b2..ebfcefb4d 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/errormessage.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/errormessage.js
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-errormessage', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if aria-errormessage value is invalid', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-invalid="true">' +
-        '<div id="plain"></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false if aria-errormessage value is invalid', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-invalid="true">
+        <div id="plain"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -22,11 +22,12 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if aria-errormessage references an element that does not exist', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-invalid="true">' +
-        '<div></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return undefined if aria-errormessage references an element that does not exist', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-invalid="true">
+        <div></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -34,11 +35,12 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is alert', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="alert" aria-invalid="true">' +
-        '<div id="alert" role="alert"></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is alert', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-errormessage="alert" aria-invalid="true">
+        <div id="alert" role="alert"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -46,11 +48,30 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is aria-live=assertive', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true">' +
-        '<div id="live" aria-live="assertive"></div>'
+  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is aria-live=assertive', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true">
+        <div id="live" aria-live="assertive"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
+  });
+
+  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is aria-describedby', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        aria-errormessage="plain"
+        aria-describedby="plain"
+        aria-invalid="true"
+      >
+        <div id="plain"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -58,30 +79,91 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is aria-describedby', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-describedby="plain" aria-invalid="true">' +
-        '<div id="plain"></div>'
+  it('should return false if aria-errormessage has multiple ids (unsupported)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <input
+        id="target"
+        aria-invalid="true"
+        aria-describedby="error1 error2"
+        aria-errormessage="error1 error2"
+      />
+      <div id="error1">Error 1</div>
+      <div id="error2">Error 2</div>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'unsupported',
+      values: ['error1', 'error2']
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if aria-errormessage has multiple ids even when one is in aria-describedby', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <input
+        id="target"
+        aria-invalid="true"
+        aria-describedby="error1"
+        aria-errormessage="error1 error2"
+      />
+      <div id="error1">Error 1</div>
+      <div id="error2">Error 2</div>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
         .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'unsupported',
+      values: ['error1', 'error2']
+    });
   });
 
-  it('sets an array of IDs in data', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-errormessage=" foo  bar \tbaz  " aria-invalid="true">' +
-        '<div id="plain"></div>'
+  it('should return false if aria-errormessage has multiple ids even when none are in aria-describedby', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <input
+        id="target"
+        aria-invalid="true"
+        aria-describedby="other"
+        aria-errormessage="error1 error2"
+      />
+      <div id="other">Other</div>
+      <div id="error1">Error 1</div>
+      <div id="error2">Error 2</div>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
-    axe.testUtils
-      .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
-      .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode);
-    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'unsupported',
+      values: ['error1', 'error2']
+    });
   });
 
-  it('returns true when aria-errormessage is empty, if that is allowed', function () {
+  it('sets an unsupported message when aria-errormessage contains multiple ids', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-errormessage=" foo  bar 	baz  " aria-invalid="true">
+        <div id="plain"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'unsupported',
+      values: ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when aria-errormessage is empty, if that is allowed', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -91,7 +173,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-errormessage=" " aria-invalid="true"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -101,10 +183,12 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when aria-invalid is not set', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain">' + '<div id="plain"></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when aria-invalid is not set', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain">
+        <div id="plain"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -112,11 +196,12 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when aria-invalid=false', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-invalid="false">' +
-        '<div id="plain"></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when aria-invalid=false', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-invalid="false">
+        <div id="plain"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -124,7 +209,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false when aria-errormessage is empty, if that is not allowed', function () {
+  it('returns false when aria-errormessage is empty, if that is not allowed', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -134,7 +219,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-errormessage=" " aria-invalid="true"></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -144,11 +229,16 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when hidden attribute is used', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
-        '<div id="id-message-1" hidden>Error message 1</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false when hidden attribute is used', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <input
+        type="text"
+        id="target"
+        aria-invalid="true"
+        aria-errormessage="id-message-1"
+      />
+      <div id="id-message-1" hidden>Error message 1</div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -160,11 +250,16 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false when display: "none" is used', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
-        '<div id="id-message-1" style="display: none">Error message 1</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false when display: "none" is used', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <input
+        type="text"
+        id="target"
+        aria-invalid="true"
+        aria-errormessage="id-message-1"
+      />
+      <div id="id-message-1" style="display: none">Error message 1</div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -176,11 +271,16 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false when visibility: "hidden" is used', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
-        '<div id="id-message-1" style="visibility: hidden">Error message 1</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false when visibility: "hidden" is used', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <input
+        type="text"
+        id="target"
+        aria-invalid="true"
+        aria-errormessage="id-message-1"
+      />
+      <div id="id-message-1" style="visibility: hidden">Error message 1</div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -192,11 +292,16 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false when aria-hidden=true is used', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
-        '<div id="id-message-1" aria-hidden="true">Error message 1</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false when aria-hidden=true is used', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <input
+        type="text"
+        id="target"
+        aria-invalid="true"
+        aria-errormessage="id-message-1"
+      />
+      <div id="id-message-1" aria-hidden="true">Error message 1</div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -208,11 +313,18 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return true when aria-hidden=false is used', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
-        '<div id="id-message-1" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="false">Error message 1</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when aria-hidden=false is used', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <input
+        type="text"
+        id="target"
+        aria-invalid="true"
+        aria-errormessage="id-message-1"
+      />
+      <div id="id-message-1" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="false">
+        Error message 1
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -220,11 +332,16 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when no hidden functionality is used', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
-        '<div id="id-message-1" aria-live="assertive">Error message 1</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when no hidden functionality is used', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <input
+        type="text"
+        id="target"
+        aria-invalid="true"
+        aria-errormessage="id-message-1"
+      />
+      <div id="id-message-1" aria-live="assertive">Error message 1</div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
@@ -232,56 +349,51 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return undefined if aria-errormessage value crosses shadow boundary',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true"></div>',
-        '<div id="live" aria-live="assertive"></div>'
-      );
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return undefined if aria-errormessage value crosses shadow boundary', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true"></div>',
+      '<div id="live" aria-live="assertive"></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isUndefined(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
+        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false if aria-errormessage and invalid reference are both inside shadow dom',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div></div>',
-        '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true"></div>' +
-          '<div id="live"></div>'
-      );
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return false if aria-errormessage and invalid reference are both inside shadow dom', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div></div>',
+      html`
+        <div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true"></div>
+        <div id="live"></div>
+      `
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
+        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true if aria-errormessage and valid reference are both inside shadow dom',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div></div>',
-        '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true"></div>' +
-          '<div id="live" aria-live="assertive"></div>'
-      );
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return true if aria-errormessage and valid reference are both inside shadow dom', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div></div>',
+      html`
+        <div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true"></div>
+        <div id="live" aria-live="assertive"></div>
+      `
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-errormessage')
+        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('should return undefined', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return undefined', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           'aria-invalid': 'true',
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/fallbackrole.js b/test/checks/aria/fallbackrole.js
index b40a29e36..3a6498de0 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/fallbackrole.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/fallbackrole.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('fallbackrole', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('fallbackrole', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if fallback role is used', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if fallback role is used', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="button foobar">Foo</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -17,29 +15,35 @@ describe('fallbackrole', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if fallback role is not used', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="button">Foo</div>');
+  it('should return false if fallback role is not used', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" role="button">Foo</div>'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(
       checks.fallbackrole.evaluate(virtualNode.actualNode, null, virtualNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="foobar">Foo</div>');
+  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" role="foobar">Foo</div>'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(
       checks.fallbackrole.evaluate(virtualNode.actualNode, null, virtualNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="foobar">Foo</div>');
+  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" role="foobar">Foo</div>'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(
       checks.fallbackrole.evaluate(virtualNode.actualNode, null, virtualNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined/needs review if an element with no implicit role uses both none and presentation', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return undefined/needs review if an element with no implicit role uses both none and presentation', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="none presentation">Foo</div>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
@@ -47,8 +51,8 @@ describe('fallbackrole', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined/needs review if an element with no implicit role uses both presentation and none', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return undefined/needs review if an element with no implicit role uses both presentation and none', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="presentation none">Foo</div>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
@@ -56,8 +60,8 @@ describe('fallbackrole', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an element with an implicit role uses both presentation and none', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if an element with an implicit role uses both presentation and none', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<input type="text" id="target" role="presentation none"/>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/has-global-aria-attribute.js b/test/checks/aria/has-global-aria-attribute.js
index 199ebbe89..019f0b27d 100755
--- a/test/checks/aria/has-global-aria-attribute.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/has-global-aria-attribute.js
@@ -1,23 +1,21 @@
-describe('has-global-aria-attribute', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var hasGlobalAriaAttribute = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+describe('has-global-aria-attribute', () => {
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const hasGlobalAriaAttribute = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
     'has-global-aria-attribute'
   );
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if any global ARIA attributes are found', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div aria-label="hello" id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return true if any global ARIA attributes are found', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div aria-label="hello" id="target"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(hasGlobalAriaAttribute.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if no valid ARIA attributes are found', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div aria-random="hello" id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return false if no valid ARIA attributes are found', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div aria-random="hello" id="target"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(hasGlobalAriaAttribute.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/has-widget-role.js b/test/checks/aria/has-widget-role.js
index f7324cadc..06cb4f05b 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/has-widget-role.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/has-widget-role.js
@@ -1,572 +1,573 @@
-describe('has-widget-role', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('has-widget-role', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var node;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
-    node.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext._data = null;
   });
 
-  it('should return false for elements with no role', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for elements with no role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for elements with nonsensical roles', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'buttonbuttonbutton');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for elements with nonsensical roles', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" role="buttonbuttonbutton"></div>'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
   // Widget roles
-  it('should return true for role=button', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=button', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="button"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=checkbox', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'checkbox');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=checkbox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="checkbox"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=gridcell', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'gridcell');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=gridcell', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="gridcell"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=link', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'link');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=link', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="link"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=menuitem', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitem');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=menuitem', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="menuitem"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=menuitemcheckbox', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitemcheckbox');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=menuitemcheckbox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" role="menuitemcheckbox"></div>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=menuitemradio', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitemradio');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=menuitemradio', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="menuitemradio"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=option', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'option');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=option', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="option"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=progressbar', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'progressbar');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=progressbar', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="progressbar"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=radio', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'radio');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=radio', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="radio"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=scrollbar', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'scrollbar');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=scrollbar', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="scrollbar"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=searchbox', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'searchbox');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=searchbox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="searchbox"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=slider', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'slider');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=slider', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="slider"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=spinbutton', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'spinbutton');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=spinbutton', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="spinbutton"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=switch', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'switch');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=switch', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="switch"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=tab', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'tab');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=tab', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="tab"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=tabpanel', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'tabpanel');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=textbox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="textbox"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=textbox', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'textbox');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=treeitem', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="treeitem"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=treeitem', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'treeitem');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  // Composite widget roles
+  it('should return true for role=combobox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="combobox"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  // Composite widget roles
-  it('should return true for role=combobox', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'combobox');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=grid', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="grid"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=grid', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'grid');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=listbox', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="listbox"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=listbox', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'listbox');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=menu', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="menu"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=menu', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'menu');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=menubar', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="menubar"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=menubar', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'menubar');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=radiogroup', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="radiogroup"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=radiogroup', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'radiogroup');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=tablist', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="tablist"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=tablist', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'tablist');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=tree', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="tree"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=tree', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'tree');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return true for role=treegrid', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="treegrid"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=treegrid', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'treegrid');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+  it('should return false for role=application', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="application"></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=application', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'application');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=article', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="article"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=article', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'article');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=cell', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="cell"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=cell', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'cell');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=columnheader', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="columnheader"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=columnheader', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'columnheader');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=definition', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="definition"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=definition', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'definition');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=directory', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="directory"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=directory', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'directory');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=document', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="document"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=document', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'document');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=feed', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="feed"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=feed', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'feed');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=figure', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="figure"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=figure', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'figure');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=group', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="group"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=group', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'group');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=heading', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="heading"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=heading', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'heading');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=img', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="img"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=img', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'img');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=list', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="list"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=list', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'list');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=listitem', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="listitem"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=listitem', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'listitem');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=math', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="math"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=math', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'math');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=none', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="none"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=none', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'none');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=note', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="note"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=note', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'note');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=presentation', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="presentation"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=presentation', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'presentation');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=row', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="row"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=row', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'row');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=rowgroup', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="rowgroup"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=rowgroup', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'rowgroup');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=rowheader', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="rowheader"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=rowheader', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'rowheader');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=table', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="table"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=table', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'table');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=tabpanel', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="tabpanel"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=term', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'term');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=term', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="term"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=toolbar', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'toolbar');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=toolbar', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="toolbar"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
   // Landmark Roles
-  it('should return false for role=banner', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'banner');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=banner', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="banner"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=complementary', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'complementary');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=complementary', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="complementary"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=contentinfo', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'contentinfo');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=contentinfo', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="contentinfo"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=form', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'form');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=form', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="form"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=main', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=main', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="main"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=navigation', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'navigation');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=navigation', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="navigation"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=region', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'region');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=region', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="region"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=search', function () {
-    node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'search');
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
+  it('should return false for role=search', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="search"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role').call(checkContext, node)
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('has-widget-role')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/is-element-focusable.js b/test/checks/aria/is-element-focusable.js
index 740270716..0f2cc62d9 100755
--- a/test/checks/aria/is-element-focusable.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/is-element-focusable.js
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
-describe('is-element-focusable', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('is-element-focusable', () => {
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const isFocusable = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-element-focusable');
 
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var isFocusable = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-element-focusable');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true for div with a tabindex', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div tabIndex="1" id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return true for div with a tabindex', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div tabIndex="1" id="target"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(isFocusable.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for natively unfocusable element', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<span role="link" href="#" id="target"></span>');
+  it('should return false for natively unfocusable element', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<span role="link" href="#" id="target"></span>');
     assert.isFalse(isFocusable.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.js b/test/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.js
index 62d860deb..b725dbb0d 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.js
@@ -1,51 +1,49 @@
-describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const check = checks['no-implicit-explicit-label'];
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var check = checks['no-implicit-explicit-label'];
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns false when there is no label text or accessible text', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when there is no label text or accessible text', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="searchbox" contenteditable="true"></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when there is no accessible text', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined when there is no accessible text', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">Choose currency:</label><div id="target" role="searchbox" contenteditable="true"></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when accessible text does not contain label text', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined when accessible text does not contain label text', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">Choose country:</label><div id="target" aria-label="country" role="combobox">England</div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when accessible text contains label text', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when accessible text contains label text', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">Country</label><div id="target" aria-label="Choose country" role="combobox">England</div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('should return false if there is no parent', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return false if there is no parent', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           role: 'combobox',
@@ -54,12 +52,12 @@ describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function () {
       });
       serialNode.parent = null;
 
-      var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, serialNode);
+      const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, serialNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if incomplete tree', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return undefined if incomplete tree', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           role: 'combobox',
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, serialNode);
+      const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, serialNode);
       assert.isUndefined(actual);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/required-children.js b/test/checks/aria/required-children.js
index faf68eb71..ec0b109bd 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/required-children.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/required-children.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 describe('aria-required-children', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   const requiredChildrenCheck = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
   );
 
   afterEach(() => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
@@ -22,23 +20,20 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['listitem']);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should detect missing sole required child in shadow tree',
-    () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" role="list"></div>';
+  it('should detect missing sole required child in shadow tree', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" role="list"></div>';
 
-      const target = document.querySelector('#target');
-      const shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p>Nothing here.</p>';
+    const target = document.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p>Nothing here.</p>';
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
 
-      const params = [target, undefined, virtualTarget];
-      assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['listitem']);
-    }
-  );
+    const params = [target, undefined, virtualTarget];
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['listitem']);
+  });
 
   it('should detect multiple missing required children when one required', () => {
     const params = checkSetup(
@@ -49,27 +44,24 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['rowgroup', 'row']);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should detect missing multiple required children in shadow tree when one required',
-    () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="grid" id="target"></div>';
+  it('should detect missing multiple required children in shadow tree when one required', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="grid" id="target"></div>';
 
-      const target = document.querySelector('#target');
-      const shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p>Nothing here.</p>';
+    const target = document.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p>Nothing here.</p>';
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
 
-      const params = [target, undefined, virtualTarget];
-      assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['rowgroup', 'row']);
-    }
-  );
+    const params = [target, undefined, virtualTarget];
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['rowgroup', 'row']);
+  });
 
   it('should pass all existing required children when all required', () => {
     const params = checkSetup(
-      `<div id="target" role="menu">
+      html`<div id="target" role="menu">
         <li role="none"></li>
         <li role="menuitem">Item 1</li>
         <div role="menuitemradio">Item 2</div>
@@ -135,7 +127,7 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
   });
 
   it('should fail list with an unallowed child', () => {
-    const params = checkSetup(`
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
       <div id="target" role="list"><div role="tabpanel"></div></div>
     `);
     assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -146,14 +138,16 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should fail list with an unallowed child, even if aria-busy="true"', () => {
-    const params = checkSetup(`
-      <div id="target" role="list" aria-busy="true"><div role="tabpanel"></div></div>
+  it('should fail list with an unallowed child but show a custom message, even if aria-busy="true"', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" role="list" aria-busy="true">
+        <div role="tabpanel"></div>
+      </div>
     `);
     assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
 
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
-      messageKey: 'unallowed',
+      messageKey: 'aria-busy-fail',
       values: '[role=tabpanel]'
     });
   });
@@ -210,7 +204,7 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
   });
 
   it('should remove duplicate unallowed selectors', () => {
-    const params = checkSetup(`
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
       <div id="target" role="list">
         <div role="tabpanel"></div>
         <div role="listitem">List item 1</div>
@@ -226,22 +220,22 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
   });
 
   it('should pass when list has child with aria-hidden', () => {
-    const params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" role="list">' +
-        '<div aria-hidden="true">Ignore item</div>' +
-        '<div role="listitem">List item 1</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" role="list">
+        <div aria-hidden="true">Ignore item</div>
+        <div role="listitem">List item 1</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
   it('should pass when list has child with aria-hidden and is focusable', () => {
-    const params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" role="list">' +
-        '<div aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0">Ignore item</div>' +
-        '<div role="listitem">List item 1</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" role="list">
+        <div aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0">Ignore item</div>
+        <div role="listitem">List item 1</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
@@ -346,7 +340,7 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
   });
 
   it('should ignore hidden children inside the group', () => {
-    const params = checkSetup(`
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
       <div role="menu" id="target">
         <ul role="group">
           <li style="display: none">hidden</li>
@@ -483,7 +477,7 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
 
       it('should return undefined when role=none child has hidden content', () => {
         const params = checkSetup(
-          `<div role="listbox" id="target">
+          html`<div role="listbox" id="target">
             <div role="none">
               <h1 style="display:none">hello</h1>
               <h1 aria-hidden="true">hello</h1>
@@ -506,7 +500,7 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
 
       it('should return undefined when the element has hidden children', () => {
         const params = checkSetup(
-          `<div role="menu" id="target">
+          html`<div role="menu" id="target">
             <div role="menuitem" hidden></div>
             <div role="none" hidden></div>
             <div role="list" hidden></div>
@@ -525,4 +519,19 @@ describe('aria-required-children', () => {
       });
     });
   });
+
+  describe('ElementInternals', () => {
+    it('should detect missing sole required child', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<div role="list" id="target"><testutils-element>Nothing here.</testutils-element></div>'
+      );
+
+      assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      // ensure element doesn't have [tabindex] on the selector
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        messageKey: 'unallowed',
+        values: 'testutils-element'
+      });
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/required-parent.js b/test/checks/aria/required-parent.js
index 8f3601c8c..aa0c2f028 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/required-parent.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/required-parent.js
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-required-parent', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should detect missing required parent', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should detect missing required parent', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -24,47 +23,45 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['list']);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should detect missing required parent across shadow boundary',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
+  it('should detect missing required parent across shadow boundary', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
 
-      var shadowRoot = document
-        .querySelector('#target')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p>';
+    const shadowRoot = document
+      .querySelector('#target')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p>';
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var shadowContent = shadowRoot.querySelector('#target');
-      var virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowContent);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const shadowContent = shadowRoot.querySelector('#target');
+    const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowContent);
 
-      var params = [shadowContent, undefined, virtualTarget];
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['list']);
-    }
-  );
-
-  it('should pass when required parent is present in an ancestral aria-owns context', function () {
-    var snippet =
-      '<div role="list"><div aria-owns="parent"></div></div>' +
-      '<div id="parent"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>';
-    var params = checkSetup(snippet);
-    assert.isTrue(
+    const params = [shadowContent, undefined, virtualTarget];
+    assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
         .apply(checkContext, params)
     );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['list']);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when wrong role is present in an aria-owns context', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div role="menu"><div aria-owns="target"></div></div>' +
-        '<div><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>'
+  it('should pass when required parent is present in an ancestral aria-owns context', () => {
+    const snippet = html`
+      <div role="list"><div aria-owns="parent"></div></div>
+      <div id="parent"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>
+    `;
+    const params = checkSetup(snippet);
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
+        .apply(checkContext, params)
     );
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when wrong role is present in an aria-owns context', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div role="menu"><div aria-owns="target"></div></div>
+      <div><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
@@ -73,8 +70,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['list']);
   });
 
-  it('should pass when required parent is present in an aria-owns context', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass when required parent is present in an aria-owns context', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list" aria-owns="target"></div><div><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -84,8 +81,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass when at least one required parent of multiple is present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass when at least one required parent of multiple is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="grid"><p role="row" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -95,8 +92,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass when required parent is present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass when required parent is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -106,8 +103,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should fail when there is an intermediate role between the child and parent', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail when there is an intermediate role between the child and parent', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list"><div role="tabpanel"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -117,8 +114,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=presentation', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=presentation', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list"><div role="presentation"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -128,8 +125,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=group and required parent is present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=group and required parent is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<ul role="menu"><li role="group"><button role="menuitem" id="target">Nothing here.</button></li></ul>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -139,8 +136,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should fail when intermediate node is role=group but required parent is missing', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail when intermediate node is role=group but required parent is missing', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<ul role="none"><li role="group"><button role="menuitem" id="target">Nothing here.</button></li></ul>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -151,8 +148,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['menu', 'menubar']);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when intermediate node is role=group but this not an allowed context', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail when intermediate node is role=group but this not an allowed context', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="menu"><div role="group"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -162,14 +159,18 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('group with ownGroupRoles', function () {
-    it('should pass when the role and grand parent role is in ownGroupRoles', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div role="tree">' +
-          '<div role="treeitem">' +
-          '<div role="group">' +
-          '<div role="treeitem" id="target">' +
-          '</div></div></div></div>',
+  describe('group with ownGroupRoles', () => {
+    it('should pass when the role and grand parent role is in ownGroupRoles', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div role="tree">
+            <div role="treeitem">
+              <div role="group">
+                <div role="treeitem" id="target"></div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           ownGroupRoles: ['treeitem']
         }
@@ -182,13 +183,17 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should fail when the role and grand parent role is in ownGroupRoles', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div role="menu">' +
-          '<div role="menuitem">' +
-          '<div role="group">' +
-          '<div role="menuitem" id="target">' +
-          '</div></div></div></div>',
+    it('should fail when the role and grand parent role is in ownGroupRoles', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div role="menu">
+            <div role="menuitem">
+              <div role="group">
+                <div role="menuitem" id="target"></div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           ownGroupRoles: ['listitem']
         }
@@ -201,13 +206,17 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should fail when the role is not in a group', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div role="list">' +
-          '<div role="listitem">' +
-          '<div role="none">' +
-          '<div role="listitem" id="target">' +
-          '</div></div></div></div>',
+    it('should fail when the role is not in a group', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div role="list">
+            <div role="listitem">
+              <div role="none">
+                <div role="listitem" id="target"></div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           ownGroupRoles: ['listitem']
         }
@@ -221,8 +230,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=none', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=none', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list"><div role="none"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -232,8 +241,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass when intermediate node is not owned by parent', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass when intermediate node is not owned by parent', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list" aria-owns="target"><div role="navigation"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -243,8 +252,8 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass for multiple group and presentational roles', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass for multiple group and presentational roles', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="tree"><div role="none"><div role="group"><div role="none"><div role="group"><div role="treeitem" id="target">Nothing here.</div></div></div></div></div></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -254,50 +263,44 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should pass when required parent is present across shadow boundary',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="list" id="parent"></div>';
+  it('should pass when required parent is present across shadow boundary', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="list" id="parent"></div>';
 
-      var shadowRoot = document
-        .querySelector('#parent')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p>';
+    const shadowRoot = document
+      .querySelector('#parent')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p>';
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var shadowContent = shadowRoot.querySelector('#target');
-      var virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowContent);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const shadowContent = shadowRoot.querySelector('#target');
+    const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowContent);
 
-      var params = [shadowContent, undefined, virtualTarget];
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    const params = [shadowContent, undefined, virtualTarget];
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
+        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should fail when aria-owns context crosses shadow boundary',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent"><div role="list" aria-owns="target"></div></div>';
+  it('should fail when aria-owns context crosses shadow boundary', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="parent"><div role="list" aria-owns="target"></div></div>';
 
-      var shadowRoot = document
-        .querySelector('#parent')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p>';
+    const shadowRoot = document
+      .querySelector('#parent')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p>';
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var shadowContent = shadowRoot.querySelector('#target');
-      var virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowContent);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const shadowContent = shadowRoot.querySelector('#target');
+    const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowContent);
 
-      var params = [shadowContent, undefined, virtualTarget];
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    const params = [shadowContent, undefined, virtualTarget];
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
+        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/unsupportedattr.js b/test/checks/aria/unsupportedattr.js
index 0b564ad78..e03fb17da 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/unsupportedattr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/unsupportedattr.js
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-describe('unsupportedattr', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('unsupportedattr', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const check = checks['aria-unsupported-attr'];
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var check = checks['aria-unsupported-attr'];
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported attribute', function () {
+  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported attribute', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -21,13 +19,13 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-mccheddarton="true">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true with multiple unsupported and supported attributes', function () {
+  it('should return true with multiple unsupported and supported attributes', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -40,7 +38,7 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-mccheddarton="true" aria-bagleypants="false" aria-label="Nope">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -50,21 +48,21 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to a supported attribute', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if applied to a supported attribute', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="This is fine">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if all ARIA attributes are supported', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if all ARIA attributes are supported', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="This is fine" aria-haspopup="true">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an element that matches the unsupported "exceptions" list', function () {
+  it('should return false if applied to an element that matches the unsupported "exceptions" list', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -76,13 +74,13 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target" aria-mccheddarton="true">Contents</button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an element that matches the unsupported "exceptions" list using complex conditions', function () {
+  it('should return false if applied to an element that matches the unsupported "exceptions" list using complex conditions', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -101,13 +99,13 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<input type="checkbox" id="target" aria-mccheddarton="true">'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an element that does not match the unsupported "exceptions" list', function () {
+  it('should return true if applied to an element that does not match the unsupported "exceptions" list', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -119,13 +117,13 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-mccheddarton="true">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an element that does not match the unsupported "exceptions" list using complex conditions', function () {
+  it('should return true if applied to an element that does not match the unsupported "exceptions" list using complex conditions', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<input type="radio" id="target" aria-mccheddarton="true">'
     );
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.js b/test/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.js
index 08a10980b..73e4dbddf 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('unsupportedrole', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var check = checks.unsupportedrole;
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('unsupportedrole', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const check = checks.unsupportedrole;
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported role', function () {
+  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported role', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -21,30 +19,30 @@ describe('unsupportedrole', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="mccheddarton">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'mccheddarton');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to a supported role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="alert">Contents</div>');
+  it('should return false if applied to a supported role', () => {
+    let params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="alert">Contents</div>');
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
 
-    var params = checkSetup('<button id="target">Contents</button>');
+    params = checkSetup('<button id="target">Contents</button>');
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" role="foo">');
+  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input id="target" role="foo">');
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported dpub role', function () {
+  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported dpub role', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -56,14 +54,14 @@ describe('unsupportedrole', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="doc-abstract">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'doc-abstract');
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported fallback role', function () {
+  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported fallback role', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -75,7 +73,7 @@ describe('unsupportedrole', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="unsupported alert">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/valid-attr-value.js b/test/checks/aria/valid-attr-value.js
index a9e3a3afc..7f3a32b85 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/valid-attr-value.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/valid-attr-value.js
@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
-describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var validAttrValueCheck = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+describe('aria-valid-attr-value', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  const validAttrValueCheck = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
     'aria-valid-attr-value'
   );
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should not check the validity of attribute names', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should not check the validity of attribute names', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-cats="true" aria-selected="true"></div>'
     );
 
@@ -25,8 +24,8 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if all values are valid', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if all values are valid', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-selected="true" aria-checked="true" aria-relevant="additions removals"></div>'
     );
 
@@ -34,19 +33,23 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if idref(s) values are valid', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-owns="test_tgt1 test_tgt2" aria-activedescendant="test_tgt1"></div>' +
-        '<div id="test_tgt1"></div>' +
-        '<div id="test_tgt2"></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true if idref(s) values are valid', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        aria-owns="test_tgt1 test_tgt2"
+        aria-activedescendant="test_tgt1"
+      ></div>
+      <div id="test_tgt1"></div>
+      <div id="test_tgt2"></div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if any values are invalid', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if any values are invalid', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-live="polite" aria-selected="0"></div>'
     );
 
@@ -54,92 +57,106 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="0"']);
   });
 
-  it('should allow empty strings rather than idref', function () {
-    var tree = fixtureSetup(
-      '<button aria-controls="">Button</button>' +
-        '<div aria-activedescendant=""></div>'
-    );
-    var passing1 = tree.children[0];
-    var passing2 = tree.children[1];
+  it('should allow empty strings rather than idref', () => {
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button aria-controls="">Button</button>
+      <div aria-activedescendant=""></div>
+    `);
+    const passing1 = tree.children.find(n => n.props.nodeName === 'button');
+    const passing2 = tree.children.find(n => n.props.nodeName === 'div');
     assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, passing1));
     assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, passing2));
   });
 
-  it('should allow empty strings rather than idrefs', function () {
-    var tree = fixtureSetup(
-      '<button aria-labelledby="">Button</button>' + '<div aria-owns=""></div>'
-    );
-    var passing1 = tree.children[0];
-    var passing2 = tree.children[1];
+  it('should allow empty strings rather than idrefs', () => {
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button aria-labelledby="">Button</button>
+      <div aria-owns=""></div>
+    `);
+    const passing1 = tree.children.find(n => n.props.nodeName === 'button');
+    const passing2 = tree.children.find(n => n.props.nodeName === 'div');
     assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, passing1));
     assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, passing2));
   });
 
-  it('should pass on aria-controls and aria-expanded=false when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should pass on aria-controls and aria-expanded=false when the element is not in the DOM', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-controls="test" aria-expanded="false">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should pass on aria-controls and aria-selected=false when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should pass on aria-controls and aria-selected=false when the element is not in the DOM', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-controls="test" aria-selected="false">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-controls and aria-expanded=true when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should fail on aria-controls and aria-expanded=true when the element is not in the DOM', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-controls="test" aria-expanded="true">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-controls and aria-selected=true when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should fail on aria-controls and aria-selected=true when the element is not in the DOM', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-controls="test" aria-selected="true">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-controls when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should fail on aria-controls when the element is not in the DOM', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-controls="test">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should pass on aria-owns and aria-expanded=false when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return undefined on aria-controls with aria-haspopup as we cannot determine if it is in the DOM later', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<button id="target" aria-controls="test" aria-haspopup="true">Button</button>'
+    );
+    assert.isUndefined(
+      validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'controlsWithinPopup',
+      needsReview: 'aria-controls="test"'
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should pass on aria-owns and aria-expanded=false when the element is not in the DOM', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-owns="test" aria-expanded="false">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-owns and aria-expanded=true when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should fail on aria-owns and aria-expanded=true when the element is not in the DOM', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-owns="test" aria-expanded="true">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-owns when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should fail on aria-owns when the element is not in the DOM', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-owns="test">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-level when the value is less than 1', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should fail on aria-level when the value is less than 1', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="heading" aria-level="0">Heading</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined on aria-describedby when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return undefined on aria-describedby when the element is not in the DOM', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-describedby="test">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
@@ -151,23 +168,20 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return undefined on aria-describedby when the element is in a different shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div></div>',
-        '<button id="target" aria-describedby="test">Button</button>'
-      );
-      assert.isUndefined(validAttrValueCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
-        messageKey: 'noIdShadow',
-        needsReview: 'aria-describedby="test"'
-      });
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return undefined on aria-describedby when the element is in a different shadow tree', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div></div>',
+      '<button id="target" aria-describedby="test">Button</button>'
+    );
+    assert.isUndefined(validAttrValueCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'noIdShadow',
+      needsReview: 'aria-describedby="test"'
+    });
+  });
 
-  it('should return undefined on aria-labelledby when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return undefined on aria-labelledby when the element is not in the DOM', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="test">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
@@ -179,23 +193,20 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return undefined on aria-labelledby when the element is in a different shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div></div>',
-        '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="test">Button</button>'
-      );
-      assert.isUndefined(validAttrValueCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
-        messageKey: 'noIdShadow',
-        needsReview: 'aria-labelledby="test"'
-      });
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return undefined on aria-labelledby when the element is in a different shadow tree', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div></div>',
+      '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="test">Button</button>'
+    );
+    assert.isUndefined(validAttrValueCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'noIdShadow',
+      needsReview: 'aria-labelledby="test"'
+    });
+  });
 
-  it('should return undefined on aria-current with invalid value', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return undefined on aria-current with invalid value', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-current="test">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
@@ -203,31 +214,31 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true on valid aria-labelledby value within img elm', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
-        '<img id="target" role="button" aria-labelledby="foo"/>'
-    );
+  it('should return true on valid aria-labelledby value within img elm', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="foo">hello world</div>
+      <img id="target" role="button" aria-labelledby="foo" />
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined on invalid aria-labelledby value within img elm', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
-        '<img id="target" role="button" aria-labelledby="hazaar"/>'
-    );
+  it('should return undefined on invalid aria-labelledby value within img elm', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="foo">hello world</div>
+      <img id="target" role="button" aria-labelledby="hazaar" />
+    `);
     assert.isUndefined(
       validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  describe('null values', function () {
+  describe('null values', () => {
     afterEach(() => {
       axe.reset();
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined when a boolean attribute is null', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns undefined when a boolean attribute is null', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" role="checkbox" aria-checked></div>'
       );
       assert.isUndefined(
@@ -239,8 +250,8 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined when a boolean attribute is empty', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns undefined when a boolean attribute is empty', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" role="checkbox" aria-checked=""></div>'
       );
       assert.isUndefined(
@@ -252,7 +263,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns false for empty string values that are not allowed to be empty', function () {
+    it('returns false for empty string values that are not allowed to be empty', () => {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaAttrs: {
@@ -262,14 +273,14 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
           }
         }
       });
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" aria-valuetext="" role="range"></div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if there are other issues', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false if there are other issues', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" role="checkbox" aria-checked aria-invalid="none"></div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
@@ -277,9 +288,9 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('options', function () {
-    it('should exclude supplied attributes', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+  describe('options', () => {
+    it('should exclude supplied attributes', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" aria-live="nope" aria-describedby="no exist k thx"></div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(
@@ -293,9 +304,9 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('should return undefined for idref attribute', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return undefined for idref attribute', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button',
         attributes: {
           'aria-owns': 'test'
@@ -311,8 +322,8 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return true for empty idref attribute', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return true for empty idref attribute', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button',
         attributes: {
           'aria-owns': ''
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/valid-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/valid-attr.js
index 691a9efe4..e85432c52 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/valid-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/valid-attr.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('aria-valid-attr', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-valid-attr', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if any invalid ARIA attributes are found', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if any invalid ARIA attributes are found', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-cats="true" aria-dogs="true"></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -20,8 +18,8 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-cats', 'aria-dogs']);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if no invalid ARIA attributes are found', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if no invalid ARIA attributes are found', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -32,7 +30,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for unsupported ARIA attributes', function () {
+  it('should return true for unsupported ARIA attributes', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-mccheddarton="true"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -54,9 +52,9 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  describe('options', function () {
-    it('should exclude provided attribute names', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+  describe('options', () => {
+    it('should exclude provided attribute names', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" aria-bats="cat" aria-puppies="2"></div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics.js b/test/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics.js
index 26ea72533..90f5bfa7f 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics.js
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext._data = null;
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=banner', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return false for role=banner', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', '"banner');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -22,8 +20,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=search', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return false for role=search', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'search');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -34,8 +32,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=form', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return true for role=form', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'form');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -46,8 +44,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=navigation', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return true for role=navigation', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'navigation');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -58,8 +56,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=complementary', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return true for role=complementary', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'complementary');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -70,8 +68,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=contentinfo', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return true for role=contentinfo', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'contentinfo');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -82,8 +80,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=main', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return true for role=main', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -94,8 +92,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=region', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return true for role=region', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'region');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -106,8 +104,20 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=article', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return true for role=alertdialog', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.setAttribute('role', 'alertdialog');
+    fixture.appendChild(node);
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('valid-scrollable-semantics')
+        .call(checkContext, node)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for role=article', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'article');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -118,8 +128,31 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for nav elements', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('nav');
+  it('should return true for role=dialog', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.setAttribute('role', 'dialog');
+    fixture.appendChild(node);
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('valid-scrollable-semantics')
+        .call(checkContext, node)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for nav elements', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('nav');
+    fixture.appendChild(node);
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('valid-scrollable-semantics')
+        .call(checkContext, node)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for section elements', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -129,8 +162,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for section elements', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('section');
+  it('should return true for article elements', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('article');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -140,8 +173,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for article elements', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('article');
+  it('should return true for aside elements', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('aside');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -151,8 +184,9 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for aside elements', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('aside');
+  it('should return true for role=tabpanel', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.setAttribute('role', 'tabpanel');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -162,8 +196,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=tooltip', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return true for role=tooltip', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'tooltip');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -174,9 +208,9 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('options', function () {
-    it('should allow options.roles to return true for role', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+  describe('options', () => {
+    it('should allow options.roles to return true for role', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'banner');
       fixture.appendChild(node);
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
diff --git a/test/checks/color/color-contrast.js b/test/checks/color/color-contrast.js
index 312674d66..0c634b6bd 100644
--- a/test/checks/color/color-contrast.js
+++ b/test/checks/color/color-contrast.js
@@ -1,47 +1,105 @@
-describe('color-contrast', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var contrastEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('color-contrast');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('color-contrast', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  /** One-line data URL so CSS `url()` is not broken by template newlines */
+  const tinyGifDataUri =
+    'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7';
+
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const contrastEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('color-contrast');
+
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return true for hidden element', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100;">' +
-        '<span  id="target" style="font-weight:bolder; opacity: 0;">My text</span></div>'
+  it('should return undefined if cannot handle color', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        id="divundertest"
+        style="color: oklch(0.961073 0.000047911 none / 0.2); background-color: black; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 900;"
+      >
+        <span id="target" style="font-weight:lighter;">My text</span>
+      </div>
+    `);
+
+    const expectedRelatedNodes = fixture.querySelector('#divundertest');
+    assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [expectedRelatedNodes]);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'colorParse');
+    assert.equal(
+      checkContext._data.colorParse,
+      'oklch(0.961073 0.000047911 none / 0.2)'
     );
+  });
 
-    assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  it('should return undefined if cannot handle backgroundcolor', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        style="color: gray; background-color: oklch(0.961073 0.000047911 none / 0.2); font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 900;"
+      >
+        <span id="target" style="font-weight:lighter;">My text</span>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'colorParse');
+    assert.equal(
+      checkContext._data.colorParse,
+      'oklch(0.961073 0.000047911 none / 0.2)'
+    );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for child of hidden element', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100; overflow: scroll; height: 0">' +
-        '<span id="target" style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>'
+  it('should return undefined if cannot handle text-shadow', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" style="background-color: #fff; color:#000; text-shadow: 1px 1px oklch(0.961073 0.000047911 none / 0.2);">My text</div>'
     );
 
+    assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for hidden element', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100;"
+      >
+        <span id="target" style="font-weight:bolder; opacity: 0;">My text</span>
+      </div>
+    `);
+
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return the proper values stored in data', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="parent" style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt">' +
-        '<b id="target">My text</b></div>'
-    );
-    var white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-    var black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+  it('should return true for child of hidden element', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100; overflow: scroll; height: 0"
+      >
+        <span id="target" style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+      </div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
+  });
+
+  it('should return the proper values stored in data', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt"
+      >
+        <b id="target">My text</b>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
 
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.bgColor, white.toHexString());
@@ -52,184 +110,231 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of bold tag', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="parent" style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt">' +
-        '<b id="target">My text</b></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of bold tag', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt"
+      >
+        <b id="target">My text</b>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of font weight', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 900" id="target">' +
-        '<span style="font-weight:lighter">My text</span></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of font weight', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 900"
+        id="target"
+      >
+        <span style="font-weight:lighter">My text</span>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast because of font weight', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
-        '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast because of font weight', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100"
+        id="target"
+      >
+        <span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isFalse(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of font size', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt;" id="target">' +
-        'My text</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of font size', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt;"
+        id="target"
+      >
+        My text
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast because of font size', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 8pt; -webkit-text-size-adjust: none;" id="target">' +
-        'My text</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast because of font size', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 8pt; -webkit-text-size-adjust: none;"
+        id="target"
+      >
+        My text
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isFalse(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast with explicit transparency', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="parent" style="color: white; background-color: white;">' +
-        '<span style="color: black; background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0)" id="target">My text</span></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast with explicit transparency', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="parent" style="color: white; background-color: white;">
+        <span style="color: black; background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0)" id="target"
+          >My text</span
+        >
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast with implicit transparency', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="parent" style="color: white; background-color: white;">' +
-        '<span style="color: black;" id="target">My text</span></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast with implicit transparency', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="parent" style="color: white; background-color: white;">
+        <span style="color: black;" id="target">My text</span>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="color: black; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-        'My text</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div style="color: black; background-color: white;" id="target">
+        My text
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for inline elements with sufficient contrast spanning multiple lines', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it.skip('should return true for inline elements with sufficient contrast spanning multiple lines', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p>Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here\'s <br>a link</a></p>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined for inline elements spanning multiple lines that are overlapped', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="position:relative;"><div style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,1);position:absolute;width:300px;height:200px;"></div>' +
-        '<p>Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here\'s <br>a link</a></p></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return undefined for inline elements spanning multiple lines that are overlapped', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div style="position:relative;">
+        <div
+          style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,1);position:absolute;width:300px;height:200px;"
+        ></div>
+        <p>
+          Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here's <br />a link</a>
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for truncated inline elements', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true for truncated inline elements', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p>Text oh heyyyy <b id="target" style="display: block;overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; width: 100px;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed et sollicitudin quam. Fusce mi odio, egestas pulvinar erat eget, vehicula tempus est. Proin vitae ullamcorper velit. Donec sagittis est justo, mattis iaculis arcu facilisis id. Proin pulvinar ornare arcu a fermentum. Quisque et dignissim nulla, sit amet consectetur ipsum. Donec in libero porttitor, dapibus neque imperdiet, aliquam est. Vivamus blandit volutpat fringilla. In mi magna, mollis sit amet imperdiet eu, rutrum ut tellus. Mauris vel condimentum nibh, quis ultricies nisi. Vivamus accumsan quam mauris, id iaculis quam fringilla ac. Curabitur pulvinar dolor ac magna vehicula, non auctor ligula dignissim. Nam ac nibh porttitor, malesuada tortor varius, feugiat turpis. Mauris dapibus, tellus ut viverra porta, ipsum turpis bibendum ligula, at tempor felis ante non libero. Donec dapibus, diam sit amet posuere commodo, magna orci hendrerit ipsum, eu egestas mauris nulla ut ipsum. Sed luctus, orci in fringilla finibus, odio leo porta dolor, eu dignissim risus eros eget erat</b></p>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for inline elements with sufficient contrast', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true for inline elements with sufficient contrast', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p>Text oh heyyyy <b id="target">and here\'s bold text</b></p>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast between foreground and background', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-        'My text</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast between foreground and background', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">
+        My text
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isFalse(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[0]]);
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.messageKey, null);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore position:fixed elements above the target', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="background-color: #e5f1e5;" id="background">' +
-        '<div style="width:100%; position:fixed; top:0; height:50px; background: #F0F0F0; z-index: 200; color:#fff" >header</div>' +
-        '<div style="height: 6000px;"></div>' +
-        'stuff <span id="target" style="color: rgba(91, 91, 90, 0.7)">This is some text</span>' +
-        '<div style="height: 6000px;"></div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var expectedRelatedNodes = fixture.querySelector('#background');
+  it('should ignore position:fixed elements above the target', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div style="background-color: #e5f1e5;" id="background">
+        <div
+          style="width:100%; position:fixed; top:0; height:50px; background: #F0F0F0; z-index: 200; color:#fff"
+        >
+          header
+        </div>
+        <div style="height: 6000px;"></div>
+        stuff
+        <span id="target" style="color: rgba(91, 91, 90, 0.7)"
+          >This is some text</span
+        >
+        <div style="height: 6000px;"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const expectedRelatedNodes = fixture.querySelector('#background');
     assert.isFalse(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [expectedRelatedNodes]);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore position:fixed elements directly above the target', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="background-color: #e5f1e5;" id="background">' +
-        '<div style="width:100%; position:fixed; top:0; height:400px; background: #F0F0F0; z-index: 200; color:#fff" >header</div>' +
-        '<div style="height: 10px;"></div>' +
-        'stuff <span id="target" style="color: rgba(91, 91, 90, 0.7)">This is some text</span>' +
-        '<div style="height: 10px;"></div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var expectedRelatedNodes = fixture.querySelector('#background');
+  it('should ignore position:fixed elements directly above the target', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div style="background-color: #e5f1e5;" id="background">
+        <div
+          style="width:100%; position:fixed; top:0; height:400px; background: #F0F0F0; z-index: 200; color:#fff"
+        >
+          header
+        </div>
+        <div style="height: 10px;"></div>
+        stuff
+        <span id="target" style="color: rgba(91, 91, 90, 0.7)"
+          >This is some text</span
+        >
+        <div style="height: 10px;"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const expectedRelatedNodes = fixture.querySelector('#background');
     assert.isFalse(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [expectedRelatedNodes]);
   });
 
-  it('should find contrast issues on position:fixed elements', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="background-color: #e5f1e5;" id="background">' +
-        '<div style="width:100%; position:fixed; top:0; height:50px; background: #F0F0F0; z-index: 200; color:#fff" id="target">header</div>' +
-        '<div style="height: 6000px;"></div>' +
-        'stuff <span style="color: rgba(91, 91, 90, 0.7)">This is some text</span>' +
-        '<div style="height: 6000px;"></div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('should find contrast issues on position:fixed elements', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div style="background-color: #e5f1e5;" id="background">
+        <div
+          style="width:100%; position:fixed; top:0; height:50px; background: #F0F0F0; z-index: 200; color:#fff"
+          id="target"
+        >
+          header
+        </div>
+        <div style="height: 6000px;"></div>
+        stuff
+        <span style="color: rgba(91, 91, 90, 0.7)">This is some text</span>
+        <div style="height: 6000px;"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined for background-image elements', function () {
-    var dataURI =
-      'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/' +
-      'XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkA' +
-      'ABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKU' +
-      'E1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7';
-
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="background" style="background:url(' +
-        dataURI +
-        ') no-repeat left center; padding: 5px 0 5px 25px;">' +
-        '<p id="target">Text 1</p>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return undefined for background-image elements', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        id="background"
+        style="background:url(${tinyGifDataUri}) no-repeat left center; padding: 5px 0 5px 25px;"
+      >
+        <p id="target">Text 1</p>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.bgColor);
@@ -237,12 +342,15 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined for background-gradient elements', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="background" style="background-image:linear-gradient(red, orange);">' +
-        '<p id="target">Text 2</p>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return undefined for background-gradient elements', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        id="background"
+        style="background-image:linear-gradient(red, orange);"
+      >
+        <p id="target">Text 2</p>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.bgColor);
@@ -250,15 +358,22 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.contrastRatio, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined when there are elements overlapping', function (done) {
+  it('should return undefined when there are elements overlapping', done => {
     // Give Edge time to scroll... :/
-    setTimeout(function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="color: black; background-color: white; width: 200px; height: 100px; position: relative;" id="target">' +
-          'My text <div style="position: absolute; top:0; left: 0; background-color: white; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div>'
-      );
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div
+          style="color: black; background-color: white; width: 200px; height: 100px; position: relative;"
+          id="target"
+        >
+          My text
+          <div
+            style="position: absolute; top:0; left: 0; background-color: white; width: 100%; height: 100%;"
+          ></div>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
-      var result = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const result = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isUndefined(result);
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'bgOverlap');
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.contrastRatio, 0);
@@ -266,55 +381,65 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
     }, 10);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when a form wraps mixed content', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true when a form wraps mixed content', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target"><p>Some text</p><label for="input6">Text</label><input id="input6"></form>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when a label wraps a text input', function () {
+  it('should return true when a label wraps a text input', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<label id="target">My text <input type="text"></label>');
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
-    var result = contrastEvaluate.call(checkContext, target, {}, virtualNode);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+    const result = contrastEvaluate.call(checkContext, target, {}, virtualNode);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it("should return true when a label wraps a text input but doesn't overlap", function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<label id="target">' +
-        'My text <input type="text" style="position: absolute; top: 200px;"></label>'
-    );
-    var result = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it("should return true when a label wraps a text input but doesn't overlap", () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <label id="target">
+        My text <input type="text" style="position: absolute; top: 200px;"
+      /></label>
+    `);
+    const result = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast based on thead', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast based on thead', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<table><thead style="background: #d00d2c"><tr><th id="target" style="color: #fff; padding: .5em">Col 1</th></tr></thead></table>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast based on tbody', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast based on tbody', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<table><tbody style="background: #d00d2c"><tr><td id="target" style="color: #fff; padding: .5em">Col 1</td></tr></tbody></table>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if element overlaps text content', function (done) {
+  it('should return undefined if element overlaps text content', done => {
     // Give Edge time to scroll
-    setTimeout(function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="background-color: white; height: 60px; width: 80px; border:1px solid;position: relative;">' +
-          '<div id="target" style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px; border:1px solid red;">Hi</div>' +
-          '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0; width: 60px; height: 40px;background-color: #000"></div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div
+          style="background-color: white; height: 60px; width: 80px; border:1px solid;position: relative;"
+        >
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px; border:1px solid red;"
+          >
+            Hi
+          </div>
+          <div
+            style="position: absolute; top: 0; width: 60px; height: 40px;background-color: #000"
+          ></div>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
       assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'bgOverlap');
@@ -323,32 +448,27 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
     }, 10);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if element has same color as background', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div style="background-color: white;">' +
-        '<div style="color:white;" id="target">Text</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return undefined if element has same color as background', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div style="background-color: white;">
+        <div style="color:white;" id="target">Text</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'equalRatio');
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.contrastRatio, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns relatedNodes with undefined', function () {
-    var dataURI =
-      'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/' +
-      'XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkA' +
-      'ABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKU' +
-      'E1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7';
-
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="background" style="background:url(' +
-        dataURI +
-        ') no-repeat left center; padding: 5px 0 5px 25px;">' +
-        '<p id="target">Text 1</p>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('returns relatedNodes with undefined', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div
+        id="background"
+        style="background:url(${tinyGifDataUri}) no-repeat left center; padding: 5px 0 5px 25px;"
+      >
+        <p id="target">Text 1</p>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(
@@ -357,50 +477,85 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not error if client rects do not fill entire bounding rect', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<pre style="overflow-x: auto; background-color: #333"><span id="target" style="color: #000">' +
-        '\nx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\nx' +
-        '\n</span></pre>'
-    );
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+  it('should not error if client rects do not fill entire bounding rect', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <pre
+        style="overflow-x: auto; background-color: #333"
+      ><span id="target" style="color: #000">
+      
+x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+x
+      
+</span></pre>
+    `);
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
       contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     });
   });
 
-  it('passes for element outside overflow:hidden', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(`
+  it('passes for element outside overflow:hidden', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
       <style>
         .container {
           width: 200px;
@@ -425,12 +580,25 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  describe('with pseudo elements', function () {
-    it('should return undefined if :before pseudo element has a background color', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
-          '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
-      );
+  describe('with pseudo elements', () => {
+    it('should return undefined if :before pseudo element has a background color', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <style>
+          .foo {
+            position: relative;
+          }
+          .foo:before {
+            content: '';
+            position: absolute;
+            width: 100%;
+            height: 100%;
+            background: red;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div id="background" class="foo">
+          <p id="target" style="#000">Content</p>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
       assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -445,11 +613,24 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if :after pseudo element has a background color', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:after { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
-          '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
-      );
+    it('should return undefined if :after pseudo element has a background color', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <style>
+          .foo {
+            position: relative;
+          }
+          .foo:after {
+            content: '';
+            position: absolute;
+            width: 100%;
+            height: 100%;
+            background: red;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div id="background" class="foo">
+          <p id="target" style="#000">Content</p>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
       assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -464,18 +645,23 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if pseudo element has a background image', function () {
-      var dataURI =
-        'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/' +
-        'XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkA' +
-        'ABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKU' +
-        'E1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7';
-
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: url(' +
-          dataURI +
-          ') no-repeat left center; }</style>' +
-          '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
+    it('should return undefined if pseudo element has a background image', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`<style>
+            .foo {
+              position: relative;
+            }
+            .foo:before {
+              content: '';
+              position: absolute;
+              width: 100%;
+              height: 100%;
+              background: url(${tinyGifDataUri}) no-repeat left center;
+            }
+          </style>
+          <div id="background" class="foo">
+            <p id="target" style="color:#000">Content</p>
+          </div>`
       );
 
       assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -491,169 +677,286 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has no content', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
-          '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
-      );
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has no content', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <style>
+          .foo {
+            position: relative;
+          }
+          .foo:before {
+            position: absolute;
+            width: 100%;
+            height: 100%;
+            background: red;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div id="background" class="foo">
+          <p id="target" style="#000">Content</p>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is not absolutely positioned no content', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
-          '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
-      );
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is not absolutely positioned no content', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <style>
+          .foo {
+            position: relative;
+          }
+          .foo:before {
+            content: '';
+            width: 100%;
+            height: 100%;
+            background: red;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div id="background" class="foo">
+          <p id="target" style="#000">Content</p>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is has zero dimension', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 0; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
-          '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
-      );
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is has zero dimension', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <style>
+          .foo {
+            position: relative;
+          }
+          .foo:before {
+            content: '';
+            position: absolute;
+            width: 0;
+            height: 100%;
+            background: red;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div id="background" class="foo">
+          <p id="target" style="#000">Content</p>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it("should not return undefined if pseudo element doesn't have a background", function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; }</style>' +
-          '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
-      );
+    it("should not return undefined if pseudo element doesn't have a background", () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <style>
+          .foo {
+            position: relative;
+          }
+          .foo:before {
+            content: '';
+            position: absolute;
+            width: 100%;
+            height: 100%;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div id="background" class="foo">
+          <p id="target" style="#000">Content</p>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has visibility: hidden', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: red; visibility: hidden; }</style>' +
-          '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
-      );
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has visibility: hidden', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <style>
+          .foo {
+            position: relative;
+          }
+          .foo:before {
+            content: '';
+            position: absolute;
+            width: 100%;
+            height: 100%;
+            background-color: red;
+            visibility: hidden;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div id="background" class="foo">
+          <p id="target" style="#000">Content</p>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has display: none', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: red; display: none; }</style>' +
-          '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
-      );
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has display: none', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <style>
+          .foo {
+            position: relative;
+          }
+          .foo:before {
+            content: '';
+            position: absolute;
+            width: 100%;
+            height: 100%;
+            background-color: red;
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div id="background" class="foo">
+          <p id="target" style="#000">Content</p>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if pseudo element is more than 25% of the element', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; width: 100px; height: 100px; } ' +
-          '.foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 26px; height: 100px; background: red; }</style>' +
-          '<p id="target" class="foo">Content</p>'
-      );
+    it('should return undefined if pseudo element is more than 25% of the element', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <style>
+          .foo {
+            position: relative;
+            width: 100px;
+            height: 100px;
+          }
+          .foo:before {
+            content: '';
+            position: absolute;
+            width: 26px;
+            height: 100px;
+            background: red;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <p id="target" class="foo">Content</p>
+      `);
       assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is 25% of the element', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; width: 100px; height: 100px; } ' +
-          '.foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 25px; height: 100px; background: red; }</style>' +
-          '<p id="target" class="foo">Content</p>'
-      );
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is 25% of the element', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <style>
+          .foo {
+            position: relative;
+            width: 100px;
+            height: 100px;
+          }
+          .foo:before {
+            content: '';
+            position: absolute;
+            width: 25px;
+            height: 100px;
+            background: red;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <p id="target" class="foo">Content</p>
+      `);
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with special texts', function () {
-    it('should return undefined for a single character text with insufficient contrast', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
-          '<div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">X</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+  describe('with special texts', () => {
+    it('should return undefined for a single character text with insufficient contrast', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div style="background-color: #FFF;">
+          <div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">X</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
-      var actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isUndefined(actual);
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'shortTextContent');
     });
 
-    it('should return true for a single character text with insufficient contrast', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
-          '<div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">X</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('should return true for a single character text with insufficient contrast', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div style="background-color: #FFF;">
+          <div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">X</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
-      var actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isUndefined(actual);
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'shortTextContent');
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is true', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
-          '<div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">&#x20A0; &#x20A1; &#x20A2; &#x20A3;</div>' +
-          '</div>',
+    it('should return undefined when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is true', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div style="background-color: #FFF;">
+            <div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">
+              &#x20A0; &#x20A1; &#x20A2; &#x20A3;
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           ignoreUnicode: true
         }
       );
 
-      var actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isUndefined(actual);
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'nonBmp');
     });
 
-    it('should return true when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false, and there is sufficient contrast', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
-          '<div style="color:#000;" id="target">◓</div>' +
-          '</div>',
+    it('should return true when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false, and there is sufficient contrast', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div style="background-color: #FFF;">
+            <div style="color:#000;" id="target">◓</div>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           ignoreUnicode: false
         }
       );
 
-      var actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false and the ignoreLength option is default, and there is insufficient contrast', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
-          '<div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">◓</div>' +
-          '</div>',
+    it('should return undefined when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false and the ignoreLength option is default, and there is insufficient contrast', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div style="background-color: #FFF;">
+            <div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">◓</div>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           ignoreUnicode: false
         }
       );
 
-      var actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isUndefined(actual);
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'shortTextContent');
     });
 
-    it('should return false when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false and the ignoreLength option is true, and there is insufficient contrast', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
-          '<div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">◓</div>' +
-          '</div>',
+    it('should return false when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false and the ignoreLength option is true, and there is insufficient contrast', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div style="background-color: #FFF;">
+            <div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">◓</div>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           ignoreUnicode: false,
           ignoreLength: true
         }
       );
 
-      var actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const actual = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('options', function () {
-    it('should support options.boldValue', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
-          '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
+  describe('options', () => {
+    it('should support options.boldValue', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div
+            style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100"
+            id="target"
+          >
+            <span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           boldValue: 100
         }
@@ -663,10 +966,16 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.boldTextPt', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700" id="target">' +
-          '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
+    it('should support options.boldTextPt', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div
+            style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700"
+            id="target"
+          >
+            <span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           boldTextPt: 6
         }
@@ -676,10 +985,16 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.largeTextPt', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
-          '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
+    it('should support options.largeTextPt', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div
+            style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 100"
+            id="target"
+          >
+            <span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           largeTextPt: 6
         }
@@ -689,10 +1004,16 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.expected', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="color: #999; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
-          '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.expected', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div
+            style="color: #999; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100"
+            id="target"
+          >
+            <span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           contrastRatio: {
             normal: {
@@ -706,10 +1027,16 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.minThreshold', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="color: #999; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
-          '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.minThreshold', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div
+            style="color: #999; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100"
+            id="target"
+          >
+            <span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           contrastRatio: {
             normal: {
@@ -723,10 +1050,12 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.normal.minThreshold is set', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        `
-        <p id="target" style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px">
+    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.normal.minThreshold is set', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html` <p
+          id="target"
+          style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px"
+        >
           Some text in English
         </p>`,
         {
@@ -742,10 +1071,16 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.maxThreshold', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="color: #999; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
-          '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.maxThreshold', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div
+            style="color: #999; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100"
+            id="target"
+          >
+            <span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           contrastRatio: {
             normal: {
@@ -759,10 +1094,12 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.normal.maxThreshold is set', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        `
-        <p id="target" style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px">
+    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.normal.maxThreshold is set', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html` <p
+          id="target"
+          style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px"
+        >
           Some text in English
         </p>`,
         {
@@ -778,10 +1115,16 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.expected', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="color: #ccc; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
-          '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.expected', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div
+            style="color: #ccc; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 100"
+            id="target"
+          >
+            <span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           contrastRatio: {
             large: {
@@ -795,10 +1138,16 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.minThreshold', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="color: #ccc; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
-          '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.minThreshold', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div
+            style="color: #ccc; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 100"
+            id="target"
+          >
+            <span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           contrastRatio: {
             large: {
@@ -812,10 +1161,12 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.large.minThreshold is set', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        `
-        <p id="target" style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px; font-size: 18pt;">
+    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.large.minThreshold is set', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html` <p
+          id="target"
+          style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px; font-size: 18pt;"
+        >
           Some text in English
         </p>`,
         {
@@ -831,10 +1182,16 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.maxThreshold', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div style="color: #ccc; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
-          '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.maxThreshold', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div
+            style="color: #ccc; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 100"
+            id="target"
+          >
+            <span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           contrastRatio: {
             large: {
@@ -848,10 +1205,12 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.large.maxThreshold is set', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        `
-        <p id="target" style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px; font-size: 18pt;">
+    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.large.maxThreshold is set', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html` <p
+          id="target"
+          style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px; font-size: 18pt;"
+        >
           Some text in English
         </p>`,
         {
@@ -867,10 +1226,25 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
     });
 
-    it('should ignore pseudo element with options.ignorePseudo', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:after { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
-          '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>',
+    it('should ignore pseudo element with options.ignorePseudo', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <style>
+            .foo {
+              position: relative;
+            }
+            .foo:after {
+              content: '';
+              position: absolute;
+              width: 100%;
+              height: 100%;
+              background: red;
+            }
+          </style>
+          <div id="background" class="foo">
+            <p id="target" style="#000">Content</p>
+          </div>
+        `,
         {
           ignorePseudo: true
         }
@@ -879,11 +1253,25 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should adjust the pseudo element minimum size with the options.pseudoSizeThreshold', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style>.foo { position: relative; width: 100px; height: 100px }' +
-          '.foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 22%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
-          '<p id="target" class="foo">Content</p>',
+    it('should adjust the pseudo element minimum size with the options.pseudoSizeThreshold', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <style>
+            .foo {
+              position: relative;
+              width: 100px;
+              height: 100px;
+            }
+            .foo:before {
+              content: '';
+              position: absolute;
+              width: 22%;
+              height: 100%;
+              background: red;
+            }
+          </style>
+          <p id="target" class="foo">Content</p>
+        `,
         {
           pseudoSizeThreshold: 0.2
         }
@@ -892,21 +1280,18 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns colors across Shadow DOM boundaries',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div id="container" style="background-color:black;"></div>',
-        '<p style="color: #333;" id="target">Text</p>'
-      );
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var result = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
-      assert.isFalse(result);
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [container]);
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('handles <slot> elements', () => {
+  it('returns colors across Shadow DOM boundaries', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div id="container" style="background-color:black;"></div>',
+      '<p style="color: #333;" id="target">Text</p>'
+    );
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const result = contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    assert.isFalse(result);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [container]);
+  });
+
+  it('handles <slot> elements', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="container" style="height: 100px;"><p id="target" style="color: #333;">Slotted text</p></div>';
     const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
@@ -929,26 +1314,32 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [shadowContainer]);
   });
 
-  describe('with text-shadow', function () {
-    it('passes if thin text shadows have sufficient contrast with the text', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div id="target" style="background-color: #666; color:#aaa; ' +
-          'text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;">' +
-          '  Hello world' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+  describe('with text-shadow', () => {
+    it('passes if thin text shadows have sufficient contrast with the text', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="background-color: #666; color:#aaa; 
+        text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;"
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('does not count text shadows of offset 0, blur 0 as part of the background color', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div id="target" style="background-color: #fff; color:#0f833e; ' +
-          'text-shadow: 0 0 0 #000">' +
-          '  Hello world' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('does not count text shadows of offset 0, blur 0 as part of the background color', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="background-color: #fff; color:#0f833e; 
+        text-shadow: 0 0 0 #000"
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </div>
+      `);
 
-      var white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+      const white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
 
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.bgColor, white.toHexString());
@@ -956,78 +1347,103 @@ describe('color-contrast', function () {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.contrastRatio, '4.84');
     });
 
-    it('passes if thin text shadows have sufficient contrast with the background', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
-          'text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;">' +
-          '  Hello world' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('passes if thin text shadows have sufficient contrast with the background', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; 
+        text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;"
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('fails if text shadows have sufficient contrast with the background if its width is thicker than `shadowOutlineEmMax`', function () {
-      var checkOptions = { shadowOutlineEmMax: 0.05 };
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
-          'text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;">' +
-          '  Hello world' +
-          '</div>',
+    it('fails if text shadows have sufficient contrast with the background if its width is thicker than `shadowOutlineEmMax`', () => {
+      const checkOptions = { shadowOutlineEmMax: 0.05 };
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; 
+        text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;"
+          >
+            Hello world
+          </div>
+        `,
         checkOptions
       );
       assert.isFalse(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, null);
     });
 
-    it('fails if text shadows do not have sufficient contrast with the foreground', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
-          'text-shadow: 1px 1px 0.01em #000">' +
-          '  Hello world' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('fails if text shadows do not have sufficient contrast with the foreground', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; 
+        text-shadow: 1px 1px 0.01em #000"
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isFalse(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.isNull(checkContext._data.messageKey);
     });
 
-    it('fails if text shadows do not have sufficient contrast with the background', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
-          'text-shadow: 0 0 0.01em #000">' +
-          '  Hello world' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('fails if text shadows do not have sufficient contrast with the background', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; 
+        text-shadow: 0 0 0.01em #000"
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isFalse(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'shadowOnBgColor');
     });
 
-    it("fails if thick text shadows don't have sufficient contrast", function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
-          'text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;">' +
-          '  Hello world' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it("fails if thick text shadows don't have sufficient contrast", () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; 
+        text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;"
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it("passes if thin text shadows don't have sufficient contrast, but the text and background do", function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
-          'text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;">' +
-          '  Hello world' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it("passes if thin text shadows don't have sufficient contrast, but the text and background do", () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; 
+        text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;"
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('incompletes if text-shadow is only on part of the text', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(`
-        <div id="target" style="
-          background-color: #aaa;
-          color:#666; 
-          text-shadow: 1px 1px #000;
-        "> Hello world </div>
+    it('incompletes if text-shadow is only on part of the text', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="
+    background-color: #aaa;
+    color:#666; 
+    text-shadow: 1px 1px #000;
+  "
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </div>
       `);
 
       assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
diff --git a/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style.js b/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style.js
index cc8e3d812..4113d3228 100644
--- a/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style.js
+++ b/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 describe('link-in-text-block-style', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
   let styleElm;
 
   const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
@@ -58,35 +58,33 @@ describe('link-in-text-block-style', () => {
             if (!name) {
               return propPiece;
             } else {
-              return name + '-' + propPiece.toLowerCase();
+              return `${name}-${propPiece.toLowerCase()}`;
             }
           }, null);
 
         // Return indented line of style code
-        return '  ' + cssPropName + ':' + styleObj[prop] + ';';
+        return `  ${cssPropName}:${styleObj[prop]};`;
       })
       .join('\n');
 
     // Add to the style element
-    styleElm.innerHTML += selector + ' {\n' + cssLines + '\n}\n';
+    styleElm.innerHTML += `${selector} {
+${cssLines}
+}
+`;
   }
 
   function getLinkElm(linkStyle) {
     // Get a random id and build the style strings
-    const linkId = 'linkid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
-    const parId = 'parid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
-
-    createStyleString('#' + linkId, linkStyle);
-    createStyleString('#' + parId, {});
-
-    fixture.innerHTML +=
-      '<p id="' +
-      parId +
-      '"> Text ' +
-      '<a href="/" id="' +
-      linkId +
-      '">link</a>' +
-      '</p>';
+    const linkId = `linkid-${Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000)}`;
+    const parId = `parid-${Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000)}`;
+
+    createStyleString(`#${linkId}`, linkStyle);
+    createStyleString(`#${parId}`, {});
+
+    fixture.innerHTML += `<p id="${parId}"> Text 
+      <a href="/" id="${linkId}">link</a>
+      </p>`;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     return document.getElementById(linkId);
   }
@@ -99,12 +97,13 @@ describe('link-in-text-block-style', () => {
     });
 
     it('passes the selected node and closest ancestral block element', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div> <span style="display:block; id="parent">' +
-        '	<p style="display:inline"><a href="" id="link">' +
-        '		 link text ' +
-        '	</a> inside block </p> inside block' +
-        '</span> outside block </div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div> <span style="display:block; id="parent">
+          <p style="display:inline"><a href="" id="link">
+             link text 
+          </a> inside block </p> inside block
+        </span> outside block </div>
+      `;
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const linkElm = document.getElementById('link');
@@ -112,39 +111,32 @@ describe('link-in-text-block-style', () => {
       assert.isFalse(linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, linkElm));
     });
 
-    (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-      'works with the block outside the shadow tree',
-      () => {
-        const parentElm = document.createElement('div');
-        const shadow = parentElm.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML =
-          '<a href="" style="text-decoration:underline;">Link</a>';
-        const linkElm = shadow.querySelector('a');
-        fixture.appendChild(parentElm);
+    it('works with the block outside the shadow tree', () => {
+      const parentElm = document.createElement('div');
+      const shadow = parentElm.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML =
+        '<a href="" style="text-decoration:underline;">Link</a>';
+      const linkElm = shadow.querySelector('a');
+      fixture.appendChild(parentElm);
 
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        assert.isTrue(linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, linkElm));
-      }
-    );
-
-    (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-      'works with the link inside the shadow tree slot',
-      () => {
-        const div = document.createElement('div');
-        div.setAttribute('style', 'text-decoration:none;');
-        div.innerHTML =
-          '<a href="" style="text-decoration:underline;">Link</a>';
-        const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML = '<p><slot></slot></p>';
-        fixture.appendChild(div);
-
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-        const linkElm = div.querySelector('a');
-
-        assert.isTrue(linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, linkElm));
-      }
-    );
+      assert.isTrue(linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, linkElm));
+    });
+
+    it('works with the link inside the shadow tree slot', () => {
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      div.setAttribute('style', 'text-decoration:none;');
+      div.innerHTML = '<a href="" style="text-decoration:underline;">Link</a>';
+      const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML = '<p><slot></slot></p>';
+      fixture.appendChild(div);
+
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const linkElm = div.querySelector('a');
+
+      assert.isTrue(linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, linkElm));
+    });
   });
 
   describe('links distinguished through style', () => {
@@ -165,10 +157,14 @@ describe('link-in-text-block-style', () => {
     });
 
     it('returns undefined when the link has a :before pseudo element', () => {
-      const link = queryFixture(`
+      const link = queryFixture(html`
         <style>
-          a:before { content: '🔗'; }
-          a { text-decoration: none; }
+          a:before {
+            content: '🔗';
+          }
+          a {
+            text-decoration: none;
+          }
         </style>
         <p>A <a href="#" id="target">link</a> inside a block of text</p>
       `).actualNode;
@@ -179,10 +175,14 @@ describe('link-in-text-block-style', () => {
     });
 
     it('returns undefined when the link has a :after pseudo element', () => {
-      const link = queryFixture(`
+      const link = queryFixture(html`
         <style>
-          a:after { content: ""; }
-          a { text-decoration: none; }
+          a:after {
+            content: '';
+          }
+          a {
+            text-decoration: none;
+          }
         </style>
         <p>A <a href="#" id="target">link</a> inside a block of text</p>
       `).actualNode;
@@ -193,10 +193,15 @@ describe('link-in-text-block-style', () => {
     });
 
     it('does not return undefined when the pseudo element content is none', () => {
-      const link = queryFixture(`
+      const link = queryFixture(html`
         <style>
-          a:after { content: none; position: absolute; }
-          a { text-decoration: none; }
+          a:after {
+            content: none;
+            position: absolute;
+          }
+          a {
+            text-decoration: none;
+          }
         </style>
         <p>A <a href="#" id="target">link</a> inside a block of text</p>
       `).actualNode;
diff --git a/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block.js b/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block.js
index 027d05579..7a8569dfd 100644
--- a/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block.js
+++ b/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 describe('link-in-text-block', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
   let styleElm;
 
   const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
@@ -53,35 +53,33 @@ describe('link-in-text-block', () => {
             if (!name) {
               return propPiece;
             } else {
-              return name + '-' + propPiece.toLowerCase();
+              return `${name}-${propPiece.toLowerCase()}`;
             }
           }, null);
 
         // Return indented line of style code
-        return '  ' + cssPropName + ':' + styleObj[prop] + ';';
+        return `  ${cssPropName}:${styleObj[prop]};`;
       })
       .join('\n');
 
     // Add to the style element
-    styleElm.innerHTML += selector + ' {\n' + cssLines + '\n}\n';
+    styleElm.innerHTML += `${selector} {
+${cssLines}
+}
+`;
   }
 
   function getLinkElm(linkStyle, paragraphStyle) {
     // Get a random id and build the style strings
-    const linkId = 'linkid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
-    const parId = 'parid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
-
-    createStyleString('#' + linkId, linkStyle);
-    createStyleString('#' + parId, paragraphStyle);
-
-    fixture.innerHTML +=
-      '<p id="' +
-      parId +
-      '"> Text ' +
-      '<a href="/" id="' +
-      linkId +
-      '">link</a>' +
-      '</p>';
+    const linkId = `linkid-${Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000)}`;
+    const parId = `parid-${Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000)}`;
+
+    createStyleString(`#${linkId}`, linkStyle);
+    createStyleString(`#${parId}`, paragraphStyle);
+
+    fixture.innerHTML += `<p id="${parId}"> Text 
+      <a href="/" id="${linkId}">link</a>
+      </p>`;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     return document.getElementById(linkId);
   }
@@ -94,12 +92,17 @@ describe('link-in-text-block', () => {
     });
 
     it('passes the selected node and closest ancestral block element', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div> <span style="display:block; color: #010" id="parent">' +
-        '	<p style="display:inline"><a href="" id="link">' +
-        '		 link text ' +
-        '	</a> inside block </p> inside block' +
-        '</span> outside block </div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div>
+          <span style="display:block; color: #010" id="parent">
+            <p style="display:inline">
+              <a href="" id="link"> link text </a> inside block
+            </p>
+            inside block
+          </span>
+          outside block
+        </div>
+      `;
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const linkElm = document.getElementById('link');
@@ -112,53 +115,44 @@ describe('link-in-text-block', () => {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
     });
 
-    (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-      'works with the block outside the shadow tree',
-      () => {
-        const parentElm = document.createElement('div');
-        parentElm.setAttribute(
-          'style',
-          'color:#100; background-color:#FFFFFF;'
-        );
-        const shadow = parentElm.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML =
-          '<a href="" style="color:#000; background-color:#FFFFFF; text-decoration:none;">Link</a>';
-        const linkElm = shadow.querySelector('a');
-        fixture.appendChild(parentElm);
+    it('works with the block outside the shadow tree', () => {
+      const parentElm = document.createElement('div');
+      parentElm.setAttribute('style', 'color:#100; background-color:#FFFFFF;');
+      const shadow = parentElm.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML =
+        '<a href="" style="color:#000; background-color:#FFFFFF; text-decoration:none;">Link</a>';
+      const linkElm = shadow.querySelector('a');
+      fixture.appendChild(parentElm);
 
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        assert.isFalse(
-          axe.testUtils
-            .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
-            .call(checkContext, linkElm)
-        );
-        assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
-      }
-    );
-
-    (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-      'works with the link inside the shadow tree slot',
-      () => {
-        const div = document.createElement('div');
-        div.setAttribute('style', 'color:#100; background-color:#FFFFFF;');
-        div.innerHTML =
-          '<a href="" style="color:#000;background-color:#FFFFFF;">Link</a>';
-        const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML = '<p><slot></slot></p>';
-        fixture.appendChild(div);
-
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-        const linkElm = div.querySelector('a');
+      assert.isFalse(
+        axe.testUtils
+          .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
+          .call(checkContext, linkElm)
+      );
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
+    });
 
-        assert.isFalse(
-          axe.testUtils
-            .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
-            .call(checkContext, linkElm)
-        );
-        assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
-      }
-    );
+    it('works with the link inside the shadow tree slot', () => {
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      div.setAttribute('style', 'color:#100; background-color:#FFFFFF;');
+      div.innerHTML =
+        '<a href="" style="color:#000;background-color:#FFFFFF;">Link</a>';
+      const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML = '<p><slot></slot></p>';
+      fixture.appendChild(div);
+
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const linkElm = div.querySelector('a');
+
+      assert.isFalse(
+        axe.testUtils
+          .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
+          .call(checkContext, linkElm)
+      );
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
+    });
   });
 
   describe('links distinguished through color', () => {
@@ -284,12 +278,18 @@ describe('link-in-text-block', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return the proper values stored in data (fgContrast)', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div> <span style="display:block; color: #100" id="parent">' +
-        ' <p style="display:inline"><a href="" id="link">' +
-        '    link text ' +
-        ' </a> inside block </p> inside block' +
-        '</span> outside block </div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div>
+          <span style="display:block; color: #100" id="parent">
+            <p style="display:inline">
+              <a href="" id="link" style="color: #00e"> link text </a> inside
+              block
+            </p>
+            inside block
+          </span>
+          outside block
+        </div>
+      `;
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const linkElm = document.getElementById('link');
diff --git a/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.js b/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.js
index 96fd80255..5df0ab43c 100644
--- a/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.js
+++ b/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.js
@@ -1,98 +1,100 @@
-describe('autocomplete-appropriate', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('autocomplete-appropriate', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const evaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('autocomplete-appropriate');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var evaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('autocomplete-appropriate');
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
   function autocompleteCheckParams(term, type, options) {
     return checkSetup(
-      '<input autocomplete="' + term + '" type=' + type + ' id="target" />',
+      `<input autocomplete="${term}" type=${type} id="target" />`,
       options
     );
   }
 
-  it('returns true for non-select elements', function () {
-    ['div', 'button', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (tagName) {
-      var elm = document.createElement(tagName);
+  it('returns true for non-select elements', () => {
+    ['div', 'button', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(tagName => {
+      const elm = document.createElement(tagName);
       elm.setAttribute('autocomplete', 'foo');
       elm.setAttribute('type', 'email');
-      var params = checkSetup(elm);
+      const params = checkSetup(elm);
 
       assert.isTrue(
         evaluate.apply(checkContext, params),
-        'failed for ' + tagName
+        `failed for ${tagName}`
       );
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is in the map', function () {
-    var options = { foo: ['url'] };
-    var params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'url', options);
+  it('returns true if the input type is in the map', () => {
+    const options = { foo: ['url'] };
+    const params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'url', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the input type is not in the map', function () {
-    var options = { foo: ['url'] };
-    var params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'email', options);
+  it('returns false if the input type is not in the map', () => {
+    const options = { foo: ['url'] };
+    const params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'email', options);
     assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is text and the term is undefined', function () {
-    var options = {};
-    var params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'text', options);
+  it('returns true if the input type is text and the term is undefined', () => {
+    const options = {};
+    const params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'text', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is tel and the term is off', function () {
-    var options = {};
-    var params = autocompleteCheckParams('off', 'tel', options);
+  it('returns true if the input type is tel and the term is off', () => {
+    const options = {};
+    const params = autocompleteCheckParams('off', 'tel', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is url and the term is on', function () {
-    var options = {};
-    var params = autocompleteCheckParams('on', 'url', options);
+  it('returns true if the input type is url and the term is on', () => {
+    const options = {};
+    const params = autocompleteCheckParams('on', 'url', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is foobar and the term is undefined', function () {
-    var options = {};
-    var params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'foobar', options);
+  it('returns true if the input type is foobar and the term is undefined', () => {
+    const options = {};
+    const params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'foobar', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is email and the term is username', function () {
-    var options = {};
-    var params = autocompleteCheckParams('username', 'email', options);
+  it('returns true if the input type is email and the term is username', () => {
+    const options = {};
+    const params = autocompleteCheckParams('username', 'email', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the input type is text and the term maps to an empty array', function () {
-    var options = { foo: [] };
-    var params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'text', options);
+  it('returns false if the input type is text and the term maps to an empty array', () => {
+    const options = { foo: [] };
+    const params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'text', options);
     assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the input type is month and term is bday-month', function () {
-    var options = {};
-    var params = autocompleteCheckParams('bday-month', 'month', options);
+  it('returns false if the input type is month and term is bday-month', () => {
+    const options = {};
+    const params = autocompleteCheckParams('bday-month', 'month', options);
     assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the input type is MONTH (case-insensitive & sanitized) and term is bday-month', function () {
-    var options = {};
-    var params = autocompleteCheckParams('bday-month', '   MONTH    ', options);
+  it('returns false if the input type is MONTH (case-insensitive & sanitized) and term is bday-month', () => {
+    const options = {};
+    const params = autocompleteCheckParams(
+      'bday-month',
+      '   MONTH    ',
+      options
+    );
     assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.js b/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.js
index d44b0dd73..b8483ebd8 100644
--- a/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.js
+++ b/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.js
@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
-describe('autocomplete-valid', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('autocomplete-valid', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const evaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('autocomplete-valid');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var evaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('autocomplete-valid');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true if autocomplete is valid', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input autocomplete="on" id="target" />');
+  it('returns true if autocomplete is valid', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input autocomplete="on" id="target" />');
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if autocomplete is not valid', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input autocomplete="foo" id="target" />');
+  it('returns false if autocomplete is not valid', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input autocomplete="foo" id="target" />');
     assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('uses options to change what is valid autocomplete', function () {
-    var options = { stateTerms: ['foo'] };
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns undefined (incomplete) if autocomplete is ignored', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input autocomplete="text" id="target" />');
+    assert.isUndefined(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('uses options to change what is valid autocomplete', () => {
+    const options = { stateTerms: ['foo'] };
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<input autocomplete="foo" id="target" />',
       options
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/accesskeys.js b/test/checks/keyboard/accesskeys.js
index 5b99213f8..9a0e5a1ef 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/accesskeys.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/accesskeys.js
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 describe('accesskeys', () => {
-  'use strict';
-
   const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('accesskeys');
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.js
index 3650cf831..8a13a02a4 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.js
@@ -1,125 +1,131 @@
-describe('focusable-content tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('focusable-content tests', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var check;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  let check;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  before(function () {
+  before(() => {
     check = checks['focusable-content'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns false when there are no focusable content elements (content element `div` is not focusable)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target">' + '<div> Content </div>' + '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns false when there are no focusable content elements (content element `div` is not focusable)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <div>Content</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when content element is taken out of focusable order (tabindex = -1)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target">' + '<input type="text" tabindex="-1">' + '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns false when content element is taken out of focusable order (tabindex = -1)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <input type="text" tabindex="-1" />
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is focusable (only checks if contents are focusable)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" tabindex="0">' +
-        '<p style="height: 200px;"></p>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns false when element is focusable (only checks if contents are focusable)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" tabindex="0">
+        <p style="height: 200px;"></p>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when all content elements are not focusable', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target">' +
-        '<input type="text" tabindex="-1">' +
-        '<select tabindex="-1"></select>' +
-        '<textarea tabindex="-1"></textarea>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns false when all content elements are not focusable', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <input type="text" tabindex="-1" />
+        <select tabindex="-1"></select>
+        <textarea tabindex="-1"></textarea>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when one deeply nested content element is focusable', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target">' +
-        '<div style="height: 200px"> ' +
-        '<div style="height: 200px">' +
-        '<input type="text">' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true when one deeply nested content element is focusable', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <div style="height: 200px">
+          <div style="height: 200px">
+            <input type="text" />
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when content element can be focused', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target">' + '<input type="text">' + '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true when content element can be focused', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <input type="text" />
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when any one of the many content elements can be focused', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target">' +
-        '<input type="text" tabindex="-1">' +
-        '<select tabindex="-1"></select>' +
-        '<textarea tabindex="-1"></textarea>' +
-        '<p style="height: 200px;" tabindex="0"></p>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true when any one of the many content elements can be focused', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <input type="text" tabindex="-1" />
+        <select tabindex="-1"></select>
+        <textarea tabindex="-1"></textarea>
+        <p style="height: 200px;" tabindex="0"></p>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  describe('shadowDOM - focusable content', function () {
+  describe('shadowDOM - focusable content', () => {
     before(function () {
       if (!shadowSupported) {
         this.skip();
       }
     });
 
-    it('returns true when content element can be focused', function () {
-      fixtureSetup('<div id="target">' + '</div>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    it('returns true when content element can be focused', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html` <div id="target"></div> `);
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<input type="text">';
       axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(axe._tree);
-      var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
-      var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, node, {}, virtualNode);
+      const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+      const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, node, {}, virtualNode);
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false when no focusable content', function () {
-      fixtureSetup('<div id="target">' + '</div>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    it('returns false when no focusable content', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html` <div id="target"></div> `);
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML =
         '<input type="text" tabindex="-1"> <p>just some text</p>';
       axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(axe._tree);
-      var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
-      var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, node, {}, virtualNode);
+      const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+      const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, node, {}, virtualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled.js
index ffe1536f9..f00962863 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled.js
@@ -1,105 +1,103 @@
-describe('focusable-disabled', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('focusable-disabled', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var check;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  let check;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  before(function () {
+  before(() => {
     check = checks['focusable-disabled'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when content not focusable by default (no tabbable elements)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<p id="target" aria-hidden="true">Some text</p>');
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true when content not focusable by default (no tabbable elements)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<p id="target" aria-hidden="true">Some text</p>'
+    );
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when content hidden through CSS (no tabbable elements)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when content hidden through CSS (no tabbable elements)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true"><a href="/" style="display:none">Link</a></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when content made unfocusable through disabled (no tabbable elements)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when content made unfocusable through disabled (no tabbable elements)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<input id="target" disabled aria-hidden="true" />'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when content made unfocusable through disabled fieldset', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when content made unfocusable through disabled fieldset', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<fieldset id="target" disabled aria-hidden="true"><input /></fieldset>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns false when content is in a disabled fieldset but in another shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      var fieldset = document.createElement('fieldset');
-      fieldset.setAttribute('disabled', 'true');
-      fieldset.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
-      fieldset.setAttribute('id', 'target');
-      var disabledInput = document.createElement('input');
-      fieldset.appendChild(disabledInput);
-      var shadowRoot = document.createElement('div');
-      fieldset.appendChild(shadowRoot);
-      var shadow = shadowRoot.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<label>Shadow input <input /></label>';
-      var params = checkSetup(fieldset);
-
-      var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
-
-      assert.isFalse(actual);
-    }
-  );
-
-  it('returns false when content is in the legend of a disabled fieldset', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when content is in a disabled fieldset but in another shadow tree', () => {
+    const fieldset = document.createElement('fieldset');
+    fieldset.setAttribute('disabled', 'true');
+    fieldset.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
+    fieldset.setAttribute('id', 'target');
+    const disabledInput = document.createElement('input');
+    fieldset.appendChild(disabledInput);
+    const shadowRoot = document.createElement('div');
+    fieldset.appendChild(shadowRoot);
+    const shadow = shadowRoot.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<label>Shadow input <input /></label>';
+    const params = checkSetup(fieldset);
+
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when content is in the legend of a disabled fieldset', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<fieldset id="target" disabled aria-hidden="true"><legend><input /></legend></fieldset>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when content is in an aria-hidden but not disabled fieldset', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when content is in an aria-hidden but not disabled fieldset', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<fieldset id="target" aria-hidden="true"><input /></fieldset>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when focusable off screen link (cannot be disabled)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when focusable off screen link (cannot be disabled)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true"><a href="/" style="position:absolute; top:-999em">Link</a></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when focusable form field only disabled through ARIA', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when focusable form field only disabled through ARIA', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true"><input type="text" aria-disabled="true"/></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
     assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(
@@ -108,18 +106,19 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false when focusable SELECT element that can be disabled', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<label>Choose:' +
-        '<select>' +
-        '<option selected="selected">Chosen</option>' +
-        '<option>Not Selected</option>' +
-        '</select>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns false when focusable SELECT element that can be disabled', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <label
+          >Choose:
+          <select>
+            <option selected="selected">Chosen</option>
+            <option>Not Selected</option>
+          </select>
+        </label>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
     assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(
@@ -128,92 +127,94 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when focusable AREA element (cannot be disabled)', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<main id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area shape="rect" coords="184,6,253,27" href="https://mozilla.org"' +
-        'target="_blank" alt="Mozilla" />' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '</main>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true when focusable AREA element (cannot be disabled)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <main id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <map name="infographic">
+          <area
+            shape="rect"
+            coords="184,6,253,27"
+            href="https://mozilla.org"
+            target="_blank"
+            alt="Mozilla"
+          />
+        </map>
+      </main>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns false when focusable content inside shadowDOM, that can be disabled',
-    function () {
-      // Note:
-      // `testUtils.checkSetup` does not work for shadowDOM
-      // as `axe._tree` and `axe._selectorData` needs to be updated after shadowDOM construction
-      fixtureSetup('<div id="target"></div>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<button>Some text</button>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(axe._tree);
-      var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
-      var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, node, {}, virtualNode);
-      assert.isFalse(actual);
-    }
-  );
-
-  it('returns true when focusable target that cannot be disabled', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when focusable content inside shadowDOM, that can be disabled', () => {
+    // Note:
+    // `testUtils.checkSetup` does not work for shadowDOM
+    // as `axe._tree` and `axe._selectorData` needs to be updated after shadowDOM construction
+    fixtureSetup('<div id="target"></div>');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<button>Some text</button>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(axe._tree);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, node, {}, virtualNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when focusable target that cannot be disabled', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><a id="target" href="">foo</a><button>bar</button></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when focusable target that can be disabled', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when focusable target that can be disabled', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><a href="">foo</a><button id="target">bar</button></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there is a focusable element and modal is open', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<button>Some button</button>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<div role="dialog">Modal</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true if there is a focusable element and modal is open', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <button>Some button</button>
+      </div>
+      <div role="dialog">Modal</div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when the control has onfocus', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns undefined when the control has onfocus', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<button aria-hidden="true" id="target" onfocus="redirectFocus()">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when all focusable controls have onfocus events', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
-        '  <button onfocus="redirectFocus()">button</button>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('returns undefined when all focusable controls have onfocus events', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div aria-hidden="true" id="target">
+        <button onfocus="redirectFocus()">button</button>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when some, but not all focusable controls have onfocus events', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
-        '  <button onfocus="redirectFocus()">button</button>' +
-        '  <button>button</button>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('returns false when some, but not all focusable controls have onfocus events', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div aria-hidden="true" id="target">
+        <button onfocus="redirectFocus()">button</button>
+        <button>button</button>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
   it('returns undefined when control has 0 width and height and pointer events: none (focus trap bumper)', () => {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target" aria-hidden="true" style="pointer-events: none; width: 0; height: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0"></button>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.js
index d0d1cd5a0..d6b5c019f 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.js
@@ -1,94 +1,92 @@
-describe('focusable-element tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('focusable-element tests', () => {
+  let check;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  var check;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-
-  before(function () {
+  before(() => {
     check = checks['focusable-element'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element is focusable', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" type="radio">');
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true when element is focusable', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input id="target" type="radio">');
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element made not focusable by tabindex', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when element made not focusable by tabindex', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<input id="target" type="checkbox" tabindex="-1">'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is not focusable by default', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<p id="target">I hold some text </p>');
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns false when element is not focusable by default', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<p id="target">I hold some text </p>');
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element made focusable by tabindex', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when element made focusable by tabindex', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" tabindex="0">I hold some text </p>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" contenteditable>I hold some text </p>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable="true"', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable="true"', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" contenteditable="true">I hold some text </p>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="false"', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="false"', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" contenteditable="false">I hold some text </p>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is contenteditable', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is contenteditable', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div contenteditable><p id="target" contenteditable="invalid">I hold some text </p></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is not contenteditable', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is not contenteditable', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div><p id="target" contenteditable="invalid">I hold some text </p></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is contenteditable="false"', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is contenteditable="false"', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div contenteditable="false"><p id="target" contenteditable="invalid">I hold some text </p></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-modal-open.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-modal-open.js
index bb7693573..fc5a10ad3 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-modal-open.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-modal-open.js
@@ -1,50 +1,50 @@
-describe('focusable-modal-open', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('focusable-modal-open', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var check;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  let check;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  before(function () {
+  before(() => {
     check = checks['focusable-modal-open'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when no modal is open', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<button>Some button</button>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true when no modal is open', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <button>Some button</button>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if a modal is open', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<button>Some button</button>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<div role="dialog">Modal</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns undefined if a modal is open', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <button>Some button</button>
+      </div>
+      <div role="dialog">Modal</div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('sets the tabbable elements as related nodes', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<button>Some button</button>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<div role="dialog">Modal</div>'
-    );
+  it('sets the tabbable elements as related nodes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <button>Some button</button>
+      </div>
+      <div role="dialog">Modal</div>
+    `);
     check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name.js
index e170eb838..c9e749428 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name.js
@@ -1,21 +1,18 @@
-describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('focusable-no-name', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should pass if tabindex < 0', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<a href="#" tabindex="-1" id="target"></a>');
+  it('should pass if tabindex < 0', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<a href="#" tabindex="-1" id="target"></a>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('focusable-no-name')
@@ -23,8 +20,8 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass element is not natively focusable', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<span role="link" href="#" id="target"></span>');
+  it('should pass element is not natively focusable', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<span role="link" href="#" id="target"></span>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('focusable-no-name')
@@ -32,8 +29,8 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - native', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<a href="#" id="target"></a>');
+  it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - native', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<a href="#" id="target"></a>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('focusable-no-name')
@@ -41,8 +38,8 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - ARIA', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - ARIA', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<span tabindex="0" role="link" id="target" href="#"></spam>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -52,8 +49,8 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the element is tabbable but has an accessible name', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<a href="#" title="Hello" id="target"></a>');
+  it('should pass if the element is tabbable but has an accessible name', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<a href="#" title="Hello" id="target"></a>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('focusable-no-name')
@@ -61,25 +58,22 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should pass if the content is passed in with shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div>Content!</div>',
-        '<a href="#" id="target"><slot></slot></a>'
-      );
+  it('should pass if the content is passed in with shadow DOM', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div>Content!</div>',
+      '<a href="#" id="target"><slot></slot></a>'
+    );
 
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('focusable-no-name')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('focusable-no-name')
+        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
 
-  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function () {
-    it('should pass if tabindex < 0', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('Serial Virtual Node', () => {
+    it('should pass if tabindex < 0', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'a',
         attributes: {
           tabindex: '-1',
@@ -96,8 +90,8 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should pass element is not natively focusable', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should pass element is not natively focusable', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'span',
         attributes: {
           role: 'link',
@@ -114,8 +108,8 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - native', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - native', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'a',
         attributes: {
           href: '#'
@@ -132,8 +126,8 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if element is tabbable with no name nor children - native', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return undefined if element is tabbable with no name nor children - native', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'a',
         attributes: {
           href: '#'
@@ -149,8 +143,8 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should pass if the element is tabbable but has an accessible name', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should pass if the element is tabbable but has an accessible name', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'a',
         attributes: {
           href: '#',
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.js
index 60bd891d1..5b4c74d16 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.js
@@ -1,41 +1,40 @@
-describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('focusable-not-tabbable', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var check;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  let check;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  before(function () {
+  before(() => {
     check = checks['focusable-not-tabbable'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when BUTTON removed from tab order through tabindex', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<button tabindex="-1">Some button</button>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true when BUTTON removed from tab order through tabindex', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <button tabindex="-1">Some button</button>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when LINK is in tab order', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<a href="abc.html">ABC Site</a>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns false when LINK is in tab order', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <a href="abc.html">ABC Site</a>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
     assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(
@@ -44,11 +43,11 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when focusable SUMMARY element, that cannot be disabled', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when focusable SUMMARY element, that cannot be disabled', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<details id="target" aria-hidden="true"><summary>Some button</summary><p>Some details</p></details>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
     assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(
@@ -57,123 +56,126 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when TEXTAREA is in tab order, but 0 related nodes as TEXTAREA can be disabled', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<label>Enter your comments:' +
-        '<textarea></textarea>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true when TEXTAREA is in tab order, but 0 related nodes as TEXTAREA can be disabled', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <label
+          >Enter your comments:
+          <textarea></textarea>
+        </label>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 0);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when focusable AREA element', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<main id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area shape="rect" coords="184,6,253,27" href="https://mozilla.org"' +
-        'target="_blank" alt="Mozilla" />' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '</main>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns false when focusable AREA element', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <main id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <map name="infographic">
+          <area
+            shape="rect"
+            coords="184,6,253,27"
+            href="https://mozilla.org"
+            target="_blank"
+            alt="Mozilla"
+          />
+        </map>
+      </main>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when aria-hidden=false does not negate aria-hidden true', function () {
+  it('returns true when aria-hidden=false does not negate aria-hidden true', () => {
     // Note: aria-hidden can't be reset once you've set it to true on an ancestor
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true"><div aria-hidden="false"><button tabindex="-1">Some button</button></div></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns false when focusable text in shadowDOM',
-    function () {
-      // Note:
-      // `testUtils.checkSetup` does not work for shadowDOM
-      // as `axe._tree` and `axe._selectorData` needs to be updated after shadowDOM construction
-      fixtureSetup('<div aria-hidden="true" id="target"></div>`');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<p tabindex="0">btn</p>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(axe._tree);
-      var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
-      var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, node, {}, virtualNode);
-      assert.isFalse(actual);
-    }
-  );
-
-  it('returns false when focusable content through tabindex', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when focusable text in shadowDOM', () => {
+    // Note:
+    // `testUtils.checkSetup` does not work for shadowDOM
+    // as `axe._tree` and `axe._selectorData` needs to be updated after shadowDOM construction
+    fixtureSetup('<div aria-hidden="true" id="target"></div>`');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<p tabindex="0">btn</p>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(axe._tree);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, node, {}, virtualNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when focusable content through tabindex', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" tabindex="0" aria-hidden="true">Some text</p>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when focusable target that cannot be disabled', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when focusable target that cannot be disabled', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><a id="target" href="">foo</a><button>bar</button></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when focusable target that can be disabled', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when focusable target that can be disabled', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><a href="">foo</a><button id="target">bar</button></div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there is a focusable element and modal is open', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<a href="">foo</a>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<div role="dialog">Modal</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('returns true if there is a focusable element and modal is open', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-hidden="true">
+        <a href="">foo</a>
+      </div>
+      <div role="dialog">Modal</div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when the control has onfocus', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns undefined when the control has onfocus', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<a href="/" aria-hidden="true" id="target" onfocus="redirectFocus()">Link</a>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when all focusable controls have onfocus events', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
-        '  <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">First link</a>' +
-        '  <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">Second link</a>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('returns undefined when all focusable controls have onfocus events', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div aria-hidden="true" id="target">
+        <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">First link</a>
+        <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">Second link</a>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when some, but not all focusable controls have onfocus events', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
-        '  <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">First link</a>' +
-        '  <a href="/"">Second link</a>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('returns false when some, but not all focusable controls have onfocus events', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <div aria-hidden="true" id="target">
+        <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">First link</a>
+        <a href="/"">Second link</a>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
   it('returns undefined when control has 0 width and height and pointer events: none (focus trap bumper)', () => {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0" style="pointer-events: none"></div>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content.js b/test/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content.js
index 450645191..6526cef5f 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content.js
@@ -1,52 +1,52 @@
-describe('frame-focusable-content tests', function () {
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var frameFocusableContent = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+describe('frame-focusable-content tests', () => {
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const frameFocusableContent = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
     'frame-focusable-content'
   );
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has no focusable content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><span>Hello</span></div>');
+  it('should return true if element has no focusable content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><span>Hello</span></div>');
     assert.isTrue(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element is empty', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return true if element is empty', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element only has text content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello</div>');
+  it('should return true if element only has text content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello</div>');
     assert.isTrue(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has focusable content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if element has focusable content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target"><span tabindex="0">Hello</span></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has natively focusable content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if element has natively focusable content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target"><a href="foo.html">Hello</a></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element is natively focusable but has tabindex=-1', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if element is natively focusable but has tabindex=-1', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target"><button tabindex="-1">Hello</button></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element is natively focusable but has tabindex=0', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if element is natively focusable but has tabindex=0', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target"><button tabindex="0">Hello</button></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level.js b/test/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level.js
index c9fff1564..69fab6138 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level.js
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
-describe('landmark-is-top-level', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('landmark-is-top-level', () => {
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  const check = checks['landmark-is-top-level'];
+  const checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var check = checks['landmark-is-top-level'];
-  var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the main landmark is in another landmark', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the main landmark is in another landmark', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="banner"><main id="target"></main></div>'
     );
     // landmark-is-top-level requires a complete tree to work properly
@@ -21,8 +18,8 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'main' });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the complementary landmark is in another landmark', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the complementary landmark is in another landmark', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<nav><div role="complementary" id="target"></div></nav>'
     );
     axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
@@ -30,8 +27,8 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'complementary' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the complementary landmark is in main landmark', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the complementary landmark is in main landmark', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<main><div role="complementary" id="target"></div></main>'
     );
     axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
@@ -39,8 +36,8 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'complementary' });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if div with role set to main is in another landmark', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if div with role set to main is in another landmark', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="navigation"><div role="main" id="target"></div></div>'
     );
     axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
@@ -48,8 +45,8 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'main' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the landmark is not in another landmark', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the landmark is not in another landmark', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div><footer id="target"></footer><div role="banner"></div></div>'
     );
     axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
@@ -57,8 +54,8 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'contentinfo' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if div with role set to main is not in another landmark', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if div with role set to main is not in another landmark', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div><div role="main" id="target"></div><div role="navigation"></div></div>'
     );
     axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
@@ -66,8 +63,8 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'main' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the banner landmark is not in form landmark', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the banner landmark is not in form landmark', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div><div role="banner" id="target"></div><div role="form"></div></div>'
     );
     axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
@@ -75,16 +72,13 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'banner' });
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should test if the landmark in shadow DOM is top level',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div></div>',
-        '<main id="target">Main content</main>'
-      );
-      axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
-      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'main' });
-    }
-  );
+  it('should test if the landmark in shadow DOM is top level', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div></div>',
+      '<main id="target">Main content</main>'
+    );
+    axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'main' });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.js b/test/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.js
index e30841b41..7bfd604cd 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.js
@@ -1,48 +1,51 @@
-describe('no-focusable-content tests', function () {
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var noFocusableContent = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+describe('no-focusable-content tests', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const noFocusableContent = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
     'no-focusable-content'
   );
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var check = checks['no-focusable-content'];
-  var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const check = checks['no-focusable-content'];
+  const checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has no focusable content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"><span>Hello</span></button>');
+  it('should return true if element has no focusable content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<button id="target"><span>Hello</span></button>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element is empty', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+  it('should return true if element is empty', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element only has text content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">Hello</button>');
+  it('should return true if element only has text content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">Hello</button>');
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has content which is focusable (tabindex=0) and does not have a widget role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if element has content which is focusable (tabindex=0) and does not have a widget role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><span tabindex="0">Hello</span></button>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has content which has negative tabindex and non-widget role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if element has content which has negative tabindex and non-widget role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target"><span tabindex="-1">Hello</span></button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has content which has negative tabindex and an explicit widget role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if element has content which has negative tabindex and an explicit widget role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><span role="link" tabindex="-1">Hello</span></button>'
     );
 
@@ -51,8 +54,8 @@ describe('no-focusable-content tests', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[2].children[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has content which is natively focusable and has a widget role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if element has content which is natively focusable and has a widget role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><a href="foo.html">Hello</a></button>'
     );
 
@@ -61,8 +64,8 @@ describe('no-focusable-content tests', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[2].children[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should add each focusable child as related nodes', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should add each focusable child as related nodes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><input type="checkbox"><a href="foo.html">Hello</a></button>'
     );
 
@@ -74,8 +77,8 @@ describe('no-focusable-content tests', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has natively focusable widget role content with negative tabindex', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if element has natively focusable widget role content with negative tabindex', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><a href="foo.html" tabindex="-1">Hello</a></button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -83,44 +86,49 @@ describe('no-focusable-content tests', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[2].children[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has content which is natively focusable and has a widget role but is disabled', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if element has content which is natively focusable and has a widget role but is disabled', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target"><input value="hello" disabled></button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if "disabled" is specified on an element which doesn\'t allow it', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if "disabled" is specified on an element which doesn\'t allow it', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><a href="foo.html" disabled>Hello</a></button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(noFocusableContent.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on span with negative tabindex (focusable, does not have a widget role)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<span id="target" role="text"> some text ' +
-        '<span tabIndex="-1">JavaScript is able to focus this</span> ' +
-        '</span>'
-    );
+  it('should return true on span with negative tabindex (focusable, does not have a widget role)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <span id="target" role="text">
+        some text
+        <span tabIndex="-1">JavaScript is able to focus this</span>
+      </span>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on aria-hidden span with negative tabindex (focusable, does not have a widget role)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<span id="target" role="text"> some text ' +
-        '<span tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true">JavaScript is able to focus this</span> ' +
-        '</span>'
-    );
+  it('should return true on aria-hidden span with negative tabindex (focusable, does not have a widget role)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <span id="target" role="text">
+        some text
+        <span tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true"
+          >JavaScript is able to focus this</span
+        >
+      </span>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on nested span with tabindex=0 (focusable, does not have a widget role)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<span id="target" role="text"> some text ' +
-        '<span tabIndex="0">anyone is able to focus this</span> ' +
-        '</span>'
-    );
+  it('should return true on nested span with tabindex=0 (focusable, does not have a widget role)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <span id="target" role="text">
+        some text
+        <span tabIndex="0">anyone is able to focus this</span>
+      </span>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/page-has-elm.js b/test/checks/keyboard/page-has-elm.js
index 20e629516..c91a01fbd 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/page-has-elm.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/page-has-elm.js
@@ -1,90 +1,97 @@
-describe('page-has-*', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('page-has-*', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  describe('evaluate', function () {
-    var evaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('page-has-main');
+  describe('evaluate', () => {
+    const evaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('page-has-main');
 
-    it('throws if there is no selector', function () {
-      assert.throws(function () {
-        var params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', undefined);
+    it('throws if there is no selector', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        const params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', undefined);
         checks['page-has-main'].evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       });
 
-      assert.throws(function () {
-        var params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', {});
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        const params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', {});
         checks['page-has-main'].evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       });
 
-      assert.throws(function () {
-        var badOptions = { selector: [] };
-        var params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', badOptions);
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        const badOptions = { selector: [] };
+        const params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', badOptions);
         checks['page-has-main'].evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns true if there are any matching elements', function () {
-      var options = { selector: 'b' };
-      var params = checkSetup('<div id="target"><b>No role</b></div>', options);
+    it('returns true if there are any matching elements', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'b' };
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<div id="target"><b>No role</b></div>',
+        options
+      );
       assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if there are no matching elements', function () {
-      var options = { selector: 'i' };
-      var params = checkSetup('<div id="target"><b>No role</b></div>', options);
+    it('returns false if there are no matching elements', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'i' };
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<div id="target"><b>No role</b></div>',
+        options
+      );
       assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('does not find hidden elements', function () {
-      var options = { selector: 'b' };
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('does not find hidden elements', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'b' };
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target"><b style="display: none;">No role</b></div>',
         options
       );
       assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('does find screen-reader only elements', function () {
-      var options = { selector: 'b' };
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<style type="text/css">' +
-          '.sr-only {' +
-          'border: 0;' +
-          'clip: rect(0 0 0 0);' +
-          'clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px);' +
-          '-webkit-clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px);' +
-          'height: 1px;' +
-          'margin: -1px;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;' +
-          'padding: 0;' +
-          'position: absolute;' +
-          'width: 1px;' +
-          'white-space: nowrap;' +
-          '}' +
-          '</style>' +
-          '<div id="target"><b class="sr-only">No role</b></div>',
+    it('does find screen-reader only elements', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'b' };
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <style type="text/css">
+            .sr-only {
+              border: 0;
+              clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
+              clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px);
+              -webkit-clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px);
+              height: 1px;
+              margin: -1px;
+              overflow: hidden;
+              padding: 0;
+              position: absolute;
+              width: 1px;
+              white-space: nowrap;
+            }
+          </style>
+          <div id="target"><b class="sr-only">No role</b></div>
+        `,
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('after', function () {
-    var after = checks['page-has-main'].after;
+  describe('after', () => {
+    const after = checks['page-has-main'].after;
 
-    it('sets all results to true if any are true', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('sets all results to true if any are true', () => {
+      const results = [
         { result: true },
         { result: false },
         { result: undefined }
@@ -96,8 +103,8 @@ describe('page-has-*', function () {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('Leave the results as is if none of them were true', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('Leave the results as is if none of them were true', () => {
+      const results = [
         { result: false },
         { result: false },
         { result: undefined }
@@ -106,103 +113,103 @@ describe('page-has-*', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('page-has-main', function () {
-    var check = checks['page-has-main'];
+  describe('page-has-main', () => {
+    const check = checks['page-has-main'];
 
-    it('should return false if no div has role property', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', check.options);
-      var mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    it('should return false if no div has role property', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<div id="target">No role</div>',
+        check.options
+      );
+      const mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isFalse(mainIsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return false if div has role not equal to main', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('should return false if div has role not equal to main', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="bananas">Wrong role</div>',
         check.options
       );
-      var mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isFalse(mainIsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if main landmark exists', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('should return true if main landmark exists', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<main id="target">main landmark</main>',
         check.options
       );
-      var mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isTrue(mainIsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if one div has role equal to main', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('should return true if one div has role equal to main', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="main">Div with role main</div>',
         check.options
       );
-      var mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isTrue(mainIsFound);
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should return true if main is inside of shadow dom',
-      function () {
-        var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-          '<div id="target"></div>',
-          '<main>main landmark</main>',
-          check.options
-        );
-        var mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
-        assert.isTrue(mainIsFound);
-      }
-    );
+    it('should return true if main is inside of shadow dom', () => {
+      const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+        '<div id="target"></div>',
+        '<main>main landmark</main>',
+        check.options
+      );
+      const mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(mainIsFound);
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('page-has-heading-one', function () {
-    var check = checks['page-has-heading-one'];
+  describe('page-has-heading-one', () => {
+    const check = checks['page-has-heading-one'];
 
-    it('should return false if div has role not equal to heading', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('should return false if div has role not equal to heading', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="bananas">Wrong role</div>',
         check.options
       );
-      var h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isFalse(h1IsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return false if div has role heading but not aria-level=1', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('should return false if div has role heading but not aria-level=1', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="heading" aria-level="one">Wrong role</div>',
         check.options
       );
-      var h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isFalse(h1IsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if h1 exists', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup('<h1 id="target">My heading</h1>', check.options);
-      var h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    it('should return true if h1 exists', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<h1 id="target">My heading</h1>',
+        check.options
+      );
+      const h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isTrue(h1IsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if a div has role=heading and aria-level=1', function () {
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('should return true if a div has role=heading and aria-level=1', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="heading" aria-level="1">Diversity heading</div>',
         check.options
       );
-      var h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isTrue(h1IsFound);
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should return true if h1 is inside of shadow dom',
-      function () {
-        var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-          '<div id="target"></div>',
-          '<h1>Shady Heading</h1>',
-          check.options
-        );
-        var h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
-        assert.isTrue(h1IsFound);
-      }
-    );
+    it('should return true if h1 is inside of shadow dom', () => {
+      const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+        '<div id="target"></div>',
+        '<h1>Shady Heading</h1>',
+        check.options
+      );
+      const h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(h1IsFound);
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate.js b/test/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate.js
index a54677e7e..2df7a1433 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 describe('page-no-duplicate', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   const checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
   const check = checks['page-no-duplicate-main'];
 
@@ -65,52 +65,46 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', () => {
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should return false if there is a second matching element inside the shadow dom',
-      () => {
-        const options = { selector: 'main' };
-        const div = document.createElement('div');
-        div.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"></div><main id="target"></main>';
-
-        const shadow = div
-          .querySelector('#shadow')
-          .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
-        axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
-        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
-
-        assert.isFalse(
-          check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
-        );
-        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [
-          shadow.querySelector('main')
-        ]);
-      }
-    );
-
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should return true if there is a second matching element inside the shadow dom but only one is visible to screenreaders',
-      () => {
-        const options = { selector: 'main' };
-        const div = document.createElement('div');
-        div.innerHTML =
-          '<div id="shadow"></div><main id="target" aria-hidden="true"></main>';
-
-        const shadow = div
-          .querySelector('#shadow')
-          .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
-        axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
-        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+    it('should return false if there is a second matching element inside the shadow dom', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'main' };
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      div.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"></div><main id="target"></main>';
+
+      const shadow = div
+        .querySelector('#shadow')
+        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
+      axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+
+      assert.isFalse(
+        check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
+      );
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [
+        shadow.querySelector('main')
+      ]);
+    });
 
-        assert.isTrue(
-          check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
-        );
-        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [
-          shadow.querySelector('main')
-        ]);
-      }
-    );
+    it('should return true if there is a second matching element inside the shadow dom but only one is visible to screenreaders', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'main' };
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      div.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="shadow"></div><main id="target" aria-hidden="true"></main>';
+
+      const shadow = div
+        .querySelector('#shadow')
+        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
+      axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+
+      assert.isTrue(
+        check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
+      );
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [
+        shadow.querySelector('main')
+      ]);
+    });
   });
 
   describe('option.nativeScopeFilter', () => {
@@ -120,9 +114,12 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', () => {
         nativeScopeFilter: 'main'
       };
       const params = checkSetup(
-        '<div><footer id="target"></footer>' +
-          '<main><footer></footer></main>' +
-          '</div>',
+        html`
+          <div>
+            <footer id="target"></footer>
+            <main><footer></footer></main>
+          </div>
+        `,
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -134,9 +131,12 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', () => {
         nativeScopeFilter: 'main'
       };
       const params = checkSetup(
-        '<div><footer id="target"></footer>' +
-          '<main><div role="contentinfo"></div></main>' +
-          '</div>',
+        html`
+          <div>
+            <footer id="target"></footer>
+            <main><div role="contentinfo"></div></main>
+          </div>
+        `,
         options
       );
       assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
@@ -148,36 +148,35 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', () => {
         nativeScopeFilter: 'article'
       };
       const params = checkSetup(
-        '<article>' +
-          '<footer id="target">Article footer</footer>' +
-          '</article>' +
-          '<footer>Body footer</footer>',
+        html`
+          <article>
+            <footer id="target">Article footer</footer>
+          </article>
+          <footer>Body footer</footer>
+        `,
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'elements if its ancestor is outside the shadow DOM tree',
-      () => {
-        const options = {
-          selector: 'footer',
-          nativeScopeFilter: 'header'
-        };
+    it('elements if its ancestor is outside the shadow DOM tree', () => {
+      const options = {
+        selector: 'footer',
+        nativeScopeFilter: 'header'
+      };
 
-        const div = document.createElement('div');
-        div.innerHTML =
-          '<header id="shadow"></header><footer id="target"></footer>';
-        div.querySelector('#shadow').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' }).innerHTML =
-          '<footer></footer>';
-        axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
-        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      div.innerHTML =
+        '<header id="shadow"></header><footer id="target"></footer>';
+      div.querySelector('#shadow').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' }).innerHTML =
+        '<footer></footer>';
+      axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
 
-        assert.isTrue(
-          check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
-        );
-      }
-    );
+      assert.isTrue(
+        check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
+      );
+    });
   });
 
   describe('options.role', () => {
@@ -187,7 +186,7 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', () => {
         role: 'contentinfo'
       };
       const params = checkSetup(
-        `<div>
+        html`<div>
           <footer id="target"></footer>
           <div role="main">
             <footer></footer>
@@ -204,7 +203,7 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', () => {
         role: 'contentinfo'
       };
       const params = checkSetup(
-        `<div>
+        html`<div>
           <footer id="target"></footer>
           <div>
             <footer id="fail"></footer>
@@ -224,35 +223,32 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', () => {
         role: 'contentinfo'
       };
       const params = checkSetup(
-        `<article>
-          <footer id="target">Article footer</footer>
-        </article>
-        <footer>Body footer</footer>`,
+        html`<article>
+            <footer id="target">Article footer</footer>
+          </article>
+          <footer>Body footer</footer>`,
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      "should pass if element's ancestor is outside the shadow DOM tree",
-      () => {
-        const options = {
-          selector: 'footer',
-          role: 'contentinfo'
-        };
+    it("should pass if element's ancestor is outside the shadow DOM tree", () => {
+      const options = {
+        selector: 'footer',
+        role: 'contentinfo'
+      };
 
-        const div = document.createElement('div');
-        div.innerHTML =
-          '<article id="shadow"></article><footer id="target"></footer>';
-        div.querySelector('#shadow').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' }).innerHTML =
-          '<footer></footer>';
-        axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
-        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      div.innerHTML =
+        '<article id="shadow"></article><footer id="target"></footer>';
+      div.querySelector('#shadow').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' }).innerHTML =
+        '<footer></footer>';
+      axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
 
-        assert.isTrue(
-          check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
-        );
-      }
-    );
+      assert.isTrue(
+        check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
+      );
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/tabindex.js b/test/checks/keyboard/tabindex.js
index 1a32f9c34..b578f5978 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/tabindex.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/tabindex.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('tabindex', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('tabindex', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the testutils.jstabindex is >= 0', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="1"></div>');
+  it('should fail if the testutils.jstabindex is >= 0', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="1"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('tabindex')
@@ -17,8 +15,8 @@ describe('tabindex', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the tabindex is <= 0', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>');
+  it('should pass if the tabindex is <= 0', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('tabindex')
@@ -26,11 +24,11 @@ describe('tabindex', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should look at the attribute and not the property', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should look at the attribute and not the property', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('tabindex', '1');
     node.tabindex = null;
-    var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(node);
+    const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('tabindex')
@@ -38,8 +36,8 @@ describe('tabindex', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass if tabindex is NaN', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="foobar"></div>');
+  it('should pass if tabindex is NaN', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="foobar"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('tabindex')
diff --git a/test/checks/label/alt-space-value.js b/test/checks/label/alt-space-value.js
index 603a811ad..3392329c6 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/alt-space-value.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/alt-space-value.js
@@ -1,31 +1,29 @@
-describe('alt-space-value', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('alt-space-value', () => {
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const check = checks['alt-space-value'];
 
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var check = checks['alt-space-value'];
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if alt contains a space character', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt=" " />');
+  it('should return true if alt contains a space character', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt=" " />');
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if alt contains a non-breaking space character', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="&nbsp;" />');
+  it('should return true if alt contains a non-breaking space character', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="&nbsp;" />');
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if alt attribute is empty', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="" />');
+  it('should return false if alt attribute is empty', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="" />');
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if alt attribute has a proper text value', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="text content" />');
+  it('should return false if alt attribute has a proper text value', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="text content" />');
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/label/duplicate-img-label.js b/test/checks/label/duplicate-img-label.js
index 1a1de7d12..b840a3fae 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/duplicate-img-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/duplicate-img-label.js
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
-describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('duplicate-img-label', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return false if no text is present', function () {
+  it('should return false if no text is present', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button><img id="target" alt="Plain text"></button>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var result = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
+    const result = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
       node,
       undefined,
       axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node)
@@ -22,10 +19,10 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if aria-label duplicates img alt', function () {
+  it('should return false if aria-label duplicates img alt', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button aria-label="Plain text"><img id="target" alt="Plain text"></button>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
@@ -36,10 +33,10 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if img and text have different text', function () {
+  it('should return false if img and text have different text', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button><img id="target" alt="Alt text">Plain text</button>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
@@ -50,10 +47,10 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if img and text have the same text', function () {
+  it('should return true if img and text have the same text', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button><img id="target" alt="Plain text">Plain text</button>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
@@ -64,10 +61,10 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if img has ARIA label with the same text', function () {
+  it('should return true if img has ARIA label with the same text', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button><img id="target" aria-label="Plain text">Plain text</button>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
@@ -78,9 +75,9 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if img and text are both blank', function () {
+  it('should return false if img and text are both blank', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button><img id="target" alt=""></button>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
@@ -91,10 +88,10 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if img and text have superset/subset text', function () {
+  it('should return false if img and text have superset/subset text', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button><img id="target" alt="Plain text and more">Plain text</button>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
@@ -105,10 +102,10 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if img does not have required parent', function () {
+  it('should return false if img does not have required parent', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<main><img id="target" alt="Plain text and more"><p>Plain text</p></main>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
@@ -119,10 +116,10 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should support options.parentSelector', function () {
+  it('should support options.parentSelector', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div aria-label="Plain text"><img id="target" alt="Plain text"></div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
@@ -133,64 +130,55 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true if the img is part of a shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      var button = document.createElement('div');
-      button.setAttribute('role', 'button');
-      button.innerHTML = 'My button';
-      var shadow = button.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<slot></slot><img id="target" alt="My button">';
-      fixture.appendChild(button);
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
-          node,
-          undefined,
-          axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node)
-        )
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return true if the img is part of a shadow tree', () => {
+    const button = document.createElement('div');
+    button.setAttribute('role', 'button');
+    button.innerHTML = 'My button';
+    const shadow = button.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<slot></slot><img id="target" alt="My button">';
+    fixture.appendChild(button);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const node = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
+        node,
+        undefined,
+        axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node)
+      )
+    );
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true if the img is a slotted element',
-    function () {
-      var button = document.createElement('div');
-      button.setAttribute('role', 'button');
-      button.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt="My button">';
-      var shadow = button.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<span>My button</span> <slot></slot>';
+  it('should return true if the img is a slotted element', () => {
+    const button = document.createElement('div');
+    button.setAttribute('role', 'button');
+    button.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt="My button">';
+    const shadow = button.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<span>My button</span> <slot></slot>';
 
-      fixture.appendChild(button);
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = button.querySelector('#target');
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
-          node,
-          undefined,
-          axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node)
-        )
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    fixture.appendChild(button);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const node = button.querySelector('#target');
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')(
+        node,
+        undefined,
+        axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node)
+      )
+    );
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false if the shadow img has a different text',
-    function () {
-      var button = document.createElement('div');
-      button.setAttribute('role', 'button');
-      button.innerHTML = 'My button';
-      var shadow = button.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<slot></slot><img alt="My image">';
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(button);
+  it('should return false if the shadow img has a different text', () => {
+    const button = document.createElement('div');
+    button.setAttribute('role', 'button');
+    button.innerHTML = 'My button';
+    const shadow = button.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<slot></slot><img alt="My image">';
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(button);
 
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')
-          .apply(null, checkArgs)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-img-label')
+        .apply(null, checkArgs)
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/label/explicit.js b/test/checks/label/explicit.js
index eafb00119..3bb6c0703 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/explicit.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/explicit.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('explicit-label', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label');
@@ -23,11 +24,11 @@ describe('explicit-label', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns false if an empty label is present that uses aria-labelledby', () => {
-    const params = checkSetup(
-      '<input type="text" id="target">' +
-        '<label for="target" aria-labelledby="lbl"></label>' +
-        '<span id="lbl">aria label</span>'
-    );
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <input type="text" id="target" />
+      <label for="target" aria-labelledby="lbl"></label>
+      <span id="lbl">aria label</span>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
@@ -65,22 +66,22 @@ describe('explicit-label', () => {
     });
 
     it('includes the `explicitLabel` text of the first non-empty label', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(
-        '<label for="target">  </label>' +
-          '<label for="target"> text </label>' +
-          '<label for="target"> more text </label>' +
-          '<input type="text" id="target" />'
-      );
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <label for="target"> </label>
+        <label for="target"> text </label>
+        <label for="target"> more text </label>
+        <input type="text" id="target" />
+      `);
       checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { explicitLabel: 'text' });
     });
 
     it('is empty { explicitLabel: "" } if the label is empty', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(
-        '<label for="target">  </label>' +
-          '<label for="target"></label>' +
-          '<input type="text" id="target" />'
-      );
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <label for="target"> </label>
+        <label for="target"></label>
+        <input type="text" id="target" />
+      `);
       checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { explicitLabel: '' });
     });
@@ -94,13 +95,13 @@ describe('explicit-label', () => {
     });
 
     it('includes each associated label', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(
-        '<label for="target" id="lbl1"></label>' +
-          '<label for="target" id="lbl2"></label>' +
-          '<input type="text" id="target" />'
-      );
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <label for="target" id="lbl1"></label>
+        <label for="target" id="lbl2"></label>
+        <input type="text" id="target" />
+      `);
       checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
-      const ids = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(node => '#' + node.id);
+      const ids = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(node => `#${node.id}`);
       assert.deepEqual(ids, ['#lbl1', '#lbl2']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/label/help-same-as-label.js b/test/checks/label/help-same-as-label.js
index 8361c91bc..e3ba0f8fe 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/help-same-as-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/help-same-as-label.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('help-same-as-label', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('help-same-as-label', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an element has a label and a title with the same text', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
+  it('should return true if an element has a label and a title with the same text', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.title = 'Duplicate';
     node.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Duplicate');
@@ -25,12 +23,12 @@ describe('help-same-as-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an element has a label and aria-describedby with the same text', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
+  it('should return true if an element has a label and aria-describedby with the same text', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Duplicate');
     node.setAttribute('aria-describedby', 'dby');
-    var dby = document.createElement('div');
+    const dby = document.createElement('div');
     dby.id = 'dby';
     dby.innerHTML = 'Duplicate';
 
@@ -47,8 +45,8 @@ describe('help-same-as-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if input only has a title', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
+  it('should return false if input only has a title', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.title = 'Duplicate';
 
@@ -64,11 +62,11 @@ describe('help-same-as-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an input only has aria-describedby', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
+  it('should return true if an input only has aria-describedby', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.setAttribute('aria-describedby', 'dby');
-    var dby = document.createElement('div');
+    const dby = document.createElement('div');
     dby.id = 'dby';
     dby.innerHTML = 'Duplicate';
 
diff --git a/test/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label.js b/test/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label.js
index dfb87f059..92cf81a15 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label.js
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
-describe('hidden-explicit-label', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('hidden-explicit-label', () => {
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const check = checks['hidden-explicit-label'];
 
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var check = checks['hidden-explicit-label'];
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a hidden non-empty label is present', function () {
-    var args = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if a hidden non-empty label is present', () => {
+    const args = checkSetup(
       '<label for="target" style="display:none">Text</label><input type="text" id="target">',
       {},
       '#target'
@@ -20,60 +17,54 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function () {
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(check, args));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a visible non-empty label is present', function () {
-    var args = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if a visible non-empty label is present', () => {
+    const args = checkSetup(
       '<label for="target">Label</label><input type="text" id="target">'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(check, args));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an invisible empty label is present', function () {
-    var args = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if an invisible empty label is present', () => {
+    const args = checkSetup(
       '<label for="target" style="display: none;"></label><input type="text" id="target">'
     );
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(check, args));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true if content is inside of shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div></div>',
-        '<label for="target" style="display:none">Text</label><input type="text" id="target">'
-      );
+  it('should return true if content is inside of shadow DOM', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div></div>',
+      '<label for="target" style="display:none">Text</label><input type="text" id="target">'
+    );
 
-      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(shadowCheckSetup, params));
-    }
-  );
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(shadowCheckSetup, params));
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false if part of the pairing is inside of shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div><label for="target" style="display:none">Text</label></div>',
-        '<input type="text" id="target">'
-      );
+  it('should return false if part of the pairing is inside of shadow DOM', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div><label for="target" style="display:none">Text</label></div>',
+      '<input type="text" id="target">'
+    );
 
-      assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(shadowCheckSetup, params));
-    }
-  );
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(shadowCheckSetup, params));
+  });
 
-  it('should fail when the label has aria-hidden=true', function () {
-    var html = '';
+  it('should fail when the label has aria-hidden=true', () => {
+    let html = '';
     html += '<div>';
     html += '  <label for="target" aria-hidden="true">';
     html += '    Hello world';
     html += '  </label>';
     html += '  <input id="target">';
     html += '</div>';
-    var args = checkSetup(html, {}, '#target');
+    const args = checkSetup(html, {}, '#target');
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(check, args));
   });
 
-  describe('if the label is hidden', function () {
-    describe('and the element has an accessible name', function () {
-      it('should not fail', function () {
-        var html = '';
+  describe('if the label is hidden', () => {
+    describe('and the element has an accessible name', () => {
+      it('should not fail', () => {
+        let html = '';
 
         html += '<div>';
         html += '  <label for="target" style="display:none">';
@@ -82,15 +73,15 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function () {
         html += '  <input id="target" title="Hi">';
         html += '</div>';
 
-        var args = checkSetup(html, {}, '#target');
+        const args = checkSetup(html, {}, '#target');
         assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(check, args));
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('should return false if no id', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return false if no id', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         attributes: {
           type: 'text'
@@ -101,8 +92,8 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if it has id', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return undefined if it has id', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         attributes: {
           type: 'text',
diff --git a/test/checks/label/implicit.js b/test/checks/label/implicit.js
index 83eae364b..0df5f8b4d 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/implicit.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/implicit.js
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe('implicit-label', () => {
         '<label id="lbl"> <input type="text" id="target"> </label>'
       );
       checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
-      const ids = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(node => '#' + node.id);
+      const ids = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(node => `#${node.id}`);
       assert.deepEqual(ids, ['#lbl']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.js b/test/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.js
index 76b25bdb5..8cc8f8224 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.js
@@ -1,189 +1,227 @@
-describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var check = checks['label-content-name-mismatch'];
-  var options = undefined;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const check = checks['label-content-name-mismatch'];
+  const options = undefined;
 
-  var fontApiSupport = !!document.fonts;
+  const fontApiSupport = !!document.fonts;
 
-  before(function (done) {
+  before(done => {
     if (!fontApiSupport) {
       done();
     }
 
-    var materialFont = new FontFace(
+    const materialFont = new FontFace(
       'Material Icons',
       'url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/materialicons/v48/flUhRq6tzZclQEJ-Vdg-IuiaDsNcIhQ8tQ.woff2)'
     );
-    materialFont.load().then(function () {
+    materialFont.load().then(() => {
       document.fonts.add(materialFont);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-label`) matches (text sanitized)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-label`) matches (text sanitized)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="link" aria-label="next page &nbsp ">next page</div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-label`) matches (character insensitive)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-label`) matches (character insensitive)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="link" aria-label="Next Page">next pAge</div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) matches (character insensitive & text sanitized)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-labelledby="yourLabel">UNTIL THE VeRy EnD</div>' +
-        '<div id="yourLabel">uNtIl the very end  &nbsp</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) matches (character insensitive & text sanitized)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-labelledby="yourLabel">UNTIL THE VeRy EnD</div>
+      <div id="yourLabel">uNtIl the very end &nbsp</div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text is contained in the accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when visible text is contained in the accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" name="link" aria-label="Next Page in the list">Next Page</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when visible text doesn’t match accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when visible text doesn’t match accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="link" aria-label="OK">Next</div>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when not all of visible text is included in accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when not all of visible text is included in accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" name="link" aria-label="the full">The full label</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has non-matching accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) and text content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo">some content</div>' +
-        '<div id="foo">123</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+  it('returns false when element has non-matching accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) and text content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo">some content</div>
+      <div id="foo">123</div>
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text excluding emoji is part of accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when visible text excluding emoji is part of accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="I would like a burger">I would like a 🍔 </button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text excluding punctuations/ symbols is part of accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when visible text excluding punctuations/ symbols is part of accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="next page">next page &gt;&gt;</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'returns true when visible text excluding ligature icon is part of accessible name',
-    function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<button id="target" aria-label="next page">next page <span style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">delete</span></button>'
       );
-      var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+      const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     }
   );
 
-  it('returns true when visible text excluding private use unicode is part of accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when visible text excluding private use unicode is part of accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="Favorites"> Favorites</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) when visible text name is only an emoji', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) when visible text name is only an emoji', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="comet">☄️</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) when accessible name is an emoji', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) when accessible name is an emoji', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="☄️">shooting star</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) for visible text is single characters (punctuation) used as icon', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) for visible text is single characters (punctuation) used as icon', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="help">?</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) for unicode as accessible name and text content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) for unicode as accessible name and text content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="&#x1F354">&#x1F354</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) for unicode text content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) for unicode text content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="close">&#10060;</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) when punctuation is used as text content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) when punctuation is used as text content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="wink">;)</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when normal text content which is punctuated', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when normal text content which is punctuated', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="I like football but I prefer cycling more">I like football, but I prefer cycling more.</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when normal puntuated text content is not contained in accessible name is punctuated', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when normal puntuated text content is not contained in accessible name is punctuated', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="I like football">I like cycling more!!!</button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when text contains <br/>', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when text contains <br/>', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="button label">button<br>label</button>'
     );
+    const actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when aria-label and visible text match even though there is an image with alt text', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<button id="target" aria-label="button label"><img alt="button icon" src="button.png" />button label</button>'
+    );
     var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
+
+  it('returns false when aria-label and visible text do not match even though there is an image with alt text', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<button id="target" aria-label="button label"><img alt="button icon" src="button.png" />this is a button label</button>'
+    );
+    var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
+    'returns true when aria-label and visible text match even though there is a ligature icon',
+    function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<button id="target" aria-label="button label"><span style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">delete</span>button label</button>'
+      );
+      var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+    }
+  );
+
+  (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
+    'returns false when aria-label and visible text do not match even though there is a ligature icon',
+    function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<button id="target" aria-label="button label"><span style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">delete</span>this is a button label</button>'
+      );
+      var actual = check.evaluate(vNode.actualNode, options, vNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    }
+  );
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js b/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js
index 3e40cb97d..8f7f6169d 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js
@@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
-describe('multiple-label', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('multiple-label', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are multiple implicit labels', function () {
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple implicit labels', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<label id="l2"><label id="l1"><input type="text" id="target"></label></label>'
     );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
-    var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    const l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -25,10 +24,10 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there is only one implicit label', function () {
+  it('should return false if there is only one implicit label', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<label id="l1"><input type="text" id="target"></label>');
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -37,17 +36,17 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<label id="l1" for="target">Foo</label>' +
-        '<label id="l2" for="target">Bar</label>' +
-        '<label id="l3" for="target">Bat</label>' +
-        '<input type="text" id="target">'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
-    var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
-    var l3 = fixture.querySelector('#l3');
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <label id="l1" for="target">Foo</label>
+      <label id="l2" for="target">Bar</label>
+      <label id="l3" for="target">Bat</label>
+      <input type="text" id="target" />
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    const l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
+    const l3 = fixture.querySelector('#l3');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -56,12 +55,12 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2, l3]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there is only one explicit label', function () {
+  it('should return false if there is only one explicit label', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<label id="l1" for="target">Foo</label><input type="text" id="target">'
     );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -70,14 +69,14 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there are multiple explicit labels but one is hidden', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<label for="test-input2" id="l1">label one</label>' +
-        '<label for="test-input2" style="display:none" id="lnone">label two</label>' +
-        '<input id="test-input2" type="text">'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#test-input2');
-    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+  it('should return false if there are multiple explicit labels but one is hidden', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <label for="test-input2" id="l1">label one</label>
+      <label for="test-input2" style="display:none" id="lnone">label two</label>
+      <input id="test-input2" type="text" />
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#test-input2');
+    const l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -86,13 +85,13 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are multiple implicit labels and one is visually hidden', function () {
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple implicit labels and one is visually hidden', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<label id="l2"><label id="l1" style="opacity: 0"><input type="text" id="target"></label></label>'
     );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
-    var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    const l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -101,16 +100,16 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels but some are hidden', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<label for="me" id="l1">visible</label>' +
-        '<label for="me" style="display:none;" id="l2">hidden</label>' +
-        '<label for="me" id="l3">visible</label>' +
-        '<input id="me" type="text">'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#me');
-    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
-    var l3 = fixture.querySelector('#l3');
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels but some are hidden', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <label for="me" id="l1">visible</label>
+      <label for="me" style="display:none;" id="l2">hidden</label>
+      <label for="me" id="l3">visible</label>
+      <input id="me" type="text" />
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#me');
+    const l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    const l3 = fixture.querySelector('#l3');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -119,15 +118,15 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l3]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels and one is visually hidden', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<label for="me" id="l1">visible</label>' +
-        '<label for="me" id="l2" style="opacity: 0">visible</label>' +
-        '<input id="me" type="text">'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#me');
-    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
-    var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels and one is visually hidden', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <label for="me" id="l1">visible</label>
+      <label for="me" id="l2" style="opacity: 0">visible</label>
+      <input id="me" type="text" />
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#me');
+    const l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    const l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -136,15 +135,15 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels and one is screen reader hidden', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<label for="me" id="l1">visible</label>' +
-        '<label for="me" id="l2" aria-hidden="true">visible</label>' +
-        '<input id="me" type="text">'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#me');
-    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
-    var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels and one is screen reader hidden', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <label for="me" id="l1">visible</label>
+      <label for="me" id="l2" aria-hidden="true">visible</label>
+      <input id="me" type="text" />
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#me');
+    const l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    const l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -153,13 +152,13 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are implicit and explicit labels', function () {
+  it('should return undefined if there are implicit and explicit labels', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<label id="l1" for="target">Foo</label><label id="l2"><input type="text" id="target"></label>'
     );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
-    var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    const l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -168,11 +167,11 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there an implicit label uses for attribute', function () {
+  it('should return false if there an implicit label uses for attribute', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<label for="target">Foo<input type="text" id="target"></label>'
     );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -180,17 +179,17 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined given multiple labels and no aria-labelledby', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<input type="checkbox" id="A">' +
-        '<label for="A">Please</label>' +
-        '<label for="A">Excuse</label>' +
-        '<label for="A">My</label>' +
-        '<label for="A">Dear</label>' +
-        '<label for="A">Aunt</label>' +
-        '<label for="A">Sally</label>'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#A');
+  it('should return undefined given multiple labels and no aria-labelledby', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <input type="checkbox" id="A" />
+      <label for="A">Please</label>
+      <label for="A">Excuse</label>
+      <label for="A">My</label>
+      <label for="A">Dear</label>
+      <label for="A">Aunt</label>
+      <label for="A">Sally</label>
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#A');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -198,17 +197,17 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and no aria-labelledby', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<input type="checkbox" id="B">' +
-        '<label for="B">Please</label>' +
-        '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Excuse</label>' +
-        '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">My</label>' +
-        '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Dear</label>' +
-        '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Aunt</label>' +
-        '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Sally</label>'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#B');
+  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and no aria-labelledby', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <input type="checkbox" id="B" />
+      <label for="B">Please</label>
+      <label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Excuse</label>
+      <label for="B" aria-hidden="true">My</label>
+      <label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Dear</label>
+      <label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Aunt</label>
+      <label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Sally</label>
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#B');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -216,13 +215,13 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and aria-labelledby for AT visible', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<input type="checkbox" id="D" aria-labelledby="E"/>' +
-        '<label for="D" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>' +
-        '<label for="D" id="E">Excuse</label>'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#D');
+  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and aria-labelledby for AT visible', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <input type="checkbox" id="D" aria-labelledby="E" />
+      <label for="D" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>
+      <label for="D" id="E">Excuse</label>
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#D');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -230,13 +229,13 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and aria-labelledby for all', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<input type="checkbox" id="F" aria-labelledby="G H"/>' +
-        '<label for="F" id="G" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>' +
-        '<label for="F" id="H">Excuse</label>'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#F');
+  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and aria-labelledby for all', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <input type="checkbox" id="F" aria-labelledby="G H" />
+      <label for="F" id="G" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>
+      <label for="F" id="H">Excuse</label>
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#F');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -244,13 +243,13 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label visible, and no aria-labelledby', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<input type="checkbox" id="I"/>' +
-        '<label for="I" style="display:none">Please</label>' +
-        '<label for="I" >Excuse</label>'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#I');
+  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label visible, and no aria-labelledby', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <input type="checkbox" id="I" />
+      <label for="I" style="display:none">Please</label>
+      <label for="I">Excuse</label>
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#I');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -258,17 +257,17 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, all visible, aria-labelledby for all', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<input type="checkbox" id="J" aria-labelledby="K L M N O P">' +
-        '<label for="J" id="K">Please</label>' +
-        '<label for="J" id="L">Excuse</label>' +
-        '<label for="J" id="M">My</label>' +
-        '<label for="J" id="N">Dear</label>' +
-        '<label for="J" id="O">Aunt</label>' +
-        '<label for="J" id="P">Sally</label>'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#J');
+  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, all visible, aria-labelledby for all', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <input type="checkbox" id="J" aria-labelledby="K L M N O P" />
+      <label for="J" id="K">Please</label>
+      <label for="J" id="L">Excuse</label>
+      <label for="J" id="M">My</label>
+      <label for="J" id="N">Dear</label>
+      <label for="J" id="O">Aunt</label>
+      <label for="J" id="P">Sally</label>
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#J');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -276,13 +275,13 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, one AT visible, no aria-labelledby', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<input type="checkbox" id="Q"/>' +
-        '<label for="Q" aria-hidden="true"></label>' +
-        '<label for="Q" >Excuse</label>'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#Q');
+  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, one AT visible, no aria-labelledby', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <input type="checkbox" id="Q" />
+      <label for="Q" aria-hidden="true"></label>
+      <label for="Q">Excuse</label>
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#Q');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -290,61 +289,52 @@ describe('multiple-label', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should consider labels in the same document/shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
-      var target = document.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML =
-        '<input id="myinput" /><label for="myinput">normal</label>';
-      var shadowTarget = target.shadowRoot;
-      fixtureSetup();
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
-          .call(checkContext, shadowTarget.firstElementChild)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should consider labels in the same document/shadow tree', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
+    const target = document.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML =
+      '<input id="myinput" /><label for="myinput">normal</label>';
+    const shadowTarget = target.shadowRoot;
+    fixtureSetup();
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
+        .call(checkContext, shadowTarget.firstElementChild)
+    );
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false for valid multiple labels in the same document/shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
-      var target = document.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      var innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="D" aria-labelledby="E"/>';
-      innerHTML += '<label for="D" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>';
-      innerHTML += '<label for="D" id="E">Excuse</label>';
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML = innerHTML;
-      fixtureSetup();
-      var shadowTarget = target.shadowRoot;
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
-          .call(checkContext, shadowTarget.firstElementChild)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return false for valid multiple labels in the same document/shadow tree', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
+    const target = document.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    let innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="D" aria-labelledby="E"/>';
+    innerHTML += '<label for="D" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>';
+    innerHTML += '<label for="D" id="E">Excuse</label>';
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = innerHTML;
+    fixtureSetup();
+    const shadowTarget = target.shadowRoot;
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
+        .call(checkContext, shadowTarget.firstElementChild)
+    );
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return undefined for invalid multiple labels in the same document/shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
-      var target = document.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      var innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="Q"/>';
-      innerHTML += '<label for="Q" aria-hidden="true"></label>';
-      innerHTML += '<label for="Q" >Excuse</label>';
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML = innerHTML;
-      fixtureSetup();
-      var shadowTarget = target.shadowRoot;
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
-          .call(checkContext, shadowTarget.firstElementChild)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return undefined for invalid multiple labels in the same document/shadow tree', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
+    const target = document.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    let innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="Q"/>';
+    innerHTML += '<label for="Q" aria-hidden="true"></label>';
+    innerHTML += '<label for="Q" >Excuse</label>';
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = innerHTML;
+    fixtureSetup();
+    const shadowTarget = target.shadowRoot;
+    assert.isUndefined(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
+        .call(checkContext, shadowTarget.firstElementChild)
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/label/title-only.js b/test/checks/label/title-only.js
index e1439650c..46a607b5f 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/title-only.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/title-only.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('title-only', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('title-only', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an element only has a title', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
+  it('should return true if an element only has a title', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.title = 'Duplicate';
 
@@ -34,11 +32,11 @@ describe('title-only', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an element only has aria-describedby', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
+  it('should return true if an element only has aria-describedby', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.setAttribute('aria-describedby', 'dby');
-    var dby = document.createElement('div');
+    const dby = document.createElement('div');
     dby.id = 'dby';
     dby.innerHTML = 'woop';
 
diff --git a/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js b/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js
index 81eb404d3..ae9716808 100644
--- a/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js
+++ b/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-describe('landmark-is-unique-after', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+describe('landmark-is-unique-after', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   function createResult(result, data) {
     return {
       result: result,
@@ -21,13 +19,13 @@ describe('landmark-is-unique-after', function () {
     });
   }
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should update duplicate landmarks with failed result', function () {
-    var result = checks['landmark-is-unique'].after([
+  it('should update duplicate landmarks with failed result', () => {
+    const result = checks['landmark-is-unique'].after([
       createResultWithSameRelatedNodes(true, {
         role: 'some role',
         accessibleText: 'some accessibleText'
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ describe('landmark-is-unique-after', function () {
       })
     ]);
 
-    var expectedResult = [
+    const expectedResult = [
       createResultWithProvidedRelatedNodes(
         false,
         {
diff --git a/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique.js b/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique.js
index 9351b3d53..6e10c9c55 100644
--- a/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique.js
+++ b/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique.js
@@ -1,29 +1,27 @@
-describe('landmark-is-unique', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('landmark-is-unique', () => {
+  const checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  let fixture;
+  let axeFixtureSetup;
 
-  var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var fixture;
-  var axeFixtureSetup;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
     axeFixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true, with correct role and no accessible text', function () {
+  it('should return true, with correct role and no accessible text', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<div role="main">test</div>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('div');
-    var expectedData = {
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('div');
+    const expectedData = {
       accessibleText: null,
       role: 'main'
     };
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('landmark-is-unique')
@@ -33,15 +31,15 @@ describe('landmark-is-unique', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [node]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true, with correct role and the accessible text lowercased', function () {
+  it('should return true, with correct role and the accessible text lowercased', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<div role="main" aria-label="TEST text">test</div>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('div');
-    var expectedData = {
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('div');
+    const expectedData = {
       accessibleText: 'test text',
       role: 'main'
     };
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('landmark-is-unique')
diff --git a/test/checks/language/has-lang.js b/test/checks/language/has-lang.js
index 7d8c18c62..5e4df0b0b 100644
--- a/test/checks/language/has-lang.js
+++ b/test/checks/language/has-lang.js
@@ -1,53 +1,51 @@
-describe('has-lang', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('has-lang', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const hasLangEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-lang');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var hasLangEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-lang');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a lang attribute is present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="woohoo"></div>');
+  it('should return true if a lang attribute is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="woohoo"></div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(hasLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if only `xml:lang` attribute is present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" xml:lang="cats"></div>');
+  it('should return false if only `xml:lang` attribute is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" xml:lang="cats"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(hasLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noXHTML');
   });
 
-  it('should return true if both `lang` and `xml:lang` attribute is present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if both `lang` and `xml:lang` attribute is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" lang="cats" xml:lang="cats"></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(hasLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if xml:lang and lang attributes are not present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return false if xml:lang and lang attributes are not present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(hasLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noLang');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if lang is left empty', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang=""></div>');
+  it('should return false if lang is left empty', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang=""></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(hasLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noLang');
   });
 
-  it('should support options.attributes', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" foo="cats"></div>', {
+  it('should support options.attributes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" foo="cats"></div>', {
       attributes: ['foo']
     });
 
diff --git a/test/checks/language/valid-lang.js b/test/checks/language/valid-lang.js
index a42baa206..5a2a915d1 100644
--- a/test/checks/language/valid-lang.js
+++ b/test/checks/language/valid-lang.js
@@ -1,81 +1,82 @@
-describe('valid-lang', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('valid-lang', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const validLangEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('valid-lang');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var validLangEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('valid-lang');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a lang attribute is present in options', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="woohoo">text</div>', {
+  it('should return false if a lang attribute is present in options', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="woohoo">text</div>', {
       value: ['blah', 'blah', 'woohoo']
     });
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should lowercase options and attribute first', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="wooHOo">text</div>', {
+  it('should lowercase options and attribute first', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="wooHOo">text</div>', {
       value: ['blah', 'blah', 'wOohoo']
     });
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a lang attribute is not present in options', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="FOO">text</div>');
+  it('should return true if a lang attribute is not present in options', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="FOO">text</div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['lang="FOO"']);
   });
 
-  it('should return false (and not throw) when given no present in options', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en">text</div>');
+  it('should return false (and not throw) when given no present in options', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en">text</div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the language is badly formatted', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en_US">text</div>');
+  it('should return true if the language is badly formatted', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en_US">text</div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['lang="en_US"']);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if it matches a substring proceeded by -', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en-LOL">text</div>');
+  it('should return false if it matches a substring proceeded by -', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en-LOL">text</div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should work with xml:lang', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" xml:lang="en-LOL">text</div>');
+  it('should work with xml:lang', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" xml:lang="en-LOL">text</div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should accept options.attributes', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" custom-lang="en_US">text</div>', {
-      attributes: ['custom-lang']
-    });
+  it('should accept options.attributes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" custom-lang="en_US">text</div>',
+      {
+        attributes: ['custom-lang']
+      }
+    );
 
     assert.isTrue(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['custom-lang="en_US"']);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if lang value is just whitespace', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="  ">text</div>');
+  it('should return true if lang value is just whitespace', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="  ">text</div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a lang attribute element has no content', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="FOO"></div>');
+  it('should return false if a lang attribute element has no content', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="FOO"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, null);
diff --git a/test/checks/language/xml-lang-mismatch.js b/test/checks/language/xml-lang-mismatch.js
index 7c47213cf..0256aab94 100644
--- a/test/checks/language/xml-lang-mismatch.js
+++ b/test/checks/language/xml-lang-mismatch.js
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('xml-lang-mismatch', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     // using a div element (instead of html), as the check is agnostic of element type
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
@@ -16,8 +14,8 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function () {
   // hence below tests are only for HTML element, although the logic in the check looks for matches in value os lang and xml:lang
   // rather than node type match - hence the check can be re-used.
 
-  it('should return false if a only lang is supplied', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" lang="en"></div>');
+  it('should return false if a only lang is supplied', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" lang="en"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('xml-lang-mismatch')
@@ -25,8 +23,8 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a only xml:lang is supplied albeit with region', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" xml:lang="fr-FR"></div>');
+  it('should return false if a only xml:lang is supplied albeit with region', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" xml:lang="fr-FR"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('xml-lang-mismatch')
@@ -34,10 +32,10 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if lang is undefined', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return false if lang is undefined', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('lang', undefined);
-    var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(node);
+    const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('xml-lang-mismatch')
@@ -45,8 +43,8 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if lang and xml:lang is identical', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if lang and xml:lang is identical', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" xml:lang="en-GB" lang="en-GB"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -56,8 +54,8 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if lang and xml:lang have identical primary sub tag', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if lang and xml:lang have identical primary sub tag', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-GB"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -67,11 +65,11 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if lang and xml:lang are not identical', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if lang and xml:lang are not identical', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" xml:lang="fr-FR" lang="en"></div>'
     );
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
+    const actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('xml-lang-mismatch')
       .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
diff --git a/test/checks/lists/dlitem.js b/test/checks/lists/dlitem.js
index f9853dfd6..162bd9774 100644
--- a/test/checks/lists/dlitem.js
+++ b/test/checks/lists/dlitem.js
@@ -1,162 +1,136 @@
-describe('dlitem', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dlitem', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the dlitem has a parent <dl>', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>');
+  it('should pass if the dlitem has a parent <dl>', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>');
 
     assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the dt element has an incorrect parent', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail if the dt element has an incorrect parent', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<video><dt id="target">My list item</dt></video>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with role="list"', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with role="list"', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="list"><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with role="presentation"', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with role="presentation"', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="presentation"><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the dt element has a parent <dl> with a changed role', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail if the dt element has a parent <dl> with a changed role', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="menubar"><dt id="target">My list item<</dt>/dl>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with an abstract role', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with an abstract role', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="section"><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with an invalid role', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with an invalid role', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="invalid-role"><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the dt element has a parent <dl> with a changed role', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail if the dt element has a parent <dl> with a changed role', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="menubar"><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the dd/dt is in a div with a dl as grandparent', function () {
-    var nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
-    nodeNames.forEach(function (nodeName) {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<dl><div><' +
-          nodeName +
-          ' id="target">My list item</' +
-          nodeName +
-          '></div></dl>'
+  it('returns true if the dd/dt is in a div with a dl as grandparent', () => {
+    const nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
+    nodeNames.forEach(nodeName => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        html`<dl><div><${nodeName} id="target">My list item</${nodeName}></div></dl>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div with a role with a dl as grandparent with a list role', function () {
-    var nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
-    nodeNames.forEach(function (nodeName) {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<dl><div role="list"><' +
-          nodeName +
-          ' id="target">My list item</' +
-          nodeName +
-          '></div></dl>'
+  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div with a role with a dl as grandparent with a list role', () => {
+    const nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
+    nodeNames.forEach(nodeName => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        html`<dl><div role="list"><${nodeName} id="target">My list item</${nodeName}></div></dl>`
       );
       assert.isFalse(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div[role=presentation] with a dl as grandparent', function () {
-    var nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
-    nodeNames.forEach(function (nodeName) {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<dl><div role="presentation"><' +
-          nodeName +
-          ' id="target">My list item</' +
-          nodeName +
-          '></div></dl>'
+  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div[role=presentation] with a dl as grandparent', () => {
+    const nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
+    nodeNames.forEach(nodeName => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        html`<dl><div role="presentation"><${nodeName} id="target">My list item</${nodeName}></div></dl>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div[role=none] with a dl as grandparent', function () {
-    var nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
-    nodeNames.forEach(function (nodeName) {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<dl><div role="none"><' +
-          nodeName +
-          ' id="target">My list item</' +
-          nodeName +
-          '></div></dl>'
+  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div[role=none] with a dl as grandparent', () => {
+    const nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
+    nodeNames.forEach(nodeName => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        html`<dl><div role="none"><${nodeName} id="target">My list item</${nodeName}></div></dl>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
     });
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true in a shadow DOM pass',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<dt>My list item </dt>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<dl><slot></slot></dl>';
+  it('should return true in a shadow DOM pass', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<dt>My list item </dt>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<dl><slot></slot></dl>';
 
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dt');
-      assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false in a shadow DOM fail',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<dt>My list item </dt>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<div><slot></slot></div>';
-
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dt');
-      assert.isFalse(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true when the item is grouped in dl > div in a shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<dt>My list item </dt>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<dl><div><slot></slot></div></dl>';
-
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dt');
-      assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
-    }
-  );
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dt');
+    assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false in a shadow DOM fail', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<dt>My list item </dt>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<div><slot></slot></div>';
+
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dt');
+    assert.isFalse(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true when the item is grouped in dl > div in a shadow DOM', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<dt>My list item </dt>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<dl><div><slot></slot></div></dl>';
+
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dt');
+    assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/lists/listitem.js b/test/checks/lists/listitem.js
index 24b6adeb5..b277709c0 100644
--- a/test/checks/lists/listitem.js
+++ b/test/checks/lists/listitem.js
@@ -1,118 +1,127 @@
-describe('listitem', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('listitem', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('listitem');
 
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('listitem');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol>', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<ol><li id="target">My list item</li></ol>');
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol>', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<ol><li id="target">My list item</li></ol>');
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ul>', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<ul><li id="target">My list item</li></ul>');
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ul>', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<ul><li id="target">My list item</li></ul>');
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=list', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=list', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list"><li id="target">My list item</li></div>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=none', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=none', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<ul role="none"><li id="target">My list item</li></ul>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=presentation', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=presentation', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<ul role="presentation"><li id="target">My list item</li></ul>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the listitem has an incorrect parent', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div><li id="target">My list item</li></div>');
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+  it('should fail if the listitem has an incorrect parent', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div><li id="target">My list item</li></div>');
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the listitem has a parent <ol> with changed role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail if the listitem has a parent <ol> with changed role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<ol role="menubar"><li id="target">My list item</li></ol>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(result);
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'roleNotValid');
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol> with an invalid role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol> with an invalid role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<ol role="invalid-role"><li id="target">My list item</li></ol>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol> with an abstract role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol> with an abstract role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<ol role="section"><li id="target">My list item</li></ol>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+    assert.isTrue(result);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true in a shadow DOM pass', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<li id="target">My list item </li>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<ul><slot></slot></ul>';
+    fixtureSetup(node);
+    const target = node.querySelector('#target');
+    const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, [
+      target,
+      {},
+      virtualTarget
+    ]);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true in a shadow DOM pass',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<li id="target">My list item </li>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<ul><slot></slot></ul>';
-      fixtureSetup(node);
-      var target = node.querySelector('#target');
-      var virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
-      var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, [
-        target,
-        {},
-        virtualTarget
-      ]);
+  it('should return false in a shadow DOM fail', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<li id="target">My list item </li>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<div><slot></slot></div>';
+    fixtureSetup(node);
+    const target = node.querySelector('#target');
+    const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+    const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, [
+      target,
+      {},
+      virtualTarget
+    ]);
+    assert.isFalse(result);
+  });
+
+  describe('ElementInternals', () => {
+    it('should pass for element that uses elementInternals', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<testutils-element with-role="list"><li id="target">My list item</li></testutils-element>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isTrue(result);
-    }
-  );
+    });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false in a shadow DOM fail',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<li id="target">My list item </li>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<div><slot></slot></div>';
-      fixtureSetup(node);
-      var target = node.querySelector('#target');
-      var virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
-      var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, [
-        target,
-        {},
-        virtualTarget
-      ]);
+    it('returns false for element with unallowed elementInternals role', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<testutils-element><li id="target">My list item</li></testutils-element>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isFalse(result);
-    }
-  );
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/lists/only-listitems.js b/test/checks/lists/only-listitems.js
index 29e59c4de..6162ff098 100644
--- a/test/checks/lists/only-listitems.js
+++ b/test/checks/lists/only-listitems.js
@@ -244,4 +244,23 @@ describe('only-listitems', () => {
       });
     });
   });
+
+  describe('ElementInternals', () => {
+    it('returns false for element that uses elementInternals', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<ul id="target"> <li>An item</li> <testutils-element with-role="listitem">custom item</testutils-element> </ul>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for element with unallowed elementInternals role', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<ul id="target"> <li>An item</li> <testutils-element>custom item</testutils-element> </ul>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        values: 'testutils-element'
+      });
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/lists/structured-dlitems.js b/test/checks/lists/structured-dlitems.js
index 4060fb8dc..285552491 100644
--- a/test/checks/lists/structured-dlitems.js
+++ b/test/checks/lists/structured-dlitems.js
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
-describe('structured-dlitems', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('structured-dlitems', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has no contents', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"></dl>');
+  it('should return false if the list has no contents', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"></dl>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('structured-dlitems')
@@ -18,8 +15,8 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has only a dd', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><dd>A list</dd></dl>');
+  it('should return true if the list has only a dd', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><dd>A list</dd></dl>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('structured-dlitems')
@@ -27,8 +24,8 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has only a dt', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><dt>A list</dt></dl>');
+  it('should return true if the list has only a dt', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><dt>A list</dt></dl>');
 
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -37,8 +34,8 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has dt and dd in the incorrect order', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the list has dt and dd in the incorrect order', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dd>A list</dd><dt>An item</dt></dl>'
     );
 
@@ -49,8 +46,8 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has dt and dd in the correct order as non-child descendants', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the list has dt and dd in the correct order as non-child descendants', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dd><dl><dt>An item</dt><dd>A list</dd></dl></dd></dl>'
     );
 
@@ -61,8 +58,8 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has dt and dd in the correct order', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the list has dt and dd in the correct order', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dt>An item</dt><dd>A list</dd></dl>'
     );
 
@@ -73,8 +70,8 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has a correctly-ordered dt and dd with other content', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the list has a correctly-ordered dt and dd with other content', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dt>Stuff</dt><dt>Item one</dt><dd>Description</dd><p>Not a list</p></dl>'
     );
 
@@ -85,37 +82,31 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false in a shadow DOM pass',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<dt>Grayhound bus</dt><dd>at dawn</dd>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<dl><slot></slot></dl>';
-
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dl');
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('structured-dlitems')
-          .apply(null, checkArgs)
-      );
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true in a shadow DOM fail',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<dd>Galileo</dd><dt>Figaro</dt>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<dl><slot></slot></dl>';
-
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dl');
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('structured-dlitems')
-          .apply(null, checkArgs)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return false in a shadow DOM pass', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<dt>Grayhound bus</dt><dd>at dawn</dd>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<dl><slot></slot></dl>';
+
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dl');
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('structured-dlitems')
+        .apply(null, checkArgs)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should return true in a shadow DOM fail', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<dd>Galileo</dd><dt>Figaro</dt>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<dl><slot></slot></dl>';
+
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dl');
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('structured-dlitems')
+        .apply(null, checkArgs)
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/media/caption.js b/test/checks/media/caption.js
index 88fce5310..8fe5baf34 100644
--- a/test/checks/media/caption.js
+++ b/test/checks/media/caption.js
@@ -1,42 +1,39 @@
-describe('caption', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('caption', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there is no track element', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<audio></audio>', 'audio');
+  it('should return undefined if there is no track element', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<audio></audio>', 'audio');
     assert.isUndefined(checks.caption.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there is no kind=captions attribute', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return undefined if there is no kind=captions attribute', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<audio><track kind=descriptions></audio>',
       'audio'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(checks.caption.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should pass if there is a kind=captions attribute', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<audio><track kind=captions></audio>', 'audio');
+  it('should pass if there is a kind=captions attribute', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<audio><track kind=captions></audio>',
+      'audio'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(checks.caption.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should get track from composed tree',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<track kind=captions>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<audio><slot></slot></audio>';
+  it('should get track from composed tree', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<track kind=captions>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<audio><slot></slot></audio>';
 
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, {}, 'audio');
-      assert.isFalse(checks.caption.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
-    }
-  );
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, {}, 'audio');
+    assert.isFalse(checks.caption.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js b/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js
index 9addbfdcc..986c7223c 100644
--- a/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js
+++ b/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
-describe('frame-tested', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('frame-tested', () => {
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('frame-tested');
+  const frameTestedAfter = checks['frame-tested'].after;
 
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('frame-tested');
-  var frameTestedAfter = checks['frame-tested'].after;
-
-  describe('evaluate', function () {
-    it('returns undefined', function () {
+  describe('evaluate', () => {
+    it('returns undefined', () => {
       assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate());
     });
 
-    it('returns false if passed isViolation:true', function () {
+    it('returns false if passed isViolation:true', () => {
       assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, { isViolation: true }));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('after', function () {
-    it('changes result to true if frame has been tested', function () {
-      var results = [
+  describe('after', () => {
+    it('changes result to true if frame has been tested', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           result: undefined,
           node: {
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ describe('frame-tested', function () {
         }
       ];
 
-      var afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
+      const afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
       assert.lengthOf(afterResults, 2);
 
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
@@ -63,8 +61,8 @@ describe('frame-tested', function () {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('does not change result when iframe has not been tested', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('does not change result when iframe has not been tested', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           result: undefined,
           node: {
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ describe('frame-tested', function () {
         }
       ];
 
-      var afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
+      const afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
       assert.lengthOf(afterResults, 3);
 
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
@@ -116,8 +114,8 @@ describe('frame-tested', function () {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('works with shadow DOM', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('works with shadow DOM', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           result: undefined,
           node: {
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ describe('frame-tested', function () {
         }
       ];
 
-      var afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
+      const afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
       assert.lengthOf(afterResults, 2);
 
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
@@ -158,8 +156,8 @@ describe('frame-tested', function () {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('works with nested shadow DOM and iframes', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('works with nested shadow DOM and iframes', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           result: undefined,
           node: {
@@ -220,7 +218,7 @@ describe('frame-tested', function () {
         }
       ];
 
-      var afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
+      const afterResults = frameTestedAfter(results);
       assert.lengthOf(afterResults, 4);
 
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
diff --git a/test/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio.js b/test/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio.js
index 24277ce4d..251ebdf37 100644
--- a/test/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio.js
+++ b/test/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio.js
@@ -1,119 +1,127 @@
-describe('no-autoplay-audio', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('no-autoplay-audio', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const check = checks['no-autoplay-audio'];
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const preloadOptions = { preload: { assets: ['media'] } };
 
-  var check;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var preloadOptions = { preload: { assets: ['media'] } };
-
-  before(function () {
-    check = checks['no-autoplay-audio'];
-  });
-
-  afterEach(function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    axe._tree = undefined;
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when <audio> has no source (duration cannot be interpreted)', function (done) {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<audio id="target"></audio>');
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-      done();
-    });
+  it('returns undefined when <audio> has no source (duration cannot be interpreted)', async () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<audio id="target"></audio>');
+    await axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions);
+    assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when <video> has no source (duration cannot be interpreted)', function (done) {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<video id="target"><source src=""/></video>');
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-      done();
-    });
+  it('returns undefined when <video> has no source (duration cannot be interpreted)', async () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<video id="target"><source src=""/></video>');
+    await axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions);
+    assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when <audio> can autoplay and has no controls mechanism', function (done) {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when <audio> can autoplay and has no controls mechanism', async () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<audio id="target" src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3" autoplay="true"></audio>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-      done();
-    });
+    await axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions);
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when <video> can autoplay and has no controls mechanism', function (done) {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<video id="target" autoplay="true">' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />' +
-        '</video>'
-    );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-      done();
-    });
+  it('returns false when <video> can autoplay and has no controls mechanism', async () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <video id="target" autoplay="true">
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
+    `);
+    await axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions);
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when <audio> plays less than allowed dutation but loops', function (done) {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false when <audio> plays less than allowed dutation but loops', async () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<audio id="target" src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3#t=2,4" autoplay="true" loop="true"></audio>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-      done();
-    });
+    await axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions);
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and duration is below allowed duration (by passing options)', function (done) {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<video id="target" autoplay="true">' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />' +
-        '</video>',
+  it('returns false when <video> loops and has no controls mechanism when duration is unknown', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <video id="target" loop>
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm#t=7,9" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4#t=7,9" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when <audio> loops and has no controls mechanism when duration is unknown', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<audio id="target" src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3#t=2,4" loop="true"></audio>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and duration is below allowed duration (by passing options)', async () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      html` <video id="target" autoplay="true">
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>`,
       { allowedDuration: 15 }
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-      done();
-    });
+    await axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions);
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and duration is below allowed duration (by setting playback range)', function (done) {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<video id="target" autoplay="true">' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm#t=7,9" type="video/webm" />' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4#t=7,9" type="video/mp4" />' +
-        '</video>'
-      // Note: default allowed duration is 3s
+  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and duration is below allowed duration (by setting playback range)', async () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      html` <video id="target" autoplay="true">
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm#t=7,9" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4#t=7,9" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>`
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-      done();
-    });
+    // Note: default allowed duration is 3s
+    await axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions);
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when <audio> can autoplay but has controls mechanism', function (done) {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true when <audio> can autoplay but has controls mechanism', async () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<audio id="target" src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3" autoplay="true" controls></audio>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-      done();
-    });
+    await axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions);
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and has controls mechanism', async () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <video id="target" autoplay="true" controls>
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
+    `);
+    await axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions);
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when <video> loops and has controls mechanism when duration is unknown', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <video id="target" loop controls>
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm#t=7,9" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4#t=7,9" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
+    `);
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and has controls mechanism', function (done) {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<video id="target" autoplay="true" controls>' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />' +
-        '</video>'
+  it('returns true when <audio> loops and has controls mechanism when duration is unknown', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<audio id="target" src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3#t=2,4" controls="true" loop="true"></audio>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
-      done();
-    });
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock.js b/test/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock.js
index 62175eccc..eb5dcd313 100644
--- a/test/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock.js
+++ b/test/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock.js
@@ -1,38 +1,36 @@
-describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var check = checks['css-orientation-lock'];
-  var dynamicDoc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(
+describe('css-orientation-lock tests', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const check = checks['css-orientation-lock'];
+  const dynamicDoc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(
     'Dynamic document for CSS Orientation Lock tests'
   );
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
   function getSheet(data) {
-    var style = dynamicDoc.createElement('style');
+    const style = dynamicDoc.createElement('style');
     style.type = 'text/css';
     style.appendChild(dynamicDoc.createTextNode(data));
     dynamicDoc.head.appendChild(style);
     return style.sheet;
   }
 
-  it('returns undefined when CSSOM is undefined', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document);
+  it('returns undefined when CSSOM is undefined', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when CSSOM is empty', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns undefined when CSSOM is empty', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [] // pass context with cssom as empty
     });
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has no rules', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has no rules', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: 'a',
@@ -43,8 +41,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has no CSS media features', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has no CSS media features', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: 'a',
@@ -55,8 +53,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has no CSS media features targeting orientation', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has no CSS media features targeting orientation', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: undefined,
@@ -73,8 +71,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has empty Orientation CSS media features', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has empty Orientation CSS media features', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: undefined,
@@ -91,8 +89,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features that does not target transform property', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features that does not target transform property', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: 'a',
@@ -105,8 +103,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of translateX, which does not affect rotation', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of translateX, which does not affect rotation', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: undefined,
@@ -119,8 +117,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate(180deg))', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate(180deg))', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: 'a',
@@ -134,8 +132,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate(-178deg))', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate(-178deg))', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
       document,
       { degreeThreshold: 3 },
@@ -155,8 +153,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotateZ, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotateZ(1turn))', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotateZ, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotateZ(1turn))', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: 'a',
@@ -170,8 +168,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate3d(0,0,0,400grad))', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate3d(0,0,0,400grad))', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: 'a',
@@ -186,8 +184,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of matrix3d, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (matrix3d(-1,0,0.00,0,0.00,-1,0.00,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1))', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of matrix3d, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (matrix3d(-1,0,0.00,0,0.00,-1,0.00,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1))', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: 'a',
@@ -202,8 +200,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate(270deg))', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate(270deg))', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: undefined,
@@ -217,8 +215,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,90deg))', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,90deg))', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: undefined,
@@ -233,8 +231,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,93deg))', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,93deg))', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
       document,
       { degreeThreshold: 3 },
@@ -255,8 +253,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,1.5708rad))', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,1.5708rad))', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: undefined,
@@ -270,8 +268,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of matrix, which affects rotation and locks orientation (matrix(0.00,1.00,-1.00,0.00,0,0))', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of matrix, which affects rotation and locks orientation (matrix(0.00,1.00,-1.00,0.00,0,0))', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: undefined,
@@ -286,8 +284,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of matrix3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (matrix3d(0,-1,0.00,0,1.00,0,0.00,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1);)', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of matrix3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (matrix3d(0,-1,0.00,0,1.00,0,0.00,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1);)', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: undefined,
@@ -302,8 +300,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with rotate property', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with rotate property', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: 'a',
@@ -317,8 +315,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with rotate property matrix', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with rotate property matrix', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: 'a',
@@ -332,8 +330,8 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform: rotate and rotate property', function () {
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform: rotate and rotate property', () => {
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
           shadowId: 'a',
diff --git a/test/checks/mobile/meta-viewport-scale.js b/test/checks/mobile/meta-viewport-scale.js
index 5ffbad9d6..39b51d54d 100644
--- a/test/checks/mobile/meta-viewport-scale.js
+++ b/test/checks/mobile/meta-viewport-scale.js
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-describe('meta-viewport', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('meta-viewport', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  describe('; separator', function () {
-    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+  describe('; separator', () => {
+    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=no">'
       );
 
@@ -22,8 +20,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'user-scalable=no');
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=no, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
 
@@ -34,8 +32,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=0, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
 
@@ -46,8 +44,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=-0.5, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
 
@@ -58,8 +56,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true on user-scalable=yes', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return true on user-scalable=yes', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=yes, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
 
@@ -68,8 +66,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on maximum-scale=yes (translates to 1)', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on maximum-scale=yes (translates to 1)', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="maximum-scale=yes">'
       );
       assert.isFalse(
@@ -79,8 +77,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true on negative maximum scale (should be ignored)', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return true on negative maximum scale (should be ignored)', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="maximum-scale=-1">'
       );
       assert.isTrue(
@@ -90,8 +88,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if maximum-scale >= options.scaleMinimum', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return true if maximum-scale >= options.scaleMinimum', () => {
+      let vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, maximum-scale=5, cats=dogs">'
       );
 
@@ -117,8 +115,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on maximum-scale < options.scaleMinimum', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on maximum-scale < options.scaleMinimum', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=yes, maximum-scale=1.5">'
       );
 
@@ -135,8 +133,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'maximum-scale');
     });
 
-    it('should return true if neither user-scalable or maximum-scale are set', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return true if neither user-scalable or maximum-scale are set', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs">'
       );
 
@@ -147,8 +145,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should not crash if viewport property does not have a value', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should not crash if viewport property does not have a value', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="user-scalable=1, minimal-ui">'
       );
 
@@ -157,8 +155,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should not crash if viewport property does not have a value', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should not crash if viewport property does not have a value', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="user-scalable=1, minimal-ui">'
       );
 
@@ -168,9 +166,9 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe(', separator', function () {
-    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+  describe(', separator', () => {
+    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=no">'
       );
 
@@ -182,8 +180,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'user-scalable=no');
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=no, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
 
@@ -195,8 +193,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'user-scalable=no');
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=0, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
 
@@ -207,8 +205,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=-0.5, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
 
@@ -219,8 +217,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true on user-scalable=yes', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return true on user-scalable=yes', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=yes, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
 
@@ -231,8 +229,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if maximum-scale >= options.scaleMinimum', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return true if maximum-scale >= options.scaleMinimum', () => {
+      let vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, maximum-scale=5, cats=dogs">'
       );
 
@@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
           .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
       );
 
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+      vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, maximum-scale=2, cats=dogs">'
       );
 
@@ -258,8 +256,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on maximum-scale < options.scaleMinimum', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on maximum-scale < options.scaleMinimum', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=yes, maximum-scale=1.5">'
       );
 
@@ -275,8 +273,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if neither user-scalable or maximum-scale are set', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return true if neither user-scalable or maximum-scale are set', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs">'
       );
 
diff --git a/test/checks/mobile/target-offset.js b/test/checks/mobile/target-offset.js
index 367968f44..aac4de5df 100644
--- a/test/checks/mobile/target-offset.js
+++ b/test/checks/mobile/target-offset.js
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ describe('target-offset tests', () => {
 
   it('returns true when there are no other nearby targets', () => {
     const checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-        '">x</a>'
+      `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</a>`
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
@@ -21,12 +19,8 @@ describe('target-offset tests', () => {
 
   it('returns true when the offset is 24px', () => {
     const checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 8px' +
-        '">x</a>' +
-        '<a href="#" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-        '">x</a>'
+      `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 8px">x</a>` +
+        `<a href="#" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px">x</a>`
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
@@ -34,15 +28,24 @@ describe('target-offset tests', () => {
     assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 24, 0.2);
   });
 
+  it('returns true when wrapped inline elements offset is 24px', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(`
+      <div style="font-size: 18px; margin: 1em auto; width: 6em; line-height: 1.3;">
+        <a id="target" href="/foo" class="A"> Hello hello hello</a>
+        <a href="/bar" class="B">Hello hello hello</a>
+      </div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+    assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 24, 0.2);
+  });
+
   describe('when the offset is insufficient', () => {
     it('returns false for targets in the tab order', () => {
       const checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<a href="#" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-          '">x</a>'
+        `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px">x</a>` +
+          `<a href="#" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</a>`
       );
 
       assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
@@ -53,12 +56,8 @@ describe('target-offset tests', () => {
 
     it('returns undefined for targets not in the tab order', () => {
       const checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<a href="#" id="target" tabindex="-1" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<a href="#" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-          '">x</a>'
+        `<a href="#" id="target" tabindex="-1" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px">x</a>` +
+          `<a href="#" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</a>`
       );
 
       assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
@@ -66,16 +65,38 @@ describe('target-offset tests', () => {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
       assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 22, 0.2);
     });
+
+    it('returns false when wrapped inline elements offset is <24px', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(`
+        <div style="font-size: 18px; margin: 1em auto; width: 6em; line-height: 1.1;">
+          <a id="target" href="/foo" class="A"> Hello hello hello</a>
+          <a href="/bar" class="B">Hello hello hello</a>
+        </div>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+      assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 20, 3);
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when one line of a wrapped inline elements offset is <24px', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(`
+        <div style="font-size: 18px; margin: 1em auto; width: 6em; line-height: 1.3;">
+          <a id="target" href="/foo" class="A"> Hello hello hello</a>
+          <a style="margin-left: -30px" href="/bar" class="B">Hello hello hello</a>
+        </div>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+      assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 15.5, 5);
+    });
   });
 
   it('ignores non-widget elements as neighbors', () => {
     const checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px' +
-        '">x</a>' +
-        '<div style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-        '">x</div>'
+      `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px">x</a>` +
+        `<div style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</div>`
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
@@ -85,12 +106,8 @@ describe('target-offset tests', () => {
 
   it('ignores non-focusable widget elements as neighbors', () => {
     const checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px' +
-        '">x</a>' +
-        '<button disabled style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-        '">x</button>'
+      `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px">x</a>` +
+        `<button disabled style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px">x</button>`
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
@@ -98,32 +115,41 @@ describe('target-offset tests', () => {
     assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 24, 0.2);
   });
 
+  it('ignores obscured widget elements as neighbors', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(`
+      <div style="position: fixed; bottom: 0">
+        <a href="#">Go to top</a>
+      </div>
+      <div id="target" style="position: fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0; background: #eee">
+        Cookies: <a href="#">Accept all cookies</a>
+      </div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+    assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 24, 0.2);
+  });
+
   it('sets all elements that are too close as related nodes', () => {
     const checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<a href="#" id="left" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-        '">x</a>' +
-        '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 4px' +
-        '">x</a>' +
-        '<a href="#" id="right" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-        '">x</a>'
+      `<a href="#" id="left" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</a>` +
+        `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 4px">x</a>` +
+        `<a href="#" id="right" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</a>`
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
     assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 8, 0.2);
 
-    const relatedIds = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(function (node) {
-      return '#' + node.id;
+    const relatedIds = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(node => {
+      return `#${node.id}`;
     });
     assert.deepEqual(relatedIds, ['#left', '#right']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are too many focusable widgets', () => {
-    let html = '';
+  it('returns undefined if there are too many focusable widgets', () => {
+    let rows = '';
     for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-      html += `
+      rows += `
         <tr>
           <td><a href="#">A</a></td>
           <td><button>B</button></td>
@@ -132,13 +158,14 @@ describe('target-offset tests', () => {
         </tr>
       `;
     }
-    const checkArgs = checkSetup(`
-      <div id="target" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block">
-        <table id="tab-table">${html}</table>
-      </div>
-    `);
-    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      `<div id="target" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block">` +
+        `<table id="tab-table">${rows}</table>` +
+        `</div>`
+    );
+    assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'tooManyRects',
       closestOffset: 0,
       minOffset: 24
     });
@@ -147,61 +174,43 @@ describe('target-offset tests', () => {
   describe('when neighbors are focusable but not tabbable', () => {
     it('returns undefined if all neighbors are not tabbable', () => {
       const checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<a href="#" id="left" tabindex="-1" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 4px' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<a href="#" id="right" tabindex="-1" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-          '">x</a>'
+        `<a href="#" id="left" tabindex="-1" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</a>` +
+          `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 4px">x</a>` +
+          `<a href="#" id="right" tabindex="-1" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</a>`
       );
       assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'nonTabbableNeighbor');
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
       assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 8, 0.2);
 
-      const relatedIds = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(function (node) {
-        return '#' + node.id;
+      const relatedIds = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(node => {
+        return `#${node.id}`;
       });
       assert.deepEqual(relatedIds, ['#left', '#right']);
     });
 
     it('returns false if some but not all neighbors are not tabbable', () => {
       const checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<a href="#" id="left" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 4px' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<a href="#" id="right" tabindex="-1" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-          '">x</a>'
+        `<a href="#" id="left" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</a>` +
+          `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 4px">x</a>` +
+          `<a href="#" id="right" tabindex="-1" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</a>`
       );
       assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
       assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 8, 0.2);
 
-      const relatedIds = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(function (node) {
-        return '#' + node.id;
+      const relatedIds = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(node => {
+        return `#${node.id}`;
       });
       assert.deepEqual(relatedIds, ['#left', '#right']);
     });
 
     it('returns true if the target is 10x the minOffset', () => {
       const checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<a href="#" id="left" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:240px; height:240px; margin-right: 4px' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<a href="#" id="right" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
-          '">x</a>'
+        `<a href="#" id="left" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px">x</a> ` +
+          `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:240px; height:240px; margin-right: 4px">x</a> ` +
+          `<a href="#" id="right" style="display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;">x</a>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
diff --git a/test/checks/mobile/target-size.js b/test/checks/mobile/target-size.js
index 688f80975..bc0707d2b 100644
--- a/test/checks/mobile/target-size.js
+++ b/test/checks/mobile/target-size.js
@@ -1,26 +1,23 @@
-describe('target-size tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var check = checks['target-size'];
+describe('target-size tests', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  const check = checks['target-size'];
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
   function elmIds(elms) {
-    return Array.from(elms).map(function (elm) {
-      return '#' + elm.id;
+    return Array.from(elms).map(elm => {
+      return `#${elm.id}`;
     });
   }
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns false for targets smaller than minSize', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<button id="target" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:30px;' +
-        '">x</button>'
+  it('returns false for targets smaller than minSize', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      `<button id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:20px; height:30px;">x</button>`
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -30,11 +27,9 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined for non-tabbable targets smaller than minSize', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<button id="target" tabindex="-1" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:30px;' +
-        '">x</button>'
+  it('returns undefined for non-tabbable targets smaller than minSize', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      `<button id="target" tabindex="-1" style="display: inline-block; width:20px; height:30px;">x</button>`
     );
     assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -44,11 +39,9 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true for unobscured targets larger than minSize', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<button id="target" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px;' +
-        '">x</button>'
+  it('returns true for unobscured targets larger than minSize', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      `<button id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px;">x</button>`
     );
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -58,53 +51,39 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true for very large targets', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<button id="target" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:240px; height:300px;' +
-        '">x</button>'
+  it('returns true for very large targets', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      `<button id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:240px; height:300px;">x</button>`
     );
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'large', minSize: 24 });
   });
 
-  describe('when fully obscured', function () {
-    it('returns true, regardless of size', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px;' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<div id="obscurer" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px; margin-left: -20px;' +
-          '">x</div>'
+  describe('when fully obscured', () => {
+    it('returns true, regardless of size', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px;">x</a>` +
+          `<div id="obscurer" style="display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px; margin-left: -20px;">x</div>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'obscured' });
       assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when obscured by another focusable widget', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px;' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<a href="#" id="obscurer" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px; margin-left: -20px;' +
-          '">x</a>'
+    it('returns true when obscured by another focusable widget', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px;">x</a>` +
+          `<a href="#" id="obscurer" style="display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px; margin-left: -20px;">x</a>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'obscured' });
       assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
     });
 
-    it('ignores obscuring element has pointer-events:none', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px;' +
-          '">x</a>' +
-          '<span style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; pointer-events: none; width:20px; height:20px; margin-left: -20px;' +
-          '">x</span>'
+    it('ignores obscuring element has pointer-events:none', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        `<a href="#" id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px;">x</a>` +
+          `<span style="display: inline-block; pointer-events: none; width:20px; height:20px; margin-left: -20px;">x</span>`
       );
       assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -115,18 +94,12 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('when partially obscured', function () {
-    it('returns true for focusable non-widgets', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<button id="target" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
-          '">x</button>' +
-          '<button id="obscurer" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
-          '">x</button>' +
-          '<span tabindex="0" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
-          '">x</span>'
+  describe('when partially obscured', () => {
+    it('returns true for focusable non-widgets', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        `<button id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;">x</button>` +
+          `<button id="obscurer" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;">x</button>` +
+          `<span tabindex="0" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;">x</span>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -137,17 +110,11 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
     });
 
-    it('returns true for non-focusable widgets', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<button id="target" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
-          '">x</button>' +
-          '<button id="obscurer" style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
-          '">x</button>' +
-          '<button disabled style="' +
-          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
-          '">x</button>'
+    it('returns true for non-focusable widgets', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        `<button id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;">x</button>` +
+          `<button id="obscurer" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;">x</button>` +
+          `<button disabled style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;">x</button>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -158,15 +125,11 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
     });
 
-    describe('by a focusable widget', function () {
-      it('returns true for obscured targets with sufficient space', function () {
-        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-          '<button id="target" style="' +
-            'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px;' +
-            '">x</button>' +
-            '<button id="obscurer" style="' +
-            'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
-            '">x</button>'
+    describe('by a focusable widget', () => {
+      it('returns true for obscured targets with sufficient space', () => {
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          `<button id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px;">x</button>` +
+            `<button id="obscurer" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;">x</button>`
         );
         assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
         assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -177,23 +140,52 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
         assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
       });
 
+      it('returns true for obscured target when an unobscured rect has sufficient size but smaller area', () => {
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          `<div style="position: relative;">` +
+            `<button id="target" style="width: 80px; height: 40px;">X</button>` +
+            `<button id="obscurer" style="width: 80px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 20px;">x</button>` +
+            `</div>`
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          minSize: 24,
+          width: 30,
+          height: 40
+        });
+        assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
+      });
+
+      it('returns true for multiline inline target with sufficient space', () => {
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          `<div style="font-size: 18px; margin: 1em auto; width: 6em; line-height: 1.3;">` +
+            `<a id="not-obscurer" href="/foo" class="A"> Hello hello</a>` +
+            `<a id="target" href="/bar" class="B"> Hello hello hello</a>` +
+            `<a id="obscurer" href="/bar" class="C"> Hello hello hello</a>` +
+            `</div>`
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+        assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.width, 40.5, 10);
+        assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.height, 40.5, 5);
+        assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
+      });
+
       it('returns undefined if there are too many focusable widgets', () => {
-        let html = '';
+        let rows = '';
         for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-          html += `
-            <tr>
-              <td><a href="#">A</a></td>
-              <td><button>B</button></td>
-              <td><button>C</button></td>
-              <td><button>D</button></td>
-            </tr>
-          `;
+          rows +=
+            `<tr>` +
+            `<td><a href="#">A</a></td>` +
+            `<td><button>B</button></td>` +
+            `<td><button>C</button></td>` +
+            `<td><button>D</button></td>` +
+            `</tr>`;
         }
-        const checkArgs = checkSetup(`
-          <div id="target" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block">
-            <table id="tab-table">${html}</table>
-          </div>
-        `);
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          `<div id="target" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block">` +
+            `<table id="tab-table">${rows}</table>` +
+            `</div>`
+        );
         assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
         assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
           messageKey: 'tooManyRects',
@@ -202,17 +194,11 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
       });
 
       describe('for obscured targets with insufficient space', () => {
-        it('returns false if all elements are tabbable', function () {
-          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-            '<button id="target" style="' +
-              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
-              '">x</button>' +
-              '<button id="obscurer1" style="' +
-              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
-              '">x</button>' +
-              '<button id="obscurer2" style="' +
-              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
-              '">x</button>'
+        it('returns false if all elements are tabbable', () => {
+          const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<button id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;">x</button>` +
+              `<button id="obscurer1" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;">x</button>` +
+              `<button id="obscurer2" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;">x</button>`
           );
           assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
           assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -227,17 +213,11 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
           ]);
         });
 
-        it('returns undefined if the target is not tabbable', function () {
-          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-            '<button id="target" tabindex="-1" style="' +
-              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
-              '">x</button>' +
-              '<button id="obscurer1" style="' +
-              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
-              '">x</button>' +
-              '<button id="obscurer2" style="' +
-              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
-              '">x</button>'
+        it('returns undefined if the target is not tabbable', () => {
+          const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<button id="target" tabindex="-1" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;">x</button>` +
+              `<button id="obscurer1" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;">x</button>` +
+              `<button id="obscurer2" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;">x</button>`
           );
           assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
           assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -252,17 +232,11 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
           ]);
         });
 
-        it('returns undefined if the obscuring node is not tabbable', function () {
-          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-            '<button id="target" style="' +
-              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
-              '">x</button>' +
-              '<button id="obscurer1" tabindex="-1" style="' +
-              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
-              '">x</button>' +
-              '<button id="obscurer2" style="' +
-              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
-              '">x</button>'
+        it('returns undefined if the obscuring node is not tabbable', () => {
+          const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<button id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;">x</button>` +
+              `<button id="obscurer1" tabindex="-1" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;">x</button>` +
+              `<button id="obscurer2" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;">x</button>`
           );
           assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
           assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -279,21 +253,21 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
       });
 
       describe('that is a descendant', () => {
-        it('returns false if the widget is tabbable', function () {
-          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">
-              <button style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>
-            </a>`
+        it('returns false if the widget is tabbable', () => {
+          const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">` +
+              `<button style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>` +
+              `</a>`
           );
           const out = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs);
           assert.isFalse(out);
         });
 
-        it('returns true if the widget is not tabbable', function () {
-          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">
-              <button tabindex="-1" style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>
-            </a>`
+        it('returns true if the widget is not tabbable', () => {
+          const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">` +
+              `<button tabindex="-1" style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>` +
+              `</a>`
           );
           const out = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs);
           assert.isTrue(out);
@@ -301,21 +275,21 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
       });
 
       describe('that is a descendant', () => {
-        it('returns false if the widget is tabbable', function () {
-          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">
-              <button style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>
-            </a>`
+        it('returns false if the widget is tabbable', () => {
+          const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">` +
+              `<button style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>` +
+              `</a>`
           );
           const out = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs);
           assert.isFalse(out);
         });
 
-        it('returns true if the widget is not tabbable', function () {
-          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">
-              <button tabindex="-1" style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>
-            </a>`
+        it('returns true if the widget is not tabbable', () => {
+          const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">` +
+              `<button tabindex="-1" style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>` +
+              `</a>`
           );
           const out = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs);
           assert.isTrue(out);
@@ -324,9 +298,9 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with overflowing content', function () {
+  describe('with overflowing content', () => {
     it('returns undefined target is too small', () => {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<a href="#" id="target"><img width="24" height="24"></a>'
       );
       assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
@@ -337,7 +311,7 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
     });
 
     it('returns true if target has sufficient size', () => {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;"><img width="24" height="24"></a>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
@@ -345,11 +319,10 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
 
     describe('and partially obscured', () => {
       it('is undefined when unobscured area is too small', () => {
-        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-          '<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;">' +
-            '  <img width="24" height="36" style="vertical-align: bottom;">' +
-            '</a><br>' +
-            '<a href="" style="margin-top:-10px; position:absolute; width:24px;">&nbsp;</a>'
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          `<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;"><img width="24" height="36" style="vertical-align: bottom;" /> </a>` +
+            `<br />` +
+            `<a href="" style="margin-top:-10px; position:absolute; width:24px;">&nbsp;</a>`
         );
         assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
         assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -359,11 +332,10 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
       });
 
       it('is true when unobscured area is sufficient', () => {
-        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-          '<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;">' +
-            '  <img width="24" height="36" style="vertical-align: bottom;">' +
-            '</a><br>' +
-            '<a href="" style="margin-top:-2px; position:absolute; width:24px;">&nbsp;</a>'
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          `<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;"><img width="24" height="36" style="vertical-align: bottom;" /> </a>` +
+            `<br />` +
+            `<a href="" style="margin-top:-2px; position:absolute; width:24px;">&nbsp;</a>`
         );
         assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       });
@@ -371,11 +343,10 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
 
     describe('and fully obscured', () => {
       it('is undefined', () => {
-        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-          '<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;">' +
-            '  <img width="24" height="36" style="vertical-align: bottom;">' +
-            '</a><br>' +
-            '<a href="" style="margin-top:-40px; position:absolute; width:100px; height:100px;">&nbsp;</a>'
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          `<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;"><img width="24" height="36" style="vertical-align: bottom;" /> </a>` +
+            `<br />` +
+            `<a href="" style="margin-top:-40px; position:absolute; width:100px; height:100px;">&nbsp;</a>`
         );
         assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
         assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -386,18 +357,12 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('works across shadow boundaries', function () {
-    var checkArgs = shadowCheckSetup(
-      '<span id="shadow"></span>' +
-        '<button id="obscurer1" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
-        '">x</button>' +
-        '<button id="obscurer2" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
-        '">x</button>',
-      '<button id="target" style="' +
-        'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
-        '">x</button>'
+  it('works across shadow boundaries', () => {
+    const checkArgs = shadowCheckSetup(
+      `<span id="shadow"></span>` +
+        `<button id="obscurer1" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;">x</button>` +
+        `<button id="obscurer2" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;">x</button>`,
+      `<button id="target" style="display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;">x</button>`
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -411,4 +376,21 @@ describe('target-size tests', function () {
       '#obscurer2'
     ]);
   });
+
+  it('ignores descendants of the target that are in shadow dom', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      `<button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">` +
+      `<span id="shadow"></span>` +
+      `</button>`;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadow = fixture
+      .querySelector('#shadow')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div style="position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>';
+
+    axe.setup(fixture);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, [target, {}, vNode]));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/header-present.js b/test/checks/navigation/header-present.js
index 4d28e87ae..b969895c0 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/header-present.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/header-present.js
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
-describe('header-present', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('header-present', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if h1-h6 is found', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<h1 id="target">Hi</h1>');
+  it('should return true if h1-h6 is found', () => {
+    let params = checkSetup('<h1 id="target">Hi</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('header-present')
@@ -57,8 +54,8 @@ describe('header-present', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if role=heading is found', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div role="heading" id="target">Hi</div>');
+  it('should return true if role=heading is found', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div role="heading" id="target">Hi</div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('header-present')
@@ -66,8 +63,8 @@ describe('header-present', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should otherwise return false', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<p id="target">Some stuff and stuff</p>');
+  it('should otherwise return false', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<p id="target">Some stuff and stuff</p>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('header-present')
@@ -75,8 +72,8 @@ describe('header-present', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if heading has a different role', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if heading has a different role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<h1 role="none" id="target">Some stuff and stuff</h1>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -86,15 +83,12 @@ describe('header-present', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true if heading is in shadow dom',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup('<div id="target"><div>', '<h1></h1>');
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('header-present')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return true if heading is in shadow dom', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup('<div id="target"><div>', '<h1></h1>');
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('header-present')
+        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/heading-order.js b/test/checks/navigation/heading-order.js
index 779b62604..a0ed43c9b 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/heading-order.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/heading-order.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('heading-order', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('heading-order', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should store the heading order path and level for [role=heading] elements and return true', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should store the heading order path and level for [role=heading] elements and return true', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" aria-level="1" id="target">One</div><div role="heading" aria-level="3">Three</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -31,8 +29,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle incorrect aria-level values', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should handle incorrect aria-level values', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" aria-level="-1" id="target">One</div><div role="heading">Two</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -54,8 +52,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should allow high aria-level values', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should allow high aria-level values', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" aria-level="12" id="target">One</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -73,8 +71,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should store the correct header level for hn tags and return true', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">One</h1><h3>Three</h3>');
+  it('should store the correct header level for hn tags and return true', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">One</h1><h3>Three</h3>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('heading-order')
@@ -94,8 +92,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should allow aria-level to override semantic level for hn tags and return true', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should allow aria-level to override semantic level for hn tags and return true', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<h1 aria-level="2" id="target">Two</h1><h3 aria-level="4">Four</h3>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -117,8 +115,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should ignore aria-level on iframe when not used with role=heading', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<iframe aria-level="2" id="target"></iframe>');
+  it('should ignore aria-level on iframe when not used with role=heading', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<iframe aria-level="2" id="target"></iframe>');
     axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('heading-order')
       .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode, { initiator: true });
@@ -132,8 +130,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should correctly give level on hn tag with role=heading', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should correctly give level on hn tag with role=heading', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<h1 role="heading" id="target">One</h1><h3 role="heading">Three</h3>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -155,8 +153,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return the heading level when an hn tag has an invalid aria-level', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 aria-level="-1" id="target">One</h1>');
+  it('should return the heading level when an hn tag has an invalid aria-level', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<h1 aria-level="-1" id="target">One</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('heading-order')
@@ -172,8 +170,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should store the location of iframes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should store the location of iframes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<h1 id="target">One</h1><iframe></iframe><h3>Three</h3>'
     );
     axe.testUtils
@@ -197,9 +195,9 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('after', function () {
-    it('should return false when header level increases by 2', function () {
-      var results = [
+  describe('after', () => {
+    it('should return false when header level increases by 2', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -224,8 +222,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
       assert.isFalse(checks['heading-order'].after(results)[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return true when header level decreases by 1', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('should return true when header level decreases by 1', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -250,8 +248,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
       assert.isTrue(checks['heading-order'].after(results)[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return true when header level decreases by 2', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('should return true when header level decreases by 2', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -276,8 +274,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
       assert.isTrue(checks['heading-order'].after(results)[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return true when there is only one header', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('should return true when there is only one header', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -294,8 +292,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
       assert.isTrue(checks['heading-order'].after(results)[0].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return true when header level increases by 1', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('should return true when header level increases by 1', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -324,8 +322,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
       assert.isTrue(checks['heading-order'].after(results)[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if heading levels are correct across iframes', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('should return true if heading levels are correct across iframes', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -369,13 +367,13 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
           result: true
         }
       ];
-      var afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
+      const afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[1].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[2].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return false if heading levels are incorrect across iframes', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('should return false if heading levels are incorrect across iframes', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -419,13 +417,13 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
           result: true
         }
       ];
-      var afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
+      const afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
       assert.isFalse(afterResults[1].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[2].result);
     });
 
-    it('should handle nested iframes', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('should handle nested iframes', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -487,14 +485,14 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
           result: true
         }
       ];
-      var afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
+      const afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[1].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[2].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[3].result);
     });
 
-    it('sets the result to undefined when the heading is not in the map', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('sets the result to undefined when the heading is not in the map', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -517,13 +515,13 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
         }
       ];
 
-      var afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
+      const afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
       assert.isUndefined(afterResults[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('ignores frames for which there are no results', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('ignores frames for which there are no results', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -568,14 +566,14 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
         }
       ];
 
-      var afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
+      const afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[1].result);
       assert.isFalse(afterResults[2].result);
     });
 
-    it('should not error if iframe is first result', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('should not error if iframe is first result', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -619,13 +617,13 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
           result: true
         }
       ];
-      var afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
+      const afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[1].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[2].result);
     });
 
-    it('runs when the top frame has no heading', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('runs when the top frame has no heading', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -652,13 +650,13 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
         }
       ];
 
-      var afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
+      const afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
       assert.isFalse(afterResults[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('understand shadow DOM in ancestries', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('understand shadow DOM in ancestries', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -713,15 +711,15 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
         }
       ];
 
-      var afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
+      const afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[1].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[2].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[3].result);
     });
 
-    it('run when an in-between frame has no heading', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('run when an in-between frame has no heading', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -772,15 +770,15 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
         }
       ];
 
-      var afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
+      const afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[0].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[1].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[2].result);
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[3].result);
     });
 
-    it('can fail the second heading, if the first is excluded', function () {
-      var results = [
+    it('can fail the second heading, if the first is excluded', () => {
+      const results = [
         {
           data: {
             headingOrder: [
@@ -800,7 +798,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function () {
           result: true
         }
       ];
-      var afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
+      const afterResults = checks['heading-order'].after(results);
       assert.isFalse(afterResults[0].result);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose-after.js b/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose-after.js
index cd8ff1e81..10615e3c5 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose-after.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose-after.js
@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
-describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const check = checks['identical-links-same-purpose'];
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var check = checks['identical-links-same-purpose'];
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns results by clearing relatedNodes after ignoring nodes which has no data (or result is undefined)', function () {
-    var nodeOneData = {
+  it('returns results by clearing relatedNodes after ignoring nodes which has no data (or result is undefined)', () => {
+    const nodeOneData = {
       data: null,
       relatedNodes: ['nodeOne'],
       result: undefined
     };
-    var nodeTwoData = {
+    const nodeTwoData = {
       data: {
         name: 'read more',
         urlProps: { hostname: 'abc.com' }
@@ -22,19 +20,19 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       relatedNodes: ['nodeTwo'],
       result: true
     };
-    var checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
+    const checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
 
-    var results = check.after(checkResults);
+    const results = check.after(checkResults);
     assert.lengthOf(results, 1);
 
-    var result = results[0];
+    const result = results[0];
     assert.deepEqual(result.data, nodeTwoData.data);
     assert.deepEqual(result.relatedNodes, []);
     assert.equal(result.result, true);
   });
 
-  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` one of the native links do not have `urlProps` (and therefore removed as relatedNode)', function () {
-    var nodeOneData = {
+  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` one of the native links do not have `urlProps` (and therefore removed as relatedNode)', () => {
+    const nodeOneData = {
       data: {
         name: 'read more',
         urlProps: undefined
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       relatedNodes: ['nodeOne'],
       result: true
     };
-    var nodeTwoData = {
+    const nodeTwoData = {
       data: {
         name: 'read more',
         urlProps: { hostname: 'abc.com' }
@@ -50,19 +48,19 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       relatedNodes: ['nodeTwo'],
       result: true
     };
-    var checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
+    const checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
 
-    var results = check.after(checkResults);
+    const results = check.after(checkResults);
     assert.lengthOf(results, 1);
 
-    var result = results[0];
+    const result = results[0];
     assert.deepEqual(result.data, nodeOneData.data);
     assert.deepEqual(result.relatedNodes, ['nodeTwo']);
     assert.equal(result.result, undefined);
   });
 
-  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` if native links do not have same `urlProps` (values are different)', function () {
-    var nodeOneData = {
+  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` if native links do not have same `urlProps` (values are different)', () => {
+    const nodeOneData = {
       data: {
         name: 'follow us',
         urlProps: { hostname: 'facebook.com' }
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       relatedNodes: ['nodeOne'],
       result: true
     };
-    var nodeTwoData = {
+    const nodeTwoData = {
       data: {
         name: 'follow us',
         urlProps: { hostname: 'instagram.com' }
@@ -78,19 +76,19 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       relatedNodes: ['nodeTwo'],
       result: true
     };
-    var checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
+    const checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
 
-    var results = check.after(checkResults);
+    const results = check.after(checkResults);
     assert.lengthOf(results, 1);
 
-    var result = results[0];
+    const result = results[0];
     assert.deepEqual(result.data, nodeOneData.data);
     assert.deepEqual(result.relatedNodes, ['nodeTwo']);
     assert.equal(result.result, undefined);
   });
 
-  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` if native links do not have same `urlProps` (keys are different)', function () {
-    var nodeOneData = {
+  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` if native links do not have same `urlProps` (keys are different)', () => {
+    const nodeOneData = {
       data: {
         name: 'follow us',
         urlProps: { abc: 'abc.com' }
@@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       relatedNodes: ['nodeOne'],
       result: true
     };
-    var nodeTwoData = {
+    const nodeTwoData = {
       data: {
         name: 'follow us',
         urlProps: { xyz: 'abc.com' }
@@ -106,19 +104,19 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       relatedNodes: ['nodeTwo'],
       result: true
     };
-    var checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
+    const checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
 
-    var results = check.after(checkResults);
+    const results = check.after(checkResults);
     assert.lengthOf(results, 1);
 
-    var result = results[0];
+    const result = results[0];
     assert.deepEqual(result.data, nodeOneData.data);
     assert.deepEqual(result.relatedNodes, ['nodeTwo']);
     assert.equal(result.result, undefined);
   });
 
-  it('sets results of check result to `true` if native links serve identical purpose', function () {
-    var nodeOneData = {
+  it('sets results of check result to `true` if native links serve identical purpose', () => {
+    const nodeOneData = {
       data: {
         name: 'Axe Core',
         urlProps: { hostname: 'deque.com', pathname: 'axe-core' }
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       relatedNodes: ['nodeOne'],
       result: true
     };
-    var nodeTwoData = {
+    const nodeTwoData = {
       data: {
         name: 'Axe Core',
         urlProps: { hostname: 'deque.com', pathname: 'axe-core' }
@@ -134,20 +132,20 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       relatedNodes: ['nodeTwo'],
       result: true
     };
-    var checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
+    const checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
 
-    var results = check.after(checkResults);
+    const results = check.after(checkResults);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results, 1);
 
-    var result = results[0];
+    const result = results[0];
     assert.deepEqual(result.data, nodeOneData.data);
     assert.deepEqual(result.relatedNodes, ['nodeTwo']);
     assert.equal(result.result, true);
   });
 
-  it('sets results of check result to `true` if ARIA links have different accessible names', function () {
-    var nodeOneData = {
+  it('sets results of check result to `true` if ARIA links have different accessible names', () => {
+    const nodeOneData = {
       data: {
         name: 'earth',
         urlProps: {}
@@ -156,7 +154,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       result: true
     };
 
-    var nodeTwoData = {
+    const nodeTwoData = {
       data: {
         name: 'venus',
         urlProps: {}
@@ -164,8 +162,8 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
       relatedNodes: ['nodeTwo'],
       result: true
     };
-    var checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
-    var results = check.after(checkResults);
+    const checkResults = [nodeOneData, nodeTwoData];
+    const results = check.after(checkResults);
     assert.lengthOf(results, 2);
 
     assert.deepEqual(results[0].data, nodeOneData.data);
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose.js b/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose.js
index 8e6a9d20a..5dc3459e9 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var check = checks['identical-links-same-purpose'];
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var options = {};
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const check = checks['identical-links-same-purpose'];
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const options = {};
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined for native link with `href` but no accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="/home/#/foo"></a>');
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(
+  it('returns undefined for native link with `href` but no accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="/home/#/foo"></a>');
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
       vNode.actualNode,
       options,
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when ARIA link that has no accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<span role="link" id="target"></span>');
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(
+  it('returns undefined when ARIA link that has no accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<span role="link" id="target"></span>');
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
       vNode.actualNode,
       options,
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when ARIA link has only any combination of unicode (emoji, punctuations, nonBmp) characters as accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined when ARIA link has only any combination of unicode (emoji, punctuations, nonBmp) characters as accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="link">☀️!!!₨   </button>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
       vNode.actualNode,
       options,
@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for native links with `href` and accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="/home/#/foo">Pass 1</a>');
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(
+  it('returns true for native links with `href` and accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="/home/#/foo">Pass 1</a>');
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
       vNode.actualNode,
       options,
@@ -66,14 +66,20 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function () {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.urlProps.pathname, '/home/');
   });
 
-  it('returns true for ARIA links has accessible name (AREA with `MAP` which is used in `IMG`)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" />'
-    );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(
+  it('returns true for ARIA links has accessible name (AREA with `MAP` which is used in `IMG`)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map name="infographic">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+      <img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" />
+    `);
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
       vNode.actualNode,
       options,
@@ -85,11 +91,11 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function () {
     assert.isFalse(!!checkContext._data.resource);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for native links with `href` and accessible name (that also has emoji, nonBmp and punctuation characters)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true for native links with `href` and accessible name (that also has emoji, nonBmp and punctuation characters)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="/contact/foo.html">The ☀️ is orange, the ◓ is white.</a>'
     );
-    var actual = check.evaluate.call(
+    const actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
       vNode.actualNode,
       options,
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/internal-link-present.js b/test/checks/navigation/internal-link-present.js
index 62df2ec73..53054f8af 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/internal-link-present.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/internal-link-present.js
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
-describe('internal-link-present', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('internal-link-present', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true when an internal link is found', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#haha">hi</a></div>');
+  it('should return true when an internal link is found', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#haha">hi</a></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
@@ -22,8 +19,8 @@ describe('internal-link-present', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when a hashbang URL was used', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#!foo">hi</a></div>');
+  it('should return false when a hashbang URL was used', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#!foo">hi</a></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
@@ -31,8 +28,10 @@ describe('internal-link-present', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when a hash route URL was used', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#/home">hi</a></div>');
+  it('should return false when a hash route URL was used', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target"><a href="#/home">hi</a></div>'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
@@ -40,8 +39,10 @@ describe('internal-link-present', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when a hashbang + slash route URL was used', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#!/home">hi</a></div>');
+  it('should return false when a hashbang + slash route URL was used', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target"><a href="#!/home">hi</a></div>'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
@@ -49,8 +50,8 @@ describe('internal-link-present', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should otherwise return false', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should otherwise return false', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target"><a href="http://www.deque.com/#haha">hi</a></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -60,19 +61,16 @@ describe('internal-link-present', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true when internal link is found in shadow dom',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div id="target"></div>',
-        '<a href="#haha">hi</a>'
-      );
-      var vNode = params[2];
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
-          .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return true when internal link is found in shadow dom', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<div id="target"></div>',
+      '<a href="#haha">hi</a>'
+    );
+    const vNode = params[2];
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
+        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/landmark.js b/test/checks/navigation/landmark.js
index e031ee1bb..0206dd944 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/landmark.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/landmark.js
@@ -1,66 +1,54 @@
-describe('landmark', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('landmark', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('landmark');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('landmark');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true when role=main is found', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div role="main"></div>', '#fixture');
+  it('should return true when role=main is found', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<div role="main"></div>', '#fixture');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when <main> is found', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<main></main>', '#fixture');
+  it('should return true when <main> is found', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<main></main>', '#fixture');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should otherwise return false', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div role="contentinfo"></div>', '#fixture');
+  it('should otherwise return false', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<div role="contentinfo"></div>', '#fixture');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should not automatically pass if there is a shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, '#fixture');
+  it('should not automatically pass if there is a shadow tree', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, '#fixture');
 
-      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-    }
-  );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should find elements inside shadow trees',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, '#fixture');
+  it('should find elements inside shadow trees', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, '#fixture');
 
-      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-    }
-  );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should find elements slotted in shadow trees',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<slot></slot>';
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, '#fixture');
+  it('should find elements slotted in shadow trees', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<slot></slot>';
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, '#fixture');
 
-      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-    }
-  );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.js b/test/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.js
index c782dfed3..70611ad5a 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.js
@@ -1,79 +1,79 @@
-describe('meta-refresh', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('meta-refresh', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const metaRefreshCheck = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('meta-refresh');
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var metaRefreshCheck = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('meta-refresh');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there is a number', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">');
+  it('returns false if there is a number', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  describe('returns false when valid', function () {
-    it('there is a decimal', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  describe('returns false when valid', () => {
+    it('there is a decimal', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3.1">'
       );
       assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('there is a number followed by a dot', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('there is a number followed by a dot', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3.">'
       );
       assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('there is a dot followed by a number', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('there is a dot followed by a number', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content=".5">'
       );
       assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('there is whitespace before the number', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('there is whitespace before the number', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="  \n\t3">'
       );
       assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    describe('with a valid separator', function () {
-      it('the number is followed by a semicolon', function () {
-        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    describe('with a valid separator', () => {
+      it('the number is followed by a semicolon', () => {
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
           '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3;">'
         );
         assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       });
 
-      it('the number is followed by a comma', function () {
-        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      it('the number is followed by a comma', () => {
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
           '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3,">'
         );
         assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       });
 
-      it('the number is followed spaces, and then a separator', function () {
-        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      it('the number is followed spaces, and then a separator', () => {
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
           '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3 \t\n;">'
         );
         assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       });
 
-      it('the separator is followed by non-separator characters', function () {
-        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      it('the separator is followed by non-separator characters', () => {
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
           '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3; https://deque.com/">'
         );
         assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       });
 
-      it('the separator is a space', function () {
-        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      it('the separator is a space', () => {
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(
           '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3 https://deque.com/">'
         );
         assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
@@ -81,67 +81,67 @@ describe('meta-refresh', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('returns true when invalid', function () {
-    it('the number is prefaced with a plus', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  describe('returns true when invalid', () => {
+    it('the number is prefaced with a plus', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="+3">'
       );
       assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('the number is prefaced with a minus', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('the number is prefaced with a minus', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="-3">'
       );
       assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('the number is prefaced with a letter', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('the number is prefaced with a letter', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="a3">'
       );
       assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('the number is followed by an invalid separator character', function () {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('the number is followed by an invalid separator character', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3: https://deque.com/">'
       );
       assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('options.minDelay', function () {
-    it('returns false when the redirect number is greater than minDelay', function () {
-      var options = { minDelay: 2 };
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  describe('options.minDelay', () => {
+    it('returns false when the redirect number is greater than minDelay', () => {
+      const options = { minDelay: 2 };
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
         options
       );
       assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when the redirect number equals minDelay', function () {
-      var options = { minDelay: 3 };
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('returns true when the redirect number equals minDelay', () => {
+      const options = { minDelay: 3 };
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when the redirect number is less than minDelay', function () {
-      var options = { minDelay: 4 };
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('returns true when the redirect number is less than minDelay', () => {
+      const options = { minDelay: 4 };
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('ignores minDelay when set to false', function () {
-      var options = { minDelay: false };
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('ignores minDelay when set to false', () => {
+      const options = { minDelay: false };
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="0">',
         options
       );
@@ -149,37 +149,37 @@ describe('meta-refresh', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('options.maxDelay', function () {
-    it('returns true when the redirect number is greater than maxDelay', function () {
-      var options = { maxDelay: 2 };
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  describe('options.maxDelay', () => {
+    it('returns true when the redirect number is greater than maxDelay', () => {
+      const options = { maxDelay: 2 };
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('returns false when the redirect number equals maxDelay', function () {
-      var options = { maxDelay: 3 };
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('returns false when the redirect number equals maxDelay', () => {
+      const options = { maxDelay: 3 };
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
         options
       );
       assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('returns false when the redirect number is less than maxDelay', function () {
-      var options = { maxDelay: 4 };
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('returns false when the redirect number is less than maxDelay', () => {
+      const options = { maxDelay: 4 };
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
         options
       );
       assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('ignores maxDelay when set to false', function () {
-      var options = { maxDelay: false };
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    it('ignores maxDelay when set to false', () => {
+      const options = { maxDelay: false };
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="9999">',
         options
       );
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/p-as-heading.js b/test/checks/navigation/p-as-heading.js
index f4dd79015..c9e18d911 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/p-as-heading.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/p-as-heading.js
@@ -1,24 +1,23 @@
-describe('p-as-heading', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+describe('p-as-heading', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
 
-  var testOptions = {
+  const testOptions = {
     margins: [{ weight: 100 }, { italic: true }, { size: 1.2 }]
   };
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the styles are identical', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true if the styles are identical', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
     );
@@ -27,16 +26,19 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there is no p element following it', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<p id="target">lone elm</p>', testOptions);
+  it('returns true if there is no p element following it', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<p id="target">lone elm</p>', testOptions);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('p-as-heading').apply(checkContext, params)
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the font-weight is heavier', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<p id="target" style="font-weight:bold">elm 1</p>' + '<p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
+  it('returns false if the font-weight is heavier', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      html`
+        <p id="target" style="font-weight:bold">elm 1</p>
+        <p>elm 2elm 2</p>
+      `,
       testOptions
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -44,8 +46,8 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the font-size is bigger', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if the font-size is bigger', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" style="font-size:150%">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
     );
@@ -54,8 +56,8 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the fake heading is italic and the text is not', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if the fake heading is italic and the text is not', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" style="font-style:italic">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
     );
@@ -64,10 +66,17 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true if both texts are bold, italic and larger', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<p id="target" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:120%; font-style:italic">elm 1</p>' +
-        '<p style="font: italic bold 120% bold">elm 2elm 2</p>',
+  it('returns true if both texts are bold, italic and larger', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      html`
+        <p
+          id="target"
+          style="font-weight:bold; font-size:120%; font-style:italic"
+        >
+          elm 1
+        </p>
+        <p style="font: italic bold 120% bold">elm 2elm 2</p>
+      `,
       testOptions
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -75,8 +84,8 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('considers styles of elements inside the paragraph', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('considers styles of elements inside the paragraph', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target"><b>elm 1</b></p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
     );
@@ -85,8 +94,8 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('ignores empty child element for style', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('ignores empty child element for style', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target"><span> </span><b>elm 1</b></p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
     );
@@ -95,8 +104,8 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('considers styles of elements that do not contain all the text', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('considers styles of elements that do not contain all the text', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target"><b>elm</b> 1</p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
     );
@@ -105,11 +114,14 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined instead of false if the element is inside a blockquote', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<blockquote>' +
-        '<p style="font-weight:bold" id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>' +
-        '</blockquote>',
+  it('returns undefined instead of false if the element is inside a blockquote', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      html`
+        <blockquote>
+          <p style="font-weight:bold" id="target">elm 1</p>
+          <p>elm 2elm 2</p>
+        </blockquote>
+      `,
       testOptions
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
@@ -117,11 +129,14 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true over undefined from within a blockquote', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<blockquote>' +
-        '<p id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>' +
-        '</blockquote>',
+  it('returns true over undefined from within a blockquote', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      html`
+        <blockquote>
+          <p id="target">elm 1</p>
+          <p>elm 2elm 2</p>
+        </blockquote>
+      `,
       testOptions
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -129,11 +144,13 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if a previous sibling has a similar font-weight', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<p><b>elm 1</b></p>' +
-        '<p id="target"><b>elm 2</b></p>' +
-        '<p>elm 3</p>',
+  it('returns undefined if a previous sibling has a similar font-weight', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      html`
+        <p><b>elm 1</b></p>
+        <p id="target"><b>elm 2</b></p>
+        <p>elm 3</p>
+      `,
       testOptions
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
@@ -141,9 +158,12 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the heading is greater than the paragraph', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<p id="target">elm1elm1</p>' + '<p>elm2</p>',
+  it('returns true if the heading is greater than the paragraph', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      html`
+        <p id="target">elm1elm1</p>
+        <p>elm2</p>
+      `,
       testOptions
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -151,9 +171,12 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if the heading is twice as long but not greater than the length of the pararaph', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<p id="target" style="font-weight:bold">elm1elm</p>' + '<p>elm2elm2</p>',
+  it('returns undefined if the heading is twice as long but not greater than the length of the pararaph', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      html`
+        <p id="target" style="font-weight:bold">elm1elm</p>
+        <p>elm2elm2</p>
+      `,
       testOptions
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
@@ -161,15 +184,18 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('options.passLength and options.failLength', function () {
-    it('returns true if the heading is greater than the paragraph using options.passLength', function () {
-      var options = {
+  describe('options.passLength and options.failLength', () => {
+    it('returns true if the heading is greater than the paragraph using options.passLength', () => {
+      const options = {
         margins: [{ weight: 100 }, { italic: true }, { size: 1.2 }],
         passLength: 2
       };
 
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<p id="target">elm1elm1elm1</p>' + '<p>elm2</p>',
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <p id="target">elm1elm1elm1</p>
+          <p>elm2</p>
+        `,
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(
@@ -179,14 +205,16 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined if the heading is twice as long but not greater than the length of the pararaph using options.failLength ', function () {
-      var options = {
+    it('returns undefined if the heading is twice as long but not greater than the length of the pararaph using options.failLength ', () => {
+      const options = {
         margins: [{ weight: 100 }, { italic: true }, { size: 1.2 }],
         failLength: 0.6
       };
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<p id="target" style="font-weight:bold">elm1elm</p>' +
-          '<p>elm2elm2elm2</p>',
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <p id="target" style="font-weight:bold">elm1elm</p>
+          <p>elm2elm2elm2</p>
+        `,
         options
       );
       assert.isFalse(
@@ -197,11 +225,11 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('option.margin', function () {
-    it('passes if no margins are set', function () {
-      var options = {};
+  describe('option.margin', () => {
+    it('passes if no margins are set', () => {
+      const options = {};
 
-      var params = checkSetup(
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<p id="target"><b>elm 1</b></p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
         options
       );
@@ -212,12 +240,12 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('takes an array of margins', function () {
-      var options = {
+    it('takes an array of margins', () => {
+      const options = {
         margins: [{ size: 1.2 }]
       };
 
-      var params = checkSetup(
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<p id="target"><b>elm 1</b></p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
         options
       );
@@ -228,14 +256,16 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns false if all values in the margin are passed', function () {
-      var options = {
+    it('returns false if all values in the margin are passed', () => {
+      const options = {
         margins: [{ size: 1.2, weight: 100 }]
       };
 
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<p id="target" style="font-size:1.5em; font-weight:bold">elm 1</p>' +
-          '<p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <p id="target" style="font-size:1.5em; font-weight:bold">elm 1</p>
+          <p>elm 2elm 2</p>
+        `,
         options
       );
       assert.isFalse(
@@ -245,13 +275,16 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns true if any of the values is not passed', function () {
-      var options = {
+    it('returns true if any of the values is not passed', () => {
+      const options = {
         margins: [{ size: 1.2, weight: 100 }]
       };
 
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<p id="target" style="font-weight:bold">elm 1</p>' + '<p>elm 2</p>',
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <p id="target" style="font-weight:bold">elm 1</p>
+          <p>elm 2</p>
+        `,
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(
@@ -261,14 +294,16 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns false if any of the margins is passed', function () {
-      var options = {
+    it('returns false if any of the margins is passed', () => {
+      const options = {
         margins: [{ size: 1.2, weight: 100 }, { size: 1.5 }, { italic: true }]
       };
 
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<p id="target" style="font-style:italic">elm 1</p>' +
-          '<p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <p id="target" style="font-style:italic">elm 1</p>
+          <p>elm 2elm 2</p>
+        `,
         options
       );
       assert.isFalse(
@@ -278,9 +313,9 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns true if none of the set margins is passed', function () {
+    it('returns true if none of the set margins is passed', () => {
       /*eslint indent: 0*/
-      var options = {
+      const options = {
         margins: [
           { size: 1.2, weight: 100 },
           { size: 1.5 },
@@ -288,8 +323,11 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
         ]
       };
 
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<p id="target" style="font-size:1.5em">elm 1</p>' + '<p>elm 2</p>',
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        html`
+          <p id="target" style="font-size:1.5em">elm 1</p>
+          <p>elm 2</p>
+        `,
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(
@@ -300,35 +338,25 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns undefined instead of false if the element is inside a blockquote in light dom',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<blockquote></blockquote>',
-        '<p style="font-weight:bold" id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2</p>',
-        testOptions
-      );
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('p-as-heading')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns true over undefined from within a blockquote in light dom',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<blockquote></blockquote>',
-        '<p id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2</p>',
-        testOptions
-      );
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('p-as-heading')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('returns undefined instead of false if the element is inside a blockquote in light dom', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<blockquote></blockquote>',
+      '<p style="font-weight:bold" id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2</p>',
+      testOptions
+    );
+    assert.isUndefined(
+      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('p-as-heading').apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('returns true over undefined from within a blockquote in light dom', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<blockquote></blockquote>',
+      '<p id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2</p>',
+      testOptions
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('p-as-heading').apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/region-after.js b/test/checks/navigation/region-after.js
index 95f976623..abe723208 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/region-after.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/region-after.js
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-describe('region-after', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('region-after', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should always pass iframes', function () {
-    var results = checks.region.after([
+  it('should always pass iframes', () => {
+    const results = checks.region.after([
       {
         data: { isIframe: true },
         node: {
@@ -28,8 +26,8 @@ describe('region-after', function () {
     assert.equal(results[1].result, false);
   });
 
-  it('should pass children of iframes if the iframe contained in it is in a region', function () {
-    var results = checks.region.after([
+  it('should pass children of iframes if the iframe contained in it is in a region', () => {
+    const results = checks.region.after([
       {
         data: { isIframe: true },
         node: {
@@ -50,8 +48,8 @@ describe('region-after', function () {
     assert.equal(results[1].result, true);
   });
 
-  it('should pass nested iframes', function () {
-    var results = checks.region.after([
+  it('should pass nested iframes', () => {
+    const results = checks.region.after([
       {
         data: { isIframe: true },
         node: {
@@ -84,8 +82,8 @@ describe('region-after', function () {
     assert.equal(results[2].result, false);
   });
 
-  it('should pass children of nested iframes if the nested iframe is in a region', function () {
-    var results = checks.region.after([
+  it('should pass children of nested iframes if the nested iframe is in a region', () => {
+    const results = checks.region.after([
       {
         data: { isIframe: true },
         node: {
@@ -118,8 +116,8 @@ describe('region-after', function () {
     assert.equal(results[2].result, true);
   });
 
-  it('should pass content if a grandparent frame passes', function () {
-    var results = checks.region.after([
+  it('should pass content if a grandparent frame passes', () => {
+    const results = checks.region.after([
       {
         data: { isIframe: true },
         node: {
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/region.js b/test/checks/navigation/region.js
index fb4d13b3e..2887ee6a3 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/region.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/region.js
@@ -4,25 +4,24 @@
 // in order for the check to not give false positives/negatives.
 // adding the region node forces the check to not return the #fixture
 // as the top-most element but instead use the #target element.
-describe('region', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('region', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('region');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('region');
 
-  var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true when content is inside the region', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true when content is inside the region', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="main"><a id="target" href="a.html#mainheader">Click Here</a><div><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div></div>'
     );
 
@@ -39,285 +38,370 @@ describe('region', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<div role="feed" id="target">This is random content.</div>' +
-        '<div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader">Introduction</h1></div>'
-    );
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <div role="feed" id="target">This is random content.</div>
+      <div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader">Introduction</h1></div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when img content is outside the region', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<img id="target" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7"><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false when img content is outside the region, no alt attribute at all', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <img
+        id="target"
+        src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7"
+      />
+      <div role="main">Content</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true when img content outside of the region is decorative, via an empty alt attr', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <img id="target" src="#" alt="" />
+      <div role="main">Content</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true when img content outside of the region is explicitly decorative, via a presentation role', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <img id="target" src="#" role="presentation" />
+      <div role="main">Content</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when img content outside of the region is focusable (implicit role=img)', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <img id="target" src="#" tabindex="0" alt="" />
+      <div role="main">Content</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when img content outside of the region has a global aria attribute (implicit role=img)', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <img id="target" src="#" aria-atomic="true" alt="" />
+      <div role="main">Content</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true when canvas role=none', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <canvas id="target" role="none" />
+      <div role="main">Content</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when object has an aria-label', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <object id="target" aria-label="bar"></object>
+      <div role="main">Content</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when a non-landmark has text content but a role=none', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" role="none">apples</div>
+      <div role="main">Content</div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when textless text content is outside the region', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true when a non-landmark does NOT have text content and a role=none', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" role="none"></div>
+      <div role="main">Content</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true when textless text content is outside the region', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target"></p><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when wrapper content is outside the region', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true when wrapper content is outside the region', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target"><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when invisible content is outside the region', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true when invisible content is outside the region', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" style="display: none">Click Here</p><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is a skiplink', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true when there is a skiplink', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<a id="target" href="#mainheader">Click Here</a><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is an Angular skiplink', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true when there is an Angular skiplink', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<a id="target" href="/#mainheader">Click Here</a><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is a non-region element', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false when there is a non-region element', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target">This is random content.</div><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is a non-skiplink', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false when there is a non-skiplink', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<a id="target" href="something.html#mainheader">Click Here</a><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the non-region element is a script', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the non-region element is a script', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<script id="target">axe.run()</script><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should considered aria labelled elements as content', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should considered aria labelled elements as content', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="axe-core logo" role="img"></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should allow native header elements', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should allow native header elements', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<header id="target">branding</header><main>Content </main><aside>stuff</aside><footer>copyright</footer>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should allow native main elements', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should allow native main elements', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<header>branding</header><main id="target">Content </main><aside>stuff</aside><footer>copyright</footer>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should allow native aside elements', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should allow native aside elements', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<header>branding</header><main>Content </main><aside id="target">stuff</aside><footer>copyright</footer>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should allow native footer elements', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should allow native footer elements', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<header>branding</header><main>Content </main><aside>stuff</aside><footer id="target">copyright</footer>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('ignores native landmark elements with an overwriting role', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('ignores native landmark elements with an overwriting role', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<main id="target" role="none">Content</main><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for content outside of form tags with accessible names', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('ignores native landmark elements with an overwriting role with a nested child', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(html`
+      <main id="target" role="none"><p>Content</p></main>
+      <div role="main">Content</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for content outside of form tags with accessible names', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target">Text</p><form aria-label="form"></form>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('ignores unlabeled forms as they are not landmarks', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('ignores unlabeled forms as they are not landmarks', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target"><fieldset>foo</fieldset></form><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats <forms> with aria label as landmarks', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('treats <forms> with aria label as landmarks', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target" aria-label="foo"><p>This is random content.</p></form><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats role=forms with aria label as landmarks', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('treats role=forms with aria label as landmarks', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="form" id="target" aria-label="foo"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats forms without aria label as not a landmarks', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('treats forms without aria label as not a landmarks', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></form><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats forms with an empty aria label as not a landmarks', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('treats forms with an empty aria label as not a landmarks', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target" aria-label=" "><p>This is random content.</p></form><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats forms with empty titles not as landmarks', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('treats forms with empty titles not as landmarks', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target" title=""><p>This is random content.</p></form><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats ARIA forms with no label or title as landmarks', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('treats ARIA forms with no label or title as landmarks', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="form" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in aria-live=assertive', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('allows content in aria-live=assertive', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="assertive" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in aria-live=polite', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('allows content in aria-live=polite', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="polite" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('does not allow content in aria-live=off', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('does not allow content in aria-live=off', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="off" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in aria-live=assertive with explicit role set', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('allows content in aria-live=assertive with explicit role set', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="assertive" role="alert" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in aria-live=polite with explicit role set', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('allows content in aria-live=polite with explicit role set', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="polite" role="status" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role alert', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role alert', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="alert" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role log', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role log', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="log" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role status', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role status', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="status" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats role=dialog elements as regions', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('treats role=dialog elements as regions', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="dialog" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats role=alertdialog elements as regions', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('treats role=alertdialog elements as regions', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="alertdialog" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats svg elements as regions', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('treats svg elements as regions', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"></svg><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns the outermost element as the error', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns the outermost element as the error', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('supports options.regionMatcher', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('supports options.regionMatcher', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="off" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>',
       {
         regionMatcher: {
@@ -331,21 +415,21 @@ describe('region', function () {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is a button', function () {
+  it('should return true when there is a button', () => {
     // Some pages have a skiplink menu, that opens through a button
     // ARIA practices is an example of this.
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target">Skip menu</button><main><h1>Introduction</h1></main>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('should test Shadow tree content', function () {
-    var div = document.createElement('div');
-    var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+  it('should test Shadow tree content', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadow.innerHTML = 'Some text';
     fixtureSetup(div);
-    var virutalNode = axe._tree[0];
+    const virutalNode = axe._tree[0];
 
     // fixture is the outermost element
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -358,51 +442,44 @@ describe('region', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('should test slotted content', function () {
-    var div = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should test slotted content', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
     div.innerHTML = 'Some content';
-    var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadow.innerHTML = '<div role="main"><slot></slot></div>';
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(div);
-
-    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-  });
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should ignore skiplink targets inside shadow trees',
-    function () {
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
-      div.innerHTML =
-        '<a id="target" href="#foo">skiplink</a><div>Content</div>';
-
-      var shadow = div.querySelector('div').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<div role="main" id=#foo"><slot></slot></div>';
-      fixtureSetup(div);
-      var virutalNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(div.querySelector('#target'));
-
-      assert.isFalse(
-        checkEvaluate.call(
-          checkContext,
-          virutalNode.actualNode,
-          null,
-          virutalNode
-        )
-      );
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should find the skiplink in shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
-      div.innerHTML = '<span id="foo">Content!</span>';
-      var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<a href="#foo">skiplink</a><div role="main"><slot></slot></div>';
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(div);
-
-      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
-      assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 0);
-    }
-  );
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(div);
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should ignore skiplink targets inside shadow trees', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.innerHTML = '<a id="target" href="#foo">skiplink</a><div>Content</div>';
+
+    const shadow = div.querySelector('div').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<div role="main" id=#foo"><slot></slot></div>';
+    fixtureSetup(div);
+    const virutalNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(div.querySelector('#target'));
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      checkEvaluate.call(
+        checkContext,
+        virutalNode.actualNode,
+        null,
+        virutalNode
+      )
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should find the skiplink in shadow DOM', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.innerHTML = '<span id="foo">Content!</span>';
+    const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<a href="#foo">skiplink</a><div role="main"><slot></slot></div>';
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(div);
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 0);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/skip-link.js b/test/checks/navigation/skip-link.js
index c8571c7c4..b6531d761 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/skip-link.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/skip-link.js
@@ -1,46 +1,48 @@
-describe('skip-link', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('skip-link', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  it('should return true if the href points to an element with an ID', function () {
+  it('should return true if the href points to an element with an ID', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="#target">Click Here</a><h1 id="target">Introduction</h1>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('skip-link')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the href points to an element with an name', function () {
+  it('should return true if the href points to an element with an name', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#target">Click Here</a><a name="target"></a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('skip-link')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the href points to a non-existent element', function () {
+  it('should return false if the href points to a non-existent element', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="#spacecamp">Click Here</a><h1 id="mainheader">Introduction</h1>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('skip-link')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if the target has display:none', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a href="#target">Click Here</a>' +
-      '<h1 id="target" style="display:none">Introduction</h1>';
+  it('should return undefined if the target has display:none', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <a href="#target">Click Here</a>
+      <h1 id="target" style="display:none">Introduction</h1>
+    `;
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isUndefined(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('skip-link')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if the target has aria-hidden=true', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a href="#target">Click Here</a>' +
-      '<h1 id="target" aria-hidden="true">Introduction</h1>';
+  it('should return undefined if the target has aria-hidden=true', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <a href="#target">Click Here</a>
+      <h1 id="target" aria-hidden="true">Introduction</h1>
+    `;
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isUndefined(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('skip-link')(node));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js b/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js
index 02e6e10a7..81681ee01 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 /*eslint indent: 0*/
-describe('unique-frame-title-after', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('unique-frame-title-after', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should remove any check whose data only appears once', function () {
-    var result = checks['unique-frame-title'].after([
+  it('should remove any check whose data only appears once', () => {
+    const result = checks['unique-frame-title'].after([
       {
         data: 'bananas'
       },
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title.js b/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title.js
index ff8beee79..ac759070b 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('unique-frame-title', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('unique-frame-title', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should log title to data and return true', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<iframe id="target" title="bananas"></iframe>');
+  it('should log title to data and return true', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<iframe id="target" title="bananas"></iframe>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('unique-frame-title')
@@ -18,8 +16,8 @@ describe('unique-frame-title', function () {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data, 'bananas');
   });
 
-  it('should convert text to lower case', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should convert text to lower case', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<iframe id="target" title="\t  app\t \n \rle  "></iframe>'
     );
     axe.testUtils
@@ -28,8 +26,8 @@ describe('unique-frame-title', function () {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data, 'app le');
   });
 
-  it('should take out space differences', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<iframe id="target" title="APPLE"></iframe>');
+  it('should take out space differences', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<iframe id="target" title="APPLE"></iframe>');
     axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('unique-frame-title')
       .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
diff --git a/test/checks/parser/duplicate-id.js b/test/checks/parser/duplicate-id.js
index f48b8e520..caf0fcf8b 100644
--- a/test/checks/parser/duplicate-id.js
+++ b/test/checks/parser/duplicate-id.js
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-describe('duplicate-id', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('duplicate-id', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if there is only one element with an ID', function () {
+  it('should return true if there is only one element with an ID', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
     );
@@ -21,9 +20,9 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there are multiple elements with an ID', function () {
+  it('should return false if there are multiple elements with an ID', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div><div id="target"></div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
     );
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [node.nextSibling]);
   });
 
-  it('should return remove duplicates', function () {
+  it('should return remove duplicates', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(
       checks['duplicate-id'].after([
         { data: 'a' },
@@ -42,94 +41,86 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should ignore empty ids', function () {
+  it('should ignore empty ids', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div data-testelm="1" id=""></div><div data-testelm="2"  id=""></div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('[data-testelm="1"]');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('[data-testelm="1"]');
 
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should allow overwrote ids', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<form data-testelm="1" id="target"><label>mylabel' +
-      '<input name="id">' +
-      '</label></form>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('[data-testelm="1"]');
+  it('should allow overwrote ids', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <form data-testelm="1" id="target">
+        <label
+          >mylabel
+          <input name="id" />
+        </label>
+      </form>
+    `;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('[data-testelm="1"]');
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should find duplicate IDs in the same shadow DOM', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.id = 'target';
+    const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="target"></span><p id="target">text</p>';
+    const node = shadow.querySelector('span');
+    fixture.appendChild(div);
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
+    );
+    assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [shadow.querySelector('p')]);
+  });
+
+  it('should ignore duplicate IDs if they are in different document roots', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.id = 'target';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="target"></span>';
+    fixture.appendChild(node);
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
+    );
+    assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should ignore same IDs outside shadow trees', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.id = 'target';
+    const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="target"></span>';
+    const node = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+    fixture.appendChild(div);
 
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
     );
+    assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 0);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should find duplicate IDs in the same shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
-      div.id = 'target';
-      var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="target"></span><p id="target">text</p>';
-      var node = shadow.querySelector('span');
-      fixture.appendChild(div);
-
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
-      );
-      assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [shadow.querySelector('p')]);
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should ignore duplicate IDs if they are in different document roots',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.id = 'target';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="target"></span>';
-      fixture.appendChild(node);
-
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
-      );
-      assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 0);
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should ignore same IDs outside shadow trees',
-    function () {
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
-      div.id = 'target';
-      var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="target"></span>';
-      var node = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      fixture.appendChild(div);
-
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
-      );
-      assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 0);
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should compare slotted content with the light DOM',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.id = 'target';
-      node.innerHTML = '<p id="target">text</p>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="target"><slot></slot></span>';
-      fixture.appendChild(node);
-
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
-      );
-      assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [node.querySelector('p')]);
-    }
-  );
+  it('should compare slotted content with the light DOM', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.id = 'target';
+    node.innerHTML = '<p id="target">text</p>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="target"><slot></slot></span>';
+    fixture.appendChild(node);
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('duplicate-id').call(checkContext, node)
+    );
+    assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [node.querySelector('p')]);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/abstractrole.js b/test/checks/shared/abstractrole.js
index 8b0a639dd..b48088e7f 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/abstractrole.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/abstractrole.js
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-describe('abstractrole', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('abstractrole', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to a concrete role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if applied to a concrete role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -25,8 +23,8 @@ describe('abstractrole', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to a nonsensical role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if applied to a nonsensical role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="foo">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -40,8 +38,8 @@ describe('abstractrole', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an abstract role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if applied to an abstract role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="widget">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -55,8 +53,8 @@ describe('abstractrole', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['widget']);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to multiple concrete roles', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if applied to multiple concrete roles', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert button">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -70,8 +68,8 @@ describe('abstractrole', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to at least one abstract role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if applied to at least one abstract role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert widget structure">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/aria-label.js b/test/checks/shared/aria-label.js
index 95a0c96e6..4fcf745a4 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/aria-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/aria-label.js
@@ -1,36 +1,34 @@
-describe('aria-label', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-label', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an aria-label is present', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label="woohoo"></div>');
+  it('should return true if an aria-label is present', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label="woohoo"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-label').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an aria-label is not present', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return false if an aria-label is not present', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<div id="target"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-label').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an aria-label is present, but empty', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label=" "></div>');
+  it('should return false if an aria-label is present, but empty', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label=" "></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-label').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should collapse whitespace', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n "></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/avoid-inline-spacing.js b/test/checks/shared/avoid-inline-spacing.js
index 87ce60431..892a8c01e 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/avoid-inline-spacing.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/avoid-inline-spacing.js
@@ -1,129 +1,127 @@
-describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('avoid-inline-spacing');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('avoid-inline-spacing');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when no inline spacing styles are specified', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when no inline spacing styles are specified', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="font-size: 200%;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when inline spacing styles has invalid value', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when inline spacing styles has invalid value', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="line-height: 5invalid;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when inline spacing styles has invalid value and `!important` priority', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when inline spacing styles has invalid value and `!important` priority', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="line-height: invalid !important;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `line-height` style specified has no `!important` priority', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when `line-height` style specified has no `!important` priority', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="line-height: 1.5;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `letter-spacing` style specified has no `!important` priority', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when `letter-spacing` style specified has no `!important` priority', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="letter-spacing: 50px;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `word-spacing` style specified has no `!important` priority', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when `word-spacing` style specified has no `!important` priority', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="word-spacing: 10px;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when none of the multiple inline spacing styles specified have priority of `!important`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when none of the multiple inline spacing styles specified have priority of `!important`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="word-spacing: 20ch; letter-spacing: 50rem; line-height: 3;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `line-height` style specified has `!important` priority', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when `line-height` style specified has `!important` priority', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="line-height: 1.5 !important;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['line-height']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `letter-spacing` style specified has `!important` priority', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when `letter-spacing` style specified has `!important` priority', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="letter-spacing: 100em !important;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['letter-spacing']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `word-spacing` style specified has `!important` priority', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when `word-spacing` style specified has `!important` priority', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="word-spacing: -.4ch !important;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['word-spacing']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when any of the multiple inline spacing styles specifies priority of `!important`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when any of the multiple inline spacing styles specifies priority of `!important`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="word-spacing: 200%; letter-spacing: 50rem !important; line-height: 3;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['letter-spacing']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when multiple inline spacing styles specifies priority of `!important`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when multiple inline spacing styles specifies priority of `!important`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="line-height: 3 !important; letter-spacing: 50rem !important;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['line-height', 'letter-spacing']);
   });
 
-  it('supports options.cssProperties', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('supports options.cssProperties', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="font-size: 14px !important; line-height: 3 !important; letter-spacing: 50rem !important">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
-    var actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, {
+    const actual = checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, {
       cssProperties: ['font-size']
     });
     assert.isFalse(actual);
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/button-has-visible-text.js b/test/checks/shared/button-has-visible-text.js
index 92231549b..898a98ef4 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/button-has-visible-text.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/button-has-visible-text.js
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-describe('button-has-visible-text', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('button-has-visible-text', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if button element is empty', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<button></button>', 'button');
+  it('should return false if button element is empty', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<button></button>', 'button');
 
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -20,8 +18,8 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a button element has text', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<button>Name</button>', 'button');
+  it('should return true if a button element has text', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<button>Name</button>', 'button');
 
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -30,8 +28,8 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if ARIA button has text', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if ARIA button has text', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="button">Text</div>',
       '[role=button]'
     );
@@ -43,8 +41,8 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if ARIA button has no text', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div role="button"></div>', '[role=button]');
+  it('should return false if ARIA button has no text', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<div role="button"></div>', '[role=button]');
 
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -53,9 +51,9 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('should return incomplete if no children are passed', function () {
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return incomplete if no children are passed', () => {
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button'
       });
 
@@ -68,8 +66,8 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false if button element is empty', function () {
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false if button element is empty', () => {
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button'
       });
       node.children = [];
@@ -83,11 +81,11 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if a button element has text', function () {
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return true if a button element has text', () => {
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button'
       });
-      var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: '#text',
         nodeType: 3,
         nodeValue: 'Text'
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/doc-has-title.js b/test/checks/shared/doc-has-title.js
index 64048d917..468bbe72e 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/doc-has-title.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/doc-has-title.js
@@ -1,28 +1,26 @@
-describe('doc-has-title', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('doc-has-title', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return false if title is empty', function () {
-    var orig = document.title;
+  it('should return false if title is empty', () => {
+    const orig = document.title;
     document.title = '';
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('doc-has-title')(fixture));
     document.title = orig;
   });
 
-  it('should return false if title contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var orig = document.title;
+  it('should return false if title contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const orig = document.title;
     document.title = ' \t\r\n \n   \r \n\t';
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('doc-has-title')(fixture));
     document.title = orig;
   });
 
-  it('should return true if title is non-empty', function () {
-    var orig = document.title;
+  it('should return true if title is non-empty', () => {
+    const orig = document.title;
     document.title = 'Bananas';
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('doc-has-title')(fixture));
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/exists.js b/test/checks/shared/exists.js
index d2b4ad132..2919a54db 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/exists.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/exists.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-describe('exists', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should return undefined', function () {
+describe('exists', () => {
+  it('should return undefined', () => {
     assert.isUndefined(checks.exists.evaluate());
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/has-alt.js b/test/checks/shared/has-alt.js
index 4f3c0060b..3d3b5d166 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/has-alt.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/has-alt.js
@@ -1,36 +1,34 @@
-describe('has-alt', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('has-alt', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an alt is present', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="woohoo" />');
+  it('should return true if an alt is present', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="woohoo" />');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-alt').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an empty alt is present', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="" />');
+  it('should return true if an empty alt is present', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="" />');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-alt').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a null alt is present', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt />');
+  it('should return true if a null alt is present', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt />');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-alt').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an alt is not present', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" />');
+  it('should return false if an alt is not present', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" />');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-alt').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/has-visible-text.js b/test/checks/shared/has-visible-text.js
index fedca81cb..4e665a5ca 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/has-visible-text.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/has-visible-text.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('has-visible-text', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('has-visible-text', () => {
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there is no visible text', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<p id="target"></p>');
+  it('should return false if there is no visible text', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<p id="target"></p>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('has-visible-text')
@@ -17,8 +15,8 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there is text, but its hidden', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if there is text, but its hidden', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target"><span style="display:none">hello!</span></p>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -28,8 +26,8 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if there is visible text', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<p id="target">hello!</p>');
+  it('should return true if there is visible text', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<p id="target">hello!</p>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('has-visible-text')
@@ -37,9 +35,9 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('should return false if element is not named from contents', function () {
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return false if element is not named from contents', () => {
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'article'
       });
 
@@ -48,8 +46,8 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return incomplete if no other properties are set', function () {
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return incomplete if no other properties are set', () => {
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button'
       });
 
@@ -58,8 +56,8 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false if there is no visible text', function () {
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false if there is no visible text', () => {
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button'
       });
       node.children = [];
@@ -69,11 +67,11 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if there is visible text', function () {
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return true if there is visible text', () => {
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'p'
       });
-      var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: '#text',
         nodeType: 3,
         nodeValue: 'hello!'
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/inline-style-property.js b/test/checks/shared/inline-style-property.js
index 9d93d30f0..f1c1da75a 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/inline-style-property.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/inline-style-property.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
         'letter-spacing: 0.2em'
       ].join('; ');
       const params = checkSetup(
-        '<p style="' + style + '" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+        html`<p style="${style}" id="target">Hello world</p>`
       );
       const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isFalse(result);
@@ -126,10 +127,10 @@ describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
       });
 
       it('is true when `inherited` is used along with !important', () => {
-        const params = checkSetup(
-          '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">' +
-            '<span style="letter-spacing: inherit !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>'
-        );
+        const params = checkSetup(html`
+          <p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">
+          <span style="letter-spacing: inherit !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>
+        `);
         const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
         assert.isTrue(result);
         assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -139,10 +140,10 @@ describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
       });
 
       it('is true when `unset` is used along with !important', () => {
-        const params = checkSetup(
-          '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">' +
-            '<span style="letter-spacing: unset !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>'
-        );
+        const params = checkSetup(html`
+          <p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">
+          <span style="letter-spacing: unset !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>
+        `);
         const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
         assert.isTrue(result);
         assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -152,10 +153,10 @@ describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
       });
 
       it('is true when `revert` is used along with !important', () => {
-        const params = checkSetup(
-          '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">' +
-            '<span style="letter-spacing: revert !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>'
-        );
+        const params = checkSetup(html`
+          <p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">
+          <span style="letter-spacing: revert !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>
+        `);
         const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
         assert.isTrue(result);
         assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -165,10 +166,10 @@ describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
       });
 
       it('is true when `revert-layer` is used along with !important', () => {
-        const params = checkSetup(
-          '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">' +
-            '<span style="letter-spacing: revert-layer !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>'
-        );
+        const params = checkSetup(html`
+          <p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">
+          <span style="letter-spacing: revert-layer !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>
+        `);
         const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
         assert.isTrue(result);
         assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -250,22 +251,22 @@ describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
     });
 
     it('is true when below 1.5em and not !important', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(
-        '<p style="line-height: 1.2em; max-width: 200px;" id="target">' +
-          '	The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.' +
-          '</p>'
-      );
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <p style="line-height: 1.2em; max-width: 200px;" id="target">
+          The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.
+        </p>
+      `);
       const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isTrue(result);
       assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
     });
 
     it('is false when below 1.5em and !important', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(
-        '<p style="line-height: 1.2em !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">' +
-          '	The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.' +
-          '</p>'
-      );
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <p style="line-height: 1.2em !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">
+          The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.
+        </p>
+      `);
       const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isFalse(result);
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -275,11 +276,11 @@ describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
     });
 
     it('is true when 1.5em and !important', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(
-        '<p style="line-height: 1.5em !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">' +
-          '	The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.' +
-          '</p>'
-      );
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <p style="line-height: 1.5em !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">
+          The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.
+        </p>
+      `);
       const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isTrue(result);
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -289,11 +290,14 @@ describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
     });
 
     it('returns the 1em for `normal !important`', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(
-        '<p style="line-height: normal !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">' +
-          '	The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.' +
-          '</p>'
-      );
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <p
+          style="line-height: normal !important; max-width: 200px;"
+          id="target"
+        >
+          The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.
+        </p>
+      `);
       const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isFalse(result);
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
@@ -303,11 +307,11 @@ describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
     });
 
     it('is true for single line texts', () => {
-      const params = checkSetup(
-        '<p style="line-height: 1.2em !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">' +
-          '	Short' +
-          '</p>'
-      );
+      const params = checkSetup(html`
+        <p style="line-height: 1.2em !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">
+          Short
+        </p>
+      `);
       const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isTrue(result);
       assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/invalidrole.js b/test/checks/shared/invalidrole.js
index d9aa0a394..240307391 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/invalidrole.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/invalidrole.js
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-describe('invalidrole', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('invalidrole', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an empty role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="">Contents</div>');
+  it('should return true if applied to an empty role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="">Contents</div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       checks.invalidrole.evaluate.call(
         checkContext,
@@ -23,8 +21,8 @@ describe('invalidrole', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['']);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to a nonsensical role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if applied to a nonsensical role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="foo">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -38,8 +36,8 @@ describe('invalidrole', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['foo']);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to a concrete role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if applied to a concrete role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -53,8 +51,8 @@ describe('invalidrole', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an abstract role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if applied to an abstract role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="widget">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -68,8 +66,8 @@ describe('invalidrole', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to multiple valid roles', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if applied to multiple valid roles', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert button">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -83,8 +81,8 @@ describe('invalidrole', function () {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if atleast one role is valid', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if atleast one role is valid', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert button foo bar">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -97,8 +95,8 @@ describe('invalidrole', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if all roles are invalid', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if all roles are invalid', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="foo bar">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -111,4 +109,33 @@ describe('invalidrole', function () {
     );
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['foo', 'bar']);
   });
+
+  it('should return true if applied to an uppercase nonsensical role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" role="FOO">Contents</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(
+      checks.invalidrole.evaluate.call(
+        checkContext,
+        virtualNode.actualNode,
+        null,
+        virtualNode
+      )
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['FOO']);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if applied to an uppercase valid role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" role="BUTTON">Contents</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(
+      checks.invalidrole.evaluate.call(
+        checkContext,
+        virtualNode.actualNode,
+        null,
+        virtualNode
+      )
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/is-on-screen.js b/test/checks/shared/is-on-screen.js
index e82cb70de..de9804a1f 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/is-on-screen.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/is-on-screen.js
@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
-describe('is-on-screen', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('is-on-screen', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  it('should return true for visible elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">elm</div>');
+  it('should return true for visible elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">elm</div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for aria-hidden=true elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">elm</div>');
+  it('should return true for aria-hidden=true elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">elm</div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for display:none elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="display:none">elm</div>');
+  it('should return false for display:none elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="display:none">elm</div>'
+    );
 
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for off screen elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for off screen elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="position:absolute; top:-10000px">elm</div>'
     );
 
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-alt.js b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-alt.js
index cf5fe8f38..94f6a3637 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-alt.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-alt.js
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
-describe('non-empty-alt', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('non-empty-alt', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-alt');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-alt');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an alt is present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="woohoo" />');
+  it('should return true if an alt is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="woohoo" />');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an alt is not present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" />');
+  it('should return false if an alt is not present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" />');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an alt is present, but empty', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt=" " />');
+  it('should return false if an alt is present, but empty', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt=" " />');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n " />');
+  it('should collapse whitespace', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<img id="target" alt=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n " />'
+    );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyAttr');
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-if-present.js b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-if-present.js
index 7d25836d1..f469fa496 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-if-present.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-if-present.js
@@ -1,23 +1,21 @@
-describe('non-empty-if-present', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+describe('non-empty-if-present', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
   // These defaults are only available in IE and Edge
-  var input = document.createElement('input');
+  const input = document.createElement('input');
   input.type = 'submit';
-  var isEdgeOrIe = typeof input.getAttribute('value') === 'string';
+  const isEdgeOrIe = typeof input.getAttribute('value') === 'string';
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a value is present', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if a value is present', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="submit" value="woohoo" />'
     );
 
@@ -31,8 +29,8 @@ describe('non-empty-if-present', function () {
 
   (isEdgeOrIe ? xit : it)(
     'should return true if a value is not present',
-    function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="submit" />');
+    () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="submit" />');
 
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.testUtils
@@ -43,8 +41,8 @@ describe('non-empty-if-present', function () {
     }
   );
 
-  it('should return false if an value is present, but empty', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="submit" value="" />');
+  it('should return false if an value is present, but empty', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="submit" value="" />');
 
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -53,22 +51,22 @@ describe('non-empty-if-present', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the element is not a submit or reset input', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="text" />');
+  it('should return false if the element is not a submit or reset input', () => {
+    let vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="text" />');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-if-present')
         .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
     );
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="button" />');
+    vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="button" />');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-if-present')
         .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
     );
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" type="submit"></button');
+    vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" type="submit"></button');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-if-present')
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-placeholder.js b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-placeholder.js
index 255c3c3fa..0442b524e 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-placeholder.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-placeholder.js
@@ -1,38 +1,36 @@
-describe('non-empty-placeholder', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('non-empty-placeholder', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-placeholder');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-placeholder');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a placeholder is present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" placeholder="woohoo" />');
+  it('should return true if a placeholder is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input id="target" placeholder="woohoo" />');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a placeholder is not present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" />');
+  it('should return false if a placeholder is not present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input id="target" />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a placeholder is present, but empty', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" placeholder=" " />');
+  it('should return false if a placeholder is present, but empty', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input id="target" placeholder=" " />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should collapse whitespace', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<input id="target" placeholder=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n " />'
     );
 
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-title.js b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-title.js
index 917d2c941..9dc9b9665 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-title.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-title.js
@@ -1,38 +1,36 @@
-describe('non-empty-title', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('non-empty-title', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-title');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-title');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a title is present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" title="woohoo" />');
+  it('should return true if a title is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" title="woohoo" />');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a title is not present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" />');
+  it('should return false if a title is not present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a title is present, but empty', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" title=" " />');
+  it('should return false if a title is present, but empty', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" title=" " />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should collapse whitespace', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<img id="target" title=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n " />'
     );
 
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-value.js b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-value.js
index a28fb25c9..5f2d4a8c7 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-value.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-value.js
@@ -1,37 +1,35 @@
-describe('non-empty-value', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('non-empty-value', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-value');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-value');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an value is present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" value="woohoo" />');
+  it('should return true if an value is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input id="target" value="woohoo" />');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an value is not present', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" />');
+  it('should return false if an value is not present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input id="target" />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an value is present, but empty', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" value=" " />');
+  it('should return false if an value is present, but empty', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input id="target" value=" " />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should collapse whitespace', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<input id="target" value=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n " />'
     );
 
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/presentational-role.js b/test/checks/shared/presentational-role.js
index f9f9cd9e3..74a338b3c 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/presentational-role.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/presentational-role.js
@@ -1,44 +1,42 @@
-describe('presentational-role', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('presentational-role', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('presentational-role');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('presentational-role');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should detect role="none" on the element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="none"></div>');
+  it('should detect role="none" on the element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="none"></div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.role, 'none');
   });
 
-  it('should detect role="presentation" on the element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="presentation"></div>');
+  it('should detect role="presentation" on the element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="presentation"></div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.role, 'presentation');
   });
 
-  it('should return false when role !== none', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="cats"></div>');
+  it('should return false when role !== none', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="cats"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when the element is focusable', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false when the element is focusable', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="none">Still a button</button>'
     );
 
@@ -46,8 +44,8 @@ describe('presentational-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'focusable');
   });
 
-  it('should return false when the element has global aria attributes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false when the element has global aria attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<img id="target" role="none" aria-live="assertive" />'
     );
 
@@ -55,8 +53,8 @@ describe('presentational-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'globalAria');
   });
 
-  it('should return false when the element has global aria attributes and is focusable', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false when the element has global aria attributes and is focusable', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="none" aria-live="assertive">Still a button</button>'
     );
 
@@ -64,8 +62,8 @@ describe('presentational-role', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'both');
   });
 
-  it('should return false for iframe element with role=none and title', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for iframe element with role=none and title', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<iframe id="target" role="none" title="  "></iframe>'
     );
 
@@ -76,8 +74,8 @@ describe('presentational-role', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false for iframe element with role=presentation and title', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for iframe element with role=presentation and title', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<iframe id="target" role="presentation" title=""></iframe>'
     );
 
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/role-none.js b/test/checks/shared/role-none.js
index aaff4011c..06a24fd0b 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/role-none.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/role-none.js
@@ -1,28 +1,26 @@
-describe('role-none', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('role-none', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('role-none');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('role-none');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should detect role="none" on the element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="none"></div>');
+  it('should detect role="none" on the element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="none"></div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when role !== none', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="cats"></div>');
+  it('should return false when role !== none', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="cats"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/role-presentation.js b/test/checks/shared/role-presentation.js
index bc779b42d..ab08d5dd3 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/role-presentation.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/role-presentation.js
@@ -1,28 +1,26 @@
-describe('role-presentation', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('role-presentation', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('role-presentation');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('role-presentation');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should detect role="presentation" on the element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="presentation"></div>');
+  it('should detect role="presentation" on the element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="presentation"></div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when role !== presentation', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="cats"></div>');
+  it('should return false when role !== presentation', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="cats"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title.js b/test/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title.js
index 4ed56ac21..59b490681 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title.js
@@ -1,82 +1,80 @@
-describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('svg-non-empty-title');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('svg-non-empty-title');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the element has a `title` child', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true if the element has a `title` child', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><title>Time II: Party</title></svg>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the `title` child has text nested in another element', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true if the `title` child has text nested in another element', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><title><g>Time II: Party</g></title></svg>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the element has a `title` child with `display:none`', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true if the element has a `title` child with `display:none`', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><title style="display: none;">Time II: Party</title></svg>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the element has no `title` child', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<svg id="target"></svg>');
+  it('returns false if the element has no `title` child', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<svg id="target"></svg>');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noTitle');
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the `title` child is empty', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<svg id="target"><title></title></svg>');
+  it('returns false if the `title` child is empty', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<svg id="target"><title></title></svg>');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyTitle');
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the `title` is a grandchild', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if the `title` is a grandchild', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><circle><title>Time II: Party</title></circle></svg>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noTitle');
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the `title` child has only whitespace', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if the `title` child has only whitespace', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><title> \t\r\n </title></svg>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyTitle');
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are multiple titles, and the first is empty', function () {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if there are multiple titles, and the first is empty', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><title></title><title>Time II: Party</title></svg>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyTitle');
   });
 
-  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function () {
-    it('returns true if the element has a `title` child', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('Serial Virtual Node', () => {
+    it('returns true if the element has a `title` child', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
-      var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'title'
       });
-      var text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      const text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: '#text',
         nodeType: 3,
         nodeValue: 'Time II: Party'
@@ -84,27 +82,27 @@ describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', function () {
       child.parent = serialNode;
       child.children = [text];
       serialNode.children = [child];
-      var checkArgs = [null, {}, serialNode];
+      const checkArgs = [null, {}, serialNode];
 
       assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the element has no `title` child', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns false if the element has no `title` child', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
       serialNode.children = [];
-      var checkArgs = [null, {}, serialNode];
+      const checkArgs = [null, {}, serialNode];
 
       assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noTitle');
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined if the element has empty children', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns undefined if the element has empty children', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
-      var checkArgs = [null, {}, serialNode];
+      const checkArgs = [null, {}, serialNode];
 
       assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/caption-faked.js b/test/checks/tables/caption-faked.js
index b96fbd961..e7882b0b4 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/caption-faked.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/caption-faked.js
@@ -1,80 +1,112 @@
-describe('caption-faked', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('caption-faked', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  var captionFaked;
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  let captionFaked;
+  beforeEach(() => {
     captionFaked = checks['caption-faked'];
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the first row has multiple cells', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('returns true if the first row has multiple cells', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the table has only one column', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <td></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td></td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('returns true if the table has only one column', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the table has only one <tr>', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      // Accessibility: Expect the unexpected
-      '  <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('returns true if the table has only one <tr>', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the first column does not span the entire table', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <td></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('returns true if the first column does not span the entire table', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the first is only a single td', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('returns false if the first is only a single td', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2"></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isFalse(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the first is only a single th', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th colspan="2"></th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('returns false if the first is only a single th', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th colspan="2"></th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isFalse(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/html5-scope.js b/test/checks/tables/html5-scope.js
index 3a0ff265f..27d4ffdef 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/html5-scope.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/html5-scope.js
@@ -1,30 +1,28 @@
-describe('html5-scope', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('html5-scope', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true on THs', function () {
+  it('should return true on THs', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><tr><th scope="col"></th></tr></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('th');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('th');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('html5-scope')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on TDs', function () {
+  it('should return false on TDs', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><tr><td scope="col"></td></tr></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('td');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('td');
 
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('html5-scope')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on non-HTML5 documents', function () {
-    var origPublicId = document.publicId;
+  it('should return true on non-HTML5 documents', () => {
+    const origPublicId = document.publicId;
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><tr><th scope="col"></th></tr></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('th');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('th');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('html5-scope')(node));
     document.publicId = origPublicId;
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.js b/test/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.js
index 495c4d364..cb9ad978e 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.js
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-describe('same-caption-summary', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('same-caption-summary', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return false there is no caption', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false there is no caption', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<table summary="hi" id="target"><tr><td></td></tr></table>'
     );
 
@@ -24,8 +23,8 @@ describe('same-caption-summary', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false there is no summary', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false there is no summary', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<table id="target"><caption>Hi</caption><tr><td></td></tr></table>'
     );
 
@@ -36,8 +35,8 @@ describe('same-caption-summary', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if summary and caption are different', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if summary and caption are different', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<table summary="bye" id="target"><caption>Hi</caption><tr><td></td></tr></table>'
     );
 
@@ -48,8 +47,8 @@ describe('same-caption-summary', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if summary and caption are the same', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if summary and caption are the same', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<table summary="Hi" id="target"><caption>Hi</caption><tr><td></td></tr></table>'
     );
 
@@ -60,18 +59,24 @@ describe('same-caption-summary', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if summary and caption are the same with mixed casing', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<table summary="My Table" id="target">' +
-        '<caption> my table </caption>' +
-        '<thead>' +
-        '<tr><th scope="col">Head</th></tr>' +
-        '</thead>' +
-        '<tbody>' +
-        '<tr><td>Data</td></tr>' +
-        '</tbody>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  it('should return true if summary and caption are the same with mixed casing', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(html`
+      <table summary="My Table" id="target">
+        <caption>
+          my table
+        </caption>
+        <thead>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="col">Head</th>
+          </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td>Data</td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+    `);
 
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -80,26 +85,32 @@ describe('same-caption-summary', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should match slotted caption elements',
-    function () {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div>' +
-          '<span slot="caption">Caption</span>' +
-          '<span slot="one">Data element 1</span>' +
-          '<span slot="two">Data element 2</span>' +
-          '</div>',
-        '<table summary="Caption" id="target">' +
-          '<caption><slot name="caption"></slot></caption>' +
-          '<tr><td><slot name="one"></slot></td><td><slot name="two"></slot></td></tr>' +
-          '</table>'
-      );
+  it('should match slotted caption elements', () => {
+    const params = shadowCheckSetup(
+      html`
+        <div>
+          <span slot="caption">Caption</span>
+          <span slot="one">Data element 1</span>
+          <span slot="two">Data element 2</span>
+        </div>
+      `,
+      html`
+        <table summary="Caption" id="target">
+          <caption>
+            <slot name="caption"></slot>
+          </caption>
+          <tr>
+            <td><slot name="one"></slot></td>
+            <td><slot name="two"></slot></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `
+    );
 
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('same-caption-summary')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('same-caption-summary')
+        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/scope-value.js b/test/checks/tables/scope-value.js
index a7a21b57b..04f5c3a3c 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/scope-value.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/scope-value.js
@@ -1,38 +1,36 @@
-describe('scope-value', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('scope-value', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if scope is "col"', function () {
+  it('should return true if scope is "col"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><tr><td scope="col"></td></tr></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('td');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('td');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('scope-value')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if scope is "row"', function () {
+  it('should return true if scope is "row"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><tr><td scope="row"></td></tr></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('td');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('td');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('scope-value')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false otherwise', function () {
+  it('should return false otherwise', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table><tr><td scope="hahahahanothx"></td></tr></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('td');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('td');
 
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('scope-value')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should support options.values', function () {
+  it('should support options.values', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table><tr><td scope="hahahahanothx"></td></tr></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('td');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('td');
 
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('scope-value')(node, {
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/td-has-header.js b/test/checks/tables/td-has-header.js
index 5e6e6cf9c..33e11eeb4 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/td-has-header.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/td-has-header.js
@@ -1,45 +1,46 @@
-describe('td-has-header', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('td-has-header', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = null;
   });
 
-  it('should not be fooled by rowspan and colspan', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<thead>' +
-      '    <tr>' +
-      '      <td rowspan="2">Species</td>' +
-      '      <td colspan="2">Info</td>' +
-      '    </tr>' +
-      '    <tr>' +
-      '      <th>Name</th>' +
-      '      <th>Age</th>' +
-      '    </tr>' +
-      '  </thead>' +
-      '  <tbody>' +
-      '    <tr>' +
-      '      <td>Gorilla</td>' +
-      '      <td>Koko</td>' +
-      '      <td>44</td>' +
-      '    </tr>' +
-      '    <tr>' +
-      '      <td>Human</td>' +
-      '      <td>Matt</td>' +
-      '      <td>33</td>' +
-      '    </tr>' +
-      '  </tbody>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should not be fooled by rowspan and colspan', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <thead>
+          <tr>
+            <td rowspan="2">Species</td>
+            <td colspan="2">Info</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th>Name</th>
+            <th>Age</th>
+          </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td>Gorilla</td>
+            <td>Koko</td>
+            <td>44</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td>Human</td>
+            <td>Matt</td>
+            <td>33</td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    var result = axe.testUtils
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const result = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header')
       .call(checkContext, node);
 
@@ -47,107 +48,162 @@ describe('td-has-header', function () {
     assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes.length, 4);
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a row header', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a row header', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td>hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a column header', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <th>hello</th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td>hi</td> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a column header', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <th>hello</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>hi</td>
+          <td>hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty cell has aria-label', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <td aria-label="one">hi</td> <td aria-label="two">hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td aria-label="one">hi</td> <td aria-label="two">hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true each non-empty cell has aria-label', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td aria-label="one">hi</td>
+          <td aria-label="two">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td aria-label="one">hi</td>
+          <td aria-label="two">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty cell has aria-labelledby', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="one">one</div><div id="two">two</div>' +
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <td aria-labelledby="one">hi</td> <td aria-labelledby="two">hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td aria-labelledby="one">hi</td> <td aria-labelledby="two">hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true each non-empty cell has aria-labelledby', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="one">one</div>
+      <div id="two">two</div>
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td aria-labelledby="one">hi</td>
+          <td aria-labelledby="two">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td aria-labelledby="one">hi</td>
+          <td aria-labelledby="two">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a headers attribute', function () {
+  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a headers attribute', () => {
     // This will fail under td-headers-attr because the headers must be inside the table
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="one">one</div><div id="two">two</div>' +
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <td headers="one">hi</td> <td headers="two">hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td headers="one">hi</td> <td headers="two">hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="one">one</div>
+      <div id="two">two</div>
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="one">hi</td>
+          <td headers="two">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="one">hi</td>
+          <td headers="two">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true there is at least one non-empty header', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <th>hello</th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th></th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true there is at least one non-empty header', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <th>hello</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th></th>
+          <td>hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the only data cells are empty', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '  <tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should return true if the only data cells are empty', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a cell has no headers', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '  <tr> <td>hi</td> <td>hello</td> </tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should return false if a cell has no headers', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td>hi</td>
+          <td>hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
 
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
@@ -158,15 +214,22 @@ describe('td-has-header', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a cell has no headers - complex table', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <td colspan="3">Psuedo-Caption</td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td>hi</td> <td>hello</td> <td>Ok</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return false if a cell has no headers - complex table', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="3">Psuedo-Caption</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>hi</td>
+          <td>hello</td>
+          <td>Ok</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
 
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
@@ -179,61 +242,81 @@ describe('td-has-header', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the headers element is empty', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>Hello</th> <td headers="">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true if the headers element is empty', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>Hello</th>
+          <td headers="">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
 
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the headers element refers to non-existing elements', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>Hello</th> <td headers="beatles">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true if the headers element refers to non-existing elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>Hello</th>
+          <td headers="beatles">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
 
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if all headers are empty', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th></th> <th></th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td>hi</td> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return false if all headers are empty', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th></th>
+          <th></th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>hi</td>
+          <td>hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('recognizes shadow tree content', function () {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('recognizes shadow tree content', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"> <b>header</b> </div>';
-    var shadow = fixture
+    const shadow = fixture
       .querySelector('#shadow')
       .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-    shadow.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th><slot></slot> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td> data </td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+    shadow.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th><slot></slot></th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>data</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0].actualNode;
+    const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0].actualNode;
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-has-header').call(checkContext, node)
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.js b/test/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.js
index 4fe08bc0b..99e1683ce 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.js
@@ -1,136 +1,262 @@
-describe('td-headers-attr', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('td-headers-attr', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var check = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const check = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true no headers attribute is present', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table>' +
-        '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  it('returns true no headers attribute is present', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td>hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td>hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if a valid header is present', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table>' +
-        '  <tr> <th id="hi">hello</th> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <td headers="hi">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  it('returns true if a valid header is present', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="hi">hello</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="hi">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if multiple valid headers are present', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table>' +
-        '  <tr> <th id="hi1">hello</th> <th id="hi2">hello</th> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <td headers="hi1 \t\n hi2">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  it('returns true if multiple valid headers are present', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="hi1">hello</th>
+          <th id="hi2">hello</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td
+            headers="hi1 	
+ hi2"
+          >
+            goodbye
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true with an empty header', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table>' +
-        '  <tr> <th id="hi1"></th> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <td headers="hi1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  it('returns true with an empty header', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="hi1"></th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="hi1">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if headers is empty', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table>' +
-        '  <tr> <th id="hi"> </th> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <td headers="">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  it('returns undefined if headers is empty', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="hi"></th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isUndefined(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the header is a table cell', function () {
-    var node;
+  it('returns false if the header is a table cell', () => {
+    let node;
 
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table>' +
-        '  <tr> <th> <span id="hi">hello</span> </th> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <td headers="h1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th><span id="hi">hello</span></th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="h1">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
     node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isFalse(check.call(checkContext, node));
 
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<span id="hi">hello</span>' +
-        '<table>' +
-        '  <tr> <th></th> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <td headers="h1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <span id="hi">hello</span>
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th></th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="h1">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
     node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isFalse(check.call(checkContext, node));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'cell-header-not-in-table'
+    });
 
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table id="hi">' +
-        '  <tr> <th>hello</th> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <td headers="h1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table id="hi">
+        <tr>
+          <th>hello</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="h1">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
     node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isFalse(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the header refers to the same cell', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table id="hi">' +
-        '  <tr> <th>hello</th> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <td id="bye" headers="bye">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  it('returns false if table cell referenced as header', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="hi">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="hi">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isFalse(check.call(checkContext, node));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'cell-header-not-th' });
   });
 
-  it('returns true if td[headers] is hidden', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table>' +
-        '  <tr> <th>Hello</th> <td headers="h1" hidden>goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+  it('returns true if table cell referenced as header with role rowheader or columnheader', () => {
+    let node;
+
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td role="rowheader" id="hi">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="hi">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
+
+    node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
+
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td role="columnheader" id="hi">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="hi">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
+
+    node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
+  });
+
+  it('relatedNodes contains each cell only once', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="hi1">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="hi2">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="bye" headers="hi1 hi2">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+      '
+    `);
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    check.call(checkContext, node);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [
+      fixture.querySelector('#bye')
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false if the header refers to the same cell', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table id="hi">
+        <tr>
+          <th>hello</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="bye" headers="bye">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    assert.isFalse(check.call(checkContext, node));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'header-refs-self' });
+  });
+
+  it('returns true if td[headers] is hidden', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>Hello</th>
+          <td headers="h1" hidden>goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if td[headers] has aria-hidden=true', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table>' +
-        '  <tr> <th>Hello</th> <td headers="h1" aria-hidden="true">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+  it('returns true if td[headers] has aria-hidden=true', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>Hello</th>
+          <td headers="h1" aria-hidden="true">goodbye</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells.js b/test/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells.js
index 37058aea6..3d0c9b67f 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells.js
@@ -1,24 +1,29 @@
-describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('th-has-data-cells', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true each row header has a non-empty cell', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true each row header has a non-empty cell', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td>hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td>hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
@@ -26,15 +31,22 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty column header has a cell', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>H</th> <th>H</th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td>hi</td> <td>hello</td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true each non-empty column header has a cell', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>H</th>
+          <th>H</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>hi</td>
+          <td>hello</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
@@ -42,15 +54,22 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if referred to with headers attr', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <td headers="a">hi</td> <td headers="b">hello</td></tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th id="a">H</th> <th id="b">H</th> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true if referred to with headers attr', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="a">hi</td>
+          <td headers="b">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="a">H</th>
+          <th id="b">H</th>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
@@ -58,15 +77,22 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if referred to with aria-labelledby', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <td aria-labelledby="a">hi</td> <td aria-labelledby="b">hello</td></tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th id="a">H</th> <th id="b">H</th> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true if referred to with aria-labelledby', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td aria-labelledby="a">hi</td>
+          <td aria-labelledby="b">hello</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="a">H</th>
+          <th id="b">H</th>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
@@ -74,14 +100,21 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the th element is empty', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th></th> <th></th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th></th> <th></th> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true if the th element is empty', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th></th>
+          <th></th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th></th>
+          <th></th>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
@@ -89,20 +122,46 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when the td has a content element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td><input type="text"></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td><textarea></textarea></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td><select><option>a</option></select></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td><img src="" alt="foo"></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td><video></video></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td><audio></audio></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td><span role="img"></span></td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true when the td has a content element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td><input type="text" /></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td><textarea></textarea></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td>
+            <select>
+              <option>a</option>
+            </select>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td><img src="" alt="foo" /></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td><video></video></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td><audio></audio></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td><span role="img"></span></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
@@ -110,15 +169,20 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if a th has no data cells', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return undefined if a th has no data cells', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
@@ -126,15 +190,22 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if all data cells are empty', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td></td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td></td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true if all data cells are empty', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
@@ -142,14 +213,15 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if a td with role=columnheader is used that has no data cells', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table id="fail4">' +
-      '  <tr> <td>axe</td> <td role="columnheader">AXE</th> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return undefined if a td with role=columnheader is used that has no data cells', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table id="fail4">
+        <tr> <td>axe</td> <td role="columnheader">AXE</th> </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
@@ -157,21 +229,22 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if table cell points to a different header', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr>' +
-      '<th id="col1">Column 1</th>' +
-      '<th id="Column2">Column 2</th>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '<tr>' +
-      '<td></td>' +
-      '<td headers="col1"></td>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return undefined if table cell points to a different header', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="col1">Column 1</th>
+          <th id="Column2">Column 2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td headers="col1"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
@@ -179,19 +252,24 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('recognizes shadow tree content', function () {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('recognizes shadow tree content', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"> <b>data</b> </div>';
-    var shadow = fixture
+    const shadow = fixture
       .querySelector('#shadow')
       .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-    shadow.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th> header </th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td><slot></slot></td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+    shadow.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th>header</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><slot></slot></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0].actualNode;
+    const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0].actualNode;
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('th-has-data-cells')
diff --git a/test/checks/visibility/hidden-content.js b/test/checks/visibility/hidden-content.js
index 41211b94f..5ef6a7896 100644
--- a/test/checks/visibility/hidden-content.js
+++ b/test/checks/visibility/hidden-content.js
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 /* global xit */
-describe('hidden content', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('hidden content', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined with display:none and children', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return undefined with display:none and children', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" style="display: none;"><p>Some paragraph text.</p></div>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ describe('hidden content', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined with visibility:hidden and children', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return undefined with visibility:hidden and children', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" style="visibility: hidden;"><p>Some paragraph text.</p></div>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ describe('hidden content', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true with visibility:hidden and parent with visibility:hidden', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true with visibility:hidden and parent with visibility:hidden', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="visibility: hidden;"><p id="target" style="visibility: hidden;">Some paragraph text.</p></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ describe('hidden content', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true with aria-hidden and no content', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true with aria-hidden and no content', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<span id="target" class="icon" aria-hidden="true"></span>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ describe('hidden content', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should skip whitelisted elements', function () {
-    var node = document.querySelector('head');
+  it('should skip whitelisted elements', () => {
+    const node = document.querySelector('head');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.documentElement);
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('hidden-content')(
         node,
@@ -70,17 +70,20 @@ describe('hidden content', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works on elements in a shadow DOM', function () {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works on elements in a shadow DOM', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"> <div id="content">text</div> </div>';
-    var shadowRoot = document
+    const shadowRoot = document
       .getElementById('shadow')
       .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-    shadowRoot.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="display:none">' + '<slot></slot>' + '</div>';
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="target" style="display:none">
+        <slot></slot>
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var shadow = document.querySelector('#shadow');
-    var virtualShadow = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadow);
+    const shadow = document.querySelector('#shadow');
+    const virtualShadow = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadow);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('hidden-content')(
         shadow,
@@ -89,8 +92,8 @@ describe('hidden content', function () {
       )
     );
 
-    var target = shadowRoot.querySelector('#target');
-    var virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+    const target = shadowRoot.querySelector('#target');
+    const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('hidden-content')(
         target,
@@ -99,8 +102,8 @@ describe('hidden content', function () {
       )
     );
 
-    var content = document.querySelector('#content');
-    var virtualContent = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(content);
+    const content = document.querySelector('#content');
+    const virtualContent = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(content);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('hidden-content')(
         content,
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/allowed-attr.js b/test/commons/aria/allowed-attr.js
index 575b3e427..a6d2871e4 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/allowed-attr.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/allowed-attr.js
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-describe('aria.allowedAttr', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var globalAttrs;
-  before(function () {
+describe('aria.allowedAttr', () => {
+  let globalAttrs;
+  before(() => {
     axe._load({});
     globalAttrs = axe.commons.standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs();
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should returned the attributes property for the proper role', function () {
+  it('should returned the attributes property for the proper role', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ describe('aria.allowedAttr', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should also check required attributes', function () {
+  it('should also check required attributes', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ describe('aria.allowedAttr', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return an array with globally allowed attributes', function () {
+  it('should return an array with globally allowed attributes', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.allowedAttr('cats'), globalAttrs);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js b/test/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js
index d29a8bc55..b204d28b6 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js
@@ -1,37 +1,36 @@
-describe('aria.arialabelText', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var aria = axe.commons.aria;
+describe('aria.arialabelText', () => {
+  const aria = axe.commons.aria;
 
-  it('returns "" if there is no aria-label', function () {
-    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
+  it('returns "" if there is no aria-label', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
     assert.equal(aria.arialabelText(vNode), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns the aria-label attribute', function () {
-    var label = ' my label ';
-    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('returns the aria-label attribute', () => {
+    const label = ' my label ';
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: { 'aria-label': label }
     });
     assert.equal(aria.arialabelText(vNode), label);
   });
 
-  it('returns "" if there is no aria-label', function () {
-    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
+  it('returns "" if there is no aria-label', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
     assert.equal(aria.arialabelText(vNode), '');
   });
 
-  it('looks up the node in the flat tree', function () {
-    var label = 'harambe';
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('looks up the node in the flat tree', () => {
+    const label = 'harambe';
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('aria-label', label);
 
     axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(node);
     assert.equal(aria.arialabelText(node), label);
   });
 
-  it('returns "" if the node is not an element', function () {
-    var node = document.createTextNode('my text node');
+  it('returns "" if the node is not an element', () => {
+    const node = document.createTextNode('my text node');
     assert.equal(aria.arialabelText(node), '');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js b/test/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js
index 49161d702..5a402b36e 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js
@@ -1,110 +1,111 @@
-describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var aria = axe.commons.aria;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const aria = axe.commons.aria;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  it('returns the accessible name of the aria-labelledby references', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div id="foo">Foo text</div>'
-    );
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
+  it('returns the accessible name of the aria-labelledby references', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <div id="foo">Foo text</div>
+    `);
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
     assert.equal(accName, 'Foo text');
   });
 
-  it('works with virtual nodes', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div id="foo">Foo text</div>'
-    );
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
+  it('works with virtual nodes', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <div id="foo">Foo text</div>
+    `);
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
     assert.equal(accName, 'Foo text');
   });
 
-  it('returns references in order', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="bar baz foo"></div>' +
-        '<div id="foo">Foo</div>' +
-        '<div id="bar">Bar</div>' +
-        '<div id="baz">Baz</div>'
-    );
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
+  it('returns references in order', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="bar baz foo"></div>
+      <div id="foo">Foo</div>
+      <div id="bar">Bar</div>
+      <div id="baz">Baz</div>
+    `);
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
     assert.equal(accName, 'Bar Baz Foo');
   });
 
-  it('returns "" if the node is not an element', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target.actualNode.firstChild);
+  it('returns "" if the node is not an element', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target.actualNode.firstChild);
     assert.equal(accName, '');
   });
 
-  it('returns "" with context.inLabelledByContext: true', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div id="foo">Foo text</div>'
-    );
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target, {
+  it('returns "" with context.inLabelledByContext: true', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <div id="foo">Foo text</div>
+    `);
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target, {
       inLabelledByContext: true
     });
     assert.equal(accName, '');
   });
 
-  it('returns "" with context.inControlContext: true', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div id="foo">Foo text</div>'
-    );
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target, {
+  it('returns "" with context.inControlContext: true', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <div id="foo">Foo text</div>
+    `);
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target, {
       inControlContext: true
     });
     assert.equal(accName, '');
   });
 
-  it('returns content of a aria-hidden reference', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div id="foo" aria-hidden="true">Foo text</div>'
-    );
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
+  it('returns content of a aria-hidden reference', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <div id="foo" aria-hidden="true">Foo text</div>
+    `);
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
     assert.equal(accName, 'Foo text');
   });
 
-  it('returns content of a `display:none` reference', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div id="foo" style="display:none">Foo text</div>'
-    );
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
+  it('returns content of a `display:none` reference', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <div id="foo" style="display:none">Foo text</div>
+    `);
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
     assert.equal(accName, 'Foo text');
   });
 
-  it('returns does not return hidden content of a visible reference', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div id="foo"><div style="display:none">Foo text</div></div>'
-    );
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
+  it('returns does not return hidden content of a visible reference', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <div id="foo"><div style="display:none">Foo text</div></div>
+    `);
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
     assert.equal(accName, '');
   });
 
-  it('does not follow more than one aria-labelledy reference', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div id="foo"><div aria-labelledby="bar" role="heading"></div></div>' +
-        '<div id="bar">Foo text</div>'
-    );
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target, {
+  it('does not follow more than one aria-labelledy reference', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <div id="foo"><div aria-labelledby="bar" role="heading"></div></div>
+      <div id="bar">Foo text</div>
+    `);
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target, {
       inControlContext: true
     });
     assert.equal(accName, '');
   });
 
-  it('preserves spacing', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div id="foo"> \t Foo \n text \t </div>'
+  it('preserves spacing', () => {
+    const spaced = ' \t Foo \n text \t ';
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+        <div id="foo">${spaced}</div>`
     );
-    var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
-    assert.equal(accName, ' \t Foo \n text \t ');
+    const accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target);
+    assert.equal(accName, spaced);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js b/test/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js
index 00820526e..b5789acd0 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var getAccessibleRefs = axe.commons.aria.getAccessibleRefs;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const getAccessibleRefs = axe.commons.aria.getAccessibleRefs;
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
   function setLookup(attrs) {
     axe.configure({
@@ -13,66 +13,66 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function () {
     });
   }
 
-  before(function () {
+  before(() => {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns empty array by default', function () {
+  it('returns empty array by default', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div>';
-    var node = document.getElementById('foo');
+    const node = document.getElementById('foo');
     assert.lengthOf(getAccessibleRefs(node), 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in aria IDREF attributes', function () {
+  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in aria IDREF attributes', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="ref" aria-foo="foo"></div><i id="foo"></i>';
-    var node = document.getElementById('foo');
-    var ref = document.getElementById('ref');
+    const node = document.getElementById('foo');
+    const ref = document.getElementById('ref');
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node), [ref]);
   });
 
-  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in aria IDREFS attributes', function () {
+  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in aria IDREFS attributes', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idrefs' } });
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="ref" aria-bar="foo bar"></div><i id="foo"></i><b id="bar"></b>';
 
-    var node1 = document.getElementById('foo');
-    var node2 = document.getElementById('bar');
-    var ref = document.getElementById('ref');
+    const node1 = document.getElementById('foo');
+    const node2 = document.getElementById('bar');
+    const ref = document.getElementById('ref');
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node1), [ref]);
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node2), [ref]);
   });
 
-  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in label[for] attributes', function () {
+  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in label[for] attributes', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<label id="ref" for="baz">baz</label><input id="baz">';
-    var node = document.getElementById('baz');
-    var ref = document.getElementById('ref');
+    const node = document.getElementById('baz');
+    const ref = document.getElementById('ref');
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node), [ref]);
   });
 
-  it('returns all nodes used in aria IDREF attributes', function () {
+  it('returns all nodes used in aria IDREF attributes', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idrefs' } });
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="ref1" aria-bar="foo"><div id="ref2" aria-bar="foo"></div><i id="foo"></i>';
 
-    var node = document.getElementById('foo');
-    var ref1 = document.getElementById('ref1');
-    var ref2 = document.getElementById('ref2');
+    const node = document.getElementById('foo');
+    const ref1 = document.getElementById('ref1');
+    const ref2 = document.getElementById('ref2');
 
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node), [ref1, ref2]);
   });
 
-  it('does not break on a custom .children property', function () {
+  it('does not break on a custom .children property', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="ref" aria-foo="foo"></div><i id="foo"></i>';
-    var node = document.getElementById('foo');
-    var ref = document.getElementById('ref');
+    const node = document.getElementById('foo');
+    const ref = document.getElementById('ref');
 
     Object.defineProperty(node, 'children', {
       value: ['#ref']
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node), [ref]);
   });
 
-  describe('when JavaScript object names are used as IDs', function () {
+  describe('when JavaScript object names are used as IDs', () => {
     const ids = [
       'prototype',
       'constructor',
@@ -91,14 +91,16 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function () {
       'toString'
     ];
     for (const id of ids) {
-      it(`does not break with id="${id}"`, function () {
+      it(`does not break with id="${id}"`, () => {
         setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idrefs' } });
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<div id="ref" aria-bar="${ids.join(
-          ' '
-        )}"></div><i id="${id}"></i>`;
-
-        var node = document.getElementById(id);
-        var ref = document.getElementById('ref');
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<div
+            id="ref"
+            aria-bar="${ids.join(' ')}"
+          ></div>
+          <i id="${id}"></i>`;
+
+        const node = document.getElementById(id);
+        const ref = document.getElementById('ref');
         assert.deepEqual(
           getAccessibleRefs(node),
           [ref],
@@ -108,27 +110,29 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works inside shadow DOM', function () {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works inside shadow DOM', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
 
-    var shadow = document.getElementById('foo').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const shadow = document
+      .getElementById('foo')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadow.innerHTML = '<div id="ref" aria-bar="bar"></div><b id="bar"></b>';
 
-    var node = shadow.getElementById('bar');
-    var ref = shadow.getElementById('ref');
+    const node = shadow.getElementById('bar');
+    const ref = shadow.getElementById('ref');
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node), [ref]);
   });
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns empty array for IDREFs inside shadow DOM',
-    function () {
+    () => {
       setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idrefs' } });
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div>';
-      var node1 = document.getElementById('foo');
-      var node2 = document.getElementById('bar');
+      const node1 = document.getElementById('foo');
+      const node2 = document.getElementById('bar');
 
-      var shadow = node1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const shadow = node1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<div aria-foo="foo bar"><slot></slot></div>';
 
       assert.lengthOf(getAccessibleRefs(node1), 0);
@@ -138,35 +142,35 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function () {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns empty array for IDREFs outside shadow DOM',
-    function () {
+    () => {
       setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idref' } });
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="foo" aria-bar="bar"><div aria-bar="bar"></div></div>';
 
-      var shadow = document
+      const shadow = document
         .getElementById('foo')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<div id="bar"><slot></slot></div>';
 
-      var node = shadow.getElementById('bar');
+      const node = shadow.getElementById('bar');
       assert.lengthOf(getAccessibleRefs(node), 0);
     }
   );
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('separates IDREFs by roots', function () {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('separates IDREFs by roots', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="foo"></div><div id="outside" aria-bar="foo"></div><div id="shadow"></div>';
 
-    var shadow = document
+    const shadow = document
       .getElementById('shadow')
       .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadow.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="inside" aria-bar="foo"></div>';
 
-    var outsideNode = document.getElementById('foo');
-    var outsideRef = document.getElementById('outside');
-    var insideNode = shadow.getElementById('foo');
-    var insideRef = shadow.getElementById('inside');
+    const outsideNode = document.getElementById('foo');
+    const outsideRef = document.getElementById('outside');
+    const insideNode = shadow.getElementById('foo');
+    const insideRef = shadow.getElementById('inside');
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(outsideNode), [outsideRef]);
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(insideNode), [insideRef]);
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js b/test/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js
index f234abb64..56da46ef9 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js
@@ -1,151 +1,151 @@
-describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function () {
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
-  var getElementUnallowedRoles = axe.commons.aria.getElementUnallowedRoles;
+describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', () => {
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+  const getElementUnallowedRoles = axe.commons.aria.getElementUnallowedRoles;
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=application when used on a input elm', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
-    var role = 'application';
+  it('returns unallowed role=application when used on a input elm', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
+    const role = 'application';
     node.setAttribute('type', '');
     node.setAttribute('aria-pressed', '');
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual);
     assert.include(actual, role);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on type=checkbox and aria-pressed attr on input elm', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
+  it('returns empty on type=checkbox and aria-pressed attr on input elm', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
     node.setAttribute('type', 'checkbox');
     node.setAttribute('aria-pressed', '');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=menubar when used on a li elm', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('li');
-    var role = 'menubar';
+  it('returns unallowed role=menubar when used on a li elm', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('li');
+    const role = 'menubar';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, role);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=menuitemcheckbox with type=button on input elm', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
-    var role = 'menuitemcheckbox';
+  it('returns empty on role=menuitemcheckbox with type=button on input elm', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
+    const role = 'menuitemcheckbox';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     node.setAttribute('type', 'button');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=option when used on section elm', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('section');
-    var role = 'option';
+  it('returns unallowed role=option when used on section elm', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
+    const role = 'option';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual);
     assert.include(actual, role);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=menuitemradio and type=radio on input elm', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
-    var role = 'menuitemradio';
+  it('returns empty on role=menuitemradio and type=radio on input elm', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
+    const role = 'menuitemradio';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     node.setAttribute('type', 'radio');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=textbox on a input elm and  allowImplicit is true (default)', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
-    var role = 'textbox';
+  it('returns unallowed role=textbox on a input elm and  allowImplicit is true (default)', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
+    const role = 'textbox';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, true);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, true);
     assert.isEmpty(actual, role);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=button on div elm when role is not implicit and allowImplicit: false', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns empty on role=button on div elm when role is not implicit and allowImplicit: false', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=contentinfo on footer elm and allowImplicit: false', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('footer');
+  it('returns unallowed role=contentinfo on footer elm and allowImplicit: false', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('footer');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'contentinfo');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, 'contentinfo');
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=banner on header elm and allowImplicit:false', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('header');
+  it('returns unallowed role=banner on header elm and allowImplicit:false', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('header');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'banner');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, 'banner');
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=contentinfo on footer elm when allowImplicit:true', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('footer');
+  it('returns empty on role=contentinfo on footer elm when allowImplicit:true', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('footer');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'contentinfo');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=banner on header elm when allowImplicit:true', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('header');
+  it('returns empty on role=banner on header elm when allowImplicit:true', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('header');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'banner');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty role=doc-backlink on anchor elm and allowImplicit:false', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('a');
+  it('returns empty role=doc-backlink on anchor elm and allowImplicit:false', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('a');
     node.setAttribute('href', '#');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-backlink');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=doc-backlink on anchor elm when allowImplicit:true', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('a');
+  it('returns empty on role=doc-backlink on anchor elm when allowImplicit:true', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('a');
     node.setAttribute('href', '#');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-backlink');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=doc-backlink on anchor elm without href attr and allowImplicit:false', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('a');
+  it('returns unallowed role=doc-backlink on anchor elm without href attr and allowImplicit:false', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('a');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-backlink');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, 'doc-backlink');
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=doc-backlink on anchor elm without href attr and allowImplicit:true', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('a');
+  it('returns unallowed role=doc-backlink on anchor elm without href attr and allowImplicit:true', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('a');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-backlink');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node);
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, 'doc-backlink');
   });
 
-  it('returns empty role=banner on header elm when using axe.configure and allowImplicit:false', function () {
+  it('returns empty role=banner on header elm when using axe.configure and allowImplicit:false', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         htmlElms: {
@@ -156,14 +156,14 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var node = document.createElement('header');
+    const node = document.createElement('header');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'banner');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty role=contentinfo on footer elm when using axe.configure and allowImplicit:false', function () {
+  it('returns empty role=contentinfo on footer elm when using axe.configure and allowImplicit:false', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         htmlElms: {
@@ -174,35 +174,35 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function () {
         }
       }
     });
-    var node = document.createElement('footer');
+    const node = document.createElement('footer');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'contentinfo');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=row when when used on TR element and allowImplicit:false', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('tr');
+  it('returns unallowed role=row when when used on TR element and allowImplicit:false', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('tr');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'row');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(node, false);
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, 'row');
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on type=checkbox and aria-pressed attr on SerialVirtualNode with a input elm', function () {
-    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('returns empty on type=checkbox and aria-pressed attr on SerialVirtualNode with a input elm', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'checkbox',
         'aria-pressed': ''
       }
     });
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(vNode);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(vNode);
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=application for a SerialVirtualNode with a input elm', function () {
-    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('returns unallowed role=application for a SerialVirtualNode with a input elm', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         role: 'application',
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function () {
         'aria-pressed': ''
       }
     });
-    var actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(vNode);
+    const actual = getElementUnallowedRoles(vNode);
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual);
     assert.include(actual, 'application');
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-explicit-role.js b/test/commons/aria/get-explicit-role.js
index b657248d2..3747218ef 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-explicit-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-explicit-role.js
@@ -1,141 +1,140 @@
-describe('aria.getExplicitRole', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var aria = axe.commons.aria;
-  var roleDefinitions = aria.lookupTable.role;
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
-
-  it('returns valid roles', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+describe('aria.getExplicitRole', () => {
+  const aria = axe.commons.aria;
+  const roleDefinitions = aria.lookupTable.role;
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+
+  it('returns valid roles', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
-    var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+    const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('handles case sensitivity', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('handles case sensitivity', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'BUTTON');
-    var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+    const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('handles whitespacing', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('handles whitespacing', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', ' button  ');
-    var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+    const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('returns null when there is no role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
-    var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+  it('returns null when there is no role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns the explicit role if it is valid and non-abstract', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('li');
+  it('returns the explicit role if it is valid and non-abstract', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('li');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitem');
-    var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+    const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode), 'menuitem');
   });
 
-  it('ignores fallback roles by default', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('ignores fallback roles by default', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'spinbutton button');
-    var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+    const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns null if the node is not an element', function () {
-    var node = document.createTextNode('foo bar baz');
-    var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+  it('returns null if the node is not an element', () => {
+    const node = document.createTextNode('foo bar baz');
+    const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode));
   });
 
-  describe('abstracts', function () {
-    it('ignores abstract roles by default', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+  describe('abstracts', () => {
+    it('ignores abstract roles by default', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'section');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(roleDefinitions.section.type, 'abstract');
       assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns abstract roles with `abstracts: true`', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('returns abstract roles with `abstracts: true`', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'section');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(roleDefinitions.section.type, 'abstract');
       assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { abstracts: true }), 'section');
     });
 
-    it('does not returns abstract roles with `abstracts: false`', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('does not returns abstract roles with `abstracts: false`', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'section');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(roleDefinitions.section.type, 'abstract');
       assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { abstracts: false }));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('dpub', function () {
-    it('ignores DPUB roles by default', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('section');
+  describe('dpub', () => {
+    it('ignores DPUB roles by default', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns DPUB roles with `dpub: true`', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('section');
+    it('returns DPUB roles with `dpub: true`', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { dpub: true }), 'doc-chapter');
     });
 
-    it('does not returns DPUB roles with `dpub: false`', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('section');
+    it('does not returns DPUB roles with `dpub: false`', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { dpub: false }));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('fallback', function () {
-    it('returns the first valid item in the list', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+  describe('fallback', () => {
+    it('returns the first valid item in the list', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'link button');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { fallback: true }), 'link');
     });
 
-    it('skips over invalid roles', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+    it('skips over invalid roles', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'foobar button');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { fallback: true }), 'button');
     });
 
-    it('returns the null if all roles are invalid and there is no implicit role', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+    it('returns the null if all roles are invalid and there is no implicit role', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'foo bar baz');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { fallback: true }));
     });
 
-    it('respect the `abstracts` option', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('respect the `abstracts` option', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter section');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(
         aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { fallback: true, abstracts: true }),
         'section'
       );
     });
 
-    it('respect the `dpub` option', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('respect the `dpub` option', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter section');
-      var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+      const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(
         aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { fallback: true, dpub: true }),
         'doc-chapter'
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js b/test/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js
index 6011c16af..14e862974 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js
@@ -1,35 +1,39 @@
-describe('aria.getOwnedVirtual', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var aria = axe.commons.aria;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+describe('aria.getOwnedVirtual', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const aria = axe.commons.aria;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  it('returns a list of children in order', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="target">' +
-        '<h1>heading 1</h1>' +
-        '<h2>heading 2</h2>' +
-        '<h3>heading 3</h3>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
-    var owned = aria.getOwnedVirtual(target);
+  it('returns a list of children in order', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <h1>heading 1</h1>
+        <h2>heading 2</h2>
+        <h3>heading 3</h3>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    const owned = aria
+      .getOwnedVirtual(target)
+      .filter(({ props }) => props.nodeType === 1);
     assert.lengthOf(owned, 3);
     assert.equal(owned[0].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H1');
     assert.equal(owned[1].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H2');
     assert.equal(owned[2].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H3');
   });
 
-  it('adds aria-owned reffed elements to the children', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-owns="hdr3 hdr4">' +
-        '<h1>heading 1</h1>' +
-        '<h2>heading 2</h2>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<h4 id="hdr4">heading 4</h4>' +
-        '<h3 id="hdr3">heading 3</h3>'
-    );
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
-    var owned = aria.getOwnedVirtual(target);
+  it('adds aria-owned reffed elements to the children', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-owns="hdr3 hdr4">
+        <h1>heading 1</h1>
+        <h2>heading 2</h2>
+      </div>
+      <h4 id="hdr4">heading 4</h4>
+      <h3 id="hdr3">heading 3</h3>
+    `);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    const owned = aria
+      .getOwnedVirtual(target)
+      .filter(({ props }) => props.nodeType === 1);
     assert.lengthOf(owned, 4);
     assert.equal(owned[0].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H1');
     assert.equal(owned[1].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H2');
@@ -37,63 +41,130 @@ describe('aria.getOwnedVirtual', function () {
     assert.equal(owned[3].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H4');
   });
 
-  it('ignores whitespace-only aria-owned', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-owns="  ">' +
-        '<h1>heading 1</h1>' +
-        '<h2>heading 2</h2>' +
-        '<h3>heading 3</h3>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
-    var owned = aria.getOwnedVirtual(target);
+  it('does not return duplicate when child is also aria-owned', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div role="tablist" id="target" aria-owns="foo">
+        <div id="foo" role="menuitem">foo</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    const owned = aria
+      .getOwnedVirtual(target)
+      .filter(({ props }) => props.nodeType === 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(owned, 1);
+    assert.equal(owned[0].actualNode.id, 'foo');
+  });
+
+  it('does not return duplicate when same ID appears multiple times in aria-owns', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div role="list" id="target" aria-owns="a b a"></div>
+      <div role="listitem" id="a">A</div>
+      <div role="listitem" id="b">B</div>
+    `);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    const owned = aria
+      .getOwnedVirtual(target)
+      .filter(({ props }) => props.nodeType === 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(owned, 2);
+    assert.equal(owned[0].actualNode.id, 'a');
+    assert.equal(owned[1].actualNode.id, 'b');
+  });
+
+  it('moves aria-owned child to the end', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div role="list" id="target" aria-owns="a">
+        <div role="listitem" id="a">A</div>
+        <div role="listitem" id="b">B</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    const owned = aria
+      .getOwnedVirtual(target)
+      .filter(({ props }) => props.nodeType === 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(owned, 2);
+    assert.equal(owned[0].actualNode.id, 'b');
+    assert.equal(owned[1].actualNode.id, 'a');
+  });
+
+  it('moves multiple aria-owned children to the end in aria-owns order', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div role="list" id="target" aria-owns="c a">
+        <div role="listitem" id="a">A</div>
+        <div role="listitem" id="b">B</div>
+        <div role="listitem" id="c">C</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    const owned = aria
+      .getOwnedVirtual(target)
+      .filter(({ props }) => props.nodeType === 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(owned, 3);
+    assert.equal(owned[0].actualNode.id, 'b');
+    assert.equal(owned[1].actualNode.id, 'c');
+    assert.equal(owned[2].actualNode.id, 'a');
+  });
+
+  it('ignores whitespace-only aria-owned', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-owns="  ">
+        <h1>heading 1</h1>
+        <h2>heading 2</h2>
+        <h3>heading 3</h3>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    const owned = aria
+      .getOwnedVirtual(target)
+      .filter(({ props }) => props.nodeType === 1);
     assert.lengthOf(owned, 3);
     assert.equal(owned[0].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H1');
     assert.equal(owned[1].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H2');
     assert.equal(owned[2].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H3');
   });
 
-  it('ignores broken aria-owned refs', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-owns="nonexisting reference">' +
-        '<h1>heading 1</h1>' +
-        '<h2>heading 2</h2>' +
-        '<h3>heading 3</h3>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
-    var owned = aria.getOwnedVirtual(target);
+  it('ignores broken aria-owned refs', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-owns="nonexisting reference">
+        <h1>heading 1</h1>
+        <h2>heading 2</h2>
+        <h3>heading 3</h3>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    const owned = aria
+      .getOwnedVirtual(target)
+      .filter(({ props }) => props.nodeType === 1);
     assert.lengthOf(owned, 3);
     assert.equal(owned[0].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H1');
     assert.equal(owned[1].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H2');
     assert.equal(owned[2].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H3');
   });
 
-  it('includes text nodes', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-owns="nonexisting reference">' +
-        'text 1' +
-        '<h1>heading 1</h1>' +
-        'text 2' +
-        '<h2>heading 2</h2>' +
-        ' \t\n' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
-    var owned = aria.getOwnedVirtual(target);
+  it('includes text nodes', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="target" aria-owns="nonexisting reference">
+        text 1
+        <h1>heading 1</h1>
+        text 2
+        <h2>heading 2</h2>
+        ${' \t\n'}
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    const owned = aria.getOwnedVirtual(target);
 
     assert.lengthOf(owned, 5);
-    assert.equal(owned[0].actualNode.textContent, 'text 1');
-    assert.equal(owned[1].actualNode.textContent, 'heading 1');
-    assert.equal(owned[2].actualNode.textContent, 'text 2');
-    assert.equal(owned[3].actualNode.textContent, 'heading 2');
-    assert.equal(owned[4].actualNode.textContent, ' \t\n');
+    assert.include(owned[0].actualNode.textContent, 'text 1');
+    assert.include(owned[1].actualNode.textContent, 'heading 1');
+    assert.include(owned[2].actualNode.textContent, 'text 2');
+    assert.include(owned[3].actualNode.textContent, 'heading 2');
+    assert.include(owned[4].actualNode.textContent, ' \t\n');
   });
 
-  it('returns an empty array if there are no owned elements', function () {
+  it('returns an empty array if there are no owned elements', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="target" aria-owns="nonexisting reference"></div>');
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
-    var owned = aria.getOwnedVirtual(target);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    const owned = aria.getOwnedVirtual(target);
     assert.lengthOf(owned, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-role-type.js b/test/commons/aria/get-role-type.js
index 6b6a4ea4d..16a9d05fa 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-role-type.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-role-type.js
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-describe('aria.getRoleType', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var getRoleType = axe.commons.aria.getRoleType;
+describe('aria.getRoleType', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const getRoleType = axe.commons.aria.getRoleType;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
@@ -16,33 +15,33 @@ describe('aria.getRoleType', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return the type from the lookup table', function () {
+  it('should return the type from the lookup table', () => {
     assert.equal(getRoleType('cats'), 'stuff');
   });
 
-  it('should return null if role is not found in the lookup table', function () {
+  it('should return null if role is not found in the lookup table', () => {
     assert.isNull(getRoleType('dogs'));
   });
 
-  it('should return null when passed null', function () {
+  it('should return null when passed null', () => {
     assert.isNull(getRoleType(null));
   });
 
-  it('should return null when passed undefined', function () {
+  it('should return null when passed undefined', () => {
     assert.isNull(getRoleType(undefined));
   });
 
-  it('returns the type from the role of a virtual node', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="cats"></span>');
+  it('returns the type from the role of a virtual node', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="cats"></span>');
     assert.equal(getRoleType(vNode), 'stuff');
   });
 
-  it('returns the type from the role of a DOM node', function () {
-    var domNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns the type from the role of a DOM node', () => {
+    const domNode = queryFixture(
       '<span id="target" role="cats"></span>'
     ).actualNode;
     assert.equal(getRoleType(domNode), 'stuff');
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-role.js b/test/commons/aria/get-role.js
index 340c90a88..deccbff54 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-role.js
@@ -1,367 +1,366 @@
-describe('aria.getRole', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var aria = axe.commons.aria;
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+describe('aria.getRole', () => {
+  const aria = axe.commons.aria;
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns valid roles', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns valid roles', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('handles case sensitivity', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('handles case sensitivity', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'BUTTON');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('handles whitespacing', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('handles whitespacing', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', ' button  ');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('returns null when there is no role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns null when there is no role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns the explit role if it is valid and non-abstract', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('li');
+  it('returns the explit role if it is valid and non-abstract', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('li');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitem');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'menuitem');
   });
 
-  it('returns the implicit role if the explicit is invalid', function () {
+  it('returns the implicit role if the explicit is invalid', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<ul><li id="target" role="foobar"></li></ul>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
   });
 
-  it('ignores fallback roles by default', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('ignores fallback roles by default', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'spinbutton button');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('accepts virtualNode objects', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('accepts virtualNode objects', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
-    var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
+    const vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(vNode), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('returns null if the node is not an element', function () {
-    var node = document.createTextNode('foo bar baz');
+  it('returns null if the node is not an element', () => {
+    const node = document.createTextNode('foo bar baz');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('runs role resolution with role=none', function () {
+  it('runs role resolution with role=none', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<ul><li id="target" role="none" aria-label="foo"></li></ul>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
   });
 
-  it('runs role resolution with role=presentation', function () {
+  it('runs role resolution with role=presentation', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<ul><li id="target" role="presentation" aria-label="foo"></li></ul>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
   });
 
-  it('handles focusable element with role="none"', function () {
+  it('handles focusable element with role="none"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target" role="none"></button>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  describe('presentational role inheritance', function () {
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for ul', function () {
+  describe('presentational role inheritance', () => {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for ul', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation"><li id="target">foo</li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for ol', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for ol', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ol role="presentation"><li id="target">foo</li></ol>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dt', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dt', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<dl role="presentation"><dt id="target">foo</dt><dd>bar></dd></dl>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dd', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dd', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<dl role="presentation"><dt>foo</dt><dd id="target">bar></dd></dl>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dt with div wrapper', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dt with div wrapper', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<dl role="presentation"><div><dt id="target">foo</dt><dd>bar></dd></div></dl>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dd with div wrapper', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dd with div wrapper', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<dl role="presentation"><div><dt>foo</dt><dd id="target">bar></dd></div></dl>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for thead', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for thead', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead id="target"><tr><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>hi</th><td>foo</td></tr></tbody></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for td', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for td', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead><tr><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>hi</th><td id="target">foo</td></tr></tbody></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for th', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for th', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead><tr><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th id="target">hi</th><td>foo</td></tr></tbody></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tbody', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tbody', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead><tr><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tbody id="target"><tr><th>hi</th><td>foo</td></tr></tbody></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tr', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tr', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead><tr id="target"><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>hi</th><td>foo</td></tr></tbody></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tfoot', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tfoot', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead><tr><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tfoot id="target"><tr><th>hi</th><td>foo</td></tr></tfoot></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('returns implicit role for presentation role inheritance if ancestor is not the required ancestor', function () {
+    it('returns implicit role for presentation role inheritance if ancestor is not the required ancestor', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><tr><td><ul><li id="target">foo</li></ul></td></tr></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('does not override explicit role with presentation role inheritance', function () {
+    it('does not override explicit role with presentation role inheritance', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation"><li id="target" role="listitem">foo</li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('does not continue presentation role with explicit role in between', function () {
+    it('does not continue presentation role with explicit role in between', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><tr role="row"><td id="target">foo</td></tr></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'cell');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance with invalid role in between', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance with invalid role in between', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><tr role="tablerow"><td id="target">foo</td></tr></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('does not continue presentation role through nested layers', function () {
+    it('does not continue presentation role through nested layers', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation"><li><ul><li id="target">foo</li></ul></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('throws an error if the tree is incomplete', function () {
+    it('throws an error if the tree is incomplete', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation"><li id="target">foo</li></ul>';
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         aria.getRole(node);
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('noImplicit', function () {
-    it('returns the implicit role by default', function () {
+  describe('noImplicit', () => {
+    it('returns the implicit role by default', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('returns null rather than the implicit role with `noImplicit: true`', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('returns null rather than the implicit role with `noImplicit: true`', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { noImplicit: true }));
     });
 
-    it('does not do role resolution if noImplicit: true', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('does not do role resolution if noImplicit: true', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'none');
       node.setAttribute('aria-label', 'foo');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { noImplicit: true }), null);
     });
 
-    it('still returns the explicit role', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('still returns the explicit role', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { noImplicit: true }), 'button');
     });
 
-    it('returns the implicit role with `noImplicit: false`', function () {
+    it('returns the implicit role with `noImplicit: false`', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { noImplicit: false }), 'listitem');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('abstracts', function () {
-    it('ignores abstract roles by default', function () {
+  describe('abstracts', () => {
+    it('ignores abstract roles by default', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<ul><li id="target" role="section"></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('returns abstract roles with `abstracts: true`', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('returns abstract roles with `abstracts: true`', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'section');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { abstracts: true }), 'section');
     });
 
-    it('does not returns abstract roles with `abstracts: false`', function () {
+    it('does not returns abstract roles with `abstracts: false`', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<ul><li id="target" role="section"></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { abstracts: false }), 'listitem');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('dpub', function () {
-    it('ignores DPUB roles by default', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('section');
+  describe('dpub', () => {
+    it('ignores DPUB roles by default', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns DPUB roles with `dpub: true`', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('section');
+    it('returns DPUB roles with `dpub: true`', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { dpub: true }), 'doc-chapter');
     });
 
-    it('does not returns DPUB roles with `dpub: false`', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('section');
+    it('does not returns DPUB roles with `dpub: false`', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { dpub: false }));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('fallback', function () {
-    it('returns the first valid item in the list', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+  describe('fallback', () => {
+    it('returns the first valid item in the list', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'link button');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { fallback: true }), 'link');
     });
 
-    it('skips over invalid roles', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+    it('skips over invalid roles', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'foobar button');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { fallback: true }), 'button');
     });
 
-    it('returns the null if all roles are invalid and there is no implicit role', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+    it('returns the null if all roles are invalid and there is no implicit role', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'foo bar baz');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { fallback: true }));
     });
 
-    it('respects the defaults', function () {
+    it('respects the defaults', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul><li id="target" role="doc-chapter section"></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { fallback: true }), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('respect the `noImplicit` option', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('respect the `noImplicit` option', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter section');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { fallback: true, noImplicit: true }));
     });
 
-    it('respect the `abstracts` option', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('respect the `abstracts` option', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter section');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(
@@ -370,8 +369,8 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('respect the `dpub` option', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('li');
+    it('respect the `dpub` option', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter section');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(
@@ -381,41 +380,41 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('noPresentational is honored', function () {
-    it('handles no inheritance role = presentation', function () {
+  describe('noPresentational is honored', () => {
+    it('handles no inheritance role = presentation', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation" id="target"><li>foo</li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { noPresentational: true }));
     });
 
-    it('handles inheritance role = presentation', function () {
+    it('handles inheritance role = presentation', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation"><li id="target">foo</li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { noPresentational: true }));
     });
 
-    it('handles implicit role', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('img');
+    it('handles implicit role', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('img');
       node.setAttribute('alt', '');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { noPresentational: true }));
     });
 
-    it('handles role = none', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+    it('handles role = none', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'none');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { noPresentational: true }));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('works with the SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('works with the SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           role: 'button'
@@ -424,12 +423,12 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function () {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(vNode), 'button');
     });
 
-    it('does not throw for missing parent in presentational role inheritance', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('does not throw for missing parent in presentational role inheritance', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'li'
       });
 
-      assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+      assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
         assert.equal(aria.getRole(vNode), 'listitem');
       });
     });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-roles-by-type.js b/test/commons/aria/get-roles-by-type.js
index 0174b2da3..f3b24b724 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-roles-by-type.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-roles-by-type.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('aria.getRolesByType', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  before(function () {
+describe('aria.getRolesByType', () => {
+  before(() => {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return array if roletype is found in the lookup table', function () {
+  it('should return array if roletype is found in the lookup table', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ describe('aria.getRolesByType', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.getRolesByType('stuff'), ['cats']);
   });
 
-  it('should return empty array if role is not found in the lookup table', function () {
+  it('should return empty array if role is not found in the lookup table', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.getRolesByType('blahblahblah'), []);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-roles-with-name-from-contents.js b/test/commons/aria/get-roles-with-name-from-contents.js
index fc5b56fbe..a2f003116 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-roles-with-name-from-contents.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-roles-with-name-from-contents.js
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-describe('aria.getRolesWithNameFromContents', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  before(function () {
+describe('aria.getRolesWithNameFromContents', () => {
+  before(() => {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return array if nameFrom contents is found in the lookup table', function () {
+  it('should return array if nameFrom contents is found in the lookup table', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/implicit-role.js b/test/commons/aria/implicit-role.js
index 03b6ed56f..955e5e2f1 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/implicit-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/implicit-role.js
@@ -1,468 +1,581 @@
-describe('aria.implicitRole', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var implicitRole = axe.commons.aria.implicitRole;
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-  });
+describe('aria.implicitRole', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const implicitRole = axe.commons.aria.implicitRole;
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
   // test string role (don't need to test all of them just that
   // one works)
-  it('should return button for button', function () {
+  it('should return button for button', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target"></button>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('should error if element is not in the tree', function () {
+  it('should error if element is not in the tree', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target"></button>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    assert.throws(function () {
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    assert.throws(() => {
       implicitRole(node);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there is no implicit role', function () {
+  it('should return null if there is no implicit role', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there is no implicit role when not considering chromium', function () {
+  it('should return null if there is no implicit role when not considering chromium', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<canvas id="target" aria-label="hello"></canvas>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return the chromium implicit role for elements that have one', function () {
+  it('should return the chromium implicit role for elements that have one', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<canvas id="target" aria-label="hello"></canvas>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node, { chromium: true }), 'Canvas');
   });
 
-  it('should return link for "a[href]"', function () {
+  it('should return link for "a[href]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a id="target" href>link</a>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'link');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "a:not([href])"', function () {
+  it('should return null for "a:not([href])"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a id="target">link</a>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return link for "area[href]"', function () {
+  it('should return link for "area[href]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<area id="target" href>link</area>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'link');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "area:not([href])"', function () {
+  it('should return null for "area:not([href])"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<area id="target">link</area>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return contentinfo for "body footer"', function () {
+  it('should return contentinfo for "body footer"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<footer id="target"></footer>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'contentinfo');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for footer with sectioning parent', function () {
-    var nodes = ['article', 'aside', 'main', 'nav', 'section'];
-    var roles = ['article', 'complementary', 'main', 'navigation', 'region'];
+  it('should return null for footer with sectioning or main parent', () => {
+    const nodes = ['article', 'aside', 'main', 'nav', 'section'];
+    const roles = ['article', 'complementary', 'main', 'navigation', 'region'];
 
     for (var i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<' + nodes[i] + '><footer id="target"></footer></' + nodes[i] + '>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<${nodes[i]}><footer id="target"></footer></${nodes[i]}>`;
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      assert.isNull(implicitRole(node), nodes[i] + ' not null');
+      assert.isNull(implicitRole(node), `${nodes[i]} not null`);
     }
 
     for (var i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div role="' + roles[i] + '"><footer id="target"></footer></div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div role="${roles[i]}">
+        <footer id="target"></footer>
+      </div>`;
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      assert.isNull(implicitRole(node), '[' + roles[i] + '] not null');
+      assert.isNull(implicitRole(node), `[${roles[i]}] not null`);
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return form for form with accessible name aria-label', function () {
+  it('should return form for form with accessible name aria-label', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<form id="target" aria-label="foo"></form>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'form');
   });
 
-  it('should return form for form with accessible name aria-labelledby', function () {
+  it('should return form for form with accessible name aria-labelledby', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="foo">foo</div><form id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></form>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'form');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for form with accessible name title', function () {
+  it('should return null for form with accessible name title', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<form id="target" title="foo"></form>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null for form without accessible name', function () {
+  it('should return null for form without accessible name', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<form id="target"></form>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return banner for "body header"', function () {
+  it('should return complementary for aside scoped to body', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<aside id="target"></aside>';
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'complementary');
+  });
+
+  it('should return complementary for aside scoped to main', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<main><aside id="target"></aside></main>';
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'complementary');
+  });
+
+  it('should return complementary for aside scoped to element with role=main', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<article role="main"><aside id="target"></aside></article>';
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'complementary');
+  });
+
+  it('should return null for aside with sectioning parent', () => {
+    const nodes = ['article', 'aside', 'nav', 'section'];
+    const roles = ['article', 'complementary', 'navigation', 'region'];
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<${nodes[i]}><header id="target"></header></${nodes[i]}>`;
+      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      assert.isNull(implicitRole(node), `${nodes[i]} not null`);
+    }
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div role="${roles[i]}">
+        <header id="target"></header>
+      </div>`;
+      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      assert.isNull(implicitRole(node), `[${roles[i]}] not null`);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('should return complementary for aside with sectioning parent if aside has aria-label', () => {
+    const nodes = ['article', 'aside', 'nav', 'section'];
+    const roles = ['article', 'complementary', 'navigation', 'region'];
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<${nodes[i]}><aside id="target" aria-label="test label"></aside></${nodes[i]}>`;
+      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'complementary');
+    }
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div role="${roles[i]}">
+        <aside id="target" aria-label="test label"></aside>
+      </div>`;
+      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'complementary');
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('should return null for sectioned aside with empty aria-label', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<section><aside id="target" aria-label=" "></aside></section>';
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return complementary for sectioned aside with title', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<section><aside id="target" title="test title"></aside></section>';
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'complementary');
+  });
+
+  it('should return null for sectioned aside with empty title', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<section><aside id="target" title=" "></aside></section>';
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return banner for "body header"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<header id="target"></header>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'banner');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for header with sectioning parent', function () {
-    var nodes = ['article', 'aside', 'main', 'nav', 'section'];
-    var roles = ['article', 'complementary', 'main', 'navigation', 'region'];
+  it('should return null for header with sectioning or main parent', () => {
+    const nodes = ['article', 'aside', 'main', 'nav', 'section'];
+    const roles = ['article', 'complementary', 'main', 'navigation', 'region'];
 
     for (var i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<' + nodes[i] + '><header id="target"></header></' + nodes[i] + '>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<${nodes[i]}><header id="target"></header></${nodes[i]}>`;
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      assert.isNull(implicitRole(node), nodes[i] + ' not null');
+      assert.isNull(implicitRole(node), `${nodes[i]} not null`);
     }
 
     for (var i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div role="' + roles[i] + '"><header id="target"></header></div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div role="${roles[i]}">
+        <header id="target"></header>
+      </div>`;
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      assert.isNull(implicitRole(node), '[' + roles[i] + '] not null');
+      assert.isNull(implicitRole(node), `[${roles[i]}] not null`);
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return img for "img[alt]"', function () {
+  it('should return img for "img[alt]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt="value"></img>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'img');
   });
 
-  it('should return img for "img:not([alt])"', function () {
+  it('should return img for "img:not([alt])"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="target"></img>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'img');
   });
 
-  it('should return presentation for "img" with empty alt', function () {
+  it('should return presentation for "img" with empty alt', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt=""></img>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'presentation');
   });
 
-  it('should return img for "img" with empty alt and global aria attribute', function () {
+  it('should return img for "img" with empty alt and global aria attribute', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt="" aria-label></img>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'img');
   });
 
-  it('should return img for "img" with empty alt and focusable', function () {
+  it('should return img for "img" with empty alt and focusable', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt="" tabindex="0"></img>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'img');
   });
 
-  it('should return button for "input[type=button]"', function () {
+  it('should return button for "input[type=button]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="button"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('should return button for "input[type=image]"', function () {
+  it('should return button for "input[type=image]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="image"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('should return button for "input[type=reset]"', function () {
+  it('should return button for "input[type=reset]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="reset"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('should return button for "input[type=submit]"', function () {
+  it('should return button for "input[type=submit]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="submit"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('should return checkbox for "input[type=checkbox]"', function () {
+  it('should return checkbox for "input[type=checkbox]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="checkbox"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'checkbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=email]"', function () {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=email]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="email"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=tel]"', function () {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=tel]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="tel"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=text]"', function () {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=text]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="text"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=url]"', function () {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=url]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="url"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=password]"', function () {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=password]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="password"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=time]"', function () {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=time]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="time"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=date]"', function () {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=date]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="date"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input:not([type])"', function () {
+  it('should return textbox for "input:not([type])"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return combobox for "input[list]" that points to a datalist', function () {
+  it('should return combobox for "input[list]" that points to a datalist', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<input id="target" list="list"/><datalist id="list"></datalist>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'combobox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[list]" that does not point to a datalist', function () {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[list]" that does not point to a datalist', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" list="list"/><div id="list"></div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=password][list]"', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<input id="target" type="password" list="list"/>' +
-      '<datalist id="list"></datalist>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=password][list]"', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <input id="target" type="password" list="list" />
+      <datalist id="list"></datalist>
+    `;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return spinbutton for "input[type=number]"', function () {
+  it('should return spinbutton for "input[type=number]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="number"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'spinbutton');
   });
 
-  it('should return radio for "input[type=radio]"', function () {
+  it('should return radio for "input[type=radio]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="radio"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'radio');
   });
 
-  it('should return slider for "input[type=range]"', function () {
+  it('should return slider for "input[type=range]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="range"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'slider');
   });
 
-  it('should return searchbox for "input[type=search]"', function () {
+  it('should return searchbox for "input[type=search]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="search"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'searchbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return combobox for "input[type=search][list]"', function () {
+  it('should return combobox for "input[type=search][list]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<input id="target" type="search" list="list"/><datalist id="list"></datalist>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'combobox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=invalid]"', function () {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=invalid]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="invalid"/>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return region for "section" with accessible name aria-label', function () {
+  it('should return region for "section" with accessible name aria-label', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<section id="target" aria-label="foo"></section>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'region');
   });
 
-  it('should return region for section with accessible name aria-labelledby', function () {
+  it('should return region for section with accessible name aria-labelledby', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="foo">foo</div><section id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></section>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'region');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for section with accessible name title', function () {
+  it('should return null for section with accessible name title', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<section id="target" title="foo"></section>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "section" without accessible name', function () {
+  it('should return null for "section" without accessible name', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<section id="target"></section>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "section" with empty aria-label', function () {
+  it('should return null for "section" with empty aria-label', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<section id="target" aria-label=" "></section>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "section" with empty aria-labelledby', function () {
+  it('should return null for "section" with empty aria-labelledby', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="foo"> </div><section id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></section>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "section" with empty title', function () {
+  it('should return null for "section" with empty title', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<section id="target" title=" "></section>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return listbox for "select[multiple]"', function () {
+  it('should return listbox for "select[multiple]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target" multiple></select>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'listbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return listbox for "select[size]" > 1', function () {
+  it('should return listbox for "select[size]" > 1', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target" size="3"></select>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'listbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return combobox for "select[size]" <= 1', function () {
+  it('should return combobox for "select[size]" <= 1', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target" size="1"></select>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'combobox');
   });
 
-  it('should return combobox for "select"', function () {
+  it('should return combobox for "select"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target"></select>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'combobox');
   });
 
-  it('should return cell for "td"', function () {
+  it('should return cell for "td"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><td id="target"></td></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'cell');
   });
 
-  it('should return gridcell for "td" with grid parent', function () {
+  it('should return gridcell for "td" with grid parent', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="grid"><td id="target"></td></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'gridcell');
   });
 
-  it('should return gridcell for "td" with treegrid parent', function () {
+  it('should return gridcell for "td" with treegrid parent', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="treegrid"><td id="target"></td></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'gridcell');
   });
 
-  it('should return rowheader for "th[scope=row]"', function () {
+  it('should return rowheader for "th[scope=row]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><th id="target" scope="row"></th></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'rowheader');
   });
 
-  it('should return columnheader for "th[scope=col]"', function () {
+  it('should return columnheader for "th[scope=col]"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><th id="target" scope="col"></th></table>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'columnheader');
   });
+
+  describe('ElementInternals', () => {
+    it('returns element internals role', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<testutils-element id="target"></testutils-element>'
+      );
+      assert.equal(implicitRole(vNode), 'button');
+    });
+
+    it('returns null for element without internals', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<testutils-element id="target"></testutils-element>'
+      );
+      delete vNode.actualNode._internals;
+      assert.isNull(implicitRole(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns null for element without internals role', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<testutils-element id="target"></testutils-element>'
+      );
+      vNode.actualNode._internals.role = undefined;
+      assert.isNull(implicitRole(vNode));
+    });
+
+    // no test is needed for returning internals role over implicit html role since only custom-elements can have element internals
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/is-accessible-ref.js b/test/commons/aria/is-accessible-ref.js
index 91394cab6..6e7c48e49 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/is-accessible-ref.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/is-accessible-ref.js
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-describe('aria.isAccessibleRef', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var isAccessibleRef = axe.commons.aria.isAccessibleRef;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+describe('aria.isAccessibleRef', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const isAccessibleRef = axe.commons.aria.isAccessibleRef;
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
   function setLookup(attrs) {
     axe.configure({
@@ -13,66 +11,68 @@ describe('aria.isAccessibleRef', function () {
     });
   }
 
-  before(function () {
+  before(() => {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns false by default', function () {
+  it('returns false by default', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div>';
-    var node = document.getElementById('foo');
+    const node = document.getElementById('foo');
     assert.isFalse(isAccessibleRef(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for IDs used in aria IDREF attributes', function () {
+  it('returns true for IDs used in aria IDREF attributes', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div aria-foo="foo"></div><i id="foo"></i>';
-    var node = document.getElementById('foo');
+    const node = document.getElementById('foo');
     assert.isTrue(isAccessibleRef(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for IDs used in aria IDREFS attributes', function () {
+  it('returns true for IDs used in aria IDREFS attributes', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idrefs' } });
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div aria-bar="foo bar"></div><i id="foo"></i><b id="bar"></b>';
 
-    var node1 = document.getElementById('foo');
-    var node2 = document.getElementById('bar');
+    const node1 = document.getElementById('foo');
+    const node2 = document.getElementById('bar');
     assert.isTrue(isAccessibleRef(node1));
     assert.isTrue(isAccessibleRef(node2));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for IDs used in label[for] attributes', function () {
+  it('returns true for IDs used in label[for] attributes', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<label for="baz">baz</label><input id="baz">';
-    var node = document.getElementById('baz');
+    const node = document.getElementById('baz');
     assert.isTrue(isAccessibleRef(node));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works inside shadow DOM', function () {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works inside shadow DOM', () => {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
 
-    var shadow = document.getElementById('foo').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const shadow = document
+      .getElementById('foo')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadow.innerHTML = '<div aria-bar="bar"></div><b id="bar"></b>';
 
-    var node = shadow.getElementById('bar');
+    const node = shadow.getElementById('bar');
     assert.isTrue(isAccessibleRef(node));
   });
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns false for IDREFs inside shadow DOM',
-    function () {
+    () => {
       setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idrefs' } });
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div>';
-      var node1 = document.getElementById('foo');
-      var node2 = document.getElementById('bar');
+      const node1 = document.getElementById('foo');
+      const node2 = document.getElementById('bar');
 
-      var shadow = node1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const shadow = node1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<div aria-foo="foo bar"><slot></slot></div>';
 
       assert.isFalse(isAccessibleRef(node1));
@@ -82,17 +82,17 @@ describe('aria.isAccessibleRef', function () {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns false for IDREFs outside shadow DOM',
-    function () {
+    () => {
       setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idref' } });
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="foo" aria-bar="bar"><div aria-bar="bar"></div></div>';
 
-      var shadow = document
+      const shadow = document
         .getElementById('foo')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<div id="bar"><slot></slot></div>';
 
-      var node = shadow.getElementById('bar');
+      const node = shadow.getElementById('bar');
       assert.isFalse(isAccessibleRef(node));
     }
   );
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/is-aria-role-allowed-on-element.js b/test/commons/aria/is-aria-role-allowed-on-element.js
index 5a884f07e..851c45ea1 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/is-aria-role-allowed-on-element.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/is-aria-role-allowed-on-element.js
@@ -1,226 +1,225 @@
-describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', () => {
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for SECTION with role alert', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('section');
-    var role = 'alert';
+  it('returns true for SECTION with role alert', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
+    const role = 'alert';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role);
-    var expected = true;
+    const actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role);
+    const expected = true;
     assert.equal(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for SECTION with role checkbox', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('section');
-    var role = 'checkbox';
+  it('returns false for SECTION with role checkbox', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
+    const role = 'checkbox';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role);
-    var expected = false;
+    const actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role);
+    const expected = false;
     assert.equal(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for SVG with role alertdialog', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('svg');
-    var role = 'alertdialog';
+  it('returns true for SVG with role alertdialog', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('svg');
+    const role = 'alertdialog';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for OBJECT with role application', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('object');
-    var role = 'application';
+  it('returns true for OBJECT with role application', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('object');
+    const role = 'application';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role);
+    const actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for A with role button', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('a');
-    var role = 'button';
+  it('returns false for A with role button', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('a');
+    const role = 'button';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for ARTICLE with role cell', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('article');
-    var role = 'cell';
+  it('returns false for ARTICLE with role cell', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('article');
+    const role = 'cell';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for BUTTON with role checkbox', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('button');
-    var role = 'checkbox';
+  it('returns true for BUTTON with role checkbox', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('button');
+    const role = 'checkbox';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for IFRAME with role document', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('iframe');
-    var role = 'document';
+  it('returns true for IFRAME with role document', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('iframe');
+    const role = 'document';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for ASIDE with role feed', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('aside');
-    var role = 'feed';
+  it('returns true for ASIDE with role feed', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('aside');
+    const role = 'feed';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for FIGURE with role group', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('figure');
-    var role = 'group';
+  it('returns true for FIGURE with role group', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('figure');
+    const role = 'group';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for SVG with role img', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('svg');
-    var role = 'img';
+  it('returns true for SVG with role img', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('svg');
+    const role = 'img';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for INPUT with type image and role link', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
-    var role = 'link';
+  it('returns true for INPUT with type image and role link', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
+    const role = 'link';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     node.setAttribute('type', 'image');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for HEADER with role none', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('header');
-    var role = 'none';
+  it('returns true for HEADER with role none', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('header');
+    const role = 'none';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for LI with role option', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('li');
-    var role = 'option';
+  it('returns true for LI with role option', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('li');
+    const role = 'option';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for H1 with role tab', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('h1');
-    var role = 'tab';
+  it('returns true for H1 with role tab', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('h1');
+    const role = 'tab';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for OL with role tablist', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('ol');
-    var role = 'tablist';
+  it('returns true for OL with role tablist', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('ol');
+    const role = 'tablist';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when A has namespace as svg and role menuitem', function () {
-    var node = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'a');
+  it('returns true when A has namespace as svg and role menuitem', () => {
+    const node = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'a');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'menuitem')
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when BUTTON has type menu and role as menuitem', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('button');
-    var role = 'menuitem';
+  it('returns true when BUTTON has type menu and role as menuitem', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('button');
+    const role = 'menuitem';
     node.setAttribute('type', 'menu');
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when MENU has type context and role navigation', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('menu');
-    var role = 'navigation';
+  it('returns false when MENU has type context and role navigation', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('menu');
+    const role = 'navigation';
     node.setAttribute('type', 'context');
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when B has role navigation', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('b');
-    var role = 'navigation';
+  it('returns true when B has role navigation', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('b');
+    const role = 'navigation';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when NAV has role menubar', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('nav');
-    var role = 'menubar';
+  it('returns true when NAV has role menubar', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('nav');
+    const role = 'menubar';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when NAV has role tablist', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('nav');
-    var role = 'tablist';
+  it('returns true when NAV has role tablist', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('nav');
+    const role = 'tablist';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when PROGRESS has role button', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('progress');
-    var role = 'button';
+  it('returns false when PROGRESS has role button', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('progress');
+    const role = 'button';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if given element can have any role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns true if given element can have any role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'link');
+    const actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'link');
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if given element cannot have any role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('main');
+  it('returns false if given element cannot have any role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('main');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'alert'); // changed this
+    const actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'alert'); // changed this
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if given element cannot have any role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('track');
+  it('returns false if given element cannot have any role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('track');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'banner');
+    const actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'banner');
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if elements implicit role matches the role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('area');
+  it('returns false if elements implicit role matches the role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('area');
     node.setAttribute('href', '#yay');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'link');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
-    var actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'link');
+    const actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'link');
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/is-combobox-popup.js b/test/commons/aria/is-combobox-popup.js
index 65ff04ac2..b1b8bc10e 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/is-combobox-popup.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/is-combobox-popup.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { isComboboxPopup } = axe.commons.aria;
   const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
 
@@ -6,8 +7,8 @@ describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
     const roles = ['main', 'combobox', 'textbox', 'button'];
     for (const role of roles) {
       const vNode = queryFixture(
-        `<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
-        <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+        html`<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+          <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
       );
       assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
     }
@@ -17,8 +18,8 @@ describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
     describe(role, () => {
       it('is false when not related to the combobox', () => {
         const vNode = queryFixture(
-          `<div role="combobox"></div>
-          <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+          html`<div role="combobox"></div>
+            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
         );
         assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
       });
@@ -26,24 +27,24 @@ describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
       describe('using aria-controls (ARIA 1.2 pattern)', () => {
         it('is true when referenced', () => {
           const vNode = queryFixture(
-            `<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
-            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+            html`<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+              <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
           );
           assert.isTrue(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
         });
 
         it('is false when controlled by a select element', () => {
           const vNode = queryFixture(
-            `<select role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></select>
-            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+            html`<select role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></select>
+              <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
           );
           assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
         });
 
         it('is false when not controlled by a combobox', () => {
           const vNode = queryFixture(
-            `<div role="button combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
-            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+            html`<div role="button combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+              <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
           );
           assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
         });
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
       describe('using parent owned (ARIA 1.1 pattern)', () => {
         it('is true when its a child of the combobox', () => {
           const vNode = queryFixture(
-            `<div role="combobox">
+            html`<div role="combobox">
               <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>
             </div>`
           );
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
 
         it('is false when its not a child of a real combobox', () => {
           const vNode = queryFixture(
-            `<div role="button combobox">
+            html`<div role="button combobox">
               <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>
             </div>`
           );
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
 
         it('is false when its nearest parent with a role is not a combobox', () => {
           const vNode = queryFixture(
-            `<div role="combobox">
+            html`<div role="combobox">
               <div role="region">
                 <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>
               </div>
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
 
         it('is true when its nearest parent with a role is not a combobox', () => {
           const vNode = queryFixture(
-            `<div role="combobox">
+            html`<div role="combobox">
               <div>
                 <div role="none">
                   <div role="presentation">
@@ -98,24 +99,24 @@ describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
       describe('when using aria-owns (ARIA 1.0 pattern)', () => {
         it('is true when referenced', () => {
           const vNode = queryFixture(
-            `<div role="combobox" aria-owns="target"></div>
-            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+            html`<div role="combobox" aria-owns="target"></div>
+              <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
           );
           assert.isTrue(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
         });
 
         it('is false when owned by a select element', () => {
           const vNode = queryFixture(
-            `<select role="combobox" aria-owns="target"></select>
-            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+            html`<select role="combobox" aria-owns="target"></select>
+              <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
           );
           assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
         });
 
         it('is false when not owned by a combobox', () => {
           const vNode = queryFixture(
-            `<div role="button combobox" aria-owns="target"></div>
-            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+            html`<div role="button combobox" aria-owns="target"></div>
+              <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
           );
           assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
         });
@@ -126,8 +127,8 @@ describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
   describe('options.popupRoles', () => {
     it('allows custom popup roles', () => {
       const vNode = queryFixture(
-        `<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
-        <div role="button" id="target"></div>`
+        html`<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+          <div role="button" id="target"></div>`
       );
       assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
       assert.isTrue(isComboboxPopup(vNode, { popupRoles: ['button'] }));
@@ -135,8 +136,8 @@ describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
 
     it('overrides the default popup roles', () => {
       const vNode = queryFixture(
-        `<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
-        <div role="listbox" id="target"></div>`
+        html`<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+          <div role="listbox" id="target"></div>`
       );
       assert.isTrue(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
       assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode, { popupRoles: ['button'] }));
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/is-unsupported-role.js b/test/commons/aria/is-unsupported-role.js
index 44e499f63..48ac2ca44 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/is-unsupported-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/is-unsupported-role.js
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-describe('aria.isUnsupportedRole', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  after(function () {
+describe('aria.isUnsupportedRole', () => {
+  after(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the role is unsupported', function () {
+  it('should return true if the role is unsupported', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria.isUnsupportedRole', function () {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isUnsupportedRole('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the role is supported', function () {
+  it('should return false if the role is supported', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ describe('aria.isUnsupportedRole', function () {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isUnsupportedRole('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the role is invalid', function () {
+  it('should return false if the role is invalid', () => {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isUnsupportedRole('cats'));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/is-valid-role.js b/test/commons/aria/is-valid-role.js
index 3893e26d4..337f262de 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/is-valid-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/is-valid-role.js
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-describe('aria.isValidRole', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('aria.isValidRole', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if role is found in the lookup table', function () {
+  it('should return true if role is found in the lookup table', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -16,15 +14,15 @@ describe('aria.isValidRole', function () {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isValidRole('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if role is not found in the lookup table', function () {
+  it('should return false if role is not found in the lookup table', () => {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isValidRole('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for abstract roles by default', function () {
+  it('returns false for abstract roles by default', () => {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isValidRole('input'));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for abstract roles with { allowAbstract: true } ', function () {
+  it('returns true for abstract roles with { allowAbstract: true } ', () => {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.commons.aria.isValidRole('input', { allowAbstract: true })
     );
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/label-virtual.js b/test/commons/aria/label-virtual.js
index 4389bd3cd..6cec40f09 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/label-virtual.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/label-virtual.js
@@ -1,77 +1,86 @@
-describe('aria.labelVirtual', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria.labelVirtual', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('is called through aria.label with a DOM node', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
-        '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">'
-    );
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('is called through aria.label with a DOM node', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="monkeys">monkeys</div>
+      <div id="bananas">bananas</div>
+      <input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" />
+    `);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.label(target), 'monkeys bananas');
   });
 
-  describe('aria-labelledby', function () {
-    it('should join text with a single space', function () {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
-          '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">'
-      );
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+  describe('aria-labelledby', () => {
+    it('should join text with a single space', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <div id="monkeys">monkeys</div>
+        <div id="bananas">bananas</div>
+        <input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" />
+      `);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
 
       assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should filter invisible elements', function () {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas" style="display: none">bananas</div>' +
-          '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">'
-      );
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    it('should filter invisible elements', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <div id="monkeys">monkeys</div>
+        <div id="bananas" style="display: none">bananas</div>
+        <input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" />
+      `);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
 
       assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over aria-label', function () {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
-          '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" aria-label="nope">'
-      );
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    it('should take precedence over aria-label', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <div id="monkeys">monkeys</div>
+        <div id="bananas">bananas</div>
+        <input
+          id="target"
+          aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas"
+          aria-label="nope"
+        />
+      `);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
 
       assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function () {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<div id="monkeys">	\n  </div><div id="bananas"></div>' +
-          '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">'
-      );
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <div id="monkeys"></div>
+        <div id="bananas"></div>
+        <input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" />
+      `);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
 
       assert.isNull(axe.commons.aria.labelVirtual(target));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('aria-label', function () {
-    it('should detect it', function () {
+  describe('aria-label', () => {
+    it('should detect it', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<input id="target" aria-label="monkeys">');
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
 
       assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function () {
+    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<input id="target" aria-label="   \n	">');
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
 
       assert.isNull(axe.commons.aria.labelVirtual(target));
     });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/named-from-contents.js b/test/commons/aria/named-from-contents.js
index d69ed9a8c..ec634f419 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/named-from-contents.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/named-from-contents.js
@@ -1,93 +1,93 @@
-describe('aria.namedFromContents', function () {
-  var aria = axe.commons.aria;
-  var namedFromContents = aria.namedFromContents;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+describe('aria.namedFromContents', () => {
+  const aria = axe.commons.aria;
+  const namedFromContents = aria.namedFromContents;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true when the element has an explicit role named from content', function () {
+  it('returns true when the element has an explicit role named from content', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="foo"></div>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  it('works on virtual nodes', function () {
-    var vNode = axe.testUtils.queryFixture(
+  it('works on virtual nodes', () => {
+    const vNode = axe.testUtils.queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="foo"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when the element has an implicit role named from content', function () {
+  it('returns true when the element has an implicit role named from content', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<h1>foo</h1>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when the element has a role not named from content', function () {
+  it('returns false when the element has a role not named from content', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<main role="main"></main>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  it('returns false node is not a DOM element', function () {
+  it('returns false node is not a DOM element', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = 'text node';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  describe('{ strict: false }', function () {
-    it('returns true when the element has no role named from content', function () {
+  describe('{ strict: false }', () => {
+    it('returns true when the element has no role named from content', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div>foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(fixture.firstChild));
       assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: false }));
     });
 
-    it('is default for aria.namedFromContents', function () {
+    it('is default for aria.namedFromContents', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div>foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(fixture.firstChild));
       assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when the element has role=presentation', function () {
+    it('returns true when the element has role=presentation', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="presentation">foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: false }));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when the element has role=none', function () {
+    it('returns true when the element has role=none', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="none">foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: false }));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when the implicit role is null', function () {
+    it('returns true when the implicit role is null', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="bar">foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: false }));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('{ strict: true }', function () {
-    it('returns false when the element has no role named from content', function () {
+  describe('{ strict: true }', () => {
+    it('returns false when the element has no role named from content', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div>foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(fixture.firstChild));
       assert.isFalse(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: true }));
     });
 
-    it('returns false when the element has role=presentation', function () {
+    it('returns false when the element has role=presentation', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="presentation">foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: true }));
     });
 
-    it('returns false when the element has role=none', function () {
+    it('returns false when the element has role=none', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="none">foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: true }));
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/required-attr.js b/test/commons/aria/required-attr.js
index 5c83ab566..cebee1462 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/required-attr.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/required-attr.js
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-describe('aria.requiredAttr', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('aria.requiredAttr', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should returned the attributes property for the proper role', function () {
+  it('should returned the attributes property for the proper role', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -19,7 +17,7 @@ describe('aria.requiredAttr', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.requiredAttr('cats'), ['yes']);
   });
 
-  it('should returned empty array if the required attributes is not an array', function () {
+  it('should returned empty array if the required attributes is not an array', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -32,14 +30,14 @@ describe('aria.requiredAttr', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.requiredAttr('cats'), []);
   });
 
-  it('should return an empty array if there are no required attributes', function () {
-    var result = axe.commons.aria.requiredAttr('cats');
+  it('should return an empty array if there are no required attributes', () => {
+    const result = axe.commons.aria.requiredAttr('cats');
 
     assert.deepEqual(result, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return a unique copy of the attributes', function () {
-    var attrs = ['yes', 'no'];
+  it('should return a unique copy of the attributes', () => {
+    const attrs = ['yes', 'no'];
 
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ describe('aria.requiredAttr', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = axe.commons.aria.requiredAttr('cats');
+    const result = axe.commons.aria.requiredAttr('cats');
     assert.notEqual(result, attrs);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/required-context.js b/test/commons/aria/required-context.js
index 7608df5bc..efebab4c1 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/required-context.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/required-context.js
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-describe('aria.requiredContext', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('aria.requiredContext', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should returned the context property for the proper role', function () {
+  it('should returned the context property for the proper role', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria.requiredContext', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.requiredContext('cats'), ['yes']);
   });
 
-  it('should returned null if the required context is not an array', function () {
+  it('should returned null if the required context is not an array', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -31,14 +29,14 @@ describe('aria.requiredContext', function () {
     assert.isNull(axe.commons.aria.requiredContext('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there are no required context nodes', function () {
-    var result = axe.commons.aria.requiredContext('cats');
+  it('should return null if there are no required context nodes', () => {
+    const result = axe.commons.aria.requiredContext('cats');
 
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return a unique copy of the context', function () {
-    var context = ['yes', 'no'];
+  it('should return a unique copy of the context', () => {
+    const context = ['yes', 'no'];
 
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ describe('aria.requiredContext', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = axe.commons.aria.requiredContext('cats');
+    const result = axe.commons.aria.requiredContext('cats');
     assert.notEqual(result, context);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/required-owned.js b/test/commons/aria/required-owned.js
index 5f63e79da..9bc6bf517 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/required-owned.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/required-owned.js
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-describe('aria.requiredOwned', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('aria.requiredOwned', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should returned the context property for the proper role', function () {
+  it('should returned the context property for the proper role', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria.requiredOwned', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.requiredOwned('cats'), ['yes']);
   });
 
-  it('should returned null if the required context is not an array', function () {
+  it('should returned null if the required context is not an array', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -31,14 +29,14 @@ describe('aria.requiredOwned', function () {
     assert.isNull(axe.commons.aria.requiredOwned('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there are no required context nodes', function () {
-    var result = axe.commons.aria.requiredOwned('cats');
+  it('should return null if there are no required context nodes', () => {
+    const result = axe.commons.aria.requiredOwned('cats');
 
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return a unique copy of the context', function () {
-    var context = ['yes', 'no'];
+  it('should return a unique copy of the context', () => {
+    const context = ['yes', 'no'];
 
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ describe('aria.requiredOwned', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = axe.commons.aria.requiredOwned('cats');
+    const result = axe.commons.aria.requiredOwned('cats');
     assert.notEqual(result, context);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/roles.js b/test/commons/aria/roles.js
index 99a59867b..13cd83f68 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/roles.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/roles.js
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-describe('aria.implicitNodes', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var orig;
-  beforeEach(function () {
+describe('aria.implicitNodes', () => {
+  let orig;
+  beforeEach(() => {
     orig = axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role;
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role = orig;
   });
 
-  it('should return the implicit property for the proper role', function () {
+  it('should return the implicit property for the proper role', () => {
     axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role = {
       cats: {
         implicit: 'yes'
@@ -19,9 +17,9 @@ describe('aria.implicitNodes', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.implicitNodes('cats'), 'yes');
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there are no implicit roles', function () {
+  it('should return null if there are no implicit roles', () => {
     axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role = {};
-    var result = axe.commons.aria.implicitNodes('cats');
+    const result = axe.commons.aria.implicitNodes('cats');
 
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js b/test/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js
index c251fca15..9ab6dfab2 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js
@@ -505,7 +505,6 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', () => {
 });
 
 function makeShadowTreeVAV(node) {
-  'use strict';
   const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
   const div = document.createElement('div');
   div.className = 'parent';
@@ -514,11 +513,11 @@ function makeShadowTreeVAV(node) {
 }
 
 function createContentVAV() {
-  'use strict';
   const group = document.createElement('div');
-  group.innerHTML =
-    '<label id="mylabel">Label</label>' +
-    '<input id="myinput" aria-labelledby="mylabel" type="text" />' +
-    '<input id="invalid" aria-labelledby="doesnotexist" type="text" />';
+  group.innerHTML = `
+    <label id="mylabel">Label</label>
+    <input id="myinput" aria-labelledby="mylabel" type="text" />
+    <input id="invalid" aria-labelledby="doesnotexist" type="text" />
+  `;
   return group;
 }
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/validate-attr.js b/test/commons/aria/validate-attr.js
index fa25ce322..e5a65d0d4 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/validate-attr.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/validate-attr.js
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-describe('aria.validateAttr', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('aria.validateAttr', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if attribute is found in lut', function () {
+  it('should return true if attribute is found in lut', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttr', function () {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttr('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if attribute is found in lut', function () {
+  it('should return false if attribute is found in lut', () => {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttr('cats'));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/color/center-point-of-rect.js b/test/commons/color/center-point-of-rect.js
index 668594e04..0d3bd9c02 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/center-point-of-rect.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/center-point-of-rect.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('color.centerPointOfRect', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('returns `undefined` when element is placed outside of viewport (left position > window dimension)', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.centerPointOfRect({
+describe('color.centerPointOfRect', () => {
+  it('returns `undefined` when element is placed outside of viewport (left position > window dimension)', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.centerPointOfRect({
       left: 9999,
       top: 0,
       width: 200,
@@ -11,8 +9,8 @@ describe('color.centerPointOfRect', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns `{x,y}` when element is with in viewport', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.centerPointOfRect({
+  it('returns `{x,y}` when element is with in viewport', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.centerPointOfRect({
       left: 0,
       top: 0,
       width: 200,
@@ -22,8 +20,8 @@ describe('color.centerPointOfRect', function () {
     assert.hasAllKeys(actual, ['x', 'y']);
   });
 
-  it('returns `{x,y}` when element is with in viewport (check returned coordinate values)', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.centerPointOfRect({
+  it('returns `{x,y}` when element is with in viewport (check returned coordinate values)', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.centerPointOfRect({
       left: 100,
       top: 100,
       width: 250,
diff --git a/test/commons/color/color.js b/test/commons/color/color.js
index 1c1230e7f..fb6a1fde9 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/color.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/color.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 describe('color.Color', () => {
-  'use strict';
   const Color = axe.commons.color.Color;
 
   it('can be constructed without alpha', () => {
@@ -166,6 +165,15 @@ describe('color.Color', () => {
         assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
       });
 
+      it('supports negative rad on hue', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('hsl(-3.49rad, 40%, 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 77);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 179);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 145);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
+      });
+
       it('supports turn on hue', () => {
         const c = new Color();
         c.parseColorFnString('hsl(0.444turn, 40%, 50%)');
@@ -174,6 +182,15 @@ describe('color.Color', () => {
         assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
         assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
       });
+
+      it('supports negative turn on hue', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('hsl(-0.556turn, 40%, 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 77);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 179);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
+      });
     });
 
     describe('with hwb()', () => {
@@ -283,6 +300,19 @@ describe('color.Color', () => {
         assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
         assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
       });
+
+      it('clips out of gamut values', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('oklch(25% 0.75 345)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 186);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 0);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 103);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
+
+        assert.equal(c.red, Math.round(c.r * 255));
+        assert.equal(c.green, Math.round(c.g * 255));
+        assert.equal(c.blue, Math.round(c.b * 255));
+      });
     });
   });
 
@@ -326,7 +356,7 @@ describe('color.Color', () => {
     it('does nothing when passed an invalid string', () => {
       const color = new Color(1, 2, 3, 0.4);
       const values = ['abcdef', '#abcde', '#XYZ', '#0123456789'];
-      values.forEach(function (val) {
+      values.forEach(val => {
         color.parseHexString(val);
         assert.equal(color.red, 1);
         assert.equal(color.green, 2);
diff --git a/test/commons/color/element-has-image.js b/test/commons/color/element-has-image.js
index 4b2c8e9fe..25f5b46fd 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/element-has-image.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/element-has-image.js
@@ -1,62 +1,53 @@
-describe('color.elementHasImage', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('color.elementHasImage', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const elementHasImage = axe.commons.color.elementHasImage;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var elementHasImage = axe.commons.color.elementHasImage;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.clear();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` is of graphical type', function () {
-    ['img', 'canvas', 'object', 'iframe', 'video', 'svg'].forEach(
-      function (nodeName) {
-        var vNode = queryFixture(
-          '<' + nodeName + ' id="target"></' + nodeName + '>'
-        );
-        var actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
-        assert.isTrue(actual);
-        assert.equal(
-          axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'),
-          'imgNode'
-        );
-      }
-    );
+  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` is of graphical type', () => {
+    ['img', 'canvas', 'object', 'iframe', 'video', 'svg'].forEach(nodeName => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`<${nodeName} id="target"></${nodeName}>`);
+      const actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+      assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'imgNode');
+    });
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `HTMLElement` has no background-image style set', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when `HTMLElement` has no background-image style set', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px;">No background style</div>'
     );
-    var actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `HTMLElement` has background-image style set to none', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when `HTMLElement` has background-image style set to none', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-image: none "> Some text... </div>'
     );
-    var actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` has background-image (url)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` has background-image (url)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-image: url(london.png)"> Some text... </div>'
     );
-    var actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` has background-image (gradient)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` has background-image (gradient)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-image: linear-gradient(red, orange);"> Some text... </div>'
     );
-    var actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
+    const actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgGradient');
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js b/test/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js
index 413482bb3..54a016dda 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js
@@ -38,35 +38,33 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', () => {
             if (!name) {
               return propPiece;
             } else {
-              return name + '-' + propPiece.toLowerCase();
+              return `${name}-${propPiece.toLowerCase()}`;
             }
           }, null);
 
         // Return indented line of style code
-        return '  ' + cssPropName + ':' + styleObj[prop] + ';';
+        return `  ${cssPropName}:${styleObj[prop]};`;
       })
       .join('\n');
 
     // Add to the style element
-    styleElm.innerHTML += selector + ' {\n' + cssLines + '\n}\n';
+    styleElm.innerHTML += `${selector} {
+${cssLines}
+}
+`;
   }
 
   function getLinkElm(linkStyle, paragraphStyle) {
     // Get a random id and build the style string
-    const linkId = 'linkid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
-    const parId = 'parid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
-
-    createStyleString('#' + linkId, linkStyle);
-    createStyleString('#' + parId, paragraphStyle);
-
-    fixture.innerHTML +=
-      '<p id="' +
-      parId +
-      '"> Text ' +
-      '<a href="/" id="' +
-      linkId +
-      '">link</a>' +
-      '</p>';
+    const linkId = `linkid-${Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000)}`;
+    const parId = `parid-${Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000)}`;
+
+    createStyleString(`#${linkId}`, linkStyle);
+    createStyleString(`#${parId}`, paragraphStyle);
+
+    fixture.innerHTML += `<p id="${parId}"> Text 
+      <a href="/" id="${linkId}">link</a>
+      </p>`;
     return {
       link: document.getElementById(linkId),
       par: document.getElementById(parId)
diff --git a/test/commons/color/flatten-colors.js b/test/commons/color/flatten-colors.js
index 0d152616b..0f0418ece 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/flatten-colors.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/flatten-colors.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('color.flattenColors', function () {
+describe('color.flattenColors', () => {
   const { Color, flattenColors } = axe.commons.color;
 
-  it('should flatten colors properly', function () {
+  it('should flatten colors properly', () => {
     const halfBlack = new Color(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
     const fullBlack = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
     const transparent = new Color(0, 0, 0, 0);
@@ -57,17 +57,15 @@ describe('color.flattenColors', function () {
   });
 });
 
-describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('color.flattenColors ', () => {
+  const colourOne = new axe.commons.color.Color(216, 22, 22, 1);
+  const colourTwo = new axe.commons.color.Color(114, 129, 114, 0.25);
 
-  var colourOne = new axe.commons.color.Color(216, 22, 22, 1);
-  var colourTwo = new axe.commons.color.Color(114, 129, 114, 0.25);
+  const colourThree = new axe.commons.color.Color(211, 162, 180, 1);
+  const colourFour = new axe.commons.color.Color(115, 255, 0, 0.5);
 
-  var colourThree = new axe.commons.color.Color(211, 162, 180, 1);
-  var colourFour = new axe.commons.color.Color(115, 255, 0, 0.5);
-
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: multiply', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: multiply', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'multiply'
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 19);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'multiply'
@@ -88,8 +86,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: screen', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: screen', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'screen'
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 48);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'screen'
@@ -110,8 +108,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: overlay', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: overlay', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'overlay'
@@ -122,8 +120,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: darken', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: darken', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'darken'
@@ -133,7 +131,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 22);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'darken'
@@ -144,8 +142,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: lighten', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: lighten', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'lighten'
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 45);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'lighten'
@@ -166,8 +164,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color-dodge', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color-dodge', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'color-dodge'
@@ -177,7 +175,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 26);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'color-dodge'
@@ -188,8 +186,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color-burn', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color-burn', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'color-burn'
@@ -199,7 +197,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 17);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'color-burn'
@@ -210,8 +208,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: hard-light', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: hard-light', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'hard-light'
@@ -221,7 +219,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 21);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'hard-light'
@@ -232,8 +230,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: soft-light', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: soft-light', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'soft-light'
@@ -243,7 +241,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 21);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'soft-light'
@@ -254,8 +252,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: difference', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: difference', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'difference'
@@ -265,7 +263,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 40);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'difference'
@@ -276,8 +274,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: exclusion', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: exclusion', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'exclusion'
@@ -287,7 +285,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 46);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'exclusion'
@@ -298,14 +296,18 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: hue', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(colourTwo, colourOne, 'hue');
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: hue', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+      colourTwo,
+      colourOne,
+      'hue'
+    );
     assert.equal(flatten.red, 162);
     assert.equal(flatten.green, 50);
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 17);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'hue'
@@ -316,8 +318,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: saturation', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: saturation', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'saturation'
@@ -327,7 +329,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 35);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'saturation'
@@ -338,8 +340,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'color'
@@ -349,7 +351,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 34);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'color'
@@ -360,8 +362,8 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: luminosity', function () {
-    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: luminosity', () => {
+    const flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
       'luminosity'
@@ -371,7 +373,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
     assert.equal(flatten.blue, 33);
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+    const flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourFour,
       colourThree,
       'luminosity'
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-background-color.js b/test/commons/color/get-background-color.js
index 12852c69d..c6e26babd 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/get-background-color.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-background-color.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('color.getBackgroundColor', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
   /**
    * Assert that two Colors are close-to-equal.
@@ -24,196 +24,281 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
     assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, alphaThreshold, 'alpha');
   }
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     // This normalizes the default mocha behavior of setting a different background
     // based on prefers-color-scheme settings.
     document.body.style.background = '#fff';
     document.documentElement.style.background = 'unset';
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.clear();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return the blended color if it has no background set', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should return the blended color if it has no background set', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;"
+      >
+        <div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px;"></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 0, 0, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 0, 0, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should return the blended color if it is transparent and positioned', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; ' +
-      'width: 90px; background-color: #000080;">' +
-      '<div id="pos" style="position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 40px; height: 40px; ' +
-      'width: 30px; background-color: #800000;"></div>' +
-      '<div id="parent" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 40px; ' +
-      'width: 30px; background-color: #ffffff">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 45px; height: 20px; ' +
-      'width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-      '</div></div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var pos = fixture.querySelector('#pos');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should return the blended color if it is transparent and positioned', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; 
+      width: 90px; background-color: #000080;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="pos"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 40px; height: 40px; 
+      width: 30px; background-color: #800000;"
+        ></div>
+        <div
+          id="parent"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 40px; 
+      width: 30px; background-color: #ffffff"
+        >
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 45px; height: 20px; 
+      width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+          ></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const pos = fixture.querySelector('#pos');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, pos]);
   });
 
-  it('should do alpha blending from the back forward', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="under" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-      '<div id="transparent" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-      '</div></div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var under = fixture.querySelector('#under');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should do alpha blending from the back forward', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="under"
+        style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: #800000;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="transparent"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"
+        >
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+          ></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const under = fixture.querySelector('#under');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, under]);
   });
 
-  it('should only look at what is underneath original element when blended and positioned', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; ' +
-      'width: 90px; background-color: #000080;">' +
-      '<div id="under" style="position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 40px; height: 40px; ' +
-      'width: 30px; background-color: #800000;"></div>' +
-      '<div id="pos" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 90px; ' +
-      'width: 70px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div>' +
-      '<div id="parent" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 40px; ' +
-      'width: 30px; background-color: #ffffff">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 45px; height: 20px; ' +
-      'width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-      '</div></div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var under = fixture.querySelector('#under');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should only look at what is underneath original element when blended and positioned', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; 
+      width: 90px; background-color: #000080;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="under"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 40px; height: 40px; 
+      width: 30px; background-color: #800000;"
+        ></div>
+        <div
+          id="pos"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 90px; 
+      width: 70px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"
+        ></div>
+        <div
+          id="parent"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 40px; 
+      width: 30px; background-color: #ffffff"
+        >
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 45px; height: 20px; 
+      width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+          ></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const under = fixture.querySelector('#under');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, under]);
   });
 
-  it('should return the proper blended color if it has alpha set', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should return the proper blended color if it has alpha set', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should return the blended color if it has opacity set', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; opacity: 0.5; background-color: green;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should return the blended color if it has opacity set', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; opacity: 0.5; background-color: green;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should apply opacity after blending', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
-      <div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: rgba(128,0,0,1); opacity: 0.8;">
-        <div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0,255,0,0.5);"></div>
-      </div>`;
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should apply opacity after blending', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <div
+      id="parent"
+      style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: rgba(128,0,0,1); opacity: 0.8;"
+    >
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0,255,0,0.5);"
+      ></div>
+    </div>`;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(102, 153, 51, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(102, 153, 51, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should apply opacity from an ancestor not in the element stack', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
-      <div style="opacity: 0.8;">
-        <div id="parent" style="position: absolute; height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: rgba(128,0,0,1);">
-          <div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0,255,0,0.5);"></div>
-        </div>
-      </div>`;
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should apply opacity from an ancestor not in the element stack', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <div style="opacity: 0.8;">
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="position: absolute; height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: rgba(128,0,0,1);"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0,255,0,0.5);"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    </div>`;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(102, 153, 51, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(102, 153, 51, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if containing parent has a background image and is non-opaque', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px;' +
-      'background-color: #800000; background-image: url(image.png);">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green; opacity: 0.5;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should return null if containing parent has a background image and is non-opaque', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px;
+      background-color: #800000; background-image: url(image.png);"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green; opacity: 0.5;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     assert.isNull(actual);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, parent]);
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should return body color if transparency goes all the way up to document', function () {
+  it('should return body color if transparency goes all the way up to document', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="height: 10px; width: 30px;">';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there is a background image', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green; background-image: url(image.png);">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should return null if there is a background image', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green; background-image: url(image.png);"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     assert.isNull(actual);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target]);
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should return null if something non-opaque is obscuring it', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="width:100%; height: 100px; background: #000"></div>' +
-      '<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: -50px; z-index:-1;color:#fff;">Hello</div>';
+  it('should return null if something non-opaque is obscuring it', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="width:100%; height: 100px; background: #000"></div>
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        style="position: relative; top: -50px; z-index:-1;color:#fff;"
+      >
+        Hello
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
       document.getElementById('target'),
       []
     );
@@ -221,27 +306,38 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
     assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if something non-opaque is obscuring it, scrolled out of view', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 1em; overflow: auto; position: relative;">' +
-      '  <div style="background: rgba(0, 255, 255, 0.7); ' +
-      '    margin-bottom: -1em; height: 1em; position:relative;"></div>' +
-      '  <div id="target">foo</div>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('should return null if something non-opaque is obscuring it, scrolled out of view', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="height: 1em; overflow: auto; position: relative;">
+        <div
+          style="background: rgba(0, 255, 255, 0.7); 
+          margin-bottom: -1em; height: 1em; position:relative;"
+        ></div>
+        <div id="target">foo</div>
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
       document.getElementById('target')
     );
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgOverlap');
     assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return an actual if something opaque is obscuring it', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="width:100%; height: 100px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)"></div>' +
-      '<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: -50px; z-index:-1;color:#fff;">Hello</div>';
+  it('should return an actual if something opaque is obscuring it', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="width:100%; height: 100px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)"
+      ></div>
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        style="position: relative; top: -50px; z-index:-1;color:#fff;"
+      >
+        Hello
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
       document.getElementById('target'),
       []
     );
@@ -249,28 +345,37 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
     assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return the bgcolor if it is solid', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should return the bgcolor if it is solid', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 128, 0, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 128, 0, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target]);
   });
 
-  it('should return a bgcolor for a multiline inline element fully covering the background', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="position:relative;">' +
-      '<div style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,1);position:absolute;width:300px;height:200px;"></div>' +
-      '<p style="position: relative;z-index:1;">Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here\'s <br>a link</a></p>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('should return a bgcolor for a multiline inline element fully covering the background', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="position:relative;">
+        <div
+          style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,1);position:absolute;width:300px;height:200px;"
+        ></div>
+        <p style="position: relative;z-index:1;">
+          Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here's <br />a link</a>
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
       document.getElementById('target'),
       []
     );
@@ -280,14 +385,19 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
     assert.equal(Math.round(actual.green), 0);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if a multiline inline element does not fully cover background', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="position:relative;">' +
-      '<div style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,1);position:absolute;width:300px;height:20px;"></div>' +
-      '<p style="position: relative;z-index:1;">Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here\'s <br>a link</a></p>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('should return null if a multiline inline element does not fully cover background', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="position:relative;">
+        <div
+          style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,1);position:absolute;width:300px;height:20px;"
+        ></div>
+        <p style="position: relative;z-index:1;">
+          Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here's <br />a link</a>
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
       document.getElementById('target'),
       []
     );
@@ -298,28 +408,37 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return an actual if an absolutely positioned element does not cover background', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color:black; height:20px; position:relative;">' +
-      '<div style="color:#333; position:absolute; top:21px;" id="target">Text</div>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('should return an actual if an absolutely positioned element does not cover background', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="background-color:black; height:20px; position:relative;">
+        <div style="color:#333; position:absolute; top:21px;" id="target">
+          Text
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
       document.getElementById('target'),
       []
     );
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if an absolutely positioned element partially obsures background', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height:40px; position:relative;">' +
-      '<div style="background-color:black; height:20px;"></div>' +
-      '<div style="color:#333; position:absolute; margin-top:-11px;" id="target">Text</div>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('should return null if an absolutely positioned element partially obsures background', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="height:40px; position:relative;">
+        <div style="background-color:black; height:20px;"></div>
+        <div
+          style="color:#333; position:absolute; margin-top:-11px;"
+          id="target"
+        >
+          Text
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
       document.getElementById('target'),
       []
     );
@@ -330,364 +449,460 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should count a TR as a background element for TD', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
-      '<table style="width:100%">' +
-      '<tr style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">' +
-      '<td style="color:#007acc" id="target">' +
-      'Cell content</td>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '</table></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
+  it('should count a TR as a background element for TD', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="background-color:#007acc;">
+        <table style="width:100%">
+          <tr style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">
+            <td style="color:#007acc" id="target">Cell content</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
       parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count a TR as a background element for TH', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
-      '<table style="width:100%">' +
-      '<tr style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">' +
-      '<th style="color:#007acc" id="target">' +
-      'Header content</th>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '</table></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
+  it('should count a TR as a background element for TH', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="background-color:#007acc;">
+        <table style="width:100%">
+          <tr style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">
+            <th style="color:#007acc" id="target">Header content</th>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
       parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count a TR as a background element for a child element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
-      '<table style="width:100%">' +
-      '<tr style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">' +
-      '<td>' +
-      '<span style="color:#007acc" id="target">Cell content</span>' +
-      '</td></tr>' +
-      '</table></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
+  it('should count a TR as a background element for a child element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="background-color:#007acc;">
+        <table style="width:100%">
+          <tr style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">
+            <td>
+              <span style="color:#007acc" id="target">Cell content</span>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
       parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count a THEAD as a background element for a child element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
-      '<table style="width:100%">' +
-      '<thead style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">' +
-      '<td>' +
-      '<span style="color:#007acc" id="target">Cell content</span>' +
-      '</td></thead>' +
-      '</table></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
+  it('should count a THEAD as a background element for a child element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="background-color:#007acc;">
+        <table style="width:100%">
+          <thead style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">
+            <td>
+              <span style="color:#007acc" id="target">Cell content</span>
+            </td>
+          </thead>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
       parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count a TBODY as a background element for a child element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
-      '<table style="width:100%">' +
-      '<tbody style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">' +
-      '<td>' +
-      '<span style="color:#007acc" id="target">Cell content</span>' +
-      '</td></tbody>' +
-      '</table></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
+  it('should count a TBODY as a background element for a child element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="background-color:#007acc;">
+        <table style="width:100%">
+          <tbody style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">
+            <td>
+              <span style="color:#007acc" id="target">Cell content</span>
+            </td>
+          </tbody>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
       parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count a TFOOT as a background element for a child element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
-      '<table style="width:100%">' +
-      '<tfoot style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">' +
-      '<td>' +
-      '<span style="color:#007acc" id="target">Cell content</span>' +
-      '</td></tfoot>' +
-      '</table></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
+  it('should count a TFOOT as a background element for a child element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="background-color:#007acc;">
+        <table style="width:100%">
+          <tfoot style="background-color:#f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">
+            <td>
+              <span style="color:#007acc" id="target">Cell content</span>
+            </td>
+          </tfoot>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
       parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it("should ignore TR elements that don't overlap", function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table style="position:relative; width:100%;">' +
-      '<tr style="background-color:black; height:10px; width:100%;" id="parent">' +
-      '<td style="position:absolute; top: 14px;" id="target">Content</td>' +
-      '</tr></table>';
-    var bgNodes = [];
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+  it("should ignore TR elements that don't overlap", () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table style="position:relative; width:100%;">
+        <tr
+          style="background-color:black; height:10px; width:100%;"
+          id="parent"
+        >
+          <td style="position:absolute; top: 14px;" id="target">Content</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+    const bgNodes = [];
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.notEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count an implicit label as a background element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label id="target" style="background-color: #000;">My label' +
-      '<input type="text">' +
-      '</label>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should count an implicit label as a background element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <label id="target" style="background-color: #000;"
+        >My label
+        <input type="text" />
+      </label>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('handles nested inline elements in the middle of a text', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 1em; overflow:auto; background: cyan">' +
-      '  <br>' +
-      '  <b id="target">Text <i style="display: inline-block">' +
-      '    <s><img width="100" height="16"></s>' +
-      '  </i></b>' +
-      '</div>';
-
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('handles nested inline elements in the middle of a text', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="height: 1em; overflow:auto; background: cyan">
+        <br />
+        <b id="target"
+          >Text
+          <i style="display: inline-block">
+            <s><img width="100" height="16" /></s> </i
+        ></b>
+      </div>
+    `;
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 255, 255, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 255, 255, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return null for inline elements with position:absolute', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 1em; overflow:auto; position: relative">' +
-      '  <br>' +
-      '  <b id="target">' +
-      '    <img style="width:100px; height:16px; position:absolute"> Text' +
-      '  </b>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('should return null for inline elements with position:absolute', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="height: 1em; overflow:auto; position: relative">
+        <br />
+        <b id="target">
+          <img style="width:100px; height:16px; position:absolute" /> Text
+        </b>
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target);
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgOverlap');
     assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore inline ancestors of non-overlapping elements', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="position:relative;">' +
-      '<label style="background-color:black;" id="parent">Label' +
-      '<input style="position:absolute; top:20px;" id="target">' +
-      '</label></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should ignore inline ancestors of non-overlapping elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="position:relative;">
+        <label style="background-color:black;" id="parent"
+          >Label
+          <input style="position:absolute; top:20px;" id="target" />
+        </label>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.notEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle multiple ancestors of the same name', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color: #007acc;">' +
-      '<table style="width: 100%;">' +
-      '<tr style="background-color: #fff;"><td>' +
-      '<table style="width:100%">' +
-      '<tr style="background-color: #f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">' +
-      '<td style="display: table-cell; color:#007acc" id="target">' +
-      'Cell content</td>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '</table>' +
-      '</td></tr>' +
-      '</table></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
+  it('should handle multiple ancestors of the same name', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="background-color: #007acc;">
+        <table style="width: 100%;">
+          <tr style="background-color: #fff;">
+            <td>
+              <table style="width:100%">
+                <tr style="background-color: #f3f3f3; height:40px;" id="parent">
+                  <td style="display: table-cell; color:#007acc" id="target">
+                    Cell content
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              </table>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target'),
       parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should use hierarchical DOM traversal if possible', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; ' +
-      ' background-color: white;">' +
-      '	<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 25px; z-index: 25; position:relative;">' +
-      '	</div>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '<div id="shifted" style="position: relative; top: -10px; height: 40px; width: 35px; ' +
-      ' background-color: black; z-index: 15;"></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should use hierarchical DOM traversal if possible', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; 
+       background-color: white;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 25px; z-index: 25; position:relative;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+      <div
+        id="shifted"
+        style="position: relative; top: -10px; height: 40px; width: 35px; 
+       background-color: black; z-index: 15;"
+      ></div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
 
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore 0-height elements', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; ' +
-      'background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5">' +
-      '	<div float="left" style="height: 0px; background-color: black">' +
-      '		<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 25px; z-index: 25;">' +
-      '</div></div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should ignore 0-height elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; 
+      background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5"
+      >
+        <div float="left" style="height: 0px; background-color: black">
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="height: 20px; width: 25px; z-index: 25;"
+          ></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
 
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should use visual traversal when needed', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; ' +
-      ' background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5">' +
-      '	<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: 1px; height: 20px; width: 25px; z-index: 25;">' +
-      '	</div>' +
-      '<div id="shifted" style="position: relative; top: -30px; height: 40px; width: 35px; ' +
-      ' background-color: black; z-index: 15;"></div></div>';
-
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var shifted = fixture.querySelector('#shifted');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should use visual traversal when needed', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; 
+       background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: relative; top: 1px; height: 20px; width: 25px; z-index: 25;"
+        ></div>
+        <div
+          id="shifted"
+          style="position: relative; top: -30px; height: 40px; width: 35px; 
+       background-color: black; z-index: 15;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const shifted = fixture.querySelector('#shifted');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes, false);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes, false);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
 
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [shifted]);
 
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return null when encountering background images during visual traversal', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; ' +
-      ' background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5"> ' +
-      '	<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: 1px; height: 20px;' +
-      '	 width: 25px; z-index: 25; background:rgba(0,125,0,0.5);"></div> ' +
-      '	<div id="shifted" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 40px; ' +
-      '		background-image: url(foobar.png);' +
-      '	 width: 35px; z-index: 15;">' +
-      '	</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should return null when encountering background images during visual traversal', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; 
+       background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: relative; top: 1px; height: 20px;
+      	 width: 25px; z-index: 25; background:rgba(0,125,0,0.5);"
+        ></div>
+        <div
+          id="shifted"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 40px; 
+          background-image: url(foobar.png);
+      	 width: 35px; z-index: 15;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var outcome = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes, false);
+    const outcome = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+      target,
+      bgNodes,
+      false
+    );
     assert.isNull(outcome);
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should return null when encountering image nodes during visual traversal', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; ' +
-      ' background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5"> ' +
-      '	<div id="shifted" style="position: absolute; top: -10px; height: 40px; ' +
-      '	 width: 35px; z-index: 15;">' +
-      '		<img src="some-img.png" width="35" height="40">' +
-      '	</div>' +
-      '	<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: 1px; height: 20px;' +
-      '	 width: 25px; z-index: 25; background:rgba(0,125,0,0.5);"></div> ' +
-      '</div>';
-
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should return null when encountering image nodes during visual traversal', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; 
+       background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="shifted"
+          style="position: absolute; top: -10px; height: 40px; 
+      	 width: 35px; z-index: 15;"
+        >
+          <img src="some-img.png" width="35" height="40" />
+        </div>
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: relative; top: 1px; height: 20px;
+      	 width: 25px; z-index: 25; background:rgba(0,125,0,0.5);"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var outcome = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes, false);
+    const outcome = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+      target,
+      bgNodes,
+      false
+    );
     assert.isNull(outcome);
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'imgNode');
   });
 
-  it('returns elements with negative z-index', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="sibling" ' +
-      'style="z-index:-1; position:absolute; width:100%; height:2em; background: #000"></div>' +
-      '<div id="target">Some text</div>';
+  it('returns elements with negative z-index', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="sibling"
+        style="z-index:-1; position:absolute; width:100%; height:2em; background: #000"
+      ></div>
+      <div id="target">Some text</div>
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
       document.getElementById('target'),
       []
     );
 
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
 
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns negative z-index elements when body has a background', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="sibling" ' +
-      'style="z-index:-1; position:absolute; width:100%; height:2em; background: #000"></div>' +
-      '<div id="target">Some text</div>';
+  it('returns negative z-index elements when body has a background', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="sibling"
+        style="z-index:-1; position:absolute; width:100%; height:2em; background: #000"
+      ></div>
+      <div id="target">Some text</div>
+    `;
 
     document.body.style.background = '#FFF';
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
       document.getElementById('target'),
       []
     );
 
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
 
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return null for negative z-index element when html and body have a background', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"></div>' +
-      '<div id="target" ' +
-      'style="z-index:-1; position:absolute; top: 100px; width:100%; height:2em; background: #000"></div>';
+  it('should return null for negative z-index element when html and body have a background', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"></div>
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        style="z-index:-1; position:absolute; top: 100px; width:100%; height:2em; background: #000"
+      ></div>
+    `;
 
     document.documentElement.style.background = '#0F0';
     document.body.style.background = '#FFF';
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
       document.getElementById('target'),
       []
     );
@@ -695,37 +910,43 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
     assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return background color for inline elements that do not fit the viewport', function () {
-    var html = '';
+  it('should return background color for inline elements that do not fit the viewport', () => {
+    let body = '';
     for (var i = 0; i < 300; i++) {
-      html += 'foo<br />';
+      body += 'foo<br />';
     }
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<em>' + html + '</em>';
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<em>${body}</em>`;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(fixture, []);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(fixture, []);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return the body bgColor when content does not overlap', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 20px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height:20px; top: 25px; width: 45px; position:absolute;">Text' +
-      '</div></div>';
+  it('should return the body bgColor when content does not overlap', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="height: 20px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height:20px; top: 25px; width: 45px; position:absolute;"
+        >
+          Text
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return the html canvas inherited from body bgColor when element content does not overlap with body', function () {
+  it('should return the html canvas inherited from body bgColor when element content does not overlap with body', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: 2px; height: 10px;">Text</div>';
 
     // size body element so that target element is positioned outside of background
-    var originalHeight = document.body.style.height;
-    var originalMargin = document.body.style.margin;
+    const originalHeight = document.body.style.height;
+    const originalMargin = document.body.style.margin;
     document.body.style.height = '1px';
     document.body.style.background = '#000';
     document.body.style.margin = 0;
@@ -742,12 +963,12 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return the html canvas bgColor when element content does not overlap with body', function () {
+  it('should return the html canvas bgColor when element content does not overlap with body', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: 2px;">Text</div>';
 
     // size body element so that target element is positioned outside of background
-    var originalHeight = document.body.style.height;
+    const originalHeight = document.body.style.height;
     document.body.style.height = '1px';
     document.body.style.background = '#0f0';
     document.documentElement.style.background = '#f00';
@@ -763,18 +984,23 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should apply mix-blend-mode', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
+  it('should apply mix-blend-mode', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
       <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)">
         <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.25)">
-          <div id="target" style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); mix-blend-mode: exclusion;">exclusion1</div>
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); mix-blend-mode: exclusion;"
+          >
+            exclusion1
+          </div>
         </div>
       </div>
     `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
 
     assert.closeTo(actual.red, 128, 0);
     assert.closeTo(actual.green, 223, 0);
@@ -782,327 +1008,355 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
     assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, 1, 0);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'finds colors in shadow boundaries',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="background-color: black;">' +
-        '<span id="shadowTarget" style="color: #ccc;">Text</span>' +
-        '</div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('finds colors in shadow boundaries', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="background-color: black;">
+        <span id="shadowTarget" style="color: #ccc;">Text</span>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
 
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
-    }
-  );
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'finds colors across shadow boundaries',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="container" style="background-color:black;"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<span id="shadowTarget" style="color:#ccc;">Text</span>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('finds colors across shadow boundaries', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="container" style="background-color:black;"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<span id="shadowTarget" style="color:#ccc;">Text</span>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, [], false);
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
-    }
-  );
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, [], false);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should count an implicit label as a background element inside shadow dom',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div><label id="target" style="background-color:#000;">Text<input type="text"></label></div>';
+  it('should count an implicit label as a background element inside shadow dom', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div><label id="target" style="background-color:#000;">Text<input type="text"></label></div>';
 
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
-    }
-  );
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'finds colors for absolutely positioned elements across shadow boundaries',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px; position:relative;"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color:#333; height:20px; position:absolute; top:20px;">Text</div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('finds colors for absolutely positioned elements across shadow boundaries', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px; position:relative;"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color:#333; height:20px; position:absolute; top:20px;">Text</div>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
-    }
-  );
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'finds a color for absolutely positioned content when background is in shadow dom',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="elm1" style="width:10em; height:0; position:absolute;"></div>' +
-        '<div id="elm2" style="color:green; position:absolute;">Text</div>';
-
-      var elm1 = document.querySelector('#elm1');
-      var shadow1 = elm1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow1.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="background:rgba(0,0,0,1); height:10em;"></div>';
-      var elm2 = document.querySelector('#elm2');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(elm2, []);
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
-    }
-  );
+  it('finds a color for absolutely positioned content when background is in shadow dom', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="elm1" style="width:10em; height:0; position:absolute;"></div>
+      <div id="elm2" style="color:green; position:absolute;">Text</div>
+    `;
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'finds colors for content rendered across multiple shadow boundaries',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="position:relative;"><div id="elm1" style="width:10em;"></div>' +
-        '<div id="elm2"></div></div>';
-
-      var elm1 = document.querySelector('#elm1');
-      var shadow1 = elm1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow1.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="background:rgba(0,0,0,1); height:10em;"></div>';
-      var elm2 = document.querySelector('#elm2');
-      var shadow2 = elm2.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow2.innerHTML =
-        '' +
-        '<div id="elm3" style="background:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);color:green;height:10em;top:0;position:absolute;">' +
-        'Text' +
-        '</div>';
-
-      var elm3 = shadow2.querySelector('#elm3');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(elm3, []);
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 128, 128, 1);
-      assertColorsClose(actual, expected, 2, 0);
-    }
-  );
+    const elm1 = document.querySelector('#elm1');
+    const shadow1 = elm1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow1.innerHTML =
+      '<div style="background:rgba(0,0,0,1); height:10em;"></div>';
+    const elm2 = document.querySelector('#elm2');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(elm2, []);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'finds colors for multiline elements across shadow boundaries',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:40px;"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color:#333;">Text<br>More text</div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
-    }
-  );
+  it('finds colors for content rendered across multiple shadow boundaries', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="position:relative;">
+        <div id="elm1" style="width:10em;"></div>
+        <div id="elm2"></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+
+    const elm1 = document.querySelector('#elm1');
+    const shadow1 = elm1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow1.innerHTML =
+      '<div style="background:rgba(0,0,0,1); height:10em;"></div>';
+    const elm2 = document.querySelector('#elm2');
+    const shadow2 = elm2.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow2.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="elm3"
+        style="background:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);color:green;height:10em;top:0;position:absolute;"
+      >
+        Text
+      </div>
+    `;
+
+    const elm3 = shadow2.querySelector('#elm3');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(elm3, []);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 128, 128, 1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected, 2, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('finds colors for multiline elements across shadow boundaries', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:40px;"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color:#333;">Text<br>More text</div>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
 
   (shadowSupported ? xit : xit)(
     'returns null for multiline elements not fully covering parents across shadow boundaries',
-    function () {
+    () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px;"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+      const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML =
         '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color:#333;">Text<br>More text</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
+      const target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+      const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
       assert.isNull(actual);
     }
   );
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns a color for slotted content',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-      var div = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      div.innerHTML = '<a href="">Link</a>';
-      var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<p style="background-color: #000;"><slot></slot></p>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var linkElm = div.querySelector('a');
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(linkElm, []);
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
-    }
-  );
+  it('returns a color for slotted content', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+    const div = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    div.innerHTML = '<a href="">Link</a>';
+    const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<p style="background-color: #000;"><slot></slot></p>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const linkElm = div.querySelector('a');
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(linkElm, []);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
 
-  it('should return the text-shadow mixed in with the background', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; text-shadow: red 0 0 1em">foo' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('should return the text-shadow mixed in with the background', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; text-shadow: red 0 0 1em"
+        >
+          foo
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
 
     // is 128 without the shadow
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(145, 0, 0, 1);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(145, 0, 0, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('ignores thin text-shadows', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #000;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; text-shadow: red 0 0 0.05em">foo' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('ignores thin text-shadows', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #000;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; text-shadow: red 0 0 0.05em"
+        >
+          foo
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
   it('filters small shadows, while keeping larger ones', () => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
-      <div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">
-      <div id="target" style="
-        height: 20px; 
-        width: 15px; 
-        text-shadow: red 0 0 1em, black 1px 1px 0;">foo
-      </div></div>
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        id="parent"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="
+    height: 20px; 
+    width: 15px; 
+    text-shadow: red 0 0 1em, black 1px 1px 0;"
+        >
+          foo
+        </div>
+      </div>
     `;
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
 
     // is 128 without the shadow
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(145, 0, 0, 1);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(145, 0, 0, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('ignores text-shadows thinner than shadowOutlineEmMax', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; text-shadow: red 0 0 1em, green 0 0 0.5em">foo' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgNodes = [];
+  it('ignores text-shadows thinner than shadowOutlineEmMax', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; text-shadow: red 0 0 1em, green 0 0 0.5em"
+        >
+          foo
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes, 1);
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes, 1);
 
     // is 128 without the shadow
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(145, 0, 0, 1);
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(145, 0, 0, 1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
+  });
+
+  it('calculates background of a textarea', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<textarea id="target" style="background: red">Hello</textarea>';
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const bgNodes = [];
+    const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes, 1);
+
+    const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 0, 0, 1);
     assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  describe('body and document', function () {
-    it('returns the body background', function () {
+  describe('body and document', () => {
+    it('returns the body background', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">elm</div>';
       document.body.style.background = '#F00';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+      const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
         document.getElementById('target'),
         []
       );
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 0, 0, 1);
+      const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 0, 0, 1);
       assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('returns the body background even when the body is MUCH larger than the screen', function () {
+    it('returns the body background even when the body is MUCH larger than the screen', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="height:20000px;">elm</div>';
       document.body.style.background = '#F00';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+      const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
         document.getElementById('target'),
         []
       );
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 0, 0, 1);
+      const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 0, 0, 1);
 
       assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('returns the html background', function () {
+    it('returns the html background', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><label>elm<input></label></div>';
       document.documentElement.style.background = '#0F0';
       document.body.setAttribute('style', 'background: unset');
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+      const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
         document.getElementById('target'),
         []
       );
       document.body.removeAttribute('style');
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 255, 0, 1);
+      const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 255, 0, 1);
 
       assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('returns the html background when body does not cover the element', function () {
+    it('returns the html background when body does not cover the element', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 1000px;">elm<input></div>';
       document.documentElement.style.background = '#0F0';
       document.body.style.background = '#00F';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+      const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
         document.getElementById('target'),
         []
       );
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 255, 0, 1);
+      const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 255, 0, 1);
 
       assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('returns the body background when body does cover the element', function () {
+    it('returns the body background when body does cover the element', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><label>elm<input></label></div>';
       document.documentElement.style.background = '#0F0';
       document.body.style.background = '#00F';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+      const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
         document.getElementById('target'),
         []
       );
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 255, 1);
+      const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 255, 1);
 
       assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('returns both the html and body background if the body has alpha', function () {
+    it('returns both the html and body background if the body has alpha', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><label>elm<input></label></div>';
       document.documentElement.style.background = '#0F0';
       document.body.style.background = 'rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.5)';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
+      const actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
         document.getElementById('target'),
         []
       );
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 128, 128, 1);
+      const expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 128, 128, 1);
 
       assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-contrast.js b/test/commons/color/get-contrast.js
index 72919a3ac..02b28d374 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/get-contrast.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-contrast.js
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-describe('color.getContrast', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should calculate contrast sensibly', function () {
-    var black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-    var transparent = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 0);
-    var white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-    var yellow = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 0, 1);
+describe('color.getContrast', () => {
+  it('should calculate contrast sensibly', () => {
+    const black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    const transparent = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    const white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const yellow = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 0, 1);
 
     //Same foreground/background gives 1
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.getContrast(black, black), 1);
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js b/test/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
index 06b31cc75..a22aba3f0 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('color.getForegroundColor', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { getForegroundColor, Color } = axe.commons.color;
   const { queryFixture, queryShadowFixture } = axe.testUtils;
 
@@ -40,13 +41,19 @@ describe('color.getForegroundColor', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns null if containing parent has a background image and is non-opaque', () => {
-    const target = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px;' +
-        'background-color: #800000; background-image: url(image.png);">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; color: blue; background-color: green; opacity: 0.5;">' +
-        'Hello World' +
-        '</div></div>'
-    ).actualNode;
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px;
+      background-color: #800000; background-image: url(image.png);"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; color: blue; background-color: green; opacity: 0.5;"
+        >
+          Hello World
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `).actualNode;
     assert.isNull(getForegroundColor(target));
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('fgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
@@ -99,25 +106,33 @@ describe('color.getForegroundColor', () => {
 
   describe('with transparency', () => {
     it('returns the blended color if it has alpha set', () => {
-      const target = queryFixture(
-        '<div style="height: 40px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-          '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 128, 0.5);' +
-          ' background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-          'This is my text' +
-          '</div></div>'
-      ).actualNode;
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="height: 40px; background-color: #800000;">
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 128, 0.5);
+         background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+          >
+            This is my text
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `).actualNode;
       const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
       assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(32, 32, 64), 0.8);
     });
 
     it('returns the blended color if it has opacity set', () => {
-      const target = queryFixture(
-        '<div style="height: 40px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-          '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: #000080;' +
-          ' background-color: green; opacity: 0.5;">' +
-          'This is my text' +
-          '</div></div>'
-      ).actualNode;
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="height: 40px; background-color: #800000;">
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="height: 40px; color: #000080;
+         background-color: green; opacity: 0.5;"
+          >
+            This is my text
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `).actualNode;
       const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
       assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(64, 0, 64));
     });
@@ -132,37 +147,50 @@ describe('color.getForegroundColor', () => {
 
     it('combines opacity with text stroke alpha color', () => {
       const target = queryFixture(
-        `<div id="target" style="
-          opacity: 0.5;
-          color: transparent;
-          -webkit-text-stroke: 0.05em rgb(0 255 255 / 50%);
-        ">Hello world</div>`
+        html`<div
+          id="target"
+          style="
+  opacity: 0.5;
+  color: transparent;
+  -webkit-text-stroke: 0.05em rgb(0 255 255 / 50%);
+"
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </div>`
       ).actualNode;
       const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
       assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(191, 255, 255), 0.8);
     });
 
     it('takes into account parent opacity tree', () => {
-      const target = queryFixture(
-        '<div style="background-color: #fafafa">' +
-          '<div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.6">' +
-          '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);">' +
-          'This is my text' +
-          '</div></div></div>'
-      ).actualNode;
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="background-color: #fafafa">
+          <div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.6">
+            <div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);">
+              This is my text
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `).actualNode;
       const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
       assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(119.5, 119.5, 119.5), 0.8);
     });
 
     it('takes into account entire parent opacity tree', () => {
-      const target = queryFixture(
-        '<div style="background-color: #fafafa">' +
-          '<div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.75">' +
-          '<div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.8">' +
-          '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);">' +
-          'This is my text' +
-          '</div></div></div></div>'
-      ).actualNode;
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="background-color: #fafafa">
+          <div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.75">
+            <div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.8">
+              <div
+                id="target"
+                style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);"
+              >
+                This is my text
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `).actualNode;
       const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
       assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(119.5, 119.5, 119.5), 0.8);
     });
@@ -171,8 +199,11 @@ describe('color.getForegroundColor', () => {
   describe('test-shadow', () => {
     it('returns text shadow color if foreground is transparent', () => {
       const target = queryFixture(
-        `<div style="height: 40px; width: 120px; background-color: white;">
-          <div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 120px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0); text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(32, 32, 64, 1)">
+        html`<div style="height: 40px; width: 120px; background-color: white;">
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="height: 20px; width: 120px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0); text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(32, 32, 64, 1)"
+          >
             This is my text
           </div>
         </div>`
@@ -183,8 +214,11 @@ describe('color.getForegroundColor', () => {
 
     it('returns a mix of colors if there is a shadow, foreground with alpha < 1, and background color', () => {
       const target = queryFixture(
-        `<div style="height: 40px; width: 120px; background-color: white;">
-          <div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 120px; color: rgba(128, 0, 0, .5); text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(32, 32, 64, 1)">
+        html`<div style="height: 40px; width: 120px; background-color: white;">
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="height: 20px; width: 120px; color: rgba(128, 0, 0, .5); text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(32, 32, 64, 1)"
+          >
             This is my text
           </div>
         </div>`
@@ -209,11 +243,16 @@ describe('color.getForegroundColor', () => {
 
     it('applies opacity to text-shadow', () => {
       const target = queryFixture(
-        `<div id="target" style="
-            color: transparent;
-            opacity: 0.5;
-            text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgb(0 255 255 / 50%)
-          ">Hello world</div>`
+        html`<div
+          id="target"
+          style="
+    color: transparent;
+    opacity: 0.5;
+    text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgb(0 255 255 / 50%)
+  "
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </div>`
       ).actualNode;
       const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
       assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(191, 255, 255), 0.8);
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-own-background-color.js b/test/commons/color/get-own-background-color.js
index b93deac16..276c563e6 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/get-own-background-color.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-own-background-color.js
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var getOwnBackgroundColor = axe.commons.color.getOwnBackgroundColor;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const getOwnBackgroundColor = axe.commons.color.getOwnBackgroundColor;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns `new axe.commons.color.Color` instance when no background is set', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px;">' + '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = getOwnBackgroundColor(
+  it('returns `new axe.commons.color.Color` instance when no background is set', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px;"></div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getOwnBackgroundColor(
       window.getComputedStyle(vNode.actualNode)
     );
     assert.equal(actual.red, 0);
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@ describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function () {
     assert.equal(actual.alpha, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns color with rgba values of specified background-color value', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: pink;">' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = getOwnBackgroundColor(
+  it('returns color with rgba values of specified background-color value', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: pink;"
+      ></div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getOwnBackgroundColor(
       window.getComputedStyle(vNode.actualNode)
     );
     assert.equal(actual.red, 255);
@@ -37,12 +39,14 @@ describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function () {
     assert.equal(actual.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns color with rgba values and alpha', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = getOwnBackgroundColor(
+  it('returns color with rgba values and alpha', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+      ></div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getOwnBackgroundColor(
       window.getComputedStyle(vNode.actualNode)
     );
     assert.equal(actual.red, 0);
@@ -51,12 +55,14 @@ describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function () {
     assert.equal(actual.alpha, 0.5);
   });
 
-  it('returns color with rgba values and opacity (for blending)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; opacity: 0.5; background-color: green;">' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = getOwnBackgroundColor(
+  it('returns color with rgba values and opacity (for blending)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        style="height: 20px; width: 15px; opacity: 0.5; background-color: green;"
+      ></div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getOwnBackgroundColor(
       window.getComputedStyle(vNode.actualNode)
     );
     assert.equal(actual.red, 0);
@@ -65,12 +71,14 @@ describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function () {
     assert.equal(actual.alpha, 0.5);
   });
 
-  it('returns color with rgba values, alpha and opacity', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; opacity: 0.5; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = getOwnBackgroundColor(
+  it('returns color with rgba values, alpha and opacity', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        style="height: 20px; width: 15px; opacity: 0.5; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+      ></div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getOwnBackgroundColor(
       window.getComputedStyle(vNode.actualNode)
     );
     assert.equal(actual.red, 0);
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js b/test/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js
index a9a790016..4857f95b3 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js
@@ -1,28 +1,33 @@
-describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var getTextShadowColors = axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const getTextShadowColors = axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns an empty array when there is no text-shadow', function () {
+  it('returns an empty array when there is no text-shadow', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<span>Hello world</span>';
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns a rgb values of each text-shadow color', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
-      '1px 1px 2px #F00, rgb(0, 0, 255) 0 0 1em, \n0\t 0  0.2em green;' +
-      '">Hello world</span>';
+  it('returns a rgb values of each text-shadow color', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <span
+        style="text-shadow: 
+      1px 1px 2px #F00, rgb(0, 0, 255) 0 0 1em, 
+0	 0  0.2em green;
+      "
+        >Hello world</span
+      >
+    `;
 
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
 
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 3);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 255);
@@ -38,13 +43,17 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[2].blue, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns transparent if the blur radius is greater than the offset', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
-      '1px 3px 2px red, blue 10px 0 9px, 20px 20px 18px green;' +
-      '">Hello world</span>';
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+  it('returns transparent if the blur radius is greater than the offset', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <span
+        style="text-shadow: 
+      1px 3px 2px red, blue 10px 0 9px, 20px 20px 18px green;
+      "
+        >Hello world</span
+      >
+    `;
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
 
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 3);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0);
@@ -52,17 +61,22 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[2].alpha, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns an estimated alpha value based on blur radius', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
-      '1px 1px 2px red, blue 0 0 10px, \n0\t 0  18px green;' +
-      '">Hello world</span>';
-
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
-    var expected0 = 3.7 / (2 + 8);
-    var expected1 = 3.7 / (10 + 8);
-    var expected2 = 3.7 / (18 + 8);
+  it('returns an estimated alpha value based on blur radius', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <span
+        style="text-shadow: 
+      1px 1px 2px red, blue 0 0 10px, 
+0	 0  18px green;
+      "
+        >Hello world</span
+      >
+    `;
+
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+    const expected0 = 3.7 / (2 + 8);
+    const expected1 = 3.7 / (10 + 8);
+    const expected2 = 3.7 / (18 + 8);
 
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 3);
     assert.closeTo(shadowColors[0].alpha, expected0, 0.05);
@@ -70,14 +84,19 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
     assert.closeTo(shadowColors[2].alpha, expected2, 0.05);
   });
 
-  it('returns an alpha of 1 if blur radius is 0', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
-      '0px 0px 0 red, blue 0 0 0, \n0\t 0  0 green, 0px 0px red;' +
-      '">Hello world</span>';
+  it('returns an alpha of 1 if blur radius is 0', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <span
+        style="text-shadow: 
+      0px 0px 0 red, blue 0 0 0, 
+0	 0  0 green, 0px 0px red;
+      "
+        >Hello world</span
+      >
+    `;
 
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
 
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 4);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].alpha, 1);
@@ -86,30 +105,38 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[3].alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('handles floating point values', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
-      '0 0.1px .2px red' +
-      '">Hello world</span>';
+  it('handles floating point values', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <span
+        style="text-shadow: 
+      0 0.1px .2px red
+      "
+        >Hello world</span
+      >
+    `;
 
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
-    var expectedAlpha = 3.7 / (0.12 + 8);
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+    const expectedAlpha = 3.7 / (0.12 + 8);
 
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
     assert.closeTo(shadowColors[0].alpha, expectedAlpha, 0.01);
   });
 
-  it('combines the blur radius alpha with the alpha of the text-shadow color', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
-      'rgba(255, 0, 0, 0) 0 0 2px, rgba(255,0,0,0.5) 0 0 2px, rgba(255,0,0,0.8) 0 0 2px' +
-      '">Hello world</span>';
-
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
-    var expected1 = (3.7 / (2 + 8)) * 0.5;
-    var expected2 = (3.7 / (2 + 8)) * 0.8;
+  it('combines the blur radius alpha with the alpha of the text-shadow color', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <span
+        style="text-shadow: 
+      rgba(255, 0, 0, 0) 0 0 2px, rgba(255,0,0,0.5) 0 0 2px, rgba(255,0,0,0.8) 0 0 2px
+      "
+        >Hello world</span
+      >
+    `;
+
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+    const expected1 = (3.7 / (2 + 8)) * 0.5;
+    const expected2 = (3.7 / (2 + 8)) * 0.8;
 
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 3);
     assert.closeTo(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0, 0.05);
@@ -117,24 +144,34 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
     assert.closeTo(shadowColors[2].alpha, expected2, 0.05);
   });
 
-  it('treats the blur radius as 0 when left undefined', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<span style="text-shadow: ' + '1px 2px red' + '">Hello world</span>';
+  it('treats the blur radius as 0 when left undefined', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <span
+        style="text-shadow: 
+      1px 2px red
+      "
+        >Hello world</span
+      >
+    `;
 
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
 
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0);
   });
 
-  it('uses text color if text-shadow color is ommitted', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<span style="color: red;' +
-      'text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px;' +
-      '">Hello world</span>';
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+  it('uses text color if text-shadow color is ommitted', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <span
+        style="color: red;
+      text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px;
+      "
+        >Hello world</span
+      >
+    `;
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
 
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 255);
@@ -142,35 +179,43 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].blue, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns null if a shadows has a ratio less than minRatio', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
-      '0 0 1em #F00, 0 0 0.5em #0F0, 1px 1px 0.2em #00F;' +
-      '">Hello world</span>';
-
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span, { minRatio: 0.5 });
+  it('returns null if a shadows has a ratio less than minRatio', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <span
+        style="text-shadow: 
+      0 0 1em #F00, 0 0 0.5em #0F0, 1px 1px 0.2em #00F;
+      "
+        >Hello world</span
+      >
+    `;
+
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span, { minRatio: 0.5 });
     assert.isNull(shadowColors);
   });
 
-  it('does not return shadows with a ratio less than maxRatio', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
-      '0 0 1em #F00, 0 0 0.5em #0F0, 1px 1px 0.2em #00F;' +
-      '">Hello world</span>';
+  it('does not return shadows with a ratio less than maxRatio', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <span
+        style="text-shadow: 
+      0 0 1em #F00, 0 0 0.5em #0F0, 1px 1px 0.2em #00F;
+      "
+        >Hello world</span
+      >
+    `;
 
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span, { maxRatio: 0.5 });
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span, { maxRatio: 0.5 });
 
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].blue, 255);
   });
 
-  it('returns a transparent shadow when x offset is greater than blur', function () {
+  it('returns a transparent shadow when x offset is greater than blur', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: 1px 0 0 #F00">Hello world</span>';
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 0);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].green, 0);
@@ -178,11 +223,11 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns a transparent shadow when y offset is greater than blur', function () {
+  it('returns a transparent shadow when y offset is greater than blur', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #F00">Hello world</span>';
-    var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
-    var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
+    const span = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 0);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].green, 0);
@@ -193,13 +238,16 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
   describe('with shadows that combine to a stroke', () => {
     const opt = { minRatio: 0.01 };
     it('combines multiple shadows without blur into a single stroke', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
-        <span style="text-shadow:
-          0 -2px #F00,
-          2px 0 #F00,
-          0 2px #F00,
-          -2px 0 #F00;
-        ">Hello world</span>
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <span
+          style="text-shadow:
+    0 -2px #F00,
+    2px 0 #F00,
+    0 2px #F00,
+    -2px 0 #F00;
+  "
+          >Hello world</span
+        >
       `;
       const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(fixture.firstElementChild, opt);
       assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
@@ -213,13 +261,16 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
 
     it('only combines shadows thinner than minRatio', () => {
       const minRatio = 0.1; // .1em (has to be greater than 1px, or this will be null)
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
-        <span style="text-shadow:
-          0 -2px ${minRatio}em #000,
-          2px 0 ${minRatio}em #000,
-          0 2px ${minRatio}em #000,
-          -2px 0 ${minRatio}em #000;
-        ">Hello wold</span>
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <span
+          style="text-shadow:
+    0 -2px ${minRatio}em #000,
+    2px 0 ${minRatio}em #000,
+    0 2px ${minRatio}em #000,
+    -2px 0 ${minRatio}em #000;
+  "
+          >Hello wold</span
+        >
       `;
       const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(fixture.firstElementChild, {
         minRatio
@@ -228,13 +279,16 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
     });
 
     it('places the combined shadow in the correct order with shadows', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
-        <span style="text-shadow:
-          0 -1px #000, 1px 0 #000, 0 1px #000, -1px 0 #000,
-          0 0 1em #111,
-          0 -1px #222, 1px 0 #222, 0 1px #222, -1px 0 #222,
-          1px 1px 0.2em #333;
-        ">Hello wold</span>
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <span
+          style="text-shadow:
+    0 -1px #000, 1px 0 #000, 0 1px #000, -1px 0 #000,
+    0 0 1em #111,
+    0 -1px #222, 1px 0 #222, 0 1px #222, -1px 0 #222,
+    1px 1px 0.2em #333;
+  "
+          >Hello wold</span
+        >
       `;
       const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(fixture.firstElementChild, opt);
       const hexColors = shadowColors.map(color => color.toHexString()[1]);
@@ -242,25 +296,31 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
     });
 
     it('returns null when when thin shadows are not all the way around the text', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
-        <span style="text-shadow:
-          0 -2px #000,
-          2px 0 #000,
-          0 2px #000;
-        ">Hello wold</span>
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <span
+          style="text-shadow:
+    0 -2px #000,
+    2px 0 #000,
+    0 2px #000;
+  "
+          >Hello wold</span
+        >
       `;
       const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(fixture.firstElementChild, opt);
       assert.isNull(shadowColors);
     });
 
     it('ignores partial strokes with ignoreEdgeCount: true', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
-        <span style="text-shadow:
-          2px 1px 2px #F00,
-          0 -2px #000,
-          2px 0 #000,
-          0 2px #000;
-        ">Hello wold</span>
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <span
+          style="text-shadow:
+    2px 1px 2px #F00,
+    0 -2px #000,
+    2px 0 #000,
+    0 2px #000;
+  "
+          >Hello wold</span
+        >
       `;
       const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(fixture.firstElementChild, {
         ...opt,
diff --git a/test/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js b/test/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js
index 45768af4a..08c5bc4c1 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-describe('color.Color', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should give sensible results for WCAG compliance', function () {
-    var black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-    var white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-    var gray = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 128, 128, 1);
+describe('color.Color', () => {
+  it('should give sensible results for WCAG compliance', () => {
+    const black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    const white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const gray = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 128, 128, 1);
 
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.commons.color.hasValidContrastRatio(black, white, 8, false).isValid
@@ -55,8 +53,8 @@ describe('color.Color', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should count 1-1 ratios as visually hidden', function () {
-    var black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+  it('should count 1-1 ratios as visually hidden', () => {
+    const black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
 
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.commons.color.hasValidContrastRatio(black, black, 16, true).isValid
diff --git a/test/commons/color/incomplete-data.js b/test/commons/color/incomplete-data.js
index d7d0ed738..c1343507d 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/incomplete-data.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/incomplete-data.js
@@ -1,36 +1,34 @@
-describe('axe.commons.color.incompleteData', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.commons.color.incompleteData', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be an object', function () {
+  it('should be an object', () => {
     assert.isObject(axe.commons.color.incompleteData);
   });
 
-  it('should store a string with a key for the incomplete check', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should store a string with a key for the incomplete check', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.set('fgColor', 'bgImage');
 
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('fgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error if key is not a string', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('should throw an error if key is not a string', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.commons.color.incompleteData.set();
     }, /key must be a string/);
   });
 
-  it('should store a reason that matches a list of possibilities', function () {
+  it('should store a reason that matches a list of possibilities', () => {
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.set('bgColor', 'bgImage');
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should clear the data object on request', function () {
+  it('should clear the data object on request', () => {
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.set('fgColor', 'bgOverlap');
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.clear();
     assert.isUndefined(
diff --git a/test/commons/color/stacking-context.js b/test/commons/color/stacking-context.js
index d02d62e48..38c9c82de 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/stacking-context.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/stacking-context.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('color.stackingContext', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { Color, getStackingContext, stackingContextToColor } =
     axe.commons.color;
   const { getElementStack } = axe.commons.dom;
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ describe('color.stackingContext', () => {
     });
 
     it('creates a context for every node in the element stack', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <div id="elm1">
           <div id="elm2">
             <div id="target">Hello World</div>
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ describe('color.stackingContext', () => {
     });
 
     it('nests contexts', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <div id="elm1" style="position: absolute; z-index: 2">
           <div id="elm2">
             <div id="target">Hello World</div>
@@ -139,9 +140,11 @@ describe('color.stackingContext', () => {
     });
 
     it('creates a context for ancestors that create a stacking context but are not in the element stack', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <div id="elm1" style="opacity: 0.8">
-          <div id="target" style="position: absolute; z-index: 2">Hello World</div>
+          <div id="target" style="position: absolute; z-index: 2">
+            Hello World
+          </div>
         </div>
       `);
       const elmStack = getElementStack(vNode.actualNode).slice(0, -1);
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/create-grid.js b/test/commons/dom/create-grid.js
index 6073a3357..2cc304793 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/create-grid.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/create-grid.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Additional tests for createGrid are part of createRectStack tests,
 // which is what createGrid was originally part of
 describe('create-grid', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   let fixture;
   const createGrid = axe.commons.dom.createGrid;
   const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
@@ -40,13 +41,14 @@ describe('create-grid', () => {
   });
 
   it('adds large elements to multiple cell', () => {
-    fixture = fixtureSetup(
-      '<span style="display: inline-block; width: 300px; height: 300px;">' +
-        'Hello world</span>'
-    );
+    fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <span style="display: inline-block; width: 300px; height: 300px;">
+        Hello world
+      </span>
+    `);
     createGrid();
 
-    const positions = findPositions(fixture._grid, fixture.children[0]);
+    const positions = findPositions(fixture._grid, fixture.children[1]);
     assert.deepEqual(positions, [
       { col: 0, row: 0 },
       { col: 1, row: 0 },
@@ -56,10 +58,14 @@ describe('create-grid', () => {
   });
 
   it('only adds the visible non-overflow area of large elements', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
       <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 300px; height: 300px;">
-        <span id="target" style="display: inline-block; width: 1000px; height: 1000px;">' +
-        'Hello world</span>
+        <span
+          id="target"
+          style="display: inline-block; width: 1000px; height: 1000px;"
+        >
+          Hello world
+        </span>
       </div>
     `);
     createGrid();
@@ -117,7 +123,7 @@ describe('create-grid', () => {
     });
 
     it('creates multiple stacking context when they are nested', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <div style="opacity: 0.2">
           <div style="transform: translate(42px, 18px);">
             <div id="target">Hello world</div>
@@ -179,15 +185,19 @@ describe('create-grid', () => {
 
     it('adds elements vertically scrolled out of view', () => {
       const gridScroll = 2;
-      fixture =
-        fixtureSetup(`<div id="scroller" style="height: ${gridSize}px; width: ${gridSize}px; overflow: scroll">
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+        <div
+          id="scroller"
+          style="height: ${gridSize}px; width: ${gridSize}px; overflow: scroll"
+        >
           <div style="height: ${gridSize}px">V1</div>
           <div style="height: ${gridSize}px">V2</div>
           <div style="height: ${gridSize}px">V3</div>
           <div style="height: ${gridSize}px">V4</div>
           <div style="height: ${gridSize}px">V5</div>
-        </div>`);
-      const scroller = fixture.children[0];
+        </div>
+      `);
+      const scroller = fixture.children[1];
       scroller.actualNode.scroll(0, gridSize * gridScroll);
       const childElms = scroller.children.filter(
         ({ props }) => props.nodeName === 'div'
@@ -203,16 +213,17 @@ describe('create-grid', () => {
 
     it('adds elements horizontally scrolled out of view', () => {
       const gridScroll = 2;
-      fixture =
-        fixtureSetup(`<div id="scroller" style="width: ${gridSize}px; overflow: scroll">
-        <div style="width: ${gridSize * 6}px;">
-          <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H1</div>
-          <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H2</div>
-          <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H3</div>
-          <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H4</div>
-          <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H5</div>
-        </div>
-      </div>`);
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(
+        html`<div id="scroller" style="width: ${gridSize}px; overflow: scroll">
+          <div style="width: ${gridSize * 6}px;">
+            <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H1</div>
+            <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H2</div>
+            <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H3</div>
+            <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H4</div>
+            <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H5</div>
+          </div>
+        </div>`
+      );
       const scroller = fixture.children[0];
       scroller.actualNode.scroll(gridSize * gridScroll, 0);
       const childElms = scroller.children[0].children.filter(
@@ -230,12 +241,12 @@ describe('create-grid', () => {
 
   describe('subGrids', () => {
     it('sets the .subGrid property', () => {
-      fixture = fixtureSetup(
-        '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">' +
-          '<span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
-      const vOverflow = fixture.children[0];
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+        <div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">
+          <span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      const vOverflow = fixture.children[1];
       assert.isUndefined(vOverflow._subGrid);
       createGrid();
       assert.isDefined(vOverflow._subGrid);
@@ -243,38 +254,38 @@ describe('create-grid', () => {
     });
 
     it('sets the ._grid of children as the subGrid', () => {
-      fixture = fixtureSetup(
-        '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">' +
-          '<span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+        <div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">
+          <span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>
+        </div>
+      `);
       createGrid();
-      const vOverflow = fixture.children[0];
-      const vSpan = vOverflow.children[0];
+      const vOverflow = fixture.children[1];
+      const vSpan = vOverflow.children[1];
       assert.equal(vOverflow._subGrid, vSpan._grid);
     });
 
     it('does not add scrollable children to the root grid', () => {
-      fixture = fixtureSetup(
-        '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">' +
-          '<span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+        <div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">
+          <span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>
+        </div>
+      `);
       createGrid();
-      const vSpan = fixture.children[0].children[0];
+      const vSpan = fixture.children[1].children[1];
       const position = findPositions(fixture._grid, vSpan);
       assert.isEmpty(position);
     });
 
     it('adds scrollable children to the subGrid', () => {
-      fixture = fixtureSetup(
-        '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">' +
-          '<span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+        <div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">
+          <span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>
+        </div>
+      `);
       createGrid();
-      const vOverflow = fixture.children[0];
-      const vSpan = vOverflow.children[0];
+      const vOverflow = fixture.children[1];
+      const vSpan = vOverflow.children[1];
       const position = findPositions(vOverflow._subGrid, vSpan);
       assert.deepEqual(position, [
         { col: 0, row: 0 },
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/find-elms-in-context.js b/test/commons/dom/find-elms-in-context.js
index 508b5e538..9c5337c09 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/find-elms-in-context.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/find-elms-in-context.js
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-describe('dom.findElmsInContext', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var findElmsInContext = axe.commons.dom.findElmsInContext;
-
-  it('returns an array or elements in the same context', function () {
-    var rootNode = fixtureSetup(
-      '<b name="foo">1</b>' +
-        '<b name="foo">2</b>' +
-        '<b name="bar">3</b>' +
-        '<i name="foo">4</i>'
-    );
+describe('dom.findElmsInContext', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const findElmsInContext = axe.commons.dom.findElmsInContext;
+
+  it('returns an array or elements in the same context', () => {
+    const rootNode = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <b name="foo">1</b>
+      <b name="foo">2</b>
+      <b name="bar">3</b>
+      <i name="foo">4</i>
+    `);
 
     assert.deepEqual(
       findElmsInContext({
@@ -24,44 +22,38 @@ describe('dom.findElmsInContext', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'ignores elements inside shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<b name="foo">1</b>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<b name="foo">2</b> <slot></slot>';
-      var rootNode = fixtureSetup(node);
-
-      var result = findElmsInContext({
-        elm: 'b',
-        attr: 'name',
-        value: 'foo',
-        context: rootNode.actualNode
-      });
-      assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
-      assert.equal(result[0].innerText, '1');
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'can search elements limited to the shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
-      node.innerHTML = '<b name="foo">1</b>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<b name="foo">2</b><slot></slot>';
-      fixtureSetup(node);
-
-      var result = findElmsInContext({
-        elm: 'b',
-        attr: 'name',
-        value: 'foo',
-        context: shadow
-      });
+  it('ignores elements inside shadow tree', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<b name="foo">1</b>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<b name="foo">2</b> <slot></slot>';
+    const rootNode = fixtureSetup(node);
+
+    const result = findElmsInContext({
+      elm: 'b',
+      attr: 'name',
+      value: 'foo',
+      context: rootNode.actualNode
+    });
+    assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
+    assert.equal(result[0].innerText, '1');
+  });
 
-      assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
-      assert.equal(result[0].innerText, '2');
-    }
-  );
+  it('can search elements limited to the shadow tree', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.innerHTML = '<b name="foo">1</b>';
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<b name="foo">2</b><slot></slot>';
+    fixtureSetup(node);
+
+    const result = findElmsInContext({
+      elm: 'b',
+      attr: 'name',
+      value: 'foo',
+      context: shadow
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
+    assert.equal(result[0].innerText, '2');
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js b/test/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js
index 2bc46b92f..2c1bddf50 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ describe('findNearbyElms', () => {
 
   function getIds(vNodeList) {
     const ids = [];
-    vNodeList.forEach(function (vNode) {
+    vNodeList.forEach(vNode => {
       if (vNode.props.id && vNode.props.id !== 'fixture') {
         ids.push(vNode.props.id);
       }
@@ -16,16 +16,16 @@ describe('findNearbyElms', () => {
   describe('in the viewport', () => {
     beforeEach(() => {
       fixture = fixtureSetup(
-        '<div id="n0" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">0</div>' +
-          '<div id="n1" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">1</div>' +
-          '<div id="n2" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">2</div>' +
-          '<div id="n3" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">3</div>' +
-          '<div id="n4" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">4</div>' +
-          '<div id="n5" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">5</div>' +
-          '<div id="n6" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">6</div>' +
-          '<div id="n7" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">7</div>' +
-          '<div id="n8" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">8</div>' +
-          '<div id="n9" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">9</div>'
+        `<div id="n0" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">0</div>` +
+          `<div id="n1" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">1</div>` +
+          `<div id="n2" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">2</div>` +
+          `<div id="n3" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">3</div>` +
+          `<div id="n4" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">4</div>` +
+          `<div id="n5" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">5</div>` +
+          `<div id="n6" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">6</div>` +
+          `<div id="n7" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">7</div>` +
+          `<div id="n8" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">8</div>` +
+          `<div id="n9" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">9</div>`
       );
     });
 
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ describe('findNearbyElms', () => {
   describe('on the edge', () => {
     beforeEach(() => {
       fixture = fixtureSetup(
-        '<div id="n0" style="position: fixed; top:-31px; height: 60px">0</div>' +
-          '<div id="n1" style="position: fixed; top:-31px; height: 30px">1</div>' +
-          '<div id="n2" style="position: fixed; top:0; height: 30px">2</div>'
+        `<div id="n0" style="position: fixed; top:-31px; height: 60px">0</div>` +
+          `<div id="n1" style="position: fixed; top:-31px; height: 30px">1</div>` +
+          `<div id="n2" style="position: fixed; top:0; height: 30px">2</div>`
       );
     });
 
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ describe('findNearbyElms', () => {
   describe('when some nodes are fixed', () => {
     beforeEach(() => {
       fixture = fixtureSetup(
-        '<div style=" position: fixed;" id="n0">' +
-          '  <div id="n1" style="height:30px;">1</div>' +
-          '  <div id="n2" style="height:30px;">2</div>' +
-          '</div>' +
-          '<div id="n3" style="height:30px;">3</div>' +
-          '<div id="n4" style="height:30px;">4</div>'
+        `<div style=" position: fixed;" id="n0">` +
+          `<div id="n1" style="height:30px;">1</div>` +
+          `<div id="n2" style="height:30px;">2</div>` +
+          `</div>` +
+          `<div id="n3" style="height:30px;">3</div>` +
+          `<div id="n4" style="height:30px;">4</div>`
       );
     });
 
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/find-up.js b/test/commons/dom/find-up.js
index 13c5d939a..7ddd5b6b8 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/find-up.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/find-up.js
@@ -1,24 +1,38 @@
 /* global xit */
-describe('dom.findUp', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.findUp', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should find parents based on selector', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div class="target"><div id="target" class="target"><span><span><span><div>' +
-      '<div><div id="start"></div></div></div></span></span></span></div></div>';
-
-    var start = document.getElementById('start'),
+  it('should find parents based on selector', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div class="target">
+        <div id="target" class="target">
+          <span>
+            <span>
+              <span>
+                <div>
+                  <div>
+                    <div id="start"></div>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </span>
+            </span>
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+
+    const start = document.getElementById('start'),
       target = document.getElementById('target');
 
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.dom.findUp(start, '.target'),
       target,
@@ -26,187 +40,172 @@ describe('dom.findUp', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return null if it cant find a match anywhere in the document', function () {
+  it('should return null if it cant find a match anywhere in the document', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="start"></div>';
-    var start = document.getElementById('start');
+    const start = document.getElementById('start');
 
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isNull(axe.commons.dom.findUp(start, '.nomatchyplzkthx'));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if it cant find a match anywhere above the start', function () {
+  it('should return null if it cant find a match anywhere above the start', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="start"></div><div class="target"></div>';
-    var start = document.getElementById('start');
+    const start = document.getElementById('start');
 
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isNull(axe.commons.dom.findUp(start, '.target'));
   });
 
   (shadowSupport.v0 ? it : xit)(
     'should walk up the assigned content (v0)',
-    function () {
+    () => {
       function createContentSlotted() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
+        const group = document.createElement('div');
         group.innerHTML =
           '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<content></content></div>';
         return group;
       }
       function makeShadowTree(node) {
-        var root = node.createShadowRoot();
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+        const root = node.createShadowRoot();
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         root.appendChild(div);
         div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
       }
 
       fixture.innerHTML = '<label><div><p><a>hello</a></p></div></label>';
       makeShadowTree(fixture.querySelector('div'));
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
-      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
+      const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.dom.findUp(el.actualNode, 'label'),
-        fixture.firstChild
+        fixture.firstElementChild
       );
     }
   );
 
-  (shadowSupport.v0 ? it : xit)(
-    'should walk down the shadow DOM v0',
-    function () {
-      function createContent() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
-        group.innerHTML = '<a>thing</a>';
-        return group;
-      }
-      function makeShadowTree(node) {
-        var root = node.createShadowRoot();
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        div.appendChild(createContent());
-        root.appendChild(div);
-      }
-
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<label><div></div></label>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.querySelector('div'));
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
-      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
-      assert.equal(
-        axe.commons.dom.findUp(el.actualNode, 'label'),
-        fixture.firstChild
-      );
+  (shadowSupport.v0 ? it : xit)('should walk down the shadow DOM v0', () => {
+    function createContent() {
+      const group = document.createElement('div');
+      group.innerHTML = '<a>thing</a>';
+      return group;
+    }
+    function makeShadowTree(node) {
+      const root = node.createShadowRoot();
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      div.appendChild(createContent());
+      root.appendChild(div);
     }
-  );
 
-  (shadowSupport.v0 ? it : xit)(
-    'should work on shadow root children',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="list" id="something"></div>';
-      var shadow = fixture.querySelector('#something').createShadowRoot();
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<label><div></div></label>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.querySelector('div'));
+    const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
+    const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+    assert.equal(
+      axe.commons.dom.findUp(el.actualNode, 'label'),
+      fixture.firstElementChild
+    );
+  });
 
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<div role="listitem">item 1</div>';
-      var listItem = shadow.querySelector('[role=listitem]');
+  (shadowSupport.v0 ? it : xit)('should work on shadow root children', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="list" id="something"></div>';
+    const shadow = fixture.querySelector('#something').createShadowRoot();
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
-      assert.equal(
-        axe.commons.dom.findUp(listItem, '[role=list]'),
-        fixture.firstChild
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<div role="listitem">item 1</div>';
+    const listItem = shadow.querySelector('[role=listitem]');
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should walk up the assigned slot',
-    function () {
-      function createContentSlotted() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
-        group.innerHTML =
-          '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-        return group;
-      }
-      function makeShadowTree(node) {
-        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        root.appendChild(div);
-        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-      }
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
+    assert.equal(
+      axe.commons.dom.findUp(listItem, '[role=list]'),
+      fixture.firstElementChild
+    );
+  });
 
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<label><div><p><a>hello</a></p></div></label>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.querySelector('div'));
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
-      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
-      assert.equal(
-        axe.commons.dom.findUp(el.actualNode, 'label'),
-        fixture.firstChild
-      );
+  it('should walk up the assigned slot', () => {
+    function createContentSlotted() {
+      const group = document.createElement('div');
+      group.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+      return group;
+    }
+    function makeShadowTree(node) {
+      const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      root.appendChild(div);
+      div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
     }
-  );
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should find element in assigned slot, not in the host document',
-    function () {
-      function createContentSlotted() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
-        group.className = 'target';
-        var slot = document.createElement('slot');
-        group.appendChild(slot);
-        return group;
-      }
-      function makeShadowTree(node) {
-        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        root.appendChild(div);
-        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-      }
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<label><div><p><a>hello</a></p></div></label>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.querySelector('div'));
+    const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
+    const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+    assert.equal(
+      axe.commons.dom.findUp(el.actualNode, 'label'),
+      fixture.firstElementChild
+    );
+  });
 
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<label><div><p><a>hello</a></p></div></label>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.querySelector('div'));
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
-      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '.target')[0];
-      assert.equal(
-        axe.commons.dom.findUp(el.actualNode, 'div'),
-        target.actualNode
-      );
+  it('should find element in assigned slot, not in the host document', () => {
+    function createContentSlotted() {
+      const group = document.createElement('div');
+      group.className = 'target';
+      const slot = document.createElement('slot');
+      group.appendChild(slot);
+      return group;
+    }
+    function makeShadowTree(node) {
+      const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      root.appendChild(div);
+      div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
     }
-  );
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('should walk up the shadow DOM', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<label><div><p><a>hello</a></p></div></label>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.querySelector('div'));
+    const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
+    const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '.target')[0];
+    assert.equal(
+      axe.commons.dom.findUp(el.actualNode, 'div'),
+      target.actualNode
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should walk up the shadow DOM', () => {
     function createContent() {
-      var group = document.createElement('div');
+      const group = document.createElement('div');
       group.innerHTML = '<a>thing</a>';
       return group;
     }
     function makeShadowTree(node) {
-      var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
+      const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
       root.appendChild(div);
       div.appendChild(createContent());
     }
 
     fixture.innerHTML = '<label><div></div></label>';
     makeShadowTree(fixture.querySelector('div'));
-    var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
-    var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+    const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
+    const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.dom.findUp(el.actualNode, 'label'),
-      fixture.firstChild
+      fixture.firstElementChild
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should work on shadow root children',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="list" id="something"></div>';
-      var shadow = fixture
-        .querySelector('#something')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+  it('should work on shadow root children', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="list" id="something"></div>';
+    const shadow = fixture
+      .querySelector('#something')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
 
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<div role="listitem">item 1</div>';
-      var listItem = shadow.querySelector('[role=listitem]');
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<div role="listitem">item 1</div>';
+    const listItem = shadow.querySelector('[role=listitem]');
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
-      assert.equal(
-        axe.commons.dom.findUp(listItem, '[role=list]'),
-        fixture.firstChild
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
+    assert.equal(
+      axe.commons.dom.findUp(listItem, '[role=list]'),
+      fixture.firstElementChild
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js b/test/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js
index bf71d0e54..095f0fbf6 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js
@@ -1,88 +1,86 @@
 /* global xit */
-describe('dom.getComposedParent', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var getComposedParent = axe.commons.dom.getComposedParent;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+describe('dom.getComposedParent', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const getComposedParent = axe.commons.dom.getComposedParent;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns the parentNode normally', function () {
+  it('returns the parentNode normally', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent"><div id="target"></div></div>';
 
-    var actual = getComposedParent(document.getElementById('target'));
+    const actual = getComposedParent(document.getElementById('target'));
     assert.instanceOf(actual, Node);
     assert.equal(actual, document.getElementById('parent'));
   });
 
-  it('returns null from the documentElement', function () {
+  it('returns null from the documentElement', () => {
     assert.isNull(getComposedParent(document.documentElement));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
-    'skip the slot node for slotted content',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"><div id="target"></div></div>';
-      var shadowRoot = document
-        .getElementById('shadow')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="grand-parent">' + '<slot id="parent"></slot>' + '</div>';
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('skip the slot node for slotted content', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"><div id="target"></div></div>';
+    const shadowRoot = document
+      .getElementById('shadow')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="grand-parent">
+        <slot id="parent"></slot>
+      </div>
+    `;
 
-      var actual = getComposedParent(fixture.querySelector('#target'));
-      assert.instanceOf(actual, Node);
-      assert.equal(actual, shadowRoot.querySelector('#grand-parent'));
-    }
-  );
+    const actual = getComposedParent(fixture.querySelector('#target'));
+    assert.instanceOf(actual, Node);
+    assert.equal(actual, shadowRoot.querySelector('#grand-parent'));
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
-    'understands explicitly slotted nodes',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="shadow"><div id="target" slot="bar"></div></div>';
-      var shadowRoot = document
-        .getElementById('shadow')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="grand-parent">' +
-        '<slot name="foo"></slot>' +
-        '<div id="parent"><slot name="bar"></slot></div>' +
-        '</div>';
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('understands explicitly slotted nodes', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="shadow"><div id="target" slot="bar"></div></div>';
+    const shadowRoot = document
+      .getElementById('shadow')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="grand-parent">
+        <slot name="foo"></slot>
+        <div id="parent"><slot name="bar"></slot></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
 
-      var actual = getComposedParent(fixture.querySelector('#target'));
-      assert.instanceOf(actual, Node);
-      assert.equal(actual, shadowRoot.querySelector('#parent'));
-    }
-  );
+    const actual = getComposedParent(fixture.querySelector('#target'));
+    assert.instanceOf(actual, Node);
+    assert.equal(actual, shadowRoot.querySelector('#parent'));
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
-    'returns elements within a shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"> content </div>';
-      var shadowRoot = document
-        .getElementById('shadow')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent">' + '<slot id="target"></slot>' + '</div>';
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('returns elements within a shadow tree', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"> content </div>';
+    const shadowRoot = document
+      .getElementById('shadow')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="parent">
+        <slot id="target"></slot>
+      </div>
+    `;
 
-      var actual = getComposedParent(shadowRoot.querySelector('#target'));
-      assert.instanceOf(actual, Node);
-      assert.equal(actual, shadowRoot.querySelector('#parent'));
-    }
-  );
+    const actual = getComposedParent(shadowRoot.querySelector('#target'));
+    assert.instanceOf(actual, Node);
+    assert.equal(actual, shadowRoot.querySelector('#parent'));
+  });
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns the host when it reaches the shadow root',
-    function () {
+    () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent"> content </div>';
-      var shadowRoot = document
+      const shadowRoot = document
         .getElementById('parent')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> <slot></slot> </div>';
 
-      var actual = getComposedParent(shadowRoot.querySelector('#target'));
+      const actual = getComposedParent(shadowRoot.querySelector('#target'));
       assert.instanceOf(actual, Node);
       assert.equal(actual, fixture.querySelector('#parent'));
     }
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-element-by-reference.js b/test/commons/dom/get-element-by-reference.js
index 6097d0c33..d0fa09f9f 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-element-by-reference.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-element-by-reference.js
@@ -1,120 +1,125 @@
-describe('dom.getElementByReference', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.getElementByReference', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return null if the attribute is not found', function () {
+  it('should return null if the attribute is not found', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>';
-    var node = document.getElementById('link'),
+    const node = document.getElementById('link'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'usemap');
 
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if the attribute does not start with "#"', function () {
+  it('should return null if the attribute does not start with "#"', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a id="link" usemap="target">Hi</a>';
-    var node = document.getElementById('link'),
+    const node = document.getElementById('link'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'href');
 
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if no targets are found', function () {
+  it('should return null if no targets are found', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>';
-    var node = document.getElementById('link'),
+    const node = document.getElementById('link'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'href');
 
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return node if target is found (href)', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>' + '<a id="target"></a>';
+  it('should return node if target is found (href)', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>
+      <a id="target"></a>
+    `;
 
-    var node = document.getElementById('link'),
+    const node = document.getElementById('link'),
       expected = document.getElementById('target'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'href');
 
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return node if target is found (usemap)', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<img id="link" usemap="#target">Hi</a>' + '<map id="target"></map>';
+  it('should return node if target is found (usemap)', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <img id="link" usemap="#target">Hi</a>
+      <map id="target"></map>
+    `;
 
-    var node = document.getElementById('link'),
+    const node = document.getElementById('link'),
       expected = document.getElementById('target'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'usemap');
 
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should prioritize ID', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>' +
-      '<a id="target"></a>' +
-      '<a name="target"></a>';
+  it('should prioritize ID', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>
+      <a id="target"></a>
+      <a name="target"></a>
+    `;
 
-    var node = document.getElementById('link'),
+    const node = document.getElementById('link'),
       expected = document.getElementById('target'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'href');
 
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should fallback to name', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>' +
-      '<a name="target" id="target0"></a>';
+  it('should fallback to name', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>
+      <a name="target" id="target0"></a>
+    `;
 
-    var node = document.getElementById('link'),
+    const node = document.getElementById('link'),
       expected = document.getElementById('target0'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'href');
 
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return the first matching element with name', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>' +
-      '<a name="target" id="target0"></a>' +
-      '<a name="target"></a>';
+  it('should return the first matching element with name', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>
+      <a name="target" id="target0"></a>
+      <a name="target"></a>
+    `;
 
-    var node = document.getElementById('link'),
+    const node = document.getElementById('link'),
       expected = document.getElementById('target0'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'href');
 
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns the first matching element using Angular skiplinks', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a id="link" href="/#target">Hi</a>' +
-      '<a name="target" id="target0"></a>' +
-      '<a name="target"></a>';
+  it('returns the first matching element using Angular skiplinks', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <a id="link" href="/#target">Hi</a>
+      <a name="target" id="target0"></a>
+      <a name="target"></a>
+    `;
 
-    var node = document.getElementById('link'),
+    const node = document.getElementById('link'),
       expected = document.getElementById('target0'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'href');
 
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should work with absolute links', function () {
-    var currentPage = window.location.origin + window.location.pathname;
+  it('should work with absolute links', () => {
+    const currentPage = window.location.origin + window.location.pathname;
 
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a id="link" href="' +
-      currentPage +
-      '#target">Hi</a>' +
-      '<a id="target"></a>' +
-      '<a name="target"></a>';
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<a id="link" href="${currentPage}#target">Hi</a>
+      <a id="target"></a>
+      <a name="target"></a>`;
 
-    var node = document.getElementById('link'),
+    const node = document.getElementById('link'),
       expected = document.getElementById('target'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'href');
 
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js b/test/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js
index 26b9efc9b..797e1aee2 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js
@@ -1,20 +1,25 @@
 //@todo better coverage
-describe('dom.getElementCoordinates', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+describe('dom.getElementCoordinates', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should calculate bounding box based on element position', function () {
-    var el, coords;
+  it('should calculate bounding box based on element position', () => {
+    let el, coords;
 
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="div" style="position: absolute; top: -1px; left: -1px;">' +
-      '<span id="coords0" style="position:absolute; top: -999px; left: -999px; width: 1000px; height: 1000px;">' +
-      'Absolute</span>' +
-      '</div>';
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="div" style="position: absolute; top: -1px; left: -1px;">
+        <span
+          id="coords0"
+          style="position:absolute; top: -999px; left: -999px; width: 1000px; height: 1000px;"
+        >
+          Absolute</span
+        >
+      </div>
+    `;
 
     el = document.getElementById('coords0');
     coords = axe.commons.dom.getElementCoordinates(el);
@@ -31,16 +36,21 @@ describe('dom.getElementCoordinates', function () {
     assert.equal(Math.round(coords.top), -1);
   });
 
-  it('should take into account scroll offsets', function () {
-    var el,
-      coords,
-      offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset(window.document);
+  it('should take into account scroll offsets', () => {
+    let el;
+    let coords;
+    const offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset(window.document);
 
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="div" style="position: absolute; top: -1px; left: -1px;">' +
-      '<span id="coords0" style="position:absolute; top: -999px; left: -999px; width: 1000px; height: 1000px;">' +
-      'Absolute</span>' +
-      '</div>';
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="div" style="position: absolute; top: -1px; left: -1px;">
+        <span
+          id="coords0"
+          style="position:absolute; top: -999px; left: -999px; width: 1000px; height: 1000px;"
+        >
+          Absolute</span
+        >
+      </div>
+    `;
 
     el = document.getElementById('coords0');
     coords = axe.commons.dom.getElementCoordinates(el);
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js b/test/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
index 3b045f787..1dec6b075 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
-  'use strict';
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   const getElementStack = axe.commons.dom.getElementStack;
-  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
   function mapToIDs(stack) {
     return stack
-      .map(function (node) {
+      .map(node => {
         return node.id;
       })
-      .filter(function (id) {
+      .filter(id => {
         return !!id;
       });
   }
@@ -21,12 +20,13 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
 
   describe('stack order', () => {
     it('should return stack in DOM order of non-positioned elements', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2">' +
-        '<p id="target">Hello World</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2">
+            <p id="target">Hello World</p>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -34,13 +34,14 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should not return elements outside of the stack', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2">' +
-        '<span style="display:block">Foo</span>' +
-        '<p id="target">Hello World</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2">
+            <span style="display:block">Foo</span>
+            <p id="target">Hello World</p>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -48,13 +49,16 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return stack in DOM order of non-positioned elements with z-index', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style=";width:40px;height:40px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;z-index:100">hello world</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<div id="2" style="width:40px;height:40px;margin-top:-33px;">' +
-        '<div id="3" style="width:40px;height:40px;">Some text</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style=";width:40px;height:40px;">
+          <div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;z-index:100">
+            hello world
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <div id="2" style="width:40px;height:40px;margin-top:-33px;">
+          <div id="3" style="width:40px;height:40px;">Some text</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -66,17 +70,23 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
 
     it('should should handle positioned elements without z-index', () => {
       // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_without_z-index
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">' +
-        'DIV #1<br />position:absolute;</div>' +
-        '<div id="2" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;top:0;">' +
-        'DIV #2<br />position:relative;</div>' +
-        '<div id="3" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;top:-40px;">' +
-        'DIV #3<br />position:relative;</div>' +
-        '<div id="4" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">' +
-        'DIV #4<br />position:absolute;</div>' +
-        '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;margin-top:-80px;">' +
-        'DIV #5<br />position:static;</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">
+          DIV #1<br />position:absolute;
+        </div>
+        <div id="2" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;top:0;">
+          DIV #2<br />position:relative;
+        </div>
+        <div id="3" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;top:-40px;">
+          DIV #3<br />position:relative;
+        </div>
+        <div id="4" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">
+          DIV #4<br />position:absolute;
+        </div>
+        <div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;margin-top:-80px;">
+          DIV #5<br />position:static;
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -85,15 +95,20 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
 
     it('should handle floating and positioned elements without z-index', () => {
       // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_and_float
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">' +
-        'DIV #1<br />position:absolute;</div>' +
-        '<div id="2" style="width:40px;height:40px;float:left;">' +
-        'DIV #2<br />float:left;</div>' +
-        '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;">' +
-        'DIV #3<br />no positioning</div>' +
-        '<div id="4" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">' +
-        'DIV #4<br />position:absolute;</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">
+          DIV #1<br />position:absolute;
+        </div>
+        <div id="2" style="width:40px;height:40px;float:left;">
+          DIV #2<br />float:left;
+        </div>
+        <div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;">
+          DIV #3<br />no positioning
+        </div>
+        <div id="4" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">
+          DIV #4<br />position:absolute;
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -101,13 +116,14 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should handle floating parent elements', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="float: left; background: #000000; color: #fff;">' +
-        '<div id="2"><span id="target">whole picture</span></div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<div id="3">' +
-        '<div id="4" style="background: #f2f2f2;">English</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="float: left; background: #000000; color: #fff;">
+          <div id="2"><span id="target">whole picture</span></div>
+        </div>
+        <div id="3">
+          <div id="4" style="background: #f2f2f2;">English</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -117,26 +133,30 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
 
     it('should handle z-index positioned elements in the same stacking context', () => {
       // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_context_example_1
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;">' +
-        '<br />DIV #1' +
-        '<br />position:relative;' +
-        '<div id="2" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:1;">' +
-        '<br />DIV #2' +
-        '<br />position:absolute;' +
-        '<br />z-index:1;' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<br />' +
-        '<div id="3" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;    margin-top:-58px;">' +
-        '<br />DIV #3' +
-        '<br />position:relative;' +
-        '<div id="4" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:2;">' +
-        '<br />DIV #4' +
-        '<br />position:absolute;' +
-        '<br />z-index:2;' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;">
+          <br />DIV #1 <br />position:relative;
+          <div
+            id="2"
+            style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:1;"
+          >
+            <br />DIV #2 <br />position:absolute; <br />z-index:1;
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <br />
+        <div
+          id="3"
+          style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;    margin-top:-58px;"
+        >
+          <br />DIV #3 <br />position:relative;
+          <div
+            id="4"
+            style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:2;"
+          >
+            <br />DIV #4 <br />position:absolute; <br />z-index:2;
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -145,26 +165,30 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
 
     it('should handle z-index positioned elements in different stacking contexts', () => {
       // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_context_example_2
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;">' +
-        '<br />DIV #1' +
-        '<br />position:relative;' +
-        '<div id="2" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:2;">' +
-        '<br />DIV #2' +
-        '<br />position:absolute;' +
-        '<br />z-index:2;' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<br />' +
-        '<div id="3" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;    margin-top:-58px;z-index:1">' +
-        '<br />DIV #3' +
-        '<br />position:relative;' +
-        '<div id="4" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:10;">' +
-        '<br />DIV #4' +
-        '<br />position:absolute;' +
-        '<br />z-index:10;' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;">
+          <br />DIV #1 <br />position:relative;
+          <div
+            id="2"
+            style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:2;"
+          >
+            <br />DIV #2 <br />position:absolute; <br />z-index:2;
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <br />
+        <div
+          id="3"
+          style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;    margin-top:-58px;z-index:1"
+        >
+          <br />DIV #3 <br />position:relative;
+          <div
+            id="4"
+            style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:10;"
+          >
+            <br />DIV #4 <br />position:absolute; <br />z-index:10;
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -173,38 +197,57 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
 
     it('should handle complex stacking context', () => {
       // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/The_stacking_context
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:5;">' +
-        'Division Element #1<br/>' +
-        'position: relative;<br/>' +
-        'z-index: 5;' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<div id="2" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:2;">' +
-        'Division Element #2<br/>' +
-        'position: relative;<br/>' +
-        'z-index: 2;' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<div id="3" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:4;">' +
-        '<div id="4" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:6;">' +
-        'Division Element #4<br/>' +
-        'position: relative;<br/>' +
-        'z-index: 6;' +
-        '</div>' +
-        'Division Element #3<br/>' +
-        'position: absolute;<br/>' +
-        'z-index: 4;' +
-        '<div id="5" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:1;">' +
-        'Division Element #5<br/>' +
-        'position: relative;<br/>' +
-        'z-index: 1;' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '' +
-        '<div id="target" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:3;">' +
-        'Division Element #6<br/>' +
-        'position: absolute;<br/>' +
-        'z-index: 3;' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div
+          id="1"
+          style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:5;"
+        >
+          Division Element #1<br />
+          position: relative;<br />
+          z-index: 5;
+        </div>
+        <div
+          id="2"
+          style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:2;"
+        >
+          Division Element #2<br />
+          position: relative;<br />
+          z-index: 2;
+        </div>
+        <div
+          id="3"
+          style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:4;"
+        >
+          <div
+            id="4"
+            style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:6;"
+          >
+            Division Element #4<br />
+            position: relative;<br />
+            z-index: 6;
+          </div>
+          Division Element #3<br />
+          position: absolute;<br />
+          z-index: 4;
+          <div
+            id="5"
+            style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:1;"
+          >
+            Division Element #5<br />
+            position: relative;<br />
+            z-index: 1;
+          </div>
+
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:3;"
+          >
+            Division Element #6<br />
+            position: absolute;<br />
+            z-index: 3;
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -212,10 +255,11 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should correctly order children of position elements without z-index', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="position:relative;width:40px;height:40px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;"></div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="position:relative;width:40px;height:40px;">
+          <div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;"></div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -223,10 +267,11 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should correctly order children of position elements with z-index', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="position:relative;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:1">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;"></div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="position:relative;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:1">
+          <div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;"></div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -235,8 +280,11 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
 
     ['flex', 'inline-flex', 'grid', 'inline-grid'].forEach(type => {
       it(`should correctly order "${type}" items with z-index`, () => {
-        fixture.innerHTML = `
-          <div id="1" style="position:absolute;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:1"></div>
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`
+          <div
+            id="1"
+            style="position:absolute;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:1"
+          ></div>
           <div id="2" style="display: ${type}">
             <div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;z-index:1"></div>
           </div>
@@ -249,13 +297,17 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should handle modals on top of the stack', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2">' +
-        '<p id="target">Hello World</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>' +
-        '<div id="3" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:100px"></div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2">
+            <p id="target">Hello World</p>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+        <div
+          id="3"
+          style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:100px"
+        ></div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -263,13 +315,17 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should handle "pointer-events:none"', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2">' +
-        '<p id="target">Hello World</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>' +
-        '<div id="3" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:100px;pointer-events:none"></div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2">
+            <p id="target">Hello World</p>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+        <div
+          id="3"
+          style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:100px;pointer-events:none"
+        ></div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -277,12 +333,13 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return elements left out by document.elementsFromPoint', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2">' +
-        '<label id="3">Foo<input id="target"></label>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2">
+            <label id="3">Foo<input id="target" /></label>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -290,11 +347,17 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should not return elements that do not fully cover the target', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="position:relative;">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="position:absolute;width:300px;height:19px;"></div>' +
-        '<p id="target" style="position:relative;z-index:1;width:300px;height:40px;">Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here\'s <br>a link</a></p>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="position:relative;">
+          <div id="2" style="position:absolute;width:300px;height:19px;"></div>
+          <p
+            id="target"
+            style="position:relative;z-index:1;width:300px;height:40px;"
+          >
+            Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here's <br />a link</a>
+          </p>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -302,10 +365,11 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should not return parent elements that do not fully cover the target', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="height:20px;position:relative;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="position:absolute;top:21px;">Text</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="height:20px;position:relative;">
+          <div id="target" style="position:absolute;top:21px;">Text</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -313,11 +377,14 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return elements that partially cover the target', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="height:40px;position:relative;">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="height:20px;"></div>' +
-        '<div id="target" style="position:absolute;margin-top:-11px;">Text</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="height:40px;position:relative;">
+          <div id="2" style="height:20px;"></div>
+          <div id="target" style="position:absolute;margin-top:-11px;">
+            Text
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -325,12 +392,13 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should handle negative z-index', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="position:relative;z-index:-10">' +
-        '<p id="target">Hello World</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2" style="position:relative;z-index:-10">
+            <p id="target">Hello World</p>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -338,13 +406,16 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should not add hidden elements', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="position: absolute; display: none;">Some text</div>' +
-        '<div id="3" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden">Some text</div>' +
-        '<div id="4" style="position: absolute; opacity: 0">Some text</div>' +
-        '<span id="target">Hello World</span>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2" style="position: absolute; display: none;">Some text</div>
+          <div id="3" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden">
+            Some text
+          </div>
+          <div id="4" style="position: absolute; opacity: 0">Some text</div>
+          <span id="target">Hello World</span>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -352,13 +423,14 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should correctly position children of positioned parents', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="position: relative; padding: 60px 0;">Some text</div>' +
-        '<section id="2" style="position: relative; padding: 60px 0;">' +
-        '<div id="3" style="margin-top: -120px;">' +
-        '<h3 id="target">Hi, Hello World.</h3>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</section>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="position: relative; padding: 60px 0;">Some text</div>
+        <section id="2" style="position: relative; padding: 60px 0;">
+          <div id="3" style="margin-top: -120px;">
+            <h3 id="target">Hi, Hello World.</h3>
+          </div>
+        </section>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -366,15 +438,18 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should correctly position siblings with positioned children correctly', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1">Some text</div>' +
-        '<div id="2" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0;">Some text</div>' +
-        '<div id="3" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0;">' +
-        '<div id="4" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0;">Some text</div>' +
-        '<div id="5">' +
-        '<div id="target">Some text</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1">Some text</div>
+        <div id="2" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0;">Some text</div>
+        <div id="3" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0;">
+          <div id="4" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0;">
+            Some text
+          </div>
+          <div id="5">
+            <div id="target">Some text</div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -382,17 +457,24 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should correctly position children of float elements with position elements', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="width: 50px; height: 50px; position: relative;">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="width: 50px; height: 50px; float: left;">' +
-        '<div id="3" style="width: 50px; height: 50px;">' +
-        '<div id="4" style="width: 50px; height: 50px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="width: 50px; height: 50px; position: relative;"></div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<div id="5" style="width: 50px; height: 50px; position: absolute; top:0"></div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="width: 50px; height: 50px; position: relative;">
+          <div id="2" style="width: 50px; height: 50px; float: left;">
+            <div id="3" style="width: 50px; height: 50px;">
+              <div id="4" style="width: 50px; height: 50px;">
+                <div
+                  id="target"
+                  style="width: 50px; height: 50px; position: relative;"
+                ></div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+            <div
+              id="5"
+              style="width: 50px; height: 50px; position: absolute; top:0"
+            ></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -400,15 +482,18 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should correctly position opacity elements and positioned elements', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
         <div id="1" style="opacity: 0.9;">
           <div id="2" style="position: relative; z-index: 2">
-           <h1 id="target">Hello World</h1>
+            <h1 id="target">Hello World</h1>
           </div>
         </div>
         <div id="3" style="opacity: 0.8;">
           <div id="4" style="position: absolute; top: 20px; z-index: -1;">
-            <div id="5" style="height: 40px; width: 100vw; background: red"></div>
+            <div
+              id="5"
+              style="height: 40px; width: 100vw; background: red"
+            ></div>
           </div>
         </div>
       `;
@@ -419,15 +504,18 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should correctly order elements outside of the axe tree', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
         <div id="1" style="opacity: 0.9;">
           <div id="2" style="position: relative; z-index: 2">
-           <h1 id="target">Hello World</h1>
+            <h1 id="target">Hello World</h1>
           </div>
         </div>
         <div id="tree" style="opacity: 0.8;">
           <div id="4" style="position: absolute; top: 20px; z-index: -1;">
-            <div id="5" style="height: 40px; width: 100vw; background: red"></div>
+            <div
+              id="5"
+              style="height: 40px; width: 100vw; background: red"
+            ></div>
           </div>
         </div>
       `;
@@ -438,13 +526,14 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return empty array for hidden elements', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="position: absolute; display: none">' +
-        '<span id="3">text</span>' +
-        '<span id="target">Hello World</span>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2" style="position: absolute; display: none">
+            <span id="3">text</span>
+            <span id="target">Hello World</span>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -452,13 +541,14 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return empty array for children of 0 height scrollable regions', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="overflow: scroll; height: 0">' +
-        '<span id="3">text</span>' +
-        '<span id="target">Hello World</span>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2" style="overflow: scroll; height: 0">
+            <span id="3">text</span>
+            <span id="target">Hello World</span>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -466,13 +556,25 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should correctly position children of different stacking contexts', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
-        <header id="1" style="position: absolute; z-index: 999; height: 50px; width: 100%; top: 0">
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <header
+          id="1"
+          style="position: absolute; z-index: 999; height: 50px; width: 100%; top: 0"
+        >
           <div id="2" style="display: flex; position: relative; height: 50px;">
-            <div id="3" style="position: relative; height: 50px; width: 100%;"></div>
+            <div
+              id="3"
+              style="position: relative; height: 50px; width: 100%;"
+            ></div>
           </div>
-          <div id="4" style="display: flex; position: absolute; height: 50px; width: 100%; top: 0;">
-            <div id="5" style="position: absolute; transform: translate(0, -50%);">
+          <div
+            id="4"
+            style="display: flex; position: absolute; height: 50px; width: 100%; top: 0;"
+          >
+            <div
+              id="5"
+              style="position: absolute; transform: translate(0, -50%);"
+            >
               <div id="6" style="display: flex;">
                 <span id="target">Hello World</span>
               </div>
@@ -528,11 +630,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should ignore element which exactly overlaps midpoint of target element', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="width: 100%; height: 50px;">' +
-        '<h4 id="1" style="margin: 0; width: 100%; height: 25px;">Foo</h4>' +
-        'Bar' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="target" style="width: 100%; height: 50px;">
+          <h4 id="1" style="margin: 0; width: 100%; height: 25px;">Foo</h4>
+          Bar
+        </div>
+      `;
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -543,110 +646,104 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     // IE11 either only supports clip paths defined by url() or not at all,
     // MDN and caniuse.com give different results...
     it('should not add hidden elements using clip-path', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);">Some text</div>' +
-        '<span id="target">Hello World</span>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div
+            id="2"
+            style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);"
+          >
+            Some text
+          </div>
+          <span id="target">Hello World</span>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should sort shadow dom elements correctly',
-      () => {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-        const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-        const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    it('should sort shadow dom elements correctly', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+      const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+      const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        const target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-        const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
-        assert.deepEqual(stack, ['shadowTarget', 'container', 'fixture']);
-      }
-    );
-
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should sort nested shadow dom elements correctly',
-      () => {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-        const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-        const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-
-        shadow.innerHTML = '<div id="shadowContainer"></div>';
-        const nestedContainer = shadow.querySelector('#shadowContainer');
-        const nestedShadow = nestedContainer.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-
-        nestedShadow.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, ['shadowTarget', 'container', 'fixture']);
+    });
 
-        const target = nestedShadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-        const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
-        assert.deepEqual(stack, [
-          'shadowTarget',
-          'shadowContainer',
-          'container',
-          'fixture'
-        ]);
-      }
-    );
-
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should sort positioned shadow elements correctly',
-      () => {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-        const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-        const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-
-        shadow.innerHTML =
-          '<div id="shadowContainer" style="position: relative; z-index: -1;"></div>';
-        const nestedContainer = shadow.querySelector('#shadowContainer');
-        const nestedShadow = nestedContainer.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-
-        nestedShadow.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    it('should sort nested shadow dom elements correctly', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+      const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+      const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
 
-        const target = nestedShadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-        const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
-        assert.deepEqual(stack, [
-          'container',
-          'fixture',
-          'shadowTarget',
-          'shadowContainer'
-        ]);
-      }
-    );
-
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should sort shadow elements with different trees correctly',
-      () => {
-        fixture.innerHTML =
-          '<div id="container1"></div><div id="container2"  style="position: absolute; top: 0;">';
-        const container1 = fixture.querySelector('#container1');
-        const shadow1 = container1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow1.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
-
-        const container2 = fixture.querySelector('#container2');
-        const shadow2 = container2.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow2.innerHTML = '<span id="1">Container 2 text</span>';
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      shadow.innerHTML = '<div id="shadowContainer"></div>';
+      const nestedContainer = shadow.querySelector('#shadowContainer');
+      const nestedShadow = nestedContainer.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
 
-        const target = shadow1.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-        const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
-        assert.deepEqual(stack, [
-          '1',
-          'container2',
-          'shadowTarget',
-          'container1',
-          'fixture'
-        ]);
-      }
-    );
-
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('should sort <slot> elements', () => {
+      nestedShadow.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+      const target = nestedShadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, [
+        'shadowTarget',
+        'shadowContainer',
+        'container',
+        'fixture'
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should sort positioned shadow elements correctly', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+      const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+      const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+
+      shadow.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="shadowContainer" style="position: relative; z-index: -1;"></div>';
+      const nestedContainer = shadow.querySelector('#shadowContainer');
+      const nestedShadow = nestedContainer.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+
+      nestedShadow.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+      const target = nestedShadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, [
+        'container',
+        'fixture',
+        'shadowTarget',
+        'shadowContainer'
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should sort shadow elements with different trees correctly', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="container1"></div><div id="container2"  style="position: absolute; top: 0;">';
+      const container1 = fixture.querySelector('#container1');
+      const shadow1 = container1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow1.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
+
+      const container2 = fixture.querySelector('#container2');
+      const shadow2 = container2.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow2.innerHTML = '<span id="1">Container 2 text</span>';
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+      const target = shadow1.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, [
+        '1',
+        'container2',
+        'shadowTarget',
+        'container1',
+        'fixture'
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should sort <slot> elements', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="height: 100px;"><p id="target">Slotted text</p></div>';
       const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
@@ -677,14 +774,15 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return stack of scroll regions', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="overflow:auto">' +
-        '<div id="3" style="height:100px">' +
-        '<p id="target">Hello World</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2" style="overflow:auto">
+            <div id="3" style="height:100px">
+              <p id="target">Hello World</p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -692,14 +790,15 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return stack when scroll region is larger than parent', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="overflow:auto;height:40px">' +
-        '<div id="3" style="height:100px">' +
-        '<p id="target">Hello World</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2" style="overflow:auto;height:40px">
+            <div id="3" style="height:100px">
+              <p id="target">Hello World</p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -707,18 +806,19 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return stack of recursive scroll regions', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="overflow:auto;height:40px">' +
-        '<div id="3" style="height:100px">' +
-        '<div id="4" style="overflow:auto;height:40px">' +
-        '<div id="5" style="overflow:auto;height:100px">' +
-        '<p id="target">Hello World</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2" style="overflow:auto;height:40px">
+            <div id="3" style="height:100px">
+              <div id="4" style="overflow:auto;height:40px">
+                <div id="5" style="overflow:auto;height:100px">
+                  <p id="target">Hello World</p>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
@@ -726,14 +826,15 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should handle html as a scroll region', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main id="1">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="overflow:auto">' +
-        '<div id="3" style="height:100px">' +
-        '<p id="target">Hello World</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</main>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main id="1">
+          <div id="2" style="overflow:auto">
+            <div id="3" style="height:100px">
+              <p id="target">Hello World</p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </main>
+      `;
       document.documentElement.style.height = '5000px';
       document.documentElement.style.overflowY = 'scroll';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -743,14 +844,15 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
     });
 
     it('should use correct scroll region parent', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="1" style="overflow: scroll; height: 50px;">' +
-        '<div id="2" style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">' +
-        '<div id="3">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="margin-top: 200px;">text</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="1" style="overflow: scroll; height: 50px;">
+          <div id="2" style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">
+            <div id="3">
+              <div id="target" style="margin-top: 200px;">text</div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-modal-dialog.js b/test/commons/dom/get-modal-dialog.js
index 08a5a09c2..c87133e52 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-modal-dialog.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-modal-dialog.js
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 describe('dom.getModalDialog', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   const getModalDialog = axe.commons.dom.getModalDialog;
   const { flatTreeSetup } = axe.testUtils;
 
   it('returns a modal dialog', () => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
-      <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
-    `;
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog> `;
     document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
     const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
@@ -15,35 +14,33 @@ describe('dom.getModalDialog', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns null for an opened dialog', () => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
-      <dialog open><span>Hello</span></dialog>
-    `;
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <dialog open><span>Hello</span></dialog> `;
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
     assert.isNull(getModalDialog());
   });
 
   it('returns null for a closed dialog', () => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
-      <dialog><span>Hello</span></dialog>
-    `;
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <dialog><span>Hello</span></dialog> `;
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
     assert.isNull(getModalDialog());
   });
 
   it('returns null when there is no dialog', () => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
-      <div>World</div>
-    `;
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <div>World</div> `;
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
     assert.isNull(getModalDialog());
   });
 
   it('returns null if the modal dialog is not visible', () => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
-      <style>dialog[open] { display: none }</style>
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <style>
+        dialog[open] {
+          display: none;
+        }
+      </style>
       <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
     `;
     document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
@@ -54,8 +51,12 @@ describe('dom.getModalDialog', () => {
 
   describe('fallback', () => {
     it('returns true for modal dialog when elementsFromPoint does not return the dialog', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
-        <style>dialog::backdrop { display: none; }</style>
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          dialog::backdrop {
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
         <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
         <div>World</div>
       `;
@@ -67,8 +68,15 @@ describe('dom.getModalDialog', () => {
     });
 
     it('skips checking elements with pointer-events: none', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
-        <style>body { pointer-events: none; } dialog::backdrop { display: none; }</style>
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          body {
+            pointer-events: none;
+          }
+          dialog::backdrop {
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
         <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
         <div>World</div>
       `;
@@ -79,10 +87,15 @@ describe('dom.getModalDialog', () => {
     });
 
     it('takes into account a scrolled page', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
         <style>
-          dialog::backdrop { display: none; }
-          #large-scroll { height: 200vh; margin-bottom: 100px; }
+          dialog::backdrop {
+            display: none;
+          }
+          #large-scroll {
+            height: 200vh;
+            margin-bottom: 100px;
+          }
         </style>
         <div id="large-scroll"></div>
         <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
@@ -97,8 +110,12 @@ describe('dom.getModalDialog', () => {
     });
 
     it('returns the modal dialog when two dialogs are open', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
-        <style>dialog::backdrop { display: none; }</style>
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          dialog::backdrop {
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
         <dialog id="not-modal" open><span>Hello</span></dialog>
         <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
         <div>World</div>
@@ -111,8 +128,12 @@ describe('dom.getModalDialog', () => {
     });
 
     it('returns the outer modal when a dialog modal contains a non-dialog modal', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
-        <style>dialog::backdrop { display: none; }</style>
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          dialog::backdrop {
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
         <dialog id="target">
           <span>Hello</span>
           <dialog open>Open modal</dialog>
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-node-grid.js b/test/commons/dom/get-node-grid.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a64930c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-node-grid.js
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+describe('dom.getNodeGrid', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const getNodeGrid = axe.commons.dom.getNodeGrid;
+
+  it('returns the grid of an vNode', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <section id="container" style="height: 2em; overflow: auto;">
+        <p id="target" style="height: 2em;">text</p>
+        <p id="sibling" style="height: 2em;">text</p>
+      </section>
+    `);
+    const grid = getNodeGrid(vNode);
+    assert.equal(grid.container.props.id, 'container');
+  });
+
+  it('returns the grid of an elm', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <section id="container" style="height: 2em; overflow: auto;">
+        <p id="target" style="height: 2em;">text</p>
+        <p id="sibling" style="height: 2em;">text</p>
+      </section>
+    `);
+    const grid = getNodeGrid(vNode.actualNode);
+    assert.equal(grid.container.props.id, 'container');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-overflow-hidden-ancestors.js b/test/commons/dom/get-overflow-hidden-ancestors.js
index 429c67ce4..4ea7d45db 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-overflow-hidden-ancestors.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-overflow-hidden-ancestors.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('dom.getOverflowHiddenAncestors', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { getOverflowHiddenAncestors } = axe.commons.dom;
   const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
 
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ describe('dom.getOverflowHiddenAncestors', () => {
   }
 
   it('returns parent node', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
       <div style="overflow: hidden">
         <div id="target"></div>
       </div>
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ describe('dom.getOverflowHiddenAncestors', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns ancestor node', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
       <div style="overflow: hidden">
         <div>
           <div id="target"></div>
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ describe('dom.getOverflowHiddenAncestors', () => {
 
   it('returns itself', () => {
     const vNode = queryFixture(
-      `<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden"></div>`
+      html`<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden"></div>`
     );
 
     const actual = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ describe('dom.getOverflowHiddenAncestors', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns all nodes with overflow:hidden', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
       <div id="1" style="overflow: hidden">
         <div>
           <div>
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ describe('dom.getOverflowHiddenAncestors', () => {
   });
 
   it('ignores other overflow types', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
       <div id="1" style="overflow: visible">
         <div>
           <div>
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js b/test/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js
index 5445ff4af..e014eb76d 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('dom.getScrollOffset', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should return scrollTop and scrollLeft for normal nodes', function () {
-    var offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
+describe('dom.getScrollOffset', () => {
+  it('should return scrollTop and scrollLeft for normal nodes', () => {
+    const offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
       nodeType: 3,
       scrollTop: 42,
       scrollLeft: 98
@@ -12,8 +10,8 @@ describe('dom.getScrollOffset', function () {
     assert.equal(offset.top, 42);
   });
 
-  it('should get the scroll from the documentElement if a document is passed in', function () {
-    var offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
+  it('should get the scroll from the documentElement if a document is passed in', () => {
+    const offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
       nodeType: 9,
       documentElement: {
         scrollTop: 42,
@@ -25,8 +23,8 @@ describe('dom.getScrollOffset', function () {
     assert.equal(offset.top, 42);
   });
 
-  it('should get the scroll from the document.body if a document is passed in and it has no documentElement', function () {
-    var offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
+  it('should get the scroll from the document.body if a document is passed in and it has no documentElement', () => {
+    const offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
       nodeType: 9,
       body: {
         scrollTop: 42,
@@ -38,8 +36,8 @@ describe('dom.getScrollOffset', function () {
     assert.equal(offset.top, 42);
   });
 
-  it('should work on a window object', function () {
-    var offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
+  it('should work on a window object', () => {
+    const offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
       document: {
         nodeType: 9,
         documentElement: {
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js b/test/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js
index 08254191e..1de98edf5 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js
@@ -1,91 +1,88 @@
-describe('dom.getTabbableElements', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.getTabbableElements', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var injectIntoFixture = axe.testUtils.injectIntoFixture;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var getTabbableElementsFn = axe.commons.dom.getTabbableElements;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const injectIntoFixture = axe.testUtils.injectIntoFixture;
+  const getTabbableElementsFn = axe.commons.dom.getTabbableElements;
 
-  it('returns tabbable elms when node contains tabbable element', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target">' +
-        '<label>Enter description:' +
-        '<textarea></textarea>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
+  it('returns tabbable elms when node contains tabbable element', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <label
+          >Enter description:
+          <textarea></textarea>
+        </label>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
     assert.lengthOf(actual, 1);
     assert.equal(actual[0].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'TEXTAREA');
   });
 
-  it('returns empty [] when element does not contains tabbable element (using tabindex to take element out of tab-order)', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target">' + '<input tabindex="-1">' + '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
+  it('returns empty [] when element does not contains tabbable element (using tabindex to take element out of tab-order)', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <input tabindex="-1" />
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
     assert.lengthOf(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty [] when element contains disabled (tabbable) element', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target">' + '<button disabled>Submit Me</button>' + '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
+  it('returns empty [] when element contains disabled (tabbable) element', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <button disabled>Submit Me</button>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
     assert.lengthOf(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty [] when element does not contain tabbable element', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target">' + '<p>Some text</p>' + '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
+  it('returns empty [] when element does not contain tabbable element', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <p>Some text</p>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
     assert.lengthOf(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns tabbable elms when element contains tabbable element inside shadowDOM',
-    function () {
-      var fixture = injectIntoFixture('<div id="target"></div>`');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<button>btn</button>';
-      // re build tree after shadowDOM is constructed
-      axe.setup(fixture);
-      var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
-      var actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
-      assert.lengthOf(actual, 1);
-      assert.equal(actual[0].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'BUTTON');
-    }
-  );
+  it('returns tabbable elms when element contains tabbable element inside shadowDOM', () => {
+    const fixture = injectIntoFixture('<div id="target"></div>`');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<button>btn</button>';
+    // re build tree after shadowDOM is constructed
+    axe.setup(fixture);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
+    const actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
+    assert.lengthOf(actual, 1);
+    assert.equal(actual[0].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'BUTTON');
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns empty [] when element contains disabled (tabbable) element inside shadowDOM',
-    function () {
-      var fixture = injectIntoFixture('<div id="target"></div>`');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<button disabled>btn</button>';
-      // re build tree after shadowDOM is constructed
-      axe.setup(fixture);
-      var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
-      var actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
-      assert.lengthOf(actual, 0);
-    }
-  );
+  it('returns empty [] when element contains disabled (tabbable) element inside shadowDOM', () => {
+    const fixture = injectIntoFixture('<div id="target"></div>`');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<button disabled>btn</button>';
+    // re build tree after shadowDOM is constructed
+    axe.setup(fixture);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
+    const actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
+    assert.lengthOf(actual, 0);
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns empty [] when element does not contain tabbable element inside shadowDOM',
-    function () {
-      var fixture = injectIntoFixture('<div id="target"></div>`');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<p>I am not tabbable</p>';
-      // re build tree after shadowDOM is constructed
-      axe.setup(fixture);
-      var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
-      var actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
-      assert.lengthOf(actual, 0);
-    }
-  );
+  it('returns empty [] when element does not contain tabbable element inside shadowDOM', () => {
+    const fixture = injectIntoFixture('<div id="target"></div>`');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<p>I am not tabbable</p>';
+    // re build tree after shadowDOM is constructed
+    axe.setup(fixture);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
+    const actual = getTabbableElementsFn(virtualNode);
+    assert.lengthOf(actual, 0);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js b/test/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js
index f25abe291..c69e60f4f 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 describe('get-target-rects', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const getTargetRects = axe.commons.dom.getTargetRects;
   const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
   it('returns the bounding rect when unobscured', () => {
     const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">x</button>');
@@ -9,36 +11,62 @@ describe('get-target-rects', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns subset rect when obscured', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        x
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"
+      ></div>
     `);
     const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
     assert.deepEqual(rects, [new DOMRect(10, 5, 20, 40)]);
   });
 
   it('ignores elements with "pointer-events: none"', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px; pointer-events: none"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        x
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px; pointer-events: none"
+      ></div>
     `);
     const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
     assert.deepEqual(rects, [vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect()]);
   });
 
   it("ignores elements that don't overlap the target", () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 60px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        x
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 60px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"
+      ></div>
     `);
     const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
     assert.deepEqual(rects, [vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect()]);
   });
 
   it('ignores non-tabbable descendants of the target', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">
-        <div style="position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        <div
+          style="position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 50px;"
+        ></div>
       </button>
     `);
     const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
@@ -46,10 +74,19 @@ describe('get-target-rects', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns each unobscured area', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 20px; width: 50px; height: 10px"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        x
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"
+      ></div>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 20px; width: 50px; height: 10px"
+      ></div>
     `);
     const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
     assert.deepEqual(rects, [
@@ -59,25 +96,63 @@ describe('get-target-rects', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns empty if target is fully obscured', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        x
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"
+      ></div>
     `);
     const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
     assert.lengthOf(rects, 0);
   });
 
   it('returns subset rect of the target with tabbable descendant', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">
-        <div tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        <div
+          tabindex="0"
+          style="position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 50px;"
+        ></div>
       </button>
     `);
     const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
-    console.log(JSON.stringify(rects));
     assert.deepEqual(rects, [
       new DOMRect(10, 5, 30, 7),
       new DOMRect(10, 5, 7, 40)
     ]);
   });
+
+  it('ignores non-tabbable descendants of the target that are in shadow dom', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"><span id="shadow"></span></button>';
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const shadow = fixture
+      .querySelector('#shadow')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div style="position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>';
+
+    axe.setup(fixture);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+    const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects, [vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect()]);
+  });
+
+  it('uses client rects if target is inline', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="width: 20px">
+        <a href="#" id="target">hello world</a>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects, Array.from(vNode.actualNode.getClientRects()));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-target-size.js b/test/commons/dom/get-target-size.js
index 10bda5130..ebe9bce59 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-target-size.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-target-size.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('get-target-size', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const getTargetSize = axe.commons.dom.getTargetSize;
   const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
 
@@ -9,37 +10,67 @@ describe('get-target-size', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns target size when obscured', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        x
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"
+      ></div>
     `);
     const rect = getTargetSize(vNode);
     assert.deepEqual(rect, new DOMRect(10, 5, 20, 40));
   });
 
   it('ignores elements with "pointer-events: none"', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px; pointer-events: none"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        x
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px; pointer-events: none"
+      ></div>
     `);
     const rect = getTargetSize(vNode);
     assert.deepEqual(rect, vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect());
   });
 
   it("ignores elements that don't overlap the target", () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 60px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        x
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 60px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"
+      ></div>
     `);
     const rect = getTargetSize(vNode);
     assert.deepEqual(rect, vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect());
   });
 
   it('returns the largest unobscured area', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
-      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
-      <div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 50px; height: 10px"></div>
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <button
+        id="target"
+        style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px"
+      >
+        x
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"
+      ></div>
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 50px; height: 10px"
+      ></div>
     `);
     const rect = getTargetSize(vNode);
     assert.deepEqual(rect, new DOMRect(10, 10, 20, 35));
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js b/test/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
index ed8c32258..110037afe 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
@@ -1,85 +1,119 @@
-describe('dom.getTextElementStack', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.getTextElementStack', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var getTextElementStack = axe.commons.dom.getTextElementStack;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const getTextElementStack = axe.commons.dom.getTextElementStack;
 
   function mapToIDs(stack) {
     return stack
-      .map(function (node) {
+      .map(node => {
         return node.id;
       })
-      .filter(function (id) {
+      .filter(id => {
         return !!id;
       });
   }
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return array of client text rects', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<main id="1">' +
-      '<div id="target">' +
-      '<span id="2">Hello</span><br/>World' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</main>';
+  it('should return array of client text rects', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <main id="1">
+        <div id="target"><span id="2">Hello</span><br />World</div>
+      </main>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var stacks = getTextElementStack(target).map(mapToIDs);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const stacks = getTextElementStack(target).map(mapToIDs);
     assert.deepEqual(stacks, [['target', '1', 'fixture']]);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore newline characters', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<main id="1">' +
-      '<div id="target">' +
-      '<span id="2">Hello</span><br/>\n' +
-      'World' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</main>';
+  it('should ignore newline characters', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <main id="1">
+        <div id="target">
+          <span id="2">Hello</span><br />
+
+          World
+        </div>
+      </main>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var stacks = getTextElementStack(target).map(mapToIDs);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const stacks = getTextElementStack(target).map(mapToIDs);
     assert.deepEqual(stacks, [['target', '1', 'fixture']]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle truncated text', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<main id="1">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; width: 100px;">' +
-      'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed et sollicitudin quam. Fusce mi odio, egestas pulvinar erat eget, vehicula tempus est. Proin vitae ullamcorper velit. Donec sagittis est justo, mattis iaculis arcu facilisis id. Proin pulvinar ornare arcu a fermentum. Quisque et dignissim nulla, sit amet consectetur ipsum. Donec in libero porttitor, dapibus neque imperdiet, aliquam est. Vivamus blandit volutpat fringilla. In mi magna, mollis sit amet imperdiet eu, rutrum ut tellus. Mauris vel condimentum nibh, quis ultricies nisi. Vivamus accumsan quam mauris, id iaculis quam fringilla ac. Curabitur pulvinar dolor ac magna vehicula, non auctor ligula dignissim. Nam ac nibh porttitor, malesuada tortor varius, feugiat turpis. Mauris dapibus, tellus ut viverra porta, ipsum turpis bibendum ligula, at tempor felis ante non libero. Donec dapibus, diam sit amet posuere commodo, magna orci hendrerit ipsum, eu egestas mauris nulla ut ipsum. Sed luctus, orci in fringilla finibus, odio leo porta dolor, eu dignissim risus eros eget erat.' +
-      'World' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</main>';
+  it('should handle truncated text', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <main id="1">
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; width: 100px;"
+        >
+          Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed et
+          sollicitudin quam. Fusce mi odio, egestas pulvinar erat eget, vehicula
+          tempus est. Proin vitae ullamcorper velit. Donec sagittis est justo,
+          mattis iaculis arcu facilisis id. Proin pulvinar ornare arcu a
+          fermentum. Quisque et dignissim nulla, sit amet consectetur ipsum.
+          Donec in libero porttitor, dapibus neque imperdiet, aliquam est.
+          Vivamus blandit volutpat fringilla. In mi magna, mollis sit amet
+          imperdiet eu, rutrum ut tellus. Mauris vel condimentum nibh, quis
+          ultricies nisi. Vivamus accumsan quam mauris, id iaculis quam
+          fringilla ac. Curabitur pulvinar dolor ac magna vehicula, non auctor
+          ligula dignissim. Nam ac nibh porttitor, malesuada tortor varius,
+          feugiat turpis. Mauris dapibus, tellus ut viverra porta, ipsum turpis
+          bibendum ligula, at tempor felis ante non libero. Donec dapibus, diam
+          sit amet posuere commodo, magna orci hendrerit ipsum, eu egestas
+          mauris nulla ut ipsum. Sed luctus, orci in fringilla finibus, odio leo
+          porta dolor, eu dignissim risus eros eget erat. World
+        </div>
+      </main>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var stacks = getTextElementStack(target).map(mapToIDs);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const stacks = getTextElementStack(target).map(mapToIDs);
     assert.deepEqual(stacks, [['target', '1', 'fixture']]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle text that is too large for the container', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<pre id="1" style="width: 400px; overflow: auto;">' +
-      '<span id="target" style="display: flex; width: 400px;">\n\n' +
-      'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed et sollicitudin quam. Fusce mi odio, egestas pulvinar erat eget, vehicula tempus est. Proin vitae ullamcorper velit. Donec sagittis est justo, mattis iaculis arcu facilisis id. Proin pulvinar ornare arcu a fermentum. Quisque et dignissim nulla, sit amet consectetur ipsum. Donec in libero porttitor, dapibus neque imperdiet, aliquam est. Vivamus blandit volutpat fringilla. In mi magna, mollis sit amet imperdiet eu, rutrum ut tellus. Mauris vel condimentum nibh, quis ultricies nisi. Vivamus accumsan quam mauris, id iaculis quam fringilla ac. Curabitur pulvinar dolor ac magna vehicula, non auctor ligula dignissim. Nam ac nibh porttitor, malesuada tortor varius, feugiat turpis. Mauris dapibus, tellus ut viverra porta, ipsum turpis bibendum ligula, at tempor felis ante non libero. Donec dapibus, diam sit amet posuere commodo, magna orci hendrerit ipsum, eu egestas mauris nulla ut ipsum. Sed luctus, orci in fringilla finibus, odio leo porta dolor, eu dignissim risus eros eget erat.' +
-      '</span>' +
-      '</pre>';
+  it('should handle text that is too large for the container', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <pre id="1" style="width: 400px; overflow: auto;">
+      <span id="target" style="display: flex; width: 400px;">
+
+
+      Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed et sollicitudin quam. Fusce mi odio, egestas pulvinar erat eget, vehicula tempus est. Proin vitae ullamcorper velit. Donec sagittis est justo, mattis iaculis arcu facilisis id. Proin pulvinar ornare arcu a fermentum. Quisque et dignissim nulla, sit amet consectetur ipsum. Donec in libero porttitor, dapibus neque imperdiet, aliquam est. Vivamus blandit volutpat fringilla. In mi magna, mollis sit amet imperdiet eu, rutrum ut tellus. Mauris vel condimentum nibh, quis ultricies nisi. Vivamus accumsan quam mauris, id iaculis quam fringilla ac. Curabitur pulvinar dolor ac magna vehicula, non auctor ligula dignissim. Nam ac nibh porttitor, malesuada tortor varius, feugiat turpis. Mauris dapibus, tellus ut viverra porta, ipsum turpis bibendum ligula, at tempor felis ante non libero. Donec dapibus, diam sit amet posuere commodo, magna orci hendrerit ipsum, eu egestas mauris nulla ut ipsum. Sed luctus, orci in fringilla finibus, odio leo porta dolor, eu dignissim risus eros eget erat.
+      </span>
+      </pre>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var stacks = getTextElementStack(target).map(mapToIDs);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const stacks = getTextElementStack(target).map(mapToIDs);
     assert.deepEqual(stacks, [['target', '1', 'fixture']]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle text that overflows outside the parent', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="1" style="width: 250px; overflow: hidden">' +
-      '<p id="target" style="max-height: 80px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 20px; font-size: 13px;">The Chandni Chowk (Moonlight Square) is one of the oldest and busiest markets in Old Delhi, India. Chandni Chowk is located close to Old Delhi Railway Station. The Red Fort monument is located within the market. It was built in the 17th century by Mughal Emperor of India Shah Jahan and designed by his daughter Jahanara. The market was once divided by canals (now closed) to reflect moonlight and remains one of India\'s largest wholesale markets.</p>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('should handle text that overflows outside the parent', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="1" style="width: 250px; overflow: hidden">
+        <p
+          id="target"
+          style="max-height: 80px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 20px; font-size: 13px;"
+        >
+          The Chandni Chowk (Moonlight Square) is one of the oldest and busiest
+          markets in Old Delhi, India. Chandni Chowk is located close to Old
+          Delhi Railway Station. The Red Fort monument is located within the
+          market. It was built in the 17th century by Mughal Emperor of India
+          Shah Jahan and designed by his daughter Jahanara. The market was once
+          divided by canals (now closed) to reflect moonlight and remains one of
+          India's largest wholesale markets.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var stacks = getTextElementStack(target).map(mapToIDs);
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const stacks = getTextElementStack(target).map(mapToIDs);
     assert.deepEqual(stacks, [['target', '1', 'fixture']]);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-viewport-size.js b/test/commons/dom/get-viewport-size.js
index 9bf26f373..c7e9f69da 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-viewport-size.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-viewport-size.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('dom.getViewportSize', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should return an object with width and height', function () {
-    var result = axe.commons.dom.getViewportSize(window);
+describe('dom.getViewportSize', () => {
+  it('should return an object with width and height', () => {
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.getViewportSize(window);
 
     assert.property(result, 'width');
     assert.property(result, 'height');
@@ -11,8 +9,8 @@ describe('dom.getViewportSize', function () {
     assert.isNumber(result.height);
   });
 
-  it('should have some fallbacks for old browsers', function () {
-    var result = axe.commons.dom.getViewportSize({
+  it('should have some fallbacks for old browsers', () => {
+    let result = axe.commons.dom.getViewportSize({
       document: {},
       innerWidth: 12,
       innerHeight: 47
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-visible-child-text-rects.js b/test/commons/dom/get-visible-child-text-rects.js
index 844e8ea3f..016985112 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-visible-child-text-rects.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-visible-child-text-rects.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('dom.getVisibleChildTextRects', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { getVisibleChildTextRects } = axe.commons.dom;
   const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
   const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ describe('dom.getVisibleChildTextRects', () => {
   }
 
   it('returns the text rect of a node', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(`<span>Hello</span>`);
+    fixtureSetup(html`<span>Hello</span>`);
     const node = fixture.firstChild;
     const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
 
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ describe('dom.getVisibleChildTextRects', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns multiple text rects and filters out newlines', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(`<span>Hello<br/>World</span>`);
+    fixtureSetup(html`<span>Hello<br />World</span>`);
     const node = fixture.firstChild;
     const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
 
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ describe('dom.getVisibleChildTextRects', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns the nodes bounding box if text rects escape bounds of node', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(`<div style="width: 10px;">Hello World</div>`);
+    fixtureSetup(html`<div style="width: 10px;">Hello World</div>`);
     const node = fixture.firstChild;
     const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
 
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ describe('dom.getVisibleChildTextRects', () => {
   });
 
   it('changes rect size based on overflow of parent', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(`
+    fixtureSetup(html`
       <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 10px;">
         <span id="target">Hello</span>
       </div>
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ describe('dom.getVisibleChildTextRects', () => {
   });
 
   it('changes rect size based on overflow of all ancestors', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(`
+    fixtureSetup(html`
       <div style="overflow: hidden; height: 10px;">
         <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 10px;">
           <span id="target">Hello</span>
@@ -86,9 +87,9 @@ describe('dom.getVisibleChildTextRects', () => {
   });
 
   it('changes only the rect size of text rects that go outside ancestor overflow', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(`
+    fixtureSetup(html`
       <div style="overflow: hidden; height: 25px">
-        <span id="target">Hello<br/>World</span>
+        <span id="target">Hello<br />World</span>
       </div>
     `);
     const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -108,10 +109,10 @@ describe('dom.getVisibleChildTextRects', () => {
   });
 
   it('does not return rects outside overflows', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(`
+    fixtureSetup(html`
       <div style="overflow: hidden; height: 50px;">
         <div style="overflow: hidden; height: 25px">
-          <span id="target">Hello<br/>World<br/>Goodbye<br/>World</span>
+          <span id="target">Hello<br />World<br />Goodbye<br />World</span>
         </div>
       </div>
     `);
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ describe('dom.getVisibleChildTextRects', () => {
   });
 
   it('changes nodeRect size if all text rects got outside ancestor overflow', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(`
+    fixtureSetup(html`
       <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
         <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 25px">
           <div id="target" style="padding-left: 65px;">Hello World</div>
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js b/test/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
index 550cade8f..82e5bfdc3 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 /* global xit */
-describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var hasContentVirtual = axe.commons.dom.hasContentVirtual;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var tree;
-
-  it('returns false if there is no content', function () {
+describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', () => {
+  const hasContentVirtual = axe.commons.dom.hasContentVirtual;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  let tree;
+
+  it('returns false if there is no content', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">	</div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are non-visual elements', function () {
+  it('returns false if there are non-visual elements', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> <span></span> </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is true if the element has non-empty text', function () {
+  it('is true if the element has non-empty text', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> text </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is true if the element has an aria label', function () {
+  it('is true if the element has an aria label', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" aria-label="my-label">	</div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is false if the element has an aria label but `ignoreAria=true`', function () {
+  it('is false if the element has an aria label but `ignoreAria=true`', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" aria-label="my-label">	</div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is true if the element contains visual content', function () {
+  it('is true if the element contains visual content', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> <img src=""> </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is true if the element contains a node with a aria-label', function () {
+  it('is true if the element contains a node with a aria-label', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target"> <span aria-label="my-label"></span> </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is false if the element does not show text', function () {
+  it('is false if the element does not show text', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<style id="target"> #foo { color: green } </style>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -75,8 +74,8 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is called through hasContent, with a DOM node', function () {
-    var hasContent = axe.commons.dom.hasContent;
+  it('is called through hasContent, with a DOM node', () => {
+    const hasContent = axe.commons.dom.hasContent;
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> text </div>';
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(hasContent(fixture.querySelector('#target')));
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
     assert.isFalse(hasContent(fixture.querySelector('#target')));
   });
 
-  it('is false if noRecursion is true and the content is not in a child', function () {
+  it('is false if noRecursion is true and the content is not in a child', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><span> text </span></div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
 
@@ -95,35 +94,29 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
-    'looks at content of shadow dom elements',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
-      var shadow = fixture
-        .querySelector('#target')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = 'Some text';
-      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(
-        hasContentVirtual(axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0])
-      );
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
-    'looks at the slots in a shadow tree',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow">some text</div>';
-      var shadow = fixture
-        .querySelector('#shadow')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<div class="target"><slot></slot></div>';
-      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(
-        hasContentVirtual(axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '.target')[0])
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('looks at content of shadow dom elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
+    const shadow = fixture
+      .querySelector('#target')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = 'Some text';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      hasContentVirtual(axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0])
+    );
+  });
+
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('looks at the slots in a shadow tree', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow">some text</div>';
+    const shadow = fixture
+      .querySelector('#shadow')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<div class="target"><slot></slot></div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      hasContentVirtual(axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '.target')[0])
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/has-lang-text.js b/test/commons/dom/has-lang-text.js
index a2221b2bc..2313e77df 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/has-lang-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/has-lang-text.js
@@ -1,101 +1,102 @@
-describe('dom.hasLangText', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var hasLangText = axe.commons.dom.hasLangText;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var tree;
+describe('dom.hasLangText', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const hasLangText = axe.commons.dom.hasLangText;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  let tree;
 
-  it('returns true when the element has a non-empty text node as its content', function () {
+  it('returns true when the element has a non-empty text node as its content', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">  text  </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when the element has nested text node as its content', function () {
+  it('returns true when the element has nested text node as its content', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> <span> text </span> </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when the element has nested text is hidden', function () {
+  it('returns false when the element has nested text is hidden', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> <span hidden> text </span> </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isFalse(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when the element has nested text is aria-hidden', function () {
+  it('returns true when the element has nested text is aria-hidden', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target"> <span aria-hidden="true"> text </span> </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when the element has nested text is off screen', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target">' +
-      '  <span style="position: absolute; top:-99em;"> text </span> ' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('returns true when the element has nested text is off screen', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <span style="position: absolute; top:-99em;"> text </span>
+      </div>
+    `;
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when the element has an empty text node as its content', function () {
+  it('returns false when the element has an empty text node as its content', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">  <!-- comment -->  </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isFalse(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if all text is in a child with a lang attribute', function () {
+  it('returns false if all text is in a child with a lang attribute', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><span lang="en"> text </span></div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isFalse(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('does not skip if lang is on the starting node', function () {
+  it('does not skip if lang is on the starting node', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" lang="en"><span> text </span></div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores empty lang attributes', function () {
+  it('ignores empty lang attributes', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><span lang=""> text </span></div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores null lang attributes', function () {
+  it('ignores null lang attributes', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><span lang> text </span></div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('true for non-text content with an accessible name', function () {
+  it('true for non-text content with an accessible name', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><img alt="foo"></div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('false for non-text content without accessible name', function () {
+  it('false for non-text content without accessible name', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><img alt=""></div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isFalse(hasLangText(target));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-text content with a lang attr', function () {
+  it('returns false for non-text content with a lang attr', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><img alt="foo" lang="en"></div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.isFalse(hasLangText(target));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/idrefs.js b/test/commons/dom/idrefs.js
index b18761223..7ceacd8c4 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/idrefs.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/idrefs.js
@@ -1,36 +1,35 @@
 function createContentIDR() {
-  'use strict';
-  var group = document.createElement('div');
+  const group = document.createElement('div');
   group.id = 'target';
   return group;
 }
 
 function makeShadowTreeIDR(node) {
-  'use strict';
-  var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-  var div = document.createElement('div');
+  const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+  const div = document.createElement('div');
   div.className = 'parent';
   div.setAttribute('target', 'target');
   root.appendChild(div);
   div.appendChild(createContentIDR());
 }
 
-describe('dom.idrefs', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.idrefs', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should find referenced nodes by ID', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div aria-cats="target1 target2" id="start"></div>' +
-      '<div id="target1"></div><div id="target2"></div>';
+  it('should find referenced nodes by ID', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div aria-cats="target1 target2" id="start"></div>
+      <div id="target1"></div>
+      <div id="target2"></div>
+    `;
 
-    var start = document.getElementById('start'),
+    const start = document.getElementById('start'),
       expected = [
         document.getElementById('target1'),
         document.getElementById('target2')
@@ -43,49 +42,45 @@ describe('dom.idrefs', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should find only referenced nodes within the current root: shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
-      // to specifically test this
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div target="target"><div id="target"></div></div>';
-      makeShadowTreeIDR(fixture.firstChild);
-      var start = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('.parent');
-      var expected = [fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.getElementById('target')];
-
-      assert.deepEqual(
-        axe.commons.dom.idrefs(start, 'target'),
-        expected,
-        'should only find stuff in the shadow DOM'
-      );
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should find only referenced nodes within the current root: document',
-    function () {
-      // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
-      // to specifically test this
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div target="target" class="parent"><div id="target"></div></div>';
-      makeShadowTreeIDR(fixture.firstChild);
-      var start = fixture.querySelector('.parent');
-      var expected = [document.getElementById('target')];
-
-      assert.deepEqual(
-        axe.commons.dom.idrefs(start, 'target'),
-        expected,
-        'should only find stuff in the document'
-      );
-    }
-  );
-
-  it('should insert null if a reference is not found', function () {
+  it('should find only referenced nodes within the current root: shadow DOM', () => {
+    // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
+    // to specifically test this
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div target="target"><div id="target"></div></div>';
+    makeShadowTreeIDR(fixture.firstChild);
+    const start = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('.parent');
+    const expected = [fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.getElementById('target')];
+
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      axe.commons.dom.idrefs(start, 'target'),
+      expected,
+      'should only find stuff in the shadow DOM'
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should find only referenced nodes within the current root: document', () => {
+    // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
+    // to specifically test this
     fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div aria-cats="target1 target2 target3" id="start"></div>' +
-      '<div id="target1"></div><div id="target2"></div>';
+      '<div target="target" class="parent"><div id="target"></div></div>';
+    makeShadowTreeIDR(fixture.firstChild);
+    const start = fixture.querySelector('.parent');
+    const expected = [document.getElementById('target')];
 
-    var start = document.getElementById('start'),
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      axe.commons.dom.idrefs(start, 'target'),
+      expected,
+      'should only find stuff in the document'
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should insert null if a reference is not found', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div aria-cats="target1 target2 target3" id="start"></div>
+      <div id="target1"></div>
+      <div id="target2"></div>
+    `;
+
+    const start = document.getElementById('start'),
       expected = [
         document.getElementById('target1'),
         document.getElementById('target2'),
@@ -99,12 +94,19 @@ describe('dom.idrefs', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not fail when extra whitespace is used', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div aria-cats="    \ttarget1 \n  target2  target3 \n\t" id="start"></div>' +
-      '<div id="target1"></div><div id="target2"></div>';
-
-    var start = document.getElementById('start'),
+  it('should not fail when extra whitespace is used', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        aria-cats="    	target1 
+  target2  target3 
+  "
+        id="start"
+      ></div>
+      <div id="target1"></div>
+      <div id="target2"></div>
+    `;
+
+    const start = document.getElementById('start'),
       expected = [
         document.getElementById('target1'),
         document.getElementById('target2'),
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js b/test/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js
index e3e06186f..9b7aedcc7 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js
@@ -4,20 +4,22 @@ describe('dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder', () => {
   const insertedIntoFocusOrder = axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder;
 
   function hideByClipping(el) {
-    el.style.cssText =
-      'position: absolute !important;' +
-      ' clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); /* IE6, IE7 */' +
-      ' clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px);';
+    el.style.cssText = `
+      position: absolute !important;
+       clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); /* IE6, IE7 */
+       clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px);
+    `;
   }
 
   function hideByMovingOffScreen(el) {
-    el.style.cssText =
-      'position:absolute;' +
-      ' left:-10000px;' +
-      ' top:auto;' +
-      ' width:1px;' +
-      ' height:1px;' +
-      ' overflow:hidden;';
+    el.style.cssText = `
+      position:absolute;
+       left:-10000px;
+       top:auto;
+       width:1px;
+       height:1px;
+       overflow:hidden;
+    `;
   }
 
   it('should return true for span with tabindex 0', () => {
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-current-page-link.js b/test/commons/dom/is-current-page-link.js
index 1ba00abfa..46af70c5e 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-current-page-link.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-current-page-link.js
@@ -1,65 +1,65 @@
-describe('is-current-page-link', function () {
-  var isCurrentPageLink = axe.commons.dom.isCurrentPageLink;
-  var currentPage = window.location.origin + window.location.pathname;
-  var base;
+describe('is-current-page-link', () => {
+  const isCurrentPageLink = axe.commons.dom.isCurrentPageLink;
+  const currentPage = window.location.origin + window.location.pathname;
+  let base;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     if (base) {
       document.head.removeChild(base);
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return true for hash links', function () {
-    var anchor = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should return true for hash links', () => {
+    const anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '#main';
     document.body.appendChild(anchor);
     assert.isTrue(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for relative links to the same page', function () {
-    var anchor = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should return true for relative links to the same page', () => {
+    const anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = window.location.pathname;
     assert.isTrue(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for absolute links to the same page', function () {
-    var anchor = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should return true for absolute links to the same page', () => {
+    const anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = currentPage;
     assert.isTrue(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for angular skip links', function () {
-    var anchor = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should return true for angular skip links', () => {
+    const anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '/#main';
     assert.isTrue(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for just "#"', function () {
-    var anchor = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should return false for just "#"', () => {
+    const anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '#';
     assert.isFalse(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for relative links to a different page', function () {
-    var anchor = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should return false for relative links to a different page', () => {
+    const anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '/foo/bar/index.html';
     assert.isFalse(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for absolute links to a different page', function () {
-    var anchor = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should return false for absolute links to a different page', () => {
+    const anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = 'https://my-page.com/foo/bar/index.html';
     assert.isFalse(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for angular router links (#!)', function () {
-    var anchor = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should return false for angular router links (#!)', () => {
+    const anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '#!main';
     assert.isFalse(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for angular router links (#/)', function () {
-    var anchor = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should return false for angular router links (#/)', () => {
+    const anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '#/main';
     assert.isFalse(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-fixed-position.js b/test/commons/dom/is-fixed-position.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..441c1ebc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-fixed-position.js
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+describe('dom.isFixedPosition', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const isFixedPosition = axe.commons.dom.isFixedPosition;
+  const { queryFixture, queryShadowFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  it('returns true for element with "position: fixed"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: fixed;"></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isFixedPosition(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for element without position', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+
+    assert.isFalse(isFixedPosition(vNode));
+  });
+
+  for (const position of ['relative', 'absolute', 'sticky']) {
+    it(`returns false for element with "position: ${position}"`, () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<div id="target" style="position: ${position}"></div>`
+      );
+
+      assert.isFalse(isFixedPosition(vNode));
+    });
+  }
+
+  it('returns true for ancestor with position: fixed', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="position: fixed;"><div><div id="target"></div></div></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isFixedPosition(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for ancestor with "position: fixed" even when the element is positioned differently', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="position: fixed;"><div><div id="target" style="position: relative"></div></div></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isFixedPosition(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false on detached elements', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
+
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFixedPosition(el));
+  });
+
+  describe('options.skipAncestors', () => {
+    it('returns false for ancestor with "position: fixed"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="position: fixed;"><div><div id="target"></div></div></div>'
+      );
+
+      assert.isFalse(isFixedPosition(vNode, { skipAncestors: true }));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('Shadow DOM', () => {
+    it('returns false when no element in the composed tree has position: fixed', () => {
+      const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
+        '<div id="shadow"></div>',
+        '<span id="target"></span>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(isFixedPosition(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for element in shadow tree with position: fixed', () => {
+      const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
+        '<div id="shadow"></div>',
+        '<div id="target" style="position: fixed;"></div>'
+      );
+
+      assert.isTrue(isFixedPosition(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when ancestor outside shadow tree has position: fixed', () => {
+      const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
+        '<div style="position: fixed;"><div id="shadow"></div></div>',
+        '<span id="target"></span>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isFixedPosition(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when ancestor outside shadow is fixed and target in shadow has a different position', () => {
+      const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
+        '<div style="position: fixed;"><div id="shadow"></div></div>',
+        '<span id="target" style="position: relative"></span>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isFixedPosition(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false with skipAncestors when only ancestor outside shadow tree is fixed', () => {
+      const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
+        '<div style="position: fixed;"><div id="shadow"></div></div>',
+        '<span id="target"></span>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(isFixedPosition(vNode, { skipAncestors: true }));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-for-everyone.js b/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-for-everyone.js
index 42d14c6e0..506bb2603 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-for-everyone.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-for-everyone.js
@@ -1,20 +1,14 @@
 describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
-  'use strict';
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   const isHiddenForEveryone = axe.commons.dom.isHiddenForEveryone;
   const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   const contentVisibilitySupported = CSS.supports('content-visibility: hidden');
 
   function createContentSlotted(mainProps, targetProps) {
     const group = document.createElement('div');
-    group.innerHTML =
-      '<main style="' +
-      mainProps +
-      '"><p style="' +
-      targetProps +
-      '"></p></main>';
+    group.innerHTML = `<main style="${mainProps}"><p style="${targetProps}"></p></main>`;
     return group;
   }
 
@@ -131,25 +125,25 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
   });
 
   it('should return true for if parent of element set to `display:none`', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="display:none">' +
-        '<div style="display:block">' +
-        '<p id="target" style="display:block">I am not visible</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="display:none">
+        <div style="display:block">
+          <p id="target" style="display:block">I am not visible</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
   it('should return false for if parent of element set to `display:block`', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div>' +
-        '<div style="display:block">' +
-        '<p id="target" style="display:block">I am visible</p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div>
+        <div style="display:block">
+          <p id="target" style="display:block">I am visible</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
@@ -164,93 +158,93 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
   });
 
   it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="visibility:hidden;">' +
-        '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
-        '<div id="target">I am visible</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="visibility:hidden;">
+        <div style="visibility:visible;">
+          <div id="target">I am visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
   it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
-        '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
-        '<div style="visibility:visible" id="target">I am visible</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="visibility:hidden">
+        <div style="visibility:hidden">
+          <div style="visibility:visible" id="target">I am visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
   it('should return true and as parent is set to `visibility:hidden`', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
-        '<div>' +
-        '<div id="target">I am not visible</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="visibility: hidden;">
+        <div>
+          <div id="target">I am not visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
   // mixing display and visibility
   it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="display:none;">' +
-        '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
-        '<div id="target">I am not visible</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="display:none;">
+        <div style="visibility:visible;">
+          <div id="target">I am not visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
   it('should return false and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="display:block;">' +
-        '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
-        '<div id="target">I am visible</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="display:block;">
+        <div style="visibility:visible;">
+          <div id="target">I am visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
   it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="display:block;">' +
-        '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="visibility:hidden">I am not visible</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="display:block;">
+        <div style="visibility:visible;">
+          <div id="target" style="visibility:hidden">I am not visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
   it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
-        '<div style="display:none;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="visibility:visible">I am not visible</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="visibility:hidden">
+        <div style="display:none;">
+          <div id="target" style="visibility:visible">I am not visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
   describe('details', () => {
     it('should return true for element in closed details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details>
           <summary>Hello World</summary>
           <p id="target">Hidden</p>
@@ -261,7 +255,7 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return false for closed details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details id="target">
           <summary>Hello World</summary>
           <p>Hidden</p>
@@ -272,7 +266,7 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return false for summary element closed details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details>
           <summary id="target">Hello World</summary>
           <p>Hidden</p>
@@ -283,7 +277,7 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return false for element in open details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details open>
           <summary>Hello World</summary>
           <p id="target">Hidden</p>
@@ -294,7 +288,7 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return true for grandchild element in closed details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details>
           <summary>Hello World</summary>
           <div><p id="target">Hidden</p></div>
@@ -305,7 +299,7 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return true for grandchild summary in close details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details>
           <div><summary id="target">Hello World</summary></div>
           <div><p>Hidden</p></div>
@@ -316,7 +310,7 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return true for not first summary in close details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details>
           <summary>Hello World</summary>
           <summary id="target">Not summary</summary>
@@ -328,45 +322,36 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
     });
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : it.skip)(
-    'should return true if `display:none` inside shadowDOM',
-    () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'display:none;', '');
-      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
-      assert.isTrue(actual);
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return true if `display:none` inside shadowDOM', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'display:none;', '');
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true as parent shadowDOM host is set to `visibility:hidden`',
-    () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'visibility:hidden', '');
-      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
-      assert.isTrue(actual);
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return true as parent shadowDOM host is set to `visibility:hidden`', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'visibility:hidden', '');
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false as parent shadowDOM host  set to `visibility:hidden` is overriden',
-    () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(
-        fixture.firstChild,
-        'visibility:hidden',
-        'visibility:visible'
-      );
-      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
-      assert.isFalse(actual);
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return false as parent shadowDOM host  set to `visibility:hidden` is overriden', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(
+      fixture.firstChild,
+      'visibility:hidden',
+      'visibility:visible'
+    );
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
 
   (contentVisibilitySupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return true for `content-visibility: hidden` parent',
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js b/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js
index cbf5a9099..e77a1a3e4 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js
@@ -1,324 +1,321 @@
-describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var isHiddenWithCSS = axe.commons.dom.isHiddenWithCSS;
-  var origComputedStyle = window.getComputedStyle;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const isHiddenWithCSS = axe.commons.dom.isHiddenWithCSS;
+  const origComputedStyle = window.getComputedStyle;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
   function createContentSlotted(mainProps, targetProps) {
-    var group = document.createElement('div');
-    group.innerHTML =
-      '<main style="' +
-      mainProps +
-      '"><p style="' +
-      targetProps +
-      '"></p></main>';
+    const group = document.createElement('div');
+    group.innerHTML = `<main style="${mainProps}"><p style="${targetProps}"></p></main>`;
     return group;
   }
 
   function makeShadowTree(node, mainProps, targetProps) {
-    var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-    var node = createContentSlotted(mainProps, targetProps);
-    root.appendChild(node);
+    const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const content = createContentSlotted(mainProps, targetProps);
+    root.appendChild(content);
   }
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     window.getComputedStyle = origComputedStyle;
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error if computedStyle returns null', function () {
-    window.getComputedStyle = function () {
+  it('should throw an error if computedStyle returns null', () => {
+    window.getComputedStyle = () => {
       return null;
     };
-    var fakeNode = {
+    const fakeNode = {
       nodeType: Node.ELEMENT_NODE,
       nodeName: 'div'
     };
-    assert.throws(function () {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       isHiddenWithCSS(fakeNode);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false on static-positioned, visible element', function () {
+  it('should return false on static-positioned, visible element', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">I am visible</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true on static-positioned, hidden element', function () {
+  it('should return true on static-positioned, hidden element', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="display:none">I am not visible</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function () {
+  it('should return false on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: 10px; right: 10px">I am visible</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for off-screen and aria-hidden element', function () {
+  it('should return false for off-screen and aria-hidden element', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button id="target" aria-hidden=“true” style=“position:absolute: top:-999em”>I am visible</button>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on fixed position elements that are on-screen', function () {
+  it('should return false on fixed position elements that are on-screen', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position:fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0;">I am visible</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for off-screen absolutely positioned element', function () {
+  it('should return false for off-screen absolutely positioned element', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -9999px">I am visible</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for off-screen fixed positioned element', function () {
+  it('should return false for off-screen fixed positioned element', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: fixed; top: -9999px">I am visible</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
-    var el = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return false on detached elements', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
     el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on a document', function () {
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(document);
+  it('should return false on a document', () => {
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(document);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if static-position but top/left is set', function () {
+  it('should return false if static-position but top/left is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px; right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;">I am visible</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false, and not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function () {
+  it('should return false, and not be affected by `aria-hidden`', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">I am visible with css (although hidden to screen readers)</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for STYLE node', function () {
+  it('should return false for STYLE node', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = "<style id='target'>body {font-size: 200%}</style>";
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for SCRIPT node', function () {
+  it('should return false for SCRIPT node', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       "<script id='target' type='text/javascript' src='temp.js'></script>";
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
   // `display` test
-  it('should return true for if parent of element set to `display:none`', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="display:none">' +
-      '<div style="display:block">' +
-      '<p id="target">I am not visible</p>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+  it('should return true for if parent of element set to `display:none`', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="display:none">
+        <div style="display:block">
+          <p id="target">I am not visible</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for if parent of element set to `display:none`', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="display:none">' +
-      '<div style="display:block">' +
-      '<p id="target" style="display:block">I am not visible</p>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+  it('should return true for if parent of element set to `display:none`', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="display:none">
+        <div style="display:block">
+          <p id="target" style="display:block">I am not visible</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for if parent of element set to `display:block`', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div>' +
-      '<div style="display:block">' +
-      '<p id="target" style="display:block">I am visible</p>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+  it('should return false for if parent of element set to `display:block`', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div>
+        <div style="display:block">
+          <p id="target" style="display:block">I am visible</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : it.skip)(
-    'should return true if `display:none` inside shadowDOM',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'display:none;', '');
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el.actualNode);
-      assert.isTrue(actual);
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return true if `display:none` inside shadowDOM', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'display:none;', '');
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el.actualNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
 
   // `visibility` test
-  it('should return true for element that has `visibility:hidden`', function () {
+  it('should return true for element that has `visibility:hidden`', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="visibility: hidden;">I am not visible</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="visibility:hidden;">' +
-      '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
-      '<div id="target">I am visible</div>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+  it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="visibility:hidden;">
+        <div style="visibility:visible;">
+          <div id="target">I am visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
-      '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
-      '<div style="visibility:visible" id="target">I am visible</div>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+  it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="visibility:hidden">
+        <div style="visibility:hidden">
+          <div style="visibility:visible" id="target">I am visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true and as parent is set to `visibility:hidden`', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
-      '<div>' +
-      '<div id="target">I am not visible</div>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+  it('should return true and as parent is set to `visibility:hidden`', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="visibility: hidden;">
+        <div>
+          <div id="target">I am not visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true as parent shadowDOM host is set to `visibility:hidden`',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'visibility:hidden', '');
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el.actualNode);
-      assert.isTrue(actual);
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false as parent shadowDOM host  set to `visibility:hidden` is overriden',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(
-        fixture.firstChild,
-        'visibility:hidden',
-        'visibility:visible'
-      );
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el.actualNode);
-      assert.isFalse(actual);
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return true as parent shadowDOM host is set to `visibility:hidden`', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'visibility:hidden', '');
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el.actualNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false as parent shadowDOM host  set to `visibility:hidden` is overriden', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(
+      fixture.firstChild,
+      'visibility:hidden',
+      'visibility:visible'
+    );
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el.actualNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
 
   // mixing display and visibility
-  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="display:none;">' +
-      '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
-      '<div id="target">I am not visible</div>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="display:none;">
+        <div style="visibility:visible;">
+          <div id="target">I am not visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="display:block;">' +
-      '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
-      '<div id="target">I am visible</div>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+  it('should return false and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="display:block;">
+        <div style="visibility:visible;">
+          <div id="target">I am visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="display:block;">' +
-      '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="visibility:hidden">I am not visible</div>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="display:block;">
+        <div style="visibility:visible;">
+          <div id="target" style="visibility:hidden">I am not visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
-      '<div style="display:none;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="visibility:visible">I am not visible</div>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
+  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="visibility:hidden">
+        <div style="display:none;">
+          <div id="target" style="visibility:visible">I am not visible</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  describe('with virtual nodes', function () {
-    it('returns false when virtual nodes are visible', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+  describe('with virtual nodes', () => {
+    it('returns false when virtual nodes are visible', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
       assert.isFalse(isHiddenWithCSS(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when virtual nodes are hidden', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="display:none"></div>');
+    it('returns true when virtual nodes are hidden', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="display:none"></div>'
+      );
       assert.isTrue(isHiddenWithCSS(vNode));
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-html5.js b/test/commons/dom/is-html5.js
index ae9927114..ad71ebaab 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-html5.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-html5.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('dom.isHTML5', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should return false on any document that is not HTML5', function () {
-    var doc = document.implementation.createDocument(
+describe('dom.isHTML5', () => {
+  it('should return false on any document that is not HTML5', () => {
+    const doc = document.implementation.createDocument(
       'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml',
       'html',
       null
@@ -10,12 +8,12 @@ describe('dom.isHTML5', function () {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isHTML5(doc));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on any document that is HTML5', function () {
-    var doc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument('Monkeys');
+  it('should return true on any document that is HTML5', () => {
+    const doc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument('Monkeys');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isHTML5(doc));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on any document that is HTML5 - fixture', function () {
+  it('should return true on any document that is HTML5 - fixture', () => {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isHTML5(document));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js b/test/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js
index 328805e83..c9ba3fbc1 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js
@@ -1,95 +1,93 @@
-describe('dom.isInTabOrder', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.isInTabOrder', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const isInTabOrder = axe.commons.dom.isInTabOrder;
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var isInTabOrder = axe.commons.dom.isInTabOrder;
-
-  it('should return false for presentation element with negative tabindex', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="-1"></div>');
+  it('should return false for presentation element with negative tabindex', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="-1"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for presentation element with positive tabindex', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="1"></div>');
+  it('should return true for presentation element with positive tabindex', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="1"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for presentation element with tabindex not set', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return false for presentation element with tabindex not set', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for presentation element with tabindex set to non-parseable value', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="foobar"></div>');
+  it('should return false for presentation element with tabindex set to non-parseable value', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="foobar"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for presentation element with tabindex not set and role of natively focusable element', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="button"></div>');
+  it('should return false for presentation element with tabindex not set and role of natively focusable element', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="button"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex 0', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex="0"></button>');
+  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex 0', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex="0"></button>');
     assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex 1', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex="1"></button>');
+  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex 1', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex="1"></button>');
     assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for natively focusable element with tabindex -1', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex="-1"></button>');
+  it('should return false for natively focusable element with tabindex -1', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex="-1"></button>');
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex not set', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex not set', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
     assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex set to empty string', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex=""></button>');
+  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex set to empty string', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex=""></button>');
     assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex set to non-parseable value', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex set to non-parseable value', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" tabindex="foobar"></button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for disabled', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" disabled></button>');
+  it('should return false for disabled', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<button id="target" disabled></button>');
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for disabled natively focusable element with tabindex', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for disabled natively focusable element with tabindex', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" disabled tabindex="0"></button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for hidden inputs', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<input type="hidden" id="target"></input>');
+  it('should return false for hidden inputs', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<input type="hidden" id="target"></input>');
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for non-element nodes', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<span id="target">Hello World</span>');
+  it('should return false for non-element nodes', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<span id="target">Hello World</span>');
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target.children[0]));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for natively focusable hidden element', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" hidden></button>');
+  it('should return false for natively focusable hidden element', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<button id="target" hidden></button>');
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return for false hidden element with tabindex 1', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="1" hidden></div>');
+  it('should return for false hidden element with tabindex 1', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="1" hidden></div>');
     assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js b/test/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
index 936669371..9e730a619 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
@@ -1,237 +1,413 @@
-describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.isInTextBlock', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const { fixtureSetup, queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+  const isInTextBlock = axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  it('returns true if the element is a node in a block of text', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        Some paragraph with text
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isTrue(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  it('returns false if the element is a block', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        Some paragraph with text
+        <a href="" id="link" style="display:block">link</a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the element is a node in a block of text', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>Some paragraph with text ' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
+  it('returns false if the element has the only text in the block', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<p><a href="" id="link">link</a></p>');
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the element is a block', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>Some paragraph with text ' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link" style="display:block">link</a>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
+  it('returns false if there is more text in link(s) than in the rest of the block', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        short text:
+        <a href="" id="link">on a link with a very long text</a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the element has the only text in the block', function () {
-    fixtureSetup('<p><a href="" id="link">link</a></p>');
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('returns false if there is more text in link(s) than in the rest of the block', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p> short text:' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">on a link with a very long text</a>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('return false if there are links along side other links', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
-        '  <a href="">other link</a>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('ignores hidden content', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
-        '  <span style="display:none">some hidden text</span>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('ignores floated content', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>' +
-        '  <span style="float: left">A floating text in the area</span>' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('ignores positioned content', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>' +
-        '  <span style="position:absolute;">Some absolute potitioned text</span>' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('ignores none-text content', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>' +
-        '  <img alt="Some graphical component" src="img.png" />' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('ignore text in the block coming before a br', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>Some paragraph with text <br>' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('ignore text in the block coming after a br', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a> <br>' +
-        '  Some paragraph with text ' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('ignore text in the block coming before and after a br', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>Some paragraph with text <br>' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a> <br>' +
-        '  Some paragraph with text ' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('ignores text inside inline widgets and components', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p>' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
-        '  <button> My button </button>' +
-        '  <button disabled> My disabled button </button>' +
-        '  <span role="searchbox">My query</span>' +
-        '  <textarea>My text content</textarea>' +
-        '  <select><option>My first choice</option></select>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('treats hr elements the same as br elements', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div>Some paragraph with text <hr>' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a> <hr>' +
-        '  Some paragraph with text ' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  it('ignore comments', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<p><!-- Some paragraph with text -->' +
-        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var link = document.getElementById('link');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-  });
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('can reach outside a shadow tree', function () {
-    var div = document.createElement('div');
+  it('return false if there are links along side other links', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+        <a href="">other link</a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('ignores hidden content', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+        <span style="display:none">some hidden text</span>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('ignores floated content', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        <span style="float: left">A floating text in the area</span>
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('ignores positioned content', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        <span style="position:absolute;">Some absolute potitioned text</span>
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('ignores none-text content', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        <img alt="Some graphical component" src="img.png" />
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('ignore text in the block coming before a br', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        Some paragraph with text <br />
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('ignore text in the block coming after a br', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a> <br />
+        Some paragraph with text
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('ignore text in the block coming before and after a br', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        Some paragraph with text <br />
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a> <br />
+        Some paragraph with text
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('ignores text inside inline widgets and components', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+        <button>My button</button>
+        <button disabled>My disabled button</button>
+        <span role="searchbox">My query</span>
+        <textarea>My text content</textarea>
+        <select>
+          <option>My first choice</option>
+        </select>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('treats hr elements the same as br elements', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div>
+        Some paragraph with text
+        <hr />
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+        <hr />
+        Some paragraph with text
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('ignore comments', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        <!-- Some paragraph with text -->
+        <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('can reach outside a shadow tree', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
     div.innerHTML = 'Some paragraph with text <span></span> ';
-    var shadow = div.querySelector('span').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const shadow = div.querySelector('span').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadow.innerHTML = '<a href="" id="link">link</a>';
     fixtureSetup(div);
 
-    var link = shadow.querySelector('#link');
-    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
+    const link = shadow.querySelector('#link');
+    assert.isTrue(isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('can reach into a shadow tree', function () {
-    var div = document.createElement('div');
+  it('can reach into a shadow tree', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
     div.innerHTML = '<a href="" id="link">link</a>';
-    var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadow.innerHTML = '<p>Some paragraph with text <slot></slot> </p>';
     fixtureSetup(div);
 
-    var link = fixture.querySelector('#link');
-    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
+    const link = fixture.querySelector('#link');
+    assert.isTrue(isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'treats shadow DOM slots as siblings',
-    function () {
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
-      div.innerHTML = '<br>';
-      var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<p>Some paragraph with text ' +
-        '<slot></slot> <a href="" id="link">link</a></p>';
-      fixtureSetup(div);
+  it('treats shadow DOM slots as siblings', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.innerHTML = '<br>';
+    const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = html`
+      <p>
+        Some paragraph with text <slot></slot> <a href="" id="link">link</a>
+      </p>
+    `;
+    fixtureSetup(div);
+
+    const link = shadow.querySelector('#link');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  describe('inline-block element', () => {
+    it('returns false if element has widget parent', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div role="button">
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if element has focusable parent', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div tabindex="0">
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if element has text sibling', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          Hello world
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if element has inline element sibling', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <span>Hello world</span>
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if element has inline-block element sibling', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <div style="display: inline-block">Hello world</div>
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if element has widget element sibling', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <div role="button" style="display: inline">Hello world</div>
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
+
+    it('ignores br elements', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <span>Hello World</span>
+          <br />
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
 
-      var link = shadow.querySelector('#link');
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
-    }
-  );
+    it('ignores hr elements', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <span>Hello World</span>
+          <hr />
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
+
+    it('looks at all siblings', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <br />
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+          <br />
+          <div role="button" style="display: inline">Hello world</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
+
+    it('works for inline-grid', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <div role="button" style="display: inline">Hello world</div>
+          <button id="target" style="display: inline-grid">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
+
+    it('works for inline-flex', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <div role="button" style="display: inline">Hello world</div>
+          <button id="target" style="display: inline-flex">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target));
+    });
+  });
 
-  describe('options.noLengthCompare', function () {
-    it('returns true if there is any text outside the link', function () {
+  describe('options.noLengthCompare', () => {
+    it('returns true if there is any text outside the link', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<p>amy <a href="" id="link">link text is longer</a></p>');
-      var link = document.getElementById('link');
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link, {
-          noLengthCompare: true
-        })
-      );
-    });
-
-    it('returns false if the non-widget text is only whitespace', function () {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<p>' +
-          ' <a href="" id="link">link 1</a>\t\n\r' +
-          ' <a href="">link 2</a>' +
-          ' <a href="">link 3</a>' +
-          ' <a href="">link 4</a>' +
-          '</p>'
-      );
-      var link = document.getElementById('link');
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link, {
-          noLengthCompare: true
-        })
-      );
+      const link = document.getElementById('link');
+      assert.isTrue(isInTextBlock(link, { noLengthCompare: true }));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if the non-widget text is only whitespace', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <p>
+          <a href="" id="link">link 1</a>
+
+          <a href="">link 2</a>
+          <a href="">link 3</a>
+          <a href="">link 4</a>
+        </p>
+      `);
+      const link = document.getElementById('link');
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(link, { noLengthCompare: true }));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('with options.includeInlineBlock: true', () => {
+    it('returns true if inline-block element has text sibling', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          Hello world
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(isInTextBlock(target, { includeInlineBlock: true }));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if inline-block element has inline element sibling', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <span>Hello world</span>
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(isInTextBlock(target, { includeInlineBlock: true }));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if inline-block element has text sibling after it', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div><button id="target">button</button> hello world</div>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(isInTextBlock(target, { includeInlineBlock: true }));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if inline-block element has both inline text and a widget sibling', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <button>button 1</button>
+          <span>Hello world, goodbye mars</span>
+          <button id="target">button 2</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(isInTextBlock(target, { includeInlineBlock: true }));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false the inline text sibling is on a different line', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          Hello
+          <br />
+          <button id="target">button</button>
+          <hr />
+          world
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target, { includeInlineBlock: true }));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if inline-block element has a sibling on the same line', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          Hello
+          <br />
+          world <button id="target">button</button>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isInTextBlock(target, { includeInlineBlock: true }));
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-inert.js b/test/commons/dom/is-inert.js
index ca4ba92e8..acb06f918 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-inert.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-inert.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('dom.isInert', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   const isInert = axe.commons.dom.isInert;
   const { queryFixture, flatTreeSetup } = axe.testUtils;
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ describe('dom.isInert', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns false for closed dialog', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
       <dialog><span>Hello</span></dialog>
       <div id="target">World</div>
     `);
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ describe('dom.isInert', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns false for non-modal dialog', () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
       <dialog open><span>Hello</span></dialog>
       <div id="target">World</div>
     `);
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ describe('dom.isInert', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns true for modal dialog', () => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
       <dialog id="modal"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
       <div id="target">World</div>
     `;
@@ -60,9 +61,7 @@ describe('dom.isInert', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns false for the modal dialog element', () => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
-      <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
-    `;
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog> `;
     document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
     const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ describe('dom.isInert', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns false for a descendant of the modal dialog', () => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
       <dialog id="modal"><span id="target">Hello</span></dialog>
     `;
     document.querySelector('#modal').showModal();
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ describe('dom.isInert', () => {
 
   describe('options.isAncestor', () => {
     it('return false for modal dialog', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
         <dialog id="modal"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
         <div id="target">World</div>
       `;
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js b/test/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js
index a9e83679e..6430c275f 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js
@@ -1,82 +1,94 @@
-describe('dom.isModalOpen', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.isModalOpen', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var isModalOpen = axe.commons.dom.isModalOpen;
-  var dialogElSupport =
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const isModalOpen = axe.commons.dom.isModalOpen;
+  const dialogElSupport =
     typeof document.createElement('dialog').open !== 'undefined';
 
-  it('returns true if there is a visible element with role=dialog', function () {
+  it('returns true if there is a visible element with role=dialog', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div role="dialog">Modal</div>');
     assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there is a visible element with aria-modal=true', function () {
+  it('returns true if there is a visible element with aria-modal=true', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div aria-modal="true">Modal</div>');
     assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
   });
 
   (dialogElSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns true if there is a visible dialog element',
-    function () {
+    () => {
       fixtureSetup('<dialog open><div>Modal</div></dialog>');
       assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
     }
   );
 
-  it('returns true if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with >= 75% width/height', function () {
+  it('returns true if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with >= 75% width/height', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0">Modal</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with >= 75% width/height and is not the top most element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div style="position: fixed; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);">' +
-        '<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; height: 100%;">' +
-        '<div style="padding: 2rem; border: 1px solid; background: white;">Modal</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('returns true if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with >= 75% width/height and is not the top most element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div
+        style="position: fixed; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);"
+      >
+        <div
+          style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; height: 100%;"
+        >
+          <div style="padding: 2rem; border: 1px solid; background: white;">
+            Modal
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns true if modal opens like a drawer', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div style="position: fixed; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);">' +
-        '<div style="width: 25%; height: 100%;">' +
-        '<div style="padding: 2rem; border-right: 1px solid; background: white; height: 100%;">Modal</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('returns true if modal opens like a drawer', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div
+        style="position: fixed; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);"
+      >
+        <div style="width: 25%; height: 100%;">
+          <div
+            style="padding: 2rem; border-right: 1px solid; background: white; height: 100%;"
+          >
+            Modal
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if there is no modal', function () {
+  it('returns undefined if there is no modal', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div>Modal</div>');
     assert.isUndefined(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if there is a hidden element with role=dialog', function () {
+  it('returns undefined if there is a hidden element with role=dialog', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div role="dialog" style="display: none">Modal</div>');
     assert.isUndefined(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if there is a hidden element with aria-modal=true', function () {
+  it('returns undefined if there is a hidden element with aria-modal=true', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div aria-modal="true" style="display: none">Modal</div>');
     assert.isUndefined(isModalOpen());
   });
 
   (dialogElSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns undefined if there is a hidden dialog element',
-    function () {
+    () => {
       fixtureSetup('<dialog><div>Modal</div></dialog>');
       assert.isUndefined(isModalOpen());
     }
   );
 
-  it('returns undefined if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with < 75% width/height', function () {
+  it('returns undefined if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with < 75% width/height', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div style="position: fixed; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 50%; height: 50%; margin: 0 auto; transform: translateY(-50%);>Modal</div>'
     );
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-multiline.js b/test/commons/dom/is-multiline.js
index 99dfad760..29503f06b 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-multiline.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-multiline.js
@@ -1,51 +1,55 @@
-describe('dom.isMultiline', function () {
-  var isMultiline = axe.commons.dom.isMultiline;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+describe('dom.isMultiline', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const isMultiline = axe.commons.dom.isMultiline;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there is a single line', function () {
+  it('returns false if there is a single line', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p>hello</p>';
-    assert.isFalse(isMultiline(fixture.firstChild));
+    assert.isFalse(isMultiline(fixture.firstElementChild));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there are two lines', function () {
+  it('returns true if there are two lines', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p>hello <br> world</p>';
-    assert.isTrue(isMultiline(fixture.firstChild));
+    assert.isTrue(isMultiline(fixture.firstElementChild));
   });
 
-  it('handles single-line texts with varying font-sizes', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<p>' +
-      '  <span style="font-size: 12px">small</span> ' +
-      '  <span style="font-size: 20px">large</span>' +
-      '  <span style="font-size: 16px">medium</span>' +
-      '</p>';
-    assert.isFalse(isMultiline(fixture.firstChild));
+  it('handles single-line texts with varying font-sizes', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <p>
+        <span style="font-size: 12px">small</span>
+        <span style="font-size: 20px">large</span>
+        <span style="font-size: 16px">medium</span>
+      </p>
+    `;
+    assert.isFalse(isMultiline(fixture.firstElementChild));
   });
 
-  describe('with non-text elements', function () {
-    it('is true when on a multiple lines', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<p>' +
-        '  <input /><br>' +
-        '  <textarea rows="5"></textarea><br>' +
-        '  <button style="font-size: 20px">I like big buttons</button>' +
-        '</p>';
-      assert.isTrue(isMultiline(fixture.firstChild));
+  describe('with non-text elements', () => {
+    it('is true when on a multiple lines', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <p>
+          <input /><br />
+          <textarea rows="5"></textarea><br />
+          <button style="font-size: 20px">I like big buttons</button>
+        </p>
+      `;
+      assert.isTrue(isMultiline(fixture.firstElementChild));
     });
 
-    it('is false when on a single line', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<p>' +
-        '  <span style="font-size: 12px">Hello</span> ' +
-        '  <input />' +
-        '  <textarea rows="5"></textarea>' +
-        '  <button style="font-size: 20px">I like big buttons</button>' +
-        '</p>';
-      assert.isFalse(isMultiline(fixture.firstChild));
+    it('is false when on a single line', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <p>
+          <span style="font-size: 12px">Hello</span>
+          <input />
+          <textarea rows="5"></textarea>
+          <button style="font-size: 20px">I like big buttons</button>
+        </p>
+      `;
+      assert.isFalse(isMultiline(fixture.firstElementChild));
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js b/test/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js
index 128b98c99..17ea87779 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js
@@ -4,20 +4,22 @@ describe('dom.isNativelyFocusable', () => {
   const { flatTreeSetup } = axe.testUtils;
 
   function hideByClipping(el) {
-    el.style.cssText =
-      'position: absolute !important;' +
-      ' clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); /* IE6, IE7 */' +
-      ' clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px);';
+    el.style.cssText = `
+      position: absolute !important;
+       clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); /* IE6, IE7 */
+       clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px);
+    `;
   }
 
   function hideByMovingOffScreen(el) {
-    el.style.cssText =
-      'position:absolute;' +
-      ' left:-10000px;' +
-      ' top:auto;' +
-      ' width:1px;' +
-      ' height:1px;' +
-      ' overflow:hidden;';
+    el.style.cssText = `
+      position:absolute;
+       left:-10000px;
+       top:auto;
+       width:1px;
+       height:1px;
+       overflow:hidden;
+    `;
   }
 
   it('should return true for buttons with redundant tabindex', () => {
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-node.js b/test/commons/dom/is-node.js
index cdbc397a9..9e79eb141 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-node.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-node.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('dom.isNode', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('nodes', function () {
-    var node;
+describe('dom.isNode', () => {
+  it('nodes', () => {
+    let node;
     node = document;
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNode(node), 'Document');
 
@@ -25,8 +23,8 @@ describe('dom.isNode', function () {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNode(node), 'Document fragments');
   });
 
-  it('non-nodes', function () {
-    var node;
+  it('non-nodes', () => {
+    let node;
 
     node = {};
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNode(node));
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js b/test/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
index e755eda1a..4992d17e2 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
@@ -1,161 +1,274 @@
-describe('dom.isOffscreen', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
+describe('dom.isOffscreen', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const { isOffscreen } = axe.commons.dom;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const { queryFixture, fixtureSetup, flatTreeSetup } = axe.testUtils;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(() => {
     document.body.style.direction = 'ltr';
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the left edge', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+  after(() => {
+    window.scrollTo(0, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should be false for 0 height elements at the top of the viewport', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(document.body));
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(document.documentElement));
 
-    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned to but not beyond the left edge', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -50px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the left edge', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
+  });
 
-    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+  it('should detect elements positioned to but not beyond the left edge', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -50px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should not detect elements at the left edge with a zero width', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="width: 0px; left: 0px;"></div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+  it('should not detect elements at the left edge with a zero width', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="width: 0px; left: 0px;"></div>'
+    );
 
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the top edge', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; top: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the top edge', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; top: -50px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should never detect elements positioned outside the bottom edge', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; bottom: -501px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+  it('should never detect elements positioned outside the bottom edge', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; bottom: -501px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
 
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned that bleed inside the left edge', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+  it('should detect elements positioned that bleed inside the left edge', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
 
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; right: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; right: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
 
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the top edge', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; top: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the top edge', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; top: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
 
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the bottom edge', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; bottom: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the bottom edge', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; bottom: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
 
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements that are made off-screen by a parent', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -51px;">' +
-      '<div id="target">Offscreen?</div>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('should detect elements that are made off-screen by a parent', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -51px;">
+        <div id="target">Offscreen?</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-
-    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+    assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should NOT detect elements positioned outside the right edge on LTR documents', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; right: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+  it('should NOT detect elements positioned outside the right edge on LTR documents', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; right: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(vNode));
+  });
 
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge on RTL documents', () => {
+    document.body.style.direction = 'rtl';
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; right: -151px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge on RTL documents', function () {
+  it('should NOT detect elements positioned outside the left edge on RTL documents', () => {
     document.body.style.direction = 'rtl';
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; right: -151px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
 
-    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should NOT detect elements positioned outside the left edge on RTL documents', function () {
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge on RTL documents', () => {
     document.body.style.direction = 'rtl';
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>';
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
-
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
-  });
-
-  it('should not detect elements positioned because of a scroll', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="scrollable" style="max-height:20px;overflow:scroll">' +
-      '<div id="visible">goobye</div>' +
-      '<div id="high" style="height:50px">high</div>' +
-      '<div id="scrollme">hello</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-    var viz = document.getElementById('visible');
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(viz));
-    var scrollme = document.getElementById('scrollme');
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: 100vw;">Offscreen?</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should not detect elements positioned because of a scroll', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="scrollable" style="max-height:20px;overflow:scroll">
+        <div id="visible">goodbye</div>
+        <div id="high" style="height:50px">high</div>
+        <div id="scrollme">hello</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const viz = document.getElementById('visible');
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(viz));
+    const scrollme = document.getElementById('scrollme');
     scrollme.scrollIntoView();
-    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(viz));
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(viz));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if actual ndoe is undefined', function () {
-    assert.isUndefined(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen());
+  it('should return undefined if actual node is undefined', () => {
+    assert.isUndefined(isOffscreen());
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should detect on screen shadow nodes',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      var shadow = fixture.querySelector('div').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Offscreen?</div>';
+  it('should detect on screen shadow nodes', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    const shadow = fixture.querySelector('div').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Offscreen?</div>';
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    const el = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+    assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(el));
+  });
 
-      var el = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
-    }
-  );
+  it('should detect off screen shadow nodes', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    const shadow = fixture.querySelector('div').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; top: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>';
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should detect off screen shadow nodes',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      var shadow = fixture.querySelector('div').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; top: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>';
+    const el = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+    assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(el));
+  });
 
-      var el = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
-    }
-  );
+  describe('positioned: fixed', () => {
+    it('should detect elements positioned outside the top edge', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="position: fixed; height: 50px; top: -50px;">Offscreen?</div>'
+      );
+
+      assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should detect elements positioned outside the top edge when scrolled', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="height: 5000px">
+          <div id="target" style="position: fixed; height: 50px; top: -50px;">
+            Offscreen?
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
+      window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);
+      assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should detect elements positioned outside the bottom edge', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: fixed; height: 50px; top: 100vh;"
+        >
+          Offscreen?
+        </div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should consider elements in the viewport, but beyond the window size as on screen', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div>
+          <p>Hello World</p>
+          <div id="target" style="position: fixed; top: calc(100vh - 50px);">
+            Offscreen?
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(isOffscreen(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge (LTR)', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: fixed; width: 50px; left: 100vw;"
+        >
+          Offscreen?
+        </div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge (RTL)', () => {
+      document.body.style.direction = 'rtl';
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: fixed; width: 50px; left: 100vw;"
+        >
+          Offscreen?
+        </div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should detect elements positioned outside the left edge (LTR)', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: fixed; width: 50px; left: -50px;"
+        >
+          Offscreen?
+        </div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should detect elements positioned outside the left edge on RTL documents', () => {
+      document.body.style.direction = 'rtl';
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: fixed; width: 50px; left: -50px;"
+        >
+          Offscreen?
+        </div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isOffscreen(vNode));
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js b/test/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js
index 8827017b6..d379e5c88 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('dom.isSkipLink', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.isSkipLink', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var baseEl;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  let baseEl;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
 
     if (baseEl) {
@@ -12,116 +12,121 @@ describe('dom.isSkipLink', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the href points to an ID', function () {
+  it('should return true if the href points to an ID', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the href points to another document', function () {
+  it('should return false if the href points to another document', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="something.html#target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the URI encoded href points to an element with an ID', function () {
+  it('should return true if the URI encoded href points to an element with an ID', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#%3Ctarget%3E">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the URI is an Angular skiplink', function () {
+  it('should return true if the URI is an Angular skiplink', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="/#target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the URI is angular #!', function () {
+  it('should return false if the URI is angular #!', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#!target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the URI is angular #/', function () {
+  it('should return false if the URI is angular #/', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#/target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for multiple skip-links', function () {
+  it('should return true for multiple skip-links', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a id="skip-link1" href="#target1">Click Here></a><a id="skip-link2" href="/#target2">Click Here></a><a id="skip-link3" href="#target3">Click Here></a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var nodes = fixture.querySelectorAll('a');
+    const nodes = fixture.querySelectorAll('a');
     for (var i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(nodes[i]));
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the element is before a page link', function () {
+  it('should return true if the element is before a page link', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a id="skip-link" href="#target">Click Here></a><a href="/page">New Page</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#skip-link');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#skip-link');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the element is after a page link', function () {
+  it('should return false if the element is after a page link', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="/page">New Page</a><a id="skip-link" href="#target">Click Here></a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#skip-link');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#skip-link');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should ignore links that start with `href=javascript`', function () {
+  it('should ignore links that start with `href=javascript`', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="javascript:void">New Page</a><a id="skip-link" href="#target">Click Here></a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#skip-link');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#skip-link');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for hash href that resolves to current page', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a href="' + window.location.pathname + '#target">Click Here</a>';
+  it('should return true for hash href that resolves to current page', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<a href="${window.location.pathname}#target"
+      >Click Here</a
+    >`;
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for absolute path hash href', function () {
-    var url = window.location.href;
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="' + url + '#target">Click Here</a>';
+  it('should return true for absolute path hash href', () => {
+    const url = window.location.href;
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<a href="${url}#target">Click Here</a>`;
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for absolute path href that points to another document', function () {
-    var origin = window.location.origin;
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a href="' + origin + '/something.html#target">Click Here</a>';
+  it('should return false for absolute path href that points to another document', () => {
+    const origin = window.location.origin;
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<a href="${origin}/something.html#target"
+      >Click Here</a
+    >`;
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for href with <base> tag that points to another document', function () {
+  it('should return false for href with <base> tag that points to another document', () => {
     baseEl = document.createElement('base');
     baseEl.href = 'https://www.google.com/';
     document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(baseEl);
 
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a href="' + window.location.pathname + '#target">Click Here</a>';
+    // Use a stable path that won't accidentally match the angular skip-link
+    // regex (/#) regardless of what window.location.pathname is in the test runner.
+    // With base https://www.google.com/ the resolved URL becomes
+    // https://www.google.com/page.html#target, which is a different origin.
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<a href="/page.html#target">Click Here</a>`;
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-visible-on-screen.js b/test/commons/dom/is-visible-on-screen.js
index 99437949f..4b0cb4121 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-visible-on-screen.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-visible-on-screen.js
@@ -1,314 +1,360 @@
-describe('dom.isVisibleOnScreen', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.isVisibleOnScreen', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var isVisibleOnScreen = axe.commons.dom.isVisibleOnScreen;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
+  const isVisibleOnScreen = axe.commons.dom.isVisibleOnScreen;
 
-  it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello!</div>');
+  it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello!</div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: 10px; right: 10px">hi</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should respect position: fixed', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should respect position: fixed', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="position:fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0;">StickySticky</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="position: absolute; top: 400px; left: 400px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="position: absolute; top: 400px; left: 400px;">
+        <div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px">
+          Hi
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if moved offscreen with left', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if moved offscreen with left', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -9999px">Hi</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if moved offscreen with top', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if moved offscreen with top', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -9999px">Hi</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
-    var el = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return false on detached elements', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
     el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(el);
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on body', function () {
+  it('should return true on body', () => {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(document.body);
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(document.body);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true on html', function () {
+  it('should return true on html', () => {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.documentElement);
-    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(document.documentElement);
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(document.documentElement);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on STYLE tag', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false on STYLE tag', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<style id="target"> @import "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css"; .green { background-color: green; } </style>'
     );
-    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<noscript id="target"><p class="invisible"><img src="/piwik/piwik.php?idsite=1" alt="" /></p></noscript>'
     );
-    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<template id="target"><div>Name:</div></template>'
     );
-    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if positioned statically but top/left is set', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px;' +
-        'right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;">Hi</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true if positioned statically but top/left is set', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        id="target"
+        style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px;
+      right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;"
+      >
+        Hi
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hidden from screen readers</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should not calculate position on parents', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 500px; left: 500px">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('should not calculate position on parents', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px;">
+        <div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 500px; left: 500px">
+          Hi
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should know how `visibility` works', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('should know how `visibility` works', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="visibility: hidden;">
+        <div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', function () {
-    var clip =
-      'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-      'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-      'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-      'position: absolute;' +
-      'overflow: hidden;';
+  it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', () => {
+    const clip = `
+      clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+      clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+      width: 1px; height: 1px;
+      position: absolute;
+      overflow: hidden;
+    `;
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>');
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`);
 
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique using position: fixed', function () {
-    var clip =
-      'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-      'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-      'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-      'position: fixed;' +
-      'overflow: hidden;';
+  it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique using position: fixed', () => {
+    const clip = `
+      clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+      clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+      width: 1px; height: 1px;
+      position: fixed;
+      overflow: hidden;
+    `;
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>');
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`);
 
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning', function () {
-    var clip =
-      'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-      'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-      'position: relative;' +
-      'overflow: hidden;';
+  it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning', () => {
+    const clip = `
+      clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+      clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+      position: relative;
+      overflow: hidden;
+    `;
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>');
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`);
 
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', function () {
-    var clip =
-      'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-      'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-      'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-      'position: absolute;' +
-      'overflow: hidden;';
+  it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', () => {
+    const clip = `
+      clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+      clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+      width: 1px; height: 1px;
+      position: absolute;
+      overflow: hidden;
+    `;
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="' + clip + '">' + '<div id="target">Hi</div>' + '</div>'
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      html`<div style="${clip}">
+        <div id="target">Hi</div>
+      </div>`
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', function () {
-    var clip =
-      'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-      'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-      'position: relative;' +
-      'overflow: hidden;';
+  it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', () => {
+    const clip = `
+      clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+      clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+      position: relative;
+      overflow: hidden;
+    `;
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="' + clip + '">' + '<div id="target">Hi</div>' + '</div>'
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      html`<div style="${clip}">
+        <div id="target">Hi</div>
+      </div>`
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', function () {
-    var clip =
-      'clip: rect(5px 1px 1px 5px);' +
-      'clip: rect(5px, 1px, 1px, 5px);' +
-      'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-      'position: absolute;' +
-      'overflow: hidden;';
+  it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', () => {
+    const clip = `
+      clip: rect(5px 1px 1px 5px);
+      clip: rect(5px, 1px, 1px, 5px);
+      width: 1px; height: 1px;
+      position: absolute;
+      overflow: hidden;
+    `;
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>');
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`);
 
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for display: none', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for display: none', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="display: none">Hello!</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for opacity: 0', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for opacity: 0', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="opacity: 0">Hello!</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for 0 height scrollable region', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for 0 height scrollable region', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 0"><div id="target">Hello!</div></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for 0 width scrollable region', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for 0 width scrollable region', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div style="overflow: scroll; width: 0"><div id="target">Hello!</div></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for `AREA` without closest `MAP` element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for `AREA` without closest `MAP` element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>'
     );
-    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with no name attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map>' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>'
-    );
-    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with no name attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map>
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+    `);
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns false for `AREA` element that is inside shadowDOM',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(target);
-      assert.isFalse(actual);
-    }
-  );
+  it('returns false for `AREA` element that is inside shadowDOM', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = html`
+      <map name="infographic">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+    `;
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(target);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
 
-  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with name but not referred by an `IMG` usemap attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '<img usemap="#infographic-wrong-name" alt="MDN infographic" />'
-    );
-    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with name but not referred by an `IMG` usemap attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map name="infographic">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+      <img usemap="#infographic-wrong-name" alt="MDN infographic" />
+    `);
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is not visible', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" style="display:none"/>'
-    );
-    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is not visible', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map name="infographic">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+      <img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" style="display:none" />
+    `);
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is visible', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" />'
-    );
-    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+  it('returns true for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is visible', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map name="infographic">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+      <img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" />
+    `);
+    const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
@@ -316,8 +362,8 @@ describe('dom.isVisibleOnScreen', function () {
   // MDN and caniuse.com give different results...
   (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
     'should detect clip-path hidden text technique',
-    function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="clip-path: inset(50%);">Hi</div>'
       );
 
@@ -327,111 +373,105 @@ describe('dom.isVisibleOnScreen', function () {
 
   (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
     'should detect clip-path hidden text technique on parent',
-    function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<div style="clip-path: circle(0%);">' +
-          '<div id="target">Hi</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="clip-path: circle(0%);">
+          <div id="target">Hi</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
 
       assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
     }
   );
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should correctly handle visible slotted elements',
-    function () {
-      function createContentSlotted() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
-        group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-        return group;
-      }
-      function makeShadowTree(node) {
-        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        root.appendChild(div);
-        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-      }
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><a>hello</a></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
-      assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(el.actualNode));
+  it('should correctly handle visible slotted elements', () => {
+    function createContentSlotted() {
+      const group = document.createElement('div');
+      group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+      return group;
     }
-  );
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should correctly handle hidden slotted elements',
-    function () {
-      function createContentSlotted() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
-        group.innerHTML =
-          '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-        return group;
-      }
-      function makeShadowTree(node) {
-        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        root.appendChild(div);
-        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-      }
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><p><a>hello</a></p></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
-      assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(el.actualNode));
+    function makeShadowTree(node) {
+      const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      root.appendChild(div);
+      div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
     }
-  );
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div><a>hello</a></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(el.actualNode));
+  });
+  it('should correctly handle hidden slotted elements', () => {
+    function createContentSlotted() {
+      const group = document.createElement('div');
+      group.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+      return group;
+    }
+    function makeShadowTree(node) {
+      const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      root.appendChild(div);
+      div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
+    }
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div><p><a>hello</a></p></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(el.actualNode));
+  });
 
-  it('should return false for screen reader only technique', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for screen reader only technique', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1x; margin: -1px; padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden;">Visually Hidden</div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for element outside "overflow:hidden"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false for element outside "overflow:hidden"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div style="overflow: hidden; height: 100px;"><div id="target" style="margin-top: 200px;">Visually Hidden</div></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
       assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false on STYLE tag', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false on STYLE tag', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'style'
       });
-      var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+      const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'noscript'
       });
-      var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+      const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'template'
       });
-      var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+      const actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           'aria-hidden': true
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-visible-to-screenreader.js b/test/commons/dom/is-visible-to-screenreader.js
index 3586366a2..02ee2ae97 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-visible-to-screenreader.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-visible-to-screenreader.js
@@ -1,220 +1,238 @@
-describe('dom.isVisibleToScreenReaders', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.isVisibleToScreenReaders', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var isVisibleToScreenReaders = axe.commons.dom.isVisibleToScreenReaders;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const isVisibleToScreenReaders = axe.commons.dom.isVisibleToScreenReaders;
 
   function createContentHidden() {
-    var group = document.createElement('div');
+    const group = document.createElement('div');
     group.innerHTML =
       '<label id="mylabel">Label</label><input aria-labelledby="mylabel" type="text" />';
     return group;
   }
 
   function makeShadowTreeHidden(node) {
-    var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-    var div = document.createElement('div');
+    const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
     div.className = 'parent';
     root.appendChild(div);
     div.appendChild(createContentHidden());
   }
 
-  it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
-    var el = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return false on detached elements', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
     el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(el);
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(el));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on body', function () {
+  it('should return true on body', () => {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(document.body);
+    const actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(document.body);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true on html', function () {
+  it('should return true on html', () => {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.documentElement);
-    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(document.documentElement);
+    const actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(document.documentElement);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for visible element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Visible</div>');
+  it('should return true for visible element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Visible</div>');
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for visible area element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map name="map">' +
-        '<area id="target" href="#" />' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '<img usemap="#map" src="img.png" />'
-    );
+  it('should return true for visible area element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map name="map">
+        <area id="target" href="#" />
+      </map>
+      <img usemap="#map" src="img.png" />
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hidden from screen readers</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if `inert` is set', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if `inert` is set', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" inert>Hidden from screen readers</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if `display: none` is set', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if `display: none` is set', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="display: none">Hidden from screen readers</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><div id="target">Hidden from screen readers</div></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should know how `visibility` works', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('should know how `visibility` works', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="visibility: hidden;">
+        <div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for `AREA` without closest `MAP` element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for `AREA` without closest `MAP` element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>'
     );
-    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
+    const actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with no name attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map>' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>'
-    );
-    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with no name attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map>
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+    `);
+    const actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns false for `AREA` element that is inside shadowDOM',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('returns false for `AREA` element that is inside shadowDOM', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = html`
+      <map name="infographic">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+    `;
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(target);
-      assert.isFalse(actual);
-    }
-  );
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+    const actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(target);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
 
-  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with name but not referred by an `IMG` usemap attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '<img usemap="#infographic-wrong-name" alt="MDN infographic" />'
-    );
-    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with name but not referred by an `IMG` usemap attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map name="infographic">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+      <img usemap="#infographic-wrong-name" alt="MDN infographic" />
+    `);
+    const actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is not visible', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" style="display:none"/>'
-    );
-    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is not visible', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map name="infographic">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+      <img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" style="display:none" />
+    `);
+    const actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is visible', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map name="infographic">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" />'
-    );
-    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
+  it('returns true for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is visible', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map name="infographic">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+      <img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" />
+    `);
+    const actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'not hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var tree, node;
-      // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
-      // to specifically test this
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTreeHidden(fixture.firstChild);
-      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
-      assert.isTrue(isVisibleToScreenReaders(node));
-    }
-  );
+  it('not hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM', () => {
+    let tree, node;
+    // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
+    // to specifically test this
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTreeHidden(fixture.firstChild);
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleToScreenReaders(node));
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var tree, node;
-      // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
-      // to specifically test this
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div style="display:none"></div>';
-      makeShadowTreeHidden(fixture.firstChild);
-      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
-      assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(node));
-    }
-  );
+  it('hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM', () => {
+    let tree, node;
+    // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
+    // to specifically test this
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div style="display:none"></div>';
+    makeShadowTreeHidden(fixture.firstChild);
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(node));
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should work with hidden slotted elements',
-    function () {
-      function createContentSlotted() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
-        group.innerHTML =
-          '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-        return group;
-      }
-      function makeShadowTree(node) {
-        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        root.appendChild(div);
-        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-      }
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><p><a>hello</a></p></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
-      assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+  it('should work with hidden slotted elements', () => {
+    function createContentSlotted() {
+      const group = document.createElement('div');
+      group.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+      return group;
+    }
+    function makeShadowTree(node) {
+      const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      root.appendChild(div);
+      div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
     }
-  );
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div><p><a>hello</a></p></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+  });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           'aria-hidden': true
@@ -223,11 +241,11 @@ describe('dom.isVisibleToScreenReaders', function () {
       assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
-      var parentVNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      const parentVNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           'aria-hidden': true
@@ -238,8 +256,8 @@ describe('dom.isVisibleToScreenReaders', function () {
       assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if `inert` is set', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false if `inert` is set', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           inert: true
@@ -248,11 +266,11 @@ describe('dom.isVisibleToScreenReaders', function () {
       assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if `inert` is set on parent', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false if `inert` is set on parent', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
-      var parentVNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      const parentVNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           inert: true
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-visible.js b/test/commons/dom/is-visible.js
index db85fafc3..7bdb81679 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-visible.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-visible.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-describe('dom.isVisible', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.isVisible', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var computedStyleStub;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  let computedStyleStub;
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
 
@@ -16,655 +16,762 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  describe('default usage', function () {
+  describe('default usage', () => {
     // Firefox returns `null` if accessed inside a hidden iframe
-    it('should return false if computedStyle return null for whatever reason', function () {
+    it('should return false if computedStyle return null for whatever reason', () => {
       computedStyleStub = sinon.stub(window, 'getComputedStyle').returns(null);
-      var el = document.createElement('div');
+      const el = document.createElement('div');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', function () {
+    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Hello!</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function () {
+    it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: 10px; right: 10px">hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should respect position: fixed', function () {
+    it('should respect position: fixed', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position:fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0;">StickySticky</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="position: absolute; top: 400px; left: 400px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="position: absolute; top: 400px; left: 400px;">
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px"
+          >
+            Hi
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if moved offscreen with left', function () {
+    it('should return false if moved offscreen with left', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -9999px">Hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if moved offscreen with top', function () {
+    it('should return false if moved offscreen with top', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -9999px">Hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
-      var el = document.createElement('div');
+    it('should return false on detached elements', () => {
+      const el = document.createElement('div');
       el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
 
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on a document', function () {
+    it('should return true on a document', () => {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(document));
     });
 
-    it('should return false on STYLE tag', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on STYLE tag', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<style id="target"> @import "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css"; .green { background-color: green; } </style>'
       );
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<noscript id="target"><p class="invisible"><img src="/piwik/piwik.php?idsite=1" alt="" /></p></noscript>'
       );
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<template id="target"><div>Name:</div></template>'
       );
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if positioned statically but top/left is set', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px;' +
-        'right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;">Hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    it('should return true if positioned statically but top/left is set', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px;
+        right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;"
+        >
+          Hi
+        </div>
+      `;
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function () {
+    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hidden from screen readers</div>';
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should not calculate position on parents', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 500px; left: 500px">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('should not calculate position on parents', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px;">
+          <div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 500px; left: 500px">
+            Hi
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should know how `visibility` works', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('should know how `visibility` works', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="visibility: hidden;">
+          <div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-          'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-          'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-          'position: absolute;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', () => {
+      let el;
+
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+        clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+        width: 1px; height: 1px;
+        position: absolute;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique using position: fixed', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-          'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-          'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-          'position: fixed;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique using position: fixed', () => {
+      let el;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>';
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+        clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+        width: 1px; height: 1px;
+        position: fixed;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
+
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-          'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-          'position: relative;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning', () => {
+      let el;
+
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+        clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+        position: relative;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-          'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-          'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-          'position: absolute;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', () => {
+      let el;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="' + clip + '">' + '<div id="target">Hi</div>' + '</div>';
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+        clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+        width: 1px; height: 1px;
+        position: absolute;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
+
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div style="${clip}">
+        <div id="target">Hi</div>
+      </div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-          'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-          'position: relative;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', () => {
+      let el;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="' + clip + '">' + '<div id="target">Hi</div>' + '</div>';
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+        clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+        position: relative;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
+
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div style="${clip}">
+        <div id="target">Hi</div>
+      </div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(5px 1px 1px 5px);' +
-          'clip: rect(5px, 1px, 1px, 5px);' +
-          'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-          'position: absolute;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', () => {
+      let el;
+
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(5px 1px 1px 5px);
+        clip: rect(5px, 1px, 1px, 5px);
+        width: 1px; height: 1px;
+        position: absolute;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for display: none', function () {
+    it('should return false for display: none', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="display: none">Hello!</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for opacity: 0', function () {
+    it('should return false for opacity: 0', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="opacity: 0">Hello!</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for opacity: 0', function () {
+    it('should return false for opacity: 0', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="opacity: 0">Hello!</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for 0 height scrollable region', function () {
+    it('should return false for 0 height scrollable region', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 0"><div id="target">Hello!</div></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for 0 width scrollable region', function () {
+    it('should return false for 0 width scrollable region', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="overflow: scroll; width: 0"><div id="target">Hello!</div></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('returns false for `AREA` without closest `MAP` element', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false for `AREA` without closest `MAP` element', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>'
       );
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with no name attribute', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<map>' +
-          '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-          '</map>'
-      );
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
+    it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with no name attribute', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <map>
+          <area
+            id="target"
+            role="link"
+            shape="circle"
+            coords="130,136,60"
+            aria-label="MDN"
+          />
+        </map>
+      `);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'returns false for `AREA` element that is inside shadowDOM',
-      function () {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-        var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-        var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML =
-          '<map name="infographic">' +
-          '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-          '</map>';
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-        var target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-        var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(target);
-        assert.isFalse(actual);
-      }
-    );
-
-    it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with name but not referred by an `IMG` usemap attribute', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<map name="infographic">' +
-          '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-          '</map>' +
-          '<img usemap="#infographic-wrong-name" alt="MDN infographic" />'
-      );
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
+    it('returns false for `AREA` element that is inside shadowDOM', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+      const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+      const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML = html`
+        <map name="infographic">
+          <area
+            id="target"
+            role="link"
+            shape="circle"
+            coords="130,136,60"
+            aria-label="MDN"
+          />
+        </map>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+      const target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(target);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is not visible', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<map name="infographic">' +
-          '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-          '</map>' +
-          '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" style="display:none"/>'
-      );
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
+    it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with name but not referred by an `IMG` usemap attribute', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <map name="infographic">
+          <area
+            id="target"
+            role="link"
+            shape="circle"
+            coords="130,136,60"
+            aria-label="MDN"
+          />
+        </map>
+        <img usemap="#infographic-wrong-name" alt="MDN infographic" />
+      `);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is visible', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<map name="infographic">' +
-          '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
-          '</map>' +
-          '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" />'
-      );
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
+    it('returns false for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is not visible', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <map name="infographic">
+          <area
+            id="target"
+            role="link"
+            shape="circle"
+            coords="130,136,60"
+            aria-label="MDN"
+          />
+        </map>
+        <img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" style="display:none" />
+      `);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is visible', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <map name="infographic">
+          <area
+            id="target"
+            role="link"
+            shape="circle"
+            coords="130,136,60"
+            aria-label="MDN"
+          />
+        </map>
+        <img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" />
+      `);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique', function () {
+    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="clip-path: inset(50%);">Hi</div>';
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique on parent', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="clip-path: circle(0%);">' +
-        '<div id="target">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique on parent', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="clip-path: circle(0%);">
+          <div id="target">Hi</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should correctly handle visible slotted elements',
-      function () {
-        function createContentSlotted() {
-          var group = document.createElement('div');
-          group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-          return group;
-        }
-        function makeShadowTree(node) {
-          var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-          var div = document.createElement('div');
-          root.appendChild(div);
-          div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-        }
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div><a>hello</a></div>';
-        makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
-        var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-        var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
-        assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el.actualNode));
+    it('should correctly handle visible slotted elements', () => {
+      function createContentSlotted() {
+        const group = document.createElement('div');
+        group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+        return group;
       }
-    );
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should correctly handle hidden slotted elements',
-      function () {
-        function createContentSlotted() {
-          var group = document.createElement('div');
-          group.innerHTML =
-            '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-          return group;
-        }
-        function makeShadowTree(node) {
-          var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-          var div = document.createElement('div');
-          root.appendChild(div);
-          div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-        }
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div><p><a>hello</a></p></div>';
-        makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
-        var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-        var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
-        assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el.actualNode));
+      function makeShadowTree(node) {
+        const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
+        root.appendChild(div);
+        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
       }
-    );
-    it('should return false if element is visually hidden using position absolute, overflow hidden, and a very small height', function () {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><a>hello</a></div>';
+      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el.actualNode));
+    });
+    it('should correctly handle hidden slotted elements', () => {
+      function createContentSlotted() {
+        const group = document.createElement('div');
+        group.innerHTML =
+          '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+        return group;
+      }
+      function makeShadowTree(node) {
+        const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
+        root.appendChild(div);
+        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
+      }
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><p><a>hello</a></p></div>';
+      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el.actualNode));
+    });
+    it('should return false if element is visually hidden using position absolute, overflow hidden, and a very small height', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position:absolute; height: 1px; overflow: hidden;">StickySticky</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('screen readers', function () {
+  describe('screen readers', () => {
     // Firefox returns `null` if accessed inside a hidden iframe
-    it('should return false if computedStyle return null for whatever reason', function () {
+    it('should return false if computedStyle return null for whatever reason', () => {
       computedStyleStub = sinon.stub(window, 'getComputedStyle').returns(null);
-      var el = document.createElement('div');
+      const el = document.createElement('div');
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on staticly-positioned, visible elements', function () {
+    it('should return true on staticly-positioned, visible elements', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Hello!</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function () {
+    it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: 10px; right: 10px">hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should respect position: fixed', function () {
+    it('should respect position: fixed', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position:fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0;">StickySticky</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
 
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="position: absolute; top: 400px; left: 400px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="position: absolute; top: 400px; left: 400px;">
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px"
+          >
+            Hi
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if moved offscreen with left', function () {
+    it('should return true if moved offscreen with left', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -9999px">Hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if moved offscreen with top', function () {
+    it('should return true if moved offscreen with top', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -9999px">Hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if moved offscreen with right', function () {
+    it('should return true if moved offscreen with right', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; right: -9999px">Hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if moved offscreen with bottom', function () {
+    it('should return true if moved offscreen with bottom', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; bottom: -9999px">Hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if text is moved offscreen with text-indent', function () {
+    it('should return true if text is moved offscreen with text-indent', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="text-indent: -9999px">Hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
-      var el = document.createElement('div');
+    it('should return false on detached elements', () => {
+      const el = document.createElement('div');
       el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
 
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on a document', function () {
+    it('should return true on a document', () => {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(document, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if positioned staticly but top/left is set', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px;' +
-        'right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;">Hi</div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    it('should return true if positioned staticly but top/left is set', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px;
+        right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;"
+        >
+          Hi
+        </div>
+      `;
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', function () {
+    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hidden from screen readers</div>';
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function () {
+    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div aria-hidden="true"><div id="target">Hidden from screen readers</div></div>';
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should not calculate position on parents', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 500px; left: 500px">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('should not calculate position on parents', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px;">
+          <div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 500px; left: 500px">
+            Hi
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should know how `visibility` works', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('should know how `visibility` works', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="visibility: hidden;">
+          <div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-          'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-          'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-          'position: absolute;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', () => {
+      let el;
+
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+        clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+        width: 1px; height: 1px;
+        position: absolute;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect even when clip is not applied because of positioning', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-          'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-          'position: relative;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect even when clip is not applied because of positioning', () => {
+      let el;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>';
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+        clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+        position: relative;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
+
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-          'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-          'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-          'position: absolute;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', () => {
+      let el;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="' + clip + '">' + '<div id="target">Hi</div>' + '</div>';
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+        clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+        width: 1px; height: 1px;
+        position: absolute;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
+
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div style="${clip}">
+        <div id="target">Hi</div>
+      </div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect even when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
-          'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
-          'position: relative;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect even when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', () => {
+      let el;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="' + clip + '">' + '<div id="target">Hi</div>' + '</div>';
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);
+        clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+        position: relative;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
+
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div style="${clip}">
+        <div id="target">Hi</div>
+      </div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', function () {
-      var el,
-        clip =
-          'clip: rect(5px 1px 1px 5px);' +
-          'clip: rect(5px, 1px, 1px, 5px);' +
-          'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
-          'position: absolute;' +
-          'overflow: hidden;';
+    it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', () => {
+      let el;
 
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>';
+      const clip = `
+        clip: rect(5px 1px 1px 5px);
+        clip: rect(5px, 1px, 1px, 5px);
+        width: 1px; height: 1px;
+        position: absolute;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      `;
+
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div id="target" style="${clip}">Hi</div>`;
 
       el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique', function () {
+    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="clip-path: inset(50%);">Hi</div>';
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique on parent', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="clip-path: circle(0%);">' +
-        '<div id="target">Hi</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique on parent', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="clip-path: circle(0%);">
+          <div id="target">Hi</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      const el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false on STYLE tag', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false on STYLE tag', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'style'
       });
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'noscript'
       });
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'template'
       });
-      var actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode);
+      const actual = axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           'aria-hidden': true
@@ -673,9 +780,9 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function () {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode));
     });
 
-    describe('screen readers', function () {
-      it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', function () {
-        var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    describe('screen readers', () => {
+      it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', () => {
+        const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
           nodeName: 'div',
           attributes: {
             'aria-hidden': true
@@ -684,11 +791,11 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function () {
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode, true));
       });
 
-      it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function () {
-        var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', () => {
+        const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
           nodeName: 'div'
         });
-        var parentVNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        const parentVNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
           nodeName: 'div',
           attributes: {
             'aria-hidden': true
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js b/test/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js
index c1af93ac8..33961f19b 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js
@@ -1,120 +1,118 @@
-describe('dom.isVisualContent', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.isVisualContent', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const isVisualContent = axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var isVisualContent = axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  describe('isVisualContent', function () {
-    it('should return true for img', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<img src="" id="target">');
+  describe('isVisualContent', () => {
+    it('should return true for img', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<img src="" id="target">');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for iframe', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<iframe src="" id="target"></iframe>');
+    it('should return true for iframe', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<iframe src="" id="target"></iframe>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for object', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<object data="" id="target"></object>');
+    it('should return true for object', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<object data="" id="target"></object>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for video', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<video src="" id="target"></video>');
+    it('should return true for video', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<video src="" id="target"></video>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for audio', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<audio src="" id="target"></audio>');
+    it('should return true for audio', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<audio src="" id="target"></audio>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for canvas', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<canvas id="target"></canvas>');
+    it('should return true for canvas', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<canvas id="target"></canvas>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for svg', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<svg id="target"></svg>');
+    it('should return true for svg', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<svg id="target"></svg>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for math', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<math id="target"></math>');
+    it('should return true for math', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<math id="target"></math>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for button', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+    it('should return true for button', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for select', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<select id="target"></select>');
+    it('should return true for select', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<select id="target"></select>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for textarea', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<textarea id="target"></textarea>');
+    it('should return true for textarea', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<textarea id="target"></textarea>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for keygen', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<keygen id="target"></keygen');
+    it('should return true for keygen', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<keygen id="target"></keygen');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for progress', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<progress id="target"></progress>');
+    it('should return true for progress', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<progress id="target"></progress>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for meter', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<meter id="target"></meter>');
+    it('should return true for meter', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<meter id="target"></meter>');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for non-hidden input', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target">');
+    it('should return true for non-hidden input', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target">');
       assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for elements with a visual aria role', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target">' +
-          '<span role="img"></span>' +
-          '<span role="checkbox"></span>' +
-          '<span role="radio"></span>' +
-          '<span role="meter"></span>' +
-          '<span role="progressbar"></span>' +
-          '<span role="scrollbar"></span>' +
-          '<span role="slider"></span>' +
-          '<span role="spinbutton"></span>' +
-          '<span role="textbox"></span>' +
-          '</div>'
+    it('should return true for elements with a visual aria role', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+        `<div id="target">` +
+          `<span role="img"></span>` +
+          `<span role="checkbox"></span>` +
+          `<span role="radio"></span>` +
+          `<span role="meter"></span>` +
+          `<span role="progressbar"></span>` +
+          `<span role="scrollbar"></span>` +
+          `<span role="slider"></span>` +
+          `<span role="spinbutton"></span>` +
+          `<span role="textbox"></span>` +
+          `</div>`
       );
 
       for (var i = 0; i < virtualNode.children.length; i++) {
         assert.isTrue(
           isVisualContent(virtualNode.children[i]),
-          'for role ' + virtualNode.children[i].attr('role')
+          `for role ${virtualNode.children[i].attr('role')}`
         );
       }
     });
 
-    it('should return false for hidden input', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="hidden" id="target">');
+    it('should return false for hidden input', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="hidden" id="target">');
       assert.isFalse(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for p', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<p id="target">Paragraph!</p>');
+    it('should return false for p', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<p id="target">Paragraph!</p>');
       assert.isFalse(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/shadow-elements-from-point.js b/test/commons/dom/shadow-elements-from-point.js
index 75b1a26ca..bcb2d70b2 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/shadow-elements-from-point.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/shadow-elements-from-point.js
@@ -1,58 +1,55 @@
-describe('dom.shadowElementsFromPoint', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.shadowElementsFromPoint', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return an array from inside and outside of shadow dom',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="container" style="background-color:#000;position:relative;"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow1 = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow1.innerHTML =
-        '<p style="background-color:red;">Text</p>' +
-        '<div id="shadowHost2" style="position:absolute;"></div>';
-      var paragraph = shadow1.querySelector('p');
-      var container2 = shadow1.querySelector('#shadowHost2');
-      var shadow2 = container2.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow2.innerHTML = '<span>Text</span>';
-      var shadowSpan = shadow2.querySelector('span');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('should return an array from inside and outside of shadow dom', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="container" style="background-color:#000;position:relative;"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow1 = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow1.innerHTML = html`
+      <p style="background-color:red;">Text</p>
+      <div id="shadowHost2" style="position:absolute;"></div>
+    `;
+    const paragraph = shadow1.querySelector('p');
+    const container2 = shadow1.querySelector('#shadowHost2');
+    const shadow2 = container2.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow2.innerHTML = '<span>Text</span>';
+    const shadowSpan = shadow2.querySelector('span');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      container.scrollIntoView();
+    container.scrollIntoView();
 
-      var spanCoords = shadowSpan.getBoundingClientRect();
-      var result = axe.commons.dom.shadowElementsFromPoint(
-        spanCoords.x,
-        spanCoords.y
-      );
-      var pCoords = paragraph.getBoundingClientRect();
-      var result2 = axe.commons.dom.shadowElementsFromPoint(
-        pCoords.x,
-        pCoords.y
-      );
+    const spanCoords = shadowSpan.getBoundingClientRect();
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.shadowElementsFromPoint(
+      spanCoords.x,
+      spanCoords.y
+    );
+    const pCoords = paragraph.getBoundingClientRect();
+    const result2 = axe.commons.dom.shadowElementsFromPoint(
+      pCoords.x,
+      pCoords.y
+    );
 
-      assert.includeMembers(result, [shadowSpan, container2]);
-      assert.notInclude(result, paragraph);
-      assert.includeMembers(result2, [paragraph, container]);
-      assert.notInclude(result2, shadowSpan);
-    }
-  );
+    assert.includeMembers(result, [shadowSpan, container2]);
+    assert.notInclude(result, paragraph);
+    assert.includeMembers(result2, [paragraph, container]);
+    assert.notInclude(result2, shadowSpan);
+  });
 
-  it('does not throw when elementsFromPoints returns null', function () {
-    var mockDocument = {
-      elementsFromPoint: function () {
+  it('does not throw when elementsFromPoints returns null', () => {
+    const mockDocument = {
+      elementsFromPoint: () => {
         return null;
       }
     };
-    var out;
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+    let out;
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
       out = axe.commons.dom.shadowElementsFromPoint(10, 10, mockDocument);
     });
     assert.deepEqual(out, []);
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/url-props-from-attribute.js b/test/commons/dom/url-props-from-attribute.js
index b86f396de..42cbd3ad2 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/url-props-from-attribute.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/url-props-from-attribute.js
@@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
-describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when given node does not have specified attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined when given node does not have specified attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="link">Schedule appointment</button>'
     );
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when `A` has no `HREF` attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target">Follow us on Instagram</a>');
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+  it('returns undefined when `A` has no `HREF` attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target">Follow us on Instagram</a>');
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties when `A` with `HREF` (has port)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns URL properties when `A` with `HREF` (has port)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://localhost:9876/test/playground.html">Follow us on Instagram</a>'
     );
-    var expected = {
+    const expected = {
       filename: 'playground.html',
       hash: '',
       hostname: 'localhost',
@@ -41,16 +41,16 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
       protocol: 'http:',
       search: {}
     };
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties when `A` with empty `HREF`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="">See commons tests</a>');
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+  it('returns URL properties when `A` with empty `HREF`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="">See commons tests</a>');
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
     assert.equal(actual.port, location.port);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` (having HTTPS protocol)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` (having HTTPS protocol)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="https://facebook.com">follow us on Facebook</a>'
     );
-    var expected = {
+    const expected = {
       filename: '',
       hash: '',
       hostname: 'facebook.com',
@@ -72,18 +72,18 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
       protocol: 'http:',
       search: {}
     };
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` (having FTP protocol)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` (having FTP protocol)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="ftp://mywebsite.org">Navigate to My Website</a>'
     );
-    var expected = {
+    const expected = {
       filename: '',
       hash: '',
       hostname: 'mywebsite.org',
@@ -92,18 +92,18 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
       protocol: 'ftp:',
       search: {}
     };
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has subdirectory and inline link', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has subdirectory and inline link', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/directory/#anchor">Go to Issues</a>'
     );
-    var expected = {
+    const expected = {
       filename: '',
       hash: '',
       hostname: 'mysite.com',
@@ -112,18 +112,18 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
       protocol: 'http:',
       search: {}
     };
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has subdirectory and hashbang', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has subdirectory and hashbang', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/directory/#!foo">See our services</a>'
     );
-    var expected = {
+    const expected = {
       filename: '',
       hash: '#!foo',
       hostname: 'mysite.com',
@@ -132,18 +132,18 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
       protocol: 'http:',
       search: {}
     };
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has search query', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has search query', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/search/?q=foo#bar">Get list of foo bars</a>'
     );
-    var expected = {
+    const expected = {
       filename: '',
       hash: '',
       hostname: 'mysite.com',
@@ -154,18 +154,18 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
         q: 'foo'
       }
     };
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has multiple search query parameters', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has multiple search query parameters', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/search/?a=123&z=XYZ&name=Axe&branch=&version=1.2.3&values=[1,2,3]">Get list of foo bars</a>'
     );
-    var expected = {
+    const expected = {
       filename: '',
       hash: '',
       hostname: 'mysite.com',
@@ -181,18 +181,18 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
         version: '1.2.3'
       }
     };
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has filename', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has filename', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/directory/widgets/calendar.html">Book tour</a>'
     );
-    var expected = {
+    const expected = {
       filename: 'calendar.html',
       hash: '',
       hostname: 'mysite.com',
@@ -201,18 +201,18 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
       protocol: 'http:',
       search: {}
     };
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has filename as `index` (ignores index.*)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has filename as `index` (ignores index.*)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/directory/index.html">Book tour</a>'
     );
-    var expected = {
+    const expected = {
       filename: '',
       hash: '',
       hostname: 'mysite.com',
@@ -221,20 +221,30 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
       protocol: 'http:',
       search: {}
     };
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` that is contained in SVG document', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">' +
-        '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/directory/widgets/calendar.html" aria-label="Book tour"><circle cx="50" cy="40" r="35" /></a>' +
-        '</svg>'
-    );
-    var expected = {
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` that is contained in SVG document', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <svg
+        viewBox="0 0 100 100"
+        xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+        xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+      >
+        <a
+          id="target"
+          href="http://mysite.com/directory/widgets/calendar.html"
+          aria-label="Book tour"
+        >
+          <circle cx="50" cy="40" r="35" />
+        </a>
+      </svg>
+    `);
+    const expected = {
       filename: 'calendar.html',
       hash: '',
       hostname: 'mysite.com',
@@ -243,7 +253,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
       protocol: 'http:',
       search: {}
     };
-    var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
+    const actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
       'href'
     );
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js b/test/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js
index 867b50f69..900eb79de 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { queryFixture, shadowCheckSetup } = axe.testUtils;
   const {
     nativelyHidden,
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
         })
         .forEach(nodeName => {
           const vNode = new axe.VirtualNode(document.createElement(nodeName));
-          assert.isFalse(nativelyHidden(vNode), nodeName + ' is not visible');
+          assert.isFalse(nativelyHidden(vNode), `${nodeName} is not visible`);
         });
     });
   });
@@ -58,12 +59,12 @@ describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return false for area element', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<map name="test">' +
-          '<area id="target" href="#"/>' +
-          '</map>' +
-          '<img usemap="#test" src="img.png"/>'
-      );
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <map name="test">
+          <area id="target" href="#" />
+        </map>
+        <img usemap="#test" src="img.png" />
+      `);
       assert.isFalse(displayHidden(vNode));
     });
   });
@@ -205,101 +206,210 @@ describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('overflowHidden', function () {
-    it('should return true for element with "overflow:hidden" and small width', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+  describe('overflowHidden', () => {
+    it('should return true for element with "overflow:hidden" and small width', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden; width: 1px;">Hello world</div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for element with "overflow:hidden" and small height', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return true for element with "overflow:hidden" and small height', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden; height: 1px;">Hello world</div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for parent with "overflow: hidden" and element outside parent rect', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">' +
-          '<div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('should return true for parent with "overflow: hidden" and element outside parent rect', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+          <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for ancestor with "overflow: hidden" and element outside ancestor rect', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">' +
-          '<div>' +
-          '<div>' +
-          '<div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>' +
-          '</div>' +
-          '</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('should return true for ancestor with "overflow: hidden" and element outside ancestor rect', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+          <div>
+            <div>
+              <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for multiple ancestors with "overflow: hidden" and element outside one ancestor rect', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">' +
-          '<div>' +
-          '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 500px">' +
-          '<div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>' +
-          '</div>' +
-          '</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('should return true for multiple ancestors with "overflow: hidden" and element outside one ancestor rect', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+          <div>
+            <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 500px">
+              <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
 
     it('should return true for element barely inside "overflow: hidden" parent using floating point', () => {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50.5px;">' +
-          '<div id="target" style="margin-left: 50px;">Hello world</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50.5px;">
+          <div id="target" style="margin-left: 50px;">Hello world</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for element with "overflow:hidden" and width larger than 1px', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false for element with "overflow:hidden" and width larger than 1px', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden; width: 2px;">Hello world</div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for element with "overflow:hidden" and height larger than 1px', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false for element with "overflow:hidden" and height larger than 1px', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden; height: 2px;">Hello world</div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for element with just "overflow:hidden"', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return false for element with just "overflow:hidden"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden;">Hello world</div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for element without "overflow:hidden"', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello world</div>');
+    it('should return false for element without "overflow:hidden"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello world</div>');
       assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for multiple ancestors with "overflow: hidden" and element is inside all ancestor rects', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 101px;">' +
-          '<div>' +
-          '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 500px">' +
-          '<div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>' +
-          '</div>' +
-          '</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('should return false for multiple ancestors with "overflow: hidden" and element is inside all ancestor rects', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 101px;">
+          <div>
+            <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 500px">
+              <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for ancestor with "overflow:hidden" and element with "position:fixed"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+          <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px; position: fixed">
+            Hello world
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for ancestor with "overflow:hidden; position:relative" and element with "position:fixed"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px; position: relative">
+          <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px; position: fixed">
+            Hello world
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for ancestor with "overflow:hidden" and element with "position:absolute"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+          <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px; position: absolute">
+            Hello world
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for ancestor with "overflow:hidden; position:relative" and element with "position:absolute"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px; position: relative">
+          <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px; position: absolute">
+            Hello world
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for ancestor with "overflow:hidden" and element with "position:absolute" if ancestor in-between uses "position:relative"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+          <div style="position: relative">
+            <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px; position: absolute">
+              Hello world
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for ancestor with "overflow:hidden" and element with "position:absolute" if ancestor in-between uses "position:sticky"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+          <div style="position: sticky">
+            <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px; position: absolute">
+              Hello world
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for ancestor with "overflow:hidden" and element with "position:absolute" if ancestor in-between uses "position:absolute"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+          <div style="position: absolute">
+            <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px; position: absolute">
+              Hello world
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for ancestor with "overflow:hidden" and element with "position:absolute" if ancestor in-between uses "position:fixed"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+          <div style="position: fixed">
+            <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px; position: absolute">
+              Hello world
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for ancestor with "overflow:hidden" and element with "position:absolute" if ancestor of overflow node uses position other than static', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <div style="position: relative">
+          <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+            <div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px; position: absolute">
+              Hello world
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
     });
   });
@@ -437,7 +547,7 @@ describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
 
   describe('detailsHidden', () => {
     it('should return true for closed details parent', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details>
           <summary>Hello World</summary>
           <p id="target">Hidden</p>
@@ -448,7 +558,7 @@ describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return false for closed details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details id="target">
           <summary>Hello World</summary>
           <p>Hidden</p>
@@ -459,7 +569,7 @@ describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return false for summary in closed details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details>
           <summary id="target">Hello World</summary>
           <p>Hidden</p>
@@ -470,7 +580,7 @@ describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return false for summary in open details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details open>
           <summary id="target">Hello World</summary>
           <p>Hidden</p>
@@ -481,7 +591,7 @@ describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return false for open details parent', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details open>
           <summary>Hello World</summary>
           <p id="target">Hidden</p>
@@ -492,7 +602,7 @@ describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return true for not first summary in closed details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <details>
           <summary>Hello World</summary>
           <summary id="target">Not a summary</summary>
@@ -504,7 +614,7 @@ describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return false for element not in details', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
         <div>
           <div id="target">Hello World</div>
         </div>
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/visually-contains.js b/test/commons/dom/visually-contains.js
index b63dea9d5..453dafffe 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/visually-contains.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/visually-contains.js
@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
-describe('dom.visuallyContains', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.visuallyContains', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true when element is trivially contained', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green;">' +
-        '</div></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when element is trivially contained', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
         target.actualNode,
@@ -24,38 +25,53 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when overflow is hidden', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="height: 20px; width: 30px; background-color: red; overflow: hidden;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="height:20px; top: 25px; width: 45px; background-color: green; position:absolute;">' +
-        '</div></div>'
-    );
-    var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
+  it('should return false when overflow is hidden', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        style="height: 20px; width: 30px; background-color: red; overflow: hidden;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height:20px; top: 25px; width: 45px; background-color: green; position:absolute;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
       target.actualNode,
       target.parent.actualNode
     );
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return false when absolutely positioned content does not overlap', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="height:20px; width:30px; background-color:red;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="height:20px; top:25px; width:45px; background-color:green; position:absolute;">Text' +
-        '</div></div>'
-    );
-    var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
+  it('should return false when absolutely positioned content does not overlap', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="height:20px; width:30px; background-color:red;">
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height:20px; top:25px; width:45px; background-color:green; position:absolute;"
+        >
+          Text
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
       target.actualNode,
       target.parent.actualNode
     );
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return false when element is outside of margin', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; margin-left: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 45px; margin-left: -20px; background-color: green;">' +
-        '</div></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false when element is outside of margin', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; margin-left: 30px; background-color: red;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 45px; margin-left: -20px; background-color: green;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
         target.actualNode,
@@ -64,12 +80,17 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when overflow is visible', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red; overflow: visible;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 45px; background-color: green;">' +
-        '</div></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false when overflow is visible', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red; overflow: visible;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 45px; background-color: green;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
         target.actualNode,
@@ -78,12 +99,17 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when element is scrollable', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red; overflow: scroll;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 45px; background-color: green;">' +
-        '</div></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true when element is scrollable', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div
+        style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red; overflow: scroll;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 45px; background-color: green;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
         target.actualNode,
@@ -92,11 +118,11 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when element is inline', function () {
+  it('should return true when element is inline', () => {
     // result depends on the display property of the element
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label>' + 'My label <input type="text" id="target">' + '</label>'
-    );
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <label> My label <input type="text" id="target" /> </label>
+    `);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
         target.actualNode,
@@ -105,147 +131,161 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when element is partially contained', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div style="background-color:red; height:20px;">' +
-        '<p id="target" style="margin:0; position:absolute;">Text<br>more text</p></div>'
-    );
-    var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
+  it('should return false when element is partially contained', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div style="background-color:red; height:20px;">
+        <p id="target" style="margin:0; position:absolute;">
+          Text<br />more text
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
       target.actualNode,
       target.parent.actualNode
     );
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when element is contained by scroll region', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="parent">' +
-        '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 200px;">' +
-        '<div style="margin-top: 400px; height: 10px;"></div>' +
-        '<p id="target">Text</p></div></div>'
-    );
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target.actualNode, parent);
+  it('should return true when element is contained by scroll region', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="parent">
+        <div style="overflow: scroll; height: 200px;">
+          <div style="margin-top: 400px; height: 10px;"></div>
+          <p id="target">Text</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target.actualNode, parent);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for child with truncated text', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<p style="max-width: 200px; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap;">' +
-        '<span id="target">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed et sollicitudin quam. Fuscemi odio, egestas pulvinar erat eget, vehicula tempus est. Proin vitae ullamcorper velit. Donec sagittis est justo, mattis iaculis arcu facilisis id. Proin pulvinar ornare arcu a fermentum. Quisque et dignissim nulla,sit amet consectetur ipsum. Donec in libero porttitor, dapibus neque imperdiet, aliquam est. Vivamus blandit volutpat fringilla. In mi magna, mollis sit amet imperdiet eu, rutrum ut tellus. Mauris vel condimentum nibh, quis ultricies nisi. Vivamus accumsan quam mauris, id iaculis quam fringilla ac. Curabitur pulvinar dolor ac magna vehicula, non auctor ligula dignissim. Nam ac nibh porttitor, malesuada tortor varius, feugiat turpis. Mauris dapibus, tellus ut viverra porta, ipsum turpis bibendum ligula, at tempor felis ante non libero.</span>' +
-        '</p>'
-    );
-    var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
+  it('should return true for child with truncated text', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <p
+        style="max-width: 200px; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"
+      >
+        <span id="target"
+          >Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed et
+          sollicitudin quam. Fuscemi odio, egestas pulvinar erat eget, vehicula
+          tempus est. Proin vitae ullamcorper velit. Donec sagittis est justo,
+          mattis iaculis arcu facilisis id. Proin pulvinar ornare arcu a
+          fermentum. Quisque et dignissim nulla,sit amet consectetur ipsum.
+          Donec in libero porttitor, dapibus neque imperdiet, aliquam est.
+          Vivamus blandit volutpat fringilla. In mi magna, mollis sit amet
+          imperdiet eu, rutrum ut tellus. Mauris vel condimentum nibh, quis
+          ultricies nisi. Vivamus accumsan quam mauris, id iaculis quam
+          fringilla ac. Curabitur pulvinar dolor ac magna vehicula, non auctor
+          ligula dignissim. Nam ac nibh porttitor, malesuada tortor varius,
+          feugiat turpis. Mauris dapibus, tellus ut viverra porta, ipsum turpis
+          bibendum ligula, at tempor felis ante non libero.</span
+        >
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(
       target.actualNode,
       target.parent.actualNode
     );
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element is outside overflow hidden', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="parent" style="width: 200px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="margin-top: 300px;">Some text</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return false if element is outside overflow hidden', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="parent" style="width: 200px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;">
+        <div id="target" style="margin-top: 300px;">Some text</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target.actualNode, parent);
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target.actualNode, parent);
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should allow subpixel contains due to rounding', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="parent" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="margin-left: -0.1px; margin-top: -0.9px; width: 200.5px; height: 200.9px">Some text</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
+  it('should allow subpixel contains due to rounding', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="parent" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;">
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="margin-left: -0.1px; margin-top: -0.9px; width: 200.5px; height: 200.9px"
+        >
+          Some text
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target.actualNode, parent);
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target.actualNode, parent);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true when element is visually contained across shadow boundary',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="height:40px; background-color:red;" id="container"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 45px; background-color: green;"></div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target, container);
-      assert.isTrue(result);
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true when element is contained by scroll region across shadow boundary',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent">' +
-        '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 200px;">' +
-        '<div style="margin-top: 400px; height: 10px;"></div>' +
-        '<div id="container"></div></div></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<p id="target">Text</p>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-      var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target, parent);
-      assert.isTrue(result);
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false when element is not visually contained across shadow boundary',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="container" style="height:20px;background-color:red;overflow:hidden;"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="top:20px;height:20px;background-color:green;position:absolute;"><div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target, container);
-      assert.isFalse(result);
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false when element is absolutely positioned off of background across shadow boundary',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px;"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color:#333; height:20px; position:absolute; top:20px;">Text</div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-      var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target, container);
-      assert.isFalse(result);
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false when element is partially positioned off of background across shadow boundary',
-    function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px; position:relative;"></div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color:#333; height:20px; position:absolute; top:10px;">Text</div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-      var result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target, container);
-      assert.isFalse(result);
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return true when element is visually contained across shadow boundary', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div style="height:40px; background-color:red;" id="container"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 45px; background-color: green;"></div>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target, container);
+    assert.isTrue(result);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true when element is contained by scroll region across shadow boundary', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="parent">
+        <div style="overflow: scroll; height: 200px;">
+          <div style="margin-top: 400px; height: 10px;"></div>
+          <div id="container"></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<p id="target">Text</p>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target, parent);
+    assert.isTrue(result);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when element is not visually contained across shadow boundary', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="container" style="height:20px;background-color:red;overflow:hidden;"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="target" style="top:20px;height:20px;background-color:green;position:absolute;"><div>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target, container);
+    assert.isFalse(result);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when element is absolutely positioned off of background across shadow boundary', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px;"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color:#333; height:20px; position:absolute; top:20px;">Text</div>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target, container);
+    assert.isFalse(result);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when element is partially positioned off of background across shadow boundary', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px; position:relative;"></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color:#333; height:20px; position:absolute; top:10px;">Text</div>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+    const result = axe.commons.dom.visuallyContains(target, container);
+    assert.isFalse(result);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js b/test/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js
index 69fe6d379..bed8be90b 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js
@@ -1,72 +1,100 @@
-describe('dom.visuallyOverlaps', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('dom.visuallyOverlaps', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true when element is trivially contained', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
+  it('should return true when element is trivially contained', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.commons.dom.visuallyOverlaps(targetRect, target.parentNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when rect has no overlap', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 40px;' +
-      ' width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0px; height: 20px;' +
-      ' width: 45px; background-color: green;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
+  it('should return false when rect has no overlap', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 40px;
+       width: 30px; background-color: red;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0px; height: 20px;
+       width: 45px; background-color: green;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
 
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.commons.dom.visuallyOverlaps(targetRect, target.parentNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when rect has overlap', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px;; height: 40px; width: 30px;' +
-      ' background-color: red;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 20px;' +
-      ' width: 45px; background-color: green;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
+  it('should return true when rect has overlap', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px;; height: 40px; width: 30px;
+       background-color: red;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 20px;
+       width: 45px; background-color: green;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.commons.dom.visuallyOverlaps(targetRect, target.parentNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when container is scrollable and rect is in the scroll area', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="position: relative; height: 40px; width: 30px; overflow: scroll;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 60px; height: 20px; width: 45px;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
+  it('should return true when container is scrollable and rect is in the scroll area', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="position: relative; height: 40px; width: 30px; overflow: scroll;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 60px; height: 20px; width: 45px;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.commons.dom.visuallyOverlaps(targetRect, target.parentNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when container has overflow hidden and rect is in the scroll area', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="position: relative; height: 40px; width: 30px; overflow: hidden;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 60px; height: 20px; width: 45px;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
+  it('should return false when container has overflow hidden and rect is in the scroll area', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="position: relative; height: 40px; width: 30px; overflow: hidden;"
+      >
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 60px; height: 20px; width: 45px;"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const targetRect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.commons.dom.visuallyOverlaps(targetRect, target.parentNode)
     );
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/visually-sort.js b/test/commons/dom/visually-sort.js
index 897f61421..6057ed37c 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/visually-sort.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/visually-sort.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // This method is mostly tested through color-contrast integrations
 describe('visually-sort', () => {
-  'use strict';
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
   const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   const visuallySort = axe.commons.dom.visuallySort;
@@ -8,13 +8,22 @@ describe('visually-sort', () => {
   let root;
 
   beforeEach(() => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
-      <header id="1" style="position: absolute; z-index: 999; height: 50px; width: 100%;">
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <header
+        id="1"
+        style="position: absolute; z-index: 999; height: 50px; width: 100%;"
+      >
         <div id="2" style="display: flex; position: relative; height: 50px;">
-          <div id="3" style="position: relative; height: 50px; width: 100%;"></div>
+          <div
+            id="3"
+            style="position: relative; height: 50px; width: 100%;"
+          ></div>
         </div>
       </header>
-      <div id="4" style="position: absolute; z-index: 10; height: 50px; width: 100%;">
+      <div
+        id="4"
+        style="position: absolute; z-index: 10; height: 50px; width: 100%;"
+      >
         <div id="5" style="position: absolute; transform: translate(0, -50%);">
           <div id="6">
             <div id="7" style="float: left">Text</div>
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-combobox.js b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-combobox.js
index 3e19c6733..20e203661 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-combobox.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-combobox.js
@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
-describe('forms.isAriaCombobox', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var isAriaCombobox = axe.commons.forms.isAriaCombobox;
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+describe('forms.isAriaCombobox', () => {
+  const isAriaCombobox = axe.commons.forms.isAriaCombobox;
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for an element with role=combobox', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns true for an element with role=combobox', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'combobox');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(isAriaCombobox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements without role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns false for elements without role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaCombobox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaCombobox(node));
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-listbox.js b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-listbox.js
index 8ce82fafe..d71a21f44 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-listbox.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-listbox.js
@@ -1,30 +1,29 @@
-describe('forms.isAriaListbox', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var isAriaListbox = axe.commons.forms.isAriaListbox;
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+describe('forms.isAriaListbox', () => {
+  const isAriaListbox = axe.commons.forms.isAriaListbox;
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for an element with role=listbox', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns true for an element with role=listbox', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'listbox');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(isAriaListbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements without role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns false for elements without role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaListbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaListbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for native select', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('select');
+  it('returns false for native select', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('select');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaListbox(node));
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-range.js b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-range.js
index c41a5b43b..6f0ebff34 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-range.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-range.js
@@ -1,37 +1,36 @@
-describe('forms.isAriaRange', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var isAriaRange = axe.commons.forms.isAriaRange;
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+describe('forms.isAriaRange', () => {
+  const isAriaRange = axe.commons.forms.isAriaRange;
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for an element with range roles', function () {
-    var rangeRoles = ['progressbar', 'scrollbar', 'slider', 'spinbutton'];
-    rangeRoles.forEach(function (role) {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns true for an element with range roles', () => {
+    const rangeRoles = ['progressbar', 'scrollbar', 'slider', 'spinbutton'];
+    rangeRoles.forEach(role => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', role);
       node.setAttribute('aria-valuenow', '0');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isTrue(
         isAriaRange(node),
-        'role="' + role + '" is not an aria range role'
+        `role="${role}" is not an aria range role`
       );
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements without role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns false for elements without role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaRange(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaRange(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for native range elements', function () {
-    var nativeRangeElements = [
+  it('returns false for native range elements', () => {
+    const nativeRangeElements = [
       {
         nodeName: 'progress'
       },
@@ -44,15 +43,15 @@ describe('forms.isAriaRange', function () {
         type: 'number'
       }
     ];
-    nativeRangeElements.forEach(function (elm) {
-      var node = document.createElement(elm.nodeName);
+    nativeRangeElements.forEach(elm => {
+      const node = document.createElement(elm.nodeName);
       if (elm.type) {
         node.setAttribute('type', elm.type);
       }
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isFalse(
         isAriaRange(node),
-        node.outterHTML + ' is not an aria range element'
+        `${node.outterHTML} is not an aria range element`
       );
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-textbox.js b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-textbox.js
index 70bb6a2ce..ad8104167 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-textbox.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-textbox.js
@@ -1,30 +1,29 @@
-describe('forms.isAriaTextbox', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var isAriaTextbox = axe.commons.forms.isAriaTextbox;
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+describe('forms.isAriaTextbox', () => {
+  const isAriaTextbox = axe.commons.forms.isAriaTextbox;
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for an element with role=textbox', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns true for an element with role=textbox', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'textbox');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(isAriaTextbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements without role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns false for elements without role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaTextbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaTextbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for native textbox inputs', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
+  it('returns false for native textbox inputs', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
     node.setAttribute('type', 'text');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaTextbox(node));
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-disabled.js b/test/commons/forms/is-disabled.js
index 1dbbe7d52..5910f0a60 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-disabled.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-disabled.js
@@ -1,123 +1,123 @@
-describe('forms.isDisabled', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var isDisabled = axe.commons.forms.isDisabled;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('forms.isDisabled', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const isDisabled = axe.commons.forms.isDisabled;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  describe('with disabled attr', function () {
-    it('returns false when not set', function () {
+  describe('with disabled attr', () => {
+    it('returns false when not set', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<input type="text" />');
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
 
       assert.isFalse(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns true for an element that can be disabled', function () {
+    it('returns true for an element that can be disabled', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<input type="text" disabled />');
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
 
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns false for an element that can not be disabled', function () {
+    it('returns false for an element that can not be disabled', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<span disabled>Hello</span>');
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isFalse(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when disabled has a value', function () {
+    it('returns true when disabled has a value', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<input type="text" disabled="yes" />');
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
 
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when in a disabled fieldset', function () {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<fieldset disabled>' + '<span>Hello world</span>' + '</fieldset>'
-      );
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
+    it('returns true when in a disabled fieldset', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <fieldset disabled>
+          <span>Hello world</span>
+        </fieldset>
+      `);
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when in a disabled button', function () {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<button disabled>' + '<span>Hello world</span>' + '</button>'
-      );
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
+    it('returns true when in a disabled button', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <button disabled>
+          <span>Hello world</span>
+        </button>
+      `);
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-      'returns true for an ancestor in the flat tree that can be disabled',
-      function () {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<fieldset disabled><section></section</fieldset>';
-        var shadowRoot = fixture
-          .querySelector('section')
-          .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<input type="text" />';
-        axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-
-        var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
-        assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
-      }
-    );
+    it('returns true for an ancestor in the flat tree that can be disabled', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<fieldset disabled><section></section</fieldset>';
+      const shadowRoot = fixture
+        .querySelector('section')
+        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<input type="text" />';
+      axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
+      assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('with aria-disabled attr', function () {
-    it('returns true for an element with aria-disabled=true', function () {
+  describe('with aria-disabled attr', () => {
+    it('returns true for an element with aria-disabled=true', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<span aria-disabled="true">hello</span>');
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns false for an element when aria-disabled is not true', function () {
+    it('returns false for an element when aria-disabled is not true', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<span aria-disabled="not true">hello</span>');
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isFalse(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if the closest ancestor with aria-disabled is set to true', function () {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<section aria-disabled="false">' +
-          '<div aria-disabled="true"><span>hello</span></div>' +
-          '</section>'
-      );
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
+    it('returns true if the closest ancestor with aria-disabled is set to true', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <section aria-disabled="false">
+          <div aria-disabled="true"><span>hello</span></div>
+        </section>
+      `);
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the closest ancestor with aria-disabled is set to false', function () {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<section aria-disabled="true">' +
-          '<div aria-disabled="false"><span>hello</span></div>' +
-          '</section>'
-      );
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
+    it('returns false if the closest ancestor with aria-disabled is set to false', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <section aria-disabled="true">
+          <div aria-disabled="false"><span>hello</span></div>
+        </section>
+      `);
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isFalse(isDisabled(node));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with both disabled and aria-disabled', function () {
-    it('returns true when aria-disabled=false and disabled=disabled', function () {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<fieldset aria-disabled="false" disabled>' +
-          '<span>hello</span>' +
-          '</fieldset>'
-      );
-      var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
+  describe('with both disabled and aria-disabled', () => {
+    it('returns true when aria-disabled=false and disabled=disabled', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <fieldset aria-disabled="false" disabled>
+          <span>hello</span>
+        </fieldset>
+      `);
+      const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-native-select.js b/test/commons/forms/is-native-select.js
index 069298a56..663b4a503 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-native-select.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-native-select.js
@@ -1,22 +1,19 @@
-describe('forms.isNativeSelect', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var isNativeSelect = axe.commons.forms.isNativeSelect;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('forms.isNativeSelect', () => {
+  const isNativeSelect = axe.commons.forms.isNativeSelect;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  it('returns true for a select element', function () {
-    var node = queryFixture('<select id="target"></select>');
+  it('returns true for a select element', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture('<select id="target"></select>');
     assert.isTrue(isNativeSelect(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-select elements', function () {
-    var nonSelectElements = ['a', 'h1', 'div', 'span', 'main'];
-    nonSelectElements.forEach(function (nodeName) {
-      var node = queryFixture(
-        '<' + nodeName + ' id="target"></' + nodeName + '>'
-      );
+  it('returns false for non-select elements', () => {
+    const nonSelectElements = ['a', 'h1', 'div', 'span', 'main'];
+    nonSelectElements.forEach(nodeName => {
+      const node = queryFixture(`<${nodeName} id="target"></${nodeName}>`);
       assert.isFalse(
         isNativeSelect(node),
-        '<' + nodeName + '> is not a native select element'
+        `<${nodeName}> is not a native select element`
       );
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-native-textbox.js b/test/commons/forms/is-native-textbox.js
index d5a67686e..8e94e3c09 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-native-textbox.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-native-textbox.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('forms.isNativeTextbox', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var isNativeTextbox = axe.commons.forms.isNativeTextbox;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('forms.isNativeTextbox', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const isNativeTextbox = axe.commons.forms.isNativeTextbox;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  it('returns true for a text inputs', function () {
-    var textInputs = [
+  it('returns true for a text inputs', () => {
+    const textInputs = [
       'date',
       'datetime',
       'datetime-local',
@@ -19,22 +19,22 @@ describe('forms.isNativeTextbox', function () {
       'url',
       'week'
     ];
-    textInputs.forEach(function (type) {
-      var node = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="' + type + '"/>');
+    textInputs.forEach(type => {
+      const node = queryFixture(html`<input id="target" type="${type}" />`);
       assert.isTrue(
         isNativeTextbox(node),
-        '<input type="' + type + '"> is a native text input'
+        html`<input type="${type}" /> is a native text input`
       );
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true for a textarea element', function () {
-    var node = queryFixture('<textarea id="target"/>');
+  it('returns true for a textarea element', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture('<textarea id="target"/>');
     assert.isTrue(isNativeTextbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-text inputs', function () {
-    var nonTextInputs = [
+  it('returns false for non-text inputs', () => {
+    const nonTextInputs = [
       'button',
       'checkbox',
       'file',
@@ -46,23 +46,23 @@ describe('forms.isNativeTextbox', function () {
       'submit',
       'color'
     ];
-    nonTextInputs.forEach(function (type) {
-      var node = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="' + type + '"/>');
+    nonTextInputs.forEach(type => {
+      const node = queryFixture(html`<input id="target" type="${type}" />`);
 
       assert.isFalse(
         isNativeTextbox(node),
-        '<input type="' + type + '"> is not a native text input'
+        html`<input type="${type}" /> is not a native text input`
       );
     });
   });
 
-  it('return false for aria textbox elements', function () {
-    var node = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="textbox"></div>');
+  it('return false for aria textbox elements', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="textbox"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(isNativeTextbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('should ignore type case', function () {
-    var node = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="TEXT"/>');
+  it('should ignore type case', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="TEXT"/>');
     assert.isTrue(isNativeTextbox(node));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/index.js b/test/commons/index.js
index f3883a3e9..c7732b1dd 100644
--- a/test/commons/index.js
+++ b/test/commons/index.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-describe('axe.commons', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should export public api', function () {
+describe('axe.commons', () => {
+  it('should export public api', () => {
     assert.exists(axe.commons.aria);
     assert.exists(axe.commons.color);
     assert.exists(axe.commons.dom);
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/attributes.js b/test/commons/matches/attributes.js
index d33f5047b..8107fb347 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/attributes.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/attributes.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('matches.attributes', function () {
-  var attributes = axe.commons.matches.attributes;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('matches.attributes', () => {
+  const attributes = axe.commons.matches.attributes;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true if all attributes match', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true if all attributes match', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ describe('matches.attributes', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if some attributes do not match', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false if some attributes do not match', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ describe('matches.attributes', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if any attributes are missing', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false if any attributes are missing', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<span id="target" foo="baz" baz="bar"></span>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ describe('matches.attributes', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('works with actual nodes', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('works with actual nodes', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ describe('matches.attributes', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
         id: 'target',
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/condition.js b/test/commons/matches/condition.js
index 6e944e47f..6555037a5 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/condition.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/condition.js
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
-describe('matches.condition', function () {
-  var condition = axe.commons.matches.condition;
+describe('matches.condition', () => {
+  const condition = axe.commons.matches.condition;
 
-  it('passes the first argument to the condition', function () {
-    var count = 0;
-    condition('foo', function (foo) {
+  it('passes the first argument to the condition', () => {
+    let count = 0;
+    condition('foo', foo => {
       assert.equal('foo', foo);
       count++;
     });
     assert.equal(count, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the condition returns a truthy value', function () {
+  it('returns true if the condition returns a truthy value', () => {
     assert.isTrue(
-      condition('foo', function () {
+      condition('foo', () => {
         return 123;
       })
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the condition returns a falsey value', function () {
+  it('returns false if the condition returns a falsey value', () => {
     assert.isFalse(
-      condition('foo', function () {
+      condition('foo', () => {
         return 0;
       })
     );
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/explicit-role.js b/test/commons/matches/explicit-role.js
index c1f51d93e..dfb957df0 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/explicit-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/explicit-role.js
@@ -1,34 +1,38 @@
-describe('matches.explicitRole', function () {
-  var explicitRole = axe.commons.matches.explicitRole;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('matches.explicitRole', () => {
+  const explicitRole = axe.commons.matches.explicitRole;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if explicit role matches', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>');
+  it('should return true if explicit role matches', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(explicitRole(virtualNode, 'textbox'));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if explicit role matches array', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>');
+  it('should return true if explicit role matches array', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(explicitRole(virtualNode, ['combobox', 'textbox']));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if explicit role does not match', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="main"></span>');
+  it('should return false if explicit role does not match', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="main"></span>');
     assert.isFalse(explicitRole(virtualNode, 'textbox'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if matching implicit role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
+  it('should return false if matching implicit role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
     assert.isFalse(explicitRole(virtualNode, 'listitem'));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
         role: 'textbox'
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/from-definition.js b/test/commons/matches/from-definition.js
index 193922a58..9c2695f66 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/from-definition.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/from-definition.js
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
-describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
-  var fromDefinition = axe.commons.matches.fromDefinition;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('matches.fromDefinition', () => {
+  const fromDefinition = axe.commons.matches.fromDefinition;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('applies a css selector when the matcher is a string', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
+  it('applies a css selector when the matcher is a string', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
     assert.isTrue(fromDefinition(virtualNode, '#fixture > div'));
     assert.isFalse(fromDefinition(virtualNode, '#fixture > span'));
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with a `nodeName` property', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
-    var matchers = [
+  it('matches a definition with a `nodeName` property', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
+    const matchers = [
       'div',
       ['div', 'span'],
       /div/,
-      function (nodeName) {
+      nodeName => {
         return nodeName === 'div';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(matcher => {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           nodeName: matcher
@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with an `attributes` property', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" foo="bar">foo</div>');
-    var matchers = [
+  it('matches a definition with an `attributes` property', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" foo="bar">foo</div>');
+    const matchers = [
       'bar',
       ['bar', 'baz'],
       /bar/,
-      function (attributeName) {
+      attributeName => {
         return attributeName === 'bar';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(matcher => {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           attributes: {
@@ -65,17 +65,17 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with a `properties` property', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" />');
-    var matchers = [
+  it('matches a definition with a `properties` property', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" />');
+    const matchers = [
       'text',
       ['text', 'password'],
       /text/,
-      function (type) {
+      type => {
         return type === 'text';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(matcher => {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           properties: {
@@ -93,17 +93,19 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with an `explicitRole` property', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>');
-    var matchers = [
+  it('matches a definition with an `explicitRole` property', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>'
+    );
+    const matchers = [
       'textbox',
       ['textbox', 'combobox'],
       /textbox/,
-      function (attributeName) {
+      attributeName => {
         return attributeName === 'textbox';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(matcher => {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           explicitRole: matcher
@@ -117,17 +119,17 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with an `implicitRole` property', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target">');
-    var matchers = [
+  it('matches a definition with an `implicitRole` property', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target">');
+    const matchers = [
       'textbox',
       ['textbox', 'combobox'],
       /textbox/,
-      function (attributeName) {
+      attributeName => {
         return attributeName === 'textbox';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(matcher => {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           implicitRole: matcher
@@ -141,17 +143,17 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with an `semanticRole` property', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target">');
-    var matchers = [
+  it('matches a definition with an `semanticRole` property', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target">');
+    const matchers = [
       'textbox',
       ['textbox', 'combobox'],
       /textbox/,
-      function (attributeName) {
+      attributeName => {
         return attributeName === 'textbox';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(matcher => {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           semanticRole: matcher
@@ -165,8 +167,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with an `accessibleName` property', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" aria-label="foo">');
+  it('matches a definition with an `accessibleName` property', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" aria-label="foo">');
     assert.isTrue(
       fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
         hasAccessibleName: true
@@ -179,8 +181,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when all matching properties return true', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when all matching properties return true', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" value="bar" aria-disabled="true" />'
     );
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -197,8 +199,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false when some matching properties return false', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when some matching properties return false', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" value="bar" aria-disabled="true" />'
     );
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -211,15 +213,15 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('with actual nodes', function () {
-    it('matches using a string', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
+  describe('with actual nodes', () => {
+    it('matches using a string', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
       assert.isTrue(fromDefinition(virtualNode.actualNode, 'div'));
       assert.isFalse(fromDefinition(virtualNode.actualNode, 'span'));
     });
 
-    it('matches nodeName', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
+    it('matches nodeName', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode.actualNode, {
           nodeName: 'div'
@@ -232,8 +234,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('matches attributes', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" foo="bar">foo</div>');
+    it('matches attributes', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" foo="bar">foo</div>');
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode.actualNode, {
           attributes: {
@@ -250,8 +252,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('matches properties', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" value="foo" />');
+    it('matches properties', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" value="foo" />');
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode.actualNode, {
           properties: {
@@ -269,9 +271,9 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    it('matches using a string', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('with SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('matches using a string', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           id: 'target'
@@ -281,8 +283,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
       assert.isFalse(fromDefinition(serialNode, 'span'));
     });
 
-    it('matches nodeName', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('matches nodeName', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           id: 'target'
@@ -300,8 +302,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('matches attributes', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('matches attributes', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           id: 'target',
@@ -324,8 +326,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('matches properties', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('matches properties', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         id: 'target'
       });
@@ -346,13 +348,13 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with a `condition` property', function () {
-    it('calls condition and uses its return value as a matcher', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
-      var called = false;
+  describe('with a `condition` property', () => {
+    it('calls condition and uses its return value as a matcher', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
+      let called = false;
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
-          condition: function (node) {
+          condition: node => {
             assert.deepEqual(node, virtualNode);
             called = true;
             return true;
@@ -361,7 +363,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
       );
       assert.isFalse(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
-          condition: function () {
+          condition: () => {
             return false;
           }
         })
@@ -369,8 +371,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
       assert.isTrue(called);
     });
 
-    it('uses the return value as a matcher', function () {
-      var returnVal = 'true';
+    it('uses the return value as a matcher', () => {
+      let returnVal = 'true';
       function condition() {
         return returnVal;
       }
@@ -389,9 +391,9 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with an `array` of definitions', function () {
-    it('returns true if any definition in the array matches', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
+  describe('with an `array` of definitions', () => {
+    it('returns true if any definition in the array matches', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, [
           { nodeName: 'span' },
@@ -401,8 +403,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns false if none definition in the array matches', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" />');
+    it('returns false if none definition in the array matches', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" />');
       assert.isFalse(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, [
           { nodeName: 'span' },
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/from-function.js b/test/commons/matches/from-function.js
index e3a1228a6..16666618f 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/from-function.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/from-function.js
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ describe('matches.fromFunction', () => {
         baz: 'baz'
       };
       assert.isFalse(
-        fromFunction(function (key) {
+        fromFunction(key => {
           if (key === 'bar') {
             return 'mismatch';
           }
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/from-primative.js b/test/commons/matches/from-primative.js
index 133721b63..ba52d8fa9 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/from-primative.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/from-primative.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('matches.fromPrimative', function () {
-  var fromPrimative = axe.commons.matches.fromPrimative;
+describe('matches.fromPrimative', () => {
+  const fromPrimative = axe.commons.matches.fromPrimative;
 
-  it('returns true when strictly equal', function () {
+  it('returns true when strictly equal', () => {
     assert.isTrue(fromPrimative('foo', 'foo'));
     assert.isTrue(fromPrimative(null, null));
     assert.isTrue(fromPrimative(true, true));
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ describe('matches.fromPrimative', function () {
     assert.isTrue(fromPrimative(undefined, undefined));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when not strictly equal', function () {
+  it('returns false when not strictly equal', () => {
     assert.isFalse(fromPrimative('foo', 'bar'));
     assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(null, undefined));
     assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(false, null));
@@ -18,77 +18,77 @@ describe('matches.fromPrimative', function () {
     assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(undefined, null));
   });
 
-  describe('with array matchers', function () {
-    it('returns true if the string is included', function () {
+  describe('with array matchers', () => {
+    it('returns true if the string is included', () => {
       assert.isTrue(fromPrimative('bar', ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']));
     });
-    it('returns false if the string is not included', function () {
+    it('returns false if the string is not included', () => {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative('foo bar', ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']));
     });
-    it('returns false when passed `undefined`', function () {
+    it('returns false when passed `undefined`', () => {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(undefined, ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with function matchers', function () {
-    it('returns true if the function returns a truthy value', function () {
+  describe('with function matchers', () => {
+    it('returns true if the function returns a truthy value', () => {
       assert.isTrue(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function (val) {
+        fromPrimative('foo', val => {
           assert.equal(val, 'foo');
           return true;
         })
       );
       assert.isTrue(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function () {
+        fromPrimative('foo', () => {
           return 123;
         })
       );
       assert.isTrue(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function () {
+        fromPrimative('foo', () => {
           return {};
         })
       );
     });
-    it('returns false if the function returns a falsey value', function () {
+    it('returns false if the function returns a falsey value', () => {
       assert.isFalse(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function (val) {
+        fromPrimative('foo', val => {
           assert.equal(val, 'foo');
           return false;
         })
       );
       assert.isFalse(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function () {
+        fromPrimative('foo', () => {
           return 0;
         })
       );
       assert.isFalse(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function () {
+        fromPrimative('foo', () => {
           return undefined;
         })
       );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with RegExp matchers', function () {
-    it('returns true if the regexp matches', function () {
+  describe('with RegExp matchers', () => {
+    it('returns true if the regexp matches', () => {
       assert.isTrue(fromPrimative('bar', /^(foo|bar|baz)$/));
     });
-    it('returns false if the regexp does not match', function () {
+    it('returns false if the regexp does not match', () => {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative('foobar', /^(foo|bar|baz)$/));
     });
-    it('returns false for null value', function () {
+    it('returns false for null value', () => {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(null, /.*/));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with RegExp string', function () {
-    it('returns true if the regexp matches', function () {
+  describe('with RegExp string', () => {
+    it('returns true if the regexp matches', () => {
       assert.isTrue(fromPrimative('bar', '/^(foo|bar|baz)$/'));
     });
-    it('returns false if the regexp does not match', function () {
+    it('returns false if the regexp does not match', () => {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative('foobar', '/^(foo|bar|baz)$/'));
     });
-    it('returns false for null value', function () {
+    it('returns false for null value', () => {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(null, '/.*/'));
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/has-accessible-name.js b/test/commons/matches/has-accessible-name.js
index 4222510e6..97a45a89a 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/has-accessible-name.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/has-accessible-name.js
@@ -1,90 +1,92 @@
-describe('matches.accessibleName', function () {
-  var hasAccessibleName = axe.commons.matches.hasAccessibleName;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('matches.accessibleName', () => {
+  const hasAccessibleName = axe.commons.matches.hasAccessibleName;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true when text has an accessible name', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">hello world</button>');
+  it('should return true when text has an accessible name', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<button id="target">hello world</button>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when aria-label has an accessible name', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true when aria-label has an accessible name', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="hello world"></button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when aria-labelledby has an accessible name', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true when aria-labelledby has an accessible name', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></button><div id="foo">hello world</div'
     );
     assert.isTrue(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when title has an accessible name', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true when title has an accessible name', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" title="hello world"></button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when label has an accessible name', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true when label has an accessible name', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<label>hello world<input id="target"></label>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when text does not have an accessible name', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+  it('should return false when text does not have an accessible name', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when aria-label does not have an accessible name', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false when aria-label does not have an accessible name', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label=""></button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when aria-labelledby does not have an accessible name', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false when aria-labelledby does not have an accessible name', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-labelledby=""></button><div id="foo">hello world</div'
     );
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when aria-labelledby references an element that does not exist', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false when aria-labelledby references an element that does not exist', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="bar"></button><div id="foo">hello world</div'
     );
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when aria-labelledby references an elm that does not exist', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false when aria-labelledby references an elm that does not exist', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="bar"></button><div id="foo">hello world</div'
     );
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when title does not have an accessible name', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" title=""></button>');
+  it('should return false when title does not have an accessible name', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" title=""></button>');
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when label does not have an accessible name', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<label><input id="target"></label>');
+  it('should return false when label does not have an accessible name', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<label><input id="target"></label>');
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         role: 'button',
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/implicit-role.js b/test/commons/matches/implicit-role.js
index 2e7bacff9..b2f5cd386 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/implicit-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/implicit-role.js
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
-describe('matches.implicitRole', function () {
-  var implicitRole = axe.commons.matches.implicitRole;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('matches.implicitRole', () => {
+  const implicitRole = axe.commons.matches.implicitRole;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if implicit role matches', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
+  it('should return true if implicit role matches', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
     assert.isTrue(implicitRole(virtualNode, 'listitem'));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if implicit role matches array', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
+  it('should return true if implicit role matches array', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
     assert.isTrue(implicitRole(virtualNode, ['textbox', 'listitem']));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if implicit role does not match', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
+  it('should return false if implicit role does not match', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
     assert.isFalse(implicitRole(virtualNode, 'textbox'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if matching explicit role', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if matching explicit role', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<ul role="menu"><li id="target" role="menuitem"></li></ul>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(implicitRole(virtualNode, 'menuitem'));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'li'
     });
     assert.isTrue(implicitRole(serialNode, 'listitem'));
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/node-name.js b/test/commons/matches/node-name.js
index 56ef33fbc..d48f92445 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/node-name.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/node-name.js
@@ -1,68 +1,68 @@
-describe('matches.nodeName', function () {
-  var matchNodeName = axe.commons.matches.nodeName;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('matches.nodeName', () => {
+  const matchNodeName = axe.commons.matches.nodeName;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the nodeName is the same as the matcher', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+  it('returns true if the nodeName is the same as the matcher', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(matchNodeName(virtualNode, 'h1'));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the nodename is included in an array', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+  it('returns true if the nodename is included in an array', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(matchNodeName(virtualNode, ['h3', 'h2', 'h1']));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the nodeName matches a regexp', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+  it('returns true if the nodeName matches a regexp', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(matchNodeName(virtualNode, /^h[0-6]$/));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the nodeName matches with a function', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+  it('returns true if the nodeName matches with a function', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      matchNodeName(virtualNode, function (nodeName) {
+      matchNodeName(virtualNode, nodeName => {
         return nodeName === 'h1';
       })
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the nodeName does not match', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
+  it('returns false if the nodeName does not match', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
     assert.isFalse(matchNodeName(virtualNode, 'h1'));
     assert.isFalse(matchNodeName(virtualNode, ['h3', 'h2', 'h1']));
     assert.isFalse(matchNodeName(virtualNode, /^h[0-6]$/));
     assert.isFalse(
-      matchNodeName(virtualNode, function (nodeName) {
+      matchNodeName(virtualNode, nodeName => {
         return nodeName === 'h1';
       })
     );
   });
 
-  it('is case sensitive for XHTML', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
+  it('is case sensitive for XHTML', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
     virtualNode._isXHTML = true;
     delete virtualNode._cache.props;
     assert.isFalse(matchNodeName(virtualNode, 'h1'));
   });
 
-  it('is case insensitive for HTML, but not for XHTML', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
+  it('is case insensitive for HTML, but not for XHTML', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
     virtualNode._isXHTML = false;
     assert.isTrue(matchNodeName(virtualNode, 'h1'));
   });
 
-  it('works with actual nodes', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+  it('works with actual nodes', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(matchNodeName(virtualNode.actualNode, 'h1'));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'h1',
       attributes: {
         id: 'target'
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/properties.js b/test/commons/matches/properties.js
index e3640806d..6380e4ecd 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/properties.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/properties.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('matches.properties', function () {
-  var properties = axe.commons.matches.properties;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('matches.properties', () => {
+  const properties = axe.commons.matches.properties;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true if all properties match', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target"></input>');
+  it('returns true if all properties match', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target"></input>');
 
     assert.isTrue(
       properties(virtualNode, {
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ describe('matches.properties', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if some properties do not match', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target"></input>');
+  it('returns false if some properties do not match', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target"></input>');
 
     assert.isFalse(
       properties(virtualNode, {
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ describe('matches.properties', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if any properties are missing', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+  it('returns false if any properties are missing', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
 
     assert.isFalse(
       properties(virtualNode, {
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ describe('matches.properties', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('works with actual nodes', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target"></input>');
+  it('works with actual nodes', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target"></input>');
 
     assert.isTrue(
       properties(virtualNode.actualNode, {
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ describe('matches.properties', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       type: 'text',
       id: 'target'
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/semantic-role.js b/test/commons/matches/semantic-role.js
index 525aa8730..7fba62a41 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/semantic-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/semantic-role.js
@@ -1,34 +1,38 @@
-describe('matches.semanticRole', function () {
-  var semanticRole = axe.commons.matches.semanticRole;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('matches.semanticRole', () => {
+  const semanticRole = axe.commons.matches.semanticRole;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if explicit role matches', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>');
+  it('should return true if explicit role matches', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(semanticRole(virtualNode, 'textbox'));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if explicit role matches array', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>');
+  it('should return true if explicit role matches array', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+      '<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(semanticRole(virtualNode, ['combobox', 'textbox']));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if implicit role matches', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
+  it('should return true if implicit role matches', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
     assert.isTrue(semanticRole(virtualNode, 'listitem'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if semantic role does not match', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="main"></span>');
+  it('should return false if semantic role does not match', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="main"></span>');
     assert.isFalse(semanticRole(virtualNode, 'textbox'));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
         role: 'textbox'
diff --git a/test/commons/math/get-offset.js b/test/commons/math/get-offset.js
index 073c8d064..7c2d947d2 100644
--- a/test/commons/math/get-offset.js
+++ b/test/commons/math/get-offset.js
@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
 describe('getOffset', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   const getOffset = axe.commons.math.getOffset;
   const round = 0.2;
 
   it('returns center to edge of circle when both are undersized', () => {
-    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
-      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
-      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
     `);
     const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
     const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
@@ -14,9 +23,17 @@ describe('getOffset', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns center to edge of square when one is undersized', () => {
-    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
-      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
-      <button style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <button
+        style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
     `);
     const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
     const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
@@ -24,39 +41,117 @@ describe('getOffset', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns center to corner of square when at a diagonal', () => {
-    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
-      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
-      <button style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 50px">&nbsp;</button>
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <button
+        style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 50px"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
     `);
     const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
     const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
     assert.closeTo(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB), 63.6, round);
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 if nodeA is overlapped by nodeB', () => {
-    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
-      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
-      <button style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: -10px">&nbsp;</button>
+  it('returns null if nodeA is overlapped by nodeB', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <button
+        style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: -10px"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
     `);
     const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
     const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
-    assert.equal(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB), 0);
+    assert.isNull(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB));
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 if nodeB is overlapped by nodeA', () => {
-    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
-      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
-      <button style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: -10px">&nbsp;</button>
+  it('returns null if nodeB is overlapped by nodeA', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <button
+        style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: -10px"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
     `);
     const nodeA = fixture.children[3];
     const nodeB = fixture.children[1];
-    assert.equal(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB), 0);
+    assert.isNull(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB));
+  });
+
+  it('returns null if nodeA is overlapped by another node', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <button
+        style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 20px"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="background: white; width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: -10px"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const nodeB = fixture.children[1];
+    const nodeA = fixture.children[3];
+    assert.isNull(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB));
+  });
+
+  it('returns null if nodeB is overlapped by another node', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <button
+        style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 20px"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <div
+        style="background: white; width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: -10px"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const nodeA = fixture.children[3];
+    const nodeB = fixture.children[1];
+    assert.isNull(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB));
   });
 
   it('subtracts minNeighbourRadius from center-to-center calculations', () => {
-    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
-      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
-      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
     `);
     const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
     const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
@@ -64,9 +159,17 @@ describe('getOffset', () => {
   });
 
   it('returns 0 if center of nodeA is enclosed by nodeB', () => {
-    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
-      <button style="width: 50px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
-      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 20px;">&nbsp;</button>
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button
+        style="width: 50px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
+      <button
+        style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 20px;"
+      >
+        &nbsp;
+      </button>
     `);
     const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
     const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
diff --git a/test/commons/math/has-visual-overlap.js b/test/commons/math/has-visual-overlap.js
index e73f5d27d..5477eed57 100644
--- a/test/commons/math/has-visual-overlap.js
+++ b/test/commons/math/has-visual-overlap.js
@@ -1,26 +1,25 @@
-describe('hasVisualOverlap', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var hasVisualOverlap = axe.commons.math.hasVisualOverlap;
+describe('hasVisualOverlap', () => {
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const hasVisualOverlap = axe.commons.math.hasVisualOverlap;
 
-  it('returns false if there is no overlap', function () {
-    var rootNode = fixtureSetup('<a>foo</a><b>bar</b>');
-    var vNodeA = rootNode.children[0];
-    var vNodeB = rootNode.children[1];
+  it('returns false if there is no overlap', () => {
+    const rootNode = fixtureSetup('<a>foo</a><b>bar</b>');
+    const vNodeA = rootNode.children[0];
+    const vNodeB = rootNode.children[1];
     assert.isFalse(hasVisualOverlap(vNodeA, vNodeB));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if B overlaps A', function () {
-    var rootNode = fixtureSetup('<a><b>bar</b></a>');
-    var vNodeA = rootNode.children[0];
-    var vNodeB = vNodeA.children[0];
+  it('returns true if B overlaps A', () => {
+    const rootNode = fixtureSetup('<a><b>bar</b></a>');
+    const vNodeA = rootNode.children[0];
+    const vNodeB = vNodeA.children[0];
     assert.isTrue(hasVisualOverlap(vNodeA, vNodeB));
   });
 
-  it('returns true A overlaps B', function () {
-    var rootNode = fixtureSetup('<b><a>bar</a></b>');
-    var vNodeB = rootNode.children[0];
-    var vNodeA = vNodeB.children[0];
+  it('returns true A overlaps B', () => {
+    const rootNode = fixtureSetup('<b><a>bar</a></b>');
+    const vNodeB = rootNode.children[0];
+    const vNodeA = vNodeB.children[0];
     assert.isFalse(hasVisualOverlap(vNodeA, vNodeB));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/math/rects-overlap.js b/test/commons/math/rects-overlap.js
index 1b3ef639c..3b78b3b48 100644
--- a/test/commons/math/rects-overlap.js
+++ b/test/commons/math/rects-overlap.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('math.rects-overlap', function () {
+describe('math.rects-overlap', () => {
   const rectsOverlap = axe.commons.math.rectsOverlap;
 
   let rectA, rectB;
diff --git a/test/commons/math/split-rects.js b/test/commons/math/split-rects.js
index 9463a7fbd..c0579d095 100644
--- a/test/commons/math/split-rects.js
+++ b/test/commons/math/split-rects.js
@@ -16,13 +16,24 @@ describe('splitRects', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(rects[0], rectA);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty array if there are too many overlapping rects', () => {
+  it('throws if there are too many overlapping rects', () => {
     const rects = [];
     for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
       rects.push(new DOMRect(i, i, 50, 50));
     }
     const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 1000, 1000);
-    assert.lengthOf(splitRects(rectA, rects), 0);
+
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      splitRects(rectA, rects);
+    }, 'splitRects: Too many rects');
+  });
+
+  it('accepts an array of rects', () => {
+    const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 50);
+    const rectB = new DOMRect(0, 50, 50, 50);
+    const rects = splitRects([rectA], [rectB]);
+    assert.lengthOf(rects, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects[0], rectA);
   });
 
   describe('with one overlapping rect', () => {
@@ -70,6 +81,14 @@ describe('splitRects', () => {
       const rects = splitRects(rectA, [rectB]);
       assert.lengthOf(rects, 0);
     });
+
+    it('accepts an array of rects', () => {
+      const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 50);
+      const rectB = new DOMRect(40, 0, 100, 50);
+      const rects = splitRects([rectA], [rectB]);
+      assert.lengthOf(rects, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[0], new DOMRect(0, 0, 40, 50));
+    });
   });
 
   describe('with multiple overlaps', () => {
diff --git a/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-by-type.js b/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-by-type.js
index 8c1150a60..2599d9944 100644
--- a/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-by-type.js
+++ b/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-by-type.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('standards.getAriaRolesByType', function () {
-  var getAriaRolesByType = axe.commons.standards.getAriaRolesByType;
+describe('standards.getAriaRolesByType', () => {
+  const getAriaRolesByType = axe.commons.standards.getAriaRolesByType;
 
-  it('should return a list of role names by type', function () {
+  it('should return a list of role names by type', () => {
     // first remove all role types
-    var roleNames = Object.keys(axe._audit.standards.ariaRoles);
-    var ariaRoles = {};
+    const roleNames = Object.keys(axe._audit.standards.ariaRoles);
+    const ariaRoles = {};
     for (var i = 0; i < roleNames.length; i++) {
       ariaRoles[roleNames[i]] = { type: 'off' };
     }
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesByType', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var structureRoles = getAriaRolesByType('structure');
+    const structureRoles = getAriaRolesByType('structure');
     assert.deepEqual(structureRoles, [
       'article',
       'blockquote',
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesByType', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return configured roles', function () {
+  it('should return configured roles', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesByType', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var structureRoles = getAriaRolesByType('structure');
+    const structureRoles = getAriaRolesByType('structure');
     assert.include(structureRoles, 'myRole');
   });
 
-  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', function () {
+  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesByType', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var structureRoles = getAriaRolesByType('structure');
+    const structureRoles = getAriaRolesByType('structure');
     assert.notInclude(structureRoles, 'article');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js b/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js
index 2720cb82f..23b5b0bef 100644
--- a/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js
+++ b/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent', function () {
-  var getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent =
+describe('standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent', () => {
+  const getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent =
     axe.commons.standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent;
 
-  it('should return a list of role names which are named from content', function () {
+  it('should return a list of role names which are named from content', () => {
     // first remove all namedFromContent
-    var roleNames = Object.keys(axe._audit.standards.ariaRoles);
-    var ariaRoles = {};
+    const roleNames = Object.keys(axe._audit.standards.ariaRoles);
+    const ariaRoles = {};
     for (var i = 0; i < roleNames.length; i++) {
       ariaRoles[roleNames[i]] = { nameFromContent: false };
     }
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var contentRoles = getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent();
+    const contentRoles = getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent();
     assert.deepEqual(contentRoles, [
       'button',
       'cell',
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return configured roles', function () {
+  it('should return configured roles', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var contentRoles = getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent();
+    const contentRoles = getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent();
     assert.include(contentRoles, 'myRole');
   });
 
-  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', function () {
+  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var contentRoles = getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent();
+    const contentRoles = getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent();
     assert.notInclude(contentRoles, 'button');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/standards/get-element-spec.js b/test/commons/standards/get-element-spec.js
index d41be73b0..9f9dc43af 100644
--- a/test/commons/standards/get-element-spec.js
+++ b/test/commons/standards/get-element-spec.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('standards.getElementSpec', function () {
-  var getElementSpec = axe.commons.standards.getElementSpec;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+describe('standards.getElementSpec', () => {
+  const getElementSpec = axe.commons.standards.getElementSpec;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  before(function () {
+  before(() => {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  after(function () {
+  after(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return a spec for an element without variants', function () {
+  it('should return a spec for an element without variants', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         htmlElms: {
@@ -27,20 +27,20 @@ describe('standards.getElementSpec', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target"></abbr>');
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target"></abbr>');
     assert.deepEqual(getElementSpec(vNode), {
       contentTypes: ['phrasing', 'flow'],
       allowedRoles: true
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return empty object if passed an invalid element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<foo-bar id="target"></foo-bar>');
+  it('should return empty object if passed an invalid element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<foo-bar id="target"></foo-bar>');
     assert.deepEqual(getElementSpec(vNode), {});
   });
 
-  describe('variants', function () {
-    before(function () {
+  describe('variants', () => {
+    before(() => {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           htmlElms: {
@@ -66,37 +66,37 @@ describe('standards.getElementSpec', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return top level properties', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target" controls></abbr>');
-      var spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
+    it('should return top level properties', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target" controls></abbr>');
+      const spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
       assert.equal(spec.allowedRoles, false);
     });
 
-    it('should return properties from matching variant', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target" controls></abbr>');
-      var spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
+    it('should return properties from matching variant', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target" controls></abbr>');
+      const spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
       assert.equal(spec.customProp, 'controls');
     });
 
-    it('should return all properties from matching variants', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return all properties from matching variants', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<abbr id="target" controls aria-label="foo"></abbr>'
       );
-      var spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
+      const spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
       assert.equal(spec.customProp, 'controls');
       assert.equal(spec.anotherProp, 'label');
     });
 
-    it('should return default props in no variants match', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target"></abbr>');
-      var spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
+    it('should return default props in no variants match', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target"></abbr>');
+      const spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
       assert.equal(spec.customProp, 'default');
       assert.equal(spec.anotherProp, 'default');
     });
 
-    it('should return default props that were not part of other matches', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target" controls></abbr>');
-      var spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
+    it('should return default props that were not part of other matches', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target" controls></abbr>');
+      const spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
       assert.equal(spec.customProp, 'controls');
       assert.equal(spec.anotherProp, 'default');
     });
diff --git a/test/commons/standards/get-elements-by-content-type.js b/test/commons/standards/get-elements-by-content-type.js
index f0741275b..24452d78d 100644
--- a/test/commons/standards/get-elements-by-content-type.js
+++ b/test/commons/standards/get-elements-by-content-type.js
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
-describe('standards.getElementsByContentType', function () {
-  var getElementsByContentType = axe.commons.standards.getElementsByContentType;
+describe('standards.getElementsByContentType', () => {
+  const getElementsByContentType =
+    axe.commons.standards.getElementsByContentType;
 
-  before(function () {
+  before(() => {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  after(function () {
+  after(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return a list of node names by content type', function () {
+  it('should return a list of node names by content type', () => {
     // Source: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#sectioning-content
-    var sectioningContent = getElementsByContentType('sectioning');
+    const sectioningContent = getElementsByContentType('sectioning');
     assert.deepEqual(sectioningContent, ['article', 'aside', 'nav', 'section']);
   });
 
-  it('should return a default variants', function () {
+  it('should return a default variants', () => {
     // Source: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#embedded-content-2
-    var sectioningContent = getElementsByContentType('embedded');
+    const sectioningContent = getElementsByContentType('embedded');
     assert.deepEqual(sectioningContent, [
       'audio',
       'canvas',
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ describe('standards.getElementsByContentType', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return configured roles', function () {
+  it('should return configured roles', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         htmlElms: {
@@ -42,11 +43,11 @@ describe('standards.getElementsByContentType', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var structureRoles = getElementsByContentType('sectioning');
+    const structureRoles = getElementsByContentType('sectioning');
     assert.include(structureRoles, 'myElm');
   });
 
-  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', function () {
+  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         htmlElms: {
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ describe('standards.getElementsByContentType', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var structureRoles = getElementsByContentType('sectioning');
+    const structureRoles = getElementsByContentType('sectioning');
     assert.notInclude(structureRoles, 'article');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js b/test/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js
index 0141f255a..35e509871 100644
--- a/test/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js
+++ b/test/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-describe('standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs', function () {
-  var getGlobalAriaAttrs = axe.commons.standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs;
+describe('standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs', () => {
+  const getGlobalAriaAttrs = axe.commons.standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs;
 
-  before(function () {
+  before(() => {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  after(function () {
+  after(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return global attrs', function () {
+  it('should return global attrs', () => {
     // Source: https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#global_states
-    var globalAttrs = getGlobalAriaAttrs();
+    const globalAttrs = getGlobalAriaAttrs();
     assert.deepEqual(globalAttrs, [
       'aria-atomic',
       'aria-braillelabel',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return configured global attrs', function () {
+  it('should return configured global attrs', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ describe('standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var globalAttrs = getGlobalAriaAttrs();
+    const globalAttrs = getGlobalAriaAttrs();
     assert.include(globalAttrs, 'myAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should not return global attr that is configured to not be global', function () {
+  it('should not return global attr that is configured to not be global', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ describe('standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var globalAttrs = getGlobalAriaAttrs();
+    const globalAttrs = getGlobalAriaAttrs();
     assert.notInclude(globalAttrs, 'aria-atomic');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/get-cell-position.js b/test/commons/table/get-cell-position.js
index 24a7e56de..bee78d785 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/get-cell-position.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/get-cell-position.js
@@ -1,93 +1,153 @@
-describe('table.getCellPosition', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+describe('table.getCellPosition', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should get x, y coordinates given a cell', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td id="target"></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = document.getElementById('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should get x, y coordinates given a cell', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td id="target"></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = document.getElementById('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getCellPosition(target), {
       x: 1,
       y: 1
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle colspans', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td id="target"></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = document.getElementById('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle colspans', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2"></td>
+          <td id="target"></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = document.getElementById('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getCellPosition(target), {
       x: 2,
       y: 1
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle rowspans', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td id="target"></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = document.getElementById('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle rowspans', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td rowspan="2"></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td id="target"></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = document.getElementById('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getCellPosition(target), {
       x: 2,
       y: 1
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle rowspans and colspans', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td id="target"></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = document.getElementById('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle rowspans and colspans', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="target"></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = document.getElementById('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getCellPosition(target), {
       x: 2,
       y: 1
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle intermittent empty rows', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td id="target"></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = document.getElementById('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle intermittent empty rows', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr></tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td id="target"></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr></tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = document.getElementById('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getCellPosition(target), {
       x: 1,
       y: 2
diff --git a/test/commons/table/get-headers.js b/test/commons/table/get-headers.js
index 9635e640c..f8a6d38d6 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/get-headers.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/get-headers.js
@@ -1,59 +1,90 @@
-describe('table.getHeaders', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('table.getHeaders', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   function $id(id) {
     return document.getElementById(id);
   }
 
-  var fixture = $id('fixture');
+  const fixture = $id('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should work with scope=auto', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><th id="t1">1</th><th>2</th></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th id="t2">2</th><td id="target">ok</td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should work with scope=auto', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <th id="t1">1</th>
+          <th>2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="t2">2</th>
+          <td id="target">ok</td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [
       $id('t1'),
       $id('t2')
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should work with scope set', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><th scope="col" id="t1">1</th><th scope="col">2</th></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th scope="row" id="t2">1</th><td id="target">ok</td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should work with scope set', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <th scope="col" id="t1">1</th>
+          <th scope="col">2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="row" id="t2">1</th>
+          <td id="target">ok</td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [
       $id('t1'),
       $id('t2')
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should find multiple column headers', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><th scope="col" id="t1">1</th><th scope="col">2</th></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><th scope="col" id="t2">1</th><th scope="col">2</th></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th scope="row" id="t3">1</th><td id="target">ok</td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should find multiple column headers', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <th scope="col" id="t1">1</th>
+          <th scope="col">2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <th scope="col" id="t2">1</th>
+          <th scope="col">2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="row" id="t3">1</th>
+          <td id="target">ok</td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [
       $id('t1'),
       $id('t2'),
@@ -61,16 +92,25 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should find multiple row headers', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><th scope="col">1</th><th scope="col" id="t1">2</th></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th scope="row" id="t2">1</th><th scope="row" id="t3">2</th><td id="target">ok</td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should find multiple row headers', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <th scope="col">1</th>
+          <th scope="col" id="t1">2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="row" id="t2">1</th>
+          <th scope="row" id="t3">2</th>
+          <td id="target">ok</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [
       $id('t1'),
       $id('t2'),
@@ -78,61 +118,92 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle colspans', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><th scope="col">1</th><th scope="col" id="t1">2</th></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td id="target"></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle colspans', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <th scope="col">1</th>
+          <th scope="col" id="t1">2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2"></td>
+          <td id="target"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [$id('t1')]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle rowspans', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td rowspan="2"></td><th scope="col">1</th><th scope="col" id="t1">2</th></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th scope="row" id="t2"></th><td id="target"></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle rowspans', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td rowspan="2"></td>
+          <th scope="col">1</th>
+          <th scope="col" id="t1">2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="row" id="t2"></th>
+          <td id="target"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [
       $id('t1'),
       $id('t2')
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle rowspan=0', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td rowspan="0"></td><th scope="col">1</th><th scope="col" id="t1">2</th></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th scope="row" id="t2"></th><td id="target"></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle rowspan=0', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td rowspan="0"></td>
+          <th scope="col">1</th>
+          <th scope="col" id="t1">2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="row" id="t2"></th>
+          <td id="target"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [
       $id('t1'),
       $id('t2')
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle headers attribute', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t1">t1</td><td id="t2">t2</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t3">t3</td><td id="target" headers="t1 t2 t3"></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle headers attribute', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t1">t1</td>
+          <td id="t2">t2</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t3">t3</td>
+          <td id="target" headers="t1 t2 t3"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [
       $id('t1'),
       $id('t2'),
@@ -140,138 +211,152 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle empty headers attribute', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr>' +
-      '<th scope="col" id="t1">Projects</th>' +
-      '<th scope="col" id="t2">Progress</th>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '<tr>' +
-      '<td headers="" id="target">My Project</td>' +
-      '<td>15%</td>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle empty headers attribute', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="col" id="t1">Projects</th>
+          <th scope="col" id="t2">Progress</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="" id="target">My Project</td>
+          <td>15%</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [$id('t1')]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle non-existent headers attribute', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr>' +
-      '<th scope="col" id="t1">Projects</th>' +
-      '<th scope="col" id="t2">Progress</th>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '<tr>' +
-      '<td headers="non-existent" id="target">My Project</td>' +
-      '<td>15%</td>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle non-existent headers attribute', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="col" id="t1">Projects</th>
+          <th scope="col" id="t2">Progress</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="non-existent" id="target">My Project</td>
+          <td>15%</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [$id('t1')]);
   });
 
-  it('should work with tables that have inconsistent columns', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t1">t1</td><td id="t2">t2</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t3">t3</td><td headers="t1 t2 t3"></td><td id="target"></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should work with tables that have inconsistent columns', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t1">t1</td>
+          <td id="t2">t2</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t3">t3</td>
+          <td headers="t1 t2 t3"></td>
+          <td id="target"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), []);
   });
 
-  it('should handle multiple headers with colspan', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<thead>' +
-      '<tr>' +
-      '<th id="t1">Product</th>' +
-      '<th id="t2">Amount</th>' +
-      '<th id="t3">Price</th>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '</thead>' +
-      '<tbody>' +
-      '<tr><td colspan="2" id="target">No available products to display</td></tr>' +
-      '</thead>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle multiple headers with colspan', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+      <thead>
+      <tr>
+      <th id="t1">Product</th>
+      <th id="t2">Amount</th>
+      <th id="t3">Price</th>
+      </tr>
+      </thead>
+      <tbody>
+      <tr><td colspan="2" id="target">No available products to display</td></tr>
+      </thead>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [
       $id('t1'),
       $id('t2')
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle multiple headers with rowspan', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tbody>' +
-      '<tr>' +
-      '<th id="t1"><td>Projects</td><td rowspan="2" id="target">Foo</td>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '<tr><th id="t2"><td>Projects</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th id="t3"><td>Projects</td></tr>' +
-      '</thead>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle multiple headers with rowspan', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+      <tbody>
+      <tr>
+      <th id="t1"><td>Projects</td><td rowspan="2" id="target">Foo</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr><th id="t2"><td>Projects</td></tr>
+      <tr><th id="t3"><td>Projects</td></tr>
+      </thead>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [
       $id('t1'),
       $id('t2')
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle negative colspan', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<thead>' +
-      '<tr>' +
-      '<th id="t1">Product</th>' +
-      '<th id="t2">Amount</th>' +
-      '<th id="t3">Price</th>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '</thead>' +
-      '<tbody>' +
-      '<tr><td colspan="-3" id="target">No available products to display</td></tr>' +
-      '</thead>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle negative colspan', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+      <thead>
+      <tr>
+      <th id="t1">Product</th>
+      <th id="t2">Amount</th>
+      <th id="t3">Price</th>
+      </tr>
+      </thead>
+      <tbody>
+      <tr><td colspan="-3" id="target">No available products to display</td></tr>
+      </thead>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [$id('t1')]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle negative rowspan', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tbody>' +
-      '<tr>' +
-      '<th id="t1"><td>Projects</td><td rowspan="-3" id="target">Foo</td>' +
-      '</tr>' +
-      '<tr><th id="t2"><td>Projects</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th id="t3"><td>Projects</td></tr>' +
-      '</thead>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
-
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should handle negative rowspan', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+      <tbody>
+      <tr>
+      <th id="t1"><td>Projects</td><td rowspan="-3" id="target">Foo</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr><th id="t2"><td>Projects</td></tr>
+      <tr><th id="t3"><td>Projects</td></tr>
+      </thead>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
+
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [$id('t1')]);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/get-scope.js b/test/commons/table/get-scope.js
index 3c37660de..7b5dc7018 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/get-scope.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/get-scope.js
@@ -1,85 +1,115 @@
-describe('table.getScope', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('table.getScope', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
   function $id(id) {
     return document.getElementById(id);
   }
 
-  var fixture = $id('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-
-  it('returns false for TD without scope attribute', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td id="target">1</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th>2</th><td>ok</td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
+  const fixture = $id('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+
+  it('returns false for TD without scope attribute', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td id="target">1</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>2</th>
+          <td>ok</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = $id('target');
     fixtureSetup();
     assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), false);
   });
 
-  it('throws if it is not passed a data cell', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('throws if it is not passed a data cell', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.commons.table.getScope();
     }, TypeError);
 
-    var node = document.createElement('tr');
+    const node = document.createElement('tr');
     axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(node);
 
-    assert.throws(function () {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.commons.table.getScope(node);
     }, TypeError);
   });
 
-  it('does not throw if it is passed a data cell', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('td');
+  it('does not throw if it is passed a data cell', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('td');
     axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(node);
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
       axe.commons.table.getScope(node);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('auto scope', function () {
-    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><th id="target">1</th><td>ok</td></tr>' +
-        '<tr><td>ok</td><td>ok</td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  describe('auto scope', () => {
+    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <th id="target">1</th>
+            <td>ok</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td>ok</td>
+            <td>ok</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'auto');
     });
 
-    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope, not in the first column', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><td></td><th id="target">1</th></tr>' +
-        '<tr><th>2</th><td>ok</td><td></td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope, not in the first column', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+            <th id="target">1</th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th>2</th>
+            <td>ok</td>
+            <td></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'auto');
     });
 
-    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope, not in the first row', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><td></td><th>1</th></tr>' +
-        '<tr><th id="target">2</th><td>ok</td><td></td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope, not in the first row', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+            <th>1</th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th id="target">2</th>
+            <td>ok</td>
+            <td></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'auto');
     });
 
-    it('return `auto` without an actualNode or in the tree', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('return `auto` without an actualNode or in the tree', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'th'
       });
 
@@ -87,172 +117,273 @@ describe('table.getScope', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('col scope', function () {
-    it('returns `col` with explicit col scope on TH', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><td></td><th id="target" scope="col">1</th></tr>' +
-        '<tr><th>2</th><td>ok</td><td></td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
+  describe('col scope', () => {
+    it('returns `col` with explicit col scope on TH', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+            <th id="target" scope="col">1</th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th>2</th>
+            <td>ok</td>
+            <td></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
       fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('returns `col` with explicit col scope on TD', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><td></td><td id="target" scope="col">1</td></tr>' +
-        '<tr><th>2</th><td>ok</td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
+    it('returns `col` with explicit col scope on TD', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+            <td id="target" scope="col">1</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th>2</th>
+            <td>ok</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
       fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('returns `col` with role = columnheader on TD', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><td></td><td id="target" scope="row" role="columnheader">1</td></tr>' +
-        '<tr><th>2</th><td>ok</td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
+    it('returns `col` with role = columnheader on TD', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+            <td id="target" scope="row" role="columnheader">1</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th>2</th>
+            <td>ok</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
       fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('returns `col` when part of a row of all TH elements', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><th></th><th id="target">1</th></tr>' +
-        '<tr><td>2</td><td>ok</td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    it('returns `col` when part of a row of all TH elements', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <th></th>
+            <th id="target">1</th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td>2</td>
+            <td>ok</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('returns `col` when part of both a row and a column of all TH elements', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><th id="target">1</th><th></th></tr>' +
-        '<tr><th>2</th><td>ok</td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    it('returns `col` when part of both a row and a column of all TH elements', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <th id="target">1</th>
+            <th></th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th>2</th>
+            <td>ok</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('understands colspan on the table', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr> <th colspan="2"></th> </tr>' +
-        '<tr> <th id="target"></th> <th></th> </tr>' +
-        '<tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-      var target = $id('target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    it('understands colspan on the table', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <th colspan="2"></th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th id="target"></th>
+            <th></th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+            <td></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+      const target = $id('target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('understands colspan on the cell', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr> <th id="target" colspan="2"></th> </tr>' +
-        '<tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-      var target = $id('target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    it('understands colspan on the cell', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <th id="target" colspan="2"></th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+            <td></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+      const target = $id('target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('row scope', function () {
-    it('returns `row` with explicit row scope on TH', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><td></td><th>1</th></tr>' +
-        '<tr><th id="target" scope="row">2</th><td>ok</td><td></td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
+  describe('row scope', () => {
+    it('returns `row` with explicit row scope on TH', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+            <th>1</th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th id="target" scope="row">2</th>
+            <td>ok</td>
+            <td></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
       fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
 
-    it('returns `row` with explicit row scope on TD', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><td></td><td>1</td></tr>' +
-        '<tr><td id="target" scope="row">2</td><td>ok</td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
+    it('returns `row` with explicit row scope on TD', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+            <td>1</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td id="target" scope="row">2</td>
+            <td>ok</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
       fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
 
-    it('returns `row` with role = rowheader on TD', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><td></td><td>1</td></tr>' +
-        '<tr><td id="target" scope="col" role="rowheader">2</td><td>ok</td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
+    it('returns `row` with role = rowheader on TD', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+            <td>1</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td id="target" scope="col" role="rowheader">2</td>
+            <td>ok</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
       fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
 
-    it('returns `row` when part of a column of all TH elements', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr><th></th><td>1</td></tr>' +
-        '<tr><th id="target">2</th><td>ok</td></tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-
-      var target = $id('target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    it('returns `row` when part of a column of all TH elements', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <th></th>
+            <td>1</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th id="target">2</th>
+            <td>ok</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+
+      const target = $id('target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
 
-    it('understands rowspan in the table', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th></th> <th></th> </tr>' +
-        '<tr> <th id="target"></th> <td></td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-      var target = $id('target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    it('understands rowspan in the table', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <th rowspan="2"></th>
+            <th></th>
+            <th></th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th id="target"></th>
+            <td></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+      const target = $id('target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
 
-    it('understands rowspan on the cell', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<table>' +
-        '<tr> <th></th> <th></th> </tr>' +
-        '<tr> <th id="target" rowspan="2"></th> <td></td> </tr>' +
-        '<tr> <td></td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>';
-      var target = $id('target');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    it('understands rowspan on the cell', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <th></th>
+            <th></th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th id="target" rowspan="2"></th>
+            <td></td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `;
+      const target = $id('target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
   });
 
-  it('does not throw on empty rows', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr> </tr>' +
-      '<tr> <th id="target">foo</th> <td>bar</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-    var target = $id('target');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('does not throw on empty rows', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr></tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="target">foo</th>
+          <td>bar</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+    const target = $id('target');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'auto');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/is-column-header.js b/test/commons/table/is-column-header.js
index e0d7690f2..a6e29be72 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/is-column-header.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/is-column-header.js
@@ -1,45 +1,45 @@
-describe('table.isColumnHeader', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('table.isColumnHeader', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var table = axe.commons.table;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const table = axe.commons.table;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table>' +
-        '<tr>' +
-        '<th id="ch1">column header 1</th>' +
-        '<th scope="col" id="ch2">column header 2</th>' +
-        '</tr>' +
-        '<tr>' +
-        '<th id="rh1">row header 1</th>' +
-        '<td id="cell1">cell 1</td>' +
-        '</tr>' +
-        '<tr>' +
-        '<th scope="row" id="rh2">row header 2</th>' +
-        '<td id="cell2">cell 2</td>' +
-        '</tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="ch1">column header 1</th>
+          <th scope="col" id="ch2">column header 2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="rh1">row header 1</th>
+          <td id="cell1">cell 1</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="row" id="rh2">row header 2</th>
+          <td id="cell2">cell 2</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if not a column header', function () {
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#cell1');
+  it('returns false if not a column header', () => {
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#cell1');
     assert.isFalse(table.isColumnHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if scope="auto"', function () {
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#ch1');
+  it('returns true if scope="auto"', () => {
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#ch1');
     assert.isTrue(table.isColumnHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if scope="col"', function () {
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#ch2');
+  it('returns true if scope="col"', () => {
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#ch2');
     assert.isTrue(table.isColumnHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if scope="row"', function () {
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#rh2');
+  it('returns false if scope="row"', () => {
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#rh2');
     assert.isFalse(table.isColumnHeader(cell));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/is-data-cell.js b/test/commons/table/is-data-cell.js
index 20b3d43ad..56a0f3f57 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/is-data-cell.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/is-data-cell.js
@@ -1,93 +1,130 @@
-describe('table.isDataCell', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  function $id(id) {
-    return document.getElementById(id);
-  }
-
-  var fixture = $id('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-  });
-
-  it('should work with TH', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><th id="target">1</th></tr>' + '</table>';
-
-    var target = $id('target');
+describe('table.isDataCell', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+
+  it('should work with TH', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="target">1</th>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    const target = document.getElementById('target');
 
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target));
   });
 
-  it('should work with TD', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td id="target">1</td></tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should work with TD', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="target">1</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = $id('target');
+    const target = document.getElementById('target');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target));
   });
 
-  it('should work with empty TD', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td id="target"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should work with empty TD', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="target"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = $id('target');
+    const target = document.getElementById('target');
 
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target));
   });
 
-  it('should ignore TDs with a valid role other than (grid)cell', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="target1" role="columnheader">heading</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td id="target2" role="rowheader">heading</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td id="target3" role="presentation">heading</td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target1 = $id('target1');
-    var target2 = $id('target2');
-    var target3 = $id('target3');
+  it('should ignore TDs with a valid role other than (grid)cell', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="target1" role="columnheader">heading</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="target2" role="rowheader">heading</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="target3" role="presentation">heading</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    const target1 = document.getElementById('target1');
+    const target2 = document.getElementById('target2');
+    const target3 = document.getElementById('target3');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target1));
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target2));
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target3));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for elements with role="(grid)cell"', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><th id="target1" role="cell">heading</th></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th id="target2" role="gridcell">heading</th></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target1 = $id('target1');
-    var target2 = $id('target2');
+  it('should return true for elements with role="(grid)cell"', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="target1" role="cell">heading</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="target2" role="gridcell">heading</th>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    const target1 = document.getElementById('target1');
+    const target2 = document.getElementById('target2');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target1));
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target2));
   });
 
-  it('should ignore invalid roles', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="target1" role="foobar">heading</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th id="target2" role="foobar">heading</th></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target1 = $id('target1');
-    var target2 = $id('target2');
+  it('should ignore invalid roles', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="target1" role="foobar">heading</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="target2" role="foobar">heading</th>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    const target1 = document.getElementById('target1');
+    const target2 = document.getElementById('target2');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target1));
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target2));
   });
 
-  it('should ignore abstract roles', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="target1" role="section">heading</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><th id="target2" role="section">heading</th></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target1 = $id('target1');
-    var target2 = $id('target2');
+  it('should ignore abstract roles', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="target1" role="section">heading</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="target2" role="section">heading</th>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    const target1 = document.getElementById('target1');
+    const target2 = document.getElementById('target2');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target1));
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target2));
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/is-data-table.js b/test/commons/table/is-data-table.js
index c3607faf0..c5d72d201 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/is-data-table.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/is-data-table.js
@@ -1,439 +1,619 @@
-describe('table.isDataTable', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    axe._tree = undefined;
-  });
-
-  it('should be false if the table has role=presentation', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table role="presentation">' +
-      '<thead><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th></tr></thead>' +
-      '<tbody><tr><td>One</td><td>Two</td></tr></tbody>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+describe('table.isDataTable', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+
+  it('should be false if the table has role=presentation', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table role="presentation">
+        <thead>
+          <tr>
+            <th>1</th>
+            <th>2</th>
+          </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td>One</td>
+            <td>Two</td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if the table has role=none', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table role="none">' +
-      '<thead><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th></tr></thead>' +
-      '<tbody><tr><td>One</td><td>Two</td></tr></tbody>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+  it('should be false if the table has role=none', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table role="none">
+        <thead>
+          <tr>
+            <th>1</th>
+            <th>2</th>
+          </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td>One</td>
+            <td>Two</td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table is inside an editable area', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div contenteditable="true">' +
-      '<table>' +
-      '<thead><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th></tr></thead>' +
-      '<tbody><tr><td>One</td><td>Two</td></tr></tbody>' +
-      '</table>' +
-      '</div>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should be true if the table is inside an editable area', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div contenteditable="true">
+        <table>
+          <thead>
+            <tr>
+              <th>1</th>
+              <th>2</th>
+            </tr>
+          </thead>
+          <tbody>
+            <tr>
+              <td>One</td>
+              <td>Two</td>
+            </tr>
+          </tbody>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    `;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a role of grid', function () {
+  it('should be true if the table has a role of grid', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="grid"></table>';
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a role of treegrid', function () {
+  it('should be true if the table has a role of treegrid', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="treegrid"></table>';
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the element has a role of table', function () {
+  it('should be true if the element has a role of table', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="table"></div>';
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('[role="table"]');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('[role="table"]');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  describe('should be true if the table has a landmark role', function () {
-    it('application', function () {
+  describe('should be true if the table has a landmark role', () => {
+    it('application', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="application"></table>';
 
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('banner', function () {
+    it('banner', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="banner"></table>';
 
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('complementary', function () {
+    it('complementary', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="complementary"></table>';
 
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('contentinfo', function () {
+    it('contentinfo', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="contentinfo"></table>';
 
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('form', function () {
+    it('form', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="form"></table>';
 
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('main', function () {
+    it('main', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="main"></table>';
 
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('navigation', function () {
+    it('navigation', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="navigation"></table>';
 
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('search', function () {
+    it('search', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="search"></table>';
 
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
   });
 
-  it('should be false if the table has datatable=0', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table datatable="0">' +
-      '<thead><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th></tr></thead>' +
-      '<tbody><tr><td>One</td><td>Two</td></tr></tbody>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should be false if the table has datatable=0', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table datatable="0">
+        <thead>
+          <tr>
+            <th>1</th>
+            <th>2</th>
+          </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td>One</td>
+            <td>Two</td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a summary attribute', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<table summary="Hello">' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a summary attribute', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <table summary="Hello"></table> `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a caption element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<caption>Hello</caption>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a caption element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <caption>
+          Hello
+        </caption>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a col element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<col>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a col element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <col />
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a colgroup element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<colgroup></colgroup>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a colgroup element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <colgroup></colgroup>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a thead element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<thead></thead>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a thead element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <thead></thead>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a tfoot element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<tfoot></tfoot>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a tfoot element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tfoot></tfoot>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a th element', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<tr><th></th></tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a th element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th></th>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a rowheader', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td role="rowheader"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a rowheader', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td role="rowheader"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a columnheader', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td role="columnheader"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a columnheader', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td role="columnheader"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a cell with headers attribute', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td headers="yes"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a cell with headers attribute', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td headers="yes"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a cell with scope attribute', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td scope="col"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a cell with scope attribute', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td scope="col"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a cell with abbr attribute', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td abbr="yes"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a cell with abbr attribute', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td abbr="yes"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a cell with an abbr element as a single child', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td><div><abbr>ok</abbr></div></td></tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be true if the table has a cell with an abbr element as a single child', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <div><abbr>ok</abbr></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    let node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
 
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td><abbr>ok</abbr><div></div></td></tr>' + '</table>';
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <abbr>ok</abbr>
+            <div></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
 
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td><abbr>ok</abbr></td></tr>' + '</table>';
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td><abbr>ok</abbr></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
     node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if it has a nested table', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table id="out"><tr><td>' +
-      '<table><tr><td></td></tr></table>' +
-      '</td></tr></table>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#out');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should be false if it has a nested table', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table id="out">
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <table>
+              <tr>
+                <td></td>
+              </tr>
+            </table>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#out');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if it has only one column', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr><td></td></tr>' + '<tr><td></td></tr>' + '</table>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should be false if it has only one column', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if it has only one row', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' + '</table>';
+  it('should be false if it has only one row', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if it has 5 or more columns', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should be true if it has 5 or more columns', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if it has borders around cells', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table border="1">' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should be true if it has borders around cells', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table border="1">
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if it has zebra rows', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr style="background: #fc0"><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should be true if it has zebra rows', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr style="background: #fc0">
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td></td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if it has zebra rows - background image', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr style="background-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOy' +
-      'DZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA' +
-      'AAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQ' +
-      'KGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7)"><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it('should be true if it has zebra rows - background image', () => {
+    const zebraStyle =
+      'background-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7)';
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<table>
+      <tr>
+        <td></td>
+        <td></td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr style="${zebraStyle}">
+        <td></td>
+        <td></td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td></td>
+        <td></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>`;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
-  it('should be true if it has 20 or more rows', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      new Array(21).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should be true if it has 20 or more rows', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<table>
+      ${new Array(21).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>')}
+    </table>`;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
-  it('should be false if its width is 95% of the document width', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table style="width: 95.5%">' +
-      new Array(3).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should be false if its width is 95% of the document width', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<table style="width: 95.5%">
+      ${new Array(3).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>')}
+    </table>`;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if it has less than 10 cells', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should be false if it has less than 10 cells', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<table>
+      ${new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>')}
+    </table>`;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if has an iframe element descendent', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
-      '<tr><td><iframe src="javascript: void 0;"></iframe></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should be false if has an iframe element descendent', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<table>
+      ${new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>')}
+      <tr>
+        <td><iframe src="javascript: void 0;"></iframe></td>
+        <td></td>
+        <td></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>`;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if has an object element descendent', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
-      '<tr><td><object></object></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should be false if has an object element descendent', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<table>
+      ${new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>')}
+      <tr>
+        <td><object></object></td>
+        <td></td>
+        <td></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>`;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if has an embed element descendent', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
-      '<tr><td><embed></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should be false if has an embed element descendent', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<table>
+      ${new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>')}
+      <tr>
+        <td><embed /></td>
+        <td></td>
+        <td></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>`;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
   // Causing sauce labs tests to fail & don't really care about applets
-  it.skip('should be false if has an applet element descendent', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
-      '<tr><td><applet></applet></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+  it.skip('should be false if has an applet element descendent', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<table>
+      ${new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>')}
+      <tr>
+        <td><applet></applet></td>
+        <td></td>
+        <td></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>`;
+
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should otherwise be true', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should otherwise be true', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<table>
+      ${new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>')}
+    </table>`;
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstElementChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/is-header.js b/test/commons/table/is-header.js
index 17c5beda6..eea421594 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/is-header.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/is-header.js
@@ -1,62 +1,71 @@
-describe('table.isHeader', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var table = axe.commons.table;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-
-  var tableFixture =
-    '<table>' +
-    '<tr>' +
-    '<th id="ch1">column header 1</th>' +
-    '<th scope="col" id="ch2">column header 2</th>' +
-    '</tr>' +
-    '<tr>' +
-    '<th id="rh1">row header 1</th>' +
-    '<td id="cell1">cell 1</td>' +
-    '</tr>' +
-    '<tr>' +
-    '<th scope="row" id="rh2">row header 2</th>' +
-    '<td id="cell2">cell 2</td>' +
-    '</tr>' +
-    '</table>';
-
-  it('should return true for column headers', function () {
+describe('table.isHeader', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+
+  const table = axe.commons.table;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+
+  const tableFixture = `
+    <table>
+    <tr>
+    <th id="ch1">column header 1</th>
+    <th scope="col" id="ch2">column header 2</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+    <th id="rh1">row header 1</th>
+    <td id="cell1">cell 1</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+    <th scope="row" id="rh2">row header 2</th>
+    <td id="cell2">cell 2</td>
+    </tr>
+    </table>
+  `;
+
+  it('should return true for column headers', () => {
     fixtureSetup(tableFixture);
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#ch1');
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#ch1');
     assert.isTrue(table.isHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if cell is a row header', function () {
+  it('should return true if cell is a row header', () => {
     fixtureSetup(tableFixture);
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#rh1');
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#rh1');
     assert.isTrue(table.isHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if cell is not a column or row header', function () {
+  it('should return false if cell is not a column or row header', () => {
     fixtureSetup(tableFixture);
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#cell1');
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#cell1');
     assert.isFalse(table.isHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if referenced by another cells headers attr', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="target">1</td><td headers="bar target foo"></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return true if referenced by another cells headers attr', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="target">1</td>
+          <td headers="bar target foo"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var target = document.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = document.querySelector('#target');
     fixtureSetup();
     assert.isTrue(table.isHeader(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return false otherwise', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="target">1</td><td headers="bar monkeys foo"></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+  it('should return false otherwise', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="target">1</td>
+          <td headers="bar monkeys foo"></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
 
-    var target = document.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = document.querySelector('#target');
     fixtureSetup();
     assert.isFalse(table.isHeader(target));
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/is-row-header.js b/test/commons/table/is-row-header.js
index 1422663b2..b76da62ba 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/is-row-header.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/is-row-header.js
@@ -1,45 +1,45 @@
-describe('table.isRowHeader', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('table.isRowHeader', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var table = axe.commons.table;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const table = axe.commons.table;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table>' +
-        '<tr>' +
-        '<th id="ch1">column header 1</th>' +
-        '<th scope="col" id="ch2">column header 2</th>' +
-        '</tr>' +
-        '<tr>' +
-        '<th id="rh1">row header 1</th>' +
-        '<td id="cell1">cell 1</td>' +
-        '</tr>' +
-        '<tr>' +
-        '<th scope="row" id="rh2">row header 2</th>' +
-        '<td id="cell2">cell 2</td>' +
-        '</tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="ch1">column header 1</th>
+          <th scope="col" id="ch2">column header 2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="rh1">row header 1</th>
+          <td id="cell1">cell 1</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="row" id="rh2">row header 2</th>
+          <td id="cell2">cell 2</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if not a row header', function () {
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#cell1');
+  it('returns false if not a row header', () => {
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#cell1');
     assert.isFalse(table.isRowHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if scope="auto"', function () {
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#rh1');
+  it('returns true if scope="auto"', () => {
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#rh1');
     assert.isTrue(table.isRowHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if scope="col"', function () {
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#ch1');
+  it('returns false if scope="col"', () => {
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#ch1');
     assert.isFalse(table.isRowHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if scope="row"', function () {
-    var cell = document.querySelector('#rh2');
+  it('returns true if scope="row"', () => {
+    const cell = document.querySelector('#rh2');
     assert.isTrue(table.isRowHeader(cell));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/to-grid.js b/test/commons/table/to-grid.js
index c23724e51..53a092735 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/to-grid.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/to-grid.js
@@ -1,23 +1,30 @@
-describe('table.toGrid', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('table.toGrid', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   function $id(id) {
     return document.getElementById(id);
   }
 
-  var fixture = $id('fixture');
+  const fixture = $id('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should work', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t1">2</td><td id="t2">ok</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t3">2</td><td id="t4">ok</td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('table');
+  it('should work', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t1">2</td>
+          <td id="t2">ok</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t3">2</td>
+          <td id="t4">ok</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('table');
 
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.toGrid(target), [
       [$id('t1'), $id('t2')],
@@ -25,14 +32,20 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should have cells with a width > 1 span more than one position', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t1" colspan="2">2</td><td id="t2">ok</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t3" colspan="3">2</td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('table');
+  it('should have cells with a width > 1 span more than one position', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t1" colspan="2">2</td>
+          <td id="t2">ok</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t3" colspan="3">2</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('table');
 
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.toGrid(target), [
       [$id('t1'), $id('t1'), $id('t2')],
@@ -40,14 +53,22 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should have cells with height > 1 occupy more than one row', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t1">2</td><td rowspan="2" id="t2">ok</td><td id="t3"></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t4">4</td><td id="t5">5</td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('table');
+  it('should have cells with height > 1 occupy more than one row', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t1">2</td>
+          <td rowspan="2" id="t2">ok</td>
+          <td id="t3"></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t4">4</td>
+          <td id="t5">5</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('table');
 
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.toGrid(target), [
       [$id('t1'), $id('t2'), $id('t3')],
@@ -55,14 +76,20 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should work with both col and rowspans', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t1" rowspan="2" colspan="2">2</td><td id="t2">ok</td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t3">ok</td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('table');
+  it('should work with both col and rowspans', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t1" rowspan="2" colspan="2">2</td>
+          <td id="t2">ok</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t3">ok</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('table');
 
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.toGrid(target), [
       [$id('t1'), $id('t1'), $id('t2')],
@@ -70,14 +97,22 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle rowspan=0', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t1">2</td><td rowspan="0" id="t2">ok</td><td id="t3"></td></tr>' +
-      '<tr><td id="t4">4</td><td id="t5">5</td></tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('table');
+  it('should handle rowspan=0', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t1">2</td>
+          <td rowspan="0" id="t2">ok</td>
+          <td id="t3"></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t4">4</td>
+          <td id="t5">5</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('table');
 
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.toGrid(target), [
       [$id('t1'), $id('t2'), $id('t3')],
@@ -85,11 +120,17 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should insert an empty array for empty rows', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<table>' + '<tr></tr>' + '<tr><td id="t1">ok</td></tr>' + '</table>';
-
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('table');
+  it('should insert an empty array for empty rows', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <table>
+        <tr></tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td id="t1">ok</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `;
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('table');
 
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.toGrid(target), [[], [$id('t1')]]);
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/traverse.js b/test/commons/table/traverse.js
index 4fc0079e8..a34256cb7 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/traverse.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/traverse.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* global fixture */
-describe('table.traverse', function () {
-  var table, dummyTable, topRight, bottomLeft;
-  beforeEach(function () {
+describe('table.traverse', () => {
+  let table, dummyTable, topRight, bottomLeft;
+  beforeEach(() => {
     table = axe.commons.table;
     dummyTable = [
       ['1a', '1b', '1c'],
@@ -12,92 +12,92 @@ describe('table.traverse', function () {
     bottomLeft = { x: 2, y: 2 };
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('traverses in the `right` direction', function () {
-    var iterations = 0;
-    var expect = ['1b', '1c'];
+  it('traverses in the `right` direction', () => {
+    let iterations = 0;
+    const expect = ['1b', '1c'];
 
-    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, topRight, dummyTable, function (cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, topRight, dummyTable, cell => {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
     assert.equal(iterations, expect.length);
   });
 
-  it('returns an array of traversed cells', function () {
-    var result = table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, topRight, dummyTable);
+  it('returns an array of traversed cells', () => {
+    const result = table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, topRight, dummyTable);
     assert.deepEqual(result, ['1b', '1c']);
   });
 
-  it('traverses in the `down` direction', function () {
-    var iterations = 0;
-    var expect = ['2a', '3a'];
+  it('traverses in the `down` direction', () => {
+    let iterations = 0;
+    const expect = ['2a', '3a'];
 
-    table.traverse({ x: 0, y: 1 }, topRight, dummyTable, function (cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: 0, y: 1 }, topRight, dummyTable, cell => {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
     assert.equal(iterations, expect.length);
   });
 
-  it('traverses in the `left` direction', function () {
-    var iterations = 0;
-    var expect = ['3b', '3a'];
+  it('traverses in the `left` direction', () => {
+    let iterations = 0;
+    const expect = ['3b', '3a'];
 
-    table.traverse({ x: -1, y: 0 }, bottomLeft, dummyTable, function (cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: -1, y: 0 }, bottomLeft, dummyTable, cell => {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
     assert.equal(iterations, expect.length);
   });
 
-  it('traverses in the `up` direction', function () {
-    var iterations = 0;
-    var expect = ['2c', '1c'];
+  it('traverses in the `up` direction', () => {
+    let iterations = 0;
+    const expect = ['2c', '1c'];
 
-    table.traverse({ x: 0, y: -1 }, bottomLeft, dummyTable, function (cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: 0, y: -1 }, bottomLeft, dummyTable, cell => {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
     assert.equal(iterations, expect.length);
   });
 
-  it('takes string values as directions', function () {
-    var iterations = 0;
-    var expect = ['1b', '1c'];
-    table.traverse('right', topRight, dummyTable, function (cell) {
+  it('takes string values as directions', () => {
+    let iterations = 0;
+    let expect = ['1b', '1c'];
+    table.traverse('right', topRight, dummyTable, cell => {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
 
     iterations = 0;
     expect = ['2a', '3a'];
-    table.traverse('down', topRight, dummyTable, function (cell) {
+    table.traverse('down', topRight, dummyTable, cell => {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
 
     iterations = 0;
     expect = ['3b', '3a'];
-    table.traverse('left', bottomLeft, dummyTable, function (cell) {
+    table.traverse('left', bottomLeft, dummyTable, cell => {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
 
     iterations = 0;
     expect = ['2c', '1c'];
-    table.traverse('up', bottomLeft, dummyTable, function (cell) {
+    table.traverse('up', bottomLeft, dummyTable, cell => {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
   });
 
-  it('stops when the callback returned true', function () {
-    var iterations = 0;
-    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 1 }, topRight, dummyTable, function (cell) {
+  it('stops when the callback returned true', () => {
+    let iterations = 0;
+    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 1 }, topRight, dummyTable, cell => {
       assert.equal(cell, '2b'); // or not, to be?
       iterations += 1;
       return true;
@@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ describe('table.traverse', function () {
     assert.equal(iterations, 1);
   });
 
-  it('starts at top-right of no position is given', function () {
-    var iterations = 0;
-    var expect = ['1b', '1c'];
+  it('starts at top-right of no position is given', () => {
+    let iterations = 0;
+    const expect = ['1b', '1c'];
 
-    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, dummyTable, function (cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, dummyTable, cell => {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/accessible-text.js b/test/commons/text/accessible-text.js
index fd0552f0c..6c65726bd 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/accessible-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/accessible-text.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  const { html, shadowSupport } = axe.testUtils;
+  const { html } = axe.testUtils;
 
   afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
@@ -759,102 +759,87 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     }
   );
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should only find aria-labelledby element in the same context ',
-    () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = html`
-        <div id="t2label">
-          This is
-          <input
-            type="text"
-            value="the value"
-            aria-labelledby="t1label"
-            aria-label="ARIA Label"
-            id="t1"
-          />
-          of <i>everything</i>
-        </div>
-        <div id="shadow"></div>
-      `;
+  it('should only find aria-labelledby element in the same context ', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <input
+          type="text"
+          value="the value"
+          aria-labelledby="t1label"
+          aria-label="ARIA Label"
+          id="t1"
+        />
+        of <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="shadow"></div>
+    `;
 
-      const shadow = document
-        .getElementById('shadow')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = html`
-        <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
-        <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
-        <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
-      `;
+    const shadow = document
+      .getElementById('shadow')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
-      assert.equal(
-        axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
-        'ARIA Label'
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
+    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'ARIA Label');
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should find attributes within a shadow tree',
-    () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = html` <div id="shadow"></div> `;
+  it('should find attributes within a shadow tree', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <div id="shadow"></div> `;
 
-      const shadow = document
-        .getElementById('shadow')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="t1" title="I will be king">';
+    const shadow = document
+      .getElementById('shadow')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="t1" title="I will be king">';
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
-      assert.equal(
-        axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
-        'I will be king'
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+    assert.equal(
+      axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
+      'I will be king'
+    );
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should find attributes within a slot on the shadow tree',
-    () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="shadow"><input type="text" id="t1" title="you will be queen"></div>';
+  it('should find attributes within a slot on the shadow tree', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="shadow"><input type="text" id="t1" title="you will be queen"></div>';
 
-      const shadow = document
-        .getElementById('shadow')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = '<slot></slot>';
+    const shadow = document
+      .getElementById('shadow')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = '<slot></slot>';
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
-      assert.equal(
-        axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
-        'you will be queen'
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+    assert.equal(
+      axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
+      'you will be queen'
+    );
+  });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should find fallback content for shadow DOM',
-    () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = html` <div id="shadow"></div> `;
+  it('should find fallback content for shadow DOM', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <div id="shadow"></div> `;
 
-      const shadow = document
-        .getElementById('shadow')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML = html`
-        <input type="text" id="t1" />
-        <label for="t1"><slot>Fallback content heroes</slot></label>
-      `;
+    const shadow = document
+      .getElementById('shadow')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = html`
+      <input type="text" id="t1" />
+      <label for="t1"><slot>Fallback content heroes</slot></label>
+    `;
 
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
-      assert.equal(
-        axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
-        'Fallback content heroes'
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+    assert.equal(
+      axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
+      'Fallback content heroes'
+    );
+  });
 
   describe('figure', () => {
     it('should check aria-labelledby', () => {
@@ -916,21 +901,18 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-      'should check within the composed (shadow) tree',
-      () => {
-        const node = document.createElement('div');
-        node.innerHTML = 'Hello';
-        const shadowRoot = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadowRoot.innerHTML =
-          '<figure>Not part of a11yName <figcaption><slot></slot></figcaption></figure>';
-        fixture.appendChild(node);
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    it('should check within the composed (shadow) tree', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
+      node.innerHTML = 'Hello';
+      const shadowRoot = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadowRoot.innerHTML =
+        '<figure>Not part of a11yName <figcaption><slot></slot></figcaption></figure>';
+      fixture.appendChild(node);
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
-        assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
-      }
-    );
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
+      assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
+    });
   });
 
   describe('img', () => {
@@ -1144,8 +1126,8 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     const types = ['text', 'password', 'search', 'tel', 'email', 'url', null];
 
     it('should find aria-labelledby', () => {
-      types.forEach(function (type) {
-        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
+      types.forEach(type => {
+        const t = type ? ` type="${type}"` : '';
         fixture.innerHTML = html`
           <div id="t1">Hello</div>
           <div id="t2">World</div>
@@ -1163,9 +1145,9 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find aria-label', () => {
-      types.forEach(function (type) {
-        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<input ${t} aria-label="Hello World">`;
+      types.forEach(type => {
+        const t = type ? ` type="${type}"` : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<input ${t} aria-label="Hello World" />`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
         const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
@@ -1178,9 +1160,11 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find an implicit label', () => {
-      types.forEach(function (type) {
-        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<label for="t1">Hello World<input ${t}></label>`;
+      types.forEach(type => {
+        const t = type ? ` type="${type}"` : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<label for="t1"
+          >Hello World<input ${t}
+        /></label>`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
         const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
@@ -1193,9 +1177,10 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find an explicit label', () => {
-      types.forEach(function (type) {
-        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<label for="t1">Hello World</label><input ${t} id="t1">`;
+      types.forEach(type => {
+        const t = type ? ` type="${type}"` : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<label for="t1">Hello World</label
+          ><input ${t} id="t1" />`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
         const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
@@ -1208,9 +1193,11 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find implicit labels with id that does not match to a label', () => {
-      types.forEach(function (type) {
-        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<label for="t1">Hello World<input ${t} id="foo"></label>`;
+      types.forEach(type => {
+        const t = type ? ` type="${type}"` : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<label for="t1"
+          >Hello World<input ${t} id="foo"
+        /></label>`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
         const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
@@ -1223,9 +1210,9 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find a placeholder attribute', () => {
-      types.forEach(function (type) {
-        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<input ${t} placeholder="Hello World">`;
+      types.forEach(type => {
+        const t = type ? ` type="${type}"` : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<input ${t} placeholder="Hello World" />`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
         const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
@@ -1238,9 +1225,9 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find a title attribute', () => {
-      types.forEach(function (type) {
-        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<input ${t} title="Hello World">`;
+      types.forEach(type => {
+        const t = type ? ` type="${type}"` : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<input ${t} title="Hello World" />`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
         const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
@@ -1253,9 +1240,9 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should otherwise be empty string', () => {
-      types.forEach(function (type) {
-        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<input ${t}>`;
+      types.forEach(type => {
+        const t = type ? ` type="${type}"` : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<input ${t} />`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
         const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
@@ -1294,7 +1281,9 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find an implicit label', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `<label for="t1">Hello World<textarea></textarea></label>`;
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<label for="t1"
+        >Hello World<textarea></textarea>
+      </label>`;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
       const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
@@ -1305,7 +1294,8 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find an explicit label', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `<label for="t1">Hello World</label><textarea id="t1"></textarea>`;
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<label for="t1">Hello World</label
+        ><textarea id="t1"></textarea>`;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
       const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
@@ -1579,7 +1569,7 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     ];
 
     it('should find aria-labelledby', () => {
-      tags.forEach(function (tag) {
+      tags.forEach(tag => {
         fixture.innerHTML = html`
           <div id="t1">Hello</div>
           <div id="t2">World</div>
@@ -1599,7 +1589,7 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find aria-label', () => {
-      tags.forEach(function (tag) {
+      tags.forEach(tag => {
         const elm = document.createElement(tag);
         elm.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Hello World');
         elm.style.display = 'inline'; // Firefox hack, see above
@@ -1613,7 +1603,7 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find a title attribute', () => {
-      tags.forEach(function (tag) {
+      tags.forEach(tag => {
         const elm = document.createElement(tag);
         elm.setAttribute('title', 'Hello World');
         elm.style.display = 'inline'; // Firefox hack, see above
@@ -1627,7 +1617,7 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
 
     it('should otherwise be empty string', () => {
-      tags.forEach(function (tag) {
+      tags.forEach(tag => {
         fixture.innerHTML = `<${tag}></${tag}>`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
@@ -1649,8 +1639,48 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
     });
   });
 
+  describe('natively hidden elements', () => {
+    const tags = ['style', 'script', 'noscript', 'template'];
+
+    it('should not use content as accessible name when directly referenced by aria-labelledby', () => {
+      tags.forEach(tag => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<div id="t1" aria-labelledby="el-id"></div><${tag} id="el-id">content</${tag}>`;
+        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
+        assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '', tag);
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should not use content when inside a hidden container referenced by aria-labelledby', () => {
+      tags.forEach(tag => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`
+  <div id="t1" aria-labelledby="hidden-container"></div>
+  <div id="hidden-container" aria-hidden="true">
+    <${tag}>content</${tag}>
+    Expected label
+  </div>
+`;
+        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
+        assert.equal(
+          axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
+          'Expected label',
+          tag
+        );
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should ignore aria-label as accessible name when directly referenced by aria-labelledby', () => {
+      tags.forEach(tag => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<div id="t1" aria-labelledby="el-id"></div><${tag} id="el-id" aria-label="aria-label"></${tag}>`;
+        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
+        assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '', tag);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
   describe('text.accessibleText acceptance tests', () => {
-    'use strict';
     // Tests borrowed from the AccName 1.1 testing docs
     // https://www.w3.org/wiki/AccName_1.1_Testable_Statements#Name_test_case_539
 
diff --git a/test/commons/text/form-control-value.js b/test/commons/text/form-control-value.js
index 96552ec35..e31b502c9 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/form-control-value.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/form-control-value.js
@@ -91,19 +91,22 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', () => {
       };
       fixtureSetup(
         Object.keys(formData).reduce((code, fieldType) => {
-          return `${code}<input type="${fieldType}" value="${formData[fieldType]}">`;
+          return html`${code}<input
+              type="${fieldType}"
+              value="${formData[fieldType]}"
+            />`;
         }, '')
       );
       axe.utils
         .querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture input')
-        .forEach(function (target) {
+        .forEach(target => {
           const expected = formData[getNodeType(target.actualNode)];
           assert.isDefined(expected);
           const actual = nativeTextboxValue(target);
           assert.equal(
             actual,
             expected,
-            'Expected value for ' + target.actualNode.outerHTML
+            `Expected value for ${target.actualNode.outerHTML}`
           );
         });
     });
@@ -123,7 +126,7 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', () => {
       `);
       axe.utils
         .querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture input')
-        .forEach(function (target) {
+        .forEach(target => {
           // Safari and IE11 do not support the color input type
           // and thus treat them as text inputs. ignore fallback
           // inputs
@@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', () => {
           assert.equal(
             nativeTextboxValue(target),
             '',
-            'Expected no value for ' + target.actualNode.outerHTML
+            `Expected no value for ${target.actualNode.outerHTML}`
           );
         });
     });
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', () => {
     it('returns `` for other elements', () => {
       // some random elements:
       ['div', 'span', 'h1', 'output', 'summary', 'style', 'template'].forEach(
-        function (nodeName) {
+        nodeName => {
           const target = document.createElement(nodeName);
           target.value = 'foo'; // That shouldn't do anything
           fixture.appendChild(target);
@@ -232,7 +235,7 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', () => {
     it('returns `` for other elements', () => {
       // some random elements:
       ['div', 'span', 'h1', 'output', 'summary', 'style', 'template'].forEach(
-        function (nodeName) {
+        nodeName => {
           const target = document.createElement(nodeName);
           target.value = 'foo'; // That shouldn't do anything
           fixture.appendChild(target);
@@ -454,7 +457,7 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', () => {
 
     it('returns `` for elements without role=combobox', () => {
       const target = queryFixture(
-        `<div role="combobox">${comboboxContent}</div>`,
+        html`<div role="combobox">${comboboxContent}</div>`,
         '[role=listbox]'
       );
       assert.equal(ariaComboboxValue(target), '');
@@ -469,8 +472,8 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', () => {
 
     it('passes aria-owned listbox to `ariaListboxValue` and returns its result', () => {
       const target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-owns="text list"></div>' +
-          comboboxContent
+        html`<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-owns="text list"></div>
+          ${comboboxContent}`
       );
       assert.equal(ariaComboboxValue(target), 'bar');
     });
@@ -486,8 +489,8 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', () => {
       assert.equal(ariaRangeValue(target), '');
     });
 
-    rangeRoles.forEach(function (role) {
-      describe('with ' + role, () => {
+    rangeRoles.forEach(role => {
+      describe(`with ${role}`, () => {
         it('returns the result of aria-valuenow', () => {
           const target = queryFixture(html`
             <div id="target" role="${role}" aria-valuenow="+123">foo</div>
diff --git a/test/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js b/test/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js
index 5a4c022a8..c7e1f3d75 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js
@@ -1,63 +1,76 @@
-describe('text.isHumanInterpretable', function () {
-  it('returns 0 when given string is empty', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('');
+describe('text.isHumanInterpretable', () => {
+  it('returns 0 when given string is empty', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('');
     assert.equal(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 when given string is a single character that is blacklisted as icon', function () {
-    var blacklistedIcons = ['x', 'i'];
-    blacklistedIcons.forEach(function (iconText) {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable(iconText);
+  it('returns 0 when given string is a single alpha character', () => {
+    const singleCharacterExamples = ['i', 'x', 'X', '×', ''];
+    singleCharacterExamples.forEach(characterExample => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable(characterExample);
       assert.equal(actual, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 when given string is only punctuations', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('?!!!,.');
+  it('returns 0 when given string is in the symbolic text characters set (blocklist)', () => {
+    const blocklistedSymbols = ['aA', 'Aa', 'abc', 'ABC'];
+    blocklistedSymbols.forEach(symbolicText => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable(symbolicText);
+      assert.equal(actual, 0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('returns 0 when given string is only punctuations', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('?!!!,.');
     assert.equal(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns 1 when given string has emoji as a part of the sentence', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('I like 🏀');
+  it('returns 1 when given string that has a number', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('7');
+    assert.equal(actual, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('returns 1 when given string has emoji as a part of the sentence', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('I like 🏀');
     assert.equal(actual, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns 1 when given string has non BMP character (eg: windings font) as part of the sentence', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('I ✂ my hair');
+  it('returns 1 when given string has non BMP character (eg: windings font) as part of the sentence', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('I ✂ my hair');
     assert.equal(actual, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns 1 when given string has both non BMP character, and emoji as part of the sentence', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable(
+  it('returns 1 when given string has both non BMP character, and emoji as part of the sentence', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable(
       'I ✂ my hair, and I like 🏀'
     );
     assert.equal(actual, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 when given string has only emoji', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('🏀🍔🍉🎅');
+  it('returns 0 when given string has only emoji', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('🏀🍔🍉🎅');
     assert.equal(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 when given string has only non BNP characters', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('⌛👓');
+  it('returns 0 when given string has only non BNP characters', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('⌛👓');
     assert.equal(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 when given string has combination of only non BNP characters and emojis', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('⌛👓🏀🍔🍉🎅');
+  it('returns 0 when given string has combination of only non BNP characters and emojis', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('⌛👓🏀🍔🍉🎅');
     assert.equal(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns 1 when given string is a punctuated sentence', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable(
+  it('returns 1 when given string is a punctuated sentence', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable(
       "I like football, but I prefer basketball; although I can't play either very well."
     );
     assert.equal(actual, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns 1 for a sentence without emoji or punctuations', function () {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('Earth is round');
+  it('returns 1 for a sentence without emoji or punctuations', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('Earth is round');
     assert.equal(actual, 1);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js b/test/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js
index 2da2ba8ba..3e1d93263 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 describe('text.isIconLigature', () => {
-  'use strict';
-
   const isIconLigature = axe.commons.text.isIconLigature;
   const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   const fontApiSupport = !!document.fonts;
diff --git a/test/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js b/test/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
index e9f4a4ddc..d32a846ad 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
@@ -206,4 +206,14 @@ describe('text.isValidAutocomplete', () => {
       );
     });
   });
+
+  describe('options.ignoredValues', () => {
+    it('returns undefined if value is invalid and ignored', () => {
+      assert.isUndefined(
+        isValidAutocomplete('bad-term', {
+          ignoredValues: ['bad-term']
+        })
+      );
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/label-text.js b/test/commons/text/label-text.js
index 2ee27154a..b0de912b0 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/label-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/label-text.js
@@ -1,118 +1,106 @@
-describe('text.labelText', function () {
-  var labelText = axe.commons.text.labelText;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('text.labelText', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const labelText = axe.commons.text.labelText;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  it('returns the text of an implicit label', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label>' + 'My implicit label<input id="target" />' + '</label>'
-    );
-    assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My implicit label');
+  it('returns the text of an implicit label', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <label> My implicit label<input id="target" /> </label>
+    `);
+    assert.equal(labelText(target), ' My implicit label ');
   });
 
-  it('returns the text of an explicit label', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label for="target">My explicit label</label>' + '<input id="target" />'
-    );
+  it('returns the text of an explicit label', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <label for="target">My explicit label</label><input id="target" />
+    `);
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My explicit label');
   });
 
-  it('ignores the text of nested implicit labels', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label>My outer label' +
-        '<label>My inner label' +
-        '<input id="target" />' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '</label>'
+  it('ignores the text of nested implicit labels', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<label
+        >My outer label<label>My inner label<input id="target" /></label
+      ></label>`
     );
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My inner label');
   });
 
-  it('concatinates multiple explicit labels', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label for="target">My label 1</label>' +
-        '<label for="target">My label 2</label>' +
-        '<input id="target" />'
+  it('concatinates multiple explicit labels', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<label for="target">My label 1</label
+        ><label for="target">My label 2</label><input id="target" />`
     );
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My label 1 My label 2');
   });
 
-  it('concatinates explicit and implicit labels', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label for="target">My explicit label</label>' +
-        '<label for="target">My implicit label' +
-        '<input id="target" />' +
-        '</label>'
+  it('concatinates explicit and implicit labels', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<label for="target">My explicit label</label
+        ><label for="target">My implicit label<input id="target" /></label>`
     );
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My explicit label My implicit label');
   });
 
-  it('returns label text in the DOM order', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label for="target">Label 1</label>' +
-        '<label for="target">My implicit ' +
-        '<label for="target">Label 2</label>' +
-        '<input id="target" />' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<label for="target">Label 3</label>'
+  it('returns label text in the DOM order', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<label for="target">Label 1</label
+        ><label for="target"
+          >My implicit <label for="target">Label 2</label
+          ><input id="target" /></label
+        ><label for="target">Label 3</label>`
     );
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'Label 1 My implicit Label 2 Label 3');
   });
 
-  it('does not return the same label twice', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label for="target">' +
-        'My implicit and explicit label' +
-        '<input id="target" />' +
-        '</label>'
+  it('does not return the same label twice', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<label for="target"
+        >My implicit and explicit label<input id="target"
+      /></label>`
     );
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My implicit and explicit label');
   });
 
-  it('ignores the value of a textbox', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label>My label' +
-        '<input value="without text" id="target" />' +
-        '</label>'
+  it('ignores the value of a textbox', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<label>My label<input value="without text" id="target" /></label>`
     );
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My label');
   });
 
-  it('ignores the content of a textarea', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label>My label' +
-        '<textarea id="target">Without text</textarea' +
-        '</label>'
+  it('ignores the content of a textarea', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<label>My label<textarea id="target">Without text</textarea></label>`
     );
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My label');
   });
 
-  it('ignores the options of a select element', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<label>My label' +
-        '<select id="target">' +
-        '<option selected>Without</option>' +
-        '<option>text</option>' +
-        '</select>' +
-        '</label>'
+  it('ignores the options of a select element', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<label
+        >My label<select id="target">
+          <option selected>Without</option>
+          <option>text</option>
+        </select></label
+      >`
     );
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My label');
   });
 
-  describe('with context = { inControlContext: true }', function () {
-    it('returns `` ', function () {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<label for="target">My explicit label</label>' +
-          '<input id="target" />'
+  describe('with context = { inControlContext: true }', () => {
+    it('returns `` ', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        html`<label for="target">My explicit label</label><input id="target" />`
       );
       assert.equal(labelText(target, { inControlContext: true }), '');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with context = { inLabelledByContext: true }', function () {
-    it('returns `` ', function () {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<label for="target">My explicit label</label>' +
-          '<input id="target" />'
+  describe('with context = { inLabelledByContext: true }', () => {
+    it('returns `` ', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        html`<label for="target">My explicit label</label><input id="target" />`
       );
       assert.equal(labelText(target, { inLabelledByContext: true }), '');
     });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/label-virtual.js b/test/commons/text/label-virtual.js
index f7b3ec814..1674dba89 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/label-virtual.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/label-virtual.js
@@ -1,167 +1,196 @@
-describe('text.labelVirtual', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('text.labelVirtual', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  afterEach(function () {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is called from text.label', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
-      '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">';
+  it('is called from text.label', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="monkeys">monkeys</div>
+      <div id="bananas">bananas</div>
+      <input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" />
+    `;
 
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.label(target), 'monkeys bananas');
   });
 
-  describe('aria-labelledby', function () {
-    it('should join text with a single space', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
-        '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">';
+  describe('aria-labelledby', () => {
+    it('should join text with a single space', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="monkeys">monkeys</div>
+        <div id="bananas">bananas</div>
+        <input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" />
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should filter invisible elements', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas" style="display: none">bananas</div>' +
-        '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">';
+    it('should filter invisible elements', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="monkeys">monkeys</div>
+        <div id="bananas" style="display: none">bananas</div>
+        <input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" />
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over aria-label', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
-        '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" aria-label="nope">';
-
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    it('should take precedence over aria-label', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="monkeys">monkeys</div>
+        <div id="bananas">bananas</div>
+        <input
+          id="target"
+          aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas"
+          aria-label="nope"
+        />
+      `;
+
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over explicit labels', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
-        '<label for="target">nope</label>' +
-        '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">';
+    it('should take precedence over explicit labels', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="monkeys">monkeys</div>
+        <div id="bananas">bananas</div>
+        <label for="target">nope</label>
+        <input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" />
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
-        '<label>nope' +
-        '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas"></label>';
-
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="monkeys">monkeys</div>
+        <div id="bananas">bananas</div>
+        <label
+          >nope <input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas"
+        /></label>
+      `;
+
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="monkeys">	\n  </div><div id="bananas"></div>' +
-        '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">';
+    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="monkeys"></div>
+        <div id="bananas"></div>
+        <input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" />
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.isNull(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('aria-label', function () {
-    it('should detect it', function () {
+  describe('aria-label', () => {
+    it('should detect it', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" aria-label="monkeys">';
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function () {
+    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" aria-label="   \n	">';
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.isNull(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target));
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over explicit labels', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="target">nope</label>' +
-        '<input id="target" aria-label="monkeys">';
+    it('should take precedence over explicit labels', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="target">nope</label>
+        <input id="target" aria-label="monkeys" />
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label>nope' + '<input id="target" aria-label="monkeys"></label>';
+    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label>nope <input id="target" aria-label="monkeys" /></label>
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('explicit label', function () {
-    it('should detect it', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="target">monkeys</label>' + '<input id="target">';
+  describe('explicit label', () => {
+    it('should detect it', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="target">monkeys</label>
+        <input id="target" />
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only or empty labels', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="target">	\n\r  </label>' + '<input id="target">';
+    it('should ignore whitespace only or empty labels', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="target"> </label>
+        <input id="target" />
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.isNull(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target));
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="target">monkeys</label>' +
-        '<label>nope' +
-        '<input id="target"></label>';
+    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="target">monkeys</label>
+        <label>nope <input id="target" /></label>
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('implicit label', function () {
-    it('should detect it', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<label>monkeys' + '<input id="target"><label>';
+  describe('implicit label', () => {
+    it('should detect it', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label>monkeys <input id="target" /><label> </label></label>
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only or empty labels', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<label> ' + '<input id="target"><label>';
+    it('should ignore whitespace only or empty labels', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label> <input id="target" /><label> </label></label>
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+      const tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
       assert.isNull(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target));
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js b/test/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js
index e501c3b9a..776882066 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js
@@ -1,47 +1,47 @@
-describe('text.nativeTextAlternative', function () {
-  var text = axe.commons.text;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var nativeTextAlternative = text.nativeTextAlternative;
+describe('text.nativeTextAlternative', () => {
+  const text = axe.commons.text;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const nativeTextAlternative = text.nativeTextAlternative;
 
-  it('runs accessible text methods specified for the native element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">foo</button>');
+  it('runs accessible text methods specified for the native element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">foo</button>');
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(vNode), 'foo');
   });
 
-  it('returns the accessible text of the first method that returns something', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns the accessible text of the first method that returns something', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="image" alt="foo" value="bar" title="baz">'
     );
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(vNode), 'foo');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when no method matches', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">baz</div>');
+  it('returns `` when no method matches', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">baz</div>');
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(vNode), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when no accessible text method returned something', function () {
-    var div = queryFixture('<div id="target">baz</div>');
+  it('returns `` when no accessible text method returned something', () => {
+    const div = queryFixture('<div id="target">baz</div>');
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(div), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when the node is not an element', function () {
+  it('returns `` when the node is not an element', () => {
     fixtureSetup('foo bar baz');
-    var fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
+    const fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
     assert.equal(fixture.children[0].actualNode.nodeType, 3);
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(fixture.children[0]), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when the element has role=presentation', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns `` when the element has role=presentation', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<img id="target" alt="foo" role="presentation" />'
     );
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(vNode), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when the element has role=none', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="foo" role="none" />');
+  it('returns `` when the element has role=none', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="foo" role="none" />');
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(vNode), '');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js b/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
index 7cc6efc32..ed23d68e3 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('text.nativeTextMethods', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const text = axe.commons.text;
   const nativeTextMethods = text.nativeTextMethods;
   const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
@@ -21,12 +22,12 @@ describe('text.nativeTextMethods', () => {
   describe('buttonDefaultText', () => {
     const buttonDefaultText = nativeTextMethods.buttonDefaultText;
     it('returns the default button text', () => {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<input type="submit" />' +
-          '<input type="image" />' +
-          '<input type="reset" />' +
-          '<input type="button" />'
-      );
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <input type="submit" />
+        <input type="image" />
+        <input type="reset" />
+        <input type="button" />
+      `);
       const inputs = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input');
       assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[0]), 'Submit');
       assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[1]), 'Submit');
@@ -39,6 +40,20 @@ describe('text.nativeTextMethods', () => {
       const input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(input), '');
     });
+
+    it('returns the default button text with mixed-case types', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <input type="SUBMIT" />
+        <input type="ImAGE" />
+        <input type="ResET" />
+        <input type="buTTON" />
+      `);
+      const inputs = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input');
+      assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[0]), 'Submit');
+      assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[1]), 'Submit');
+      assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[2]), 'Reset');
+      assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[3]), '');
+    });
   });
 
   describe('altText', () => {
@@ -59,34 +74,34 @@ describe('text.nativeTextMethods', () => {
   describe('figureText', () => {
     it('returns the figcaption text', () => {
       const figureText = nativeTextMethods.figureText;
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<figure>' +
-          '  <figcaption>My caption</figcaption>' +
-          '  some content' +
-          '</figure>'
-      );
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <figure>
+          <figcaption>My caption</figcaption>
+          some content
+        </figure>
+      `);
       const figure = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'figure')[0];
       assert.equal(figureText(figure), 'My caption');
     });
 
     it('returns `` when there is no figcaption', () => {
       const figureText = nativeTextMethods.figureText;
-      fixtureSetup('<figure>' + '  some content' + '</figure>');
+      fixtureSetup(html` <figure>some content</figure> `);
       const figure = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'figure')[0];
       assert.equal(figureText(figure), '');
     });
 
     it('returns `` when if the figcaption is nested in another figure', () => {
       const figureText = nativeTextMethods.figureText;
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<figure id="fig1">' +
-          '  <figure>' +
-          '    <figcaption>No caption</figcaption>' +
-          '    some content' +
-          '  </figure>' +
-          '  some other content' +
-          '</figure>'
-      );
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <figure id="fig1">
+          <figure>
+            <figcaption>No caption</figcaption>
+            some content
+          </figure>
+          some other content
+        </figure>
+      `);
       const figure = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fig1')[0];
       assert.equal(figureText(figure), '');
     });
@@ -95,40 +110,50 @@ describe('text.nativeTextMethods', () => {
   describe('tableCaptionText', () => {
     const tableCaptionText = nativeTextMethods.tableCaptionText;
     it('returns the table caption text', () => {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<table>' +
-          '  <caption>My caption</caption>' +
-          '  <tr><th>heading</th></tr>' +
-          '  <tr><td>data</td></tr>' +
-          '</table>'
-      );
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <table>
+          <caption>
+            My caption
+          </caption>
+          <tr>
+            <th>heading</th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td>data</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `);
       const table = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
       assert.equal(tableCaptionText(table), 'My caption');
     });
 
     it('returns `` when there is no caption', () => {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<table>' +
-          '  <tr><th>heading</th></tr>' +
-          '  <tr><td>data</td></tr>' +
-          '</table>'
-      );
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <th>heading</th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td>data</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      `);
       const table = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
       assert.equal(tableCaptionText(table), '');
     });
 
     it('returns `` when if the caption is nested in another table', () => {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<table id="tbl1">' +
-          '  <tr><td>' +
-          '    <table>' +
-          '      <caption>My caption</caption>' +
-          '      <tr><th>heading</th></tr>' +
-          '      <tr><td>data</td></tr>' +
-          '    </table>' +
-          '  </th></tr>' +
-          '</table>'
-      );
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <table id="tbl1">
+          <tr><td>
+            <table>
+              <caption>My caption</caption>
+              <tr><th>heading</th></tr>
+              <tr><td>data</td></tr>
+            </table>
+          </th></tr>
+        </table>
+      `);
       const table = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#tbl1')[0];
       assert.equal(tableCaptionText(table), '');
     });
@@ -137,34 +162,34 @@ describe('text.nativeTextMethods', () => {
   describe('fieldsetLegendText', () => {
     it('returns the legend text', () => {
       const fieldsetLegendText = nativeTextMethods.fieldsetLegendText;
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<fieldset>' +
-          '  <legend>My legend</legend>' +
-          '  some content' +
-          '</fieldset>'
-      );
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <fieldset>
+          <legend>My legend</legend>
+          some content
+        </fieldset>
+      `);
       const fieldset = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'fieldset')[0];
       assert.equal(fieldsetLegendText(fieldset), 'My legend');
     });
 
     it('returns `` when there is no legend', () => {
       const fieldsetLegendText = nativeTextMethods.fieldsetLegendText;
-      fixtureSetup('<fieldset>' + '  some content' + '</fieldset>');
+      fixtureSetup(html` <fieldset>some content</fieldset> `);
       const fieldset = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'fieldset')[0];
       assert.equal(fieldsetLegendText(fieldset), '');
     });
 
     it('returns `` when if the legend is nested in another fieldset', () => {
       const fieldsetLegendText = nativeTextMethods.fieldsetLegendText;
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<fieldset id="fig1">' +
-          '  <fieldset>' +
-          '    <legend>No legend</legend>' +
-          '    some content' +
-          '  </fieldset>' +
-          '  some other content' +
-          '</fieldset>'
-      );
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <fieldset id="fig1">
+          <fieldset>
+            <legend>No legend</legend>
+            some content
+          </fieldset>
+          some other content
+        </fieldset>
+      `);
       const fieldset = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fig1')[0];
       assert.equal(fieldsetLegendText(fieldset), '');
     });
@@ -173,35 +198,34 @@ describe('text.nativeTextMethods', () => {
   describe('svgTitleText', () => {
     const svgTitleText = nativeTextMethods.svgTitleText;
     it('returns the title text', () => {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<svg>' + '  <title>My title</title>' + '  some content' + '</svg>'
-      );
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <svg>
+          <title>My title</title>
+          some content
+        </svg>
+      `);
       const svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'svg')[0];
       assert.equal(svgTitleText(svg), 'My title');
     });
 
     it('returns `` when there is no title', () => {
-      it('returns the title text', () => {
-        fixtureSetup('<svg>' + '  some content' + '</svg>');
-        const svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'svg')[0];
-        assert.equal(svgTitleText(svg), '');
-      });
+      fixtureSetup(html` <svg>some content</svg> `);
+      const svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'svg')[0];
+      assert.equal(svgTitleText(svg), '');
     });
 
     it('returns `` when if the title is nested in another svg', () => {
-      it('returns the title text', () => {
-        fixtureSetup(
-          '<svg id="fig1">' +
-            '  <svg>' +
-            '    <title>No title</title>' +
-            '    some content' +
-            '  </svg>' +
-            '  some other content' +
-            '</svg>'
-        );
-        const svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fig1')[0];
-        assert.equal(svgTitleText(svg), '');
-      });
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <svg id="fig1">
+          <svg>
+            <title>No title</title>
+            some content
+          </svg>
+          some other content
+        </svg>
+      `);
+      const svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fig1')[0];
+      assert.equal(svgTitleText(svg), '');
     });
   });
 
diff --git a/test/commons/text/sanitize.js b/test/commons/text/sanitize.js
index 91b66cafd..30dfb76b2 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/sanitize.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/sanitize.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-describe('text.sanitize', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should collapse whitespace and trim', function () {
+describe('text.sanitize', () => {
+  it('should collapse whitespace and trim', () => {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('\thi\t'), 'hi');
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('\t\nhi \t'), 'hi');
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('\thi \n\t '), 'hi');
@@ -9,7 +7,7 @@ describe('text.sanitize', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('hello\u00A0there'), 'hello there');
   });
 
-  it('should accept null', function () {
+  it('should accept null', () => {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize(null), '');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/subtree-text.js b/test/commons/text/subtree-text.js
index 09b5cc41d..13f4f85c8 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/subtree-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/subtree-text.js
@@ -16,35 +16,33 @@ describe('text.subtreeText', () => {
 
   it('adds spacing around "block-like" elements', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
-      '<div>foo</div>' +
-        '<h1>bar</h1>' +
-        '<p>baz</p>' +
-        '<blockquote>fizz</blockquote>' +
-        '<pre>buzz</pre>'
+      `<div>foo</div>` +
+        `<h1>bar</h1>` +
+        `<p>baz</p>` +
+        `<blockquote>fizz</blockquote>` +
+        `<pre>buzz</pre>`
     );
     const fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
     assert.equal(subtreeText(fixture), 'foo bar baz fizz buzz ');
   });
 
   it('does not add spacing around "inline-like" elements', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<a>foo</a>' + '<b>bar</b>' + '<i>baz</i>' + '<s>fizz</s>' + '<u>buzz</u>'
-    );
+    fixtureSetup(`<a>foo</a><b>bar</b><i>baz</i><s>fizz</s><u>buzz</u>`);
     const fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
     assert.equal(subtreeText(fixture), 'foobarbazfizzbuzz');
   });
 
   it('returns `` for embedded content', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
-      '<video>foo</video>' +
-        '<audio>foo</audio>' +
-        '<canvas>foo</canvas>' +
-        '<iframe>foo</iframe>' +
-        '<svg>foo</svg>'
+      `<video>foo</video>` +
+        `<audio>foo</audio>` +
+        `<canvas>foo</canvas>` +
+        `<iframe>foo</iframe>` +
+        `<svg>foo</svg>`
     );
     const children = axe._tree[0].children;
     assert.lengthOf(children, 5);
-    children.forEach(function (embeddedContent) {
+    children.forEach(embeddedContent => {
       assert.equal(subtreeText(embeddedContent), '');
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/unicode.js b/test/commons/text/unicode.js
index 819e01d27..35f3115bc 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/unicode.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/unicode.js
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ describe('text.hasUnicode', () => {
     });
 
     it('returns true for strings with money signs and odd symbols', () => {
-      ['£', '¢', '¥', '€', '§', '±'].forEach(function (str) {
+      ['£', '¢', '¥', '€', '§', '±'].forEach(str => {
         const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode(str, {
           punctuations: true
         });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js b/test/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js
index 3d8b46b86..ef71e4140 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js
@@ -1,110 +1,110 @@
-describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('text.visibleTextNodes', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const visibleTextNodes = axe.commons.text.visibleTextNodes;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var visibleTextNodes = axe.commons.text.visibleTextNodes;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should handle multiple text nodes to a single parent', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should handle multiple text nodes to a single parent', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">Hello<span>Hi</span>Goodbye</div>'
     );
-    var nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
+    const nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
     assert.equal(nodes.length, 3);
     assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hello');
     assert.equal(nodes[1].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hi');
     assert.equal(nodes[2].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Goodbye');
   });
 
-  it('should handle recursive calls', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should handle recursive calls', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">Hello<span><span>Hi</span></span></div>'
     );
-    var nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
+    const nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
     assert.equal(nodes.length, 2);
     assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hello');
     assert.equal(nodes[1].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hi');
   });
 
-  it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">Hello<span style="visibility: hidden;">Hi</span></div>'
     );
-    var nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
+    const nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
     assert.equal(nodes.length, 1);
     assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should know how visibility works', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target">Hello<span style="visibility: hidden;">' +
-        '<span style="visibility: visible;">Hi</span>' +
-        '</span></div>'
+  it('should know how visibility works', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      `<div id="target">` +
+        `Hello` +
+        `<span style="visibility: hidden;">` +
+        `<span style="visibility: visible;">Hi</span>` +
+        `</span>` +
+        `</div>`
     );
-    var nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
+    const nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
     assert.equal(nodes.length, 2);
     assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hello');
     assert.equal(nodes[1].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hi');
   });
 
-  it('should not return elements with display: none', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should not return elements with display: none', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">Hello<span style="display: none;">Hi</span></div>'
     );
-    var nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
+    const nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
     assert.equal(nodes.length, 1);
     assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should ignore script and style tags', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target"><script> // hello </script><style> /*hello */</style>' +
-        'Hello</div>'
+  it('should ignore script and style tags', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      `<div id="target">` +
+        `<script>// hello</script>` +
+        `<style>/*hello */</style>` +
+        `Hello` +
+        `</div>`
     );
-    var nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
+    const nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
     assert.equal(nodes.length, 1);
     assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should not take into account position of parents', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target">' +
-        '<div style="position: absolute; top: -9999px;">' +
-        '<div style="position: absolute; top: 10000px;">Hello</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
+  it('should not take into account position of parents', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      `<div id="target">` +
+        `<div style="position: absolute; top: -9999px;">` +
+        `<div style="position: absolute; top: 10000px;">Hello</div>` +
+        `</div>` +
+        `</div>`
     );
-    var nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
+    const nodes = visibleTextNodes(vNode);
     assert.equal(nodes.length, 1);
     assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hello');
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should correctly handle slotted elements',
-    function () {
-      function createContentSlotted() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
-        group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-        return group;
-      }
-      function makeShadowTree(node) {
-        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        root.appendChild(div);
-        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-      }
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><a>hello</a></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var nodes = visibleTextNodes(tree[0]);
-      assert.equal(nodes.length, 2);
-      assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Stuff');
-      assert.equal(nodes[1].actualNode.nodeValue, 'hello');
+  it('should correctly handle slotted elements', () => {
+    function createContentSlotted() {
+      const group = document.createElement('div');
+      group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+      return group;
+    }
+    function makeShadowTree(node) {
+      const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      root.appendChild(div);
+      div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
     }
-  );
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div><a>hello</a></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.firstElementChild);
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstElementChild);
+    const nodes = visibleTextNodes(tree[0]);
+    assert.equal(nodes.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Stuff');
+    assert.equal(nodes[1].actualNode.nodeValue, 'hello');
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/visible-virtual.js b/test/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
index 61797cf28..c181e3b6c 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
@@ -1,160 +1,236 @@
-describe('text.visible', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var visibleVirtual = axe.commons.text.visibleVirtual;
+describe('text.visible', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const visibleVirtual = axe.commons.text.visibleVirtual;
+  const fontApiSupport = !!document.fonts;
+
+  before(done => {
+    if (!fontApiSupport) {
+      done();
+      return;
+    }
+    const materialFont = new FontFace(
+      'Material Icons',
+      'url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/materialicons/v48/flUhRq6tzZclQEJ-Vdg-IuiaDsNcIhQ8tQ.woff2)'
+    );
+    materialFont.load().then(() => {
+      document.fonts.add(materialFont);
+      done();
+    });
+  });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  describe('non-screen-reader', function () {
-    it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', function () {
+  describe('non-screen-reader', () => {
+    it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello<span style="visibility: hidden;">Hi</span>';
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should handle implicitly recursive calls', function () {
+    it('should handle implicitly recursive calls', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello<span><span>Hi</span></span>';
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'HelloHi');
     });
 
-    it('should handle explicitly recursive calls', function () {
+    it('should handle explicitly recursive calls', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello<span><span>Hi</span></span>';
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], null, false), 'HelloHi');
     });
 
-    it('should handle non-recursive calls', function () {
+    it('should handle non-recursive calls', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello<span><span>Hi</span></span>';
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], null, true), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should know how visibility works', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        'Hello <span style="visibility: hidden;">' +
-        '<span style="visibility: visible;">Hi</span>' +
-        '</span>';
+    it('should know how visibility works', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        Hello
+        <span style="visibility: hidden;">
+          <span style="visibility: visible;">Hi</span>
+        </span>
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello Hi');
     });
 
-    it('should not return elements with display: none', function () {
+    it('should not return elements with display: none', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         'Hello<span style="display: none;"><span>Hi</span></span>';
 
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should trim the result', function () {
+    it('should trim the result', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '   &nbsp;\u00A0    Hello  &nbsp;\r\n   Hi     \n \n &nbsp; \n   ';
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello Hi');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore script and style tags', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<script> // hello </script><style> /*hello */</style>' + 'Hello';
+    it('should ignore script and style tags', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <script>
+          // hello
+        </script>
+        <style>
+          /*hello */
+        </style>
+        Hello
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should not take into account position of parents', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="position: absolute; top: -9999px;">' +
-        '<div style="position: absolute; top: 10000px;">Hello</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('should not take into account position of parents', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="position: absolute; top: -9999px;">
+          <div style="position: absolute; top: 10000px;">Hello</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should correctly handle slotted elements',
-      function () {
-        function createContentSlotted() {
-          var group = document.createElement('div');
-          group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-          return group;
-        }
-        function makeShadowTree(node) {
-          var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-          var div = document.createElement('div');
-          root.appendChild(div);
-          div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-        }
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div><a>hello</a></div>';
-        makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
-        var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-        assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Stuffhello');
+    it('should correctly handle slotted elements', () => {
+      function createContentSlotted() {
+        const group = document.createElement('div');
+        group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+        return group;
       }
-    );
+      function makeShadowTree(node) {
+        const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
+        root.appendChild(div);
+        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
+      }
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><a>hello</a></div>';
+      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Stuffhello');
+    });
+
+    it('should treat <br> elements as a space', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<button>button<br>label</button>';
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'button label');
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('screen reader', function () {
-    it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', function () {
+  describe('screen reader', () => {
+    it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello<span style="visibility: hidden;">Hi</span>';
 
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should know how visibility works', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        'Hello <span style="visibility: hidden;">' +
-        '<span style="visibility: visible;">Hi</span>' +
-        '</span>';
+    it('should know how visibility works', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        Hello
+        <span style="visibility: hidden;">
+          <span style="visibility: visible;">Hi</span>
+        </span>
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello Hi');
     });
 
-    it('should not return elements with display: none', function () {
+    it('should not return elements with display: none', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         'Hello<span style="display: none;"><span>Hi</span></span>';
 
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should trim the result', function () {
+    it('should trim the result', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '   &nbsp;\u00A0    Hello  &nbsp;\r\n   Hi     \n \n &nbsp; \n   ';
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello Hi');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore script and style tags', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<script> // hello </script><style> /*hello */</style>' + 'Hello';
+    it('should ignore script and style tags', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <script>
+          // hello
+        </script>
+        <style>
+          /*hello */
+        </style>
+        Hello
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should not consider offscreen text as hidden (position)', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div style="position: absolute; top: -9999px;">' +
-        '<div>Hello</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('should not consider offscreen text as hidden (position)', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="position: absolute; top: -9999px;">
+          <div>Hello</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should not consider offscreen text as hidden (text-indent)', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div style="text-indent: -9999px;">' + 'Hello</div>';
+    it('should not consider offscreen text as hidden (text-indent)', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div style="text-indent: -9999px;">Hello</div>
+      `;
 
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello');
     });
   });
+
+  describe('options', () => {
+    (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
+      'should exclude icon ligature text when ignoreIconLigature is true',
+      () => {
+        fixture.innerHTML =
+          '<button>next page <span style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">delete</span></button>';
+        const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+        assert.equal(
+          visibleVirtual(tree[0], false, false, {
+            ignoreIconLigature: true,
+            pixelThreshold: 0.1,
+            occurrenceThreshold: 3
+          }),
+          'next page'
+        );
+      }
+    );
+
+    (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
+      'should not exclude icon ligature text when ignoreIconLigature is false',
+      () => {
+        fixture.innerHTML =
+          '<button>next page <span style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">delete</span></button>';
+        const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+        assert.equal(
+          visibleVirtual(tree[0], false, false, {
+            ignoreIconLigature: false,
+            pixelThreshold: 0.1,
+            occurrenceThreshold: 3
+          }),
+          'next page delete'
+        );
+      }
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/utils/index.js b/test/commons/utils/index.js
index 1c88d05c7..8864d919e 100644
--- a/test/commons/utils/index.js
+++ b/test/commons/utils/index.js
@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
-describe('utils.escapeSelector', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+describe('utils.escapeSelector', () => {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.commons.utils.escapeSelector);
   });
 });
-describe('utils.matchesSelector', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+describe('utils.matchesSelector', () => {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.commons.utils.matchesSelector);
   });
 });
-describe('utils.clone', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+describe('utils.clone', () => {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.commons.utils.clone);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/base/audit.js b/test/core/base/audit.js
index 7160c0db1..5983829fb 100644
--- a/test/core/base/audit.js
+++ b/test/core/base/audit.js
@@ -1,38 +1,57 @@
 describe('Audit', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const Audit = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Audit;
   const Rule = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Rule;
+  const externalAPIs = axe.externalAPIs;
   const ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
-  const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+  const { fixtureSetup, captureError } = axe.testUtils;
   let audit;
-  const isNotCalled = function (err) {
+  const isNotCalled = err => {
     throw err || new Error('Reject should not be called');
   };
   const noop = () => {};
 
+  const assertEqualRuleError = (actual, expect) => {
+    assert.include(actual.message, expect.message);
+    assert.equal(actual.stack, expect.stack);
+    assert.equal(actual.name, expect.name);
+  };
+
+  const assertErrorResults = (result, error, selector) => {
+    assert.equal(result.result, 'cantTell');
+    assertEqualRuleError(result.error, error);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(result.nodes, 1);
+    const node1 = result.nodes[0];
+    assert.isEmpty(node1.any);
+    assert.isEmpty(node1.all);
+    assert.include(node1.node.selector, selector);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(node1.none, 1);
+    const none = node1.none[0];
+    assert.equal(none.id, 'error-occurred');
+    assert.equal(none.result, undefined);
+    assert.isDefined(none.data);
+    assertEqualRuleError(none.data, error);
+    assert.lengthOf(none.relatedNodes, 0);
+  };
+
   const mockChecks = [
     {
       id: 'positive1-check1',
-      evaluate: () => {
-        return true;
-      }
+      evaluate: () => true
     },
     {
       id: 'positive2-check1',
-      evaluate: () => {
-        return true;
-      }
+      evaluate: () => true
     },
     {
       id: 'negative1-check1',
-      evaluate: () => {
-        return true;
-      }
+      evaluate: () => true
     },
     {
       id: 'positive3-check1',
-      evaluate: () => {
-        return true;
-      }
+      evaluate: () => true
     }
   ];
 
@@ -68,23 +87,30 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
   ];
 
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
   let origAuditRun;
-
+  let origUtils;
   beforeEach(() => {
     audit = new Audit();
-    mockRules.forEach(function (r) {
+    mockRules.forEach(r => {
       audit.addRule(r);
     });
-    mockChecks.forEach(function (c) {
+    mockChecks.forEach(c => {
       audit.addCheck(c);
     });
     origAuditRun = audit.run;
+    origUtils = axe.utils;
+    axe._audit = audit;
   });
 
   afterEach(() => {
+    // reset elementInternals
+    externalAPIs({
+      getElementInternals: null,
+      elementInternalsTimeout: null
+    });
     axe.teardown();
     audit.run = origAuditRun;
+    axe.utils = origUtils;
   });
 
   it('should be a function', () => {
@@ -115,10 +141,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
       assert.equal(audit.data.rules.target, undefined);
       audit._constructHelpUrls();
       assert.deepEqual(audit.data.rules.target, {
-        helpUrl:
-          'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-          ver +
-          '/target?application=axeAPI'
+        helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/target?application=axeAPI`
       });
     });
     it('should use changed branding', () => {
@@ -133,10 +156,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
       audit.brand = 'thing';
       audit._constructHelpUrls();
       assert.deepEqual(audit.data.rules.target, {
-        helpUrl:
-          'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/thing/' +
-          ver +
-          '/target?application=axeAPI'
+        helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/thing/${ver}/target?application=axeAPI`
       });
     });
     it('should use changed application', () => {
@@ -151,10 +171,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
       audit.application = 'thing';
       audit._constructHelpUrls();
       assert.deepEqual(audit.data.rules.target, {
-        helpUrl:
-          'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-          ver +
-          '/target?application=thing'
+        helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/target?application=thing`
       });
     });
 
@@ -165,10 +182,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
         selector: 'bob',
         metadata: {
-          helpUrl:
-            'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/myproject/' +
-            ver +
-            '/target1?application=axeAPI'
+          helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/myproject/${ver}/target1?application=axeAPI`
         }
       });
       audit.addRule({
@@ -179,9 +193,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
 
       assert.equal(
         audit.data.rules.target1.helpUrl,
-        'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/myproject/' +
-          ver +
-          '/target1?application=axeAPI'
+        `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/myproject/${ver}/target1?application=axeAPI`
       );
       assert.isUndefined(audit.data.rules.target2);
 
@@ -191,17 +203,14 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
 
       assert.equal(
         audit.data.rules.target1.helpUrl,
-        'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/myproject/' +
-          ver +
-          '/target1?application=axeAPI'
+        `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/myproject/${ver}/target1?application=axeAPI`
       );
       assert.equal(
         audit.data.rules.target2.helpUrl,
-        'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/thing/' +
-          ver +
-          '/target2?application=axeAPI'
+        `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/thing/${ver}/target2?application=axeAPI`
       );
     });
+
     it('understands prerelease type version numbers', () => {
       const tempVersion = axe.version;
       audit = new Audit();
@@ -253,10 +262,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
       assert.equal(audit.data.rules.target, undefined);
       audit._constructHelpUrls();
       assert.deepEqual(audit.data.rules.target, {
-        helpUrl:
-          'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-          ver +
-          '/target?application=axeAPI&lang=de'
+        helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/target?application=axeAPI&lang=de`
       });
     });
   });
@@ -290,42 +296,6 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
       assert.equal(audit.brand, 'axe');
       assert.equal(audit.application, 'thing');
     });
-    it('should call _constructHelpUrls', () => {
-      audit = new Audit();
-      audit.addRule({
-        id: 'target',
-        matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
-        selector: 'bob'
-      });
-      assert.lengthOf(audit.rules, 1);
-      assert.equal(audit.data.rules.target, undefined);
-      audit.setBranding({
-        application: 'thing'
-      });
-      assert.deepEqual(audit.data.rules.target, {
-        helpUrl:
-          'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-          ver +
-          '/target?application=thing'
-      });
-    });
-    it('should call _constructHelpUrls even when nothing changed', () => {
-      audit = new Audit();
-      audit.addRule({
-        id: 'target',
-        matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
-        selector: 'bob'
-      });
-      assert.lengthOf(audit.rules, 1);
-      assert.equal(audit.data.rules.target, undefined);
-      audit.setBranding(undefined);
-      assert.deepEqual(audit.data.rules.target, {
-        helpUrl:
-          'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-          ver +
-          '/target?application=axeAPI'
-      });
-    });
     it('should not replace custom set branding', () => {
       audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
@@ -333,10 +303,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
         selector: 'bob',
         metadata: {
-          helpUrl:
-            'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/customer-x/' +
-            ver +
-            '/target?application=axeAPI'
+          helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/customer-x/${ver}/target?application=axeAPI`
         }
       });
       audit.setBranding({
@@ -345,9 +312,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
       });
       assert.equal(
         audit.data.rules.target.helpUrl,
-        'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/customer-x/' +
-          ver +
-          '/target?application=axeAPI'
+        `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/customer-x/${ver}/target?application=axeAPI`
       );
     });
   });
@@ -439,12 +404,12 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
     });
     it('should reset brand tagExlcude', () => {
       axe._load({});
-      assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['experimental']);
+      assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['experimental', 'deprecated']);
       axe.configure({
         tagExclude: ['ninjas']
       });
       axe._audit.resetRulesAndChecks();
-      assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['experimental']);
+      assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['experimental', 'deprecated']);
     });
 
     it('should reset noHtml', () => {
@@ -574,17 +539,17 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
 
   describe('Audit#run', () => {
     it('should run all the rules', done => {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<input aria-label="monkeys" type="text">' +
-          '<div id="monkeys">bananas</div>' +
-          '<input aria-labelledby="monkeys">' +
-          '<blink>FAIL ME</blink>'
-      );
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <input aria-label="monkeys" type="text" />
+        <div id="monkeys">bananas</div>
+        <input aria-labelledby="monkeys" />
+        <blink>FAIL ME</blink>
+      `);
 
       audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
         {},
-        function (results) {
+        results => {
           const expected = [
             {
               id: 'positive1',
@@ -617,7 +582,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
           ];
 
           const out = results[0].nodes[0].node.source;
-          results.forEach(function (res) {
+          results.forEach(res => {
             // attribute order is a pain in the lower back in IE, so we're not
             // comparing nodes. Check.run and Rule.run do this.
             res.nodes = '...other tests cover this...';
@@ -644,7 +609,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
             }
           }
         },
-        function (results) {
+        results => {
           assert.equal(results.length, 3);
           done();
         },
@@ -665,7 +630,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         randomRule.run(
           context,
           options,
-          function (ruleResult) {
+          ruleResult => {
             ruleResult.OPTIONS_PASSED = options;
             resolve([ruleResult]);
           },
@@ -683,7 +648,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         {
           preload: preloadOptions
         },
-        function (res) {
+        res => {
           assert.isDefined(res);
 
           assert.lengthOf(res, 1);
@@ -718,11 +683,11 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
       const preloadOverrideInvoked = false;
 
       // override preload method
-      axe.utils.preload = function (options) {
+      axe.utils.preload = options => {
         preloadInvokedTime = new Date();
         preloadOverrideInvoked = true;
 
-        return new Promise(function (res, rej) {
+        return new Promise((res, rej) => {
           setTimeout(() => {
             res(true);
           }, 2000);
@@ -769,7 +734,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         {
           preload: preloadOptions
         },
-        function (results) {
+        results => {
           assert.isDefined(results);
           // assert that check was invoked for rule(s)
           assert.isTrue(noPreloadRuleCheckEvaluateInvoked);
@@ -803,7 +768,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         data: 'you got it!'
       };
       // override preload method
-      axe.utils.preload = function (options) {
+      axe.utils.preload = options => {
         preloadOverrideInvoked = true;
         return Promise.resolve({
           cssom: preloadData
@@ -843,7 +808,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         {
           preload: preloadOptions
         },
-        function (results) {
+        results => {
           assert.isDefined(results);
           // assert that check was invoked for rule(s)
           assert.isTrue(yesPreloadRuleCheckEvaluateInvoked);
@@ -851,7 +816,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
           assert.isTrue(preloadOverrideInvoked);
 
           // assert preload data that was passed to check
-          const ruleResult = results.filter(function (r) {
+          const ruleResult = results.filter(r => {
             return (r.id = 'yes-preload' && r.nodes.length > 0);
           })[0];
           const checkResult = ruleResult.nodes[0].any[0];
@@ -876,7 +841,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         'Boom! Things went terribly wrong! (But this was intended in this test)';
 
       // override preload method
-      axe.utils.preload = function (options) {
+      axe.utils.preload = options => {
         preloadOverrideInvoked = true;
         return Promise.reject(rejectionMsg);
       };
@@ -914,7 +879,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         {
           preload: preloadOptions
         },
-        function (results) {
+        results => {
           assert.isDefined(results);
           // assert preload was invoked
           assert.isTrue(preloadOverrideInvoked);
@@ -925,7 +890,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
           // assert that because preload failed
           // cssom was not populated on context of repective check
           assert.isTrue(preloadNeededCheckInvoked);
-          const ruleResult = results.filter(function (r) {
+          const ruleResult = results.filter(r => {
             return (r.id = 'yes-preload' && r.nodes.length > 0);
           })[0];
           const checkResult = ruleResult.nodes[0].any[0];
@@ -980,7 +945,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         {
           preload: preloadOptions
         },
-        function (results) {
+        results => {
           assert.isDefined(results);
           // assert that both rules ran, although preload failed
           assert.lengthOf(results, 2);
@@ -988,7 +953,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
           // assert that because preload failed
           // cssom was not populated on context of repective check
           assert.isTrue(preloadNeededCheckInvoked);
-          const ruleResult = results.filter(function (r) {
+          const ruleResult = results.filter(r => {
             return (r.id = 'yes-preload' && r.nodes.length > 0);
           })[0];
           const checkResult = ruleResult.nodes[0].any[0];
@@ -1069,7 +1034,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
 
       fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#">link</a>';
       orig = rule.run;
-      rule.run = function (node, options, callback) {
+      rule.run = (node, options, callback) => {
         called = true;
         callback({});
       };
@@ -1094,7 +1059,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
 
       fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#">link</a>';
       orig = rule.run;
-      rule.run = function (node, o, callback) {
+      rule.run = (node, o, callback) => {
         assert.deepEqual(o, options);
         passed = true;
         callback({});
@@ -1132,53 +1097,15 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
           page: false
         },
         {},
-        function (results) {
+        results => {
           assert.deepEqual(results, []);
         },
         isNotCalled
       );
     });
 
-    it('catches errors and passes them as a cantTell result', done => {
-      const err = new Error('Launch the super sheep!');
-      audit.addRule({
-        id: 'throw1',
-        selector: '*',
-        any: [
-          {
-            id: 'throw1-check1'
-          }
-        ]
-      });
-      audit.addCheck({
-        id: 'throw1-check1',
-        evaluate: () => {
-          throw err;
-        }
-      });
-      axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-      axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(axe._tree);
-      audit.run(
-        { include: [axe._tree[0]] },
-        {
-          runOnly: {
-            type: 'rule',
-            values: ['throw1']
-          }
-        },
-        function (results) {
-          assert.lengthOf(results, 1);
-          assert.equal(results[0].result, 'cantTell');
-          assert.equal(results[0].message, err.message);
-          assert.equal(results[0].stack, err.stack);
-          assert.equal(results[0].error, err);
-          done();
-        },
-        isNotCalled
-      );
-    });
-
     it('should not halt if errors occur', done => {
+      axe._audit = audit;
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'throw1',
         selector: '*',
@@ -1209,62 +1136,21 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should run audit.normalizeOptions to ensure valid input', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" aria-label="monkeys">' +
-        '<div id="monkeys">bananas</div>' +
-        '<input aria-labelledby="monkeys" type="text">' +
-        '<blink>FAIL ME</blink>';
-      let checked = 'options not validated';
-
-      audit.normalizeOptions = () => {
-        checked = 'options validated';
-      };
-
-      audit.run(
-        { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
-        {},
-        noop,
-        isNotCalled
-      );
-      assert.equal(checked, 'options validated');
-    });
-
-    it('should halt if an error occurs when debug is set', done => {
-      audit.addRule({
-        id: 'throw1',
-        selector: '*',
-        any: [
-          {
-            id: 'throw1-check1'
-          }
-        ]
-      });
-      audit.addCheck({
-        id: 'throw1-check1',
-        evaluate: () => {
-          throw new Error('Launch the super sheep!');
-        }
-      });
-
-      // check error node requires _selectorCache to be setup
-      axe.setup();
-
-      audit.run(
-        { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
-        {
-          debug: true,
-          runOnly: {
-            type: 'rule',
-            values: ['throw1']
-          }
-        },
-        noop,
-        function (err) {
-          assert.equal(err.message, 'Launch the super sheep!');
-          done();
-        }
-      );
+    it('should run axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions to ensure valid input', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" aria-label="monkeys" />
+        <div id="monkeys">bananas</div>
+        <input aria-labelledby="monkeys" type="text" />
+        <blink>FAIL ME</blink>
+      `;
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        audit.run(
+          { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
+          { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['foo'] } },
+          noop,
+          isNotCalled
+        );
+      }, 'unknown rule `foo` in options.runOnly');
     });
 
     it('propagates DqElement options', async () => {
@@ -1281,6 +1167,147 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
       assert.equal(node.element, fixture.firstChild);
       assert.equal(node.selector, 'html > body > #fixture > #input');
     });
+
+    describe('when an error occurs', () => {
+      let err;
+      beforeEach(() => {
+        err = new Error('Launch the super sheep!');
+        audit.addRule({
+          id: 'throw1',
+          selector: '#fixture',
+          any: [
+            {
+              id: 'throw1-check1'
+            }
+          ]
+        });
+        audit.addCheck({
+          id: 'throw1-check1',
+          evaluate: () => {
+            throw err;
+          }
+        });
+        axe.setup();
+      });
+
+      it('catches errors and resolves them as a cantTell result', done => {
+        audit.run(
+          { include: [axe._tree[0]] },
+          { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['throw1'] } },
+          captureError(results => {
+            assert.lengthOf(results, 1);
+            assertErrorResults(results[0], err, '#fixture');
+            done();
+          }, done),
+          isNotCalled
+        );
+      });
+
+      it('should halt if an error occurs when debug is set', done => {
+        const context = { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] };
+        const options = {
+          debug: true,
+          runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['throw1'] }
+        };
+        audit.run(
+          context,
+          options,
+          noop,
+          captureError(reject => {
+            assert.include(reject.message, err.message);
+            done();
+          }, done)
+        );
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('elementInternals', () => {
+      it('runs external getElementInternals', done => {
+        const stub = sinon.stub().returns(Promise.resolve([]));
+        externalAPIs({
+          getElementInternals: stub
+        });
+
+        audit.run(
+          { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree()[0]] },
+          {},
+          results => {
+            assert.isTrue(stub.called);
+            done();
+          },
+          isNotCalled
+        );
+      });
+
+      it('runs getElementInternals before any rules', done => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="div1"></div><div id="div2"></div>';
+
+        let elementInternalsStartTime;
+        let ruleStartTime;
+
+        externalAPIs({
+          getElementInternals: () => {
+            elementInternalsStartTime = performance.now();
+            return new Promise(res => {
+              setTimeout(() => res([]), 100);
+            });
+          }
+        });
+
+        audit = new Audit();
+        audit.addRule({
+          id: 'rule-start',
+          selector: '*',
+          any: ['check-start']
+        });
+        audit.addCheck({
+          id: 'check-start',
+          evaluate: function (node, options, vNode, context) {
+            ruleStartTime = performance.now();
+            return true;
+          }
+        });
+
+        audit.run(
+          { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree()[0]] },
+          {},
+          results => {
+            assert.isNumber(elementInternalsStartTime);
+            assert.isNumber(ruleStartTime);
+
+            assert.isTrue(
+              elementInternalsStartTime < ruleStartTime,
+              `elementInternals (${elementInternalsStartTime}ms) started after rules (${ruleStartTime}ms)`
+            );
+            done();
+          },
+          isNotCalled
+        );
+      });
+
+      it('rejects if getElementInternals timeout occurs', done => {
+        const stub = sinon.stub().returns(Promise.resolve([]));
+        externalAPIs({
+          elementInternalsTimeout: 200,
+          getElementInternals() {
+            return new Promise(res => {
+              setTimeout(() => res([]), 500);
+            });
+          }
+        });
+
+        audit.run(
+          { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree()[0]] },
+          {},
+          isNotCalled,
+          err => {
+            assert.isTrue(err.message.includes('Timeout'));
+            assert.isTrue(err.message.includes('elementInternals'));
+            done();
+          }
+        );
+      });
+    });
   });
 
   describe('Audit#after', () => {
@@ -1288,7 +1315,7 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
       /*eslint no-unused-vars:0*/
       audit = new Audit();
       let success = false;
-      const options = [{ id: 'hehe', enabled: true, monkeys: 'bananas' }];
+      const options = { runOnly: 'hehe' };
       const results = [
         {
           id: 'hehe',
@@ -1303,220 +1330,98 @@ describe('Audit', () => {
         })
       );
 
-      audit.rules[0].after = function (res, opts) {
+      audit.rules[0].after = (res, opts) => {
         assert.equal(res, results[0]);
         assert.deepEqual(opts, options);
         success = true;
       };
 
       audit.after(results, options);
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('Audit#normalizeOptions', () => {
-    let axeLog;
-    beforeEach(() => {
-      axeLog = axe.log;
-    });
-    afterEach(() => {
-      axe.log = axeLog;
-    });
-
-    it('returns the options object when it is valid', () => {
-      const opt = {
-        runOnly: {
-          type: 'rule',
-          values: ['positive1', 'positive2']
-        },
-        rules: {
-          negative1: { enabled: false }
-        }
-      };
-      assert(audit.normalizeOptions(opt), opt);
-    });
-
-    it('allows `value` as alternative to `values`', () => {
-      const opt = {
-        runOnly: {
-          type: 'rule',
-          value: ['positive1', 'positive2']
-        }
-      };
-      const out = audit.normalizeOptions(opt);
-      assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive1', 'positive2']);
-      assert.isUndefined(out.runOnly.value);
-    });
-
-    it('allows type: rules as an alternative to type: rule', () => {
-      const opt = {
-        runOnly: {
-          type: 'rules',
-          values: ['positive1', 'positive2']
-        }
-      };
-      assert(audit.normalizeOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'rule');
+      assert.isTrue(success);
     });
 
-    it('allows type: tags as an alternative to type: tag', () => {
-      const opt = {
-        runOnly: {
-          type: 'tags',
-          values: ['positive']
-        }
-      };
-      assert(audit.normalizeOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'tag');
+    it('does not run Rule#after if the result has an error', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
+      const results = [{ id: 'throw1', error: new Error('La la la!') }];
+      let success = true;
+      audit.rules.push(new Rule({ id: 'throw1' }));
+      audit.rules[0].after = () => (success = false);
+      audit.after(results, {});
+      assert.lengthOf(results, 1);
+      assert.equal(results[0].error.message, 'La la la!');
+      assert.isTrue(success, 'Rule#after should not be called');
     });
 
-    it('allows type: undefined as an alternative to type: tag', () => {
-      const opt = {
-        runOnly: {
-          values: ['positive']
+    it('catches errors and passes them as a cantTell result', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
+      const err = new SyntaxError('La la la!');
+      const results = [
+        {
+          id: 'throw1',
+          nodes: [
+            {
+              id: 'throw1-check1-after',
+              node: new axe.utils.DqElement(fixture),
+              any: [{ id: 'throw1-check1-after', result: false }],
+              all: [],
+              none: []
+            }
+          ]
         }
-      };
-      assert(audit.normalizeOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'tag');
-    });
-
-    it('allows runOnly as an array as an alternative to type: tag', () => {
-      const opt = { runOnly: ['positive', 'negative'] };
-      const out = audit.normalizeOptions(opt);
-      assert(out.runOnly.type, 'tag');
-      assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive', 'negative']);
-    });
-
-    it('allows runOnly as an array as an alternative to type: rule', () => {
-      const opt = { runOnly: ['positive1', 'negative1'] };
-      const out = audit.normalizeOptions(opt);
-      assert(out.runOnly.type, 'rule');
-      assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive1', 'negative1']);
-    });
-
-    it('allows runOnly as a string as an alternative to an array', () => {
-      const opt = { runOnly: 'positive1' };
-      const out = audit.normalizeOptions(opt);
-      assert(out.runOnly.type, 'rule');
-      assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive1']);
-    });
-
-    it('throws an error if runOnly contains both rules and tags', () => {
-      assert.throws(() => {
-        audit.normalizeOptions({
-          runOnly: ['positive', 'negative1']
-        });
-      });
-    });
-
-    it('defaults runOnly to type: tag', () => {
-      const opt = { runOnly: ['fakeTag'] };
-      const out = audit.normalizeOptions(opt);
-      assert(out.runOnly.type, 'tag');
-      assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['fakeTag']);
-    });
-
-    it('throws an error runOnly.values not an array', () => {
-      assert.throws(() => {
-        audit.normalizeOptions({
-          runOnly: {
-            type: 'rule',
-            values: { badProp: 'badValue' }
-          }
-        });
-      });
-    });
-
-    it('throws an error runOnly.values an empty', () => {
-      assert.throws(() => {
-        audit.normalizeOptions({
-          runOnly: {
-            type: 'rule',
-            values: []
-          }
-        });
-      });
-    });
-
-    it('throws an error runOnly.type is unknown', () => {
-      assert.throws(() => {
-        audit.normalizeOptions({
-          runOnly: {
-            type: 'something-else',
-            values: ['wcag2aa']
-          }
-        });
-      });
-    });
-
-    it('throws an error when option.runOnly has an unknown rule', () => {
-      assert.throws(() => {
-        audit.normalizeOptions({
-          runOnly: {
-            type: 'rule',
-            values: ['frakeRule']
-          }
-        });
-      });
-    });
-
-    it("doesn't throw an error when option.runOnly has an unknown tag", () => {
-      assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
-        audit.normalizeOptions({
-          runOnly: {
-            type: 'tags',
-            values: ['fakeTag']
-          }
-        });
-      });
-    });
-
-    it('throws an error when option.rules has an unknown rule', () => {
-      assert.throws(() => {
-        audit.normalizeOptions({
-          rules: {
-            fakeRule: { enabled: false }
-          }
-        });
+      ];
+      audit.addRule({
+        id: 'throw1',
+        selector: '#fixture',
+        any: [{ id: 'throw1-check1-after' }]
       });
-    });
-
-    it('logs an issue when a tag is unknown', () => {
-      let message = '';
-      axe.log = function (m) {
-        message = m;
-      };
-      audit.normalizeOptions({
-        runOnly: {
-          type: 'tags',
-          values: ['unknwon-tag']
+      audit.addCheck({
+        id: 'throw1-check1-after',
+        after: () => {
+          throw err;
         }
       });
-      assert.include(message, 'Could not find tags');
+      axe.setup();
+      const result = audit.after(results, {});
+      assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
+      assertErrorResults(result[0], err, '#fixture');
     });
 
-    it('logs no issues for unknown WCAG level tags', () => {
-      let message = '';
-      axe.log = function (m) {
-        message = m;
-      };
-      audit.normalizeOptions({
-        runOnly: {
-          type: 'tags',
-          values: ['wcag23aaa']
+    it('throws errors when debug is set', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
+      const err = new SyntaxError('La la la!');
+      const options = { debug: true };
+      const results = [
+        {
+          id: 'throw1',
+          nodes: [
+            {
+              id: 'throw1-check1-after',
+              node: new axe.utils.DqElement(fixture),
+              any: [{ id: 'throw1-check1-after', result: false }],
+              all: [],
+              none: []
+            }
+          ]
         }
+      ];
+      audit.addRule({
+        id: 'throw1',
+        selector: '#fixture',
+        any: [{ id: 'throw1-check1-after' }]
       });
-      assert.isEmpty(message);
-    });
-
-    it('logs an issue when a tag is unknown, together with a wcag level tag', () => {
-      let message = '';
-      axe.log = function (m) {
-        message = m;
-      };
-      audit.normalizeOptions({
-        runOnly: {
-          type: 'tags',
-          values: ['wcag23aaa', 'unknwon-tag']
+      audit.addCheck({
+        id: 'throw1-check1-after',
+        after: () => {
+          throw err;
         }
       });
-      assert.include(message, 'Could not find tags');
+      axe.setup();
+      try {
+        audit.after(results, options);
+        assert.fail('Should have thrown');
+      } catch (actual) {
+        assertEqualRuleError(actual, err);
+      }
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/base/cache.js b/test/core/base/cache.js
index 1bcc31b41..0d9e5aa54 100644
--- a/test/core/base/cache.js
+++ b/test/core/base/cache.js
@@ -1,129 +1,127 @@
-describe('axe._cache', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  describe('set', function () {
-    it('should set items without error', function () {
+describe('axe._cache', () => {
+  describe('set', () => {
+    it('should set items without error', () => {
       function fn() {
         axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
       }
       assert.doesNotThrow(fn);
     });
 
-    it('should set `undefined` without error', function () {
+    it('should set `undefined` without error', () => {
       function fn() {
         axe._cache.set('foo', undefined);
       }
       assert.doesNotThrow(fn);
     });
 
-    it('should throw for non-string keys', function () {
-      assert.throws(function () {
+    it('should throw for non-string keys', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         axe._cache.set(1, 'bar');
       });
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         axe._cache.set({}, 'bar');
       });
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         axe._cache.set(null, 'bar');
       });
-      assert.throws(function () {
-        axe._cache.set(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        axe._cache.set(() => {
           return;
         }, 'bar');
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw for empty string keys', function () {
-      assert.throws(function () {
+    it('should throw for empty string keys', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         axe._cache.set('', 'bar');
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('get', function () {
-    it('should get an item from the cache', function () {
+  describe('get', () => {
+    it('should get an item from the cache', () => {
       axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
-      var value = axe._cache.get('foo');
+      const value = axe._cache.get('foo');
       assert.equal(value, 'bar');
     });
 
-    it('should return `undefined` for key lookup miss', function () {
+    it('should return `undefined` for key lookup miss', () => {
       assert.isUndefined(axe._cache.get('foo'));
     });
 
-    describe('with creator function', function () {
-      it('should set and return primitive types', function () {
+    describe('with creator function', () => {
+      it('should set and return primitive types', () => {
         assert.equal(
-          axe._cache.get('integer', function () {
+          axe._cache.get('integer', () => {
             return 1;
           }),
           1
         );
         assert.equal(
-          axe._cache.get('float', function () {
+          axe._cache.get('float', () => {
             return 1.1;
           }),
           1.1
         );
         assert.equal(
-          axe._cache.get('string', function () {
+          axe._cache.get('string', () => {
             return 'foo';
           }),
           'foo'
         );
         assert.isTrue(
-          axe._cache.get('boolean', function () {
+          axe._cache.get('boolean', () => {
             return true;
           })
         );
         assert.isNull(
-          axe._cache.get('null', function () {
+          axe._cache.get('null', () => {
             return null;
           })
         );
 
-        var obj = { foo: 'bar' };
+        const obj = { foo: 'bar' };
         assert.equal(
-          axe._cache.get('object', function () {
+          axe._cache.get('object', () => {
             return obj;
           }),
           obj
         );
 
-        var arr = [1, 2, 3];
+        const arr = [1, 2, 3];
         assert.equal(
-          axe._cache.get('array', function () {
+          axe._cache.get('array', () => {
             return arr;
           }),
           arr
         );
       });
 
-      it('should throw when creator is not a function', function () {
+      it('should throw when creator is not a function', () => {
         function fn() {
           axe._cache.get('foo', 'bar');
         }
         assert.throws(fn);
       });
 
-      it('should throw when creator function returns `undefined`', function () {
+      it('should throw when creator function returns `undefined`', () => {
         function fn() {
-          axe._cache.get('foo', function () {
+          axe._cache.get('foo', () => {
             return undefined;
           });
         }
         assert.throws(fn);
       });
 
-      it('should not evaluate creator if key already exists', function () {
-        var spy = sinon.spy();
+      it('should not evaluate creator if key already exists', () => {
+        const spy = sinon.spy();
         axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
         axe._cache.get('foo', spy);
         assert.isTrue(spy.notCalled);
       });
 
-      it('should evaluate creator once', function () {
-        var spy = sinon.spy(function () {
+      it('should evaluate creator once', () => {
+        const spy = sinon.spy(() => {
           return true;
         });
         axe._cache.get('foo', spy);
@@ -132,25 +130,25 @@ describe('axe._cache', function () {
         assert.isTrue(spy.calledOnce);
       });
 
-      it('should not override a value from `set()`', function () {
+      it('should not override a value from `set()`', () => {
         axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
-        axe._cache.get('foo', function () {
+        axe._cache.get('foo', () => {
           return 'baz';
         });
         assert.equal(axe._cache.get('foo'), 'bar');
       });
 
-      it('should override a value from `get()` with a `set()` value', function () {
-        axe._cache.get('foo', function () {
+      it('should override a value from `get()` with a `set()` value', () => {
+        axe._cache.get('foo', () => {
           return 'baz';
         });
         axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
         assert.equal(axe._cache.get('foo'), 'bar');
       });
 
-      it('should set value after calling with undefined', function () {
+      it('should set value after calling with undefined', () => {
         axe._cache.get('foo');
-        axe._cache.get('foo', function () {
+        axe._cache.get('foo', () => {
           return 'value';
         });
         assert.equal(axe._cache.get('foo'), 'value');
@@ -158,11 +156,11 @@ describe('axe._cache', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('clear', function () {
-    it('should clear the cache', function () {
+  describe('clear', () => {
+    it('should clear the cache', () => {
       axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
       axe._cache.clear();
-      var value = axe._cache.get('foo');
+      const value = axe._cache.get('foo');
       assert.isUndefined(value);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/base/check-result.js b/test/core/base/check-result.js
index 5b85f5cf8..2537be66e 100644
--- a/test/core/base/check-result.js
+++ b/test/core/base/check-result.js
@@ -1,28 +1,26 @@
-describe('CheckResult', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var CheckResult = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.CheckResult;
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+describe('CheckResult', () => {
+  const CheckResult = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.CheckResult;
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(CheckResult);
   });
 
-  it('should have an id', function () {
-    var result = new CheckResult({ id: 'monkeys' });
+  it('should have an id', () => {
+    const result = new CheckResult({ id: 'monkeys' });
     assert.equal(result.id, 'monkeys');
   });
 
-  it('should set `data` to `null`', function () {
-    var result = new CheckResult({});
+  it('should set `data` to `null`', () => {
+    const result = new CheckResult({});
     assert.isNull(result.data);
   });
 
-  it('should set `relatedNodes` to `[]`', function () {
-    var result = new CheckResult({});
+  it('should set `relatedNodes` to `[]`', () => {
+    const result = new CheckResult({});
     assert.deepEqual(result.relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should set `result` to `null`', function () {
-    var result = new CheckResult({});
+  it('should set `result` to `null`', () => {
+    const result = new CheckResult({});
     assert.isNull(result.result);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/base/check.js b/test/core/base/check.js
index 98c169745..b1db3078d 100644
--- a/test/core/base/check.js
+++ b/test/core/base/check.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ describe('Check', () => {
 
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ describe('Check', () => {
       });
 
       it('should normalize non-object options for internal checks', done => {
-        metadataFunctionMap['custom-check'] = function (node, options) {
+        metadataFunctionMap['custom-check'] = (node, options) => {
           assert.deepEqual(options, { value: 'foo' });
           done();
         };
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ describe('Check', () => {
           context = {},
           result = { monkeys: 'bananas' };
 
-        axe.utils.checkHelper = function (checkResult, opts, callback) {
+        axe.utils.checkHelper = (checkResult, opts, callback) => {
           assert.instanceOf(checkResult, window.CheckResult);
           assert.equal(callback, cb);
           return result;
@@ -299,11 +299,11 @@ describe('Check', () => {
         new Check({
           evaluate() {
             const ready = this.async();
-            setTimeout(function () {
+            setTimeout(() => {
               ready(data);
             }, 10);
           }
-        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, function (d) {
+        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, d => {
           assert.instanceOf(d, CheckResult);
           assert.deepEqual(d.result, data);
           done();
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ describe('Check', () => {
         new Check({
           evaluate() {},
           enabled: false
-        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, function (data) {
+        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, data => {
           assert.isNull(data);
           done();
         });
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ describe('Check', () => {
             enabled: false
           },
           {},
-          function (data) {
+          data => {
             assert.isNull(data);
             done();
           }
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ describe('Check', () => {
           evaluate() {
             return true;
           }
-        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, function (data) {
+        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, data => {
           assert.instanceOf(data, CheckResult);
           assert.isTrue(data.result);
           done();
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ describe('Check', () => {
           evaluate() {
             throw new Error('Grenade!');
           }
-        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, noop, function (err) {
+        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, noop, err => {
           assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
           assert.equal(err.message, 'Grenade!');
           done();
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ describe('Check', () => {
       });
 
       it('should normalize non-object options for internal checks', done => {
-        metadataFunctionMap['custom-check'] = function (node, options) {
+        metadataFunctionMap['custom-check'] = (node, options) => {
           assert.deepEqual(options, { value: 'foo' });
           done();
         };
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ describe('Check', () => {
           new Check({
             evaluate() {
               const ready = this.async();
-              setTimeout(function () {
+              setTimeout(() => {
                 ready(data);
               }, 10);
             }
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ describe('Check', () => {
 
     describe('getOptions', () => {
       let check;
-      beforeEach(function () {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         check = new Check({
           options: {
             foo: 'bar'
diff --git a/test/core/base/context.js b/test/core/base/context.js
index 3a28ad0ba..72b94c870 100644
--- a/test/core/base/context.js
+++ b/test/core/base/context.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /*eslint no-new:0*/
 describe('Context', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { Context } = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base;
   const { createNestedShadowDom } = axe.testUtils;
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
   it('should not mutate exclude in input', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
     const context = { exclude: [['iframe', '#foo']] };
-    // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
+
     new Context(context);
     assert.deepEqual(context, { exclude: [['iframe', '#foo']] });
   });
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
   it('should not mutate its include input', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
     const context = { include: [['#foo']] };
-    // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
+
     new Context(context);
     assert.deepEqual(context, { include: [['#foo']] });
   });
@@ -87,12 +88,12 @@ describe('Context', () => {
     it('does not match shadow DOM nodes with light DOM selection', () => {
       createNestedShadowDom(
         fixture,
-        `<p id="p1">Light DOM</p>
-        <article id="shadowHost">
-          <p id="p2">Slotted light DOM</p>
-        </article>`,
-        `<section id="shadowHost"> <slot /> </section>
-        <p id="p3">Shadow DOM</p>`
+        html`<p id="p1">Light DOM</p>
+          <article id="shadowHost">
+            <p id="p2">Slotted light DOM</p>
+          </article>`,
+        html`<section id="shadowHost"><slot /></section>
+          <p id="p3">Shadow DOM</p>`
       );
       const result = new Context([[['p']]]);
       assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#p1', '#p2']);
@@ -109,6 +110,19 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       assert.equal(result.include[0].props.id, 'target');
     });
 
+    it('accepts a reference to a ShadowRoot', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        html`<h1 id="h1">Heading</h1>
+          <p id="p">Content</p>`
+      );
+      const shadowHost = fixture.querySelector('#shadowHost');
+      const shadowRoot = shadowHost.shadowRoot;
+      const result = new Context(shadowRoot);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#h1', '#p']);
+    });
+
     it('accepts a node reference consisting of nested divs', () => {
       const div1 = document.createElement('div');
       const div2 = document.createElement('div');
@@ -453,7 +467,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       context.appendChild(iframe);
     }
 
-    it('adds frames that are explicitly included', function (done) {
+    it('adds frames that are explicitly included', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
@@ -468,7 +482,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       );
     });
 
-    it('adds frames that are implicitly included', function (done) {
+    it('adds frames that are implicitly included', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
@@ -483,7 +497,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       );
     });
 
-    it('sets include', function (done) {
+    it('sets include', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
@@ -501,7 +515,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       );
     });
 
-    it('sets exclude', function (done) {
+    it('sets exclude', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
@@ -521,7 +535,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       );
     });
 
-    it('sets initiator: false', function (done) {
+    it('sets initiator: false', done => {
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('fixture'),
@@ -586,7 +600,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
     });
 
     describe('.page', () => {
-      it('is true if context includes the document element', function (done) {
+      it('is true if context includes the document element', done => {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
@@ -602,7 +616,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
         );
       });
 
-      it("can be false, even if the frame's documentElement is included", function (done) {
+      it("can be false, even if the frame's documentElement is included", done => {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
@@ -620,12 +634,12 @@ describe('Context', () => {
     });
 
     describe('.focusable', () => {
-      it('is true if tabindex is 0', function (done) {
+      it('is true if tabindex is 0', done => {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function (iframe) {
+          iframe => {
             iframe.tabIndex = '0';
             const result = new Context();
             assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
@@ -635,12 +649,12 @@ describe('Context', () => {
         );
       });
 
-      it('is false if the context has a negative tabindex', function (done) {
+      it('is false if the context has a negative tabindex', done => {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function (iframe) {
+          iframe => {
             iframe.tabIndex = '-1';
             const result = new Context('#fixture');
             assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
@@ -650,7 +664,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
         );
       });
 
-      it('is false if the parent context is not focusable', function (done) {
+      it('is false if the parent context is not focusable', done => {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
@@ -669,12 +683,12 @@ describe('Context', () => {
     });
 
     describe('.size', () => {
-      it('sets width and height of the frame', function (done) {
+      it('sets width and height of the frame', done => {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function (iframe) {
+          iframe => {
             iframe.width = '100';
             iframe.height = '200';
             const result = new Context('#fixture');
@@ -686,12 +700,12 @@ describe('Context', () => {
         );
       });
 
-      it('works with CSS width / height', function (done) {
+      it('works with CSS width / height', done => {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function (iframe) {
+          iframe => {
             iframe.setAttribute('style', 'width: 100px; height: 200px');
             const result = new Context('#fixture');
             const size = result.frames[0].size;
@@ -703,7 +717,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       });
     });
 
-    it('combines includes', function (done) {
+    it('combines includes', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
@@ -724,7 +738,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       );
     });
 
-    it('does not include the same frame twice', function (done) {
+    it('does not include the same frame twice', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
@@ -739,7 +753,7 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should filter out invisible frames', function (done) {
+    it('should filter out invisible frames', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
@@ -756,14 +770,14 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should throw when frame could not be found', function (done) {
+    it('should throw when frame could not be found', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('outer'),
         'target',
         () => {
-          assert.throws(function () {
+          assert.throws(() => {
             new Context(['#notAFrame', '#foo']);
           });
         },
@@ -827,9 +841,12 @@ describe('Context', () => {
 
     describe('when the selector has length > 1', () => {
       it('sets the frame, rather than include / exclude', () => {
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<iframe id="foo" srcdoc="
-          <h1>Hello world</h1> <img>
-        "></iframe>`;
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<iframe
+          id="foo"
+          srcdoc="
+  <h1>Hello world</h1> <img>
+"
+        ></iframe>`;
         const result = new Context({
           include: { fromFrames: ['#foo', 'h1'] },
           exclude: { fromFrames: ['iframe', 'img'] }
@@ -840,9 +857,12 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       });
 
       it('creates a context for the frame', () => {
-        fixture.innerHTML = `<iframe id="foo" srcdoc="
-          <h1>Hello world</h1> <img>
-        "></iframe>`;
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`<iframe
+          id="foo"
+          srcdoc="
+  <h1>Hello world</h1> <img>
+"
+        ></iframe>`;
         const result = new Context({
           include: { fromFrames: ['#foo', 'h1'] },
           exclude: { fromFrames: ['iframe', 'img'] }
@@ -912,9 +932,12 @@ describe('Context', () => {
       createNestedShadowDom(
         fixture,
         '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
-        `<iframe id="foo" srcdoc="
-          <h1>Hello World</h1>
-        "></iframe>`
+        html`<iframe
+          id="foo"
+          srcdoc="
+  <h1>Hello World</h1>
+"
+        ></iframe>`
       );
       assert.throws(() => {
         new Context({
@@ -948,9 +971,12 @@ describe('Context', () => {
         createNestedShadowDom(
           fixture,
           '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
-          `<iframe id="foo" srcdoc="
-            <h1>Hello World</h1>
-          "></iframe>`
+          html`<iframe
+            id="foo"
+            srcdoc="
+  <h1>Hello World</h1>
+"
+          ></iframe>`
         );
         const result = new Context([
           [
@@ -969,9 +995,12 @@ describe('Context', () => {
         createNestedShadowDom(
           fixture,
           '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
-          `<iframe id="foo" srcdoc="
-            <h1>Hello World</h1>
-          "></iframe>`
+          html`<iframe
+            id="foo"
+            srcdoc="
+  <h1>Hello World</h1>
+"
+          ></iframe>`
         );
         const result = new Context({
           fromFrames: [
diff --git a/test/core/base/rule-result.js b/test/core/base/rule-result.js
index 01a6c7efe..6c009d7e6 100644
--- a/test/core/base/rule-result.js
+++ b/test/core/base/rule-result.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('RuleResult', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var RuleResult = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.RuleResult;
+describe('RuleResult', () => {
+  const RuleResult = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.RuleResult;
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(RuleResult);
   });
 
-  it('should have an empty array for nodes', function () {
+  it('should have an empty array for nodes', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(new RuleResult({ id: 'monkeys' }).nodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should grab id from passed in rule', function () {
-    var result = new RuleResult({ id: 'monkeys' });
+  it('should grab id from passed in rule', () => {
+    const result = new RuleResult({ id: 'monkeys' });
     assert.equal(result.id, 'monkeys');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/base/rule.js b/test/core/base/rule.js
index 421c06d76..d4273ba87 100644
--- a/test/core/base/rule.js
+++ b/test/core/base/rule.js
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
   const metadataFunctionMap =
     axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.metadataFunctionMap;
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+  const { fixtureSetup, captureError } = axe.testUtils;
   const noop = () => {};
-  const isNotCalled = function (err) {
+  const isNotCalled = err => {
     throw err || new Error('Reject should not be called');
   };
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
         });
 
         assert.deepEqual(
-          nodes.map(function (n) {
+          nodes.map(n => {
             return n.actualNode;
           }),
           [node]
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
 
         assert.lengthOf(result, 3);
         assert.sameMembers(
-          result.map(function (n) {
+          result.map(n => {
             return n.actualNode;
           }),
           nodes
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
         });
 
         assert.deepEqual(
-          result.map(function (n) {
+          result.map(n => {
             return n.actualNode;
           }),
           [fixture.firstChild]
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
         fixture.appendChild(div);
         let success = false;
         const rule = new Rule({
-          matches: function (node) {
+          matches: node => {
             assert.equal(node, div);
             success = true;
             return [];
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
         fixture.appendChild(div);
         let success = false,
           rule = new Rule({
-            matches: function (node, virtualNode) {
+            matches: (node, virtualNode) => {
               assert.equal(virtualNode.actualNode, div);
               success = true;
               return [];
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
         fixture.appendChild(div);
         let success = false,
           rule = new Rule({
-            matches: function (node, virtualNode, context) {
+            matches: (node, virtualNode, context) => {
               assert.isDefined(context);
               assert.hasAnyKeys(context, ['cssom', 'include', 'exclude']);
               assert.lengthOf(context.include, 1);
@@ -233,30 +233,6 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should handle an error in #matches', done => {
-        const div = document.createElement('div');
-        div.setAttribute('style', '#fff');
-        fixture.appendChild(div);
-        let success = false,
-          rule = new Rule({
-            matches: () => {
-              throw new Error('this is an error');
-            }
-          });
-
-        rule.run(
-          {
-            include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(div)[0]]
-          },
-          {},
-          isNotCalled,
-          () => {
-            assert.isFalse(success);
-            done();
-          }
-        );
-      });
-
       it('should execute Check#run on its child checks - any', done => {
         fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
         let success = false;
@@ -267,7 +243,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                run: function (node, options, context, resolve) {
+                run: (node, options, context, resolve) => {
                   success = true;
                   resolve(true);
                 }
@@ -299,7 +275,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                run: function (node, options, context, resolve) {
+                run: (node, options, context, resolve) => {
                   success = true;
                   resolve(true);
                 }
@@ -331,7 +307,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                run: function (node, options, context, resolve) {
+                run: (node, options, context, resolve) => {
                   success = true;
                   resolve(true);
                 }
@@ -372,7 +348,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                run: function (node, opts, context, resolve) {
+                run: (node, opts, context, resolve) => {
                   assert.equal(opts.enabled, 'bananas');
                   assert.equal(opts.options, 'minkeys');
                   resolve(true);
@@ -427,7 +403,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                run: function (node, opts, context, resolve) {
+                run: (node, opts, context, resolve) => {
                   assert.equal(opts.enabled, 'apples');
                   assert.equal(opts.options, 'apes');
                   resolve(true);
@@ -468,7 +444,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document)[0]]
           },
           {},
-          function (r) {
+          r => {
             assert.lengthOf(r.nodes, 0);
           },
           isNotCalled
@@ -618,9 +594,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
       it('should pass thrown errors to the reject param', done => {
         fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
         const rule = new Rule(
-          {
-            none: ['cats']
-          },
+          { none: ['cats'] },
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
@@ -638,7 +612,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
           },
           {},
           noop,
-          function (err) {
+          err => {
             assert.equal(err.message, 'Holy hand grenade');
             done();
           },
@@ -655,7 +629,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                run: function (nope, options, context, resolve, reject) {
+                run: (nope, options, context, resolve, reject) => {
                   reject(new Error('your reality'));
                 }
               }
@@ -669,7 +643,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
           },
           {},
           noop,
-          function (err) {
+          err => {
             assert.equal(err.message, 'your reality');
             done();
           },
@@ -709,7 +683,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
           },
           {},
-          function (results) {
+          results => {
             assert.isUndefined(results.nodes[0].all[0].result);
             assert.isUndefined(results.nodes[0].any[0].result);
             assert.isUndefined(results.nodes[0].none[0].result);
@@ -719,6 +693,62 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
         );
       });
 
+      describe('error handling', () => {
+        it('should return a RuleError if #matches throws', done => {
+          const rule = new Rule({
+            id: 'fizz',
+            matches: () => {
+              throw new Error('this is an error');
+            }
+          });
+          axe.setup();
+          rule.run(
+            { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
+            {},
+            isNotCalled,
+            captureError(err => {
+              assert.instanceOf(err, axe.utils.RuleError);
+              assert.include(err.message, 'this is an error');
+              assert.equal(err.ruleId, 'fizz');
+              assert.equal(err.method, '#matches');
+              assert.deepEqual(err.errorNode.selector, ['#fixture']);
+              done();
+            }, done)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('should return a RuleError if check.evaluate throws', done => {
+          const rule = new Rule(
+            { id: 'garden', any: ['plants'] },
+            {
+              checks: {
+                plants: new Check({
+                  id: 'plants',
+                  enabled: true,
+                  evaluate: () => {
+                    throw new Error('zombies ate my pants');
+                  }
+                })
+              }
+            }
+          );
+          axe.setup();
+          rule.run(
+            { include: axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture) },
+            {},
+            isNotCalled,
+            captureError(err => {
+              assert.instanceOf(err, axe.utils.RuleError);
+              assert.include(err.message, 'zombies ate my pants');
+              assert.equal(err.ruleId, 'garden');
+              assert.equal(err.method, 'plants#evaluate');
+              assert.deepEqual(err.errorNode.selector, ['#fixture']);
+              done();
+            }, done)
+          );
+        });
+      });
+
       describe('NODE rule', () => {
         it('should create a RuleResult', () => {
           axe.setup();
@@ -742,7 +772,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
             {
               checks: {
                 cats: {
-                  run: function (node, options, context, resolve) {
+                  run: (node, options, context, resolve) => {
                     success = true;
                     resolve(true);
                   }
@@ -779,7 +809,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
             {
               checks: {
                 cats: {
-                  run: function (node, options, context, resolve) {
+                  run: (node, options, context, resolve) => {
                     success = true;
                     resolve(true);
                   }
@@ -812,7 +842,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
         fixture.appendChild(div);
         let success = false;
         const rule = new Rule({
-          matches: function (node) {
+          matches: node => {
             assert.equal(node, div);
             success = true;
             return [];
@@ -837,7 +867,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
         fixture.appendChild(div);
         let success = false;
         const rule = new Rule({
-          matches: function (node, virtualNode) {
+          matches: (node, virtualNode) => {
             assert.equal(virtualNode.actualNode, div);
             success = true;
             return [];
@@ -862,7 +892,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
         fixture.appendChild(div);
         let success = false;
         const rule = new Rule({
-          matches: function (node, virtualNode, context) {
+          matches: (node, virtualNode, context) => {
             assert.isDefined(context);
             assert.hasAnyKeys(context, ['cssom', 'include', 'exclude']);
             assert.lengthOf(context.include, 1);
@@ -903,7 +933,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
             {}
           );
           isNotCalled();
-        } catch (err) {
+        } catch {
           assert.isFalse(success);
         }
       });
@@ -1020,7 +1050,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                runSync: function (node, opts) {
+                runSync: (node, opts) => {
                   assert.equal(opts.enabled, 'bananas');
                   assert.equal(opts.options, 'minkeys');
                 }
@@ -1075,7 +1105,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                runSync: function (node, opts) {
+                runSync: (node, opts) => {
                   assert.equal(opts.enabled, 'apples');
                   assert.equal(opts.options, 'apes');
                 }
@@ -1485,7 +1515,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
                 enabled: true,
-                after: function (results, options) {
+                after: (results, options) => {
                   assert.deepEqual(options, { dogs: true });
                   success = true;
                   return results;
@@ -1530,7 +1560,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
                 enabled: true,
-                after: function (results) {
+                after: results => {
                   assert.equal(results[0].node, 'customNode');
                   success = true;
                   return results;
@@ -1573,7 +1603,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                after: function (results) {
+                after: results => {
                   return [results[0]];
                 }
               }
@@ -1660,9 +1690,50 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
 
         assert.lengthOf(result.nodes, 1);
       });
+
+      it('should throw a RuleError if check.after throws', () => {
+        const rule = new Rule(
+          { id: 'dogs', any: ['cats'] },
+          {
+            checks: {
+              cats: {
+                id: 'cats',
+                enabled: true,
+                after: () => {
+                  throw new Error('this is an error');
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        );
+        axe.setup();
+        try {
+          rule.after(
+            {
+              id: 'cats',
+              nodes: [
+                {
+                  all: [],
+                  none: [],
+                  any: [{ id: 'cats', result: true }],
+                  node: new axe.utils.DqElement(fixture)
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            {}
+          );
+          assert.fail('Should have thrown');
+        } catch (err) {
+          assert.instanceOf(err, axe.utils.RuleError);
+          assert.include(err.message, 'this is an error');
+          assert.equal(err.ruleId, 'dogs');
+          assert.equal(err.method, 'cats#after');
+          assert.deepEqual(err.errorNode.selector, ['#fixture']);
+        }
+      });
     });
 
-    describe('after', () => {
+    describe('reviewOnFail', () => {
       it('should mark checks as incomplete if reviewOnFail is set to true for all', () => {
         axe.setup();
         const rule = new Rule(
@@ -1678,7 +1749,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
               cats: new Check({
                 id: 'cats',
                 enabled: true,
-                after: function (results) {
+                after: results => {
                   results[0].result = false;
                   return results;
                 }
@@ -1725,7 +1796,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
               cats: new Check({
                 id: 'cats',
                 enabled: true,
-                after: function (results) {
+                after: results => {
                   results[0].result = false;
                   return results;
                 }
@@ -1772,7 +1843,7 @@ describe('Rule', () => {
               cats: new Check({
                 id: 'cats',
                 enabled: true,
-                after: function (results) {
+                after: results => {
                   results[0].result = true;
                   return results;
                 }
diff --git a/test/core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node.js b/test/core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node.js
index a1d720840..05c99c40c 100644
--- a/test/core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node.js
+++ b/test/core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function () {
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+describe('AbstractVirtualNode', () => {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.AbstractVirtualNode);
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error when accessing props', function () {
+  it('should throw an error when accessing props', () => {
     function fn() {
-      var abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      const abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
       if (abstractNode.props.nodeType === 1) {
         return;
       }
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function () {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error when accessing attrNames', function () {
+  it('should throw an error when accessing attrNames', () => {
     function fn() {
-      var abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      const abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
       return abstractNode.attrNames;
     }
 
     assert.throws(fn, 'VirtualNode class must have an "attrNames" property');
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error when accessing hasClass', function () {
+  it('should throw an error when accessing hasClass', () => {
     function fn() {
-      var abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      const abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
       if (abstractNode.hasClass('foo')) {
         return;
       }
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function () {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error when accessing attr', function () {
+  it('should throw an error when accessing attr', () => {
     function fn() {
-      var abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      const abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
       if (abstractNode.attr('foo') === 'bar') {
         return;
       }
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function () {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error when accessing hasAttr', function () {
+  it('should throw an error when accessing hasAttr', () => {
     function fn() {
-      var abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      const abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
       if (abstractNode.hasAttr('foo')) {
         return;
       }
@@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function () {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  describe('hasClass, when attr is set', function () {
-    it('should return true when the element has the class', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function () {
+  describe('hasClass, when attr is set', () => {
+    it('should return true when the element has the class', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      vNode.attr = () => {
         return 'my-class';
       };
 
       assert.isTrue(vNode.hasClass('my-class'));
     });
 
-    it('should return true when the element contains more than one class', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function () {
+    it('should return true when the element contains more than one class', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      vNode.attr = () => {
         return 'my-class a11y-focus visually-hidden';
       };
 
@@ -77,35 +77,35 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function () {
       assert.isTrue(vNode.hasClass('visually-hidden'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false when the element does not contain the class', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function () {
+    it('should return false when the element does not contain the class', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      vNode.attr = () => {
         return undefined;
       };
 
       assert.isFalse(vNode.hasClass('my-class'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false when the element contains only part of the class', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function () {
+    it('should return false when the element contains only part of the class', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      vNode.attr = () => {
         return 'my-class';
       };
       assert.isFalse(vNode.hasClass('class'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if className is not of type string', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function () {
+    it('should return false if className is not of type string', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      vNode.attr = () => {
         return null;
       };
 
       assert.isFalse(vNode.hasClass('my-class'));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for whitespace characters', function () {
-      var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function () {
+    it('should return true for whitespace characters', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
+      vNode.attr = () => {
         return 'my-class\ta11y-focus\rvisually-hidden\ngrid\fcontainer';
       };
 
diff --git a/test/core/base/virtual-node/serial-virtual-node.js b/test/core/base/virtual-node/serial-virtual-node.js
index 81736df6a..af8d91b80 100644
--- a/test/core/base/virtual-node/serial-virtual-node.js
+++ b/test/core/base/virtual-node/serial-virtual-node.js
@@ -1,54 +1,54 @@
-describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-  var SerialVirtualNode = axe.SerialVirtualNode;
+describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+  const SerialVirtualNode = axe.SerialVirtualNode;
 
-  it('extends AbstractVirtualNode', function () {
-    var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('extends AbstractVirtualNode', () => {
+    const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div'
     });
     assert.instanceOf(vNode, axe.AbstractVirtualNode);
   });
 
-  describe('props', function () {
-    it('assigns any properties to .props', function () {
-      var props = {
+  describe('props', () => {
+    it('assigns any properties to .props', () => {
+      const props = {
         nodeType: 1,
         nodeName: 'div',
         someType: 'bar',
         somethingElse: 'baz'
       };
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode(props);
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode(props);
       assert.deepEqual(vNode.props, props);
     });
 
-    it('returns a frozen object', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
+    it('returns a frozen object', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
       assert.isTrue(Object.isFrozen(vNode.props), 'Expect object to be frozen');
     });
 
-    it('takes 1 as its nodeType', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('takes 1 as its nodeType', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeType: 1,
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
       assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeType, 1);
     });
 
-    it('takes 3 as its nodeType', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('takes 3 as its nodeType', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeType: 3,
         nodeName: '#text'
       });
       assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeType, 3);
     });
 
-    it('has a default nodeType of 1', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
+    it('has a default nodeType of 1', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
       assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeType, 1);
     });
 
-    it('does not throw if nodeType is falsy', function () {
-      [null, undefined].forEach(function (nonThrowingNodeType) {
-        assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+    it('does not throw if nodeType is falsy', () => {
+      [null, undefined].forEach(nonThrowingNodeType => {
+        assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
           // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
           new SerialVirtualNode({
             nodeType: nonThrowingNodeType,
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('throws if nodeType is a not a number', function () {
-      [true, 'one', '1', { foo: 'bar' }].forEach(function (throwingNodeType) {
-        assert.throws(function () {
+    it('throws if nodeType is a not a number', () => {
+      [true, 'one', '1', { foo: 'bar' }].forEach(throwingNodeType => {
+        assert.throws(() => {
           // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
           new SerialVirtualNode({
             nodeType: throwingNodeType,
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('converts nodeNames to lower case', function () {
-      var htmlNodes = [
+    it('converts nodeNames to lower case', () => {
+      const htmlNodes = [
         'DIV',
         'SPAN',
         'INPUT',
@@ -81,51 +81,51 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
         'BUTTON',
         'Foo'
       ];
-      htmlNodes.forEach(function (nodeName) {
-        var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: nodeName });
+      htmlNodes.forEach(nodeName => {
+        const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: nodeName });
         assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeName, nodeName.toLowerCase());
       });
     });
 
-    it('defaults to the correct nodeType for certain nodeNames', function () {
-      var vNode1 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'DIV' });
+    it('defaults to the correct nodeType for certain nodeNames', () => {
+      const vNode1 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'DIV' });
       assert.equal(vNode1.props.nodeType, 1);
-      var vNode2 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#cdata-section' });
+      const vNode2 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#cdata-section' });
       assert.equal(vNode2.props.nodeType, 2);
-      var vNode3 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#text' });
+      const vNode3 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#text' });
       assert.equal(vNode3.props.nodeType, 3);
-      var vNode8 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#comment' });
+      const vNode8 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#comment' });
       assert.equal(vNode8.props.nodeType, 8);
-      var vNode9 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#document' });
+      const vNode9 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#document' });
       assert.equal(vNode9.props.nodeType, 9);
-      var vNode11 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#document-fragment' });
+      const vNode11 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#document-fragment' });
       assert.equal(vNode11.props.nodeType, 11);
     });
 
-    it('defaults to the correct nodeName for certain nodeTypes', function () {
-      var vNode2 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 2 });
+    it('defaults to the correct nodeName for certain nodeTypes', () => {
+      const vNode2 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 2 });
       assert.equal(vNode2.props.nodeName, '#cdata-section');
-      var vNode3 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 3 });
+      const vNode3 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 3 });
       assert.equal(vNode3.props.nodeName, '#text');
-      var vNode8 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 8 });
+      const vNode8 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 8 });
       assert.equal(vNode8.props.nodeName, '#comment');
-      var vNode9 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 9 });
+      const vNode9 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 9 });
       assert.equal(vNode9.props.nodeName, '#document');
-      var vNode11 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 11 });
+      const vNode11 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 11 });
       assert.equal(vNode11.props.nodeName, '#document-fragment');
     });
 
-    it('throws if nodeName is not a string', function () {
-      [123, true, null, {}, undefined, []].forEach(function (notAString) {
-        assert.throws(function () {
+    it('throws if nodeName is not a string', () => {
+      [123, true, null, {}, undefined, []].forEach(notAString => {
+        assert.throws(() => {
           // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
           new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: notAString });
         });
       });
     });
 
-    it('ignores the `attributes` property', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('ignores the `attributes` property', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           foo: 'foo',
@@ -136,10 +136,10 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       assert.isUndefined(vNode.props.attributes);
     });
 
-    it('converts type prop to lower case', function () {
-      var types = ['text', 'COLOR', 'Month', 'uRL'];
-      types.forEach(function (type) {
-        var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('converts type prop to lower case', () => {
+      const types = ['text', 'COLOR', 'Month', 'uRL'];
+      types.forEach(type => {
+        const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
           nodeName: 'input',
           type: type
         });
@@ -147,10 +147,10 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('converts type attribute to lower case', function () {
-      var types = ['text', 'COLOR', 'Month', 'uRL'];
-      types.forEach(function (type) {
-        var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('converts type attribute to lower case', () => {
+      const types = ['text', 'COLOR', 'Month', 'uRL'];
+      types.forEach(type => {
+        const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
           nodeName: 'input',
           attributes: {
             type: type
@@ -160,15 +160,15 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('defaults type prop to "text"', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('defaults type prop to "text"', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input'
       });
       assert.equal(vNode.props.type, 'text');
     });
 
-    it('default type prop to "text" if type is invalid', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('default type prop to "text" if type is invalid', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         attributes: {
           type: 'woohoo'
@@ -177,8 +177,8 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       assert.equal(vNode.props.type, 'text');
     });
 
-    it('uses the type property over the type attribute', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('uses the type property over the type attribute', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         type: 'month',
         attributes: {
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     });
 
     it('reflects checkbox properties', () => {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         type: 'checkbox',
         checked: true,
@@ -200,9 +200,9 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('attr', function () {
-    it('returns a string value for the attribute', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('attr', () => {
+    it('returns a string value for the attribute', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           foo: 'foo',
@@ -217,24 +217,24 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       assert.equal(vNode.attr('qux'), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns null if the attribute is null', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns null if the attribute is null', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: { foo: null }
       });
       assert.isNull(vNode.attr('foo'));
     });
 
-    it('returns null if the attribute is not set', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns null if the attribute is not set', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
       assert.isNull(vNode.attr('foo'));
     });
 
-    it('throws if the value is an object (for except null)', function () {
-      [{}, [], /foo/].forEach(function (someObject) {
-        assert.throws(function () {
+    it('throws if the value is an object (for except null)', () => {
+      [{}, [], /foo/].forEach(someObject => {
+        assert.throws(() => {
           // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
           new SerialVirtualNode({
             nodeName: 'div',
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('converts `className` to `class`', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('converts `className` to `class`', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           className: 'foo bar baz'
@@ -254,8 +254,8 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       assert.equal(vNode.attr('class'), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    it('converts `htmlFor` to `for`', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('converts `htmlFor` to `for`', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           htmlFor: 'foo'
@@ -265,9 +265,9 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('hasAttr', function () {
-    it('returns true if the attribute has a value', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('hasAttr', () => {
+    it('returns true if the attribute has a value', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           foo: '',
@@ -280,16 +280,16 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       assert.isTrue(vNode.hasAttr('baz'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if the attribute is null', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns true if the attribute is null', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: { foo: null }
       });
       assert.isTrue(vNode.hasAttr('foo'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the attribute is undefined', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns false if the attribute is undefined', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: { foo: undefined }
       });
@@ -297,12 +297,12 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       assert.isFalse(vNode.hasAttr('bar'));
     });
 
-    it('converts `htmlFor` to `for`', function () {
-      var nodeWithoutFor = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('converts `htmlFor` to `for`', () => {
+      const nodeWithoutFor = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {}
       });
-      var nodeWithFor = new SerialVirtualNode({
+      const nodeWithFor = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: { htmlFor: 'foo' }
       });
@@ -311,12 +311,12 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       assert.isTrue(nodeWithFor.hasAttr('for'));
     });
 
-    it('converts `className` to `class`', function () {
-      var nodeWithoutClass = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('converts `className` to `class`', () => {
+      const nodeWithoutClass = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {}
       });
-      var nodeWithClass = new SerialVirtualNode({
+      const nodeWithClass = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: { className: 'foo bar baz' }
       });
@@ -326,9 +326,9 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('attrNames', function () {
-    it('should return a list of attribute names', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('attrNames', () => {
+    it('should return a list of attribute names', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: { foo: 'bar' }
       });
@@ -336,8 +336,8 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(vNode.attrNames, ['foo']);
     });
 
-    it('should return an empty array if there are no attributes', function () {
-      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return an empty array if there are no attributes', () => {
+      const vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
       assert.deepEqual(vNode.attrNames, []);
diff --git a/test/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js b/test/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
index 338442d75..ed4f4738c 100644
--- a/test/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
+++ b/test/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ describe('VirtualNode', () => {
     node = document.createElement('div');
   });
 
+  afterEach(() => {
+    axe._enableElementInternals = true;
+  });
+
   it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(VirtualNode);
   });
@@ -442,5 +446,53 @@ describe('VirtualNode', () => {
         assert.equal(count, 1);
       });
     });
+
+    describe('internals', () => {
+      it('gets element internals', () => {
+        node = document.createElement('testutils-element');
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+        assert.ok(internals);
+        assert.equal(internals.role, 'button');
+      });
+
+      it('caches the internals', () => {
+        node = document.createElement('testutils-element');
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        let internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+        delete node._internals;
+        internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+        assert.equal(internals.role, 'button');
+      });
+
+      it('sets the internals', () => {
+        node = document.createElement('testutils-element');
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        vNode.elementInternals = { role: 'link' };
+        const internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+        assert.ok(internals);
+        assert.equal(internals.role, 'link');
+      });
+
+      it('returns undefined when feature flag is off', () => {
+        delete axe._enableElementInternals;
+        node = document.createElement('testutils-element');
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+
+        assert.isUndefined(internals);
+      });
+
+      it('returns internals when feature flag is on', () => {
+        delete axe._enableElementInternals;
+        axe._enableElementInternals = true;
+        node = document.createElement('testutils-element');
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+
+        assert.ok(internals);
+        assert.equal(internals.role, 'button');
+      });
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/constants.js b/test/core/constants.js
index 6b6663772..befda7738 100644
--- a/test/core/constants.js
+++ b/test/core/constants.js
@@ -1,35 +1,48 @@
-describe('axe.constants', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should create an object', function () {
+describe('axe.constants', () => {
+  it('should create an object', () => {
     assert.isObject(axe.constants);
   });
 
-  it('should have a results array', function () {
+  it('should have a results array', () => {
     assert.isArray(axe.constants.results);
   });
 
-  it('should have PASS', function () {
+  it('should have PASS', () => {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.PASS, 'passed');
   });
 
-  it('should have FAIL', function () {
+  it('should have FAIL', () => {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.FAIL, 'failed');
   });
 
-  it('should have NA', function () {
+  it('should have NA', () => {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.NA, 'inapplicable');
   });
 
-  it('should have CANTTELL', function () {
+  it('should have CANTTELL', () => {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.CANTTELL, 'cantTell');
   });
 
-  it('should have priorities for results', function () {
+  it('should have priorities for results', () => {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.NA_PRIO, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should have groups for results', function () {
+  it('should have groups for results', () => {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.FAIL_GROUP, 'violations');
   });
+
+  it('should have a gridSize', () => {
+    assert.equal(axe.constants.gridSize, 200);
+  });
+
+  it('should have a selectorSimilarFilterLimit', () => {
+    assert.equal(axe.constants.selectorSimilarFilterLimit, 700);
+  });
+
+  it('has a serializableErrorProps array', () => {
+    assert.isArray(axe.constants.serializableErrorProps);
+    axe.constants.serializableErrorProps.forEach(prop => {
+      assert.typeOf(prop, 'string', `prop ${prop} is not a string`);
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/export.js b/test/core/export.js
index 4091a872b..cb1d44567 100644
--- a/test/core/export.js
+++ b/test/core/export.js
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-describe('export', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should publish a global `axe` variable', function () {
+describe('export', () => {
+  it('should publish a global `axe` variable', () => {
     assert.isDefined(window.axe);
   });
-  it('should define version', function () {
+  it('should define version', () => {
     assert.isNotNull(axe.version);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/index.js b/test/core/index.js
index c7355d4ea..690f94f35 100644
--- a/test/core/index.js
+++ b/test/core/index.js
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-describe('index', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should redefine `define`', function () {
+describe('index', () => {
+  it('should redefine `define`', () => {
     assert.equal(typeof define, 'undefined');
   });
-  it('should redefine `require`', function () {
+  it('should redefine `require`', () => {
     assert.equal(typeof require, 'undefined');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/log.js b/test/core/log.js
index a3d4c2004..f035afa90 100644
--- a/test/core/log.js
+++ b/test/core/log.js
@@ -1,26 +1,24 @@
-describe('axe.log', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.log', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    sinon.restore();
+  });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.log);
   });
-  it('should invoke console.log', function () {
-    var orig = window.console;
-    if (!window.console || window.console.log) {
-      window.console = { log: function () {} };
-    }
-    var expected = ['hi', 'hello'];
-    var success = false;
 
-    window.console.log = function () {
-      success = true;
-      assert.equal(arguments[0], expected[0]);
-      assert.equal(arguments[1], expected[1]);
-    };
+  it('should invoke console.log', () => {
+    let spy;
+    if (!window.console) {
+      spy = sinon.stub();
+      window.console = { log: spy };
+    } else {
+      spy = sinon.stub(console, 'log');
+    }
+    const expected = ['hi', 'hello'];
 
     axe.log.apply(axe.log, expected);
-    assert.isTrue(success);
-
-    window.console = orig;
+    assert.isTrue(spy.called);
+    assert.isTrue(spy.calledWith(expected[0], expected[1]));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/public/cleanup.js b/test/core/public/cleanup.js
index d6e6d373e..efd76aab5 100644
--- a/test/core/public/cleanup.js
+++ b/test/core/public/cleanup.js
@@ -1,35 +1,33 @@
 /*global cleanup */
-describe('cleanup', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
+describe('cleanup', () => {
   function createFrames(callback) {
-    var frame;
+    let frame;
     frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       setTimeout(callback, 500);
     });
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   }
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var assertNotCalled = function () {
+  const assertNotCalled = () => {
     assert.ok(false, 'Should not be called');
   };
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe.plugins = {};
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should throw if no audit is configured', function () {
+  it('should throw if no audit is configured', () => {
     assert.throws(
-      function () {
+      () => {
         axe.cleanup(document, {});
       },
       Error,
@@ -37,61 +35,61 @@ describe('cleanup', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should call cleanup on all plugins', function (done) {
+  it('should call cleanup on all plugins', done => {
     /*eslint no-unused-vars: 0*/
-    var cleaned = false;
+    let cleaned = false;
     axe._load({
       rules: []
     });
     axe.registerPlugin({
       id: 'p',
-      run: function () {},
+      run: () => {},
       add: function (impl) {
         this._registry[impl.id] = impl;
       },
       commands: []
     });
-    axe.plugins.p.cleanup = function (res) {
+    axe.plugins.p.cleanup = res => {
       cleaned = true;
       res();
     };
-    axe.cleanup(function () {
+    axe.cleanup(() => {
       assert.equal(cleaned, true);
       done();
     }, assertNotCalled);
   });
 
-  it('should not throw exception if no arguments are provided', function (done) {
-    var cleaned = false;
+  it('should not throw exception if no arguments are provided', done => {
+    let cleaned = false;
     axe._load({
       rules: []
     });
     axe.registerPlugin({
       id: 'p',
-      run: function () {},
+      run: () => {},
       add: function (impl) {
         this._registry[impl.id] = impl;
       },
       commands: []
     });
-    axe.plugins.p.cleanup = function (res) {
+    axe.plugins.p.cleanup = res => {
       cleaned = true;
       res();
     };
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
       axe.cleanup();
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('should send command to frames to cleanup', function (done) {
-    createFrames(function () {
+  it('should send command to frames to cleanup', done => {
+    createFrames(() => {
       axe._load({});
 
-      var frame = fixture.querySelector('iframe');
-      var win = frame.contentWindow;
-      win.addEventListener('message', function (message) {
-        var data = JSON.parse(message.data);
+      const frame = fixture.querySelector('iframe');
+      const win = frame.contentWindow;
+      win.addEventListener('message', message => {
+        const data = JSON.parse(message.data);
         if (data.topic === 'axe.start') {
           assert.deepEqual(data.payload, { command: 'cleanup-plugin' });
           done();
diff --git a/test/core/public/configure.js b/test/core/public/configure.js
index 12972a0ae..0fa82c21c 100644
--- a/test/core/public/configure.js
+++ b/test/core/public/configure.js
@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
-describe('axe.configure', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.configure', () => {
   // var Rule = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Rule;
   // var Check = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Check;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var axeVersion = axe.version;
-  var ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const axeVersion = axe.version;
+  const ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe.version = axeVersion;
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should throw if audit is not configured', function () {
+  it('should throw if audit is not configured', () => {
     assert.throws(
-      function () {
+      () => {
         axe.configure({});
       },
       Error,
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it("should override an audit's reporter - string", function () {
+  it("should override an audit's reporter - string", () => {
     axe._load({});
     assert.isNull(axe._audit.reporter);
 
@@ -33,13 +32,13 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.reporter, 'v1');
   });
 
-  it('should not allow setting to an un-registered reporter', function () {
+  it('should not allow setting to an un-registered reporter', () => {
     axe._load({ reporter: 'v1' });
     axe.configure({ reporter: 'no-exist-evar-plz' });
     assert.equal(axe._audit.reporter, 'v1');
   });
 
-  it('should allow for addition of rules', function () {
+  it('should allow for addition of rules', () => {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       rules: [
@@ -59,31 +58,31 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.data.rules.bob.joe, 'joe');
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if rules property is invalid', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
-      axe.configure({ rules: 'hello' }),
+  it('should throw error if rules property is invalid', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      (axe.configure({ rules: 'hello' }),
         TypeError,
-        /^Rules property must be an array/;
+        /^Rules property must be an array/);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if rule is invalid', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
-      axe.configure({ rules: ['hello'] }),
+  it('should throw error if rule is invalid', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      (axe.configure({ rules: ['hello'] }),
         TypeError,
-        /Configured rule "hello" is invalid/;
+        /Configured rule "hello" is invalid/);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if rule does not have an id', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
-      axe.configure({ rules: [{ foo: 'bar' }] }),
+  it('should throw error if rule does not have an id', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      (axe.configure({ rules: [{ foo: 'bar' }] }),
         TypeError,
-        /Configured rule "{foo:\"bar\"}" is invalid/;
+        /Configured rule "{foo:\"bar\"}" is invalid/);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should call setBranding when passed options', function () {
+  it('should call setBranding when passed options', () => {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       rules: [
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(axe._audit.rules, 1);
     assert.equal(
       axe._audit.data.rules.bob.helpUrl,
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' + ver + '/bob?application=axeAPI'
+      `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/bob?application=axeAPI`
     );
     axe.configure({
       branding: {
@@ -107,13 +106,11 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     });
     assert.equal(
       axe._audit.data.rules.bob.helpUrl,
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/thung/' +
-        ver +
-        '/bob?application=thing'
+      `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/thung/${ver}/bob?application=thing`
     );
   });
 
-  it('sets branding on newly configured rules', function () {
+  it('sets branding on newly configured rules', () => {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       branding: {
@@ -132,13 +129,11 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
 
     assert.equal(
       axe._audit.data.rules.bob.helpUrl,
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/thung/' +
-        ver +
-        '/bob?application=thing'
+      `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/thung/${ver}/bob?application=thing`
     );
   });
 
-  it('should allow for overwriting of rules', function () {
+  it('should allow for overwriting of rules', () => {
     axe._load({
       data: {
         rules: {
@@ -169,7 +164,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.data.rules.bob.joe, 'joe');
   });
 
-  it('should allow for the addition of checks', function () {
+  it('should allow for the addition of checks', () => {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       checks: [
@@ -189,31 +184,31 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.data.checks.bob.joe, 'joe');
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if checks property is invalid', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
-      axe.configure({ checks: 'hello' }),
+  it('should throw error if checks property is invalid', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      (axe.configure({ checks: 'hello' }),
         TypeError,
-        /^Checks property must be an array/;
+        /^Checks property must be an array/);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if check is invalid', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
-      axe.configure({ checks: ['hello'] }),
+  it('should throw error if check is invalid', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      (axe.configure({ checks: ['hello'] }),
         TypeError,
-        /Configured check "hello" is invalid/;
+        /Configured check "hello" is invalid/);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if check does not have an id', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
-      axe.configure({ checks: [{ foo: 'bar' }] }),
+  it('should throw error if check does not have an id', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      (axe.configure({ checks: [{ foo: 'bar' }] }),
         TypeError,
-        /Configured check "{foo:\"bar\"}" is invalid/;
+        /Configured check "{foo:\"bar\"}" is invalid/);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should allow for the overwriting of checks', function () {
+  it('should allow for the overwriting of checks', () => {
     axe._load({
       data: {
         checks: {
@@ -245,7 +240,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.data.checks.bob.joe, 'joe');
   });
 
-  it('should create an execution context for check messages', function () {
+  it('should create an execution context for check messages', () => {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       checks: [
@@ -267,9 +262,9 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.data.checks.bob.messages.fail, 'Bob Pete');
   });
 
-  it('overrides the default value of audit.tagExclude', function () {
+  it('overrides the default value of audit.tagExclude', () => {
     axe._load({});
-    assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['experimental']);
+    assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['experimental', 'deprecated']);
 
     axe.configure({
       tagExclude: ['ninjas']
@@ -277,7 +272,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['ninjas']);
   });
 
-  it('disables all untouched rules with disableOtherRules', function () {
+  it('disables all untouched rules with disableOtherRules', () => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [{ id: 'captain-america' }, { id: 'thor' }, { id: 'spider-man' }]
     });
@@ -297,7 +292,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.rules[3].enabled, true);
   });
 
-  it("should allow overriding an audit's noHtml", function () {
+  it("should allow overriding an audit's noHtml", () => {
     axe._load({});
     assert.isFalse(axe._audit.noHtml);
 
@@ -305,7 +300,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.isTrue(axe._audit.noHtml);
   });
 
-  it("should allow overriding an audit's allowedOrigins", function () {
+  it("should allow overriding an audit's allowedOrigins", () => {
     axe._load({});
     assert.notDeepEqual(axe._audit.allowedOrigins, ['foo']);
 
@@ -313,22 +308,22 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.allowedOrigins, ['foo']);
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if allowedOrigins is not an array', function () {
+  it('should throw error if allowedOrigins is not an array', () => {
     axe._load({});
-    assert.throws(function () {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.configure({ allowedOrigins: 'foo' });
     });
   });
 
-  it("should throw error if the origin is '*'", function () {
+  it("should throw error if the origin is '*'", () => {
     axe._load({});
-    assert.throws(function () {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.configure({ allowedOrigins: ['foo', '*'] });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('given a locale object', function () {
-    beforeEach(function () {
+  describe('given a locale object', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       axe._load({});
 
       axe.configure({
@@ -347,7 +342,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'banana',
-            evaluate: function () {},
+            evaluate: () => {},
             metadata: {
               impact: 'srsly serious',
               messages: {
@@ -365,7 +360,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should update check and rule metadata', function () {
+    it('should update check and rule metadata', () => {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           lang: 'lol',
@@ -389,8 +384,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var audit = axe._audit;
-      var localeData = audit.data;
+      const audit = axe._audit;
+      const localeData = audit.data;
 
       assert.equal(localeData.rules.greeting.help, 'hi');
       assert.equal(localeData.rules.greeting.description, 'hello');
@@ -403,7 +398,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should merge locales (favoring "new")', function () {
+    it('should merge locales (favoring "new")', () => {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           lang: 'lol',
@@ -416,8 +411,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var audit = axe._audit;
-      var localeData = audit.data;
+      const audit = axe._audit;
+      const localeData = audit.data;
 
       assert.equal(localeData.rules.greeting.help, 'ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTVXYZ');
       assert.equal(localeData.rules.greeting.description, 'hello');
@@ -430,7 +425,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('sets the lang property', function () {
+    it('sets the lang property', () => {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           lang: 'lol',
@@ -446,7 +441,60 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       assert.equal(axe._audit.lang, 'lol');
     });
 
-    it('should call doT.compile if a messages uses doT syntax', function () {
+    it('should update helpUrl lang when locale is configured', () => {
+      assert.equal(
+        axe._audit.data.rules.greeting.helpUrl,
+        `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/greeting?application=axeAPI`
+      );
+      axe.configure({
+        locale: {
+          lang: 'de'
+        }
+      });
+      assert.equal(
+        axe._audit.data.rules.greeting.helpUrl,
+        `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/greeting?application=axeAPI&lang=de`
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should not modify custom helpUrls when locale is configured', () => {
+      axe.configure({
+        rules: [
+          {
+            id: 'custom',
+            selector: 'div',
+            metadata: {
+              helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/myproject/${ver}/custom?application=axeAPI`
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            id: 'greeting',
+            selector: 'div',
+            metadata: {
+              description: 'This is a rule that rules',
+              help: 'ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTVXYZ'
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      });
+
+      axe.configure({
+        locale: {
+          lang: 'de'
+        }
+      });
+
+      assert.equal(
+        axe._audit.data.rules.custom.helpUrl,
+        `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/myproject/${ver}/custom?application=axeAPI`
+      );
+      assert.equal(
+        axe._audit.data.rules.greeting.helpUrl,
+        `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/greeting?application=axeAPI&lang=de`
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should call doT.compile if a messages uses doT syntax', () => {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           lang: 'lol',
@@ -459,15 +507,15 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var audit = axe._audit;
-      var localeData = audit.data;
+      const audit = axe._audit;
+      const localeData = audit.data;
 
       assert.isTrue(
         typeof localeData.checks.banana.messages.fail === 'function'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should leave the messages as a string if it does not use doT syntax', function () {
+    it('should leave the messages as a string if it does not use doT syntax', () => {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           lang: 'lol',
@@ -480,28 +528,28 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var audit = axe._audit;
-      var localeData = audit.data;
+      const audit = axe._audit;
+      const localeData = audit.data;
 
       assert.isTrue(typeof localeData.checks.banana.messages.fail === 'string');
     });
 
-    it('should update failure messages', function () {
+    it('should update failure messages', () => {
       axe._load({
         data: {
           failureSummaries: {
             any: {
-              failureMessage: function () {
+              failureMessage: () => {
                 return 'failed any';
               }
             },
             none: {
-              failureMessage: function () {
+              failureMessage: () => {
                 return 'failed none';
               }
             }
           },
-          incompleteFallbackMessage: function () {
+          incompleteFallbackMessage: () => {
             return 'failed incomplete';
           }
         }
@@ -522,30 +570,30 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var audit = axe._audit;
-      var localeData = audit.data;
+      const audit = axe._audit;
+      const localeData = audit.data;
 
       assert.equal(localeData.failureSummaries.any.failureMessage, 'foo');
       assert.equal(localeData.failureSummaries.none.failureMessage, 'bar');
       assert.equal(localeData.incompleteFallbackMessage, 'baz');
     });
 
-    it('should merge failure messages', function () {
+    it('should merge failure messages', () => {
       axe._load({
         data: {
           failureSummaries: {
             any: {
-              failureMessage: function () {
+              failureMessage: () => {
                 return 'failed any';
               }
             },
             none: {
-              failureMessage: function () {
+              failureMessage: () => {
                 return 'failed none';
               }
             }
           },
-          incompleteFallbackMessage: function () {
+          incompleteFallbackMessage: () => {
             return 'failed incomplete';
           }
         }
@@ -562,8 +610,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var audit = axe._audit;
-      var localeData = audit.data;
+      const audit = axe._audit;
+      const localeData = audit.data;
 
       assert.equal(localeData.failureSummaries.any.failureMessage, 'foo');
       assert.equal(
@@ -573,12 +621,12 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       assert.equal(localeData.incompleteFallbackMessage(), 'failed incomplete');
     });
 
-    it('should not strip newline characters from doT template', function () {
+    it('should not strip newline characters from doT template', () => {
       axe._load({
         data: {
           failureSummaries: {
             any: {
-              failureMessage: function () {
+              failureMessage: () => {
                 return 'failed any';
               }
             }
@@ -598,8 +646,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var audit = axe._audit;
-      var localeData = audit.data;
+      const audit = axe._audit;
+      const localeData = audit.data;
 
       assert.equal(
         localeData.failureSummaries.any.failureMessage(['1', '2', '3']),
@@ -607,9 +655,9 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    describe('only given checks', function () {
-      it('should not error', function () {
-        assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+    describe('only given checks', () => {
+      it('should not error', () => {
+        assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
           axe.configure({
             locale: {
               lang: 'lol',
@@ -627,9 +675,9 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('only given rules', function () {
-      it('should not error', function () {
-        assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+    describe('only given rules', () => {
+      it('should not error', () => {
+        assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
           axe.configure({
             locale: {
               rules: { greeting: { help: 'foo', description: 'bar' } }
@@ -639,13 +687,13 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('check incomplete messages', function () {
-      beforeEach(function () {
+    describe('check incomplete messages', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         axe.configure({
           checks: [
             {
               id: 'panda',
-              evaluate: function () {},
+              evaluate: () => {},
               metadata: {
                 impact: 'yep',
                 messages: {
@@ -659,7 +707,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should support strings', function () {
+      it('should support strings', () => {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             checks: {
@@ -673,7 +721,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         assert.equal(axe._audit.data.checks.panda.messages.incomplete, 'radio');
       });
 
-      it('should shallow-merge objects', function () {
+      it('should shallow-merge objects', () => {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             lang: 'lol',
@@ -698,7 +746,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     // This test ensures we do not drop additional properties added to
     // checks. See https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/1036/files#r207738673
     // for reasoning.
-    it('should keep existing properties on check data', function () {
+    it('should keep existing properties on check data', () => {
       axe.configure({
         checks: [
           {
@@ -727,14 +775,14 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var banana = axe._audit.data.checks.banana;
+      const banana = axe._audit.data.checks.banana;
       assert.equal(banana.impact, 'potato');
       assert.equal(banana.foo, 'bar');
       assert.equal(banana.messages.pass, 'yay banana');
     });
 
-    it('should error when provided an unknown rule id', function () {
-      assert.throws(function () {
+    it('should error when provided an unknown rule id', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             rules: { nope: { help: 'helpme' } }
@@ -743,8 +791,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       }, /unknown rule: "nope"/);
     });
 
-    it('should error when provided an unknown check id', function () {
-      assert.throws(function () {
+    it('should error when provided an unknown check id', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             checks: { nope: { pass: 'helpme' } }
@@ -753,8 +801,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       }, /unknown check: "nope"/);
     });
 
-    it('should error when provided an unknown failure summary', function () {
-      assert.throws(function () {
+    it('should error when provided an unknown failure summary', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             failureSummaries: {
@@ -765,7 +813,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should set default locale', function () {
+    it('should set default locale', () => {
       assert.isNull(axe._audit._defaultLocale);
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
@@ -780,8 +828,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       assert.ok(axe._audit._defaultLocale);
     });
 
-    describe('also given metadata', function () {
-      it('should favor the locale', function () {
+    describe('also given metadata', () => {
+      it('should favor the locale', () => {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             lang: 'lol',
@@ -801,16 +849,16 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
           ]
         });
 
-        var audit = axe._audit;
-        var localeData = audit.data;
+        const audit = axe._audit;
+        const localeData = audit.data;
 
         assert.equal(localeData.rules.greeting.help, 'hi');
       });
     });
 
-    describe('after locale has been set', function () {
-      describe('the provided messages', function () {
-        it('should allow for doT templating', function () {
+    describe('after locale has been set', () => {
+      describe('the provided messages', () => {
+        it('should allow for doT templating', () => {
           axe.configure({
             locale: {
               lang: 'foo',
@@ -822,8 +870,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
             }
           });
 
-          var greeting = axe._audit.data.rules.greeting;
-          var value = greeting.help({
+          const greeting = axe._audit.data.rules.greeting;
+          const value = greeting.help({
             data: 'bar'
           });
           assert.equal(value, 'foo: bar.');
@@ -832,13 +880,13 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('given an axeVersion property', function () {
-    beforeEach(function () {
+  describe('given an axeVersion property', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       axe._load({});
       axe.version = '1.2.3';
     });
 
-    it('should not throw if version matches axe.version', function () {
+    it('should not throw if version matches axe.version', () => {
       assert.doesNotThrow(function fn() {
         axe.configure({
           axeVersion: '1.2.3'
@@ -851,7 +899,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should not throw if patch version is less than axe.version', function () {
+    it('should not throw if patch version is less than axe.version', () => {
       assert.doesNotThrow(function fn() {
         axe.configure({
           axeVersion: '1.2.0'
@@ -859,7 +907,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should not throw if minor version is less than axe.version', function () {
+    it('should not throw if minor version is less than axe.version', () => {
       assert.doesNotThrow(function fn() {
         axe.configure({
           axeVersion: '1.1.9'
@@ -867,7 +915,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should not throw if versions match and axe has a canary version', function () {
+    it('should not throw if versions match and axe has a canary version', () => {
       axe.version = '1.2.3-canary.2664bae';
       assert.doesNotThrow(function fn() {
         axe.configure({
@@ -876,7 +924,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw if invalid version', function () {
+    it('should throw if invalid version', () => {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure({
           axeVersion: '2'
@@ -890,7 +938,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       }, 'Invalid configured version 2..');
     });
 
-    it('should throw if major version is different than axe.version', function () {
+    it('should throw if major version is different than axe.version', () => {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -909,7 +957,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw if minor version is greater than axe.version', function () {
+    it('should throw if minor version is greater than axe.version', () => {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -920,7 +968,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw if patch version is greater than axe.version', function () {
+    it('should throw if patch version is greater than axe.version', () => {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -931,7 +979,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw if versions match and axeVersion has a canary version', function () {
+    it('should throw if versions match and axeVersion has a canary version', () => {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -942,7 +990,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw if versions match and both have a canary version', function () {
+    it('should throw if versions match and both have a canary version', () => {
       axe.version = '1.2.3-canary.2664bae';
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
@@ -954,7 +1002,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should accept ver property as fallback', function () {
+    it('should accept ver property as fallback', () => {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -965,7 +1013,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should accept axeVersion over ver property', function () {
+    it('should accept axeVersion over ver property', () => {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -978,13 +1026,13 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('given a standards object', function () {
-    beforeEach(function () {
+  describe('given a standards object', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       axe._load({});
     });
 
-    describe('ariaAttrs', function () {
-      it('should allow creating new attr', function () {
+    describe('ariaAttrs', () => {
+      it('should allow creating new attr', () => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -995,11 +1043,11 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
           }
         });
 
-        var ariaAttr = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs.newAttr;
+        const ariaAttr = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs.newAttr;
         assert.equal(ariaAttr.type, 'string');
       });
 
-      it('should override existing attr', function () {
+      it('should override existing attr', () => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -1021,12 +1069,12 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
           }
         });
 
-        var ariaAttr = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs.newAttr;
+        const ariaAttr = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs.newAttr;
         assert.equal(ariaAttr.type, 'mntoken');
         assert.deepEqual(ariaAttr.values, ['foo', 'bar']);
       });
 
-      it('should merge existing attr', function () {
+      it('should merge existing attr', () => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -1048,12 +1096,12 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
           }
         });
 
-        var ariaAttr = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs.newAttr;
+        const ariaAttr = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs.newAttr;
         assert.equal(ariaAttr.type, 'mntokens');
         assert.deepEqual(ariaAttr.values, ['foo', 'bar']);
       });
 
-      it('should override and not merge array', function () {
+      it('should override and not merge array', () => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -1075,7 +1123,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function () {
           }
         });
 
-        var ariaAttr = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs.newAttr;
+        const ariaAttr = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs.newAttr;
         assert.deepEqual(ariaAttr.values, ['baz']);
       });
     });
diff --git a/test/core/public/external-apis.js b/test/core/public/external-apis.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..541830048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/public/external-apis.js
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+describe('externalAPIs', () => {
+  const externalAPIs = axe.externalAPIs;
+  const { external } = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.public;
+  const { html, queryShadowFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+  const { getNodeFromTree } = axe.utils;
+  const subLogger = sinon.stub();
+
+  describe('getElementInternals', () => {
+    let externalInternals;
+    let shadowVNode;
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      shadowVNode = queryShadowFixture(
+        html`
+          <testutils-element>
+            <div>active child</div>
+          </testutils-element>
+          <div id="shadow"></div>
+          <div id="label">label</div>
+        `,
+        html` <testutils-element id="target"></testutils-element> `
+      );
+
+      externalInternals = [
+        {
+          ancestry: '#fixture > testutils-element:nth-child(1)',
+          internals: {
+            role: 'heading',
+            ariaLabelledbyElements: {
+              type: 'NodeList',
+              value: ['#fixture > div:nth-child(3)']
+            },
+            ariaActiveDescendantElement: {
+              type: 'HTMLElement',
+              value: '#fixture > testutils-element:nth-child(1) > div'
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          ancestry: ['#fixture > div:nth-child(2)', 'testutils-element'],
+          internals: {
+            role: 'input'
+          }
+        }
+      ];
+    });
+
+    afterEach(() => {
+      subLogger.resetHistory();
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals: null,
+        elementInternalsTimeout: null
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('throws if getElementInternals is not a function', () => {
+      for (const type of ['1', 0, false, {}, []]) {
+        assert.throws(
+          () => {
+            externalAPIs({ getElementInternals: type });
+          },
+          Error,
+          '',
+          `"${type}" did not throw an error`
+        );
+      }
+
+      assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+        externalAPIs({ getElementInternals() {} });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('sets internals on the vNode', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.resolve(externalInternals);
+        }
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals();
+
+      const node = document.querySelector('testutils-element');
+      const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
+
+      const internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+      assert.ok(internals);
+      assert.equal(internals.role, 'heading');
+
+      const shadowInternals = shadowVNode.elementInternals;
+      assert.ok(shadowInternals);
+      assert.equal(shadowInternals.role, 'input');
+    });
+
+    it('converts idref ancestry to HTMLElement', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.resolve(externalInternals);
+        }
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals();
+
+      const node = document.querySelector('testutils-element');
+      const activeDesc = document.querySelector('testutils-element > div');
+      const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
+
+      const internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+      assert.equal(internals.ariaActiveDescendantElement, activeDesc);
+    });
+
+    it('converts idrefs ancestry to NodeList', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.resolve(externalInternals);
+        }
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals();
+
+      const node = document.querySelector('testutils-element');
+      const label = document.querySelector('#label');
+      const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
+
+      const internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+      assert.deepEqual(internals.ariaLabelledbyElements, [label]);
+    });
+
+    it('resets getElementInternals if passed null', async () => {
+      const stub = sinon.stub().returns(Promise.resolve([]));
+
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return stub;
+        }
+      });
+
+      externalAPIs({ getElementInternals: null });
+      await external.loadElementInternals();
+
+      assert.isFalse(stub.called);
+    });
+
+    it('timesout if getElementInternals function does not return in time', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return new Promise(res => {
+            setTimeout(res, 1500);
+          });
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await external.loadElementInternals();
+        throw new Error('Did not time out');
+      } catch (err) {
+        assert.isTrue(err.message.includes('Timeout'));
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('allows configuring the timeout time', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        elementInternalsTimeout: 250,
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return new Promise(res => {
+            setTimeout(res, 500);
+          });
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await external.loadElementInternals();
+        throw new Error('Did not time out');
+      } catch (err) {
+        assert.isTrue(err.message.includes('Timeout'));
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('resets the timeout if passed null', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        elementInternalsTimeout: 250,
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return new Promise(res => {
+            setTimeout(res, 500, externalInternals);
+          });
+        }
+      });
+
+      externalAPIs({
+        elementInternalsTimeout: null
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals();
+
+      const node = document.querySelector('testutils-element');
+      const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
+      const internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+      assert.ok(internals);
+      assert.equal(internals.role, 'heading');
+    });
+
+    it('forwards rejection if getElementInternals rejects', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.reject(new Error('boom!'));
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await external.loadElementInternals();
+        throw new Error('Did not throw');
+      } catch (err) {
+        assert.isTrue(err.message.includes('boom!'));
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('logs and does not error if the resolved value is not an array', async () => {
+      for (const type of ['1', 1, false, null, () => {}, {}]) {
+        externalAPIs({
+          getElementInternals() {
+            return Promise.resolve(type);
+          }
+        });
+
+        subLogger.resetHistory();
+        try {
+          await external.loadElementInternals(subLogger);
+        } catch (err) {
+          throw new Error(`"${type}" threw an error`, { cause: err });
+        }
+
+        assert.isTrue(subLogger.called);
+        assert.include(subLogger.firstCall.args[0], 'did not return an array');
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('logs and does not error if resolve value contains non-object items', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.resolve(['1', 1, false, null, () => {}]);
+        }
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals(subLogger);
+
+      assert.isTrue(subLogger.called);
+      assert.include(subLogger.firstCall.args[0], 'is not an object');
+    });
+
+    it('logs and does not error internals property is missing', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.resolve([
+            {
+              ancestry: 'testutils-element'
+            }
+          ]);
+        }
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals(subLogger);
+
+      assert.isTrue(subLogger.called);
+      assert.include(subLogger.firstCall.args[0], 'internals is not an object');
+    });
+
+    it('logs and does not error if internals property is not an object', async () => {
+      for (const type of ['1', 1, false, null, () => {}]) {
+        externalAPIs({
+          getElementInternals() {
+            return Promise.resolve([
+              {
+                ancestry: 'testutils-element',
+                internals: type
+              }
+            ]);
+          }
+        });
+
+        subLogger.resetHistory();
+        try {
+          await external.loadElementInternals(subLogger);
+        } catch (err) {
+          throw new Error(`"${type}" threw an error`, { cause: err });
+        }
+
+        assert.isTrue(subLogger.called);
+        assert.include(
+          subLogger.firstCall.args[0],
+          'internals is not an object'
+        );
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('logs and does not error if ancestry is not a string or array', async () => {
+      for (const type of [1, false, null, () => {}, {}]) {
+        externalAPIs({
+          getElementInternals() {
+            return Promise.resolve([
+              {
+                ancestry: type,
+                internals: {}
+              }
+            ]);
+          }
+        });
+
+        subLogger.resetHistory();
+        try {
+          await external.loadElementInternals(subLogger);
+        } catch (err) {
+          throw new Error(`"${type}" threw an error`, { cause: err });
+        }
+
+        assert.isTrue(subLogger.called);
+        assert.include(
+          subLogger.firstCall.args[0],
+          'ancestry is not a string or an array of strings'
+        );
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('logs and does not error if it cannot find the ancestry node', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.resolve([
+            {
+              ancestry: 'does-not-exist',
+              internals: {
+                role: 'button'
+              }
+            }
+          ]);
+        }
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals(subLogger);
+
+      assert.isTrue(subLogger.called);
+      assert.include(
+        subLogger.firstCall.args[0],
+        'Unable to locate node using selector'
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('logs and does not error if internals property is an object without the "type" property', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.resolve([
+            {
+              ancestry: '#fixture > testutils-element:nth-child(1)',
+              internals: {
+                ariaActiveDescendantElement: {
+                  value: 'button'
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]);
+        }
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals(subLogger);
+
+      assert.isTrue(subLogger.called);
+      assert.include(
+        subLogger.firstCall.args[0],
+        'is an object but has no "type" property'
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('logs and does not error if internals property is an object without the "value" property', async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.resolve([
+            {
+              ancestry: '#fixture > testutils-element:nth-child(1)',
+              internals: {
+                ariaActiveDescendantElement: {
+                  type: 'HTMLElement'
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]);
+        }
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals(subLogger);
+
+      assert.isTrue(subLogger.called);
+      assert.include(
+        subLogger.firstCall.args[0],
+        'is an object but has no "value" property'
+      );
+    });
+
+    it("sets a getter that throws if it can't find an idref element", async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.resolve([
+            {
+              ancestry: '#fixture > testutils-element:nth-child(1)',
+              internals: {
+                ariaActiveDescendantElement: {
+                  type: 'HTMLElement',
+                  value: 'button'
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]);
+        }
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals();
+
+      const node = document.querySelector('testutils-element');
+      const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
+
+      const internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        internals.ariaActiveDescendantElement;
+      }, /Unable to locate node using selector/);
+    });
+
+    it("sets a getter that throws if it can't find idrefs elements", async () => {
+      externalAPIs({
+        getElementInternals() {
+          return Promise.resolve([
+            {
+              ancestry: '#fixture > testutils-element:nth-child(1)',
+              internals: {
+                ariaLabelledbyElements: {
+                  type: 'NodeList',
+                  value: ['button']
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ]);
+        }
+      });
+
+      await external.loadElementInternals();
+
+      const node = document.querySelector('testutils-element');
+      const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
+
+      const internals = vNode.elementInternals;
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        internals.ariaLabelledbyElements;
+      }, /Unable to locate nodes using selectors/);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/public/finish-run.js b/test/core/public/finish-run.js
index 1199b2153..b156e5931 100644
--- a/test/core/public/finish-run.js
+++ b/test/core/public/finish-run.js
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
-describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+describe('axe.finishRun', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('takes a single partial results and outputs a finished report', function (done) {
+  it('takes a single partial results and outputs a finished report', done => {
     axe
       .runPartial()
-      .then(function (result) {
+      .then(result => {
         return axe.finishRun([result]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.property(results, 'violations');
         assert.property(results, 'passes');
         assert.property(results, 'incomplete');
@@ -21,29 +22,29 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('does not mutate the options object', function (done) {
-    var options = {};
+  it('does not mutate the options object', done => {
+    const options = {};
     axe
       .runPartial(options)
-      .then(function (result) {
+      .then(result => {
         return axe.finishRun([result], options);
       })
-      .then(function () {
+      .then(() => {
         assert.deepEqual(options, {});
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('uses option.reporter to create the report', function (done) {
+  it('uses option.reporter to create the report', done => {
     axe
       .runPartial()
-      .then(function (partialResult) {
+      .then(partialResult => {
         return axe.finishRun([partialResult], { reporter: 'raw' });
       })
-      .then(function (rawResults) {
+      .then(rawResults => {
         assert.notEqual(rawResults.length, 0);
-        rawResults.forEach(function (rawResult) {
+        rawResults.forEach(rawResult => {
           assert.property(rawResult, 'violations');
           assert.property(rawResult, 'passes');
           assert.property(rawResult, 'incomplete');
@@ -54,26 +55,26 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('defaults options.reporter to v1', function (done) {
+  it('defaults options.reporter to v1', done => {
     axe
       .runPartial()
-      .then(function (partialResult) {
+      .then(partialResult => {
         return axe.finishRun([partialResult]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.equal(results.toolOptions.reporter, 'v1');
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('normalizes the runOnly option in the reporter', function (done) {
+  it('normalizes the runOnly option in the reporter', done => {
     axe
       .runPartial()
-      .then(function (partialResult) {
+      .then(partialResult => {
         return axe.finishRun([partialResult], { runOnly: 'region' });
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.deepEqual(results.toolOptions.runOnly, {
           type: 'rule',
           values: ['region']
@@ -83,35 +84,35 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('takes partialResult.environmentData to the reporter', function (done) {
-    var testEngine = {
+  it('takes partialResult.environmentData to the reporter', done => {
+    const testEngine = {
       name: 'dummy-engine',
       version: '1.2.3.4.5'
     };
     axe
       .runPartial()
-      .then(function (partialResult) {
+      .then(partialResult => {
         partialResult.environmentData = { testEngine: testEngine };
         return axe.finishRun([partialResult], { runOnly: 'region' });
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.deepEqual(results.testEngine, testEngine);
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('can report violations results', function (done) {
+  it('can report violations results', done => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div aria-label="foo"></div>';
     axe
       .runPartial(
         { include: [['#fixture']] },
         { runOnly: 'aria-prohibited-attr' }
       )
-      .then(function (result) {
+      .then(result => {
         return axe.finishRun([result]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
@@ -121,15 +122,15 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('can report passes results', function (done) {
+  it('can report passes results', done => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="button" aria-label="foo"></div>';
 
     axe
       .runPartial({ include: [['#fixture']] }, { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' })
-      .then(function (result) {
+      .then(result => {
         return axe.finishRun([result]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
         assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('can report incomplete results', function (done) {
+  it('can report incomplete results', done => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div aria-describedby="missing"></div>';
 
     axe
@@ -147,10 +148,10 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
         { include: [['#fixture']] },
         { runOnly: 'aria-valid-attr-value' }
       )
-      .then(function (result) {
+      .then(result => {
         return axe.finishRun([result]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
@@ -160,13 +161,13 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('can report inapplicable results', function (done) {
+  it('can report inapplicable results', done => {
     axe
       .runPartial({ include: [['#fixture']] }, { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' })
-      .then(function (result) {
+      .then(result => {
         return axe.finishRun([result]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
@@ -176,33 +177,34 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('takes multiple partial results and outputs a finished report', function (done) {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="fail" aria-label="foo"></div>' +
-      '<div id="pass" role="button" aria-label="foo"></div>' +
-      '<div id="incomplete" aria-describedby="missing"></div>';
-    var allResults = [];
+  it('takes multiple partial results and outputs a finished report', done => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="fail" aria-label="foo"></div>
+      <div id="pass" role="button" aria-label="foo"></div>
+      <div id="incomplete" aria-describedby="missing"></div>
+    `;
+    const allResults = [];
 
     axe
       .runPartial({ include: [['#pass']] }, { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         allResults.push(results);
         return axe.runPartial(
           { include: [['#fail']] },
           { runOnly: 'aria-prohibited-attr' }
         );
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         allResults.push(results);
         return axe.runPartial(
           { include: [['#incomplete']] },
           { runOnly: 'aria-valid-attr-value' }
         );
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         return axe.finishRun(allResults.concat(results));
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
         assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
@@ -246,57 +248,56 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  describe('frames', function () {
-    function createIframe(html, parent) {
-      return new Promise(function (resolve) {
+  describe('frames', () => {
+    function createIframe(markup, parent) {
+      return new Promise(resolve => {
         parent = parent || fixture;
-        var doc = parent.ownerDocument;
-        var iframe = doc.createElement('iframe');
+        const doc = parent.ownerDocument;
+        const iframe = doc.createElement('iframe');
+        // srcdoc triggers the load event after all resources finish — avoids
+        // the document.write() + onload race where the script may load before
+        // the handler is registered.
+        iframe.srcdoc = `<!DOCTYPE html><html><body>${markup}<script src="/axe.js"><\/script></body></html>`;
+        iframe.addEventListener('load', () => resolve(iframe.contentWindow));
         parent.appendChild(iframe);
-        var frameDoc = iframe.contentDocument;
-        frameDoc.write(html + '<script src="/axe.js"></script>');
-        frameDoc.close();
-        frameDoc.querySelector('script').onload = function () {
-          resolve(iframe.contentWindow);
-        };
       });
     }
 
-    it('reconstructs which node is in which frame', function (done) {
+    it('reconstructs which node is in which frame', done => {
       createIframe('<h1></h1>')
-        .then(function (frameWin) {
+        .then(frameWin => {
           return Promise.all([
             window.axe.runPartial({ runOnly: 'empty-heading' }),
             frameWin.axe.runPartial({ runOnly: 'empty-heading' })
           ]);
         })
         .then(axe.finishRun)
-        .then(function (results) {
-          var nodes = results.violations[0].nodes;
+        .then(results => {
+          const nodes = results.violations[0].nodes;
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['iframe', 'h1']);
           done();
         })
         .catch(done);
     });
 
-    it('handles nodes in nested iframes', function (done) {
-      var windows = [window];
+    it('handles nodes in nested iframes', done => {
+      const windows = [window];
       fixture.innerHTML = '<h1></h1>';
       createIframe('<h2></h2>')
-        .then(function (frameWin) {
+        .then(frameWin => {
           windows.push(frameWin);
           return createIframe('<h3></h3>', frameWin.document.body);
         })
-        .then(function (nestedWin) {
+        .then(nestedWin => {
           windows.push(nestedWin);
-          var promisedResults = windows.map(function (win) {
+          const promisedResults = windows.map(win => {
             return win.axe.runPartial({ runOnly: 'empty-heading' });
           });
           return Promise.all(promisedResults);
         })
         .then(axe.finishRun)
-        .then(function (results) {
-          var nodes = results.violations[0].nodes;
+        .then(results => {
+          const nodes = results.violations[0].nodes;
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['h1']);
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[1].target, ['iframe', 'h2']);
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[2].target, ['iframe', 'iframe', 'h3']);
@@ -305,28 +306,28 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
         .catch(done);
     });
 
-    it('should handle null results and set target correctly', function (done) {
-      var windows = [window];
+    it('should handle null results and set target correctly', done => {
+      const windows = [window];
       fixture.innerHTML = '<h1></h1>';
       createIframe('<h2></h2>')
-        .then(function (frameWin) {
+        .then(frameWin => {
           windows.push(frameWin);
           return createIframe('<h3></h3>');
         })
-        .then(function (nestedWin) {
+        .then(nestedWin => {
           windows.push(nestedWin);
-          var promisedResults = windows.map(function (win) {
+          const promisedResults = windows.map(win => {
             return win.axe.runPartial({ runOnly: 'empty-heading' });
           });
           return Promise.all(promisedResults);
         })
-        .then(function (partialResults) {
+        .then(partialResults => {
           partialResults[1] = null;
           return partialResults;
         })
         .then(axe.finishRun)
-        .then(function (results) {
-          var nodes = results.violations[0].nodes;
+        .then(results => {
+          const nodes = results.violations[0].nodes;
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['h1']);
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[1].target, ['iframe:nth-child(3)', 'h3']);
           done();
@@ -335,17 +336,17 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('calling audit.after', function () {
-    it('passes results with iframe ancestries', function (done) {
+  describe('calling audit.after', () => {
+    it('passes results with iframe ancestries', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<i id="i"></i> <i id="i"></i>';
       axe
         .runPartial(fixture, { runOnly: 'duplicate-id' })
-        .then(function (partialResult) {
+        .then(partialResult => {
           return axe.finishRun([partialResult], { runOnly: 'duplicate-id' });
         })
-        .then(function (result) {
-          var nodes = result.violations[0].nodes;
-          var relatedNodes = nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes;
+        .then(result => {
+          const nodes = result.violations[0].nodes;
+          const relatedNodes = nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes;
 
           assert.lengthOf(nodes, 1);
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['i:nth-child(1)']);
@@ -356,16 +357,16 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
         .catch(done);
     });
 
-    it('provides the options object', function (done) {
-      var spy;
+    it('provides the options object', done => {
+      let spy;
       fixture.innerHTML = '<i id="i"></i> <i id="i"></i>';
       axe
         .runPartial(fixture, { runOnly: 'duplicate-id' })
-        .then(function (partialResult) {
+        .then(partialResult => {
           spy = sinon.spy(axe._audit, 'after');
           return axe.finishRun([partialResult], { runOnly: 'duplicate-id' });
         })
-        .then(function () {
+        .then(() => {
           assert.lengthOf(axe._audit.after.args, 1);
           assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.after.args[0][1], {
             runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['duplicate-id'] },
@@ -374,7 +375,7 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
           spy.restore();
           done();
         })
-        .catch(function (err) {
+        .catch(err => {
           spy.restore();
           done(err);
         });
diff --git a/test/core/public/frame-messenger.js b/test/core/public/frame-messenger.js
index d56332c2c..05a5aac32 100644
--- a/test/core/public/frame-messenger.js
+++ b/test/core/public/frame-messenger.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('frameMessenger', function () {
-  var stub;
+describe('frameMessenger', () => {
+  let stub;
 
-  after(function () {
+  after(() => {
     stub.restore();
   });
 
-  it('should call into axe.utils.respondable.updateMessenger', function () {
+  it('should call into axe.utils.respondable.updateMessenger', () => {
     stub = sinon.stub(axe.utils.respondable, 'updateMessenger');
     axe.frameMessenger();
     assert.isTrue(stub.called);
diff --git a/test/core/public/get-rules.js b/test/core/public/get-rules.js
index 540b459e6..8e1066a45 100644
--- a/test/core/public/get-rules.js
+++ b/test/core/public/get-rules.js
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.getRules', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
+describe('axe.getRules', () => {
+  const ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._load({
       messages: [],
       rules: [
@@ -17,7 +16,8 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function () {
           id: 'awesomeRule2',
           any: [],
           tags: ['tag1', 'tag2'],
-          actIds: ['abc123', 'xyz789']
+          actIds: ['abc123', 'xyz789'],
+          enabled: false
         }
       ],
       data: {
@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should return rules', function () {
-    var retValue = axe.getRules(['tag1']);
+  it('should return rules', () => {
+    let retValue = axe.getRules(['tag1']);
     assert.isArray(retValue);
     assert.lengthOf(retValue, 2);
     assert.equal(retValue[0].ruleId, 'awesomeRule1');
@@ -48,9 +48,7 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function () {
     assert.equal(retValue[0].help, 'halp');
     assert.equal(
       retValue[0].helpUrl,
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-        ver +
-        '/awesomeRule1?application=axeAPI'
+      `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/awesomeRule1?application=axeAPI`
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[0].tags, ['tag1']);
 
@@ -59,9 +57,7 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function () {
     assert.equal(retValue[1].help, 'halp me!');
     assert.equal(
       retValue[1].helpUrl,
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-        ver +
-        '/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI'
+      `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI`
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].tags, ['tag1', 'tag2']);
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].actIds, ['abc123', 'xyz789']);
@@ -74,30 +70,26 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function () {
     assert.equal(retValue[0].help, 'halp me!');
     assert.equal(
       retValue[0].helpUrl,
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-        ver +
-        '/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI'
+      `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI`
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[0].tags, ['tag1', 'tag2']);
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[0].actIds, ['abc123', 'xyz789']);
   });
 
-  it('should not return nothing', function () {
-    var retValue = axe.getRules(['bob']);
+  it('should not return nothing', () => {
+    const retValue = axe.getRules(['bob']);
     assert.isArray(retValue);
     assert.lengthOf(retValue, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should return all rules if given no tags - undefined', function () {
-    var retValue = axe.getRules();
+  it('should return all rules if given no tags - undefined', () => {
+    const retValue = axe.getRules();
     assert.equal(retValue[0].ruleId, 'awesomeRule1');
     assert.equal(retValue[0].description, 'some interesting information');
     assert.equal(retValue[0].help, 'halp');
     assert.equal(
       retValue[0].helpUrl,
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-        ver +
-        '/awesomeRule1?application=axeAPI'
+      `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/awesomeRule1?application=axeAPI`
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[0].tags, ['tag1']);
 
@@ -106,24 +98,81 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function () {
     assert.equal(retValue[1].help, 'halp me!');
     assert.equal(
       retValue[1].helpUrl,
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-        ver +
-        '/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI'
+      `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI`
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].tags, ['tag1', 'tag2']);
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].actIds, ['abc123', 'xyz789']);
   });
 
-  it('should return all rules if given empty array', function () {
-    var retValue = axe.getRules([]);
+  it('should return the enabled state of each rule', () => {
+    const retValue = axe.getRules();
+    assert.lengthOf(retValue, 2);
+    assert.equal(retValue[0].enabled, true);
+    assert.equal(retValue[1].enabled, false);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for experimental rules', () => {
+    axe._load({
+      messages: [],
+      rules: [
+        {
+          id: 'awesomeRule3',
+          selector: '',
+          excludeHidden: false,
+          any: [],
+          tags: ['tag1', 'experimental']
+        }
+      ],
+      data: {
+        rules: {
+          awesomeRule3: {
+            description: 'some interesting information',
+            help: 'halp'
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    const retValue = axe.getRules();
+    assert.lengthOf(retValue, 1);
+    assert.equal(retValue[0].enabled, false);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for deprecated rules', () => {
+    axe._load({
+      messages: [],
+      rules: [
+        {
+          id: 'awesomeRule3',
+          selector: '',
+          excludeHidden: false,
+          any: [],
+          tags: ['tag1', 'deprecated']
+        }
+      ],
+      data: {
+        rules: {
+          awesomeRule3: {
+            description: 'some interesting information',
+            help: 'halp'
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    const retValue = axe.getRules();
+    assert.lengthOf(retValue, 1);
+    assert.equal(retValue[0].enabled, false);
+  });
+
+  it('should return all rules if given empty array', () => {
+    const retValue = axe.getRules([]);
     assert.equal(retValue[0].ruleId, 'awesomeRule1');
     assert.equal(retValue[0].description, 'some interesting information');
     assert.equal(retValue[0].help, 'halp');
     assert.equal(
       retValue[0].helpUrl,
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-        ver +
-        '/awesomeRule1?application=axeAPI'
+      `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/awesomeRule1?application=axeAPI`
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[0].tags, ['tag1']);
 
@@ -132,9 +181,7 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function () {
     assert.equal(retValue[1].help, 'halp me!');
     assert.equal(
       retValue[1].helpUrl,
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-        ver +
-        '/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI'
+      `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI`
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].tags, ['tag1', 'tag2']);
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].actIds, ['abc123', 'xyz789']);
diff --git a/test/core/public/load.js b/test/core/public/load.js
index c54231117..f579f5274 100644
--- a/test/core/public/load.js
+++ b/test/core/public/load.js
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-describe('axe._load', function () {
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
+describe('axe._load', () => {
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe._load);
   });
 
-  it('should push rules on the Audit', function () {
-    var mockAudit = {
+  it('should push rules on the Audit', () => {
+    const mockAudit = {
       rules: [{ id: 'monkeys' }, { id: 'bananas' }]
     };
 
@@ -23,29 +23,29 @@ describe('axe._load', function () {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.rules[1].id, 'bananas');
   });
 
-  it('should load with a lang', function () {
+  it('should load with a lang', () => {
     axe._load({
       lang: 'ja'
     });
     assert.equal(axe._audit.lang, 'ja');
   });
 
-  describe('respondable subscriber', function () {
-    it('should add a respondable subscriber for axe.ping', function (done) {
-      var winParent = window.parent;
-      var mockAudit = {
+  describe('respondable subscriber', () => {
+    it('should add a respondable subscriber for axe.ping', done => {
+      const winParent = window.parent;
+      const mockAudit = {
         rules: [{ id: 'monkeys' }, { id: 'bananas' }]
       };
 
       axe._load(mockAudit);
 
-      var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+      const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
       frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-      frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-        var win = frame.contentWindow;
+      frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+        const win = frame.contentWindow;
         window.parent = win;
-        win.postMessage = captureError(function (message) {
-          var data = JSON.parse(message);
+        win.postMessage = captureError(message => {
+          const data = JSON.parse(message);
           assert.deepEqual(data.payload, { axe: true });
           window.parent = winParent;
           done();
@@ -56,25 +56,25 @@ describe('axe._load', function () {
       fixture.appendChild(frame);
     });
 
-    describe('given command rules', function () {
+    describe('given command rules', () => {
       // todo: see issue - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2168
-      it.skip('should call `runRules` and default context to empty object', function (done) {
-        var mockAudit = {
+      it.skip('should call `runRules` and default context to empty object', done => {
+        const mockAudit = {
           rules: []
         };
-        var origSub = window.utils.respondable.subscribe;
-        var orig = window.runRules;
-        window.runRules = function (context, options, callback) {
+        const origSub = window.utils.respondable.subscribe;
+        const orig = window.runRules;
+        window.runRules = (context, options, callback) => {
           assert.deepEqual(context, {});
           assert.isFunction(callback);
           done();
         };
 
-        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function (topic, callback) {
+        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = (topic, callback) => {
           callback(
             { data: 'iscool', command: 'rules' },
             undefined,
-            function (response) {
+            response => {
               // ping callback will call this response function
               assert.ok(response);
             }
@@ -87,20 +87,20 @@ describe('axe._load', function () {
       });
 
       // todo: see issue - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2168
-      it.skip('should pass data.context to `runRules`', function (done) {
-        var origSub = window.utils.respondable.subscribe;
-        var orig = window.runRules;
-        window.runRules = function (context, options, callback) {
+      it.skip('should pass data.context to `runRules`', done => {
+        const origSub = window.utils.respondable.subscribe;
+        const orig = window.runRules;
+        window.runRules = (context, options, callback) => {
           assert.deepEqual(context, { include: ['monkeys'] });
           assert.isFunction(callback);
           done();
         };
 
-        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function (topic, callback) {
+        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = (topic, callback) => {
           callback(
             { command: 'rules', context: { include: ['monkeys'] } },
             undefined,
-            function (response) {
+            response => {
               assert.ok(response);
             }
           );
@@ -114,20 +114,20 @@ describe('axe._load', function () {
       });
 
       // todo: see issue - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2168
-      it.skip('should default include to current document if none are found', function (done) {
-        var origSub = axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
-        var orig = window.runRules;
-        var expected = { include: [document] };
-        window.runRules = function (context) {
+      it.skip('should default include to current document if none are found', done => {
+        const origSub = axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
+        const orig = window.runRules;
+        const expected = { include: [document] };
+        window.runRules = context => {
           assert.deepEqual(context, expected);
           done();
         };
 
-        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function (topic, callback) {
+        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = (topic, callback) => {
           callback(
             { command: 'rules', context: { include: [] } },
             undefined,
-            function () {}
+            () => {}
           );
         };
         axe._load({
@@ -138,26 +138,26 @@ describe('axe._load', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('given command cleanup-plugins', function () {
+    describe('given command cleanup-plugins', () => {
       // todo: see issue - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2168
-      it.skip('should call `cleanup`', function (done) {
-        var mockAudit = {
+      it.skip('should call `cleanup`', done => {
+        const mockAudit = {
           rules: []
         };
-        var origSub = window.utils.respondable.subscribe;
-        var orig = window.cleanup;
-        window.cleanup = function (callback) {
+        const origSub = window.utils.respondable.subscribe;
+        const orig = window.cleanup;
+        window.cleanup = callback => {
           assert.isFunction(callback);
           done();
         };
 
-        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function (topic, callback) {
+        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = (topic, callback) => {
           callback(
             {
               command: 'cleanup-plugin'
             },
             undefined,
-            function (response) {
+            response => {
               // ping callback will call this response function
               assert.ok(response);
             }
diff --git a/test/core/public/plugins.js b/test/core/public/plugins.js
index 7c35d1043..4855dcc26 100644
--- a/test/core/public/plugins.js
+++ b/test/core/public/plugins.js
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ describe('plugins', () => {
       let called = false;
       axe.registerPlugin({
         id: 'my-plugin',
-        run: function (id, action, options) {
+        run: (id, action, options) => {
           called = {
             id: id,
             action: action,
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ describe('plugins', () => {
         commands: [
           {
             id: 'run-multi',
-            callback: function (data, callback) {
+            callback: (data, callback) => {
               return axe.plugins.multi.run(
                 data.parameter,
                 data.action,
@@ -125,15 +125,15 @@ describe('plugins', () => {
         cleanup: done => {
           done();
         },
-        run: function (options, callback) {
+        run: (options, callback) => {
           let frames;
           const q = axe.utils.queue();
 
           frames = axe.utils.toArray(
             document.querySelectorAll('iframe, frame')
           );
-          frames.forEach(function (frame) {
-            q.defer(function (resolve, reject) {
+          frames.forEach(frame => {
+            q.defer((resolve, reject) => {
               axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
                 frame,
                 {
@@ -152,10 +152,10 @@ describe('plugins', () => {
             // implementation
             done('ola!');
           });
-          q.then(function (data) {
+          q.then(data => {
             // done with all the frames
             let results = [];
-            data.forEach(function (datum) {
+            data.forEach(datum => {
               if (datum) {
                 results = results.concat(datum);
               }
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ describe('plugins', () => {
       });
     });
     it('should work without frames', done => {
-      axe.plugins.multi.run('hideall', 'run', {}, function (results) {
+      axe.plugins.multi.run('hideall', 'run', {}, results => {
         assert.deepEqual(results, ['ola!']);
         done();
       });
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ describe('plugins', () => {
     it('should work with frames', done => {
       createFrames(() => {
         setTimeout(() => {
-          axe.plugins.multi.run('hideall', 'run', {}, function (results) {
+          axe.plugins.multi.run('hideall', 'run', {}, results => {
             assert.deepEqual(results, ['ola!', 'ola!', 'ola!', 'ola!', 'ola!']);
             done();
           });
diff --git a/test/core/public/reporter.js b/test/core/public/reporter.js
index cc2b00161..9e6d311ab 100644
--- a/test/core/public/reporter.js
+++ b/test/core/public/reporter.js
@@ -1,27 +1,25 @@
-describe('axe.reporter', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var orig = {};
-  before(function () {
+describe('axe.reporter', () => {
+  const orig = {};
+  before(() => {
     orig.reporters = window.reporters;
   });
 
-  after(function () {
-    Object.keys(orig).forEach(function (k) {
+  after(() => {
+    Object.keys(orig).forEach(k => {
       window[k] = orig[k];
     });
   });
 
-  it('should add reporter with given name', function () {
+  it('should add reporter with given name', () => {
     axe.addReporter('bob', 'joe');
     assert.equal(axe.getReporter('bob'), 'joe');
   });
 
-  it('returns false when reporter does not exist', function () {
+  it('returns false when reporter does not exist', () => {
     assert.isFalse(axe.hasReporter('fancy-bob'));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when reporter exists', function () {
+  it('returns true when reporter exists', () => {
     axe.addReporter('sponge');
     assert.isTrue(axe.hasReporter('sponge'));
   });
diff --git a/test/core/public/reset-locale.js b/test/core/public/reset-locale.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e81ed98c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/public/reset-locale.js
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+describe('axe.resetLocale', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    axe._audit = null;
+  });
+
+  it('should throw if no audit is configured', () => {
+    assert.throws(
+      () => {
+        axe.resetLocale();
+      },
+      Error,
+      /^No audit configured/
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should noop when no locale has been applied', () => {
+    axe._load({
+      data: {
+        checks: {
+          banana: {
+            impact: 'serious',
+            messages: {
+              pass: 'yay',
+              fail: 'boo',
+              incomplete: 'donno'
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      checks: [
+        {
+          id: 'banana',
+          evaluate: () => {}
+        }
+      ]
+    });
+
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+      axe.resetLocale();
+    });
+
+    const banana = axe._audit.data.checks.banana;
+    assert.equal(banana.messages.pass, 'yay');
+    assert.equal(banana.messages.fail, 'boo');
+    assert.equal(banana.messages.incomplete, 'donno');
+  });
+
+  describe('when a custom locale was provided', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      axe._load({
+        data: {
+          checks: {
+            banana: {
+              impact: 'serious',
+              messages: {
+                pass: 'yay',
+                fail: 'boo',
+                incomplete: 'donno'
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        checks: [
+          {
+            id: 'banana',
+            evaluate: () => {}
+          }
+        ]
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should restore the original locale', () => {
+      axe.configure({
+        locale: {
+          checks: {
+            banana: {
+              pass: 'wonderful',
+              fail: 'horrible job',
+              incomplete: 'donno'
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      axe.resetLocale();
+
+      const banana = axe._audit.data.checks.banana;
+      assert.equal(banana.impact, 'serious');
+      assert.equal(banana.messages.pass, 'yay');
+      assert.equal(banana.messages.fail, 'boo');
+      assert.equal(banana.messages.incomplete, 'donno');
+    });
+
+    it('should restore the original lang', () => {
+      axe.configure({
+        locale: {
+          lang: 'ja'
+        }
+      });
+      assert.equal(axe._audit.lang, 'ja');
+
+      axe.resetLocale();
+
+      assert.equal(axe._audit.lang, 'en');
+    });
+
+    it('should be safe to call repeatedly', () => {
+      axe.configure({
+        locale: {
+          checks: {
+            banana: {
+              pass: 'wonderful',
+              fail: 'horrible job',
+              incomplete: 'donno'
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      axe.resetLocale();
+      axe.resetLocale();
+
+      const banana = axe._audit.data.checks.banana;
+      assert.equal(banana.messages.pass, 'yay');
+      assert.equal(banana.messages.fail, 'boo');
+    });
+
+    it('should not affect other configuration', () => {
+      axe.configure({
+        rules: [
+          {
+            id: 'banana-rule',
+            selector: 'pass',
+            metadata: {
+              description: 'banana check',
+              help: 'check the banana'
+            },
+            any: ['banana']
+          }
+        ],
+        locale: {
+          checks: {
+            banana: {
+              pass: 'wonderful',
+              fail: 'horrible job',
+              incomplete: 'donno'
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      const ruleCountBefore = axe._audit.rules.length;
+
+      axe.resetLocale();
+
+      assert.equal(axe._audit.rules.length, ruleCountBefore);
+      assert.isDefined(
+        axe._audit.rules.find(rule => rule.id === 'banana-rule')
+      );
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/public/reset.js b/test/core/public/reset.js
index 93fc55536..c44c96c19 100644
--- a/test/core/public/reset.js
+++ b/test/core/public/reset.js
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
-describe('axe.reset', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
+describe('axe.reset', () => {
   // var Rule = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Rule;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  afterEach(function () {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should throw if no audit is configured', function () {
+  it('should throw if no audit is configured', () => {
     assert.throws(
-      function () {
+      () => {
         axe.reset(
-          function () {},
-          function () {}
+          () => {},
+          () => {}
         );
       },
       Error,
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ describe('axe.reset', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should restore the default configuration', function () {
+  it('should restore the default configuration', () => {
     axe._load({
       data: {
         rules: {
@@ -77,8 +75,8 @@ describe('axe.reset', function () {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.data.rules.bob.knows, 'not-joe');
   });
 
-  describe('when custom locale was provided', function () {
-    beforeEach(function () {
+  describe('when custom locale was provided', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       axe._load({
         data: {
           checks: {
@@ -95,13 +93,13 @@ describe('axe.reset', function () {
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'banana',
-            evaluate: function () {}
+            evaluate: () => {}
           }
         ]
       });
     });
 
-    it('should restore the original locale', function () {
+    it('should restore the original locale', () => {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           checks: {
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ describe('axe.reset', function () {
 
       axe.reset();
 
-      var banana = axe._audit.data.checks.banana;
+      const banana = axe._audit.data.checks.banana;
       assert.equal(banana.impact, 'serious');
       assert.equal(banana.messages.pass, 'yay');
       assert.equal(banana.messages.fail, 'boo');
@@ -124,7 +122,7 @@ describe('axe.reset', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should restore standards object', function () {
+  it('should restore standards object', () => {
     axe._load({});
 
     axe.configure({
@@ -139,7 +137,7 @@ describe('axe.reset', function () {
 
     axe.reset();
 
-    var ariaLiveAttr = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs['aria-live'];
+    const ariaLiveAttr = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs['aria-live'];
     assert.equal(ariaLiveAttr.type, 'nmtoken');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/public/run-partial.js b/test/core/public/run-partial.js
index 3d99e5662..1c0c651c2 100644
--- a/test/core/public/run-partial.js
+++ b/test/core/public/run-partial.js
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
-describe('axe.runPartial', function () {
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var DqElement = axe.utils.DqElement;
-  var dqElementKeys = Object.keys(new DqElement(null).toJSON());
+describe('axe.runPartial', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const DqElement = axe.utils.DqElement;
+  const dqElementKeys = Object.keys(new DqElement(null).toJSON());
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('Uses axe._tree if it already exists', function (done) {
+  it('Uses axe._tree if it already exists', done => {
     axe._tree = [axe.setup(fixture)];
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img>';
     axe
       .runPartial(document, { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
-      .then(function (partialResult) {
-        var result = partialResult.results[0];
+      .then(partialResult => {
+        const result = partialResult.results[0];
         // 0, because <img> was added after the tree was constructed
         assert.lengthOf(result.nodes, 0);
         done();
@@ -21,10 +22,10 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('cleans up after resolving', function (done) {
+  it('cleans up after resolving', done => {
     axe
       .runPartial(document, { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
-      .then(function () {
+      .then(() => {
         assert.isUndefined(axe._tree);
         assert.isUndefined(axe._selectorData);
         assert.isFalse(axe._running);
@@ -33,10 +34,10 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('normalizes the options argument', function (done) {
+  it('normalizes the options argument', done => {
     axe
       .runPartial(/* no context */ { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
-      .then(function (partialResult) {
+      .then(partialResult => {
         assert.lengthOf(partialResult.results, 1);
         assert.equal(partialResult.results[0].id, 'image-alt');
         done();
@@ -44,11 +45,11 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('does not mutate the options object', function (done) {
-    var options = {};
+  it('does not mutate the options object', done => {
+    const options = {};
     axe
       .runPartial(options)
-      .then(function () {
+      .then(() => {
         assert.deepEqual(options, {});
         done();
       })
@@ -63,18 +64,18 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  describe('result', function () {
-    var partialResult;
-    before(function (done) {
+  describe('result', () => {
+    let partialResult;
+    before(done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<img>';
-      axe.runPartial(document, { runOnly: 'image-alt' }).then(function (out) {
+      axe.runPartial(document, { runOnly: 'image-alt' }).then(out => {
         partialResult = out;
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns a result with all the valid properties', function () {
-      var result = partialResult.results[0];
+    it('returns a result with all the valid properties', () => {
+      const result = partialResult.results[0];
       assert.lengthOf(partialResult.results, 1);
       assert.hasAllKeys(result, [
         'id',
@@ -85,14 +86,14 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function () {
       ]);
       assert.equal(result.id, 'image-alt');
 
-      var checkResult = result.nodes[0];
+      const checkResult = result.nodes[0];
       assert.lengthOf(result.nodes, 1);
       assert.hasAllKeys(checkResult, ['any', 'all', 'none', 'node']);
       assert.deepEqual(checkResult.node.selector, ['img']);
     });
 
-    it('returns check results with a serialized node', function () {
-      var checkResult = partialResult.results[0].nodes[0];
+    it('returns check results with a serialized node', () => {
+      const checkResult = partialResult.results[0].nodes[0];
       assert.lengthOf(partialResult.results[0].nodes, 1);
       assert.hasAllKeys(checkResult, ['any', 'all', 'none', 'node']);
       assert.notInstanceOf(checkResult.node, DqElement);
@@ -117,67 +118,66 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    it('can be serialized using JSON.stringify', function () {
-      assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+    it('can be serialized using JSON.stringify', () => {
+      assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
         JSON.stringify(partialResult);
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('frames', function () {
-    var partialResult;
-    before(function (done) {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<main>' +
-        ' <iframe id="foo"></iframe>' +
-        ' <iframe id="bar"></iframe>' +
-        '</main>' +
-        '<iframe id="baz"></iframe>';
-
-      axe
-        .runPartial('#fixture > main', { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
-        .then(function (out) {
-          partialResult = out;
-          done();
-        });
+  describe('frames', () => {
+    let partialResult;
+    before(done => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <main>
+          <iframe id="foo"></iframe>
+          <iframe id="bar"></iframe>
+        </main>
+        <iframe id="baz"></iframe>
+      `;
+
+      axe.runPartial('#fixture > main', { runOnly: 'image-alt' }).then(out => {
+        partialResult = out;
+        done();
+      });
     });
 
-    it('only has frames in context', function () {
+    it('only has frames in context', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(partialResult.frames, 2);
       assert.deepEqual(partialResult.frames[0].selector, ['#foo']);
       assert.deepEqual(partialResult.frames[1].selector, ['#bar']);
     });
 
-    it('provides serialized frame info', function () {
-      partialResult.frames.forEach(function (frame) {
+    it('provides serialized frame info', () => {
+      partialResult.frames.forEach(frame => {
         assert.hasAllKeys(frame, dqElementKeys);
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('environmentData', function () {
-    it('includes environment data for the initiator', function (done) {
-      var context = {
+  describe('environmentData', () => {
+    it('includes environment data for the initiator', done => {
+      const context = {
         include: [['#fixture']]
       };
       axe
         .runPartial(context, { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
-        .then(function (out) {
-          var keys = Object.keys(axe.utils.getEnvironmentData());
+        .then(out => {
+          const keys = Object.keys(axe.utils.getEnvironmentData());
           assert.hasAllKeys(out.environmentData, keys);
           done();
         })
         .catch(done);
     });
 
-    it('is undefined for frames', function (done) {
-      var context = {
+    it('is undefined for frames', done => {
+      const context = {
         include: [['#fixture']],
         initiator: false
       };
       axe
         .runPartial(context, { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
-        .then(function (out) {
+        .then(out => {
           assert.isUndefined(out.environmentData);
           done();
         })
@@ -185,25 +185,25 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('guards', function () {
-    var audit = axe._audit;
-    afterEach(function () {
+  describe('guards', () => {
+    const audit = axe._audit;
+    afterEach(() => {
       axe._audit = audit;
       axe._running = false;
     });
 
-    it('throws when axe._audit is undefined', function () {
+    it('throws when axe._audit is undefined', () => {
       axe._audit = null;
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         axe.runPartial();
       });
     });
 
-    it('throws if axe is already running', function (done) {
-      axe.runPartial().then(function () {
+    it('throws if axe is already running', done => {
+      axe.runPartial().then(() => {
         done();
       });
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         axe.runPartial();
       });
     });
diff --git a/test/core/public/run-rules.js b/test/core/public/run-rules.js
index d04b853a8..5f4316d21 100644
--- a/test/core/public/run-rules.js
+++ b/test/core/public/run-rules.js
@@ -1,10 +1,29 @@
-describe('runRules', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
+describe('runRules', () => {
+  let ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
+  const { captureError } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  // Strip nodeIndexes from result objects before comparison. nodeIndexes
+  // represent DOM positions in the flat tree and differ between test runners
+  // depending on how many script/style elements the runner adds to the page.
+  function stripNodeIndexes(obj) {
+    if (Array.isArray(obj)) {
+      return obj.map(stripNodeIndexes);
+    }
+    if (obj !== null && typeof obj === 'object') {
+      const out = {};
+      for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(obj)) {
+        if (k !== 'nodeIndexes') {
+          out[k] = stripNodeIndexes(v);
+        }
+      }
+      return out;
+    }
+    return obj;
+  }
 
   function iframeReady(src, context, id, cb) {
-    var i = document.createElement('iframe');
-    i.addEventListener('load', function () {
+    let i = document.createElement('iframe');
+    i.addEventListener('load', () => {
       cb();
     });
     i.src = src;
@@ -13,9 +32,9 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
   }
 
   function createFrames(url, callback) {
-    var frame,
+    let frame,
       num = 2;
-    var loaded = 0;
+    let loaded = 0;
 
     if (typeof url === 'function') {
       callback = url;
@@ -42,22 +61,23 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
     return frame;
   }
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  let fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var isNotCalled;
-  beforeEach(function () {
-    isNotCalled = function (err) {
+  let isNotCalled;
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    isNotCalled = err => {
       throw err || new Error('Reject should not be called');
     };
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._audit = null;
     axe.teardown();
+    sinon.restore();
   });
 
-  it('should work', function (done) {
+  it('should work', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -66,29 +86,22 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
           any: ['html']
         }
       ],
-      checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      ],
+      checks: [{ id: 'html', evaluate: () => true }],
       messages: {}
     });
 
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    let frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/frame-frame.html';
 
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-      setTimeout(function () {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         axe._runRules(
           document,
           {},
-          function (r) {
+          captureError(r => {
             assert.lengthOf(r[0].passes, 3);
             done();
-          },
+          }, done),
           err => done(err)
         );
       }, 500);
@@ -96,7 +109,7 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should properly order iframes', function (done) {
+  it('should properly order iframes', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -105,39 +118,28 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
           any: ['iframe']
         }
       ],
-      checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'iframe',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      ],
+      checks: [{ id: 'iframe', evaluate: () => true }],
       messages: {}
     });
 
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-      setTimeout(function () {
+    let frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         axe._runRules(
           document,
           {},
-          function (r) {
-            var nodes = r[0].passes.map(function (detail) {
+          captureError(r => {
+            let nodes = r[0].passes.map(detail => {
               return detail.node.selector;
             });
-            try {
-              assert.deepEqual(nodes, [
-                ['#level0'],
-                ['#level0', '#level1'],
-                ['#level0', '#level1', '#level2a'],
-                ['#level0', '#level1', '#level2b']
-              ]);
-              done();
-            } catch (e) {
-              done(e);
-            }
-          },
+            assert.deepEqual(nodes, [
+              ['#level0'],
+              ['#level0', '#level1'],
+              ['#level0', '#level1', '#level2a'],
+              ['#level0', '#level1', '#level2b']
+            ]);
+            done();
+          }, done),
           isNotCalled
         );
       }, 500);
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should properly calculate context and return results from matching frames', function (done) {
+  it('should properly calculate context and return results from matching frames', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -162,19 +164,14 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
         }
       ],
       checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'has-target',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return true;
-          }
-        },
+        { id: 'has-target', evaluate: () => true },
         {
           id: 'first-div',
-          evaluate: function (node) {
+          evaluate(node) {
             this.relatedNodes([node]);
             return false;
           },
-          after: function (results) {
+          after(results) {
             if (results.length) {
               results[0].result = true;
             }
@@ -185,136 +182,124 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
       messages: {}
     });
 
-    iframeReady(
-      '../mock/frames/context.html',
-      fixture,
-      'context-test',
-      function () {
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        fixture.appendChild(div);
+    iframeReady('../mock/frames/context.html', fixture, 'context-test', () => {
+      let div = document.createElement('div');
+      fixture.appendChild(div);
 
-        axe._runRules(
-          '#fixture',
-          {},
-          function (results) {
-            try {
-              assert.deepEqual(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(results)), [
-                {
-                  id: 'div#target',
-                  helpUrl:
-                    'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-                    ver +
-                    '/div#target?application=axeAPI',
-                  pageLevel: false,
-                  impact: null,
-                  inapplicable: [],
-                  incomplete: [],
-                  violations: [],
-                  passes: [
-                    {
-                      result: 'passed',
-                      impact: null,
-                      node: {
-                        selector: ['#context-test', '#target'],
-                        ancestry: [
-                          'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > iframe:nth-child(1)',
-                          'html > body > div:nth-child(2)'
-                        ],
-                        xpath: [
-                          "/iframe[@id='context-test']",
-                          "/div[@id='target']"
-                        ],
-                        source: '<div id="target"></div>',
-                        nodeIndexes: [12, 14],
-                        fromFrame: true
-                      },
-                      any: [
-                        {
-                          id: 'has-target',
-                          data: null,
-                          relatedNodes: []
-                        }
+      axe._runRules(
+        '#fixture',
+        {},
+        captureError(results => {
+          assert.deepEqual(
+            stripNodeIndexes(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(results))),
+            stripNodeIndexes([
+              {
+                id: 'div#target',
+                helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/div#target?application=axeAPI`,
+                pageLevel: false,
+                impact: null,
+                inapplicable: [],
+                incomplete: [],
+                violations: [],
+                passes: [
+                  {
+                    result: 'passed',
+                    impact: null,
+                    node: {
+                      selector: ['#context-test', '#target'],
+                      ancestry: [
+                        'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > iframe:nth-child(1)',
+                        'html > body > div:nth-child(2)'
                       ],
-                      all: [],
-                      none: []
-                    }
-                  ],
-                  result: 'passed',
-                  tags: []
-                },
-                {
-                  id: 'first-div',
-                  helpUrl:
-                    'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-                    ver +
-                    '/first-div?application=axeAPI',
-                  pageLevel: false,
-                  impact: null,
-                  inapplicable: [],
-                  incomplete: [],
-                  violations: [],
-                  passes: [
-                    {
-                      result: 'passed',
-                      impact: null,
-                      node: {
-                        selector: ['#context-test', '#foo'],
-                        ancestry: [
-                          'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > iframe:nth-child(1)',
-                          'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'
-                        ],
-                        xpath: [
-                          "/iframe[@id='context-test']",
-                          "/div[@id='foo']"
-                        ],
-                        source:
-                          '<div id="foo">\n      <div id="bar"></div>\n    </div>',
-                        nodeIndexes: [12, 9],
-                        fromFrame: true
-                      },
-                      any: [
-                        {
-                          id: 'first-div',
-                          data: null,
-                          relatedNodes: [
-                            {
-                              selector: ['#context-test', '#foo'],
-                              ancestry: [
-                                'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > iframe:nth-child(1)',
-                                'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'
-                              ],
-                              xpath: [
-                                "/iframe[@id='context-test']",
-                                "/div[@id='foo']"
-                              ],
-                              source:
-                                '<div id="foo">\n      <div id="bar"></div>\n    </div>',
-                              nodeIndexes: [12, 9],
-                              fromFrame: true
-                            }
-                          ]
-                        }
+                      xpath: [
+                        "//iframe[@id='context-test']",
+                        "//div[@id='target']"
                       ],
-                      all: [],
-                      none: []
-                    }
-                  ],
-                  result: 'passed',
-                  tags: []
-                }
-              ]);
-              done();
-            } catch (e) {
-              done(e);
-            }
-          },
-          isNotCalled
-        );
-      }
-    );
+                      source: '<div id="target"></div>',
+                      nodeIndexes: [12, 14],
+                      fromFrame: true
+                    },
+                    any: [
+                      {
+                        id: 'has-target',
+                        data: null,
+                        relatedNodes: []
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    all: [],
+                    none: []
+                  }
+                ],
+                result: 'passed',
+                tags: []
+              },
+              {
+                id: 'first-div',
+                helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/first-div?application=axeAPI`,
+                pageLevel: false,
+                impact: null,
+                inapplicable: [],
+                incomplete: [],
+                violations: [],
+                passes: [
+                  {
+                    result: 'passed',
+                    impact: null,
+                    node: {
+                      selector: ['#context-test', '#foo'],
+                      ancestry: [
+                        'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > iframe:nth-child(1)',
+                        'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'
+                      ],
+                      xpath: [
+                        "//iframe[@id='context-test']",
+                        "//div[@id='foo']"
+                      ],
+                      source:
+                        '<div id="foo">\n      <div id="bar"></div>\n    </div>',
+                      nodeIndexes: [12, 9],
+                      fromFrame: true
+                    },
+                    any: [
+                      {
+                        id: 'first-div',
+                        data: null,
+                        relatedNodes: [
+                          {
+                            selector: ['#context-test', '#foo'],
+                            ancestry: [
+                              'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > iframe:nth-child(1)',
+                              'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'
+                            ],
+                            xpath: [
+                              "//iframe[@id='context-test']",
+                              "//div[@id='foo']"
+                            ],
+                            source:
+                              '<div id="foo">\n      <div id="bar"></div>\n    </div>',
+                            nodeIndexes: [12, 9],
+                            fromFrame: true
+                          }
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    all: [],
+                    none: []
+                  }
+                ],
+                result: 'passed',
+                tags: []
+              }
+            ])
+          );
+          done();
+        }, done),
+        isNotCalled
+      );
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should reject if the context is invalid', function (done) {
+  it('should reject if the context is invalid', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -326,32 +311,26 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
       messages: {}
     });
 
-    iframeReady(
-      '../mock/frames/context.html',
-      fixture,
-      'context-test',
-      function () {
-        axe._runRules(
-          '#not-happening',
-          {},
-          function () {
-            assert.fail('This selector should not exist.');
-          },
-          function (error) {
-            assert.isOk(error);
-            assert.equal(
-              error.message,
-              'No elements found for include in page Context'
-            );
-
-            done();
-          }
-        );
-      }
-    );
+    iframeReady('../mock/frames/context.html', fixture, 'context-test', () => {
+      axe._runRules(
+        '#not-happening',
+        {},
+        () => {
+          assert.fail('This selector should not exist.');
+        },
+        captureError(error => {
+          assert.isOk(error);
+          assert.equal(
+            error.message,
+            'No elements found for include in page Context'
+          );
+          done();
+        }, done)
+      );
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should accept a jQuery-like object', function (done) {
+  it('should accept a jQuery-like object', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -360,38 +339,34 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
           none: ['bob']
         }
       ],
-      checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'bob',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      ]
+      checks: [{ id: 'bob', evaluate: () => true }]
     });
 
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="t1"><span></span></div><div id="t2"><em></em></div>';
 
-    var $test = {
+    let $test = {
       0: fixture.querySelector('#t1'),
       1: fixture.querySelector('#t2'),
       length: 2
     };
 
-    axe.run($test, function (err, results) {
-      assert.isNull(err);
-      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
-      assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 4);
-      assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#t1']);
-      // assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, ['span']);
-      assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, ['#t2']);
-      // assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[3].target, ['em']);
-      done();
-    });
+    axe.run(
+      $test,
+      captureError((err, results) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 4);
+        assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#t1']);
+        // assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, ['span']);
+        assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, ['#t2']);
+        // assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[3].target, ['em']);
+        done();
+      }, done)
+    );
   });
 
-  it('should accept a NodeList', function (done) {
+  it('should accept a NodeList', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -400,33 +375,29 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
           none: ['fred']
         }
       ],
-      checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'fred',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      ]
+      checks: [{ id: 'fred', evaluate: () => true }]
     });
 
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div class="foo" id="t1"><span></span></div><div class="foo" id="t2"><em></em></div>';
 
-    var test = fixture.querySelectorAll('.foo');
-    axe.run(test, function (err, results) {
-      assert.isNull(err);
-      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
-      assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 4);
-      assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#t1']);
-      // assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, ['span']);
-      assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, ['#t2']);
-      // assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[3].target, ['em']);
-      done();
-    });
+    let test = fixture.querySelectorAll('.foo');
+    axe.run(
+      test,
+      captureError((err, results) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 4);
+        assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#t1']);
+        // assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, ['span']);
+        assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, ['#t2']);
+        // assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[3].target, ['em']);
+        done();
+      }, done)
+    );
   });
 
-  it('should pull metadata from configuration', function (done) {
+  it('should pull metadata from configuration', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -441,19 +412,14 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
         }
       ],
       checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'has-target',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return false;
-          }
-        },
+        { id: 'has-target', evaluate: () => false },
         {
           id: 'first-div',
-          evaluate: function (node) {
+          evaluate(node) {
             this.relatedNodes([node]);
             return false;
           },
-          after: function (results) {
+          after(results) {
             if (results.length) {
               results[0].result = true;
             }
@@ -477,12 +443,12 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
             thingy: true,
             impact: 'serious',
             messages: {
-              fail: function (checkResult) {
+              fail(checkResult) {
                 return checkResult.id === 'first-div'
                   ? 'failing is not good'
                   : 'y u wrong rule?';
               },
-              pass: function (checkResult) {
+              pass(checkResult) {
                 return checkResult.id === 'first-div'
                   ? 'passing is good'
                   : 'y u wrong rule?';
@@ -493,12 +459,12 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
             otherThingy: true,
             impact: 'moderate',
             messages: {
-              fail: function (checkResult) {
+              fail(checkResult) {
                 return checkResult.id === 'has-target'
                   ? 'failing is not good'
                   : 'y u wrong rule?';
               },
-              pass: function (checkResult) {
+              pass(checkResult) {
                 return checkResult.id === 'has-target'
                   ? 'passing is good'
                   : 'y u wrong rule?';
@@ -512,15 +478,13 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
     axe._runRules(
       '#fixture',
       {},
-      function (results) {
-        try {
-          assert.deepEqual(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(results)), [
+      captureError(results => {
+        assert.deepEqual(
+          stripNodeIndexes(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(results))),
+          stripNodeIndexes([
             {
               id: 'div#target',
-              helpUrl:
-                'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-                ver +
-                '/div#target?application=axeAPI',
+              helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/div#target?application=axeAPI`,
               pageLevel: false,
               foo: 'bar',
               stuff: 'blah',
@@ -536,7 +500,7 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
                     ancestry: [
                       'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > div:nth-child(1)'
                     ],
-                    xpath: ["/div[@id='target']"],
+                    xpath: ["//div[@id='target']"],
                     source: '<div id="target">Target!</div>',
                     nodeIndexes: [12],
                     fromFrame: false
@@ -561,10 +525,7 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
             },
             {
               id: 'first-div',
-              helpUrl:
-                'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' +
-                ver +
-                '/first-div?application=axeAPI',
+              helpUrl: `https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${ver}/first-div?application=axeAPI`,
               pageLevel: false,
               bar: 'foo',
               stuff: 'no',
@@ -578,7 +539,7 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
                   impact: null,
                   node: {
                     selector: ['#target'],
-                    xpath: ["/div[@id='target']"],
+                    xpath: ["//div[@id='target']"],
                     ancestry: [
                       'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > div:nth-child(1)'
                     ],
@@ -599,7 +560,7 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
                           ancestry: [
                             'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > div:nth-child(1)'
                           ],
-                          xpath: ["/div[@id='target']"],
+                          xpath: ["//div[@id='target']"],
                           source: '<div id="target">Target!</div>',
                           nodeIndexes: [12],
                           fromFrame: false
@@ -614,17 +575,15 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
               result: 'passed',
               tags: []
             }
-          ]);
-          done();
-        } catch (e) {
-          done(e);
-        }
-      },
+          ])
+        );
+        done();
+      }, done),
       isNotCalled
     );
   });
 
-  it('should call the reject argument if an error occurs', function (done) {
+  it('should call the reject argument if an error occurs', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -635,25 +594,24 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
       messages: {}
     });
 
-    createFrames(function () {
-      setTimeout(function () {
+    createFrames(() => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         axe._runRules(
           document,
           {},
-          function () {
-            assert.ok(false, 'You shall not pass!');
-            done();
+          () => {
+            done(new Error('You shall not pass!'));
           },
-          function (err) {
+          captureError(err => {
             assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
             done();
-          }
+          }, done)
         );
       }, 100);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should resolve to cantTell when a rule fails', function (done) {
+  it('should resolve to cantTell when a rule fails', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -668,15 +626,10 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
         }
       ],
       checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'undeffed',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return undefined;
-          }
-        },
+        { id: 'undeffed', evaluate: () => undefined },
         {
           id: 'thrower',
-          evaluate: function () {
+          evaluate: () => {
             throw new Error('Check failed to complete');
           }
         }
@@ -685,21 +638,20 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
 
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
 
-    axe.run('#fixture', function (err, results) {
-      assert.isNull(err);
-      assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 2);
-      assert.equal(results.incomplete[0].id, 'incomplete-1');
-      assert.equal(results.incomplete[1].id, 'incomplete-2');
-
-      assert.include(
-        results.incomplete[1].description,
-        'An error occured while running this rule'
-      );
-      done();
-    });
+    axe.run(
+      '#fixture',
+      captureError((err, results) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 2);
+        assert.equal(results.incomplete[0].id, 'incomplete-1');
+        assert.equal(results.incomplete[1].id, 'incomplete-2');
+        assert.isNotNull(results.incomplete[1].error);
+        done();
+      }, done)
+    );
   });
 
-  it('should resolve to cantTell if an error occurs inside frame rules', function (done) {
+  it('should resolve to cantTell if an error occurs inside frame rules', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -714,18 +666,8 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
         }
       ],
       checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'undeffed',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return false;
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          id: 'thrower',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return false;
-          }
-        }
+        { id: 'undeffed', evaluate: () => false },
+        { id: 'thrower', evaluate: () => false }
       ]
     });
 
@@ -733,24 +675,23 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
       '../mock/frames/rule-error.html',
       fixture,
       'context-test',
-      function () {
-        axe.run('#fixture', function (err, results) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 2);
-          assert.equal(results.incomplete[0].id, 'incomplete-1');
-          assert.equal(results.incomplete[1].id, 'incomplete-2');
-
-          assert.include(
-            results.incomplete[1].description,
-            'An error occured while running this rule'
-          );
-          done();
-        });
+      () => {
+        axe.run(
+          '#fixture',
+          captureError((err, results) => {
+            assert.isNull(err);
+            assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 2);
+            assert.equal(results.incomplete[0].id, 'incomplete-1');
+            assert.equal(results.incomplete[1].id, 'incomplete-2');
+            assert.isNotNull(results.incomplete[1].error);
+            done();
+          }, done)
+        );
       }
     );
   });
 
-  it('should cascade `no elements found` errors in frames to reject run_rules', function (done) {
+  it('should cascade `no elements found` errors in frames to reject run_rules', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -761,29 +702,29 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
       messages: {}
     });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
-    var outer = document.getElementById('outer');
+    let outer = document.getElementById('outer');
 
-    iframeReady('../mock/frames/context.html', outer, 'target', function () {
+    iframeReady('../mock/frames/context.html', outer, 'target', () => {
       axe._runRules(
         [['#target', '#elementNotFound']],
         {},
         function resolve() {
-          assert.ok(false, 'frame should have thrown an error');
+          done(new Error('frame should have thrown an error'));
         },
-        function reject(err) {
+        captureError(function reject(err) {
           assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
           assert.include(
             err.message,
             'No elements found for include in frame Context'
           );
           done();
-        }
+        }, done)
       );
     });
   });
 
-  it('should not call reject when the resolve throws', function (done) {
-    var rejectCalled = false;
+  it('should not call reject when the resolve throws', done => {
+    let rejectCalled = false;
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -792,21 +733,17 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
           any: ['html']
         }
       ],
-      checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      ],
+      checks: [{ id: 'html', evaluate: () => true }],
       messages: {}
     });
 
+    const logger = sinon.stub();
+    axe._setLogger(logger);
     function resolve() {
-      setTimeout(function () {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         assert.isFalse(rejectCalled);
-        axe.log = log;
+        const err = logger.firstCall.args[0];
+        assert.equal(err.message, 'err');
         done();
       }, 20);
       throw new Error('err');
@@ -815,15 +752,10 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
       rejectCalled = true;
     }
 
-    var log = axe.log;
-    axe.log = function (e) {
-      assert.equal(e.message, 'err');
-      axe.log = log;
-    };
     axe._runRules(document, {}, resolve, reject);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore iframes if `iframes` === false', function (done) {
+  it('should ignore iframes if `iframes` === false', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -832,26 +764,19 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
           any: ['html']
         }
       ],
-      checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      ],
+      checks: [{ id: 'html', evaluate: () => true }],
       messages: {}
     });
 
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    let frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/frame-frame.html';
 
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-      setTimeout(function () {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         axe._runRules(
           document,
           { iframes: false, elementRef: true },
-          function (r) {
+          captureError(r => {
             assert.lengthOf(r[0].passes, 1);
             assert.equal(
               r[0].passes[0].node.element.ownerDocument,
@@ -859,7 +784,7 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
               'Result should not be in an iframe'
             );
             done();
-          },
+          }, done),
           isNotCalled
         );
       }, 500);
@@ -867,7 +792,7 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should not fail if `include` / `exclude` is overwritten', function (done) {
+  it('should not fail if `include` / `exclude` is overwritten', done => {
     function invalid() {
       throw new Error('nope!');
     }
@@ -882,32 +807,25 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
           any: ['html']
         }
       ],
-      checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      ],
+      checks: [{ id: 'html', evaluate: () => true }],
       messages: {}
     });
 
     axe._runRules(
       [document],
       {},
-      function (r) {
+      captureError(r => {
         assert.lengthOf(r[0].passes, 1);
 
         delete Array.prototype.include;
         delete Array.prototype.exclude;
         done();
-      },
+      }, done),
       isNotCalled
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return a cleanup method', function (done) {
+  it('should return a cleanup method', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -916,21 +834,14 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
           any: ['html']
         }
       ],
-      checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      ],
+      checks: [{ id: 'html', evaluate: () => true }],
       messages: {}
     });
 
     axe._runRules(
       document,
       {},
-      function resolve(out, cleanup) {
+      captureError(function resolve(out, cleanup) {
         assert.isDefined(axe._tree);
         assert.isDefined(axe._selectorData);
 
@@ -938,12 +849,12 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
         assert.isUndefined(axe._tree);
         assert.isUndefined(axe._selectorData);
         done();
-      },
+      }, done),
       isNotCalled
     );
   });
 
-  it('should clear up axe._tree / axe._selectorData after an error', function (done) {
+  it('should clear up axe._tree / axe._selectorData after an error', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -954,19 +865,24 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
       messages: {}
     });
 
-    createFrames(function () {
-      setTimeout(function () {
-        axe._runRules(document, {}, isNotCalled, function () {
-          assert.isUndefined(axe._tree);
-          assert.isUndefined(axe._selectorData);
-          done();
-        });
+    createFrames(() => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        axe._runRules(
+          document,
+          {},
+          isNotCalled,
+          captureError(() => {
+            assert.isUndefined(axe._tree);
+            assert.isUndefined(axe._selectorData);
+            done();
+          }, done)
+        );
       }, 100);
     });
   });
 
   // todo: see issue - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2168
-  it.skip('should clear the memoized cache for each function', function (done) {
+  it.skip('should clear the memoized cache for each function', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -975,25 +891,18 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
           any: ['html']
         }
       ],
-      checks: [
-        {
-          id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function () {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      ],
+      checks: [{ id: 'html', evaluate: () => true }],
       messages: {}
     });
 
     axe._runRules(
       document,
       {},
-      function resolve(out, cleanup) {
-        var called = false;
+      captureError(function resolve(out, cleanup) {
+        let called = false;
         axe._memoizedFns = [
           {
-            clear: function () {
+            clear: () => {
               called = true;
             }
           }
@@ -1001,9 +910,8 @@ describe('runRules', function () {
 
         cleanup();
         assert.isTrue(called);
-
         done();
-      },
+      }, done),
       isNotCalled
     );
   });
diff --git a/test/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js b/test/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js
index 8ceda376a..b2bcd387e 100644
--- a/test/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js
+++ b/test/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
-  beforeEach(function () {
+describe('axe.runVirtualRule', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'fred',
-          evaluate: function () {
+          evaluate: () => {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should throw if the rule does not exist', function () {
+  it('should throw if the rule does not exist', () => {
     axe._audit.rules = [];
     function fn() {
       axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', { nodeName: 'div' });
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  it('should modify the rule to not excludeHidden', function () {
+  it('should modify the rule to not excludeHidden', () => {
     axe._audit.rules = [
       {
         id: 'aria-roles',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
     axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', { nodeName: 'div' });
   });
 
-  it('should not modify the original rule', function () {
+  it('should not modify the original rule', () => {
     axe._audit.rules = [
       {
         id: 'aria-roles',
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
     axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', { nodeName: 'div' });
   });
 
-  it('should call rule.runSync', function () {
-    var called = false;
+  it('should call rule.runSync', () => {
+    let called = false;
     axe._audit.rules = [
       {
         id: 'aria-roles',
-        runSync: function () {
+        runSync: () => {
           called = true;
           return {
             id: 'aria-roles',
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
 
   describe('context', () => {
     const { Context } = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base;
-    it('passes context with vNode included to rule.runSync', function () {
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
+    it('passes context with vNode included to rule.runSync', () => {
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
       axe._audit.rules = [
         {
           id: 'aria-roles',
-          runSync: function (context) {
+          runSync: context => {
             assert.equal(typeof context, 'object');
             assert.isTrue(Array.isArray(context.include));
             assert.equal(context.include[0], node);
@@ -118,11 +118,11 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
         .map(([key]) => key)
         .sort();
 
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
       axe._audit.rules = [
         {
           id: 'aria-roles',
-          runSync: function (context) {
+          runSync: context => {
             const virtualContextProps = Object.keys(context).sort();
             assert.deepEqual(virtualContextProps, contextProps);
             return {
@@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should pass through options to rule.runSync', function () {
+  it('should pass through options to rule.runSync', () => {
     axe._audit.rules = [
       {
         id: 'aria-roles',
-        runSync: function (context, options) {
+        runSync: (context, options) => {
           assert.equal(options.foo, 'bar');
 
           return {
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
     axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', { nodeName: 'div' }, { foo: 'bar' });
   });
 
-  it('should convert a serialised node into a VirtualNode', function () {
-    var serialNode = {
+  it('should convert a serialised node into a VirtualNode', () => {
+    const serialNode = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       foo: 'bar',
       attributes: {
@@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
     axe._audit.rules = [
       {
         id: 'aria-roles',
-        runSync: function (context) {
-          var node = context.include[0];
+        runSync: context => {
+          const node = context.include[0];
           assert.instanceOf(node, axe.AbstractVirtualNode);
           assert.equal(node.props.foo, 'bar');
           assert.equal(node.attr('bar'), 'baz');
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
     axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', serialNode);
   });
 
-  it('should return correct structure', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('test', { nodeName: 'div' });
+  it('should return correct structure', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('test', { nodeName: 'div' });
     assert.isDefined(results.violations);
     assert.isDefined(results.passes);
     assert.isDefined(results.incomplete);
diff --git a/test/core/public/run.js b/test/core/public/run.js
index f3e376045..7e3c78312 100644
--- a/test/core/public/run.js
+++ b/test/core/public/run.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('axe.run', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.run', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const noop = () => {};
+  const origRunRules = axe._runRules;
+  const captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var noop = function () {};
-  var origRunRules = axe._runRules;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -26,30 +25,30 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._audit = null;
     axe._runRules = origRunRules;
     axe._running = false;
   });
 
-  it('takes context, options and callback as parameters', function (done) {
+  it('takes context, options and callback as parameters', done => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="t1"></div>';
-    var options = {
+    const options = {
       runOnly: {
         type: 'rule',
         values: ['test']
       }
     };
 
-    axe.run(['#t1'], options, function () {
+    axe.run(['#t1'], options, () => {
       assert.ok(true, 'test completed');
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('uses document as content if it is not specified', function (done) {
-    axe._runRules = function (ctxt) {
+  it('uses document as content if it is not specified', done => {
+    axe._runRules = ctxt => {
       assert.equal(ctxt, document);
       done();
     };
@@ -57,24 +56,25 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
     axe.run({ someOption: true }, noop);
   });
 
-  it('uses an object as options if it is not specified', function (done) {
-    axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt) {
+  it('uses an object as options if it is not specified', done => {
+    axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt) => {
       assert.isObject(opt);
       done();
     };
     axe.run(document, noop);
   });
 
-  it('does not mutate the options object', function (done) {
-    var options = {};
-    axe.run(options, function () {
+  it('does not mutate the options object', done => {
+    const options = {};
+    axe.run(options, () => {
       assert.deepEqual(options, {});
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('works with performance logging enabled', function (done) {
-    axe.run(document, { performanceTimer: true }, function (err, result) {
+  it('works with performance logging enabled', done => {
+    axe._setLogger(() => {});
+    axe.run(document, { performanceTimer: true }, (err, result) => {
       assert.isObject(result);
       done();
     });
@@ -122,63 +122,69 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('does not fail if no callback is specified', function (done) {
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+  it('does not fail if no callback is specified', done => {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
       axe.run(done);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should error if axe is already running', function (done) {
+  it('should error if axe is already running', done => {
     axe.run(noop);
-    axe.run(function (err) {
+    axe.run(err => {
       assert.isTrue(err.indexOf('Axe is already running') !== -1);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  describe('callback', function () {
-    it('gives errors to the first argument on the callback', function (done) {
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve, reject) {
+  describe('callback', () => {
+    it('gives errors to the first argument on the callback', done => {
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt, resolve, reject) => {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         reject('Ninja rope!');
       };
 
-      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, function (err) {
+      // errorRunRules calls callback(err) directly AND reject(err) which in
+      // non-promise mode is also err => callback(err). Guard against the
+      // double-call so done() is only invoked once.
+      let called = false;
+      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, err => {
+        if (called) {
+          return;
+        }
+        called = true;
         assert.equal(err, 'Ninja rope!');
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('gives results to the second argument on the callback', function (done) {
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+    it('gives results to the second argument on the callback', done => {
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt, resolve) => {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         resolve('MB Bomb', noop);
       };
 
-      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, function (err, result) {
+      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, (err, result) => {
         assert.equal(err, null);
         assert.equal(result, 'MB Bomb');
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('does not run the callback twice if it throws', function (done) {
-      var calls = 0;
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+    it('does not run the callback twice if it throws', done => {
+      let calls = 0;
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt, resolve) => {
         resolve([], noop);
       };
 
-      var log = axe.log;
-      axe.log = function (e) {
-        assert.equal(e.message, 'err');
-        axe.log = log;
-      };
-      axe.run(function () {
+      const logger = sinon.stub();
+      axe._setLogger(logger);
+      axe.run(() => {
         calls += 1;
         if (calls === 1) {
-          setTimeout(function () {
+          setTimeout(() => {
             assert.equal(calls, 1);
-            axe.log = log;
+            const err = logger.firstCall.args[0];
+            assert.equal(err.message, 'err');
             done();
           }, 20);
         }
@@ -186,9 +192,9 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('is called after cleanup', function (done) {
-      var isClean = false;
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+    it('is called after cleanup', done => {
+      let isClean = false;
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt, resolve) => {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         // Check that cleanup is called before the callback is executed
         resolve('MB Bomb', function cleanup() {
@@ -196,7 +202,7 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
         });
       };
 
-      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, function () {
+      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, () => {
         assert.isTrue(isClean, 'cleanup must be called first');
         done();
       });
@@ -225,18 +231,18 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('promise result', function () {
+  describe('promise result', () => {
     /*eslint indent: 0*/
-    var promiseIt = window.Promise ? it : it.skip;
+    const promiseIt = window.Promise ? it : it.skip;
 
-    promiseIt('returns an error to catch if axe fails', function (done) {
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve, reject) {
+    promiseIt('returns an error to catch if axe fails', done => {
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt, resolve, reject) => {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         reject('I surrender!');
       };
 
-      var p = axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' });
-      p.then(noop).catch(function (err) {
+      const p = axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' });
+      p.then(noop).catch(err => {
         assert.equal(err, 'I surrender!');
         done();
       });
@@ -244,14 +250,14 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
       assert.instanceOf(p, window.Promise);
     });
 
-    promiseIt('returns a promise if no callback was given', function (done) {
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+    promiseIt('returns a promise if no callback was given', done => {
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt, resolve) => {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         resolve('World party', noop);
       };
 
-      var p = axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' });
-      p.then(function (result) {
+      const p = axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' });
+      p.then(result => {
         assert.equal(result, 'World party');
         done();
       });
@@ -259,31 +265,31 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
       assert.instanceOf(p, window.Promise);
     });
 
-    promiseIt('does not error if then() throws', function (done) {
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+    promiseIt('does not error if then() throws', done => {
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt, resolve) => {
         resolve([], noop);
       };
 
       axe
         .run()
         .then(
-          function () {
+          () => {
             throw new Error('err');
           },
-          function (e) {
+          e => {
             assert.isNotOk(e, 'Caught callback error in the wrong place');
             done();
           }
         )
-        .catch(function (e) {
+        .catch(e => {
           assert.equal(e.message, 'err');
           done();
         });
     });
 
-    promiseIt('is called after cleanup', function (done) {
-      var isClean = false;
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+    promiseIt('is called after cleanup', done => {
+      let isClean = false;
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt, resolve) => {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         // Check that cleanup is called before the callback is executed
         resolve('MB Bomb', function cleanup() {
@@ -293,7 +299,7 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
 
       axe
         .run({ reporter: 'raw' })
-        .then(function () {
+        .then(() => {
           assert(isClean, 'cleanup must be called first');
           done();
         })
@@ -301,9 +307,9 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('option reporter', function () {
-    it('sets v1 as the default reporter if audit.reporter is null', function (done) {
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt) {
+  describe('option reporter', () => {
+    it('sets v1 as the default reporter if audit.reporter is null', done => {
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt) => {
         assert.equal(opt.reporter, 'v1');
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         done();
@@ -312,8 +318,8 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
       axe.run(document, noop);
     });
 
-    it('uses the audit.reporter if no reporter is set in options', function (done) {
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt) {
+    it('uses the audit.reporter if no reporter is set in options', done => {
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt) => {
         assert.equal(opt.reporter, 'raw');
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         done();
@@ -322,8 +328,8 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
       axe.run(document, noop);
     });
 
-    it('does not override if another reporter is set', function (done) {
-      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt) {
+    it('does not override if another reporter is set', done => {
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt) => {
         assert.equal(opt.reporter, 'raw');
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         done();
@@ -333,117 +339,115 @@ describe('axe.run', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('option xpath', function () {
-    it('returns no xpath if the xpath option is not set', function (done) {
-      axe.run('#fixture', function (err, result) {
+  describe('option xpath', () => {
+    it('returns no xpath if the xpath option is not set', done => {
+      axe.run('#fixture', (err, result) => {
         assert.isUndefined(result.violations[0].nodes[0].xpath);
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns the xpath if the xpath option is true', function (done) {
+    it('returns the xpath if the xpath option is true', done => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           xpath: true
         },
-        function (err, result) {
+        captureError((err, result) => {
           assert.deepEqual(result.violations[0].nodes[0].xpath, [
-            "/div[@id='fixture']"
+            "//div[@id='fixture']"
           ]);
           done();
-        }
+        }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns xpath on related nodes', function (done) {
+    it('returns xpath on related nodes', done => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           xpath: true
         },
-        function (err, result) {
+        captureError((err, result) => {
           assert.deepEqual(
             result.violations[0].nodes[0].none[0].relatedNodes[0].xpath,
-            ["/div[@id='fixture']"]
+            ["//div[@id='fixture']"]
           );
           done();
-        }
+        }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns the xpath on any reporter', function (done) {
+    it('returns the xpath on any reporter', done => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           xpath: true,
           reporter: 'no-passes'
         },
-        function (err, result) {
+        captureError((err, result) => {
           assert.deepEqual(result.violations[0].nodes[0].xpath, [
-            "/div[@id='fixture']"
+            "//div[@id='fixture']"
           ]);
           done();
-        }
+        }, done)
       );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('option absolutePaths', function () {
-    it('returns relative paths when falsy', function (done) {
+  describe('option absolutePaths', () => {
+    it('returns relative paths when falsy', done => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           absolutePaths: 0
         },
-        function (err, result) {
+        captureError((err, result) => {
           assert.deepEqual(result.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fixture']);
           done();
-        }
+        }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns absolute paths when truthy', function (done) {
+    it('returns absolute paths when truthy', done => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           absolutePaths: 'yes please'
         },
-        function (err, result) {
+        captureError((err, result) => {
           assert.deepEqual(result.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
             'html > body > #fixture'
           ]);
           done();
-        }
+        }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns absolute paths on related nodes', function (done) {
+    it('returns absolute paths on related nodes', done => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           absolutePaths: true
         },
-        function (err, result) {
+        captureError((err, result) => {
           assert.deepEqual(
             result.violations[0].nodes[0].none[0].relatedNodes[0].target,
             ['html > body > #fixture']
           );
           done();
-        }
+        }, done)
       );
     });
   });
 });
 
-describe('axe.run iframes', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var origRunRules = axe._runRules;
-  var captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
+describe('axe.run iframes', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const origRunRules = axe._runRules;
+  const captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Target in top frame</div>';
     axe._load({
       rules: [
@@ -456,7 +460,7 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function () {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'fred',
-          evaluate: function () {
+          evaluate: () => {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -464,34 +468,34 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._audit = null;
     axe._runRules = origRunRules;
   });
 
-  it('includes iframes by default', function (done) {
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+  it('includes iframes by default', done => {
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {},
-        captureError(function (err, result) {
+        captureError((err, result) => {
           assert.equal(result.violations.length, 1);
-          var violation = result.violations[0];
+          const violation = result.violations[0];
           assert.equal(
             violation.nodes.length,
             2,
             'one node for top frame, one for iframe'
           );
           assert.isTrue(
-            violation.nodes.some(function (node) {
+            violation.nodes.some(node => {
               return node.target.length === 1 && node.target[0] === '#target';
             }),
             'one result from top frame'
           );
           assert.isTrue(
-            violation.nodes.some(function (node) {
+            violation.nodes.some(node => {
               return node.target.length === 2 && node.target[0] === 'iframe';
             }),
             'one result from iframe'
@@ -505,15 +509,15 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('excludes iframes if iframes is false', function (done) {
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+  it('excludes iframes if iframes is false', done => {
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         { iframes: false },
-        captureError(function (err, result) {
+        captureError((err, result) => {
           assert.equal(result.violations.length, 1);
-          var violation = result.violations[0];
+          const violation = result.violations[0];
           assert.equal(violation.nodes.length, 1, 'only top frame');
           assert.equal(violation.nodes[0].target.length, 1);
           assert.equal(violation.nodes[0].target[0], '#target');
@@ -526,13 +530,13 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('ignores unexpected messages from non-axe iframes', function (done) {
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+  it('ignores unexpected messages from non-axe iframes', done => {
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {},
-        captureError(function (err, result) {
+        captureError((err, result) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.equal(result.violations.length, 1);
           done();
@@ -544,14 +548,14 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('ignores unexpected messages from axe iframes', function (done) {
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+  it('ignores unexpected messages from axe iframes', done => {
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
 
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {},
-        captureError(function (err, result) {
+        captureError((err, result) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.equal(result.violations.length, 1);
           done();
diff --git a/test/core/public/setup.js b/test/core/public/setup.js
index 242f2b544..423984ada 100644
--- a/test/core/public/setup.js
+++ b/test/core/public/setup.js
@@ -1,32 +1,30 @@
-describe('axe.setup', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('axe.setup', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.teardown();
   });
 
-  it('should setup the tree', function () {
+  it('should setup the tree', () => {
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe.setup();
     assert.exists(axe._tree);
   });
 
-  it('should default the tree to use html element', function () {
+  it('should default the tree to use html element', () => {
     axe.setup();
     assert.equal(axe._tree[0].actualNode, document.documentElement);
   });
 
-  it('should use the passed in node as the root of the tree', function () {
+  it('should use the passed in node as the root of the tree', () => {
     axe.setup(document.body);
     assert.equal(axe._tree[0].actualNode, document.body);
   });
 
-  it('should return the root node', function () {
-    var vNode = axe.setup(document.body);
+  it('should return the root node', () => {
+    const vNode = axe.setup(document.body);
     assert.equal(vNode.actualNode, document.body);
   });
 
-  it('should setup selector data', function () {
+  it('should setup selector data', () => {
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
     axe.setup();
     assert.exists(axe._selectorData);
@@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ describe('axe.setup', function () {
     assert.equal(axe._tree[0].actualNode, document.documentElement);
   });
 
-  it('should throw if called twice in a row', function () {
+  it('should throw if called twice in a row', () => {
     function fn() {
       axe.setup();
       axe.setup();
diff --git a/test/core/public/teardown.js b/test/core/public/teardown.js
index f9916862f..ffc931074 100644
--- a/test/core/public/teardown.js
+++ b/test/core/public/teardown.js
@@ -1,29 +1,27 @@
-describe('axe.teardown', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should reset the tree', function () {
+describe('axe.teardown', () => {
+  it('should reset the tree', () => {
     axe._tree = 'foo';
     axe.teardown();
     assert.isUndefined(axe._tree);
   });
 
-  it('should reset selector data', function () {
+  it('should reset selector data', () => {
     axe._selectorData = 'foo';
     axe.teardown();
     assert.isUndefined(axe._selectorData);
   });
 
-  it('should reset selector data', function () {
+  it('should reset selector data', () => {
     axe._selectCache = 'foo';
     axe.teardown();
     assert.isUndefined(axe._selectCache);
   });
 
-  it('should reset memozied functions', function () {
-    var orgFn = axe._memoizedFns[0];
-    var called = false;
+  it('should reset memozied functions', () => {
+    const orgFn = axe._memoizedFns[0];
+    let called = false;
     axe._memoizedFns[0] = {
-      clear: function () {
+      clear: () => {
         called = true;
       }
     };
@@ -32,10 +30,10 @@ describe('axe.teardown', function () {
     axe._memoizedFns[0] = orgFn;
   });
 
-  it('should reset the cache', function () {
-    var orgFn = axe._cache.clear;
-    var called = false;
-    axe._cache.clear = function () {
+  it('should reset the cache', () => {
+    const orgFn = axe._cache.clear;
+    let called = false;
+    axe._cache.clear = () => {
       called = true;
     };
     axe.teardown();
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/helpers/000_runfirst.js b/test/core/reporters/helpers/000_runfirst.js
index ffa387f8e..31e394e8c 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/helpers/000_runfirst.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/helpers/000_runfirst.js
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 // HACK: make "helpers" a global, as the tests rely on it.
-helpers = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.helpers;
+window.helpers = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.helpers;
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js b/test/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js
index 2938d447f..12c51a592 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-describe('helpers.failureSummary', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  beforeEach(function () {
+describe('helpers.failureSummary', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
       rules: [],
@@ -8,15 +7,16 @@ describe('helpers.failureSummary', function () {
         failureSummaries: {
           none: {
             failureMessage: function anonymous(it) {
-              var out = 'Fix all of the following: \n';
-              var arr1 = it;
+              let out = 'Fix all of the following: \n';
+              const arr1 = it;
               if (arr1) {
                 var value,
                   i1 = -1,
                   l1 = arr1.length - 1;
                 while (i1 < l1) {
                   value = arr1[(i1 += 1)];
-                  out += ' ' + value + '\n';
+                  out += ` ${value}
+`;
                 }
               }
               return out;
@@ -29,15 +29,16 @@ describe('helpers.failureSummary', function () {
           },
           any: {
             failureMessage: function anonymous(it) {
-              var out = 'Fix any of the following: \n';
-              var arr1 = it;
+              let out = 'Fix any of the following: \n';
+              const arr1 = it;
               if (arr1) {
                 var value,
                   i1 = -1,
                   l1 = arr1.length - 1;
                 while (i1 < l1) {
                   value = arr1[(i1 += 1)];
-                  out += ' ' + value + '\n';
+                  out += ` ${value}
+`;
                 }
               }
               return out;
@@ -48,8 +49,8 @@ describe('helpers.failureSummary', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should concatenate none and all', function () {
-    var summary = helpers.failureSummary({
+  it('should concatenate none and all', () => {
+    const summary = helpers.failureSummary({
       result: 'failed',
       any: [],
       all: [
@@ -73,8 +74,8 @@ describe('helpers.failureSummary', function () {
     assert.equal(summary, 'Fix all of the following: \n 1\n 2\n 3\n');
   });
 
-  it('should return a list of ANYs if none return true', function () {
-    var summary = helpers.failureSummary({
+  it('should return a list of ANYs if none return true', () => {
+    const summary = helpers.failureSummary({
       result: 'failed',
       any: [
         {
@@ -97,8 +98,8 @@ describe('helpers.failureSummary', function () {
     assert.equal(summary, 'Fix any of the following: \n 1\n 2\n 3\n');
   });
 
-  it('should concatenate anys', function () {
-    var summary = helpers.failureSummary({
+  it('should concatenate anys', () => {
+    const summary = helpers.failureSummary({
       result: 'failed',
       any: [
         {
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js b/test/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js
index 52bf0d6c7..87e9cf8bd 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-describe('helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('returns a non-empty string by default', function () {
-    var summary = helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage();
+describe('helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage', () => {
+  it('returns a non-empty string by default', () => {
+    const summary = helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage();
     assert.typeOf(summary, 'string');
     assert.notEqual(summary, '');
   });
 
-  it('should return a string', function () {
+  it('should return a string', () => {
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
       rules: [],
@@ -15,11 +13,11 @@ describe('helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage', function () {
         incompleteFallbackMessage: 'Dogs are the best'
       }
     });
-    var summary = helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage();
+    const summary = helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage();
     assert.equal(summary, 'Dogs are the best');
   });
 
-  it('should handle doT.js template function', function () {
+  it('should handle doT.js template function', () => {
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
       rules: [],
@@ -30,12 +28,12 @@ describe('helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var summary = helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage();
+    const summary = helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage();
     assert.equal(summary, 'Dogs are the best');
   });
 
-  describe('when passed an invalid value', function () {
-    it('returns `` when set to an object', function () {
+  describe('when passed an invalid value', () => {
+    it('returns `` when set to an object', () => {
       axe._load({
         messages: {},
         rules: [],
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ describe('helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage', function () {
       assert.equal(helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage(), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when set to null', function () {
+    it('returns `` when set to null', () => {
       axe._load({
         messages: {},
         rules: [],
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ describe('helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage', function () {
       assert.equal(helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage(), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when set to undefined', function () {
+    it('returns `` when set to undefined', () => {
       axe._load({
         messages: {},
         rules: [],
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js b/test/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js
index 32f4f072c..cfeff2606 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results, options;
+describe('helpers.processAggregate', () => {
+  let results, options;
   const helpers = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.helpers;
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     results = [
       {
         id: 'passed-rule',
@@ -131,29 +130,29 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
     ];
   });
 
-  it('should remove the `result` property from each node in each ruleResult', function () {
+  it('should remove the `result` property from each node in each ruleResult', () => {
     assert.isDefined(
-      results.find(function (r) {
+      results.find(r => {
         return r.id === 'passed-rule';
       }).passes[0].result
     );
 
-    var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
-    var ruleResult = resultObject.passes.find(function (r) {
+    const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
+    const ruleResult = resultObject.passes.find(r => {
       return r.id === 'passed-rule';
     });
     assert.isUndefined(ruleResult.nodes[0].result);
   });
 
-  it('should remove the `node` property from each node in each ruleResult', function () {
+  it('should remove the `node` property from each node in each ruleResult', () => {
     assert.isDefined(
-      results.find(function (r) {
+      results.find(r => {
         return r.id === 'passed-rule';
       }).passes[0].node
     );
 
-    var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
-    var ruleResult = resultObject.passes.find(function (r) {
+    const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
+    const ruleResult = resultObject.passes.find(r => {
       return r.id === 'passed-rule';
     });
     assert.isUndefined(ruleResult.nodes[0].node);
@@ -197,10 +196,10 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('`options` argument', function () {
-    describe('`resultTypes` option', function () {
-      it('should reduce the unwanted result types to 1 in the `resultObject`', function () {
-        var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {
+  describe('`options` argument', () => {
+    describe('`resultTypes` option', () => {
+      it('should reduce the unwanted result types to 1 in the `resultObject`', () => {
+        let resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {
           resultTypes: ['violations']
         });
         assert.isDefined(resultObject.passes);
@@ -232,15 +231,15 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('`elementRef` option', function () {
-      describe('when set to true', function () {
-        before(function () {
+    describe('`elementRef` option', () => {
+      describe('when set to true', () => {
+        before(() => {
           options = { elementRef: true };
         });
 
-        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals false", function () {
-          it('should add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-            var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals false", () => {
+          it('should add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+            const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
             assert.isDefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].element);
             assert.isDefined(
               resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].element
@@ -248,9 +247,9 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
           });
         });
 
-        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals true", function () {
-          it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-            var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals true", () => {
+          it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+            const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
             assert.isUndefined(resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].element);
             assert.isUndefined(
               resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].element
@@ -259,13 +258,13 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when set to false', function () {
-        before(function () {
+      describe('when set to false', () => {
+        before(() => {
           options = { elementRef: false };
         });
 
-        it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-          var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+        it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+          const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].element);
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].element);
           assert.isUndefined(
@@ -277,9 +276,9 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when not set at all', function () {
-        it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-          var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
+      describe('when not set at all', () => {
+        it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+          const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].element);
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].element);
           assert.isUndefined(
@@ -292,15 +291,15 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('`selectors` option', function () {
-      describe('when set to false', function () {
-        before(function () {
+    describe('`selectors` option', () => {
+      describe('when set to false', () => {
+        before(() => {
           options = { selectors: false };
         });
 
-        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals true", function () {
-          it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-            var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals true", () => {
+          it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+            const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
             assert.isDefined(resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].target);
             assert.isDefined(
               resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].target
@@ -308,16 +307,16 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
           });
         });
 
-        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals false", function () {
-          it('should NOT add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-            var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals false", () => {
+          it('should NOT add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+            const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
             assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].target);
             assert.isUndefined(
               resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].target
             );
           });
 
-          it('should not call DqElement.selector', () => {
+          it('should not call the nodes selector property', () => {
             const dqElm = new axe.utils.DqElement(fixture);
             Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'selector', {
               get() {
@@ -332,13 +331,13 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when set to true', function () {
-        before(function () {
+      describe('when set to true', () => {
+        before(() => {
           options = { selectors: true };
         });
 
-        it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-          var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+        it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+          const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
           assert.isDefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].target);
           assert.isDefined(
             resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].target
@@ -346,9 +345,9 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when not set at all', function () {
-        it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-          var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
+      describe('when not set at all', () => {
+        it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+          const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
           assert.isDefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].target);
           assert.isDefined(
             resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].target
@@ -357,10 +356,10 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('`ancestry` option', function () {
-      describe('when set to true', function () {
-        it('should add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-          var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {
+    describe('`ancestry` option', () => {
+      describe('when set to true', () => {
+        it('should add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+          const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {
             ancestry: true
           });
           assert.isDefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].ancestry);
@@ -370,9 +369,9 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when set to false', function () {
-        it('should NOT add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-          var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {
+      describe('when set to false', () => {
+        it('should NOT add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+          const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {
             ancestry: false
           });
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].ancestry);
@@ -381,7 +380,7 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
           );
         });
 
-        it('should not call DqElement.ancestry', () => {
+        it('should not call the nodes ancestry property', () => {
           const dqElm = new axe.utils.DqElement(fixture, options, {
             selector: ['div'] // prevent axe._selectorData error
           });
@@ -397,9 +396,9 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when not set at all', function () {
-        it('should NOT add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-          var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
+      describe('when not set at all', () => {
+        it('should NOT add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+          const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].ancestry);
           assert.isUndefined(
             resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].ancestry
@@ -408,14 +407,14 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('`xpath` option', function () {
-      describe('when set to true', function () {
-        before(function () {
+    describe('`xpath` option', () => {
+      describe('when set to true', () => {
+        before(() => {
           options = { xpath: true };
         });
 
-        it('should add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-          var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+        it('should add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+          const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
           assert.isDefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].xpath);
           assert.isDefined(
             resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].xpath
@@ -423,13 +422,13 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when set to false', function () {
-        before(function () {
+      describe('when set to false', () => {
+        before(() => {
           options = { xpath: false };
         });
 
-        it('should NOT add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-          var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+        it('should NOT add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+          const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].xpath);
           assert.isUndefined(
             resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].xpath
@@ -437,16 +436,16 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when not set at all', function () {
-        it('should NOT add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
-          var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
+      describe('when not set at all', () => {
+        it('should NOT add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', () => {
+          const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].xpath);
           assert.isUndefined(
             resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].xpath
           );
         });
 
-        it('should not call DqElement.xpath', () => {
+        it('should not call the nodes xpath property', () => {
           const dqElm = new axe.utils.DqElement(fixture, options, {
             selector: ['div'] // prevent axe._selectorData error
           });
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/na.js b/test/core/reporters/na.js
index a9c677725..e88179005 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/na.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/na.js
@@ -1,102 +1,102 @@
-describe('reporters - na', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var runResults,
-    _results = [
-      {
-        id: 'noMatch',
-        helpUrl: 'somewhere',
-        description: 'stuff',
-        result: 'inapplicable',
-        impact: null,
-        tags: ['tag3'],
-        violations: [],
-        passes: []
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'gimmeLabel',
-        helpUrl: 'things',
-        description: 'something nifty',
-        result: 'passed',
-        impact: null,
-        tags: ['tag1'],
-        violations: [],
-        passes: [
-          {
-            result: 'passed',
-            impact: null,
-            any: [
-              {
-                result: true,
-                relatedNodes: [
-                  {
-                    selector: 'bob',
-                    source: 'fred'
-                  }
-                ],
-                data: 'minkey'
-              }
-            ],
-            all: [],
-            none: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['minkey'],
-              frames: [],
-              source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
+describe('reporters - na', () => {
+  let runResults;
+
+  const _results = [
+    {
+      id: 'noMatch',
+      helpUrl: 'somewhere',
+      description: 'stuff',
+      result: 'inapplicable',
+      impact: null,
+      tags: ['tag3'],
+      violations: [],
+      passes: []
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'gimmeLabel',
+      helpUrl: 'things',
+      description: 'something nifty',
+      result: 'passed',
+      impact: null,
+      tags: ['tag1'],
+      violations: [],
+      passes: [
+        {
+          result: 'passed',
+          impact: null,
+          any: [
+            {
+              result: true,
+              relatedNodes: [
+                {
+                  selector: 'bob',
+                  source: 'fred'
+                }
+              ],
+              data: 'minkey'
             }
+          ],
+          all: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['minkey'],
+            frames: [],
+            source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
           }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'idkStuff',
-        description: 'something more nifty',
-        pageLevel: true,
-        result: 'failed',
-        impact: 'cats',
-        tags: ['tag2'],
-        passes: [],
-        violations: [
-          {
-            result: 'failed',
-            all: [
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [
-                  {
-                    selector: 'joe',
-                    source: 'bob'
-                  }
-                ],
-                result: false,
-                data: 'pillock',
-                impact: 'cats'
-              },
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [],
-                result: true
-              }
-            ],
-            any: [
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [],
-                result: true
-              }
-            ],
-            none: [
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [],
-                result: false
-              }
-            ],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['q', 'r', 'pillock'],
-              source: '<pillock>george bush</pillock>'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'idkStuff',
+      description: 'something more nifty',
+      pageLevel: true,
+      result: 'failed',
+      impact: 'cats',
+      tags: ['tag2'],
+      passes: [],
+      violations: [
+        {
+          result: 'failed',
+          all: [
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [
+                {
+                  selector: 'joe',
+                  source: 'bob'
+                }
+              ],
+              result: false,
+              data: 'pillock',
+              impact: 'cats'
             },
-            impact: 'cats'
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    ];
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [],
+              result: true
+            }
+          ],
+          any: [
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [],
+              result: true
+            }
+          ],
+          none: [
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [],
+              result: false
+            }
+          ],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['q', 'r', 'pillock'],
+            source: '<pillock>george bush</pillock>'
+          },
+          impact: 'cats'
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ];
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     runResults = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_results));
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@ describe('reporters - na', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should merge the runRules results into violations, passes and inapplicable', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should merge the runRules results into violations, passes and inapplicable', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isObject(results);
       assert.isArray(results.violations);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
@@ -120,29 +120,29 @@ describe('reporters - na', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].id, 'idkStuff');
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].id, 'gimmeLabel');
       assert.equal(results.inapplicable[0].id, 'noMatch');
     });
   });
-  it('should add tags to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add tags to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].tags, ['tag2']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].tags, ['tag1']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.inapplicable[0].tags, ['tag3']);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.ok(!results.violations[0].helpUrl);
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].helpUrl, 'things');
       assert.equal(results.inapplicable[0].helpUrl, 'somewhere');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the html to the node data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the html to the node data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.equal(
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ describe('reporters - na', function () {
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].nodes[0].html, '<minkey>chimp</minky>');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
@@ -163,14 +163,14 @@ describe('reporters - na', function () {
       ]);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the description to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the description to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].description, 'something more nifty');
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].description, 'something nifty');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the impact to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.ok(!results.passes[0].impact);
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ describe('reporters - na', function () {
       assert.isNull(results.passes[0].nodes[0].impact);
     });
   });
-  it('should map relatedNodes', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should map relatedNodes', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes, 1);
       assert.equal(
         results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes[0].target,
@@ -202,27 +202,27 @@ describe('reporters - na', function () {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add environment data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add environment data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isDefined(results.url);
       assert.isDefined(results.timestamp);
       assert.isDefined(results.testEnvironment);
       assert.isDefined(results.testRunner);
     });
   });
-  it('should add toolOptions property', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add toolOptions property', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isDefined(results.toolOptions);
     });
   });
-  it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', function () {
-    var environmentData = {
+  it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', () => {
+    const environmentData = {
       myReporter: 'hello world'
     };
     axe.getReporter('na')(
       runResults,
       { environmentData: environmentData },
-      function (results) {
+      results => {
         assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
         assert.isUndefined(results.url);
         assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/no-passes.js b/test/core/reporters/no-passes.js
index 594761732..424d2fb26 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/no-passes.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/no-passes.js
@@ -1,91 +1,92 @@
-describe('reporters - no-passes', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var runResults,
-    _results = [
-      {
-        id: 'gimmeLabel',
-        helpUrl: 'things',
-        description: 'something nifty',
-        tags: ['tag1'],
-        result: 'passed',
-        impact: null,
-        violations: [],
-        passes: [
-          {
-            result: 'passed',
-            any: [
-              {
-                result: true,
-                impact: null,
-                relatedNodes: [
-                  {
-                    selector: 'bob',
-                    source: 'fred'
-                  }
-                ],
-                data: 'minkey'
-              }
-            ],
-            all: [],
-            none: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['minkey'],
-              frames: [],
-              source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
+describe('reporters - no-passes', () => {
+  let runResults;
+
+  const _results = [
+    {
+      id: 'gimmeLabel',
+      helpUrl: 'things',
+      description: 'something nifty',
+      tags: ['tag1'],
+      result: 'passed',
+      impact: null,
+      violations: [],
+      passes: [
+        {
+          result: 'passed',
+          any: [
+            {
+              result: true,
+              impact: null,
+              relatedNodes: [
+                {
+                  selector: 'bob',
+                  source: 'fred'
+                }
+              ],
+              data: 'minkey'
             }
+          ],
+          all: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['minkey'],
+            frames: [],
+            source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
           }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'idkStuff',
-        description: 'something more nifty',
-        pageLevel: true,
-        result: 'failed',
-        impact: 'cats',
-        tags: ['tag2'],
-        passes: [],
-        violations: [
-          {
-            result: 'failed',
-            all: [
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [
-                  {
-                    selector: 'joe',
-                    source: 'bob'
-                  }
-                ],
-                result: false,
-                data: 'pillock',
-                impact: 'cats'
-              },
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [],
-                result: true
-              }
-            ],
-            any: [
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [],
-                result: true
-              }
-            ],
-            none: [
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [],
-                result: false
-              }
-            ],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['q', 'r', 'pillock'],
-              source: '<pillock>george bush</pillock>'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'idkStuff',
+      description: 'something more nifty',
+      pageLevel: true,
+      result: 'failed',
+      impact: 'cats',
+      tags: ['tag2'],
+      passes: [],
+      violations: [
+        {
+          result: 'failed',
+          all: [
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [
+                {
+                  selector: 'joe',
+                  source: 'bob'
+                }
+              ],
+              result: false,
+              data: 'pillock',
+              impact: 'cats'
             },
-            impact: 'cats'
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    ];
-  beforeEach(function () {
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [],
+              result: true
+            }
+          ],
+          any: [
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [],
+              result: true
+            }
+          ],
+          none: [
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [],
+              result: false
+            }
+          ],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['q', 'r', 'pillock'],
+            source: '<pillock>george bush</pillock>'
+          },
+          impact: 'cats'
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ];
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
     runResults = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_results));
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
@@ -94,35 +95,35 @@ describe('reporters - no-passes', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and  exclude passes', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and  exclude passes', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isObject(results);
       assert.isArray(results.violations);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
       assert.isUndefined(results.passes);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].id, 'idkStuff');
     });
   });
-  it('should add tags to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add tags to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].tags, ['tag2']);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isNotOk(results.violations[0].helpUrl);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the html to the node data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the html to the node data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.equal(
@@ -131,8 +132,8 @@ describe('reporters - no-passes', function () {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
@@ -142,19 +143,19 @@ describe('reporters - no-passes', function () {
       ]);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the description to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the description to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].description, 'something more nifty');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the impact to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[0].impact, 'cats');
     });
   });
-  it('should map relatedNodes', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should map relatedNodes', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes, 1);
       assert.equal(
         results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes[0].target,
@@ -166,27 +167,27 @@ describe('reporters - no-passes', function () {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add environment data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add environment data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isDefined(results.url);
       assert.isDefined(results.timestamp);
       assert.isDefined(results.testEnvironment);
       assert.isDefined(results.testRunner);
     });
   });
-  it('should add toolOptions property', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add toolOptions property', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isDefined(results.toolOptions);
     });
   });
-  it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', function () {
-    var environmentData = {
+  it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', () => {
+    const environmentData = {
       myReporter: 'hello world'
     };
     axe.getReporter('no-passes')(
       runResults,
       { environmentData: environmentData },
-      function (results) {
+      results => {
         assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
         assert.isUndefined(results.url);
         assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/raw-env.js b/test/core/reporters/raw-env.js
index e8ca9fb7c..6eb7c751d 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/raw-env.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/raw-env.js
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-describe('reporters - raw-env', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+describe('reporters - raw-env', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
   function createDqElement() {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     return new axe.utils.DqElement(node);
   }
 
-  var runResults;
+  let runResults;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     runResults = [
       {
         id: 'gimmeLabel',
@@ -117,13 +115,13 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function () {
     axe._cache.set('selectorData', {});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     sinon.restore();
   });
 
-  it('should serialize DqElements (#1195)', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should serialize DqElements (#1195)', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, results => {
       for (var i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
         var result = results[i];
         for (var j = 0; j < result.passes.length; j++) {
@@ -134,8 +132,8 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should pass env object', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should pass env object', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isDefined(results.env);
       assert.isDefined(results.env.url);
       assert.isDefined(results.env.timestamp);
@@ -144,26 +142,26 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', function () {
-    var environmentData = {
+  it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', () => {
+    const environmentData = {
       myReporter: 'hello world'
     };
     axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(
       runResults,
       { environmentData: environmentData },
-      function (results) {
+      results => {
         assert.deepEqual(results.env, environmentData);
       }
     );
   });
 
   it('uses nodeSerializer', done => {
-    var rawReporter = axe.getReporter('rawEnv');
-    var spy = sinon.spy(axe.utils.nodeSerializer, 'mapRawNodeResults');
+    const rawReporter = axe.getReporter('rawEnv');
+    const spy = sinon.spy(axe.utils.nodeSerializer, 'mapRawNodeResults');
     rawReporter(
       runResults,
       {},
-      function () {
+      () => {
         assert.isTrue(spy.called);
         done();
       },
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/raw.js b/test/core/reporters/raw.js
index c49be1389..444467747 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/raw.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/raw.js
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-describe('reporters - raw', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+describe('reporters - raw', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
   function createDqElement() {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     return new axe.utils.DqElement(node);
   }
 
-  var runResults;
+  let runResults;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     runResults = [
       {
         id: 'gimmeLabel',
@@ -117,13 +115,13 @@ describe('reporters - raw', function () {
     axe._cache.set('selectorData', {});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     sinon.restore();
   });
 
-  it('should serialize DqElements', function (done) {
-    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should serialize DqElements', done => {
+    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, results => {
       for (var i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
         var result = results[i];
         for (var j = 0; j < result.passes.length; j++) {
@@ -135,11 +133,11 @@ describe('reporters - raw', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('does not throw on serialized nodes', function (done) {
-    var rawReporter = axe.getReporter('rawEnv');
-    rawReporter(runResults, {}, function (serializedResults) {
-      assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
-        rawReporter(serializedResults, {}, function () {
+  it('does not throw on serialized nodes', done => {
+    const rawReporter = axe.getReporter('rawEnv');
+    rawReporter(runResults, {}, serializedResults => {
+      assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+        rawReporter(serializedResults, {}, () => {
           done();
         });
       });
@@ -147,12 +145,12 @@ describe('reporters - raw', function () {
   });
 
   it('uses nodeSerializer', done => {
-    var rawReporter = axe.getReporter('raw');
-    var spy = sinon.spy(axe.utils.nodeSerializer, 'mapRawNodeResults');
+    const rawReporter = axe.getReporter('raw');
+    const spy = sinon.spy(axe.utils.nodeSerializer, 'mapRawNodeResults');
     rawReporter(
       runResults,
       {},
-      function () {
+      () => {
         assert.isTrue(spy.called);
         done();
       },
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/v1.js b/test/core/reporters/v1.js
index 8ebc2c557..da16ef6ec 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/v1.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/v1.js
@@ -1,140 +1,141 @@
-describe('reporters - v1', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var runResults,
-    _results = [
-      {
-        id: 'gimmeLabel',
-        helpUrl: 'things',
-        description: 'something nifty',
-        tags: ['tag1'],
-        result: 'passed',
-        violations: [],
-        passes: [
-          {
-            result: 'passed',
-            any: [
-              {
-                result: true,
-                data: 'minkey'
-              }
-            ],
-            all: [],
-            none: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['minkey'],
-              frames: [],
-              source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
+describe('reporters - v1', () => {
+  let runResults;
+
+  const _results = [
+    {
+      id: 'gimmeLabel',
+      helpUrl: 'things',
+      description: 'something nifty',
+      tags: ['tag1'],
+      result: 'passed',
+      violations: [],
+      passes: [
+        {
+          result: 'passed',
+          any: [
+            {
+              result: true,
+              data: 'minkey'
             }
+          ],
+          all: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['minkey'],
+            frames: [],
+            source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
           }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'idkStuff',
-        description: 'something more nifty',
-        pageLevel: true,
-        result: 'failed',
-        impact: 'cats',
-        tags: ['tag2'],
-        passes: [],
-        violations: [
-          {
-            result: 'failed',
-            all: [
-              {
-                result: false,
-                data: 'pillock',
-                impact: 'cats'
-              }
-            ],
-            any: [],
-            none: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['q', 'r', 'pillock'],
-              source: '<pillock>george bush</pillock>'
-            },
-            impact: 'cats'
-          }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'bypass',
-        description: 'something even more nifty',
-        tags: ['tag3'],
-        impact: 'monkeys',
-        result: 'failed',
-        passes: [],
-        violations: [
-          {
-            result: 'failed',
-            impact: 'monkeys',
-            none: [
-              {
-                data: 'foon',
-                impact: 'monkeys',
-                result: true
-              }
-            ],
-            any: [],
-            all: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['foon'],
-              source: '<foon>telephone</foon>'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'idkStuff',
+      description: 'something more nifty',
+      pageLevel: true,
+      result: 'failed',
+      impact: 'cats',
+      tags: ['tag2'],
+      passes: [],
+      violations: [
+        {
+          result: 'failed',
+          all: [
+            {
+              result: false,
+              data: 'pillock',
+              impact: 'cats'
+            }
+          ],
+          any: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['q', 'r', 'pillock'],
+            source: '<pillock>george bush</pillock>'
+          },
+          impact: 'cats'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'bypass',
+      description: 'something even more nifty',
+      tags: ['tag3'],
+      impact: 'monkeys',
+      result: 'failed',
+      passes: [],
+      violations: [
+        {
+          result: 'failed',
+          impact: 'monkeys',
+          none: [
+            {
+              data: 'foon',
+              impact: 'monkeys',
+              result: true
             }
+          ],
+          any: [],
+          all: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['foon'],
+            source: '<foon>telephone</foon>'
           }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'incomplete',
-        description: 'something yet more nifty',
-        tags: ['tag4'],
-        impact: 'monkeys',
-        result: 'failed',
-        passes: [],
-        violations: [],
-        incomplete: [
-          {
-            result: 'failed',
-            impact: 'monkeys',
-            none: [
-              {
-                data: 'foon',
-                impact: 'monkeys',
-                result: true
-              }
-            ],
-            any: [],
-            all: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['foon'],
-              source: '<foon>telephone</foon>'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'incomplete',
+      description: 'something yet more nifty',
+      tags: ['tag4'],
+      impact: 'monkeys',
+      result: 'failed',
+      passes: [],
+      violations: [],
+      incomplete: [
+        {
+          result: 'failed',
+          impact: 'monkeys',
+          none: [
+            {
+              data: 'foon',
+              impact: 'monkeys',
+              result: true
             }
+          ],
+          any: [],
+          all: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['foon'],
+            source: '<foon>telephone</foon>'
           }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'blinky',
-        description: 'something awesome',
-        tags: ['tag4'],
-        violations: [],
-        result: 'passed',
-        passes: [
-          {
-            result: 'passed',
-            none: [
-              {
-                data: 'clueso',
-                result: true
-              }
-            ],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['a', 'b', 'clueso'],
-              source: '<clueso>nincompoop</clueso>'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'blinky',
+      description: 'something awesome',
+      tags: ['tag4'],
+      violations: [],
+      result: 'passed',
+      passes: [
+        {
+          result: 'passed',
+          none: [
+            {
+              data: 'clueso',
+              result: true
             }
+          ],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['a', 'b', 'clueso'],
+            source: '<clueso>nincompoop</clueso>'
           }
-        ]
-      }
-    ];
-  beforeEach(function () {
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ];
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
     runResults = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_results));
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
@@ -143,15 +144,16 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function () {
         failureSummaries: {
           none: {
             failureMessage: function anonymous(it) {
-              var out = 'Fix any of the following: \n';
-              var arr1 = it;
+              let out = 'Fix any of the following: \n';
+              const arr1 = it;
               if (arr1) {
                 var value,
                   i1 = -1,
                   l1 = arr1.length - 1;
                 while (i1 < l1) {
                   value = arr1[(i1 += 1)];
-                  out += ' ' + value + '\n';
+                  out += ` ${value}
+`;
                 }
               }
               return out;
@@ -164,15 +166,16 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function () {
           },
           any: {
             failureMessage: function anonymous(it) {
-              var out = 'Fix all of the following: \n';
-              var arr1 = it;
+              let out = 'Fix all of the following: \n';
+              const arr1 = it;
               if (arr1) {
                 var value,
                   i1 = -1,
                   l1 = arr1.length - 1;
                 while (i1 < l1) {
                   value = arr1[(i1 += 1)];
-                  out += ' ' + value + '\n';
+                  out += ` ${value}
+`;
                 }
               }
               return out;
@@ -183,12 +186,12 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and passes', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and passes', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isObject(results);
       assert.isArray(results.violations);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 2);
@@ -196,32 +199,32 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 2);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].id, 'idkStuff');
       assert.equal(results.violations[1].id, 'bypass');
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].id, 'gimmeLabel');
       assert.equal(results.passes[1].id, 'blinky');
     });
   });
-  it('should add tags to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add tags to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].tags, ['tag2']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[1].tags, ['tag3']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].tags, ['tag1']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[1].tags, ['tag4']);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isNotOk(results.violations[0].helpUrl);
       assert.isNotOk(results.violations[1].helpUrl);
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].helpUrl, 'things');
       assert.isNotOk(results.passes[1].helpUrl);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the html to the node data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the html to the node data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.equal(
@@ -239,8 +242,8 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function () {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add the failure summary to the node data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the failure summary to the node data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.equal(
@@ -253,8 +256,8 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function () {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
@@ -264,8 +267,8 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function () {
       ]);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the description to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the description to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].description, 'something more nifty');
       assert.equal(
         results.violations[1].description,
@@ -275,35 +278,35 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function () {
       assert.equal(results.passes[1].description, 'something awesome');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the impact to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.equal(results.violations[1].impact, 'monkeys');
       assert.equal(results.violations[1].nodes[0].impact, 'monkeys');
     });
   });
-  it('should add environment data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add environment data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isDefined(results.url);
       assert.isDefined(results.timestamp);
       assert.isDefined(results.testEnvironment);
       assert.isDefined(results.testRunner);
     });
   });
-  it('should add toolOptions property', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add toolOptions property', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isDefined(results.toolOptions);
     });
   });
-  it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', function () {
-    var environmentData = {
+  it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', () => {
+    const environmentData = {
       myReporter: 'hello world'
     };
     axe.getReporter('v1')(
       runResults,
       { environmentData: environmentData },
-      function (results) {
+      results => {
         assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
         assert.isUndefined(results.url);
         assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/v2.js b/test/core/reporters/v2.js
index 29d13b6f6..0baa89387 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/v2.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/v2.js
@@ -1,91 +1,92 @@
-describe('reporters - v2', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var runResults,
-    _results = [
-      {
-        id: 'gimmeLabel',
-        helpUrl: 'things',
-        description: 'something nifty',
-        result: 'passed',
-        impact: null,
-        tags: ['tag1'],
-        violations: [],
-        passes: [
-          {
-            result: 'passed',
-            any: [
-              {
-                result: true,
-                impact: null,
-                relatedNodes: [
-                  {
-                    selector: 'bob',
-                    source: 'fred'
-                  }
-                ],
-                data: 'minkey'
-              }
-            ],
-            all: [],
-            none: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['minkey'],
-              frames: [],
-              source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
+describe('reporters - v2', () => {
+  let runResults;
+
+  const _results = [
+    {
+      id: 'gimmeLabel',
+      helpUrl: 'things',
+      description: 'something nifty',
+      result: 'passed',
+      impact: null,
+      tags: ['tag1'],
+      violations: [],
+      passes: [
+        {
+          result: 'passed',
+          any: [
+            {
+              result: true,
+              impact: null,
+              relatedNodes: [
+                {
+                  selector: 'bob',
+                  source: 'fred'
+                }
+              ],
+              data: 'minkey'
             }
+          ],
+          all: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['minkey'],
+            frames: [],
+            source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
           }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'idkStuff',
-        description: 'something more nifty',
-        pageLevel: true,
-        result: 'failed',
-        impact: 'cats',
-        tags: ['tag2'],
-        passes: [],
-        violations: [
-          {
-            result: 'failed',
-            all: [
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [
-                  {
-                    selector: 'joe',
-                    source: 'bob'
-                  }
-                ],
-                result: false,
-                data: 'pillock',
-                impact: 'cats'
-              },
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [],
-                result: true
-              }
-            ],
-            any: [
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [],
-                result: true
-              }
-            ],
-            none: [
-              {
-                relatedNodes: [],
-                result: false
-              }
-            ],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['q', 'r', 'pillock'],
-              source: '<pillock>george bush</pillock>'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'idkStuff',
+      description: 'something more nifty',
+      pageLevel: true,
+      result: 'failed',
+      impact: 'cats',
+      tags: ['tag2'],
+      passes: [],
+      violations: [
+        {
+          result: 'failed',
+          all: [
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [
+                {
+                  selector: 'joe',
+                  source: 'bob'
+                }
+              ],
+              result: false,
+              data: 'pillock',
+              impact: 'cats'
             },
-            impact: 'cats'
-          }
-        ]
-      }
-    ];
-  beforeEach(function () {
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [],
+              result: true
+            }
+          ],
+          any: [
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [],
+              result: true
+            }
+          ],
+          none: [
+            {
+              relatedNodes: [],
+              result: false
+            }
+          ],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['q', 'r', 'pillock'],
+            source: '<pillock>george bush</pillock>'
+          },
+          impact: 'cats'
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ];
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
     runResults = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_results));
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
@@ -94,12 +95,12 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and passes', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and passes', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isObject(results);
       assert.isArray(results.violations);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
@@ -107,26 +108,26 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].id, 'idkStuff');
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].id, 'gimmeLabel');
     });
   });
-  it('should add tags to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add tags to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].tags, ['tag2']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].tags, ['tag1']);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isNotOk(results.violations[0].helpUrl);
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].helpUrl, 'things');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the html to the node data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the html to the node data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.equal(
@@ -136,8 +137,8 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function () {
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].nodes[0].html, '<minkey>chimp</minky>');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
@@ -147,22 +148,22 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function () {
       ]);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the description to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the description to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].description, 'something more nifty');
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].description, 'something nifty');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add the impact to the rule result', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.isNotOk(results.passes[0].impact);
       assert.isNotOk(results.passes[0].nodes[0].impact);
     });
   });
-  it('should map relatedNodes', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should map relatedNodes', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes, 1);
       assert.equal(
         results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes[0].target,
@@ -184,27 +185,27 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function () {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add environment data', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add environment data', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isDefined(results.url);
       assert.isDefined(results.timestamp);
       assert.isDefined(results.testEnvironment);
       assert.isDefined(results.testRunner);
     });
   });
-  it('should add toolOptions property', function () {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
+  it('should add toolOptions property', () => {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, results => {
       assert.isDefined(results.toolOptions);
     });
   });
-  it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', function () {
-    var environmentData = {
+  it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', () => {
+    const environmentData = {
       myReporter: 'hello world'
     };
     axe.getReporter('v2')(
       runResults,
       { environmentData: environmentData },
-      function (results) {
+      results => {
         assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
         assert.isUndefined(results.url);
         assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/aggregate.js b/test/core/utils/aggregate.js
index 9fb275fe2..3d845a80f 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/aggregate.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/aggregate.js
@@ -1,32 +1,30 @@
-describe('aggregate', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aggregate', () => {
+  const map = ['youngling', 'padawan', 'knight', 'master', 'grand master'];
 
-  var map = ['youngling', 'padawan', 'knight', 'master', 'grand master'];
+  const values = ['knight', 'master', 'padawan'];
 
-  var values = ['knight', 'master', 'padawan'];
-
-  it('takes a map, values array and initial value', function () {
+  it('takes a map, values array and initial value', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.aggregate);
     assert.lengthOf(axe.utils.aggregate, 3);
 
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
       axe.utils.aggregate(map, values, 'youngling');
     });
   });
 
-  it('does not change the values array', function () {
-    var copy = [].concat(values);
+  it('does not change the values array', () => {
+    const copy = [].concat(values);
     axe.utils.aggregate(map, values, 'youngling');
     assert.deepEqual(values, copy);
   });
 
-  it('picks the value with the highest index in the map, from the list of values', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.aggregate(map, ['knight', 'master', 'youngling']);
+  it('picks the value with the highest index in the map, from the list of values', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.aggregate(map, ['knight', 'master', 'youngling']);
     assert.equal(result, 'master');
   });
 
-  it('considers the initial value in addition to the other values', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.aggregate(
+  it('considers the initial value in addition to the other values', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.aggregate(
       map,
       ['knight', 'master', 'youngling'],
       'grand master'
@@ -34,8 +32,8 @@ describe('aggregate', function () {
     assert.equal(result, 'grand master');
   });
 
-  it('ignores values not on the map', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.aggregate(
+  it('ignores values not on the map', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.aggregate(
       map,
       ['bounty hunter', 'sith lord'],
       'youngling'
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ describe('aggregate', function () {
     assert.equal(result, 'youngling');
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if no value was found', function () {
+  it('returns undefined if no value was found', () => {
     assert.isUndefined(axe.utils.aggregate(map, ['smugler', 'droid']));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/aggregateChecks.js b/test/core/utils/aggregateChecks.js
index 997c4d942..95497299d 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/aggregateChecks.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/aggregateChecks.js
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
-describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var FAIL = axe.constants.FAIL;
-  var PASS = axe.constants.PASS;
-  var CANTTELL = axe.constants.CANTTELL;
-  var NA = axe.constants.NA;
+describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', () => {
+  const FAIL = axe.constants.FAIL;
+  const PASS = axe.constants.PASS;
+  const CANTTELL = axe.constants.CANTTELL;
+  const NA = axe.constants.NA;
 
   // create an object of check results, padding input with defaults and
   // wrapping arrays where required
   function createTestCheckResults(node) {
-    ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(function (type) {
+    ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(type => {
       if (typeof node[type] === 'undefined') {
         node[type] = [];
       } else if (Array.isArray(node[type])) {
-        node[type] = node[type].map(function (val) {
+        node[type] = node[type].map(val => {
           if (typeof val !== 'object') {
             return { result: val };
           } else {
@@ -29,24 +28,24 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
     return node;
   }
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.aggregateChecks);
   });
 
-  it('Should be `inapplicable` when no results are given', function () {
-    var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(createTestCheckResults({}));
+  it('Should be `inapplicable` when no results are given', () => {
+    const ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(createTestCheckResults({}));
 
     assert.equal(ruleResult.result, NA);
   });
 
-  it('sets result  to cantTell when result is not a boolean', function () {
-    var values = [undefined, null, 0, 'true', {}, NaN];
-    values.forEach(function (value) {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+  it('sets result  to cantTell when result is not a boolean', () => {
+    const values = [undefined, null, 0, 'true', {}, NaN];
+    values.forEach(value => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [{ result: value }]
         })
@@ -55,13 +54,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns impact for fail and canttell', function () {
-    var failCheck = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+  it('returns impact for fail and canttell', () => {
+    const failCheck = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
       createTestCheckResults({
         any: [{ result: false, impact: 'serious' }]
       })
     );
-    var canttellCheck = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    const canttellCheck = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
       createTestCheckResults({
         any: [{ result: undefined, impact: 'moderate' }]
       })
@@ -71,8 +70,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
     assert.equal(canttellCheck.impact, 'moderate');
   });
 
-  it('sets impact to null for pass', function () {
-    var passCheck = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+  it('sets impact to null for pass', () => {
+    const passCheck = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
       createTestCheckResults({
         any: [{ result: true, impact: 'serious' }]
       })
@@ -80,9 +79,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
     assert.isNull(passCheck.impact);
   });
 
-  describe('none', function () {
-    it('gives result FAIL when any is true', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+  describe('none', () => {
+    it('gives result FAIL when any is true', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           none: [false, true, undefined]
         })
@@ -91,8 +90,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, FAIL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is true and any is not a boolean', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is true and any is not a boolean', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           none: [undefined, false]
         })
@@ -100,8 +99,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, CANTTELL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result PASS when all are FALSE', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    it('gives result PASS when all are FALSE', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           none: [false, false]
         })
@@ -110,9 +109,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('any', function () {
-    it('gives result PASS when any is true', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+  describe('any', () => {
+    it('gives result PASS when any is true', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [undefined, true]
         })
@@ -120,8 +119,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, PASS);
     });
 
-    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is true and any is not a bool', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is true and any is not a bool', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [undefined, false]
         })
@@ -129,8 +128,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, CANTTELL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result FAIL when all are false', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    it('gives result FAIL when all are false', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [false, false]
         })
@@ -139,9 +138,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('all', function () {
-    it('gives result FAIL when any is false', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+  describe('all', () => {
+    it('gives result FAIL when any is false', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           all: [false, true, undefined]
         })
@@ -150,8 +149,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, FAIL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is false and any is not a boolean', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is false and any is not a boolean', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           all: [undefined, true]
         })
@@ -159,8 +158,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, CANTTELL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result PASS when all are true', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    it('gives result PASS when all are true', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           all: [true, true]
         })
@@ -169,9 +168,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('combined', function () {
-    it('gives result PASS when all are PASS', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+  describe('combined', () => {
+    it('gives result PASS when all are PASS', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: true,
           all: true,
@@ -182,8 +181,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, PASS);
     });
 
-    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is FAIL and any is CANTTELL', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is FAIL and any is CANTTELL', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: 0,
           all: true,
@@ -193,8 +192,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, CANTTELL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result FAIL when any are FAIL', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    it('gives result FAIL when any are FAIL', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: 0,
           all: false,
@@ -204,8 +203,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, FAIL);
     });
 
-    it('ignores fail checks on any, if at least one passed', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    it('ignores fail checks on any, if at least one passed', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [false, undefined, true], // cantTell
           none: [true, false] // fail
@@ -216,8 +215,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(checkResult.none, 1);
     });
 
-    it('includes cantTell checks from any if there are no fails', function () {
-      var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
+    it('includes cantTell checks from any if there are no fails', () => {
+      const checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [undefined, undefined, false], // cantTell
           none: [undefined, false] // cantTell
diff --git a/test/core/utils/aggregateNodeResults.js b/test/core/utils/aggregateNodeResults.js
index dfd2c60f0..44d1a85e3 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/aggregateNodeResults.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/aggregateNodeResults.js
@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
-describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var FAIL = 'failed';
-  var PASS = 'passed';
-  var CANTTELL = 'cantTell';
-  var INAPPLICABLE = 'inapplicable';
+describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', () => {
+  const FAIL = 'failed';
+  const PASS = 'passed';
+  const CANTTELL = 'cantTell';
+  const INAPPLICABLE = 'inapplicable';
 
   // create an array of check results, padding input with defaults and
   // wrapping arrays where required
   function createTestResults() {
-    var args = [].slice.call(arguments);
-    return args.map(function (node) {
-      ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(function (type) {
+    const args = [].slice.call(arguments);
+    return args.map(node => {
+      ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(type => {
         if (typeof node[type] === 'undefined') {
           node[type] = [];
         } else if (Array.isArray(node[type])) {
-          node[type] = node[type].map(function (val) {
+          node[type] = node[type].map(val => {
             if (typeof val !== 'object') {
               return { result: val };
             } else {
@@ -32,21 +31,21 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function () {
     });
   }
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults);
   });
 
-  it('Should be `inapplicable` when no results are given', function () {
-    var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults([]);
+  it('Should be `inapplicable` when no results are given', () => {
+    const ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults([]);
     assert.equal(ruleResult.result, INAPPLICABLE);
   });
 
-  it('should assign FAIL to ruleResult over PASS', function () {
-    var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
+  it('should assign FAIL to ruleResult over PASS', () => {
+    const ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({ all: false }, { all: true }, { all: true })
     );
     assert.equal(ruleResult.result, FAIL);
@@ -54,8 +53,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(ruleResult.passes, 2);
   });
 
-  it('should assign FAIL to ruleResult over CANTTELL', function () {
-    var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
+  it('should assign FAIL to ruleResult over CANTTELL', () => {
+    const ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({ all: false }, { all: 0 }, { all: true })
     );
     assert.equal(ruleResult.result, FAIL);
@@ -64,8 +63,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(ruleResult.passes, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should assign PASS to ruleResult if there are only passing checks', function () {
-    var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
+  it('should assign PASS to ruleResult if there are only passing checks', () => {
+    const ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({ all: true }, { all: true }, { all: true })
     );
     assert.equal(ruleResult.result, PASS);
@@ -73,8 +72,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(ruleResult.violations, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should assign FAIL if there are no passing anys checks', function () {
-    var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
+  it('should assign FAIL if there are no passing anys checks', () => {
+    const ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({ any: false }, { any: false }, { any: false })
     );
     assert.equal(ruleResult.result, FAIL);
@@ -82,8 +81,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(ruleResult.passes, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should assign CANTTELL over PASS', function () {
-    var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
+  it('should assign CANTTELL over PASS', () => {
+    const ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({ all: true }, { all: 0 }, { all: 0 })
     );
     assert.equal(ruleResult.result, CANTTELL);
@@ -91,8 +90,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(ruleResult.passes, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should provide impact on incomplete', function () {
-    var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
+  it('should provide impact on incomplete', () => {
+    const ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({
         none: { result: undefined, impact: 'serious' }
       })
@@ -100,9 +99,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function () {
     assert.equal(ruleResult.impact, 'serious');
   });
 
-  it('should raise the highest "raisedMetadata" on failing checks', function () {
+  it('should raise the highest "raisedMetadata" on failing checks', () => {
     /*eslint indent:0 */
-    var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
+    const ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults(
         {
           none: { result: true, impact: 'moderate' },
diff --git a/test/core/utils/aggregateResult.js b/test/core/utils/aggregateResult.js
index 5eb70d9b6..8d151c893 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/aggregateResult.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/aggregateResult.js
@@ -1,159 +1,158 @@
-describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', () => {
+  let results;
 
-  var results,
-    _results = [
-      {
-        id: 'gimmeLabel',
-        helpUrl: 'things',
-        description: 'something nifty',
-        tags: ['tag1'],
-        result: 'passed',
-        violations: [],
-        passes: [
-          {
-            result: 'passed',
-            any: [
-              {
-                result: true,
-                data: 'minkey'
-              }
-            ],
-            all: [],
-            none: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['minkey'],
-              frames: [],
-              source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
+  const _results = [
+    {
+      id: 'gimmeLabel',
+      helpUrl: 'things',
+      description: 'something nifty',
+      tags: ['tag1'],
+      result: 'passed',
+      violations: [],
+      passes: [
+        {
+          result: 'passed',
+          any: [
+            {
+              result: true,
+              data: 'minkey'
             }
+          ],
+          all: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['minkey'],
+            frames: [],
+            source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
           }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'bypass',
-        description: 'something even more nifty',
-        tags: ['tag3'],
-        impact: 'monkeys',
-        result: 'failed',
-        passes: [],
-        violations: [
-          {
-            result: 'failed',
-            impact: 'monkeys',
-            none: [
-              {
-                data: 'foon',
-                impact: 'monkeys',
-                result: true
-              }
-            ],
-            any: [],
-            all: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['foon'],
-              source: '<foon>telephone</foon>'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'bypass',
+      description: 'something even more nifty',
+      tags: ['tag3'],
+      impact: 'monkeys',
+      result: 'failed',
+      passes: [],
+      violations: [
+        {
+          result: 'failed',
+          impact: 'monkeys',
+          none: [
+            {
+              data: 'foon',
+              impact: 'monkeys',
+              result: true
             }
+          ],
+          any: [],
+          all: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['foon'],
+            source: '<foon>telephone</foon>'
           }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'idkStuff',
-        description: 'something more nifty',
-        pageLevel: true,
-        result: 'failed',
-        impact: 'cats',
-        tags: ['tag2'],
-        passes: [
-          {
-            result: 'passed',
-            any: [
-              {
-                result: true,
-                data: 'minkey'
-              }
-            ],
-            all: [],
-            none: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['minkey'],
-              frames: [],
-              source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'idkStuff',
+      description: 'something more nifty',
+      pageLevel: true,
+      result: 'failed',
+      impact: 'cats',
+      tags: ['tag2'],
+      passes: [
+        {
+          result: 'passed',
+          any: [
+            {
+              result: true,
+              data: 'minkey'
             }
+          ],
+          all: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['minkey'],
+            frames: [],
+            source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
           }
-        ],
-        violations: [
-          {
-            result: 'failed',
-            all: [
-              {
-                result: false,
-                data: 'pillock',
-                impact: 'cats'
-              }
-            ],
-            any: [],
-            none: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['q', 'r', 'pillock'],
-              source: '<pillock>george bush</pillock>'
-            },
-            impact: 'cats'
-          }
-        ],
-        incomplete: [
-          {
-            result: 'cantTell',
-            any: [
-              {
-                result: 0,
-                data: 'minkey'
-              }
-            ],
-            all: [],
-            none: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['minkey'],
-              frames: [],
-              source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
+        }
+      ],
+      violations: [
+        {
+          result: 'failed',
+          all: [
+            {
+              result: false,
+              data: 'pillock',
+              impact: 'cats'
+            }
+          ],
+          any: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['q', 'r', 'pillock'],
+            source: '<pillock>george bush</pillock>'
+          },
+          impact: 'cats'
+        }
+      ],
+      incomplete: [
+        {
+          result: 'cantTell',
+          any: [
+            {
+              result: 0,
+              data: 'minkey'
             }
+          ],
+          all: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['minkey'],
+            frames: [],
+            source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
           }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'blinky',
-        description: 'something awesome',
-        tags: ['tag4'],
-        result: 'inapplicable',
-        passes: [
-          {
-            result: 'passed',
-            any: [
-              {
-                shouldIBeHere: 'no, this should be inapplicable!',
-                result: true,
-                data: 'minkey'
-              }
-            ],
-            all: [],
-            none: [],
-            node: {
-              selector: ['minkey'],
-              frames: [],
-              source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'blinky',
+      description: 'something awesome',
+      tags: ['tag4'],
+      result: 'inapplicable',
+      passes: [
+        {
+          result: 'passed',
+          any: [
+            {
+              shouldIBeHere: 'no, this should be inapplicable!',
+              result: true,
+              data: 'minkey'
             }
+          ],
+          all: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: {
+            selector: ['minkey'],
+            frames: [],
+            source: '<minkey>chimp</minky>'
           }
-        ],
-        violations: [],
-        incomplete: []
-      }
-    ];
+        }
+      ],
+      violations: [],
+      incomplete: []
+    }
+  ];
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     results = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_results));
   });
 
-  it('creates an object with arrays as properties for each result', function () {
-    var resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(results);
+  it('creates an object with arrays as properties for each result', () => {
+    const resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(results);
 
     assert.isArray(resultObject.passes);
     assert.isArray(resultObject.violations);
@@ -161,10 +160,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', function () {
     assert.isArray(resultObject.inapplicable);
   });
 
-  it('copies failures and passes to their respective arrays on the result object', function () {
+  it('copies failures and passes to their respective arrays on the result object', () => {
     // insert 1 pass and 1 fail
-    var input = [results[0], results[1]];
-    var resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(input);
+    const input = [results[0], results[1]];
+    const resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(input);
 
     assert.lengthOf(resultObject.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(resultObject.violations, 1);
@@ -180,10 +179,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', function () {
     assert.notEqual(resultObject.violations[0].nodes, input[1].violations);
   });
 
-  it('creates a duplicate of the result for each outcome it has', function () {
+  it('creates a duplicate of the result for each outcome it has', () => {
     // insert 1 fail, containing a pass, a fail and a cantTell result
-    var input = [results[2]];
-    var resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(input);
+    const input = [results[2]];
+    const resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(input);
 
     assert.lengthOf(resultObject.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(resultObject.violations, 1);
@@ -196,10 +195,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(resultObject.incomplete[0].nodes, input[0].incomplete);
   });
 
-  it('moves inapplicable results only to the inapplicable array', function () {
+  it('moves inapplicable results only to the inapplicable array', () => {
     // insert 1 fail, containing a pass, a fail and a cantTell result
-    var input = [results[3]];
-    var resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(input);
+    const input = [results[3]];
+    const resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(input);
 
     assert.lengthOf(resultObject.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(resultObject.violations, 0);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/are-styles-set.js b/test/core/utils/are-styles-set.js
index 3d4729d6f..1fdbad7a8 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/are-styles-set.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/are-styles-set.js
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
 /*global axe*/
-describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.areStylesSet);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', function () {
+  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Display None</div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.areStylesSet(
         el,
@@ -26,11 +24,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', function () {
+  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="display:none;"><div id="target">Display None</div></div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.areStylesSet(
         el,
@@ -40,11 +38,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function () {
+  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="visibility:hidden;"><div id="target">Display None</div></div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.areStylesSet(
         el,
@@ -54,11 +52,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function () {
+  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="visibility:hidden;">Display None</div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.areStylesSet(
         el,
@@ -68,11 +66,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function () {
+  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="visibility:hidden;">Display None</div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.areStylesSet(
         el,
@@ -91,11 +89,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function () {
+  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="visibility:hidden;"><div id="target">Display None</div></div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.areStylesSet(
         el,
@@ -114,11 +112,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', function () {
+  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="display:none;"><div id="target">Display None</div></div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.areStylesSet(
         el,
@@ -137,11 +135,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if nothing is set', function () {
+  it('should return false if nothing is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style=""><div id="target">Display None</div></div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.areStylesSet(
         el,
diff --git a/test/core/utils/assert.js b/test/core/utils/assert.js
index 143176910..a4a5cf1d4 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/assert.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/assert.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('axe.utils.assert', function () {
-  it('does nothing when passed a truthy value', function () {
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+describe('axe.utils.assert', () => {
+  it('does nothing when passed a truthy value', () => {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
       axe.utils.assert(true);
       axe.utils.assert('foo');
       axe.utils.assert(123);
@@ -9,23 +9,23 @@ describe('axe.utils.assert', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('throws an error when passed a falsey value', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('throws an error when passed a falsey value', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.utils.assert(false);
     });
-    assert.throws(function () {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.utils.assert(0);
     });
-    assert.throws(function () {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.utils.assert(null);
     });
-    assert.throws(function () {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.utils.assert(undefined);
     });
   });
 
-  it('sets second argument as the error message', function () {
-    var message = 'Something went wrong';
+  it('sets second argument as the error message', () => {
+    const message = 'Something went wrong';
     try {
       axe.utils.assert(false, message);
     } catch (e) {
diff --git a/test/core/utils/check-helper.js b/test/core/utils/check-helper.js
index 41e2b0930..e472f46b3 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/check-helper.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/check-helper.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('axe.utils.checkHelper', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { queryFixture, fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
   function noop() {}
 
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.checkHelper', () => {
       });
 
       it('should accept an array of VirtualNodes', () => {
-        const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        const vNode = queryFixture(html`
           <div id="target"><a id="a"></a><b id="b"></b></div>
         `);
         const target = {};
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.checkHelper', () => {
       });
 
       it('should filter out non-nodes', () => {
-        const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        const vNode = queryFixture(html`
           <div><a id="target"></a><b id="b"></b></div>
         `);
         const target = {};
diff --git a/test/core/utils/closest.js b/test/core/utils/closest.js
index 877213519..372cc0137 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/closest.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/closest.js
@@ -1,49 +1,48 @@
-describe('utils.closest', function () {
-  var closest = axe.utils.closest;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+describe('utils.closest', () => {
+  const closest = axe.utils.closest;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should find the current node', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should find the current node', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent"><div id="target">foo</div></div>'
     );
-    var closestNode = closest(virtualNode, 'div');
+    const closestNode = closest(virtualNode, 'div');
     assert.equal(closestNode, virtualNode);
   });
 
-  it('should find a parent node', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should find a parent node', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent"><span id="target">foo</span></div>'
     );
-    var closestNode = closest(virtualNode, 'div');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const closestNode = closest(virtualNode, 'div');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
     assert.equal(closestNode, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(parent));
   });
 
-  it('should find an ancestor node', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should find an ancestor node', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent"><span><span><span><span id="target">foo</span></span></span></div>'
     );
-    var closestNode = closest(virtualNode, 'div');
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const closestNode = closest(virtualNode, 'div');
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
     assert.equal(closestNode, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(parent));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if no ancestor is found', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return null if no ancestor is found', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent"><div id="target">foo</div></div>'
     );
-    var closestNode = closest(virtualNode, 'h1');
+    const closestNode = closest(virtualNode, 'h1');
     assert.isNull(closestNode);
   });
 
-  it('should error if tree is not complete', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
+  it('should error if tree is not complete', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
     virtualNode.parent = undefined;
 
     function fn() {
@@ -53,8 +52,8 @@ describe('utils.closest', function () {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  it('should not error if tree is complete', function () {
-    var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
+  it('should not error if tree is complete', () => {
+    const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
     virtualNode.parent = null;
 
     function fn() {
@@ -64,18 +63,18 @@ describe('utils.closest', function () {
     assert.doesNotThrow(fn);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('should support shadow dom', function () {
+  it('should support shadow dom', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent"></div>';
 
-    var root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-    var slotted = document.createElement('span');
+    const root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const slotted = document.createElement('span');
     slotted.innerHTML = '<span id="target">foo</span>';
     root.appendChild(slotted);
     axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
 
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(slotted.firstChild);
-    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
-    var closestNode = closest(virtualNode, 'div');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(slotted.firstChild);
+    const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    const closestNode = closest(virtualNode, 'div');
     assert.equal(closestNode, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(parent));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js b/test/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
index 6cb3193c3..c2bf7fd60 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
-describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var Context = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Context;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var noop = function () {};
-  var origSetTimeout = window.setTimeout;
+describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', () => {
+  const Context = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Context;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const noop = () => {};
+  const origSetTimeout = window.setTimeout;
 
   function contextSetup(scope) {
-    var context = new Context(scope);
+    const context = new Context(scope);
     axe._tree = context.flatTree;
     axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(context.flatTree);
 
     return context;
   }
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    axe._setLogger(noop);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
     window.setTimeout = origSetTimeout;
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
@@ -24,8 +26,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
   it('should timeout the ping request after 500ms', function (done) {
     this.timeout = 1000;
 
-    var timeoutSet = false;
-    window.setTimeout = function (fn, to) {
+    let timeoutSet = false;
+    window.setTimeout = (fn, to) => {
       if (to === 500) {
         timeoutSet = true;
         fn();
@@ -36,16 +38,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
       return 'cats';
     };
 
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-      var context = contextSetup(document);
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      const context = contextSetup(document);
 
       axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames(
         context,
         {},
         'stuff',
         'morestuff',
-        function () {
+        () => {
           assert.isTrue(timeoutSet);
           done();
         },
@@ -61,8 +63,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
   it('should override the ping timeout with `options.pingWaitTime`, if provided', function (done) {
     this.timeout = 1000;
 
-    var timeoutSet = false;
-    window.setTimeout = function (fn, to) {
+    let timeoutSet = false;
+    window.setTimeout = (fn, to) => {
       if (to === 90000) {
         timeoutSet = true;
         fn();
@@ -73,17 +75,17 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
       return 'cats';
     };
 
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-      var context = contextSetup(document);
-      var params = { pingWaitTime: 90000 };
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      const context = contextSetup(document);
+      const params = { pingWaitTime: 90000 };
 
       axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames(
         context,
         params,
         'stuff',
         'morestuff',
-        function () {
+        () => {
           assert.isTrue(timeoutSet);
           done();
         },
@@ -96,8 +98,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should timeout the start request after 60s', function (done) {
-    window.setTimeout = function (fn, to) {
+  it('should timeout the start request after 60s', done => {
+    window.setTimeout = (fn, to) => {
       if (to === 60000) {
         assert.ok('timeout set');
         fn();
@@ -108,16 +110,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
       return 'cats';
     };
 
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-      var context = contextSetup(document);
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      const context = contextSetup(document);
       axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames(
         context,
         {},
         'stuff',
         'morestuff',
         noop,
-        function (err) {
+        err => {
           assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
           assert.equal(err.message.split(/: /)[0], 'Axe in frame timed out');
           done();
@@ -130,8 +132,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should override the start timeout with `options.frameWaitTime`, if provided', function (done) {
-    window.setTimeout = function (fn, to) {
+  it('should override the start timeout with `options.frameWaitTime`, if provided', done => {
+    window.setTimeout = (fn, to) => {
       if (to === 90000) {
         assert.ok('timeout set');
         fn();
@@ -142,10 +144,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
       return 'cats';
     };
 
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-      var context = contextSetup(document);
-      var params = { frameWaitTime: 90000 };
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      const context = contextSetup(document);
+      const params = { frameWaitTime: 90000 };
 
       axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames(
         context,
@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
         'stuff',
         'morestuff',
         noop,
-        function (err) {
+        err => {
           assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
           assert.equal(err.message.split(/: /)[0], 'Axe in frame timed out');
           done();
@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should not throw given a recursive iframe', function (done) {
+  it('should not throw given a recursive iframe', done => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
           any: [
             {
               id: 'iframe',
-              evaluate: function () {
+              evaluate: () => {
                 return true;
               }
             }
@@ -185,19 +187,19 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
       messages: {}
     });
 
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-      var context = contextSetup(document);
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      const context = contextSetup(document);
 
       axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames(
         context,
         {},
         'rules',
         'morestuff',
-        function () {
+        () => {
           done();
         },
-        function (e) {
+        e => {
           assert.ok(false, e);
           done();
         }
@@ -209,19 +211,19 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('returns errors send from the frame', function (done) {
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-      var context = contextSetup(document);
+  it('returns errors send from the frame', done => {
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      const context = contextSetup(document);
       axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames(
         context,
         {},
         'rules',
         'morestuff',
-        function () {
+        () => {
           done(new Error('Should not be called'));
         },
-        function (err) {
+        err => {
           assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
           assert.equal(err.message.split(/\n/)[0], 'error in axe.throw');
           done();
diff --git a/test/core/utils/contains.js b/test/core/utils/contains.js
index b3ff650fb..ec70c5726 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/contains.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/contains.js
@@ -1,23 +1,27 @@
 describe('axe.utils.contains', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   const { fixtureSetup, createNestedShadowDom } = axe.testUtils;
 
   it('is true when the first node is an ancestor', () => {
-    const tree = fixtureSetup(`<section> <img> </section>`);
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(html`<section><img /></section>`);
     const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
     const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
   });
 
   it('is false when the first node is a descendant', () => {
-    const tree = fixtureSetup(`<section> <img> </section>`);
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(html`<section><img /></section>`);
     const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
     const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
     assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
   });
 
   it('is false when the nodes are siblings', () => {
-    const tree = fixtureSetup(`<section></section> <img>`);
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(
+      html`<section></section>
+        <img />`
+    );
     const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
     const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
     assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
@@ -25,13 +29,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.contains', () => {
   });
 
   it('is true when the passed the same node', () => {
-    const tree = fixtureSetup(`<img>`);
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(html`<img />`);
     const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node, node));
   });
 
   it('is false when the nodes are cousins', () => {
-    const tree = fixtureSetup(`<section> <input> </section> <img>`);
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(
+      html`<section><input /></section>
+        <img />`
+    );
     const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
     const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
     assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
@@ -44,7 +51,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.contains', () => {
       const node2 = { actualNode: 'not really a node but it doesnt matter' };
       const node1 = {
         actualNode: {
-          contains: function (n2) {
+          contains: n2 => {
             success = true;
             assert.deepEqual(n2, node2.actualNode);
           },
@@ -72,8 +79,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.contains', () => {
     it('works when nodes are in the same tree', () => {
       createNestedShadowDom(
         fixture,
-        `<div id="shadowHost"></div>`,
-        `<section> <img> </section>`
+        html`<div id="shadowHost"></div>`,
+        html`<section><img /></section>`
       );
       const tree = axe.setup(fixture);
       const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
@@ -85,8 +92,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.contains', () => {
     it('works when the nodes are in nested trees', () => {
       createNestedShadowDom(
         fixture,
-        `<section id="shadowHost"></section>`,
-        `<div> <img> </div>`
+        html`<section id="shadowHost"></section>`,
+        html`<div><img /></div>`
       );
       const tree = axe.setup(fixture);
       const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
@@ -98,10 +105,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.contains', () => {
     it('works when the nodes are in nested multiple layers deep', () => {
       createNestedShadowDom(
         fixture,
-        `<main id="shadowHost"></main>`,
+        html`<main id="shadowHost"></main>`,
         '<article> <div id="shadowHost"></div> </article>',
         '<section> <div id="shadowHost"></div> </section>',
-        `<div> <img> </div>`
+        html`<div><img /></div>`
       );
       const tree = axe.setup(fixture);
       const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'main')[0];
@@ -114,12 +121,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.contains', () => {
       createNestedShadowDom(
         fixture,
         '<div id="firstHost" class="shadowHost"></div>',
-        `<img>`
+        html`<img />`
       );
       createNestedShadowDom(
         fixture,
         '<div id="secondHost" class="shadowHost"></div>',
-        `<input>`
+        html`<input />`
       );
       const tree = axe.setup(fixture);
       const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
@@ -132,8 +139,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.contains', () => {
     it('works with slotted elements inside shadow DOM', () => {
       createNestedShadowDom(
         fixture,
-        `<div id="shadowHost"> <img> </div>`,
-        `<section> <slot /> </section>`
+        html`<div id="shadowHost"><img /></div>`,
+        html`<section><slot /></section>`
       );
       const tree = axe.setup(fixture);
       const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
diff --git a/test/core/utils/deep-merge.js b/test/core/utils/deep-merge.js
index 27863c68f..eb0c309a1 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/deep-merge.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/deep-merge.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('utils.deepMerge', function () {
-  var deepMerge = axe.utils.deepMerge;
+describe('utils.deepMerge', () => {
+  const deepMerge = axe.utils.deepMerge;
 
-  it('should merge two objects', function () {
-    var obj1 = { a: 'one' };
-    var obj2 = { b: 'two' };
+  it('should merge two objects', () => {
+    const obj1 = { a: 'one' };
+    const obj2 = { b: 'two' };
 
     assert.deepEqual(deepMerge(obj1, obj2), {
       a: 'one',
@@ -11,34 +11,34 @@ describe('utils.deepMerge', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should not modify the objects', function () {
-    var obj1 = { a: 'one' };
-    var obj2 = { a: 'two' };
+  it('should not modify the objects', () => {
+    const obj1 = { a: 'one' };
+    const obj2 = { a: 'two' };
     deepMerge(obj1, obj2);
 
     assert.deepEqual(obj1, { a: 'one' });
     assert.deepEqual(obj2, { a: 'two' });
   });
 
-  it('should return a new object', function () {
-    var obj1 = { a: 'one' };
-    var obj2 = { a: 'two' };
-    var obj3 = deepMerge(obj1, obj2);
+  it('should return a new object', () => {
+    const obj1 = { a: 'one' };
+    const obj2 = { a: 'two' };
+    const obj3 = deepMerge(obj1, obj2);
 
     assert.notStrictEqual(obj1, obj3);
     assert.notStrictEqual(obj2, obj3);
   });
 
-  it('should not merge arrays', function () {
-    var obj1 = { a: ['one', 'two'] };
-    var obj2 = { a: ['three'] };
+  it('should not merge arrays', () => {
+    const obj1 = { a: ['one', 'two'] };
+    const obj2 = { a: ['three'] };
 
     assert.deepEqual(deepMerge(obj1, obj2), { a: ['three'] });
   });
 
-  it('should merge nested objects', function () {
-    var obj1 = { a: { a: ['one'] } };
-    var obj2 = { a: { a: ['one', 'two'], b: 'three' } };
+  it('should merge nested objects', () => {
+    const obj1 = { a: { a: ['one'] } };
+    const obj2 = { a: { a: ['one', 'two'], b: 'three' } };
 
     assert.deepEqual(deepMerge(obj1, obj2), {
       a: {
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ describe('utils.deepMerge', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should accept multiple objects', function () {
-    var obj1 = { a: { a: ['one'] } };
-    var obj2 = { a: { a: ['one', 'two'], b: 'three' } };
-    var obj3 = { a: { b: 'four' }, b: 'five' };
+  it('should accept multiple objects', () => {
+    const obj1 = { a: { a: ['one'] } };
+    const obj2 = { a: { a: ['one', 'two'], b: 'three' } };
+    const obj3 = { a: { b: 'four' }, b: 'five' };
 
     assert.deepEqual(deepMerge(obj1, obj2, obj3), {
       a: {
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ describe('utils.deepMerge', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle bad sources', function () {
-    var obj;
+  it('should handle bad sources', () => {
+    let obj;
 
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
       obj = deepMerge(null, undefined, true, 'one', ['a', 'b'], 1, { a: 'b' });
     });
     assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'b' });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/dq-element.js b/test/core/utils/dq-element.js
index 3e6f036f9..b360ee09a 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/dq-element.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/dq-element.js
@@ -1,135 +1,105 @@
-describe('DqElement', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('DqElement', () => {
+  const DqElement = axe.utils.DqElement;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var DqElement = axe.utils.DqElement;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should be exposed to utils', function () {
+  it('should be exposed to utils', () => {
     assert.equal(axe.utils.DqElement, DqElement);
   });
 
-  it('should take a virtual node as a parameter and return an object', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
-    var result = new DqElement(vNode);
+  it('should take a virtual node as a parameter and return an object', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+    const result = new DqElement(vNode);
     assert.equal(result.element, vNode.actualNode);
   });
 
-  it('should take an actual node as a parameter and return an object', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
-    var result = new DqElement(vNode.actualNode);
+  it('should take an actual node as a parameter and return an object', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+    const result = new DqElement(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.equal(result.element, vNode.actualNode);
   });
 
-  describe('element', function () {
-    it('should store reference to the element', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
-      var dqEl = new DqElement(vNode);
+  it('should return the same DqElement when instantiated with the same element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+    const result = new DqElement(vNode);
+    const result2 = new DqElement(vNode);
+    assert.equal(result, result2);
+  });
+
+  describe('element', () => {
+    it('should store reference to the element', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+      const dqEl = new DqElement(vNode);
       assert.equal(dqEl.element, vNode.actualNode);
     });
 
-    it('should not be present in stringified version', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
-      var dqEl = new DqElement(vNode);
+    it('should not be present in stringified version', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+      const dqEl = new DqElement(vNode);
       assert.isUndefined(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(dqEl)).element);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('source', function () {
-    it('should include the outerHTML of the element', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div class="bar" id="target">Hello!</div>');
-      var outerHTML = vNode.actualNode.outerHTML;
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode);
-      assert.equal(result.source, outerHTML);
-    });
-
-    it('should work with SVG elements', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<svg aria-label="foo" id="target"></svg>');
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode);
-      assert.equal(result.source, vNode.actualNode.outerHTML);
-    });
-
-    it('should work with MathML', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<math display="block" id="target">' +
-          '<mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow>' +
-          '</math>'
-      );
-
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode);
-      assert.equal(result.source, vNode.actualNode.outerHTML);
-    });
-
-    it('should truncate large elements', function () {
-      var div = '<div class="foo" id="target">';
-      for (var i = 0; i < 300; i++) {
-        div += i;
-      }
-      div += '</div>';
-      var vNode = queryFixture(div);
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode);
-      assert.equal(result.source, '<div class="foo" id="target">');
-    });
-
-    it('should use spec object over passed element', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
-      var spec = { source: 'woot' };
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
+  describe('source', () => {
+    it('should use spec object over passed element', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
+      const spec = { source: 'woot' };
+      const result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
       assert.equal(result.source, 'woot');
     });
 
-    it('should return null if audit.noHtml is set', function () {
+    it('should return null if audit.noHtml is set', () => {
       axe.configure({ noHtml: true });
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div class="bar" id="target">Hello!</div>');
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode);
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div class="bar" id="target">Hello!</div>');
+      const result = new DqElement(vNode);
       assert.isNull(result.source);
     });
 
-    it('should not use spec object over passed element if audit.noHtml is set', function () {
+    it('should not use spec object over passed element if audit.noHtml is set', () => {
       axe.configure({ noHtml: true });
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
-      var spec = { source: 'woot' };
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
+      const spec = { source: 'woot' };
+      const result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
       assert.isNull(result.source);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('selector', function () {
-    it('should prefer selector from spec object', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
-      var spec = { selector: 'woot' };
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
+  describe('selector', () => {
+    it('should prefer selector from spec object', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
+      const spec = { selector: 'woot' };
+      const result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
       assert.equal(result.selector, 'woot');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('ancestry', function () {
-    it('should prefer selector from spec object', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
-      var spec = { ancestry: 'woot' };
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
+  describe('ancestry', () => {
+    it('should prefer selector from spec object', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
+      const spec = { ancestry: 'woot' };
+      const result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
       assert.equal(result.ancestry, 'woot');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('xpath', function () {
-    it('should prefer selector from spec object', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
-      var spec = { xpath: 'woot' };
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
+  describe('xpath', () => {
+    it('should prefer selector from spec object', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
+      const spec = { xpath: 'woot' };
+      const result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
       assert.equal(result.xpath, 'woot');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('absolutePaths', function () {
-    it('creates a path all the way to root', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
-      var result = new DqElement(vNode, {
+  describe('absolutePaths', () => {
+    it('creates a path all the way to root', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
+      const result = new DqElement(vNode, {
         absolutePaths: true
       });
       assert.include(result.selector[0], 'html > ');
@@ -138,31 +108,31 @@ describe('DqElement', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('nodeIndexes', function () {
-    it('is taken from virtualNode', function () {
+  describe('nodeIndexes', () => {
+    it('is taken from virtualNode', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<i></i><b></b><s></s>');
       assert.deepEqual(new DqElement(fixture.children[0]).nodeIndexes, [1]);
       assert.deepEqual(new DqElement(fixture.children[1]).nodeIndexes, [2]);
       assert.deepEqual(new DqElement(fixture.children[2]).nodeIndexes, [3]);
     });
 
-    it('is taken from spec, over virtualNode', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
-      var spec = { nodeIndexes: [123, 456] };
-      var dqElm = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
+    it('is taken from spec, over virtualNode', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+      const spec = { nodeIndexes: [123, 456] };
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
       assert.deepEqual(dqElm.nodeIndexes, [123, 456]);
     });
 
-    it('is [] when the element is not in the virtual tree.', function () {
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
-      var dqElm = new DqElement(div);
+    it('is [] when the element is not in the virtual tree.', () => {
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(div);
       assert.deepEqual(dqElm.nodeIndexes, []);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('toJSON', function () {
-    it('should only stringify selector and source', function () {
-      var spec = {
+  describe('toJSON', () => {
+    it('should only stringify selector and source', () => {
+      const spec = {
         selector: ['foo > bar > joe'],
         source: '<joe aria-required="true">',
         xpath: ['/foo/bar/joe'],
@@ -171,28 +141,28 @@ describe('DqElement', function () {
         fromFrame: false
       };
 
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
-      var result = new DqElement(div, {}, spec);
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      const result = new DqElement(div, {}, spec);
       assert.deepEqual(result.toJSON(), spec);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('merging frames', function () {
-    var dqMain, dqIframe;
-    beforeEach(function () {
-      var tree = fixtureSetup(
+  describe('merging frames', () => {
+    let dqMain, dqIframe;
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      const tree = fixtureSetup(
         '<main id="main"></main><iframe id="iframe"></iframe>'
       );
-      var main = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'main')[0];
-      var mainSpec = {
+      const main = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'main')[0];
+      const mainSpec = {
         selector: ['#main'],
         ancestry: ['html > body > main'],
         xpath: ['/main']
       };
       dqMain = new DqElement(main, {}, mainSpec);
 
-      var iframe = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'iframe')[0];
-      var iframeSpec = {
+      const iframe = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'iframe')[0];
+      const iframeSpec = {
         selector: ['#iframe'],
         ancestry: ['html > body > iframe'],
         xpath: ['/iframe']
@@ -200,15 +170,15 @@ describe('DqElement', function () {
       dqIframe = new DqElement(iframe, {}, iframeSpec);
     });
 
-    describe('.mergeSpecs', function () {
-      var mainSpec, iframeSpec;
-      beforeEach(function () {
+    describe('.mergeSpecs', () => {
+      let mainSpec, iframeSpec;
+      beforeEach(() => {
         mainSpec = dqMain.toJSON();
         iframeSpec = dqIframe.toJSON();
       });
 
-      it('merges node and frame selectors', function () {
-        var mergedSpec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(mainSpec, iframeSpec);
+      it('merges node and frame selectors', () => {
+        const mergedSpec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(mainSpec, iframeSpec);
         assert.deepEqual(mergedSpec.selector, [
           iframeSpec.selector[0],
           mainSpec.selector[0]
@@ -223,8 +193,8 @@ describe('DqElement', function () {
         ]);
       });
 
-      it('merges nodeIndexes', function () {
-        var mergedSpec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(mainSpec, iframeSpec);
+      it('merges nodeIndexes', () => {
+        const mergedSpec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(mainSpec, iframeSpec);
         assert.deepEqual(mergedSpec.nodeIndexes, [
           iframeSpec.nodeIndexes[0],
           mainSpec.nodeIndexes[0]
@@ -232,48 +202,48 @@ describe('DqElement', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('DqElement.fromFrame', function () {
-      it('returns a new DqElement', function () {
+    describe('DqElement.fromFrame', () => {
+      it('returns a new DqElement', () => {
         assert.instanceOf(DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, {}, dqIframe), DqElement);
       });
 
-      it('sets options for DqElement', function () {
-        var options = { absolutePaths: true };
-        var dqElm = DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, options, dqIframe);
+      it('sets options for DqElement', () => {
+        const options = { absolutePaths: true };
+        const dqElm = DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, options, dqIframe);
         assert.isTrue(dqElm._options.toRoot);
       });
 
-      it('has props as from mergeSpecs', function () {
-        var spec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(dqMain.toJSON(), dqIframe.toJSON());
-        var dqElm = DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, {}, dqIframe);
+      it('has props as from mergeSpecs', () => {
+        const spec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(dqMain.toJSON(), dqIframe.toJSON());
+        const dqElm = DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, {}, dqIframe);
         assert.deepEqual(dqElm.toJSON(), spec);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('DqElement.prototype.fromFrame', function () {
-      it('is false when created without a spec', function () {
+    describe('DqElement.prototype.fromFrame', () => {
+      it('is false when created without a spec', () => {
         assert.isFalse(dqMain.fromFrame);
       });
 
-      it('is false when spec is not from a frame', function () {
-        var specMain = dqMain.toJSON();
-        var dqElm = new DqElement(dqMain, {}, specMain);
+      it('is false when spec is not from a frame', () => {
+        const specMain = dqMain.toJSON();
+        const dqElm = new DqElement(dqMain, {}, specMain);
         assert.isFalse(dqElm.fromFrame);
       });
 
-      it('is true when created with a spec', function () {
-        var dqElm = DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, {}, dqIframe);
+      it('is true when created with a spec', () => {
+        const dqElm = DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, {}, dqIframe);
         assert.isTrue(dqElm.fromFrame);
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('DqElement.setRunOptions', function () {
-    it('sets options for DqElement', function () {
+  describe('DqElement.setRunOptions', () => {
+    it('sets options for DqElement', () => {
       axe.setup();
-      var options = { absolutePaths: true, elementRef: true };
+      const options = { absolutePaths: true, elementRef: true };
       DqElement.setRunOptions(options);
-      var dqElm = new DqElement(document.body);
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(document.body);
 
       const { element, selector } = dqElm.toJSON();
       assert.equal(element, document.body);
@@ -281,12 +251,12 @@ describe('DqElement', function () {
     });
 
     it('is reset by axe.teardown', () => {
-      var options = { absolutePaths: true, elementRef: true };
+      const options = { absolutePaths: true, elementRef: true };
       DqElement.setRunOptions(options);
       axe.teardown();
 
       axe.setup();
-      var dqElm = new DqElement(document.body);
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(document.body);
       const { element, selector } = dqElm.toJSON();
       assert.isUndefined(element);
       assert.equal(selector, 'body');
diff --git a/test/core/utils/element-matches.js b/test/core/utils/element-matches.js
index 728f59943..6b8835ed0 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/element-matches.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/element-matches.js
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-describe('utils.matchesSelector', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var matchesSelector = axe.utils.matchesSelector;
+describe('utils.matchesSelector', () => {
+  const matchesSelector = axe.utils.matchesSelector;
 
   function mockMethod(method, returnValue) {
-    var result = {};
-    result[method] = function () {
+    const result = {};
+    result[method] = () => {
       return returnValue;
     };
     result.ownerDocument = {
@@ -14,12 +13,12 @@ describe('utils.matchesSelector', function () {
         }
       }
     };
-    result.ownerDocument.defaultView.Element.prototype[method] = function () {};
+    result.ownerDocument.defaultView.Element.prototype[method] = () => {};
 
     return result;
   }
 
-  it('should check the prototype of the Element object for matching methods', function () {
+  it('should check the prototype of the Element object for matching methods', () => {
     assert.equal(matchesSelector(mockMethod('matches', 'test1')), 'test1');
     assert.equal(
       matchesSelector(mockMethod('matchesSelector', 'test2')),
@@ -39,9 +38,9 @@ describe('utils.matchesSelector', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should actually work', function () {
-    var target,
-      fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  it('should actually work', () => {
+    let target;
+    const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="test">Hi</div>';
     target = document.getElementById('test');
@@ -50,9 +49,9 @@ describe('utils.matchesSelector', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the element does not have a matching method', function () {
-    var target,
-      fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  it('should return false if the element does not have a matching method', () => {
+    let target;
+    const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="test">Hi</div>';
     target = document.getElementById('test');
diff --git a/test/core/utils/escape-selector.js b/test/core/utils/escape-selector.js
index bc5461427..a76028ad7 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/escape-selector.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/escape-selector.js
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-describe('utils.escapeSelector', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var escapeSelector = axe.utils.escapeSelector;
+describe('utils.escapeSelector', () => {
+  const escapeSelector = axe.utils.escapeSelector;
 
-  it('leaves characters that do not need to escape alone', function () {
+  it('leaves characters that do not need to escape alone', () => {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('a0b'), 'a0b');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('a1b'), 'a1b');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('a2b'), 'a2b');
@@ -24,13 +23,13 @@ describe('utils.escapeSelector', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('escapes null characters', function () {
+  it('escapes null characters', () => {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('\0'), '\uFFFD');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('a\0'), 'a\uFFFD');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('a\0b'), 'a\uFFFDb');
   });
 
-  it('stringifies non-string characters', function () {
+  it('stringifies non-string characters', () => {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector(), 'undefined');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector(true), 'true');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector(false), 'false');
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ describe('utils.escapeSelector', function () {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector(''), '');
   });
 
-  it('escapes strings starting with a number', function () {
+  it('escapes strings starting with a number', () => {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('0a'), '\\30 a');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('1a'), '\\31 a');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('2a'), '\\32 a');
@@ -51,13 +50,13 @@ describe('utils.escapeSelector', function () {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('9a'), '\\39 a');
   });
 
-  it('only escapes "-" when before a number, or on its own', function () {
+  it('only escapes "-" when before a number, or on its own', () => {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-123'), '-\\31 23');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-'), '\\-');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('--a'), '--a');
   });
 
-  it('escapes characters staring with a negative number', function () {
+  it('escapes characters staring with a negative number', () => {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-0a'), '-\\30 a');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-1a'), '-\\31 a');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-2a'), '-\\32 a');
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ describe('utils.escapeSelector', function () {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-9a'), '-\\39 a');
   });
 
-  it('escapes hex character codes', function () {
+  it('escapes hex character codes', () => {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('\x80\x2D\x5F\xA9'), '\x80\x2D\x5F\xA9');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('\xA0\xA1\xA2'), '\xA0\xA1\xA2');
 
diff --git a/test/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js b/test/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js
index ff16abac5..dbcb654e9 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('axe.utils.extend', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should merge properties', function () {
-    var src = {
+describe('axe.utils.extend', () => {
+  it('should merge properties', () => {
+    const src = {
       cats: 'fail',
       dogs: 'fail'
     };
@@ -16,13 +14,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.extend', function () {
     assert.equal(src.dogs, 'woof');
   });
 
-  it('should execute any found functions', function () {
-    var src = {
+  it('should execute any found functions', () => {
+    const src = {
       cats: 'fail',
       dogs: 'fail'
     };
     axe.utils.extendMetaData(src, {
-      cats: function (ctxt) {
+      cats: ctxt => {
         assert.equal(ctxt, src);
         return 'meow';
       },
@@ -32,13 +30,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.extend', function () {
     assert.equal(src.cats, 'meow');
     assert.equal(src.dogs, 'woof');
   });
-  it('should catch exceptions in functions and default to `null`', function () {
-    var src = {
+  it('should catch exceptions in functions and default to `null`', () => {
+    const src = {
       cats: 'fail',
       dogs: 'fail'
     };
     axe.utils.extendMetaData(src, {
-      cats: function () {
+      cats: () => {
         throw new Error('hehe');
       },
       dogs: 'woof'
diff --git a/test/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js b/test/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js
index dd208871d..ccaadfeaa 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js
@@ -1,43 +1,42 @@
-describe('axe.utils.filterHtmlAttrs', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+describe('axe.utils.filterHtmlAttrs', () => {
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  var filterHtmlAttrs = axe.utils.filterHtmlAttrs;
-  var html, expected;
+  const filterHtmlAttrs = axe.utils.filterHtmlAttrs;
+  let html, expected;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label> My Label <input type="text" value="my value" /></label>';
     html = fixture.firstChild;
     expected = '<label> My Label <input value="my value"></label>';
   });
 
-  it('should return string if no attributes are passed', function () {
+  it('should return string if no attributes are passed', () => {
     assert.equal(filterHtmlAttrs(html), html);
   });
 
-  it('should filter attribute if exists', function () {
+  it('should filter attribute if exists', () => {
     assert.equal(filterHtmlAttrs(html, { type: true }).outerHTML, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should filter attribute if matches CSS selector', function () {
+  it('should filter attribute if matches CSS selector', () => {
     assert.equal(filterHtmlAttrs(html, { type: 'input' }).outerHTML, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should not filter attribute if does not match value', function () {
+  it('should not filter attribute if does not match value', () => {
     assert.equal(
       filterHtmlAttrs(html, { type: 'div' }).outerHTML,
       html.outerHTML
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not change the original element', function () {
-    var outerHTML = html.outerHTML;
+  it('should not change the original element', () => {
+    const outerHTML = html.outerHTML;
     assert.isTrue(filterHtmlAttrs(html, { type: true }) !== html);
     assert.equal(html.outerHTML, outerHTML);
   });
 
-  it('should filter multiple attributes', function () {
+  it('should filter multiple attributes', () => {
     assert.equal(
       filterHtmlAttrs(html, {
         type: true,
diff --git a/test/core/utils/finalize-result.js b/test/core/utils/finalize-result.js
index 10c9b87c6..b71c69c47 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/finalize-result.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/finalize-result.js
@@ -1,36 +1,35 @@
-describe('axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var original = axe._audit;
+describe('axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult', () => {
+  const original = axe._audit;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._audit = {
       rules: []
     };
   });
 
-  after(function () {
+  after(() => {
     axe._audit = original;
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult);
   });
 
-  it('returns the first param object', function () {
-    var goingIn = {
+  it('returns the first param object', () => {
+    const goingIn = {
       nodes: []
     };
-    var comingOut = axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult(goingIn);
+    const comingOut = axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult(goingIn);
 
     assert.equal(goingIn, comingOut);
   });
 
-  it('assigns impact if rule.impact is defined', function () {
+  it('assigns impact if rule.impact is defined', () => {
     axe._audit = {
       rules: [{ id: 'foo', impact: 'critical' }]
     };
 
-    var output = axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult({
+    const output = axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult({
       id: 'foo',
       nodes: [
         {
@@ -51,12 +50,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult', function () {
     assert.equal(output.violations[0].any[0].impact, 'critical');
   });
 
-  it('leaves impact as null when rule.impact is defined', function () {
+  it('leaves impact as null when rule.impact is defined', () => {
     axe._audit = {
       rules: [{ id: 'foo', impact: 'critical' }]
     };
 
-    var output = axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult({
+    const output = axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult({
       id: 'foo',
       nodes: [
         {
diff --git a/test/core/utils/find-by.js b/test/core/utils/find-by.js
index e6482fcec..ce172704a 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/find-by.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/find-by.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('axe.utils.findBy', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should find the first matching object', function () {
-    var array = [
+describe('axe.utils.findBy', () => {
+  it('should find the first matching object', () => {
+    const array = [
       {
         id: 'monkeys',
         foo: 'bar'
@@ -19,8 +17,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.findBy', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.utils.findBy(array, 'id', 'monkeys'), array[0]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined with no match', function () {
-    var array = [
+  it('should return undefined with no match', () => {
+    const array = [
       {
         id: 'monkeys',
         foo: 'bar'
@@ -37,11 +35,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.findBy', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(axe.utils.findBy(array, 'id', 'macaque'));
   });
 
-  it('should not throw if passed falsey first parameter', function () {
+  it('should not throw if passed falsey first parameter', () => {
     assert.isUndefined(axe.utils.findBy(null, 'id', 'macaque'));
   });
 
-  it('ignores any non-object elements in the array', function () {
+  it('ignores any non-object elements in the array', () => {
     const obj = {
       id: 'monkeys',
       foo: 'bar'
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.findBy', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.utils.findBy(array, 'id', 'monkeys'), obj);
   });
 
-  it('only looks at owned properties', function () {
+  it('only looks at owned properties', () => {
     const obj1 = { id: 'monkeys', eat: 'bananas' };
     const obj2 = Object.create(obj1);
     obj2.id = 'gorillas';
diff --git a/test/core/utils/flattened-tree.js b/test/core/utils/flattened-tree.js
index 517d5b8a1..1975726b6 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/flattened-tree.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/flattened-tree.js
@@ -1,23 +1,18 @@
-var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-
-describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
   function createStyle(box) {
-    var style = document.createElement('style');
-    style.textContent =
-      'div.breaking { color: Red;font-size: 20px; border: 1px dashed Purple; }' +
-      (box ? 'slot { display: block; }' : '') +
-      'div.other { padding: 2px 0 0 0; border: 1px solid Cyan; }';
+    const style = document.createElement('style');
+    style.textContent = `div.breaking { color: Red;font-size: 20px; border: 1px dashed Purple; }${box ? 'slot { display: block; }' : ''}div.other { padding: 2px 0 0 0; border: 1px solid Cyan; }`;
     return style;
   }
 
   function flattenedTreeAssertions() {
-    var virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    let virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
     assert.equal(virtualDOM.length, 1); // host
     assert.equal(virtualDOM[0].actualNode.nodeName, 'DIV');
 
-    var parentDOM = virtualDOM[0];
+    const parentDOM = virtualDOM[0];
     virtualDOM = virtualDOM[0].children;
     assert.equal(virtualDOM.length, 3);
     assert.equal(virtualDOM[0].actualNode.nodeName, 'STYLE');
@@ -37,9 +32,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function () {
     assert.equal(virtualDOM[1].children.length, 1);
     assert.equal(virtualDOM[1].children[0].actualNode.nodeName, 'UL');
     assert.equal(virtualDOM[1].children[0].parent, virtualDOM[1]);
-    virtualDOM[1].children[0].children.forEach(function (child, index) {
+    virtualDOM[1].children[0].children.forEach((child, index) => {
       assert.equal(child.actualNode.nodeName, 'LI');
-      assert.isTrue(child.actualNode.textContent === 3 * (index + 1) + '');
+      assert.isTrue(child.actualNode.textContent === `${3 * (index + 1)}`);
     });
     assert.equal(virtualDOM[1].children[0].children.length, 2);
 
@@ -51,7 +46,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function () {
   }
 
   function shadowIdAssertions() {
-    var virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    const virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isUndefined(virtualDOM[0].shadowId); //fixture
     assert.isUndefined(virtualDOM[0].children[0].shadowId); //host
     assert.isDefined(virtualDOM[0].children[0].children[0].shadowId);
@@ -74,25 +69,25 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function () {
     );
   }
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should default to document', function () {
+  it('should default to document', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree();
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree();
     assert(tree[0].actualNode === document.documentElement);
   });
 
-  it('should set `null` on the parent for the root node', function () {
-    var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree();
+  it('should set `null` on the parent for the root node', () => {
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree();
     assert(tree[0].parent === null);
   });
 
-  it('creates virtual nodes in the correct order', function () {
+  it('creates virtual nodes in the correct order', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p><b><i></i></b></p><u><s></s></u>';
 
-    var vNode = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0];
     assert.equal(vNode.nodeIndex, 0);
     assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeName, 'div');
     assert.equal(vNode.children[0].nodeIndex, 1);
@@ -107,44 +102,53 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function () {
     assert.equal(vNode.children[1].children[0].props.nodeName, 's');
   });
 
-  it('should add selectorMap to root element', function () {
-    var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree();
+  it('should add selectorMap to root element', () => {
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree();
     assert.exists(tree[0]._selectorMap);
   });
 
   if (shadowSupport.v0) {
-    describe('shadow DOM v0', function () {
-      beforeEach(function () {
+    describe('shadow DOM v0', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         function createStoryGroup(className, contentSelector) {
-          var group = document.createElement('div');
+          const group = document.createElement('div');
           group.className = className;
-          group.innerHTML =
-            '<ul><content select="' + contentSelector + '"></content></ul>';
+          group.innerHTML = `<ul><content select="${contentSelector}"></content></ul>`;
           return group;
         }
 
         function makeShadowTree(storyList) {
-          var root = storyList.createShadowRoot();
+          const root = storyList.createShadowRoot();
           root.appendChild(createStyle());
           root.appendChild(createStoryGroup('breaking', '.breaking'));
           root.appendChild(createStoryGroup('other', ''));
         }
-        var str =
-          '<div class="stories"><li>1</li>' +
-          '<li>2</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>' +
-          '<li>4</li><li>5</li><li class="breaking">6</li></div>';
+        let str =
+          `<div class="stories">` +
+          `<li>1</li>` +
+          `<li>2</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>` +
+          `<li>4</li>` +
+          `<li>5</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking">6</li>` +
+          `</div>`;
         str +=
-          '<div class="stories"><li>1</li>' +
-          '<li>2</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>' +
-          '<li>4</li><li>5</li><li class="breaking">6</li></div>';
+          `<div class="stories">` +
+          `<li>1</li>` +
+          `<li>2</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>` +
+          `<li>4</li>` +
+          `<li>5</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking">6</li>` +
+          `</div>`;
         fixture.innerHTML = str;
 
         fixture.querySelectorAll('.stories').forEach(makeShadowTree);
       });
-      it('it should support shadow DOM v0', function () {
+      it('it should support shadow DOM v0', () => {
         assert.isDefined(fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot);
       });
-      it('getFlattenedTree should return an array of stuff', function () {
+      it('getFlattenedTree should return an array of stuff', () => {
         assert.isTrue(
           Array.isArray(axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild))
         );
@@ -161,42 +165,53 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function () {
   }
 
   if (shadowSupport.v1) {
-    describe('shadow DOM v1', function () {
-      beforeEach(function () {
+    describe('shadow DOM v1', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         function createStoryGroup(className, slotName) {
-          var group = document.createElement('div');
+          const group = document.createElement('div');
           group.className = className;
           // Empty string in slot name attribute or absence thereof work the same, so no need for special handling.
           group.innerHTML =
-            '<ul><slot name="' +
-            slotName +
-            '">fallback content<li>one</li></slot></ul>';
+            `<ul><slot name="${slotName}">` +
+            `fallback content` +
+            `<li>one</li>` +
+            `</slot></ul>`;
           return group;
         }
 
         function makeShadowTree(storyList) {
-          var root = storyList.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+          const root = storyList.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
           root.appendChild(createStyle());
           root.appendChild(createStoryGroup('breaking', 'breaking'));
           root.appendChild(createStoryGroup('other', ''));
         }
-        var str =
-          '<div class="stories"><li>1</li>' +
-          '<li>2</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>' +
-          '<li>4</li><li>5</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li></div>';
+        let str =
+          `<div class="stories">` +
+          `<li>1</li>` +
+          `<li>2</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>` +
+          `<li>4</li>` +
+          `<li>5</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li>` +
+          `</div>`;
         str +=
-          '<div class="stories"><li>1</li>' +
-          '<li>2</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>' +
-          '<li>4</li><li>5</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li></div>';
+          `<div class="stories">` +
+          `<li>1</li>` +
+          `<li>2</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>` +
+          `<li>4</li>` +
+          `<li>5</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li>` +
+          `</div>`;
         str += '<div class="stories"></div>';
         fixture.innerHTML = str;
 
         fixture.querySelectorAll('.stories').forEach(makeShadowTree);
       });
-      it('should support shadow DOM v1', function () {
+      it('should support shadow DOM v1', () => {
         assert.isDefined(fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot);
       });
-      it('getFlattenedTree should return an array of stuff', function () {
+      it('getFlattenedTree should return an array of stuff', () => {
         assert.isTrue(
           Array.isArray(axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild))
         );
@@ -209,8 +224,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function () {
         "getFlattenedTree's virtual DOM should give an ID to the shadow DOM",
         shadowIdAssertions
       );
-      it("getFlattenedTree's virtual DOM should have the fallback content", function () {
-        var virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      it("getFlattenedTree's virtual DOM should have the fallback content", () => {
+        const virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
         assert.isTrue(
           virtualDOM[0].children[2].children[1].children[0].children.length ===
             2
@@ -229,101 +244,123 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function () {
         );
       });
     });
-    describe('shadow DOM v1: boxed slots', function () {
-      afterEach(function () {
+    describe('shadow DOM v1: boxed slots', () => {
+      afterEach(() => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '';
       });
-      beforeEach(function () {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         function createStoryGroup(className, slotName) {
-          var group = document.createElement('div');
+          const group = document.createElement('div');
           group.className = className;
           // Empty string in slot name attribute or absence thereof work the same, so no need for special handling.
           group.innerHTML =
-            '<ul><slot name="' +
-            slotName +
-            '">fallback content<li>one</li></slot></ul>';
+            `<ul><slot name="${slotName}">` +
+            `fallback content` +
+            `<li>one</li>` +
+            `</slot></ul>`;
           return group;
         }
 
         function makeShadowTree(storyList) {
-          var root = storyList.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+          const root = storyList.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
           root.appendChild(createStyle(true));
           root.appendChild(createStoryGroup('breaking', 'breaking'));
           root.appendChild(createStoryGroup('other', ''));
         }
-        var str =
-          '<div class="stories"><li>1</li>' +
-          '<li>2</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>' +
-          '<li>4</li><li>5</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li></div>';
+        let str =
+          `<div class="stories">` +
+          `<li>1</li>` +
+          `<li>2</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>` +
+          `<li>4</li>` +
+          `<li>5</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li>` +
+          `</div>`;
         str +=
-          '<div class="stories"><li>1</li>' +
-          '<li>2</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>' +
-          '<li>4</li><li>5</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li></div>';
+          `<div class="stories">` +
+          `<li>1</li>` +
+          `<li>2</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>` +
+          `<li>4</li>` +
+          `<li>5</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li>` +
+          `</div>`;
         str += '<div class="stories"></div>';
         fixture.innerHTML = str;
 
         fixture.querySelectorAll('.stories').forEach(makeShadowTree);
       });
-      it("getFlattenedTree's virtual DOM should have the <slot> elements", function () {
+      it("getFlattenedTree's virtual DOM should have the <slot> elements", () => {
         return; // Chrome's implementation of slot is broken
         // var virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
         // assert.isTrue(virtualDOM[0].children[1].children[0].children[0].actualNode.nodeName === 'SLOT');
       });
     });
-    describe('getNodeFromTree', function () {
-      afterEach(function () {
+    describe('getNodeFromTree', () => {
+      afterEach(() => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '';
       });
-      beforeEach(function () {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         function createStoryGroup(className, slotName) {
-          var group = document.createElement('div');
+          const group = document.createElement('div');
           group.className = className;
           // Empty string in slot name attribute or absence thereof work the same, so no need for special handling.
           group.innerHTML =
-            '<ul><slot name="' +
-            slotName +
-            '">fallback content<li>one</li></slot></ul>';
+            `<ul><slot name="${slotName}">` +
+            `fallback content` +
+            `<li>one</li>` +
+            `</slot></ul>`;
           return group;
         }
 
         function makeShadowTree(storyList) {
-          var root = storyList.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+          const root = storyList.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
           root.appendChild(createStyle());
           root.appendChild(createStoryGroup('breaking', 'breaking'));
           root.appendChild(createStoryGroup('other', ''));
         }
-        var str =
-          '<div class="stories"><li>1</li>' +
-          '<li>2</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>' +
-          '<li>4</li><li>5</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li></div>';
+        let str =
+          `<div class="stories">` +
+          `<li>1</li>` +
+          `<li>2</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>` +
+          `<li>4</li>` +
+          `<li>5</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li>` +
+          `</div>`;
         str +=
-          '<div class="stories"><li>1</li>' +
-          '<li>2</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>' +
-          '<li>4</li><li>5</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li></div>';
+          `<div class="stories">` +
+          `<li>1</li>` +
+          `<li>2</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>` +
+          `<li>4</li>` +
+          `<li>5</li>` +
+          `<li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li>` +
+          `</div>`;
         str += '<div class="stories"></div>';
         fixture.innerHTML = str;
 
         fixture.querySelectorAll('.stories').forEach(makeShadowTree);
       });
-      it('should find the virtual node that matches the real node passed in', function () {
+      it('should find the virtual node that matches the real node passed in', () => {
         axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-        var node = document.querySelector('.stories li');
-        var vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
+        const node = document.querySelector('.stories li');
+        const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
         assert.isDefined(vNode);
         assert.equal(node, vNode.actualNode);
         assert.equal(vNode.actualNode.textContent, '1');
       });
-      it('should find the virtual node if it is the very top of the tree', function () {
-        var virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-        var vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(
+      it('should find the virtual node if it is the very top of the tree', () => {
+        const virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+        const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(
           virtualDOM[0],
           virtualDOM[0].actualNode
         );
         assert.isDefined(vNode);
         assert.equal(virtualDOM[0].actualNode, vNode.actualNode);
       });
-      it('should not throw if getDistributedNodes is missing', function () {
-        var getDistributedNodes = fixture.getDistributedNodes;
+      it('should not throw if getDistributedNodes is missing', () => {
+        const getDistributedNodes = fixture.getDistributedNodes;
         fixture.getDistributedNodes = undefined;
         try {
           var virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -339,16 +376,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function () {
       });
     });
   } else {
-    it('does not throw when slot elements are used', function () {
+    it('does not throw when slot elements are used', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<button><slot></slot></button>';
-      assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+      assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
         axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       });
     });
   }
 
   if (shadowSupport.undefined) {
-    describe('shadow dom undefined', function () {
+    describe('shadow dom undefined', () => {
       it('SHADOW DOM TESTS DEFERRED, NO SUPPORT');
     });
   }
diff --git a/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/frame-messenger.js b/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/frame-messenger.js
index 72ffd3f67..b6d886aae 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/frame-messenger.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/frame-messenger.js
@@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
-describe('frame-messenger', function () {
-  var fixture,
+describe('frame-messenger', () => {
+  let fixture,
     axeVersion,
     axeApplication,
     frame,
     frameWin,
     respondable,
-    frameSubscribe,
-    axeLog;
-  var postMessage = window.postMessage;
-  var captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
+    frameSubscribe;
+  const postMessage = window.postMessage;
+  const captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
 
-  beforeEach(function (done) {
+  beforeEach(done => {
     respondable = axe.utils.respondable;
     axeVersion = axe.version;
-    axeLog = axe.log;
     axeApplication = axe._audit.application;
 
     frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
       frameSubscribe = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
       done();
@@ -29,26 +27,25 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.version = axeVersion;
     axe._audit.application = axeApplication;
-    axe.log = axeLog;
     axe.reset();
     window.postMessage = postMessage;
   });
 
-  it('can be subscribed to', function (done) {
-    frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
+  it('can be subscribed to', done => {
+    frameSubscribe('greeting', () => {
       done();
     });
     respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
   });
 
-  it('forwards the message', function (done) {
-    var expected = { hello: 'world' };
+  it('forwards the message', done => {
+    const expected = { hello: 'world' };
     frameSubscribe(
       'greeting',
-      captureError(function (actual) {
+      captureError(actual => {
         assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
         done();
       }, done)
@@ -56,10 +53,10 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
     respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', expected);
   });
 
-  it('passes a truthy keepalive value', function (done) {
+  it('passes a truthy keepalive value', done => {
     frameSubscribe(
       'greeting',
-      captureError(function (_, keepalive) {
+      captureError((_, keepalive) => {
         assert.isTrue(keepalive);
         done();
       }, done)
@@ -67,10 +64,10 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
     respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello', 'truthy');
   });
 
-  it('passes a falsy keepalive value', function (done) {
+  it('passes a falsy keepalive value', done => {
     frameSubscribe(
       'greeting',
-      captureError(function (_, keepalive) {
+      captureError((_, keepalive) => {
         assert.isFalse(keepalive);
         done();
       }, done)
@@ -78,16 +75,16 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
     respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello', 0);
   });
 
-  it('can not publish to a parent frame', function (done) {
-    var isCalled = false;
-    axe.utils.respondable.subscribe('greeting', function () {
+  it('can not publish to a parent frame', done => {
+    let isCalled = false;
+    axe.utils.respondable.subscribe('greeting', () => {
       isCalled = true;
     });
-    assert.throws(function () {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       frameWin.axe.utils.respondable(window, 'greeting', 'hello', 0);
     });
     setTimeout(
-      captureError(function () {
+      captureError(() => {
         assert.isFalse(isCalled);
         done();
       }, done),
@@ -95,19 +92,19 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('does not expose private methods', function () {
-    var methods = Object.keys(respondable).sort();
+  it('does not expose private methods', () => {
+    const methods = Object.keys(respondable).sort();
     assert.deepEqual(
       methods,
       ['subscribe', 'isInFrame', 'updateMessenger'].sort()
     );
   });
 
-  it('passes serialized information only', function (done) {
-    var div = document.createElement('div');
+  it('passes serialized information only', done => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
     frameSubscribe(
       'greeting',
-      captureError(function (message) {
+      captureError(message => {
         assert.deepEqual(message, {});
         done();
       }, done)
@@ -116,92 +113,92 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
     respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', div);
   });
 
-  it('posts message to allowed origins', function () {
+  it('posts message to allowed origins', () => {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: [window.location.origin, 'http://customOrigin.com']
     });
 
-    var spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
-    var posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
+    const spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
+    const posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
     assert.isTrue(posted);
     assert.equal(spy.callCount, 2);
     assert.deepEqual(spy.firstCall.args[1], window.location.origin);
     assert.deepEqual(spy.secondCall.args[1], 'http://customOrigin.com');
   });
 
-  it('posts message to allowed origins using <same_origin>', function () {
+  it('posts message to allowed origins using <same_origin>', () => {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: ['<same_origin>']
     });
 
-    var spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
-    var posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
+    const spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
+    const posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
     assert.isTrue(posted);
     assert.equal(spy.callCount, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(spy.firstCall.args[1], window.location.origin);
   });
 
-  it('posts message to allowed origins using <unsafe_all_origins>', function () {
+  it('posts message to allowed origins using <unsafe_all_origins>', () => {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: ['http://customOrigin.com', '<unsafe_all_origins>']
     });
 
-    var spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
-    var posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
+    const spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
+    const posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
     assert.isTrue(posted);
     assert.equal(spy.callCount, 1);
     assert.equal(spy.firstCall.args[1], '*');
   });
 
-  it('does not post message if no allowed origins', function () {
+  it('does not post message if no allowed origins', () => {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: []
     });
-    var spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
-    var posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
+    const spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
+    const posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
     assert.isFalse(posted);
     assert.isFalse(spy.called);
   });
 
-  it('does not post message if no allowed origins', function () {
+  it('does not post message if no allowed origins', () => {
     axe._audit.allowedOrigins = null;
-    var spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
-    var posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
+    const spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
+    const posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
     assert.isFalse(posted);
     assert.isFalse(spy.called);
   });
 
-  it('does not post message if allowed origins is empty', function () {
+  it('does not post message if allowed origins is empty', () => {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: []
     });
-    var spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
-    var posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
+    const spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
+    const posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
     assert.isFalse(posted);
     assert.isFalse(spy.called);
   });
 
-  it('throws error if origin is invalid', function () {
+  it('throws error if origin is invalid', () => {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: ['foo.com']
     });
-    assert.throws(function () {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
     }, 'allowedOrigins value "foo.com" is not a valid origin');
   });
 
-  it('does not log error if message is null', function (done) {
+  it('does not log error if message is null', done => {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: ['<unsafe_all_origins>']
     });
-    var called = false;
-    frameWin.axe.log = function () {
+    let called = false;
+    frameWin.axe._setLogger(() => {
       called = true;
-    };
+    });
 
     frameWin.postMessage(null, '*');
 
-    setTimeout(function () {
+    setTimeout(() => {
       try {
         assert.isFalse(called);
         done();
@@ -211,15 +208,15 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
     }, 500);
   });
 
-  describe('isInFrame', function () {
-    it('is false for the page window', function () {
-      var frameRespondable = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable;
+  describe('isInFrame', () => {
+    it('is false for the page window', () => {
+      const frameRespondable = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable;
       assert.isFalse(respondable.isInFrame());
       assert.isFalse(frameRespondable.isInFrame(window));
     });
 
-    it('is true for iframes', function () {
-      var frameRespondable = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable;
+    it('is true for iframes', () => {
+      const frameRespondable = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable;
       assert.isTrue(frameRespondable.isInFrame());
       assert.isTrue(respondable.isInFrame(frameWin));
     });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/subscribe.js b/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/subscribe.js
index a4798585f..5d783b47e 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/subscribe.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/subscribe.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 function afterMessage(win, callback) {
-  var handler = function () {
+  const handler = () => {
     win.removeEventListener('message', handler);
     // Wait one more tick for stuff to resolve
-    setTimeout(function () {
+    setTimeout(() => {
       callback();
     }, 10);
   };
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ function afterMessage(win, callback) {
 }
 
 function once(callback) {
-  var called = false;
+  let called = false;
   return function () {
     if (!called) {
       callback.apply(this, arguments);
@@ -19,28 +19,25 @@ function once(callback) {
   };
 }
 
-describe('frame-messenger', function () {
-  var fixture,
+describe('frame-messenger', () => {
+  let fixture,
     axeVersion,
     axeApplication,
     frame,
     frameWin,
     respondable,
-    frameSubscribe,
-    axeLog;
-  var postMessage = window.postMessage;
-  var captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+    frameSubscribe;
+  const postMessage = window.postMessage;
+  const captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
 
-  beforeEach(function (done) {
+  beforeEach(done => {
     respondable = axe.utils.respondable;
     axeVersion = axe.version;
-    axeLog = axe.log;
     axeApplication = axe._audit.application;
 
     frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
       frameSubscribe = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
       done();
@@ -51,152 +48,150 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.version = axeVersion;
     axe._audit.application = axeApplication;
-    axe.log = axeLog;
     axe.reset();
     window.postMessage = postMessage;
   });
 
-  describe('subscribe', function () {
-    it('is called with the same topic', function (done) {
-      var called = false;
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
+  describe('subscribe', () => {
+    it('is called with the same topic', done => {
+      let called = false;
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', () => {
         called = true;
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       afterMessage(
         frameWin,
-        captureError(function () {
+        captureError(() => {
           assert.isTrue(called);
           done();
         }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'works with frames in shadow DOM',
-      function (done) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow-root"></div>';
-        var shadowRoot = fixture
-          .querySelector('#shadow-root')
-          .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-        frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-
-        frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
-          var called = false;
-          frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
-          frameSubscribe = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
-
-          frameSubscribe('greeting', function (msg) {
-            assert.equal(msg, 'hello');
-            called = true;
-          });
-          respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
-          afterMessage(
-            frameWin,
-            captureError(function () {
-              assert.isTrue(called);
-              done();
-            }, done)
-          );
+    it('works with frames in shadow DOM', done => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow-root"></div>';
+      const shadowRoot = fixture
+        .querySelector('#shadow-root')
+        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+      frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
+
+      frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+        let called = false;
+        frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
+        frameSubscribe = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
+
+        frameSubscribe('greeting', msg => {
+          assert.equal(msg, 'hello');
+          called = true;
         });
-        shadowRoot.appendChild(frame);
-      }
-    );
+        respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
+        afterMessage(
+          frameWin,
+          captureError(() => {
+            assert.isTrue(called);
+            done();
+          }, done)
+        );
+      });
+      shadowRoot.appendChild(frame);
+    });
 
-    it('is not called on a different topic', function (done) {
-      var called = false;
-      frameSubscribe('otherTopic', function () {
+    it('is not called on a different topic', done => {
+      let called = false;
+      frameSubscribe('otherTopic', () => {
         called = true;
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       afterMessage(
         frameWin,
-        captureError(function () {
+        captureError(() => {
           assert.isFalse(called);
           done();
         }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('is not called for different axe-core versions', function (done) {
-      var called = false;
+    it('is not called for different axe-core versions', done => {
+      let called = false;
       axe.version = '1.0.0';
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', () => {
         called = true;
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       afterMessage(
         frameWin,
-        captureError(function () {
+        captureError(() => {
           assert.isFalse(called);
           done();
         }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('is not called with the "x.y.z" wildcard', function (done) {
-      var called = false;
+    it('is not called with the "x.y.z" wildcard', done => {
+      let called = false;
       axe.version = 'x.y.z';
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', () => {
         called = true;
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       afterMessage(
         frameWin,
-        captureError(function () {
+        captureError(() => {
           assert.isFalse(called);
           done();
         }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('is not called for different applications', function (done) {
-      var called = false;
+    it('is not called for different applications', done => {
+      let called = false;
       axe._audit.application = 'Coconut';
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', () => {
         called = true;
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       afterMessage(
         frameWin,
-        captureError(function () {
+        captureError(() => {
           assert.isFalse(called);
           done();
         }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('logs errors passed to respondable, rather than passing them on', function (done) {
-      axe.log = captureError(function (e) {
-        assert.equal(e.message, 'expected message');
-        done();
-      }, done);
+    it('logs errors passed to respondable, rather than passing them on', done => {
+      axe._setLogger(
+        captureError(e => {
+          assert.equal(e.message, 'expected message');
+          done();
+        }, done)
+      );
 
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', () => {
         done(new Error('subscribe should not be called'));
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', new Error('expected message'));
     });
 
-    it('throws if frame.parent is not the window', function () {
+    it('throws if frame.parent is not the window', () => {
       frameWin.parent = frameWin;
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       });
     });
 
-    it('is not called when the source is not a frame in the page', function (done) {
-      var doneOnce = once(done);
-      var called = false;
-      frameWin.axe.log = function () {
+    it('is not called when the source is not a frame in the page', done => {
+      const doneOnce = once(done);
+      let called = false;
+      frameWin.axe._setLogger(() => {
         called = true;
-      };
+      });
 
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', () => {
         doneOnce(new Error('subscribe should not be called'));
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
@@ -204,7 +199,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
       frameWin.parent = frameWin;
 
       setTimeout(
-        captureError(function () {
+        captureError(() => {
           assert.isTrue(called);
           doneOnce();
         }, doneOnce),
@@ -212,18 +207,18 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('throws when targeting itself', function () {
-      assert.throws(function () {
+    it('throws when targeting itself', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         respondable(window, 'greeting');
       });
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         frameWin.respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       });
     });
 
-    it('throws when targeting a window that is not a frame in the page', function () {
-      var blankPage = window.open('');
-      var frameCopy = window.open(frameWin.location.href);
+    it('throws when targeting a window that is not a frame in the page', () => {
+      const blankPage = window.open('');
+      const frameCopy = window.open(frameWin.location.href);
 
       // seems ie11 can't open new windows?
       if (!blankPage) {
@@ -231,22 +226,22 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
       }
 
       // Cleanup
-      setTimeout(function () {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         blankPage.close();
         frameCopy.close();
       });
 
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         respondable(blankPage, 'greeting');
       });
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         respondable(frameCopy, 'greeting');
       });
     });
 
-    it('is not triggered by "repeaters"', function (done) {
-      var calls = 0;
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
+    it('is not triggered by "repeaters"', done => {
+      let calls = 0;
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', () => {
         calls++;
       });
       // Repeat fire the event
@@ -257,7 +252,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
 
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
       setTimeout(
-        captureError(function () {
+        captureError(() => {
           assert.equal(calls, 1);
           done();
         }, done),
@@ -265,31 +260,31 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('is not called if origin does not match', function (done) {
+    it('is not called if origin does not match', done => {
       axe.configure({
         allowedOrigins: ['http://customOrigin.com']
       });
-      var spy = sinon.spy();
+      const spy = sinon.spy();
 
       frameSubscribe('greeting', spy);
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
 
-      setTimeout(function () {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         assert.isFalse(spy.called);
         done();
       }, 500);
     });
 
-    it('is called if origin is <unsafe_all_origins>', function (done) {
+    it('is called if origin is <unsafe_all_origins>', done => {
       axe.configure({
         allowedOrigins: ['<unsafe_all_origins>']
       });
-      var spy = sinon.spy();
+      const spy = sinon.spy();
 
       frameSubscribe('greeting', spy);
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
 
-      setTimeout(function () {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         assert.isTrue(spy.called);
         done();
       }, 500);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-all-checks.js b/test/core/utils/get-all-checks.js
index 64e09fa59..e3d2725e7 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-all-checks.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-all-checks.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getAllChecks', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+describe('axe.utils.getAllChecks', () => {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getAllChecks);
   });
 
-  it('should concatenate all 3 check collections', function () {
-    var r = {
+  it('should concatenate all 3 check collections', () => {
+    const r = {
       any: ['any:foo', 'any:bar'],
       all: ['all:foo', 'all:bar'],
       none: ['none:foo', 'none:bar']
@@ -21,8 +19,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.getAllChecks', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should safely ignore missing collections - all', function () {
-    var r = {
+  it('should safely ignore missing collections - all', () => {
+    const r = {
       any: ['any:foo', 'any:bar'],
       none: ['none:foo', 'none:bar']
     };
@@ -34,8 +32,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.getAllChecks', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should safely ignore missing collections - any', function () {
-    var r = {
+  it('should safely ignore missing collections - any', () => {
+    const r = {
       all: ['all:foo', 'all:bar'],
       none: ['none:foo', 'none:bar']
     };
@@ -47,8 +45,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.getAllChecks', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should safely ignore missing collections - none', function () {
-    var r = {
+  it('should safely ignore missing collections - none', () => {
+    const r = {
       any: ['any:foo', 'any:bar'],
       all: ['all:foo', 'all:bar']
     };
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js b/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
index c074f6f13..036ca87cc 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
@@ -1,50 +1,101 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getAncestry', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowTest = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit;
+describe('axe.utils.getAncestry', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getAncestry);
   });
 
-  it('should generate an ancestry selector', function () {
+  it('should generate an ancestry selector', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div>1</div> <p>2</p> <p>3</p>';
 
-    var sel1 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[0]);
+    const sel1 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[0]);
     assert.equal(sel1, 'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > div:nth-child(1)');
     assert.isNotNull(document.querySelector(sel1));
 
-    var sel2 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[1]);
+    const sel2 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[1]);
     assert.equal(sel2, 'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > p:nth-child(2)');
     assert.isNotNull(document.querySelector(sel1));
 
-    var sel3 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[2]);
+    const sel3 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[2]);
     assert.equal(sel3, 'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > p:nth-child(3)');
     assert.isNotNull(document.querySelector(sel1));
   });
 
-  shadowTest('generates selectors of nested shadow trees', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('section');
+  it('should not throw when there is no parent', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => axe.utils.getAncestry(node));
+  });
+
+  it('generates selectors of nested shadow trees', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
 
-    var shadowRoot1 = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const shadowRoot1 = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadowRoot1.innerHTML = '<div><article><slot /></article</div>';
 
-    var shadowRoot2 = shadowRoot1
+    const shadowRoot2 = shadowRoot1
       .querySelector('article')
       .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadowRoot2.innerHTML = '<h1>Hello world</h1>';
 
-    var target = shadowRoot2.querySelector('h1');
-    var sel = axe.utils.getAncestry(target);
+    const target = shadowRoot2.querySelector('h1');
+    const sel = axe.utils.getAncestry(target);
     assert.deepEqual(sel, [
       'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > section',
       'div > article',
       'h1'
     ]);
   });
+
+  it('generates selectors of siblings in shadow tree', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
+    fixture.appendChild(node);
+
+    const shadowRoot = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<div>1</div> <div>2</div>';
+
+    const sel1 = axe.utils.getAncestry(shadowRoot.children[0]);
+    assert.deepEqual(sel1, [
+      'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > section',
+      'div:nth-child(1)'
+    ]);
+
+    const sel2 = axe.utils.getAncestry(shadowRoot.children[1]);
+    assert.deepEqual(sel2, [
+      'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > section',
+      'div:nth-child(2)'
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('escapes the node name', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+<div>
+  <hello="world">
+    <button id="target1">button</button>
+  </hello="world">
+</div>
+<emoji-👍>
+  <button id="target2">button</button>
+</emoji-👍>
+`;
+
+    const sel1 = axe.utils.getAncestry(document.querySelector('#target1'));
+    assert.equal(
+      sel1,
+      'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > div:nth-child(1) > hello\\=\\"world\\" > button'
+    );
+    assert.isNotNull(document.querySelector(sel1));
+
+    const sel2 = axe.utils.getAncestry(document.querySelector('#target2'));
+    assert.equal(
+      sel2,
+      'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > emoji-👍:nth-child(2) > button'
+    );
+    assert.isNotNull(document.querySelector(sel2));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-base-lang.js b/test/core/utils/get-base-lang.js
index 80f9dfe41..0672fc4b6 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-base-lang.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-base-lang.js
@@ -1,30 +1,28 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getBaseLang', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('returns base lang as peanut for argument peanut-BUTTER', function () {
-    var actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('peanut-BUTTER');
+describe('axe.utils.getBaseLang', () => {
+  it('returns base lang as peanut for argument peanut-BUTTER', () => {
+    const actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('peanut-BUTTER');
     assert.equal(actual, 'peanut');
   });
 
-  it('returns base lang as fr for argument FR-CA', function () {
-    var actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('FR-CA');
+  it('returns base lang as fr for argument FR-CA', () => {
+    const actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('FR-CA');
     assert.strictEqual(actual, 'fr');
   });
 
-  it('returns base lang which is the prefix string before the first - (hyphen)', function () {
-    var actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('en-GB');
+  it('returns base lang which is the prefix string before the first - (hyphen)', () => {
+    const actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('en-GB');
     assert.equal(actual, 'en');
   });
 
-  it('returns primary language subtag as base lang for multi hyphenated argument', function () {
-    var actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('SOME-random-lang');
+  it('returns primary language subtag as base lang for multi hyphenated argument', () => {
+    const actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('SOME-random-lang');
     assert.strictEqual(actual, 'some');
   });
 
-  it('returns an empty string when argument is null or undefined', function () {
-    var actualNull = axe.utils.getBaseLang(null);
-    var actualUndefined = axe.utils.getBaseLang(undefined);
-    var actualEmpty = axe.utils.getBaseLang();
+  it('returns an empty string when argument is null or undefined', () => {
+    const actualNull = axe.utils.getBaseLang(null);
+    const actualUndefined = axe.utils.getBaseLang(undefined);
+    const actualEmpty = axe.utils.getBaseLang();
     assert.strictEqual(actualNull, '');
     assert.strictEqual(actualUndefined, '');
     assert.strictEqual(actualEmpty, '');
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-check-message.js b/test/core/utils/get-check-message.js
index a449fba7c..470078e3e 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-check-message.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-check-message.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getCheckMessage', function () {
-  var getCheckMessage = axe.utils.getCheckMessage;
+describe('axe.utils.getCheckMessage', () => {
+  const getCheckMessage = axe.utils.getCheckMessage;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._audit = {
       data: {
         checks: {
@@ -17,26 +17,26 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckMessage', function () {
     };
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._audit = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return the pass message', function () {
+  it('should return the pass message', () => {
     assert.equal(getCheckMessage('my-check', 'pass'), 'Pass message');
   });
 
-  it('should return the fail message', function () {
+  it('should return the fail message', () => {
     assert.equal(getCheckMessage('my-check', 'fail'), 'Fail message');
   });
 
-  it('should return the incomplete message', function () {
+  it('should return the incomplete message', () => {
     assert.equal(
       getCheckMessage('my-check', 'incomplete'),
       'Incomplete message'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should handle data', function () {
+  it('should handle data', () => {
     axe._audit.data.checks['my-check'].messages.pass =
       'Pass message with ${data.message}';
     assert.equal(
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckMessage', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should error when check does not exist', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('should error when check does not exist', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       getCheckMessage('invalid-check', 'pass');
     });
   });
 
-  it('should error when check message does not exist', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('should error when check message does not exist', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       getCheckMessage('invalid-check', 'invalid');
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-check-option.js b/test/core/utils/get-check-option.js
index 01a26f19e..94f174cd9 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-check-option.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-check-option.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should prefer options from rules', function () {
+describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', () => {
+  it('should prefer options from rules', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(
       axe.utils.getCheckOption(
         {
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function () {
       }
     );
   });
-  it('should fallback to global check options if not defined on the rule', function () {
+  it('should fallback to global check options if not defined on the rule', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(
       axe.utils.getCheckOption(
         {
@@ -71,7 +69,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should prefer fallback to global check options if not defined on the rule', function () {
+  it('should prefer fallback to global check options if not defined on the rule', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(
       axe.utils.getCheckOption(
         {
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should otherwise use the check', function () {
+  it('should otherwise use the check', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(
       axe.utils.getCheckOption(
         {
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('passes absolutePaths option along', function () {
+  it('passes absolutePaths option along', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(
       axe.utils.getCheckOption(
         {
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-element-internals.js b/test/core/utils/get-element-internals.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7749b664
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-element-internals.js
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+describe('utils.getElementInternals', () => {
+  const { fixture } = axe.testUtils;
+  const getElementInternals = axe.utils.getElementInternals;
+  let origElementInternals;
+
+  before(() => {
+    origElementInternals = window.ElementInternals;
+    customElements.define(
+      'utils-get-element-internals',
+      class CustomButton extends HTMLElement {
+        constructor() {
+          super();
+        }
+      }
+    );
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    delete globalThis._elementInternals;
+    window.ElementInternals = origElementInternals;
+  });
+
+  it('returns undefined for element without internals', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+
+    assert.isUndefined(getElementInternals(node));
+  });
+
+  for (const prop of ['_internals', 'internals', 'internals_']) {
+    it(`returns internals from prop "${prop}"`, () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+      const internals = node.attachInternals();
+      node[prop] = internals;
+
+      assert.strictEqual(getElementInternals(node), internals);
+    });
+
+    it(`should not return internals from prop "${prop}" getter`, () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+      const internals = node.attachInternals();
+      Object.defineProperty(node, prop, {
+        get() {
+          return internals;
+        }
+      });
+
+      assert.isUndefined(getElementInternals(node));
+    });
+
+    it(`should not return internals from prop "${prop}" if not of type ElementInternals`, () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+      node[prop] = 'hello world';
+
+      assert.isUndefined(getElementInternals(node));
+    });
+  }
+
+  for (const symbol of ['internals', 'privateInternals']) {
+    it(`returns internals from "Symbol('${symbol}')"`, () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+      const internals = node.attachInternals();
+      node[Symbol(symbol)] = internals;
+
+      assert.strictEqual(getElementInternals(node), internals);
+    });
+
+    it(`should not return internals from "Symbol('${symbol}')" getter`, () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+      const internals = node.attachInternals();
+      Object.defineProperty(node, Symbol(symbol), {
+        get() {
+          return internals;
+        }
+      });
+
+      assert.isUndefined(getElementInternals(node));
+    });
+
+    it(`should not return internals from prop "Symbol('${symbol}')" if not of type ElementInternals`, () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+      node[Symbol(symbol)] = 'hello world';
+
+      assert.isUndefined(getElementInternals(node));
+    });
+  }
+
+  it('returns internals from global map', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+    const internals = node.attachInternals();
+    globalThis._elementInternals = new WeakMap();
+    globalThis._elementInternals.set(node, internals);
+
+    assert.strictEqual(getElementInternals(node), internals);
+  });
+
+  it(`uses props if element doesn't exist in the global map`, () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+    const internals = node.attachInternals();
+    node._internals = internals;
+    globalThis._elementInternals = new WeakMap();
+
+    assert.strictEqual(getElementInternals(node), internals);
+  });
+
+  it('uses global map over props', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+    const internals = node.attachInternals();
+    globalThis._elementInternals = new WeakMap();
+    globalThis._elementInternals.set(node, internals);
+
+    // can't attach internals twice so we'll create a fake internals object that is still an instanceof ElementInternals
+    node._internals = {};
+    Object.setPrototypeOf(node._internals, ElementInternals.prototype);
+
+    assert.isTrue(node._internals instanceof ElementInternals);
+    assert.strictEqual(getElementInternals(node), internals);
+  });
+
+  it('gets internals when getter and another prop is set', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+    const internals = node.attachInternals();
+    Object.defineProperty(node, '_internals', {
+      get() {
+        return internals;
+      }
+    });
+    node.internals = internals;
+
+    assert.strictEqual(getElementInternals(node), internals);
+  });
+
+  it('gets internals when getter and another symbol is set', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+    const internals = node.attachInternals();
+    Object.defineProperty(node, Symbol('internals'), {
+      get() {
+        return internals;
+      }
+    });
+    node[Symbol('privateInternals')] = internals;
+
+    assert.strictEqual(getElementInternals(node), internals);
+  });
+
+  it('guards when window.ElementInternals does not exist', () => {
+    delete window.ElementInternals;
+    const node = document.createElement('utils-get-element-internals');
+    const internals = node.attachInternals();
+    node._internals = internals;
+
+    assert.isUndefined(getElementInternals(node));
+  });
+
+  it('returns undefined for native element', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    // verify we don't return internals for native element
+    node._internals = {};
+    Object.setPrototypeOf(node._internals, ElementInternals.prototype);
+
+    assert.isUndefined(getElementInternals(node));
+  });
+
+  it('returns undefined for customized built-in element', () => {
+    let customized = false;
+    customElements.define(
+      'get-element-internals-builtin',
+      class getElementInternalsBuiltIn extends HTMLButtonElement {
+        constructor() {
+          super();
+          customized = true;
+        }
+      },
+      { extends: 'button' }
+    );
+
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<button is="get-element-internals-builtin">hello</button>';
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('button');
+
+    // verify we don't return internals for customized built-in as they cannot attach internals
+    // @see https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/custom-elements.html#element-internals
+    node._internals = {};
+    Object.setPrototypeOf(node._internals, ElementInternals.prototype);
+
+    assert.isTrue(customized);
+    assert.isUndefined(getElementInternals(node));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-element-source.js b/test/core/utils/get-element-source.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..581cef468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-element-source.js
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+describe('axe.utils.getElementSource', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const getElementSource = axe.utils.getElementSource;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    axe.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('should be exposed to utils', () => {
+    assert.equal(typeof axe.utils.getElementSource, 'function');
+  });
+
+  it('should return empty string for null/undefined element', () => {
+    assert.equal(getElementSource(null), '');
+    assert.equal(getElementSource(undefined), '');
+  });
+
+  it('should return nodeValue for text nodes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello world</div>');
+    const textNode = vNode.actualNode.firstChild;
+    assert.equal(textNode.nodeType, 3);
+    assert.equal(getElementSource(textNode), 'Hello world');
+  });
+
+  it('should return nodeValue for comment nodes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target"><!-- example comment --></div>'
+    );
+    const commentNode = vNode.actualNode.firstChild;
+    assert.equal(commentNode.nodeType, 8);
+    assert.equal(getElementSource(commentNode), ' example comment ');
+  });
+
+  it('should truncate long nodeValue for non-element nodes', () => {
+    const textNode = document.createTextNode('x'.repeat(500));
+    const result = getElementSource(textNode, { maxLength: 50 });
+    assert.equal(result, `${'x'.repeat(50)}...`);
+  });
+
+  it('should work without the virtual tree (element not in axe context)', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    el.setAttribute('id', 'standalone');
+    el.textContent = 'Hello';
+    const result = getElementSource(el);
+    assert.equal(result, '<div id="standalone">Hello</div>');
+  });
+
+  it('should include the outerHTML of the element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div class="bar" id="target">Hello!</div>');
+    const outerHTML = vNode.actualNode.outerHTML;
+    const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode);
+    assert.equal(result, outerHTML);
+  });
+
+  it('should work with SVG elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<svg aria-label="foo" id="target"></svg>');
+    const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode);
+    assert.equal(result, vNode.actualNode.outerHTML);
+  });
+
+  it('should work with MathML', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <math display="block" id="target">
+        <mrow
+          ><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow
+        >
+      </math>
+    `);
+
+    const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode);
+    assert.equal(result, vNode.actualNode.outerHTML);
+  });
+
+  describe('XML namespaces', () => {
+    it('should work with SVG and xlink:href attribute', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <svg
+          xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+          xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+        >
+          <a id="target" xlink:href="#section"><text>Link</text></a>
+        </svg>
+      `);
+      const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode);
+
+      assert.include(result, 'xlink:href');
+      assert.include(result, '#section');
+      assert.equal(result, vNode.actualNode.outerHTML);
+    });
+
+    it('should truncate SVG with namespaced attributes correctly', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<svg
+          xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+          xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+        >
+          <a id="target" xlink:href="#section" class="link">
+            ${'x'.repeat(400)}
+          </a>
+        </svg>`
+      );
+      const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode, { maxLength: 50 });
+      assert.match(result, /<a\s/);
+      assert.include(result, 'xlink:href');
+      assert.match(result, /\.\.\.>$/);
+    });
+
+    it('should work with createElementNS for elements in SVG namespace', () => {
+      const svgNS = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';
+      const el = document.createElementNS(svgNS, 'rect');
+      el.setAttributeNS(null, 'id', 'target');
+      el.setAttribute('width', '100');
+      el.setAttribute('height', '50');
+      const result = getElementSource(el);
+      assert.include(result, 'rect');
+      assert.include(result, 'id="target"');
+      assert.include(result, 'width="100"');
+      assert.include(result, 'height="50"');
+      assert.equal(result, el.outerHTML);
+    });
+
+    it('should work with setAttributeNS for namespaced attributes', () => {
+      const xlinkNS = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink';
+      const svgNS = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';
+      const el = document.createElementNS(svgNS, 'image');
+      el.setAttributeNS(xlinkNS, 'xlink:href', 'test.png');
+      el.setAttributeNS(null, 'id', 'target');
+      const result = getElementSource(el);
+      assert.include(result, 'xlink:href');
+      assert.include(result, 'test.png');
+      assert.include(result, 'id="target"');
+      assert.equal(result, el.outerHTML);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should truncate large elements', () => {
+    let div = '<div class="foo" id="target">';
+    for (let i = 0; i < 300; i++) {
+      div += i;
+    }
+    div += '</div>';
+    const vNode = queryFixture(div);
+    const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode);
+    assert.equal(result, '<div class="foo" id="target">');
+  });
+
+  it('should truncate large attributes of large element', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    let attributeName = 'data-';
+    let attributeValue = '';
+    for (let i = 0; i < 500; i++) {
+      attributeName += 'foo';
+      attributeValue += i;
+    }
+    el.setAttribute(attributeName, attributeValue);
+
+    const result = getElementSource(el);
+    assert.equal(
+      result,
+      `<div ${attributeName.substring(0, 20)}...="${attributeValue.substring(0, 20)}...">`
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should remove attributes for a large element having a large number of attributes', () => {
+    let customElement = '<div id="target"';
+    for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+      customElement += ` attr${i}="value${i}"`;
+    }
+    customElement += `><div>`;
+
+    const vNode = queryFixture(customElement);
+    const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode);
+    const truncatedAttrCount = (result.match(/attr/g) || []).length;
+    assert.isBelow(truncatedAttrCount, 100);
+    assert.isAtLeast(truncatedAttrCount, 10);
+  });
+
+  it('should truncate a large element with long custom tag name', () => {
+    let longCustomElementTagName = new Array(300).join('b');
+    let customElement = `<${longCustomElementTagName} id="target">A</${longCustomElementTagName}>`;
+    const vNode = queryFixture(customElement);
+    const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode);
+    assert.equal(result, `${customElement.substring(0, 300)} ...>`);
+  });
+
+  it('should not truncate attributes if children are long but attribute itself is within limits', () => {
+    let el = document.createElement('div');
+    let attributeValue = '';
+    let innerHtml = '';
+    for (let i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
+      attributeValue += 'a';
+      innerHtml += 'foobar';
+    }
+    el.setAttribute('long-attribute', attributeValue);
+    el.innerHTML = innerHtml;
+
+    const result = getElementSource(el);
+    assert.equal(result, `<div long-attribute="${attributeValue}">`);
+  });
+
+  describe('options', () => {
+    it('should respect custom maxLength', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<div class="foo" id="target">${'x'.repeat(200)}</div>`
+      );
+      const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode, { maxLength: 25 });
+      assert.equal(result, '<div class="foo" ...>');
+    });
+
+    it('should respect custom attrLimit', () => {
+      const el = document.createElement('div');
+      const longName = `data-${'x'.repeat(300)}`;
+      const longValue = 'y'.repeat(300);
+      el.setAttribute(longName, longValue);
+
+      const result = getElementSource(el, { attrLimit: 10 });
+      assert.equal(result, '<div data-xxxxx...="yyyyyyyyyy...">');
+    });
+
+    it('should include later attributes that fit after skipping long ones', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<div
+          id="target"
+          data-very-long-attr="${'x'.repeat(200)}"
+          class="foo"
+        >
+          content
+        </div>`
+      );
+      const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode, { maxLength: 50 });
+      assert.equal(result, '<div id="target" class="foo" ...>');
+    });
+
+    it('should use defaults when options is empty', () => {
+      let div = '<div class="foo" id="target">';
+      for (let i = 0; i < 300; i++) {
+        div += i;
+      }
+      div += '</div>';
+      const vNode = queryFixture(div);
+      const result = getElementSource(vNode.actualNode, {});
+      assert.equal(result, '<div class="foo" id="target">');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-environment-data.js b/test/core/utils/get-environment-data.js
index 6669e9b37..cdf27b12f 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-environment-data.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-environment-data.js
@@ -1,42 +1,41 @@
-describe('utils.getEnvironmentData', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var __audit;
-  var getEnvironmentData = axe.utils.getEnvironmentData;
-  before(function () {
+describe('utils.getEnvironmentData', () => {
+  let __audit;
+  const getEnvironmentData = axe.utils.getEnvironmentData;
+  before(() => {
     __audit = axe._audit;
     axe._audit = { brand: 'Deque' };
   });
 
-  after(function () {
+  after(() => {
     axe._audit = __audit;
   });
 
-  it('returns the first argument, if it is truthy', function () {
-    var input = {
+  it('returns the first argument, if it is truthy', () => {
+    const input = {
       testEngine: {
         name: 'axe-core',
         version: axe.version
       }
     };
-    var output = getEnvironmentData(input);
+    const output = getEnvironmentData(input);
     assert.equal(input, output);
   });
 
-  it('should return a `testEngine` property', function () {
-    var data = getEnvironmentData();
+  it('should return a `testEngine` property', () => {
+    const data = getEnvironmentData();
     assert.isObject(data.testEngine);
     assert.equal(data.testEngine.name, 'axe-core');
     assert.equal(data.testEngine.version, axe.version);
   });
 
-  it('should return a `testRunner` property', function () {
-    var data = getEnvironmentData();
+  it('should return a `testRunner` property', () => {
+    const data = getEnvironmentData();
     assert.isObject(data.testRunner);
     assert.equal(data.testRunner.name, axe._audit.brand);
   });
 
-  it('should return a `testEnvironment` property', function () {
-    var data = getEnvironmentData();
+  it('should return a `testEnvironment` property', () => {
+    const data = getEnvironmentData();
     assert.isObject(data.testEnvironment);
     assert.ok(data.testEnvironment.userAgent);
     assert.ok(data.testEnvironment.windowWidth);
@@ -45,21 +44,21 @@ describe('utils.getEnvironmentData', function () {
     assert.isNotNull(data.testEnvironment.orientationType);
   });
 
-  it('should return a `timestamp` property`', function () {
-    var data = getEnvironmentData();
+  it('should return a `timestamp` property`', () => {
+    const data = getEnvironmentData();
     assert.isDefined(data.timestamp);
   });
 
-  it('should return a `url` property', function () {
-    var data = getEnvironmentData();
+  it('should return a `url` property', () => {
+    const data = getEnvironmentData();
     assert.isDefined(data.url);
   });
 
   // TODO: remove or update test once we are testing axe-core in jsdom and
   // other supported environments as what this is testing should be done in
   // those environment tests
-  it('gets data from the `win` parameter when passed', function () {
-    var data = getEnvironmentData(null, {
+  it('gets data from the `win` parameter when passed', () => {
+    const data = getEnvironmentData(null, {
       screen: {
         orientation: {
           type: 'fictional',
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-frame-contexts.js b/test/core/utils/get-frame-contexts.js
index 963e8d9b4..5ec95390b 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-frame-contexts.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-frame-contexts.js
@@ -1,19 +1,22 @@
-describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
-  var getFrameContexts = axe.utils.getFrameContexts;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+describe('utils.getFrameContexts', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const getFrameContexts = axe.utils.getFrameContexts;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  it('returns an empty array if the page has no frames', function () {
-    var frameContext = getFrameContexts();
+  it('returns an empty array if the page has no frames', () => {
+    const frameContext = getFrameContexts();
     assert.isArray(frameContext);
     assert.lengthOf(frameContext, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns a `frameSelector` for each included frame', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<iframe></iframe>' + '<iframe></iframe>' + '<iframe></iframe>';
+  it('returns a `frameSelector` for each included frame', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <iframe></iframe>
+      <iframe></iframe>
+      <iframe></iframe>
+    `;
 
-    var selectors = getFrameContexts().map(function (frameData) {
+    const selectors = getFrameContexts().map(frameData => {
       return frameData.frameSelector;
     });
     assert.lengthOf(selectors, 3);
@@ -22,11 +25,14 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
     assert.include(selectors[2], 'iframe:nth-child(3)');
   });
 
-  it('sets frameContext.initiator to false for each included frame', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<iframe></iframe>' + '<iframe></iframe>' + '<iframe></iframe>';
+  it('sets frameContext.initiator to false for each included frame', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <iframe></iframe>
+      <iframe></iframe>
+      <iframe></iframe>
+    `;
 
-    var contexts = getFrameContexts().map(function (frameData) {
+    const contexts = getFrameContexts().map(frameData => {
       return frameData.frameContext;
     });
 
@@ -36,13 +42,14 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
     assert.isFalse(contexts[2].initiator);
   });
 
-  it('sets frameContext.focusable depending on the frame', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<iframe></iframe>' +
-      '<iframe tabindex="0"></iframe>' +
-      '<iframe tabindex="-1"></iframe>';
+  it('sets frameContext.focusable depending on the frame', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <iframe></iframe>
+      <iframe tabindex="0"></iframe>
+      <iframe tabindex="-1"></iframe>
+    `;
 
-    var contexts = getFrameContexts().map(function (frameData) {
+    const contexts = getFrameContexts().map(frameData => {
       return frameData.frameContext;
     });
     assert.lengthOf(contexts, 3);
@@ -51,13 +58,14 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
     assert.isFalse(contexts[2].focusable);
   });
 
-  it('sets frameContext.size based on frame size', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<iframe width="1" height="1"></iframe>' +
-      '<iframe width="10" height="10"></iframe>' +
-      '<iframe width="100" height="100"></iframe>';
+  it('sets frameContext.size based on frame size', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <iframe width="1" height="1"></iframe>
+      <iframe width="10" height="10"></iframe>
+      <iframe width="100" height="100"></iframe>
+    `;
 
-    var frameSize = getFrameContexts().map(function (frameData) {
+    const frameSize = getFrameContexts().map(frameData => {
       return frameData.frameContext.size;
     });
     assert.lengthOf(frameSize, 3);
@@ -75,20 +83,21 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('include / exclude', function () {
-    it('returns a `frameContext` for each included frame', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' +
-        '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>' +
-        '<iframe id="f3"></iframe>';
-      var context = {
+  describe('include / exclude', () => {
+    it('returns a `frameContext` for each included frame', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <iframe id="f1"></iframe>
+        <iframe id="f2"></iframe>
+        <iframe id="f3"></iframe>
+      `;
+      const context = {
         include: [
           ['#f1', 'header'],
           ['#f2', 'main']
         ],
         exclude: [['#f3', 'footer']]
       };
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
+      const contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(frameData => {
         return frameData.frameContext;
       });
 
@@ -101,12 +110,12 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(contexts[2].exclude, [['footer']]);
     });
 
-    it('excludes non-frame contexts', function () {
+    it('excludes non-frame contexts', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>';
-      var context = {
+      const context = {
         include: [['#header'], ['a'], ['#f1', 'header']]
       };
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
+      const contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(frameData => {
         return frameData.frameContext;
       });
 
@@ -115,17 +124,19 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(contexts[0].exclude, []);
     });
 
-    it('mixes contexts if the frame is selected twice', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' + '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>';
-      var context = {
+    it('mixes contexts if the frame is selected twice', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <iframe id="f1"></iframe>
+        <iframe id="f2"></iframe>
+      `;
+      const context = {
         include: [
           ['#f1', 'header'],
           ['#f2', 'footer']
         ],
         exclude: [['iframe', 'main']]
       };
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
+      const contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(frameData => {
         return frameData.frameContext;
       });
       assert.lengthOf(contexts, 2);
@@ -135,9 +146,9 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(contexts[1].exclude, [['main']]);
     });
 
-    it('combines include/exclude arrays of frames selected twice', function () {
+    it('combines include/exclude arrays of frames selected twice', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe></iframe>';
-      var context = {
+      const context = {
         include: [
           ['iframe', 'header'],
           ['iframe', 'main']
@@ -147,7 +158,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
           ['iframe', 'footer']
         ]
       };
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
+      const contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(frameData => {
         return frameData.frameContext;
       });
 
@@ -156,15 +167,16 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(contexts[0].exclude, [['aside'], ['footer']]);
     });
 
-    it('skips excluded frames', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' +
-        '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>' +
-        '<iframe id="f3"></iframe>';
-      var context = {
+    it('skips excluded frames', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <iframe id="f1"></iframe>
+        <iframe id="f2"></iframe>
+        <iframe id="f3"></iframe>
+      `;
+      const context = {
         exclude: [[['#f2']]]
       };
-      var selectors = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
+      const selectors = getFrameContexts(context).map(frameData => {
         return frameData.frameSelector;
       });
       assert.lengthOf(selectors, 2);
@@ -172,18 +184,20 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
       assert.include(selectors[1], 'iframe:nth-child(3)');
     });
 
-    it('skips frames excluded by a parent', function () {
+    it('skips frames excluded by a parent', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe></iframe>';
-      var frameContexts = getFrameContexts({
+      const frameContexts = getFrameContexts({
         exclude: [['#fixture']]
       });
       assert.lengthOf(frameContexts, 0);
     });
 
-    it('normalizes the context', function () {
-      var frameContexts;
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' + '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>';
+    it('normalizes the context', () => {
+      let frameContexts;
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <iframe id="f1"></iframe>
+        <iframe id="f2"></iframe>
+      `;
       frameContexts = getFrameContexts('#f1');
       assert.lengthOf(frameContexts, 1);
       assert.include(frameContexts[0].frameSelector, 'iframe:nth-child(1)');
@@ -203,12 +217,14 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(frameContexts[0].frameContext.exclude, []);
     });
 
-    it('accepts elements', function () {
-      var frameContexts;
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' + '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>';
-      var f1 = fixture.querySelector('#f1');
-      var f2 = fixture.querySelector('#f2');
+    it('accepts elements', () => {
+      let frameContexts;
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <iframe id="f1"></iframe>
+        <iframe id="f2"></iframe>
+      `;
+      const f1 = fixture.querySelector('#f1');
+      const f2 = fixture.querySelector('#f2');
       frameContexts = getFrameContexts(f1);
       assert.lengthOf(frameContexts, 1);
       assert.include(frameContexts[0].frameSelector, 'iframe:nth-child(1)');
@@ -228,17 +244,19 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(frameContexts[0].frameContext.exclude, []);
     });
 
-    it('works with nested frames', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' + '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>';
-      var context = {
+    it('works with nested frames', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <iframe id="f1"></iframe>
+        <iframe id="f2"></iframe>
+      `;
+      const context = {
         include: [
           ['#f1', '#f3', 'header'],
           ['#f2', '#f4', '#f5', 'footer']
         ],
         exclude: [['#f2', '#f6', '#f7', '#f7', 'main']]
       };
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
+      const contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(frameData => {
         return frameData.frameContext;
       });
 
@@ -249,14 +267,14 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(contexts[1].exclude, [['#f6', '#f7', '#f7', 'main']]);
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('works on iframes in shadow dom', function () {
+    it('works on iframes in shadow dom', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"></div>';
-      var div = fixture.querySelector('div');
-      var shadowRoot = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const div = fixture.querySelector('div');
+      const shadowRoot = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadowRoot.innerHTML =
         '<main><iframe id="f1" width="100" height="100"></iframe></main>';
 
-      var frameContext = getFrameContexts();
+      const frameContext = getFrameContexts();
 
       assert.lengthOf(frameContext, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(frameContext[0].frameSelector, 2);
@@ -266,16 +284,16 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('options.iframes', function () {
-    it('returns a non-empty array with `iframes: true`', function () {
+  describe('options.iframes', () => {
+    it('returns a non-empty array with `iframes: true`', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe></iframe>';
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts({}, { iframes: true });
+      const contexts = getFrameContexts({}, { iframes: true });
       assert.lengthOf(contexts, 1);
     });
 
-    it('returns an empty array with `iframes: false`', function () {
+    it('returns an empty array with `iframes: false`', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe></iframe>';
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts({}, { iframes: false });
+      const contexts = getFrameContexts({}, { iframes: false });
       assert.lengthOf(contexts, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-friendly-uri-end.js b/test/core/utils/get-friendly-uri-end.js
index 4377aafc6..7d58e5b0f 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-friendly-uri-end.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-friendly-uri-end.js
@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var getFriendlyUriEnd = axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd;
+describe('axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd', () => {
+  const getFriendlyUriEnd = axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd;
 
-  it('returns a domain name', function () {
+  it('returns a domain name', () => {
     assert.equal('deque.com', getFriendlyUriEnd('http://deque.com'));
     assert.equal('deque.com/', getFriendlyUriEnd('https://www.deque.com/'));
     assert.equal('docs.deque.com/', getFriendlyUriEnd('//docs.deque.com/'));
   });
 
-  it('returns a filename', function () {
+  it('returns a filename', () => {
     assert.equal('contact/', getFriendlyUriEnd('../../contact/'));
     assert.equal('contact/', getFriendlyUriEnd('http://deque.com/contact/'));
     assert.equal('contact', getFriendlyUriEnd('/contact'));
     assert.equal('contact.html', getFriendlyUriEnd('/contact.html'));
   });
 
-  it('trims whitespace', function () {
+  it('trims whitespace', () => {
     assert.equal(undefined, getFriendlyUriEnd('  '));
     assert.equal('start page', getFriendlyUriEnd('start page\t'));
     assert.equal('home#heading', getFriendlyUriEnd('home#heading  '));
   });
 
-  it('returns a hash URI', function () {
+  it('returns a hash URI', () => {
     assert.equal('#footer', getFriendlyUriEnd('#footer'));
     assert.equal(
       'contact.html#footer',
@@ -30,22 +29,22 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd', function () {
     assert.equal('home.html#main', getFriendlyUriEnd('/home.html#main '));
   });
 
-  it('returns undef when there is a query', function () {
+  it('returns undef when there is a query', () => {
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/contact?'));
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/contact?foo=bar'));
   });
 
-  it('returns undef for index files', function () {
+  it('returns undef for index files', () => {
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/index.cfs'));
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/index'));
   });
 
-  it('returns undef when the result is too short', function () {
+  it('returns undef when the result is too short', () => {
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/i.html'));
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/dq'));
   });
 
-  it('returns undef when the result is too long', function () {
+  it('returns undef when the result is too long', () => {
     assert.isDefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/abcd.html', { maxLength: 50 }));
     assert.isDefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('#foo-bar-baz', { maxLength: 50 }));
     assert.isDefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('//deque.com', { maxLength: 50 }));
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('//deque.com', { maxLength: 5 }));
   });
 
-  it('returns undef when the result has too many numbers', function () {
+  it('returns undef when the result has too many numbers', () => {
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('123456.html'));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-node-attributes.js b/test/core/utils/get-node-attributes.js
index 45d57b826..7fdb84ddc 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-node-attributes.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-node-attributes.js
@@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getNodeAttributes', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should return the list of attributes', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+describe('axe.utils.getNodeAttributes', () => {
+  it('should return the list of attributes', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('class', 'foo bar');
-    var actual = axe.utils.getNodeAttributes(node);
+    const actual = axe.utils.getNodeAttributes(node);
     assert.isTrue(actual instanceof window.NamedNodeMap);
     assert.equal(actual.length, 1);
     assert.equal(actual[0].name, 'class');
   });
 
-  it('should return the list of attributes when the DOM is clobbered', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('form');
+  it('should return the list of attributes when the DOM is clobbered', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('form');
     node.setAttribute('id', '123');
     node.innerHTML = '<select name="attributes"></select>';
 
     // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax
     assert.isFalse(node.attributes instanceof window.NamedNodeMap);
 
-    var actual = axe.utils.getNodeAttributes(node);
+    const actual = axe.utils.getNodeAttributes(node);
     assert.isTrue(actual instanceof window.NamedNodeMap);
     assert.equal(actual.length, 1);
     assert.equal(actual[0].name, 'id');
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-root-node.js b/test/core/utils/get-root-node.js
index 9b2805d47..421daf3c8 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-root-node.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-root-node.js
@@ -1,43 +1,36 @@
 function makeShadowTreeGRN(node) {
-  'use strict';
-  var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-  var div = document.createElement('div');
+  const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+  const div = document.createElement('div');
   div.className = 'parent';
   root.appendChild(div);
 }
 
-describe('axe.utils.getRootNode', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.getRootNode', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return the document when the node is just a normal node', function () {
+  it('should return the document when the node is just a normal node', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
-    var node = document.getElementById('target');
+    const node = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.getRootNode(node) === document);
   });
-  it('should return the document when the node is disconnected', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return the document when the node is disconnected', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.getRootNode(node) === document);
   });
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return the shadow root when it is inside the shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var shadEl;
-      // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
-      // to specifically test this
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTreeGRN(fixture.firstChild);
-      shadEl = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('div');
-      assert.isTrue(axe.utils.getRootNode(shadEl) !== document);
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.utils.getRootNode(shadEl) === fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot
-      );
-    }
-  );
+  it('should return the shadow root when it is inside the shadow DOM', () => {
+    let shadEl;
+    // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
+    // to specifically test this
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTreeGRN(fixture.firstChild);
+    shadEl = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('div');
+    assert.isTrue(axe.utils.getRootNode(shadEl) !== document);
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.utils.getRootNode(shadEl) === fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-rule.js b/test/core/utils/get-rule.js
index 15603609d..7aa0854ce 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-rule.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-rule.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getRule', function () {
-  beforeEach(function () {
+describe('axe.utils.getRule', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.getRule', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return the rule by the id', function () {
-    var rule = axe.utils.getRule('rule1');
+  it('should return the rule by the id', () => {
+    const rule = axe.utils.getRule('rule1');
     assert.isTrue(rule.id === 'rule1');
   });
 
-  it("should throw error if the rule doesn't exist", function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it("should throw error if the rule doesn't exist", () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.utils.getRule('no-id');
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-scroll.js b/test/core/utils/get-scroll.js
index adef7d32d..e5188ca9b 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-scroll.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-scroll.js
@@ -1,128 +1,128 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.getScroll', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getScroll);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when element is not scrollable', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined when element is not scrollable', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<section id="target">This element is not scrollable</section>'
     );
-    var actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
+    const actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when element does not overflow', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px;">' +
-        '<div style="height: 10px; width: 10px; background-color: pink;">' +
-        '<p> Content </p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
+  it('returns undefined when element does not overflow', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px;">
+        <div style="height: 10px; width: 10px; background-color: pink;">
+          <p>Content</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when element overflow is hidden', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: hidden">' +
-        '<div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px; background-color: pink;">' +
-        '<p> Content </p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
+  it('returns undefined when element overflow is hidden', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: hidden">
+        <div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px; background-color: pink;">
+          <p>Content</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when element overflow is clip', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: clip">' +
-        '<div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px; background-color: pink;">' +
-        '<p> Content </p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
+  it('returns undefined when element overflow is clip', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: clip">
+        <div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px; background-color: pink;">
+          <p>Content</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns scroll offset when element overflow is auto', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto">' +
-        '<div style="height: 10px; width: 2000px; background-color: red;">' +
-        '<p> Content </p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
+  it('returns scroll offset when element overflow is auto', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto">
+        <div style="height: 10px; width: 2000px; background-color: red;">
+          <p>Content</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
     assert.isDefined(actual);
     assert.hasAllKeys(actual, ['elm', 'top', 'left']);
     assert.equal(actual.top, 0);
     assert.equal(actual.left, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when element overflow is visible', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns undefined when element overflow is visible', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: visible;">Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium.</p>'
     );
-    var actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
+    const actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns scroll offset when element overflow is scroll', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns scroll offset when element overflow is scroll', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;">Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium.</p>'
     );
-    var actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
+    const actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
     assert.isDefined(actual);
     assert.hasAllKeys(actual, ['elm', 'top', 'left']);
     assert.equal(actual.top, 0);
     assert.equal(actual.left, 0);
   });
 
-  describe('shadowDOM - axe.utils.getScroll', function () {
+  describe('shadowDOM - axe.utils.getScroll', () => {
     before(function () {
       if (!shadowSupported) {
         this.skip();
       }
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined when shadowDOM element does not overflow', function () {
+    it('returns undefined when shadowDOM element does not overflow', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
 
-      var root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      var slotted = document.createElement('div');
+      const root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const slotted = document.createElement('div');
       slotted.innerHTML =
         '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted;">Sed.</p>';
       root.appendChild(slotted);
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      var actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+      const actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
       assert.isUndefined(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns scroll offset when shadowDOM element has overflow', function () {
+    it('returns scroll offset when shadowDOM element has overflow', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
 
-      var root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      var slotted = document.createElement('div');
+      const root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const slotted = document.createElement('div');
       slotted.innerHTML =
         '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: auto;">This is a repeated long sentence, This is a repeated long sentence, This is a repeated long sentence, This is a repeated long sentence, This is a repeated long sentence.</p>';
       root.appendChild(slotted);
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      var actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+      const actual = axe.utils.getScroll(target.actualNode);
       assert.isDefined(actual);
       assert.hasAllKeys(actual, ['elm', 'top', 'left']);
       assert.equal(actual.top, 0);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-selector.js b/test/core/utils/get-selector.js
index 0a2cab5b7..da2348835 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-selector.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-selector.js
@@ -1,112 +1,105 @@
 function createContentGetSelector() {
-  'use strict';
-  var group = document.createElement('div');
+  const group = document.createElement('div');
   group.innerHTML =
     '<label id="mylabel">Label</label><input id="myinput" aria-labelledby="mylabel" type="text" />';
   return group;
 }
 
 function makeShadowTreeGetSelector(node) {
-  'use strict';
-  var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-  var div = document.createElement('div');
+  const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+  const div = document.createElement('div');
   div.className = 'parent';
   root.appendChild(div);
   div.appendChild(createContentGetSelector());
 }
 
 function makeNonunique(fixture) {
-  'use strict';
-  var nonUnique = '<div><div><div></div></div></div>';
-  fixture.innerHTML =
-    '<main>' + nonUnique + nonUnique + nonUnique + '<div><div></div></div>';
-  var node = document.createElement('div');
-  var parent = fixture.querySelector('div:nth-child(4) > div');
+  const nonUnique = '<div><div><div></div></div></div>';
+  fixture.innerHTML = `<main>${nonUnique}${nonUnique}${nonUnique}<div><div></div></div>`;
+  const node = document.createElement('div');
+  const parent = fixture.querySelector('div:nth-child(4) > div');
   parent.appendChild(node);
   return node;
 }
 
 function makeNonuniqueLongAttributes(fixture) {
-  'use strict';
-  var nonUnique = '<div><div><div></div></div></div>';
-  fixture.innerHTML =
-    '<main>' + nonUnique + nonUnique + nonUnique + '<div><div></div></div>';
-  var node = document.createElement('div');
+  const nonUnique = '<div><div><div></div></div></div>';
+  fixture.innerHTML = `<main>${nonUnique}${nonUnique}${nonUnique}<div><div></div></div>`;
+  const node = document.createElement('div');
   node.setAttribute('data-att', 'ddfkjghlkdddfkjghlkdddfkjghlkdddfkjghlkd');
-  var parent = fixture.querySelector('div:nth-child(4) > div');
+  const parent = fixture.querySelector('div:nth-child(4) > div');
   parent.appendChild(node);
   return node;
 }
 
-describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.getSelector', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getSelector);
   });
 
-  it('throws if axe._selectorData is undefined', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('throws if axe._selectorData is undefined', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       fixture.appendChild(node);
       axe.utils.getSelector(node);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should generate a unique CSS selector', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should generate a unique CSS selector', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     fixtureSetup(node);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should still work if an element has nothing but whitespace as a className', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should still work if an element has nothing but whitespace as a className', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.className = '    ';
     fixtureSetup(node);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should handle special characters in IDs', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should handle special characters in IDs', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.id = 'monkeys#are.animals\\ok';
     fixtureSetup(node);
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(axe.utils.getSelector(node));
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(axe.utils.getSelector(node));
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should handle special characters in classNames', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should handle special characters in classNames', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.className = '.  bb-required';
     fixtureSetup(node);
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(axe.utils.getSelector(node));
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(axe.utils.getSelector(node));
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should be able to fall back to positional selectors', function () {
-    var node, expected;
-    var nodes = [];
+  it('should be able to fall back to positional selectors', () => {
+    let node, expected;
+    const nodes = [];
     for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
       node = document.createElement('div');
       nodes.push(node);
@@ -115,154 +108,154 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
       }
     }
     fixtureSetup(nodes);
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(axe.utils.getSelector(expected));
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(axe.utils.getSelector(expected));
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], expected);
   });
 
-  it('should use a unique ID', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should use a unique ID', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.id = 'monkeys';
     fixtureSetup(node);
 
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
 
     assert.equal(sel, '#monkeys');
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should not use ids if they are not unique', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('div');
-    var node2 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should not use ids if they are not unique', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('div');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.id = 'monkeys';
     node2.id = 'monkeys';
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
 
     assert.notInclude(sel, '#monkeys');
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use classes if available and unique', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('div');
-    var node2 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should use classes if available and unique', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('div');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.className = 'monkeys simian';
     node2.className = 'dogs cats';
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
 
     assert.equal(sel, '.dogs');
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use classes if more unique than the tag', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('p');
-    var node2 = document.createElement('p');
+  it('should use classes if more unique than the tag', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('p');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('p');
     node1.className = 'monkeys simian cats';
     node2.className = 'dogs cats';
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
     assert.equal(sel, '.dogs');
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should NOT use classes if they are more common than the tag', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('p');
-    var node2 = document.createElement('p');
+  it('should NOT use classes if they are more common than the tag', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('p');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('p');
     node1.className = 'dogs cats';
     node2.className = 'dogs cats';
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
 
     assert.isTrue(sel.indexOf('.dogs') === -1);
     assert.isTrue(sel.indexOf('p') === 0);
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use the most unique class', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('div');
-    var node2 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should use the most unique class', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('div');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.className = 'dogs';
     node2.className = 'dogs cats';
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
     assert.equal(sel, '.cats');
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use the most unique class and not the unique attribute', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('div');
-    var node2 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should use the most unique class and not the unique attribute', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('div');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('div');
 
     node1.className = 'dogs';
     node2.className = 'dogs cats';
     node2.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
 
     assert.equal(sel, '.cats');
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use only a single unique attribute', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('div');
-    var node2 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should use only a single unique attribute', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('div');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('div');
 
     node1.setAttribute('data-thing', 'hello');
     node2.setAttribute('data-thing', 'hello');
     node2.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
 
     assert.equal(sel, 'div[data-axe="hello"]');
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use three uncommon but not unique features', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should use three uncommon but not unique features', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
     node1.setAttribute('data-thing', 'hello');
     node1.className = 'thing';
 
-    var node2 = document.createElement('div');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node2.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
     node2.setAttribute('data-thing', 'hello');
     node2.className = 'thing';
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
-    var clsIndex = sel.indexOf('.thing');
-    var attIndex = Math.min(
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    const clsIndex = sel.indexOf('.thing');
+    const attIndex = Math.min(
       sel.indexOf('[data-axe="hello"]'),
       sel.indexOf('[data-thing="hello"]')
     );
@@ -273,190 +266,190 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
 
     assert.isTrue(clsIndex < attIndex, 'classes first');
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique features', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique features', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
     node1.setAttribute('data-thing', 'hello');
     node1.setAttribute('data-thang', 'hello');
     node1.className = 'thing thang';
 
-    var node2 = document.createElement('div');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node2.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
     node2.setAttribute('data-thing', 'hello');
     node2.setAttribute('data-thang', 'hello');
     node2.className = 'thing thang';
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
-    var parts = sel.split('.');
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    let parts = sel.split('.');
     parts = parts
-      .reduce(function (val, item) {
-        var its = item.split('[');
+      .reduce((val, item) => {
+        const its = item.split('[');
         return val.concat(its);
       }, [])
-      .filter(function (item) {
+      .filter(item => {
         return item !== '';
       });
     assert.equal(parts.length, 3);
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique classes', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('div');
-    var node2 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique classes', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('div');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.className = 'thing thang thug thick';
     node2.className = 'thing thang thug thick';
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
-    var parts = sel.split('.');
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    let parts = sel.split('.');
     parts = parts
-      .reduce(function (val, item) {
-        var its = item.split('[');
+      .reduce((val, item) => {
+        const its = item.split('[');
         return val.concat(its);
       }, [])
-      .filter(function (item) {
+      .filter(item => {
         return item !== '';
       });
     assert.equal(parts.length, 3);
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique attributes', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique attributes', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
     node1.setAttribute('data-thug', 'hello');
     node1.setAttribute('data-thing', 'hello');
     node1.setAttribute('data-thang', 'hello');
 
-    var node2 = document.createElement('div');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node2.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
     node2.setAttribute('data-thing', 'hello');
     node2.setAttribute('data-thang', 'hello');
     node2.setAttribute('data-thug', 'hello');
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
-    var parts = sel.split('.');
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    let parts = sel.split('.');
     parts = parts
-      .reduce(function (val, item) {
-        var its = item.split('[');
+      .reduce((val, item) => {
+        const its = item.split('[');
         return val.concat(its);
       }, [])
-      .filter(function (item) {
+      .filter(item => {
         return item !== '';
       });
     assert.equal(parts.length, 4);
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should not use long attributes', function () {
-    var node = makeNonuniqueLongAttributes(fixture);
+  it('should not use long attributes', () => {
+    const node = makeNonuniqueLongAttributes(fixture);
     fixtureSetup();
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node, {});
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node, {});
     assert.isTrue(sel.indexOf('data-att') === -1);
   });
 
-  it('should use :root when not unique html element', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('html');
+  it('should use :root when not unique html element', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('html');
     node.setAttribute('lang', 'en');
     fixtureSetup(node);
 
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(document.documentElement, {});
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(document.documentElement, {});
     assert.equal(sel, ':root');
   });
 
-  it('should use position if classes are not unique', function () {
-    var node1 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should use position if classes are not unique', () => {
+    const node1 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.className = 'monkeys simian';
 
-    var node2 = document.createElement('div');
+    const node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node2.className = 'monkeys simian';
 
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
 
     assert.equal(sel, '.monkeys.simian:nth-child(2)');
 
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should work on the documentElement', function () {
+  it('should work on the documentElement', () => {
     fixtureSetup();
 
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(document.documentElement);
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(document.documentElement);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], document.documentElement);
   });
 
-  it('should work on the documentElement with classes', function () {
-    var orig = document.documentElement.className;
+  it('should work on the documentElement with classes', () => {
+    const orig = document.documentElement.className;
     document.documentElement.className = 'stuff and other things';
     fixtureSetup();
 
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(document.documentElement);
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(document.documentElement);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], document.documentElement);
     document.documentElement.className = orig;
   });
 
-  it('should work on the body', function () {
+  it('should work on the body', () => {
     fixtureSetup();
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(document.body);
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(document.body);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
 
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], document.body);
   });
 
-  it('should work on namespaced elements', function () {
+  it('should work on namespaced elements', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<hx:include>Hello</hx:include>');
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
 
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should work on complex namespaced elements', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">' +
-        '<m:mi>x</m:mi>' +
-        '<m:annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content">' +
-        '<m:ci>x</m:ci>' +
-        '</m:annotation-xml>' +
-        '</m:math>'
-    );
+  it('should work on complex namespaced elements', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
+        <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+        <m:annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content">
+          <m:ci>x</m:ci>
+        </m:annotation-xml>
+      </m:math>
+    `);
 
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('m\\:ci');
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('m\\:ci');
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should not use ignored attributes', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
-    var ignoredAttributes = [
+  it('should not use ignored attributes', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
+    const ignoredAttributes = [
       'style',
       'selected',
       'checked',
@@ -474,7 +467,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
       'aria-valuenow',
       'xmlns'
     ];
-    ignoredAttributes.forEach(function (att) {
+    ignoredAttributes.forEach(att => {
       node.setAttribute(att, 'true');
     });
     fixtureSetup(node);
@@ -482,16 +475,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.getSelector(node).indexOf('[') === -1);
   });
 
-  it('should use href and src attributes, shortened', function () {
-    var link1 = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should use href and src attributes, shortened', () => {
+    const link1 = document.createElement('a');
     link1.setAttribute('href', '//deque.com/thang/');
 
-    var link2 = document.createElement('a');
+    const link2 = document.createElement('a');
     link2.setAttribute('href', '//deque.com/about/');
 
-    var img1 = document.createElement('img');
+    const img1 = document.createElement('img');
     img1.setAttribute('src', '//deque.com/thang.png');
-    var img2 = document.createElement('img');
+    const img2 = document.createElement('img');
     img2.setAttribute('src', '//deque.com/logo.png');
 
     fixtureSetup([link1, link2, img1, img2]);
@@ -499,11 +492,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.utils.getSelector(img2), 'img[src$="logo.png"]');
   });
 
-  it('should escape href attributes', function () {
-    var link1 = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should escape href attributes', () => {
+    const link1 = document.createElement('a');
     link1.setAttribute('href', '//deque.com/about/');
 
-    var link2 = document.createElement('a');
+    const link2 = document.createElement('a');
     link2.setAttribute('href', '//deque.com/child/ \n\n\n');
 
     fixtureSetup([link1, link2]);
@@ -513,60 +506,60 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not URL encode or token escape href attribute', function () {
-    var link1 = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should not URL encode or token escape href attribute', () => {
+    const link1 = document.createElement('a');
     link1.setAttribute('href', '3 Seater');
 
-    var link2 = document.createElement('a');
+    const link2 = document.createElement('a');
     link2.setAttribute('href', '1 Seater');
 
-    var expected = 'a[href$="1 Seater"]';
+    const expected = 'a[href$="1 Seater"]';
     fixtureSetup([link1, link2]);
     assert.equal(axe.utils.getSelector(link2), expected);
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.matchesSelector(link2, expected));
   });
 
-  it('should escape certain special characters in attribute', function () {
-    var div1 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should escape certain special characters in attribute', () => {
+    const div1 = document.createElement('div');
     div1.setAttribute('data-thing', 'foobar');
 
-    var div2 = document.createElement('div');
+    const div2 = document.createElement('div');
     div2.setAttribute('data-thing', '!@#$%^&*()_+[]\\;\',./{}|:"<>?');
 
-    var expected = 'div[data-thing="!@#$%^&*()_+[]\\\\;\',./{}|:\\"<>?"]';
+    const expected = 'div[data-thing="!@#$%^&*()_+[]\\\\;\',./{}|:\\"<>?"]';
     fixtureSetup([div1, div2]);
     assert.equal(axe.utils.getSelector(div2), expected);
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.matchesSelector(div2, expected));
   });
 
-  it('should escape newline characters in attribute', function () {
-    var div1 = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should escape newline characters in attribute', () => {
+    const div1 = document.createElement('div');
     div1.setAttribute('data-thing', 'foobar');
 
-    var div2 = document.createElement('div');
+    const div2 = document.createElement('div');
     div2.setAttribute('data-thing', '  \n\n\n');
 
-    var expected = 'div[data-thing="  \\a \\a \\a "]';
+    const expected = 'div[data-thing="  \\a \\a \\a "]';
     fixtureSetup([div1, div2]);
     assert.equal(axe.utils.getSelector(div2), expected);
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.matchesSelector(div2, expected));
   });
 
-  it('should not generate universal selectors', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should not generate universal selectors', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitem');
     fixtureSetup(node);
 
     assert.equal(axe.utils.getSelector(node), 'div[role="menuitem"]');
   });
 
-  it('should work correctly when a URL attribute cannot be shortened', function () {
-    var href1 = 'mars2.html?a=be_bold';
-    var node1 = document.createElement('a');
+  it('should work correctly when a URL attribute cannot be shortened', () => {
+    const href1 = 'mars2.html?a=be_bold';
+    const node1 = document.createElement('a');
     node1.setAttribute('href', href1);
 
-    var href2 = 'mars2.html?a=be_italic';
-    var node2 = document.createElement('a');
+    const href2 = 'mars2.html?a=be_italic';
+    const node2 = document.createElement('a');
     node2.setAttribute('href', href2);
     fixtureSetup([node1, node2]);
 
@@ -576,67 +569,61 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
 
   // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
   // to specifically test this
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'no options: should work with shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var shadEl;
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTreeGetSelector(fixture.firstChild);
-      fixtureSetup();
-
-      shadEl = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('input#myinput');
-      assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.getSelector(shadEl), [
-        '#fixture > div',
-        '#myinput'
-      ]);
-    }
-  );
+  it('no options: should work with shadow DOM', () => {
+    let shadEl;
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTreeGetSelector(fixture.firstChild);
+    fixtureSetup();
+
+    shadEl = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('input#myinput');
+    assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.getSelector(shadEl), [
+      '#fixture > div',
+      '#myinput'
+    ]);
+  });
 
   // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
   // to specifically test this
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'toRoot: should work with shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var shadEl;
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTreeGetSelector(fixture.firstChild);
-      axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document);
-      axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(axe._tree);
-
-      shadEl = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('input#myinput');
-      assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.getSelector(shadEl, { toRoot: true }), [
-        'html > body > #fixture > div',
-        '.parent > div > #myinput'
-      ]);
-    }
-  );
-
-  it('should correctly calculate unique selector when no discernable features', function () {
-    var node = makeNonunique(fixture);
+  it('toRoot: should work with shadow DOM', () => {
+    let shadEl;
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTreeGetSelector(fixture.firstChild);
+    axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document);
+    axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(axe._tree);
+
+    shadEl = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('input#myinput');
+    assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.getSelector(shadEl, { toRoot: true }), [
+      'html > body > #fixture > div',
+      '.parent > div > #myinput'
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('should correctly calculate unique selector when no discernable features', () => {
+    const node = makeNonunique(fixture);
     fixtureSetup();
 
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node, {});
-    var mine = document.querySelector(sel);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node, {});
+    const mine = document.querySelector(sel);
     assert.isTrue(mine === node);
   });
 
-  it('should not traverse further up than required when no discernable features', function () {
-    var node = makeNonunique(fixture);
+  it('should not traverse further up than required when no discernable features', () => {
+    const node = makeNonunique(fixture);
     fixtureSetup();
 
-    var top = fixture.querySelector('div:nth-child(4)');
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node, {});
+    const top = fixture.querySelector('div:nth-child(4)');
+    let sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node, {});
     sel = sel.substring(0, sel.indexOf(' >'));
-    var test = document.querySelector(sel);
+    const test = document.querySelector(sel);
     assert.isTrue(test === top);
   });
 
-  it('should not error if fragment is no longer in the DOM', function () {
-    var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should not error if fragment is no longer in the DOM', () => {
+    const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     fragment.appendChild(node);
     fixtureSetup();
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
       axe.utils.getSelector(node);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-standards.js b/test/core/utils/get-standards.js
index 3a93db63c..5c060cea9 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-standards.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-standards.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getStandards', function () {
-  it('returns the standards object', function () {
-    var standards = axe.utils.getStandards();
+describe('axe.utils.getStandards', () => {
+  it('returns the standards object', () => {
+    const standards = axe.utils.getStandards();
     assert.hasAnyKeys(standards, [
       'ariaAttrs',
       'ariaRoles',
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-stylesheet-factory.js b/test/core/utils/get-stylesheet-factory.js
index 69ae9ee14..28d91e6b3 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-stylesheet-factory.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-stylesheet-factory.js
@@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var dynamicDoc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(
+describe('axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory', () => {
+  const dynamicDoc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(
     'Dynamic document for testing axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory'
   );
 
-  it('throws if there is no argument of dynamicDocument', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('throws if there is no argument of dynamicDocument', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns a function when passed argument of dynamicDocument', function () {
-    var actual = axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory(dynamicDoc);
+  it('returns a function when passed argument of dynamicDocument', () => {
+    const actual = axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory(dynamicDoc);
     assert.isFunction(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns a CSSOM stylesheet, when invoked with data (text)', function () {
-    var stylesheetFactory = axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory(dynamicDoc);
-    var actual = stylesheetFactory({
+  it('returns a CSSOM stylesheet, when invoked with data (text)', () => {
+    const stylesheetFactory = axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory(dynamicDoc);
+    const actual = stylesheetFactory({
       data: '.someStyle{background-color:red;}',
       root: document,
       priority: [1, 0]
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-xpath.js b/test/core/utils/get-xpath.js
index 78f4ec174..2f6d0e11c 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-xpath.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-xpath.js
@@ -1,46 +1,76 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getXpath', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-  });
-
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+describe('axe.utils.getXpath', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+
+  // @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/14284815/2124254
+  function getElementByXPath(path) {
+    return document.evaluate(
+      path,
+      document,
+      () => 'http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML',
+      XPathResult.FIRST_ORDERED_NODE_TYPE,
+      null
+    ).singleNodeValue;
+  }
+
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getXpath);
   });
 
-  it('should generate an XPath selector', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should generate an XPath selector', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
 
-    var sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
 
-    assert.equal(sel, "/div[@id='fixture']/div");
+    assert.equal(sel, "//div[@id='fixture']/div");
+    assert.equal(node, getElementByXPath(sel));
   });
 
-  it('should handle special characters', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should handle special characters', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.id = 'monkeys#are.animals\\ok';
     fixture.appendChild(node);
-    assert.equal(
-      axe.utils.getXpath(node),
-      "/div[@id='monkeys#are.animals\\ok']"
-    );
+
+    const sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
+
+    assert.equal(sel, "//div[@id='monkeys#are.animals\\ok']");
+
+    assert.equal(node, getElementByXPath(sel));
   });
 
-  it('should stop on unique ID', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should stop on unique ID', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('div');
     node.id = 'monkeys';
     fixture.appendChild(node);
 
-    var sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
-    assert.equal(sel, "/div[@id='monkeys']");
+    const sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
+    assert.equal(sel, "//div[@id='monkeys']");
+    assert.equal(node, getElementByXPath(sel));
+  });
+
+  it('should use the nearest unique ID', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="dogs">
+        <div>
+          <div>
+            <div id="monkeys">
+              <div></div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#monkeys > div');
+
+    const sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
+    assert.equal(sel, "//div[@id='monkeys']/div");
+    assert.equal(node, getElementByXPath(sel));
   });
 
-  it('should not use ids if they are not unique', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should not use ids if they are not unique', () => {
+    let node = document.createElement('div');
     node.id = 'monkeys';
     fixture.appendChild(node);
 
@@ -48,13 +78,14 @@ describe('axe.utils.getXpath', function () {
     node.id = 'monkeys';
     fixture.appendChild(node);
 
-    var sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
 
-    assert.equal(sel, "/div[@id='fixture']/div[2]");
+    assert.equal(sel, "//div[@id='fixture']/div[2]");
+    assert.equal(node, getElementByXPath(sel));
   });
 
-  it('should properly calculate number when siblings are of different type', function () {
-    var node, target;
+  it('should properly calculate number when siblings are of different type', () => {
+    let node, target;
     node = document.createElement('span');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
 
@@ -74,26 +105,30 @@ describe('axe.utils.getXpath', function () {
     node = document.createElement('span');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
 
-    var sel = axe.utils.getXpath(target);
+    const sel = axe.utils.getXpath(target);
 
-    assert.equal(sel, "/div[@id='fixture']/div[2]");
+    assert.equal(sel, "//div[@id='fixture']/div[2]");
+    assert.equal(target, getElementByXPath(sel));
   });
 
-  it('should work on the documentElement', function () {
-    var sel = axe.utils.getXpath(document.documentElement);
+  it('should work on the documentElement', () => {
+    const sel = axe.utils.getXpath(document.documentElement);
     assert.equal(sel, '/html');
+    assert.equal(document.documentElement, getElementByXPath(sel));
   });
 
-  it('should work on the body', function () {
-    var sel = axe.utils.getXpath(document.body);
+  it('should work on the body', () => {
+    const sel = axe.utils.getXpath(document.body);
     assert.equal(sel, '/html/body');
+    assert.equal(document.body, getElementByXPath(sel));
   });
 
-  it('should work on namespaced elements', function () {
+  it('should work on namespaced elements', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<hx:include>Hello</hx:include>';
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
-    var sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
 
-    assert.equal(sel, "/div[@id='fixture']/hx:include");
+    assert.equal(sel, "//div[@id='fixture']/hx:include");
+    // couldn't figure out how to use document.evaluate to select an element with namespace
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-array-like.js b/test/core/utils/is-array-like.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c999f37d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-array-like.js
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+describe('axe.utils.isArrayLike', () => {
+  const isArrayLike = axe.utils.isArrayLike;
+
+  it('is true for an array', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(isArrayLike([]));
+  });
+
+  it('is true for an array-like object', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(isArrayLike({ length: 1 }));
+  });
+
+  it('is false for strings (which also have .length)', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(isArrayLike('string'));
+  });
+
+  it('is false for a Node with .length', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.length = 123;
+    assert.isFalse(isArrayLike(div));
+  });
+
+  it('is false for non-array-like objects', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(isArrayLike({}));
+    assert.isFalse(isArrayLike(null));
+    assert.isFalse(isArrayLike(undefined));
+    assert.isFalse(isArrayLike(1));
+    assert.isFalse(isArrayLike(true));
+    assert.isFalse(isArrayLike(false));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-context.js b/test/core/utils/is-context.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd005c62b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-context.js
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+describe('axe.utils isContext* methods', () => {
+  const { isContextProp, isContextObject, isContextSpec } = axe.utils;
+
+  const methods = [
+    { name: 'isLabelledShadowDomSelector', prop: 'fromShadowDom' },
+    { name: 'isLabelledFramesSelector', prop: 'fromFrames' }
+  ];
+
+  methods.forEach(({ name, prop }) => {
+    describe(name, () => {
+      const method = axe.utils[name];
+      it(`is true for an object with '${prop}'`, () => {
+        assert.isTrue(method({ [prop]: true }));
+      });
+
+      it('is false for an object without `fromShadowDom`', () => {
+        assert.isFalse(method({}));
+      });
+
+      it('is false for non-objects', () => {
+        assert.isFalse(method('string'));
+        assert.isFalse(method(1));
+        assert.isFalse(method([]));
+        assert.isFalse(method(null));
+      });
+
+      it('is false if the property comes from the prototype', () => {
+        assert.isFalse(method(Object.create({ [prop]: true })));
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isContextProp', () => {
+    it('is true for a string', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextProp('string'));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for a Node', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextProp(document.createElement('div')));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for an array', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextProp([]));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for an object with .length', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextProp({ length: 1 }));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for an object with `fromFrames`', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextProp({ fromFrames: true }));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for an object with `fromShadowDom`', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextProp({ fromShadowDom: true }));
+    });
+
+    it('is false for other objects', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isContextProp({}));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextProp({ exclude: [] }));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextProp({ include: true }));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextProp({ runOnly: 'rules' }));
+    });
+
+    it('is false for other types', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isContextProp(1));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextProp(null));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextProp(undefined));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isContextObject', () => {
+    it('is false if not an object `include` or `exclude`', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject(true));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject(null));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject(1));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject({ foo: 'bar' }));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for an object with `include` with a context prop', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ include: 'string' }));
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isContextObject({ include: document.createElement('div') })
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ include: [] }));
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ include: { length: 1 } }));
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ include: { fromFrames: true } }));
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ include: { fromShadowDom: true } }));
+    });
+
+    it('is false for an object with `include` that is not a context prop', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject({ include: false }));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject({ include: null }));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject({ include: 123 }));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject({ include: { something: 'else' } }));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for an object with `exclude` with a context prop', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ exclude: 'string' }));
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isContextObject({ exclude: document.createElement('div') })
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ exclude: [] }));
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ exclude: { length: 1 } }));
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ exclude: { fromFrames: true } }));
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ exclude: { fromShadowDom: true } }));
+    });
+
+    it('is false for an object with `exclude` that is not a context prop', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject({ exclud: false }));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject({ exclud: null }));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject({ exclud: 123 }));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject({ exclude: { something: 'else' } }));
+    });
+
+    it('is false if `include` is on the prototype', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject(Object.create({ include: 'string' })));
+    });
+
+    it('is false if `exclude` is on the prototype', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isContextObject(Object.create({ exclude: 'string' })));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for an object with both `include` and `exclude`', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ include: 'string', exclude: 'string' }));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for an object with a valid `include` and invalid `exclude`', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ include: [], exclude: 1 }));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for an object with a valid `exclude` and invalid `include`', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextObject({ exclude: [], include: 1 }));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isContextSpec', () => {
+    it('is true for a context object', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextSpec({ include: 'string' }));
+      assert.isTrue(isContextSpec({ exclude: ['string'] }));
+    });
+
+    it('is true for a context prop', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isContextSpec('string'));
+    });
+
+    it('is false for other types', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isContextSpec(true));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextSpec(null));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextSpec(1));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextSpec({}));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextSpec({ include: null }));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextSpec({ runOnly: 'foo' }));
+      assert.isFalse(isContextSpec(Object.create({ include: 'foo' })));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-hidden.js b/test/core/utils/is-hidden.js
index 8be07f0da..8c37ba285 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/is-hidden.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-hidden.js
@@ -1,127 +1,116 @@
 function createContentHidden() {
-  'use strict';
-  var group = document.createElement('div');
+  const group = document.createElement('div');
   group.innerHTML =
     '<label id="mylabel">Label</label><input aria-labelledby="mylabel" type="text" />';
   return group;
 }
 
 function makeShadowTreeHidden(node) {
-  'use strict';
-  var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-  var div = document.createElement('div');
+  const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+  const div = document.createElement('div');
   div.className = 'parent';
   root.appendChild(div);
   div.appendChild(createContentHidden());
 }
 
-describe('axe.utils.isHidden', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.isHidden', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.isHidden);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
-    var el = document.createElement('div');
+  it('should return false on detached elements', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
     el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(el));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on a document', function () {
+  it('should return false on a document', () => {
     assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isHidden(document));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `aria-hidden` is set', function () {
+  it('should return true if `aria-hidden` is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hidden from screen readers</div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(el));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `display: none` is set', function () {
+  it('should return true if `display: none` is set', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="display: none">Hidden from screen readers</div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(el));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function () {
+  it('should return true if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><div id="target">Hidden from screen readers</div></div>';
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(el));
   });
 
-  it('should know how `visibility` works', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('should know how `visibility` works', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="visibility: hidden;">
+        <div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>
+      </div>
+    `;
 
-    var el = document.getElementById('target');
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isHidden(el));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'not hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var tree, node;
-      // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
-      // to specifically test this
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTreeHidden(fixture.firstChild);
-      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
-      assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isHidden(node.actualNode));
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM',
-    function () {
-      var tree, node;
-      // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
-      // to specifically test this
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div style="display:none"></div>';
-      makeShadowTreeHidden(fixture.firstChild);
-      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
-      assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(node.actualNode));
+  it('not hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM', () => {
+    let tree, node;
+    // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
+    // to specifically test this
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+    makeShadowTreeHidden(fixture.firstChild);
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isHidden(node.actualNode));
+  });
+
+  it('hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM', () => {
+    let tree, node;
+    // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
+    // to specifically test this
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div style="display:none"></div>';
+    makeShadowTreeHidden(fixture.firstChild);
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(node.actualNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should work with hidden slotted elements', () => {
+    function createContentSlotted() {
+      const group = document.createElement('div');
+      group.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+      return group;
     }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should work with hidden slotted elements',
-    function () {
-      function createContentSlotted() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
-        group.innerHTML =
-          '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-        return group;
-      }
-      function makeShadowTree(node) {
-        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        root.appendChild(div);
-        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-      }
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><p><a>hello</a></p></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
-      assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(el.actualNode));
+    function makeShadowTree(node) {
+      const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
+      root.appendChild(div);
+      div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
     }
-  );
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div><p><a>hello</a></p></div>';
+    makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+    const el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(el.actualNode));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-html-element.js b/test/core/utils/is-html-element.js
index caa9c7518..a16aab24e 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/is-html-element.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-html-element.js
@@ -1,52 +1,52 @@
 /* global axe */
-describe('axe.utils.isHtmlElement', function () {
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var isHtmlElement = axe.utils.isHtmlElement;
+describe('axe.utils.isHtmlElement', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const isHtmlElement = axe.utils.isHtmlElement;
 
-  it('returns true if given ul', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('ul');
+  it('returns true if given ul', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('ul');
     assert.isTrue(isHtmlElement(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if given nav', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('nav');
+  it('returns true if given nav', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('nav');
     assert.isTrue(isHtmlElement(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if given iframe', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('iframe');
+  it('returns true if given iframe', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('iframe');
     assert.isTrue(isHtmlElement(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if given custom element', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('myElement');
+  it('returns false if given custom element', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('myElement');
     assert.isFalse(isHtmlElement(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if given svg namespace', function () {
-    var node = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'a');
+  it('returns false if given svg namespace', () => {
+    const node = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'a');
     assert.isFalse(isHtmlElement(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if node has inherited svg namespace', function () {
-    var svgNameSpace = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';
-    var node = document.createElementNS(svgNameSpace, 'svg');
-    var child = document.createElementNS(svgNameSpace, 'a');
+  it('returns false if node has inherited svg namespace', () => {
+    const svgNameSpace = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';
+    const node = document.createElementNS(svgNameSpace, 'svg');
+    const child = document.createElementNS(svgNameSpace, 'a');
     child.setAttribute('href', '');
     child.textContent = 'Child Node';
     node.appendChild(child);
 
-    var childNode = node.querySelector('a');
+    const childNode = node.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(isHtmlElement(childNode));
   });
 
-  it('works with VirtualNodes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<ul id="target"></ul>');
+  it('works with VirtualNodes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<ul id="target"></ul>');
     assert.isTrue(isHtmlElement(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
-    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'ul' });
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'ul' });
     assert.isTrue(isHtmlElement(vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js b/test/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js
index 0d99f7d94..9a0ad5fc2 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 describe('axe.utils.isNodeInContext', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
   const { Context } = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base;
   const { isNodeInContext } = axe.utils;
 
   it('is true when the node is included', () => {
     const node = queryFixture(
-      `<article> <section> <img id="target"> </section> </article>`
+      html`<article>
+        <section><img id="target" /></section>
+      </article>`
     );
     const context = new Context({ include: [['article']] }, axe._tree);
     assert.isTrue(isNodeInContext(node, context));
@@ -13,7 +16,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.isNodeInContext', () => {
 
   it('is false when the node is not included', () => {
     const node = queryFixture(
-      `<article id="target"> <section> <img> </section> </article>`
+      html`<article id="target">
+        <section><img /></section>
+      </article>`
     );
     const context = new Context({ include: [['section']] }, axe._tree);
     assert.isFalse(isNodeInContext(node, context));
@@ -22,7 +27,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.isNodeInContext', () => {
   describe('when the node is excluded', () => {
     it('is false when exclude is closer to the node than include', () => {
       const node = queryFixture(
-        `<main> <article> <section> <img id="target"> </section> </article> </main>`
+        html`<main>
+          <article>
+            <section><img id="target" /></section>
+          </article>
+        </main>`
       );
       const context = new Context(
         {
@@ -36,7 +45,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.isNodeInContext', () => {
 
     it('is true when include is closer to the node than exclude', () => {
       const node = queryFixture(
-        `<main> <article> <section> <img id="target"> </section> </article> </main>`
+        html`<main>
+          <article>
+            <section><img id="target" /></section>
+          </article>
+        </main>`
       );
       const context = new Context(
         {
@@ -51,7 +64,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.isNodeInContext', () => {
 
   describe('when nodeIndex is undefined', () => {
     it('is true when the node is included', () => {
-      const node = queryFixture(`<article> <img id="target">  </article>`);
+      const node = queryFixture(html`<article><img id="target" /></article>`);
       delete node.nodeIndex;
       delete node.parent.nodeIndex;
       const context = new Context({ include: [['article']] }, axe._tree);
@@ -60,7 +73,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.isNodeInContext', () => {
 
     it('is false when the node is not included', () => {
       const node = queryFixture(
-        `<article id="target"> <section> <img> </section> </article>`
+        html`<article id="target">
+          <section><img /></section>
+        </article>`
       );
 
       delete node.nodeIndex;
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js b/test/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js
index fbfc858e7..98cadd2c0 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js
@@ -1,81 +1,104 @@
 var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
-describe('axe.utils.isShadowRoot', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.isShadowRoot', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
   function createStyle(box) {
-    var style = document.createElement('style');
-    style.textContent =
-      'div.breaking { color: Red;font-size: 20px; border: 1px dashed Purple; }' +
-      (box ? 'slot { display: block; }' : '') +
-      'div.other { padding: 2px 0 0 0; border: 1px solid Cyan; }';
+    const style = document.createElement('style');
+    style.textContent = `div.breaking { color: Red;font-size: 20px; border: 1px dashed Purple; }${box ? 'slot { display: block; }' : ''}div.other { padding: 2px 0 0 0; border: 1px solid Cyan; }`;
     return style;
   }
 
-  var isShadowRoot = axe.utils.isShadowRoot;
+  const isShadowRoot = axe.utils.isShadowRoot;
 
-  it('returns false if the node has no shadowRoot', function () {
+  it('returns false if the node has no shadowRoot', () => {
     assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'DIV', shadowRoot: undefined }));
   });
-  it('returns true if the native element allows shadow DOM', function () {
+  it('returns true if the native element allows shadow DOM', () => {
     assert.isTrue(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'DIV', shadowRoot: {} }));
     assert.isTrue(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'H1', shadowRoot: {} }));
     assert.isTrue(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'ASIDE', shadowRoot: {} }));
   });
-  it('returns true if a custom element with shadowRoot', function () {
+  it('returns true if a custom element with shadowRoot', () => {
     assert.isTrue(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'X-BUTTON', shadowRoot: {} }));
     assert.isTrue(
       isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'T1000-SCHWARZENEGGER', shadowRoot: {} })
     );
   });
-  it('returns true if an invalid custom element with shadowRoot', function () {
+  it('returns true if an invalid custom element with shadowRoot', () => {
     assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: '0-BUZZ', shadowRoot: {} }));
     assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: '--ELM--', shadowRoot: {} }));
   });
-  it('returns false if the native element does not allow shadow DOM', function () {
+  it('returns false for reserved custom element names', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(
+      isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'ANNOTATION-XML', shadowRoot: {} })
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'COLOR-PROFILE', shadowRoot: {} }));
+    assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'FONT-FACE', shadowRoot: {} }));
+    assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'MISSING-GLYPH', shadowRoot: {} }));
+  });
+  it('returns true for Unicode custom element names', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'CAFÉ-MENU', shadowRoot: {} }));
+    assert.isTrue(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'MATH-Π', shadowRoot: {} }));
+  });
+  it('returns false if the native element does not allow shadow DOM', () => {
     assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'IFRAME', shadowRoot: {} }));
     assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'STRONG', shadowRoot: {} }));
   });
 
   if (shadowSupport.v1) {
-    describe('shadow DOM v1', function () {
-      afterEach(function () {
+    describe('shadow DOM v1', () => {
+      afterEach(() => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '';
       });
-      beforeEach(function () {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         function createStoryGroup(className, slotName) {
-          var group = document.createElement('div');
+          const group = document.createElement('div');
           group.className = className;
           // Empty string in slot name attribute or absence thereof work the same, so no need for special handling.
-          group.innerHTML =
-            '<ul><slot name="' +
-            slotName +
-            '">fallback content<li>one</li></slot></ul>';
+          group.innerHTML = html`<ul>
+            <slot name="${slotName}"
+              >fallback content
+              <li>one</li></slot
+            >
+          </ul>`;
           return group;
         }
 
         function makeShadowTree(storyList) {
-          var root = storyList.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+          const root = storyList.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
           root.appendChild(createStyle());
           root.appendChild(createStoryGroup('breaking', 'breaking'));
           root.appendChild(createStoryGroup('other', ''));
         }
-        var str =
-          '<div class="stories"><li>1</li>' +
-          '<li>2</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>' +
-          '<li>4</li><li>5</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li></div>';
-        str +=
-          '<div class="stories"><li>1</li>' +
-          '<li>2</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>' +
-          '<li>4</li><li>5</li><li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li></div>';
+        let str = html`
+          <div class="stories">
+            <li>1</li>
+            <li>2</li>
+            <li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>
+            <li>4</li>
+            <li>5</li>
+            <li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li>
+          </div>
+        `;
+        str += html`
+          <div class="stories">
+            <li>1</li>
+            <li>2</li>
+            <li class="breaking" slot="breaking">3</li>
+            <li>4</li>
+            <li>5</li>
+            <li class="breaking" slot="breaking">6</li>
+          </div>
+        `;
         str += '<div class="stories"></div>';
         fixture.innerHTML = str;
 
         fixture.querySelectorAll('.stories').forEach(makeShadowTree);
       });
-      it('should support shadow DOM v1', function () {
-        assert.isDefined(fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot);
+      it('should support shadow DOM v1', () => {
+        assert.isDefined(fixture.firstElementChild.shadowRoot);
       });
     });
   }
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-valid-custom-element-name.js b/test/core/utils/is-valid-custom-element-name.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f2f30c4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-valid-custom-element-name.js
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+describe('utils.isValidCustomElementName', () => {
+  const isValidCustomElementName = axe.utils.isValidCustomElementName;
+  const reservedNames = [
+    'annotation-xml',
+    'color-profile',
+    'font-face',
+    'font-face-src',
+    'font-face-uri',
+    'font-face-format',
+    'font-face-name',
+    'missing-glyph'
+  ];
+
+  it('returns true for potential custom element', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(isValidCustomElementName('custom-button'));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for custom element with emoji', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(isValidCustomElementName('emotion-😍'));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for custom element with international symbol', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(isValidCustomElementName('café-menu'));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for custom element with symbol', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(isValidCustomElementName('math-π'));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for element without a hyphen', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(isValidCustomElementName('mathπ'));
+  });
+
+  it('return false for element with invalid name', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(isValidCustomElementName('m 1-c'));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for element with non-lower case alpha as first char', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(isValidCustomElementName('1m-c'));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for element with upper case letter', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(isValidCustomElementName('custom-Button'));
+  });
+
+  for (const name of reservedNames) {
+    it(`returns false for ${name}`, () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidCustomElementName(name));
+    });
+  }
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-xhtml.js b/test/core/utils/is-xhtml.js
index 97ca125a8..c3eae5f27 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/is-xhtml.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-xhtml.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-describe('axe.utils.isXHTML', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+describe('axe.utils.isXHTML', () => {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.isXHTML);
   });
 
-  it('should return true on any document that is XHTML', function () {
-    var doc = document.implementation.createDocument(
+  it('should return true on any document that is XHTML', () => {
+    const doc = document.implementation.createDocument(
       'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml',
       'html',
       null
@@ -14,12 +12,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.isXHTML', function () {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isXHTML(doc));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on any document that is HTML', function () {
-    var doc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument('Monkeys');
+  it('should return false on any document that is HTML', () => {
+    const doc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument('Monkeys');
     assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isXHTML(doc));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on any document that is HTML - fixture', function () {
+  it('should return false on any document that is HTML - fixture', () => {
     assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isXHTML(document));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/matchAncestry.js b/test/core/utils/matchAncestry.js
index 6cca99ee0..b52c6ef77 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/matchAncestry.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/matchAncestry.js
@@ -1,57 +1,56 @@
-describe('axe.utils.matchAncestry', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+describe('axe.utils.matchAncestry', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.matchAncestry);
   });
 
-  it('should match when ancestry is the same and one level', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
+  it('should match when ancestry is the same and one level', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['html > body > div:nth-child(1)'],
       ['html > body > div:nth-child(1)']
     );
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should not match when ancestry is different and one level', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
+  it('should not match when ancestry is different and one level', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['html > body > div:nth-child(3)'],
       ['html > body > div:nth-child(1)']
     );
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should not match when ancestries have different numbers of elements', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
+  it('should not match when ancestries have different numbers of elements', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['iframe', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'],
       ['html > body > div:nth-child(1)']
     );
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should not match when first level is different and second level is the same', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
+  it('should not match when first level is different and second level is the same', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['iframe', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'],
       ['otherIframe', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)']
     );
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should not match when second level is different and first level is the same', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
+  it('should not match when second level is different and first level is the same', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['iframe', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'],
       ['iframe', 'html > body > div:nth-child(2)']
     );
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should match when all levels are the same', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
+  it('should match when all levels are the same', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['iframe', 'iframe2', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'],
       ['iframe', 'iframe2', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)']
     );
diff --git a/test/core/utils/matches.js b/test/core/utils/matches.js
index 695124358..ba915602d 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/matches.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/matches.js
@@ -1,253 +1,257 @@
-describe('utils.matches', function () {
-  var matches = axe.utils.matches;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var convertSelector = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.utils.convertSelector;
+describe('utils.matches', () => {
+  const matches = axe.utils.matches;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const convertSelector = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.utils.convertSelector;
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  describe('tag', function () {
-    it('returns true if tag matches', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+  describe('tag', () => {
+    it('returns true if tag matches', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the tag does not match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+    it('returns false if the tag does not match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'div'));
     });
 
-    it('is case sensitive for XHTML', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
+    it('is case sensitive for XHTML', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
       delete virtualNode._cache.props;
       virtualNode._isXHTML = true;
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'h1'));
     });
 
-    it('is case insensitive for HTML, but not for XHTML', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
+    it('is case insensitive for HTML, but not for XHTML', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
       delete virtualNode._cache.props;
       virtualNode._isXHTML = true;
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'h1'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('classes', function () {
-    it('returns true if all classes match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  describe('classes', () => {
+    it('returns true if all classes match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar baz"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '.foo.bar.baz'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if some classes do not match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false if some classes do not match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar baz"></span>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '.foo.bar.bazz'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if any classes are missing', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false if any classes are missing', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '.foo.bar.baz'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('attributes', function () {
-    it('returns true if attribute exists', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  describe('attributes', () => {
+    it('returns true if attribute exists', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute matches', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if attribute matches', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo=baz]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if all attributes match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if all attributes match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo="baz"][bar="foo"][baz="bar"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if some attributes do not match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false if some attributes do not match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '[foo="baz"][bar="foo"][baz="baz"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if any attributes are missing', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false if any attributes are missing', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="baz" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '[foo="baz"][bar="foo"][baz="bar"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute starts with value', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if attribute starts with value', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="bazaphone" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo^="baz"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute ends with value', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if attribute ends with value', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="bazaphone" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo$="hone"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute contains value', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if attribute contains value', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="bazaphone" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo*="baz"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute has value', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if attribute has value', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="bar baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo~="baz"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute matches having an empty value', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if attribute matches having an empty value', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo=""]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute matches not having value', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if attribute matches not having value', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo=""]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if attribute should not have value', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false if attribute should not have value', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="bar baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '[foo=""]'));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if attribute exists without value', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('should return true if attribute exists without value', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo]'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('id', function () {
-    it('returns true if id matches', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+  describe('id', () => {
+    it('returns true if id matches', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '#target'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the id does not match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+    it('returns false if the id does not match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '#notTarget'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('pseudos', function () {
-    it('throws error if pseudo is not implemented', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
-      assert.throws(function () {
+  describe('pseudos', () => {
+    it('throws error if pseudo is not implemented', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      assert.throws(() => {
         matches(virtualNode, 'h1:empty');
       });
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         matches(virtualNode, 'h1::before');
       });
     });
 
-    describe(':not', function () {
-      it('returns true if :not matches using tag', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+    describe(':not', () => {
+      it('returns true if :not matches using tag', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not(span)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :not matches using class', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns true if :not matches using class', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not(.foo)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :not matches using attribute', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns true if :not matches using attribute', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not([class])'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :not matches using id', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns true if :not matches using id', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not(#foo)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :not matches none of the selectors', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns true if :not matches none of the selectors', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not([role=heading], span)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false if :not matches element', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns false if :not matches element', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not([id])'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false if :not matches one of the selectors', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns false if :not matches one of the selectors', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not([role=heading], [id])'));
       });
     });
 
-    describe(':is', function () {
-      it('returns true if :is matches using tag', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+    describe(':is', () => {
+      it('returns true if :is matches using tag', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, ':is(h1)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :is matches using class', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target" class="foo">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns true if :is matches using class', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+          '<h1 id="target" class="foo">foo</h1>'
+        );
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is(.foo)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :is matches using attribute', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target" class="foo">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns true if :is matches using attribute', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture(
+          '<h1 id="target" class="foo">foo</h1>'
+        );
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is([class])'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :is matches using id', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns true if :is matches using id', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is(#target)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :is matches one of the selectors', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns true if :is matches one of the selectors', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, ':is([role=heading], h1)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :is matches complex selector', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
+      it('returns true if :is matches complex selector', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is(div > #target)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false if :is does not match element', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns false if :is does not match element', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is([class])'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false if :is matches none of the selectors', function () {
-        var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      it('returns false if :is matches none of the selectors', () => {
+        const virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isFalse(
           matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is([class], span, #foo, .bar)')
         );
@@ -255,116 +259,116 @@ describe('utils.matches', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('complex', function () {
-    it('returns true for complex selector', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+  describe('complex', () => {
+    it('returns true for complex selector', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar baz"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'span.foo[id="target"]:not(div)'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if any part of the selector does not match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false if any part of the selector does not match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar baz"></span>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'span.foo[id="target"]:not(span)'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if a comma-separated list of selectors match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if a comma-separated list of selectors match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar baz"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'div, p, span'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('combinator', function () {
-    it('returns true if parent selector matches', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
+  describe('combinator', () => {
+    it('returns true if parent selector matches', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'div > h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if nested parent selector matches', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if nested parent selector matches', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<main><div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div><main>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'main > div > h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if hierarchical selector matches', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
+    it('returns true if hierarchical selector matches', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'div h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if nested hierarchical selector matches', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if nested hierarchical selector matches', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<div><table><tr><td><h1 id="target">foo</h1></td></tr></table></div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'div tr h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if mixed parent and hierarchical selector matches', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns true if mixed parent and hierarchical selector matches', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<div><table><tr><td><h1 id="target">foo</h1></td></tr></table></div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'div tr > td h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if parent selector does not match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
+    it('returns false if parent selector does not match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'span > h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if nested parent selector does not match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false if nested parent selector does not match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<main><div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div><main>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'span > div > h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if hierarchical selector does not match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
+    it('returns false if hierarchical selector does not match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'span h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if nested hierarchical selector does not match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false if nested hierarchical selector does not match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<div><table><tr><td><h1 id="target">foo</h1></td></tr></table></div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'div span h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if mixed parent and hierarchical selector does not match', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false if mixed parent and hierarchical selector does not match', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<div><table><tr><td><h1 id="target">foo</h1></td></tr></table></div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'div span > td h1'));
     });
 
-    it('throws error if combinator is not implemented', function () {
-      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div></div><h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
-      assert.throws(function () {
+    it('throws error if combinator is not implemented', () => {
+      const virtualNode = queryFixture('<div></div><h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
+      assert.throws(() => {
         matches(virtualNode, 'div + h1');
       });
-      assert.throws(function () {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         matches(virtualNode, 'div ~ h1');
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('convertSelector', function () {
-    it('should set type to attrExist for attribute selector', function () {
-      var expression = convertSelector('[disabled]');
+  describe('convertSelector', () => {
+    it('should set type to attrExist for attribute selector', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('[disabled]');
       assert.equal(expression[0][0].attributes[0].type, 'attrExist');
     });
 
-    it('should set type to attrValue for attribute value selector', function () {
-      var expression = convertSelector('[aria-pressed="true"]');
+    it('should set type to attrValue for attribute value selector', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('[aria-pressed="true"]');
       assert.equal(expression[0][0].attributes[0].type, 'attrValue');
     });
 
-    it('should set type to attrValue for empty attribute value selector', function () {
-      var expression = convertSelector('[aria-pressed=""]');
+    it('should set type to attrValue for empty attribute value selector', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('[aria-pressed=""]');
       assert.equal(expression[0][0].attributes[0].type, 'attrValue');
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/memoize.js b/test/core/utils/memoize.js
index 7c8503361..b907e44e4 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/memoize.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/memoize.js
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-describe('axe.utils.memoize', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should add the function to axe._memoizedFns', function () {
-    axe._memoizedFns.length = 0;
+describe('axe.utils.memoize', () => {
+  it('should add the function to axe._memoizedFns', () => {
+    const length = axe._memoizedFns.length;
 
     axe.utils.memoize(function myFn() {});
-    assert.equal(axe._memoizedFns.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(axe._memoizedFns.length, length + 1);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/merge-results.js b/test/core/utils/merge-results.js
index 85c15760f..1b582b923 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/merge-results.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/merge-results.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const RuleError = axe.utils.RuleError;
 
-  it('should normalize empty results', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
+  it('should normalize empty results', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       { results: [] },
       { results: [{ id: 'a', result: 'b' }] }
     ]);
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('merges frame content, including all selector types', function () {
-    var iframe = queryFixture('<iframe id="target"></iframe>').actualNode;
-    var node = {
+  it('merges frame content, including all selector types', () => {
+    const iframe = queryFixture('<iframe id="target"></iframe>').actualNode;
+    let node = {
       selector: ['#foo'],
       xpath: ['html/#foo'],
       ancestry: ['html > div'],
       nodeIndexes: [123]
     };
-    var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
+    const result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         frameElement: iframe,
         results: [
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(result[0].nodes, 1);
 
-    var node = result[0].nodes[0].node;
+    node = result[0].nodes[0].node;
     assert.deepEqual(node.selector, ['#target', '#foo']);
-    assert.deepEqual(node.xpath, ["/iframe[@id='target']", 'html/#foo']);
+    assert.deepEqual(node.xpath, ["//iframe[@id='target']", 'html/#foo']);
     assert.deepEqual(node.ancestry, [
       'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > iframe',
       'html > div'
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(node.nodeIndexes, [1, 123]);
   });
 
-  it('merges frame specs', function () {
-    var iframe = queryFixture('<iframe id="target"></iframe>').actualNode;
-    var frameSpec = new axe.utils.DqElement(iframe).toJSON();
-    var node = {
+  it('merges frame specs', () => {
+    const iframe = queryFixture('<iframe id="target"></iframe>').actualNode;
+    const frameSpec = new axe.utils.DqElement(iframe).toJSON();
+    let node = {
       selector: ['#foo'],
       xpath: ['html/#foo'],
       ancestry: ['html > div'],
       nodeIndexes: [123]
     };
-    var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
+    const result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         frameSpec: frameSpec,
         results: [
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(result[0].nodes, 1);
 
-    var node = result[0].nodes[0].node;
+    node = result[0].nodes[0].node;
     assert.deepEqual(node.selector, ['#target', '#foo']);
-    assert.deepEqual(node.xpath, ["/iframe[@id='target']", 'html/#foo']);
+    assert.deepEqual(node.xpath, ["//iframe[@id='target']", 'html/#foo']);
     assert.deepEqual(node.ancestry, [
       'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > iframe',
       'html > div'
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(node.nodeIndexes, [1, 123]);
   });
 
-  it('sorts results from iframes into their correct DOM position', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
+  it('sorts results from iframes into their correct DOM position', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         results: [
           {
@@ -142,14 +142,14 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
       }
     ]);
 
-    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function (el) {
+    const ids = result[0].nodes.map(el => {
       return el.node.selector.join(' >> ');
     });
     assert.deepEqual(ids, ['h1', 'iframe1 >> h2', 'iframe1 >> h3', 'h4']);
   });
 
-  it('sorts nested iframes', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
+  it('sorts nested iframes', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         results: [
           {
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
       }
     ]);
 
-    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function (el) {
+    const ids = result[0].nodes.map(el => {
       return el.node.selector.join(' >> ');
     });
     assert.deepEqual(ids, [
@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('sorts results even if nodeIndexes are empty', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
+  it('sorts results even if nodeIndexes are empty', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         results: [
           {
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
       }
     ]);
 
-    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function (el) {
+    const ids = result[0].nodes.map(el => {
       return el.node.selector.join(' >> ');
     });
     // Order of "nill" varies in IE
@@ -296,8 +296,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('sorts results even if nodeIndexes are undefined', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
+  it('sorts results even if nodeIndexes are undefined', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         results: [
           {
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
       }
     ]);
 
-    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function (el) {
+    const ids = result[0].nodes.map(el => {
       return el.node.selector.join(' >> ');
     });
     // Order of "nill" varies in IE
@@ -370,8 +370,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('sorts nodes all placed on the same result', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
+  it('sorts nodes all placed on the same result', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         results: [
           {
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
       }
     ]);
 
-    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function (el) {
+    const ids = result[0].nodes.map(el => {
       return el.node.selector.join(' >> ');
     });
 
@@ -419,4 +419,57 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
       '#level0 >> #level1 >> #level2b'
     ]);
   });
+
+  describe('errors', () => {
+    it('sets error if it is present', () => {
+      const result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
+        { results: [{ id: 'a', result: 'b', error: new Error('test') }] }
+      ]);
+      assert.equal(result[0].error.message, 'test');
+    });
+
+    it('picks the first error if there are multiple', () => {
+      const result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
+        {
+          results: [
+            {
+              id: 'error-occurred',
+              result: undefined,
+              nodes: [{ node: { selector: ['h1'], nodeIndexes: [1] } }]
+            },
+            {
+              id: 'error-occurred',
+              result: undefined,
+              error: new RuleError({ error: new Error('test 1') }),
+              nodes: [
+                {
+                  node: {
+                    selector: ['iframe1', 'h2'],
+                    nodeIndexes: [2, 1],
+                    fromFrame: true
+                  }
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              id: 'error-occurred',
+              result: undefined,
+              error: new RuleError({ error: new Error('test 2') }),
+              nodes: [
+                {
+                  node: {
+                    selector: ['iframe2', 'h3'],
+                    nodeIndexes: [3, 1],
+                    fromFrame: true
+                  }
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]);
+
+      assert.equal(result[0].error.message, 'test 1');
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/node-serializer.js b/test/core/utils/node-serializer.js
index 5d170de02..897d166d0 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/node-serializer.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/node-serializer.js
@@ -91,14 +91,19 @@ describe('nodeSerializer', () => {
     });
 
     it('skips computing props turned off with runOptions', () => {
-      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
-
       const throws = () => {
         throw new Error('Should not be called');
       };
-      Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'selector', { get: throws });
-      Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'ancestry', { get: throws });
-      Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'xpath', { get: throws });
+
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(
+        fixture,
+        {},
+        {
+          selector: { get: throws },
+          ancestry: { get: throws },
+          xpath: { get: throws }
+        }
+      );
 
       assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
         nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(dqElm, {
diff --git a/test/core/utils/node-sorter.js b/test/core/utils/node-sorter.js
index 74ed8350f..6bb7adb99 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/node-sorter.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/node-sorter.js
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
+describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', () => {
   function $id(id) {
     return document.getElementById(id);
   }
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  it('should exist', function () {
+  it('should exist', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.nodeSorter);
   });
 
-  it('should return -1 if a comes before b', function () {
+  it('should return -1 if a comes before b', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="a"></div><div id="b"></div>';
 
     assert.equal(
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return -1 if a comes before b - nested', function () {
+  it('should return -1 if a comes before b - nested', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="a"><div id="b"></div></div>';
 
     assert.equal(
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return 1 if b comes before a', function () {
+  it('should return 1 if b comes before a', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="b"></div><div id="a"></div>';
 
     assert.equal(
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return 1 if b comes before a - nested', function () {
+  it('should return 1 if b comes before a - nested', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="b"><div id="a"></div></div>';
 
     assert.equal(
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return 0 if a === b', function () {
+  it('should return 0 if a === b', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="a"></div>';
 
     assert.equal(
diff --git a/test/core/utils/normalize-run-options.js b/test/core/utils/normalize-run-options.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67b472d83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/normalize-run-options.js
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+describe('axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions', () => {
+  const mockChecks = [
+    {
+      id: 'positive1-check1',
+      evaluate: () => true
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'positive2-check1',
+      evaluate: () => true
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'negative1-check1',
+      evaluate: () => true
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'positive3-check1',
+      evaluate: () => true
+    }
+  ];
+
+  const mockRules = [
+    {
+      id: 'positive1',
+      selector: 'input',
+      tags: ['positive'],
+      any: [
+        {
+          id: 'positive1-check1'
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'positive2',
+      selector: '#monkeys',
+      tags: ['positive'],
+      any: ['positive2-check1']
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'negative1',
+      selector: 'div',
+      tags: ['negative'],
+      none: ['negative1-check1']
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'positive3',
+      selector: 'blink',
+      tags: ['positive'],
+      any: ['positive3-check1']
+    }
+  ];
+  const Audit = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Audit;
+  let axeAudit;
+  let audit;
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    axeAudit = axe._audit;
+    audit = new Audit();
+    axe._audit = audit;
+    mockRules.forEach(r => {
+      audit.addRule(r);
+    });
+    mockChecks.forEach(c => {
+      audit.addCheck(c);
+    });
+  });
+  afterEach(() => {
+    axe._audit = axeAudit;
+  });
+
+  it('returns the options object when it is valid', () => {
+    const opt = {
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'rule',
+        values: ['positive1', 'positive2']
+      },
+      rules: {
+        negative1: { enabled: false }
+      }
+    };
+    assert.equal(axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions(opt), opt);
+  });
+
+  it('allows `value` as alternative to `values`', () => {
+    const opt = {
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'rule',
+        value: ['positive1', 'positive2']
+      }
+    };
+    const out = axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions(opt);
+    assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive1', 'positive2']);
+    assert.isUndefined(out.runOnly.value);
+  });
+
+  it('allows type: rules as an alternative to type: rule', () => {
+    const opt = {
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'rules',
+        values: ['positive1', 'positive2']
+      }
+    };
+    assert.equal(axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'rule');
+  });
+
+  it('allows type: tags as an alternative to type: tag', () => {
+    const opt = {
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'tags',
+        values: ['positive']
+      }
+    };
+    assert.equal(axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'tag');
+  });
+
+  it('allows type: undefined as an alternative to type: tag', () => {
+    const opt = {
+      runOnly: {
+        values: ['positive']
+      }
+    };
+    assert.equal(axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'tag');
+  });
+
+  it('allows runOnly as an array as an alternative to type: tag', () => {
+    const opt = { runOnly: ['positive', 'negative'] };
+    const out = axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions(opt);
+    assert.equal(out.runOnly.type, 'tag');
+    assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive', 'negative']);
+  });
+
+  it('allows runOnly as an array as an alternative to type: rule', () => {
+    const opt = { runOnly: ['positive1', 'negative1'] };
+    const out = axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions(opt);
+    assert.equal(out.runOnly.type, 'rule');
+    assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive1', 'negative1']);
+  });
+
+  it('allows runOnly as a string as an alternative to an array', () => {
+    const opt = { runOnly: 'positive1' };
+    const out = axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions(opt);
+    assert.equal(out.runOnly.type, 'rule');
+    assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive1']);
+  });
+
+  it('throws an error if runOnly contains both rules and tags', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions({
+        runOnly: ['positive', 'negative1']
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('defaults runOnly to type: tag', () => {
+    axe._setLogger(() => {});
+    const opt = { runOnly: ['fakeTag'] };
+    const out = axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions(opt);
+    assert.equal(out.runOnly.type, 'tag');
+    assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['fakeTag']);
+  });
+
+  it('throws an error runOnly.values not an array', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions({
+        runOnly: {
+          type: 'rule',
+          values: { badProp: 'badValue' }
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('throws an error runOnly.values an empty', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions({
+        runOnly: {
+          type: 'rule',
+          values: []
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('throws an error runOnly.type is unknown', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions({
+        runOnly: {
+          type: 'something-else',
+          values: ['wcag2aa']
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('throws an error when option.runOnly has an unknown rule', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions({
+        runOnly: {
+          type: 'rule',
+          values: ['frakeRule']
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("doesn't throw an error when option.runOnly has an unknown tag", () => {
+    axe._setLogger(() => {});
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+      axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions({
+        runOnly: {
+          type: 'tags',
+          values: ['fakeTag']
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('throws an error when option.rules has an unknown rule', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions({
+        rules: {
+          fakeRule: { enabled: false }
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('logs an issue when a tag is unknown', () => {
+    let message = '';
+    axe._setLogger(m => {
+      message = m;
+    });
+    axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions({
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'tags',
+        values: ['unknown-tag']
+      }
+    });
+    assert.include(message, 'Could not find tags');
+  });
+
+  it('logs no issues for unknown WCAG level tags', () => {
+    let message = '';
+    axe._setLogger(m => {
+      message = m;
+    });
+    axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions({
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'tags',
+        values: ['wcag23aaa']
+      }
+    });
+    assert.isEmpty(message);
+  });
+
+  it('logs an issue when a tag is unknown, together with a wcag level tag', () => {
+    let message = '';
+    axe._setLogger(m => {
+      message = m;
+    });
+    axe.utils.normalizeRunOptions({
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'tags',
+        values: ['wcag23aaa', 'unknwon-tag']
+      }
+    });
+    assert.include(message, 'Could not find tags');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/object-has-own.js b/test/core/utils/object-has-own.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4a772b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/object-has-own.js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+describe('axe.utils.objectHasOwn', () => {
+  const objectHasOwn = axe.utils.objectHasOwn;
+
+  it('is true for an object with a property', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(objectHasOwn({ prop: true }, 'prop'));
+  });
+
+  it('is false for an object without a property', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(objectHasOwn({}, 'prop'));
+  });
+
+  it('is false for non-objects', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(objectHasOwn('string', 'prop'));
+    assert.isFalse(objectHasOwn(1, 'prop'));
+    assert.isFalse(objectHasOwn([], 'prop'));
+    assert.isFalse(objectHasOwn(null, 'prop'));
+  });
+
+  it('is false if the property comes from the prototype', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(objectHasOwn(Object.create({ prop: true }), 'prop'));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js b/test/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
index 70de40fd1..613012c80 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
@@ -1,33 +1,31 @@
-describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', () => {
+  let dynamicDoc;
+  let convertDataToStylesheet;
 
-  var dynamicDoc;
-  var convertDataToStylesheet;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     dynamicDoc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(
       'Dynamic document for testing axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet'
     );
     convertDataToStylesheet = axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory(dynamicDoc);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     dynamicDoc = undefined;
     convertDataToStylesheet = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns cross-origin stylesheet', function (done) {
-    var importUrl =
+  it('returns cross-origin stylesheet', done => {
+    const importUrl =
       'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css';
-    var options = {
+    const options = {
       rootNode: document,
       shadowId: undefined,
       convertDataToStylesheet: convertDataToStylesheet,
       rootIndex: 1
     };
-    var priority = [1, 0];
-    var importedUrls = [];
-    var isCrossOriginRequest = true;
+    const priority = [1, 0];
+    const importedUrls = [];
+    const isCrossOriginRequest = true;
 
     axe.utils
       .parseCrossOriginStylesheet(
@@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', function () {
         importedUrls,
         isCrossOriginRequest
       )
-      .then(function (data) {
+      .then(data => {
         assert.isDefined(data);
         assert.isDefined(data.sheet);
 
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', function () {
         );
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function (err) {
+      .catch(err => {
         done(err);
       });
   });
@@ -62,17 +60,17 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', function () {
   it('rejects when given url to fetch is not found', function (done) {
     this.timeout(axe.constants.preload.timeout + 1000);
 
-    var importUrl =
+    const importUrl =
       'https://make-up-a-website-that-does-not-exist.com/style.css';
-    var options = {
+    const options = {
       rootNode: document,
       shadowId: undefined,
       convertDataToStylesheet: convertDataToStylesheet,
       rootIndex: 1
     };
-    var priority = [1, 0];
-    var importedUrls = [];
-    var isCrossOriginRequest = true;
+    const priority = [1, 0];
+    const importedUrls = [];
+    const isCrossOriginRequest = true;
     axe.utils
       .parseCrossOriginStylesheet(
         importUrl,
@@ -81,14 +79,45 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', function () {
         importedUrls,
         isCrossOriginRequest
       )
-      .then(function () {
+      .then(() => {
         done(
           new Error('Expected axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet to reject.')
         );
       })
-      .catch(function (err) {
+      .catch(err => {
         assert.isNotNull(err);
         done();
       });
   });
+
+  it('returns empty results when url is nullish', function (done) {
+    this.timeout(axe.constants.preload.timeout + 1000);
+
+    var importUrl = null;
+    var options = {
+      rootNode: document,
+      shadowId: undefined,
+      convertDataToStylesheet: convertDataToStylesheet,
+      rootIndex: 1
+    };
+    var priority = [1, 0];
+    var importedUrls = [];
+    var isCrossOriginRequest = true;
+
+    axe.utils
+      .parseCrossOriginStylesheet(
+        importUrl,
+        options,
+        priority,
+        importedUrls,
+        isCrossOriginRequest
+      )
+      .then(function (data) {
+        assert.isUndefined(data);
+        done();
+      })
+      .catch(function (err) {
+        done(err);
+      });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/parse-sameorigin-stylesheet.js b/test/core/utils/parse-sameorigin-stylesheet.js
index 950e67415..9aadc4828 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/parse-sameorigin-stylesheet.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/parse-sameorigin-stylesheet.js
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', () => {
           importedUrls,
           false
         )
-        .then(function (data) {
+        .then(data => {
           assert.isDefined(data);
           assert.isDefined(data.sheet);
           assert.equal(data.isCrossOrigin, isCrossOriginRequest);
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', () => {
           importedUrls,
           false
         )
-        .then(function (data) {
+        .then(data => {
           assert.isDefined(data);
 
           const parsedImportData = data[0];
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', () => {
           importedUrls,
           false
         )
-        .then(function (data) {
+        .then(data => {
           assert.isDefined(data);
           assert.isDefined(data.sheet);
           assert.equal(data.isCrossOrigin, isCrossOriginRequest);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/parse-tabindex.js b/test/core/utils/parse-tabindex.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db5afb650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/parse-tabindex.js
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+describe('axe.utils.parseTabindex', () => {
+  it('should return 0 for "0"', () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(axe.utils.parseTabindex('0'), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should return 1 for "+1"', () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(axe.utils.parseTabindex('+1'), 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should return -1 for "-1"', () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(axe.utils.parseTabindex('-1'), -1);
+  });
+
+  it('should return null for null', () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(axe.utils.parseTabindex(null), null);
+  });
+
+  it('should return null for an empty string', () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(axe.utils.parseTabindex(''), null);
+  });
+
+  it('should return null for a whitespace string', () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(axe.utils.parseTabindex('   '), null);
+  });
+
+  it('should return null for non-numeric strings', () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(axe.utils.parseTabindex('abc'), null);
+  });
+
+  it('should return the first valid digit(s) for decimal numbers', () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(axe.utils.parseTabindex('2.5'), 2);
+  });
+
+  it('should return 123 for "123abc"', () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(axe.utils.parseTabindex('123abc'), 123);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/performance-timer.js b/test/core/utils/performance-timer.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6bd75f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/performance-timer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import performanceTimer from '/lib/core/utils/performance-timer.js';
+
+describe('performance timer', () => {
+  const originalLog = performanceTimer._log;
+  let messages = [];
+  const sleep = ms => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+
+  // Browser sleeps can slop a bit (in either direction) to sync with other work on the main thread.
+  const ANIMATION_FRAME_TOLERANCE_MS = 17; // Math.ceil(time per frame at 60Hz)
+
+  const getNumber = msg => {
+    const match = msg.match(/([0-9.]+)ms/);
+    return match ? parseFloat(match[1]) : 0;
+  };
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    performance.clearMarks();
+    performance.clearMeasures();
+    performanceTimer._log = msg => {
+      messages.push(msg);
+    };
+  });
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    try {
+      performanceTimer.end();
+    } catch {
+      // ignore - performanceTimer.end() was called in a test instead
+    }
+    try {
+      performanceTimer.auditEnd();
+    } catch {
+      // ignore - performanceTimer.auditEnd() was called in a test instead
+    }
+    performanceTimer._log = originalLog;
+    messages = [];
+    // Force a next tick in the test to avoid flakiness
+    await sleep(0);
+  });
+
+  it('warns using performanceTimer before axe started', () => {
+    performanceTimer.mark('foo_start');
+    performanceTimer.mark('foo_end');
+    performanceTimer.measure('foo', 'foo_start', 'foo_end');
+    performanceTimer.logMeasures('foo');
+    assert.equal(messages.length, 1);
+    assert.match(
+      messages[0],
+      /Axe must be started before using performanceTimer/
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('measures time elapsed between marks', async () => {
+    performanceTimer.start();
+
+    const timestampPreMarkStart = performance.now();
+    performanceTimer.mark('foo_start');
+    const timestampPostMarkStart = performance.now();
+
+    await sleep(100);
+
+    const timestampPreMarkEnd = performance.now();
+    performanceTimer.mark('foo_end');
+    const timestampPostMarkEnd = performance.now();
+
+    performanceTimer.measure('foo', 'foo_start', 'foo_end');
+    performanceTimer.logMeasures('foo');
+
+    assert.equal(messages.length, 1);
+    const actual = getNumber(messages[0]);
+
+    assert.isAtLeast(actual, 100 - ANIMATION_FRAME_TOLERANCE_MS);
+
+    // The actual value might be significantly >100ms in a browser, especially on a
+    // CI agent with a slow CPU, but should be consistent with performance.now()
+    const maxExpected = timestampPostMarkEnd - timestampPreMarkStart;
+    const minExpected = timestampPreMarkEnd - timestampPostMarkStart;
+    assert.isAtLeast(actual, minExpected);
+    assert.isAtMost(actual, maxExpected);
+  });
+
+  it('measures time elapsed if auditStart() was called', () => {
+    performanceTimer.auditStart();
+    performanceTimer.mark('foo_start');
+    performanceTimer.mark('foo_end');
+    performanceTimer.measure('foo', 'foo_start', 'foo_end');
+    performanceTimer.logMeasures('foo');
+
+    assert.equal(messages.length, 1);
+    assert.match(messages[0], /Measure foo took [0-9.]+ms/);
+  });
+
+  it('measures the time axe takes from .start() to .end()', () => {
+    performanceTimer.start();
+    performanceTimer.end();
+    assert.equal(messages.length, 1);
+    assert.match(messages[0], /Measure axe took [0-9.]+ms/);
+  });
+
+  it('measures the time axe takes from .auditStart() to .auditEnd()', () => {
+    performanceTimer.auditStart();
+    performanceTimer.auditEnd();
+    assert.equal(messages.length, 1);
+    assert.match(messages[0], /Measure audit_start_to_end took [0-9.]+ms/);
+  });
+
+  describe('.measure', () => {
+    it('logs an error if the start mark is not present', () => {
+      performanceTimer.mark('foo_end');
+      performanceTimer.measure('foo', 'foo_start', 'foo_end');
+      assert.equal(messages.length, 1);
+      // non-specific message, Firefox has a different message from Chromium
+      assert.match(messages[0], /foo_start/);
+    });
+
+    it('logs an error if the end mark is not present', () => {
+      performanceTimer.mark('foo_start');
+      performanceTimer.measure('foo', 'foo_start', 'foo_end');
+      assert.equal(messages.length, 1);
+      // non-specific message, Firefox has a different message from Chromium
+      assert.match(messages[0], /foo_end/);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('logMeasures', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      performanceTimer.start();
+    });
+
+    it('logs a specific measure when provided', () => {
+      performanceTimer.mark('foo_start');
+      performanceTimer.mark('foo_end');
+      performanceTimer.measure('foo', 'foo_start', 'foo_end');
+
+      performanceTimer.mark('bar_start');
+      performanceTimer.mark('bar_end');
+      performanceTimer.measure('bar', 'bar_start', 'bar_end');
+
+      // Mot measured, should not show up
+      performanceTimer.mark('baz_start');
+      performanceTimer.mark('baz_end');
+
+      performanceTimer.logMeasures('foo');
+      assert.equal(messages.length, 1);
+      assert.match(messages[0], /Measure foo took [0-9.]+ms/);
+    });
+
+    it('logs all measures if no measure name is provided', () => {
+      performanceTimer.mark('foo_start');
+      performanceTimer.mark('foo_end');
+      performanceTimer.measure('foo', 'foo_start', 'foo_end');
+
+      performanceTimer.mark('bar_start');
+      performanceTimer.mark('bar_end');
+      performanceTimer.measure('bar', 'bar_start', 'bar_end');
+
+      // Mot measured, should not show up
+      performanceTimer.mark('baz_start');
+      performanceTimer.mark('baz_end');
+
+      performanceTimer.logMeasures();
+      assert.equal(messages.length, 2);
+      assert.match(messages[0], /Measure foo took [0-9.]+ms/);
+      assert.match(messages[1], /Measure bar took [0-9.]+ms/);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('timeElapsed', () => {
+    it('returns the time elapsed since axe started', async () => {
+      const timestampPreStart = performance.now();
+      performanceTimer.start();
+      const timestampPostStart = performance.now();
+
+      await sleep(100);
+
+      const timestampPreTimeElapsed = performance.now();
+      const actual = performanceTimer.timeElapsed();
+      const timestampPostTimeElapsed = performance.now();
+
+      assert.isAtLeast(actual, 100 - ANIMATION_FRAME_TOLERANCE_MS);
+      const maxExpected = timestampPostTimeElapsed - timestampPreStart;
+      const minExpected = timestampPreTimeElapsed - timestampPostStart;
+      assert.isAtLeast(actual, minExpected);
+      assert.isAtMost(actual, maxExpected);
+    });
+
+    it('returns the time elapsed since auditStart() was called', async () => {
+      const timestampPreStart = performance.now();
+      performanceTimer.auditStart();
+      const timestampPostStart = performance.now();
+
+      await sleep(100);
+
+      const timestampPreTimeElapsed = performance.now();
+      const actual = performanceTimer.timeElapsed();
+      const timestampPostTimeElapsed = performance.now();
+
+      assert.isAtLeast(actual, 100 - ANIMATION_FRAME_TOLERANCE_MS);
+      const maxExpected = timestampPostTimeElapsed - timestampPreStart;
+      const minExpected = timestampPreTimeElapsed - timestampPostStart;
+      assert.isAtLeast(actual, minExpected);
+      assert.isAtMost(actual, maxExpected);
+    });
+
+    it('does not use auditStart if axe started', async () => {
+      const timestampPreStart = performance.now();
+      performanceTimer.start();
+      const timestampPostStart = performance.now();
+
+      await sleep(100);
+      performanceTimer.auditStart(); // Should be ignored
+
+      const timestampPreTimeElapsed = performance.now();
+      const actual = performanceTimer.timeElapsed();
+      const timestampPostTimeElapsed = performance.now();
+
+      assert.isAtLeast(actual, 100 - ANIMATION_FRAME_TOLERANCE_MS);
+      const maxExpected = timestampPostTimeElapsed - timestampPreStart;
+      const minExpected = timestampPreTimeElapsed - timestampPostStart;
+      assert.isAtLeast(actual, minExpected);
+      assert.isAtMost(actual, maxExpected);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/pollyfills.elements-from-point.js b/test/core/utils/pollyfills.elements-from-point.js
index 3318f18bd..70969f781 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/pollyfills.elements-from-point.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/pollyfills.elements-from-point.js
@@ -1,60 +1,60 @@
-describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('ensures document.elementsFromPoint is always there', function () {
+  it('ensures document.elementsFromPoint is always there', () => {
     assert.isFunction(document.elementsFromPoint);
   });
 
-  it('returns document.elementsFromPoint if it is set', function () {
-    var orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
-    document.elementsFromPoint = function () {
+  it('returns document.elementsFromPoint if it is set', () => {
+    const orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
+    document.elementsFromPoint = () => {
       return 123;
     };
 
-    var elmFromPt = axe.utils.pollyfillElementsFromPoint();
+    const elmFromPt = axe.utils.pollyfillElementsFromPoint();
     assert.equal(elmFromPt(), 123);
     document.elementsFromPoint = orig;
   });
 
-  it('returns document.msElementsFromPoint if elementsFromPoint is undefined', function () {
-    var orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
-    var msOrig = document.msElementsFromPoint;
+  it('returns document.msElementsFromPoint if elementsFromPoint is undefined', () => {
+    const orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
+    const msOrig = document.msElementsFromPoint;
 
     document.elementsFromPoint = undefined;
-    document.msElementsFromPoint = function () {
+    document.msElementsFromPoint = () => {
       return 123;
     };
 
-    var elmFromPt = axe.utils.pollyfillElementsFromPoint();
+    const elmFromPt = axe.utils.pollyfillElementsFromPoint();
     assert.equal(elmFromPt(), 123);
 
     document.elementsFromPoint = orig;
     document.msElementsFromPoint = msOrig;
   });
 
-  it('returns the pollyfill no native function is available', function () {
-    var orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
-    var msOrig = document.msElementsFromPoint;
+  it('returns the pollyfill no native function is available', () => {
+    const orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
+    const msOrig = document.msElementsFromPoint;
 
     document.elementsFromPoint = undefined;
     document.msElementsFromPoint = undefined;
 
-    var elmFromPt = axe.utils.pollyfillElementsFromPoint();
+    const elmFromPt = axe.utils.pollyfillElementsFromPoint();
     assert.isFunction(elmFromPt);
 
     document.elementsFromPoint = orig;
     document.msElementsFromPoint = msOrig;
   });
 
-  describe('pollyfill function', function () {
-    var orig, msOrig;
-    before(function () {
+  describe('pollyfill function', () => {
+    let orig, msOrig;
+    before(() => {
       orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
       msOrig = document.msElementsFromPoint;
 
@@ -64,89 +64,127 @@ describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function () {
       document.elementsFromPoint = axe.utils.pollyfillElementsFromPoint();
     });
 
-    after(function () {
+    after(() => {
       document.elementsFromPoint = orig;
       document.msElementsFromPoint = msOrig;
     });
 
-    it('should return positioned elements properly', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="container" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; ' +
-        'width: 90px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-        '<div id="pos" style="position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 40px; height: 40px; ' +
-        'width: 30px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"></div>' +
-        '<div id="parent" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 40px; ' +
-        'width: 30px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 45px; height: 20px; ' +
-        'width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-        '</div></div></div>';
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var pos = fixture.querySelector('#pos');
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    it('should return positioned elements properly', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div
+          id="container"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; 
+        width: 90px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+        >
+          <div
+            id="pos"
+            style="position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 40px; height: 40px; 
+        width: 30px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+          ></div>
+          <div
+            id="parent"
+            style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 40px; 
+        width: 30px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+          >
+            <div
+              id="target"
+              style="position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 45px; height: 20px; 
+        width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+            ></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const pos = fixture.querySelector('#pos');
+      const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
 
       target.scrollIntoView();
-      var rect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
+      const rect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
 
-      var visualParents = document.elementsFromPoint(
+      const visualParents = document.elementsFromPoint(
         Math.ceil(rect.left + 1),
         Math.ceil(rect.top + 1)
       );
       assert.deepEqual(visualParents.slice(0, 3), [target, pos, container]);
     });
 
-    it('should return inline elements properly', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="container" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; ' +
-        'width: 90px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-        '<span id="pos" style="position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 45px;' +
-        'background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">Text goes here</span>' +
-        '<span id="parent" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px;' +
-        'background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-        '<span id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 45px;' +
-        'background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">Text goes here' +
-        '</span></span></div>';
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var pos = fixture.querySelector('#pos');
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    it('should return inline elements properly', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div
+          id="container"
+          style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; 
+        width: 90px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+        >
+          <span
+            id="pos"
+            style="position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 45px;
+        background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+            >Text goes here</span
+          >
+          <span
+            id="parent"
+            style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px;
+        background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+          >
+            <span
+              id="target"
+              style="position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 45px;
+        background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);"
+              >Text goes here
+            </span></span
+          >
+        </div>
+      `;
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const pos = fixture.querySelector('#pos');
+      const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
 
       target.scrollIntoView();
-      var rect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
+      const rect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
 
-      var visualParents = document.elementsFromPoint(
+      const visualParents = document.elementsFromPoint(
         Math.ceil(rect.left + 1),
         Math.ceil(rect.top + 1)
       );
       assert.deepEqual(visualParents.slice(0, 3), [target, pos, container]);
     });
 
-    it('should return normal flow elements properly', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent" style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5); height: 40px; width: 30px;">' +
-        '<div id="target" style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5); height: 20px; width: 15px;">' +
-        '</div></div>';
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    it('should return normal flow elements properly', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div
+          id="parent"
+          style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5); height: 40px; width: 30px;"
+        >
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5); height: 20px; width: 15px;"
+          ></div>
+        </div>
+      `;
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
 
       target.scrollIntoView();
-      var rect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
+      const rect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
 
-      var visualParents = document.elementsFromPoint(
+      const visualParents = document.elementsFromPoint(
         Math.ceil(rect.left),
         Math.ceil(rect.top)
       );
       assert.deepEqual(visualParents.slice(0, 3), [target, parent, fixture]);
     });
 
-    it('returns elements with negative z-index after the body', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="z-index:-1; position:absolute;">Target!</div>' +
-        '<div id="sibling">Some text</div>';
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    it('returns elements with negative z-index after the body', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="target" style="z-index:-1; position:absolute;">Target!</div>
+        <div id="sibling">Some text</div>
+      `;
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
       target.scrollIntoView();
-      var rect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
+      const rect = target.getBoundingClientRect();
 
-      var visualParents = document.elementsFromPoint(
+      const visualParents = document.elementsFromPoint(
         Math.ceil(rect.left),
         Math.ceil(rect.top)
       );
diff --git a/test/core/utils/preload-cssom.js b/test/core/utils/preload-cssom.js
index 1b48cae82..994b920c9 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/preload-cssom.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/preload-cssom.js
@@ -4,15 +4,13 @@
  * so tests for disabled and external stylesheets are done in `integration` tests
  * Refer Directory: `./test/full/preload-cssom/**.*`
  */
-describe('axe.utils.preloadCssom', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var treeRoot;
+describe('axe.utils.preloadCssom', () => {
+  let treeRoot;
 
   function addStyleToHead() {
-    var css = 'html {font-size: inherit;}';
-    var head = document.head || document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
-    var style = document.createElement('style');
+    const css = 'html {font-size: inherit;}';
+    const head = document.head || document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
+    const style = document.createElement('style');
     style.id = 'preloadCssomTestHeadSheet';
     style.type = 'text/css';
     style.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css));
@@ -20,39 +18,39 @@ describe('axe.utils.preloadCssom', function () {
   }
 
   function removeStyleFromHead() {
-    var s = document.getElementById('preloadCssomTestHeadSheet');
+    const s = document.getElementById('preloadCssomTestHeadSheet');
     if (s) {
       s.parentNode.removeChild(s);
     }
   }
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     addStyleToHead();
     treeRoot = axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     removeStyleFromHead();
   });
 
-  it('returns CSSOM object containing an array of sheets', function (done) {
-    var actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
+  it('returns CSSOM object containing an array of sheets', done => {
+    const actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
     actual
-      .then(function (cssom) {
+      .then(cssom => {
         assert.isAtLeast(cssom.length, 2);
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function (error) {
+      .catch(error => {
         done(error);
       });
   });
 
-  it('returns CSSOM and ensure that each object have defined properties', function (done) {
-    var actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
+  it('returns CSSOM and ensure that each object have defined properties', done => {
+    const actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
     actual
-      .then(function (cssom) {
+      .then(cssom => {
         assert.isAtLeast(cssom.length, 2);
-        cssom.forEach(function (o) {
+        cssom.forEach(o => {
           assert.hasAllKeys(o, [
             'root',
             'shadowId',
@@ -63,34 +61,34 @@ describe('axe.utils.preloadCssom', function () {
         });
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function (error) {
+      .catch(error => {
         done(error);
       });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if number of sheets returned does not match stylesheets defined in document', function (done) {
-    var actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
+  it('returns false if number of sheets returned does not match stylesheets defined in document', done => {
+    const actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
     actual
-      .then(function (cssom) {
+      .then(cssom => {
         assert.isFalse(cssom.length <= 1);
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function (error) {
+      .catch(error => {
         done(error);
       });
   });
 
-  it('returns all stylesheets and ensure each sheet has property cssRules', function (done) {
-    var actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
+  it('returns all stylesheets and ensure each sheet has property cssRules', done => {
+    const actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
     actual
-      .then(function (cssom) {
-        cssom.forEach(function (s) {
+      .then(cssom => {
+        cssom.forEach(s => {
           assert.isDefined(s.sheet);
           assert.property(s.sheet, 'cssRules');
         });
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function (error) {
+      .catch(error => {
         done(error);
       });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/preload-media.js b/test/core/utils/preload-media.js
index 6d092f95a..1db2441ec 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/preload-media.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/preload-media.js
@@ -1,73 +1,83 @@
-describe('axe.utils.preloadMedia', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.preloadMedia', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-
-  afterEach(function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-  });
-
-  it('returns empty array when there are no media nodes to be preloaded', function (done) {
+  it('returns empty array when there are no media nodes to be preloaded', async () => {
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document);
 
-    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function (result) {
-      assert.equal(result.length, 0);
-      done();
-    });
+    const result = await axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] });
+    assert.equal(result.length, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty array when <audio> has no source', function (done) {
+  it('returns empty array when <audio> has no source', async () => {
     fixtureSetup('<audio autoplay="true" controls></audio>');
 
-    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function (result) {
-      assert.equal(result.length, 0);
-      done();
-    });
+    const result = await axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] });
+    assert.equal(result.length, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty array when <video> has no source', function (done) {
-    fixtureSetup('<video id="target"><source src=""/></video>');
-    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function (result) {
-      assert.equal(result.length, 0);
-      done();
-    });
+  it('returns empty array when <video> has no source', async () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<video id="target" autoplay="true"><source src=""/></video>');
+    const result = await axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] });
+    assert.equal(result.length, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns media node (audio) after their metadata has been preloaded', function (done) {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<audio src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3" autoplay="true" controls></audio>'
-    );
+  it('returns empty array when media node does not preload', async () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <video id="target" autoplay="true" preload="none">
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
+    `);
+    const result = await axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] });
+    assert.equal(result.length, 0);
+  });
 
-    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function (result) {
-      assert.equal(result.length, 1);
-      assert.isTrue(result[0].readyState > 0);
-      assert.equal(Math.round(result[0].duration), 27);
+  it('returns empty array when media node is muted', async () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <video id="target" autoplay="true" muted>
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
+    `);
+    const result = await axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] });
+    assert.equal(result.length, 0);
+  });
 
-      done();
-    });
+  it('returns empty array when media node is paused', async () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <video id="target" autoplay="true" paused>
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
+    `);
+    const result = await axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] });
+    assert.equal(result.length, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns media nodes (audio, video) after their metadata has been preloaded', function (done) {
+  it('returns media node (audio) after their metadata has been preloaded', async () => {
     fixtureSetup(
-      // 1 audio elm
-      '<audio src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3"></audio>' +
-        // 1 video elm
-        '<video>' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
-        '</video>'
+      '<audio src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3" autoplay="true" controls></audio>'
     );
 
-    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function (result) {
-      assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-      assert.isTrue(result[0].readyState > 0);
-      assert.equal(Math.round(result[0].duration), 27);
+    const result = await axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] });
+    assert.equal(result.length, 1);
+    assert.isTrue(result[0].readyState > 0);
+    assert.equal(Math.round(result[0].duration), 27);
+  });
+
+  it('returns media nodes (audio, video) after their metadata has been preloaded', async () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <audio src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3" autoplay="true"></audio>
+      <video autoplay="true">
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />
+      </video>
+    `);
 
-      assert.isTrue(result[1].readyState > 0);
-      assert.equal(Math.round(result[1].duration), 14);
+    const result = await axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] });
+    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+    assert.isTrue(result[0].readyState > 0);
+    assert.equal(Math.round(result[0].duration), 27);
 
-      done();
-    });
+    assert.isTrue(result[1].readyState > 0);
+    assert.equal(Math.round(result[1].duration), 14);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/preload.js b/test/core/utils/preload.js
index 7b2d20d3d..8394efff3 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/preload.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/preload.js
@@ -1,40 +1,38 @@
-describe('axe.utils.preload', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.preload', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe.setup(fixture);
   });
 
-  it('returns `undefined` when `preload` option is set to false.', function (done) {
-    var options = {
+  it('returns `undefined` when `preload` option is set to false.', done => {
+    const options = {
       preload: false
     };
-    var actual = axe.utils.preload(options);
+    const actual = axe.utils.preload(options);
     actual
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.isUndefined(results);
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function (error) {
+      .catch(error => {
         done(error);
       });
   });
 
-  it('returns assets with `cssom`, verify result is same output from `preloadCssom` fn', function (done) {
-    var options = {
+  it('returns assets with `cssom`, verify result is same output from `preloadCssom` fn', done => {
+    const options = {
       preload: {
         assets: ['cssom']
       }
     };
-    var actual = axe.utils.preload(options);
+    const actual = axe.utils.preload(options);
     actual
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.isDefined(results);
         assert.property(results, 'cssom');
 
-        axe.utils.preloadCssom(options).then(function (resultFromPreloadCssom) {
+        axe.utils.preloadCssom(options).then(resultFromPreloadCssom => {
           assert.deepEqual(results.cssom, resultFromPreloadCssom);
           done();
         });
@@ -42,9 +40,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  describe('axe.utils.shouldPreload', function () {
-    it('should return true if preload configuration is valid', function () {
-      var actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({
+  describe('axe.utils.shouldPreload', () => {
+    it('should return true if preload configuration is valid', () => {
+      const actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({
         preload: {
           assets: ['cssom']
         }
@@ -52,75 +50,75 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload', function () {
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if preload is undefined', function () {
-      var actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({
+    it('should return true if preload is undefined', () => {
+      const actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({
         preload: undefined
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if preload is null', function () {
-      var actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({
+    it('should return true if preload is null', () => {
+      const actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({
         preload: null
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if preload is not set', function () {
-      var actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({});
+    it('should return true if preload is not set', () => {
+      const actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({});
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false if preload configuration is invalid', function () {
-      var options = {
+    it('should return false if preload configuration is invalid', () => {
+      const options = {
         preload: {
           errorProperty: ['cssom']
         }
       };
-      var actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload(options);
+      const actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload(options);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.utils.getPreloadConfig', function () {
-    it('should return default assets if preload configuration is not set', function () {
-      var actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig({}).assets;
-      var expected = ['cssom', 'media'];
+  describe('axe.utils.getPreloadConfig', () => {
+    it('should return default assets if preload configuration is not set', () => {
+      const actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig({}).assets;
+      const expected = ['cssom', 'media'];
       assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('should return default assets if preload options is set to true', function () {
-      var actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig({}).assets;
-      var expected = ['cssom', 'media'];
+    it('should return default assets if preload options is set to true', () => {
+      const actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig({}).assets;
+      const expected = ['cssom', 'media'];
       assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('should return default timeout value if not configured', function () {
-      var actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig({}).timeout;
-      var expected = 10000;
+    it('should return default timeout value if not configured', () => {
+      const actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig({}).timeout;
+      const expected = 10000;
       assert.equal(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('should throw error if requested asset type is not supported', function () {
-      var options = {
+    it('should throw error if requested asset type is not supported', () => {
+      const options = {
         preload: {
           assets: ['some-unsupported-asset']
         }
       };
-      var actual = function () {
+      const actual = () => {
         axe.utils.getPreloadConfig(options);
       };
-      var expected = Error;
+      const expected = Error;
       assert.throws(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('should remove any duplicate assets passed via preload configuration', function () {
-      var options = {
+    it('should remove any duplicate assets passed via preload configuration', () => {
+      const options = {
         preload: {
           assets: ['cssom', 'cssom']
         }
       };
-      var actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig(options);
+      const actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig(options);
       assert.property(actual, 'assets');
       assert.containsAllKeys(actual, ['assets', 'timeout']);
       assert.lengthOf(actual.assets, 1);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/process-message.js b/test/core/utils/process-message.js
index a5a4297e1..6fb22021a 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/process-message.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/process-message.js
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.processMessage', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.processMessage', () => {
+  const original = axe._audit;
 
-  var original = axe._audit;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._audit = {
       data: {
         incompleteFallbackMessage: 'fallback message'
@@ -11,104 +9,104 @@ describe('axe.utils.processMessage', function () {
     };
   });
 
-  after(function () {
+  after(() => {
     axe._audit = original;
   });
 
-  it('should replace a ${data}', function () {
-    var message = 'Hello ${data}';
-    var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, 'World!');
+  it('should replace a ${data}', () => {
+    const message = 'Hello ${data}';
+    const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, 'World!');
     assert.equal(output, 'Hello World!');
   });
 
-  it('should replace a ${ data } (with whitespace)', function () {
-    var message = 'Hello ${ data }';
-    var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, 'World!');
+  it('should replace a ${ data } (with whitespace)', () => {
+    const message = 'Hello ${ data }';
+    const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, 'World!');
     assert.equal(output, 'Hello World!');
   });
 
-  it('should replace ${data.prop}', function () {
-    var message = 'Hello ${data.world}';
-    var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { world: 'World!' });
+  it('should replace ${data.prop}', () => {
+    const message = 'Hello ${data.world}';
+    const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { world: 'World!' });
     assert.equal(output, 'Hello World!');
   });
 
-  it('should replace ${data.prop}', function () {
-    var message = 'Hello ${data.world}';
-    var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { world: undefined });
+  it('should replace ${data.prop}', () => {
+    const message = 'Hello ${data.world}';
+    const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { world: undefined });
     assert.equal(output, 'Hello ');
   });
 
-  it('should replace ${ data.prop } (with whitespace)', function () {
-    var message = 'Hello ${ data.world }';
-    var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { world: 'World!' });
+  it('should replace ${ data.prop } (with whitespace)', () => {
+    const message = 'Hello ${ data.world }';
+    const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { world: 'World!' });
     assert.equal(output, 'Hello World!');
   });
 
-  describe('data is array', function () {
-    it('should replace ${data.values} with comma separated list of values', function () {
-      var message = 'Output: ${data.values}';
-      var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, ['one', 'two']);
+  describe('data is array', () => {
+    it('should replace ${data.values} with comma separated list of values', () => {
+      const message = 'Output: ${data.values}';
+      const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, ['one', 'two']);
       assert.equal(output, 'Output: one, two');
     });
 
-    it('should handle singular message', function () {
-      var message = {
+    it('should handle singular message', () => {
+      const message = {
         singular: 'Singular message: ${data.values}',
         plural: 'Plural messages: ${ data.values }'
       };
-      var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, ['one']);
+      const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, ['one']);
       assert.equal(output, 'Singular message: one');
     });
 
-    it('should handle plural message', function () {
-      var message = {
+    it('should handle plural message', () => {
+      const message = {
         singular: 'Singular message: ${data.values}',
         plural: 'Plural messages: ${ data.values }'
       };
-      var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, ['one', 'two']);
+      const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, ['one', 'two']);
       assert.equal(output, 'Plural messages: one, two');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('message is object', function () {
-    it('should handle message based on messageKey', function () {
-      var message = {
+  describe('message is object', () => {
+    it('should handle message based on messageKey', () => {
+      const message = {
         prop1: 'prop1 message',
         prop2: 'prop2 message'
       };
-      var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { messageKey: 'prop2' });
+      const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { messageKey: 'prop2' });
       assert.equal(output, 'prop2 message');
     });
 
-    it('should replace ${data}', function () {
-      var message = {
+    it('should replace ${data}', () => {
+      const message = {
         prop1: 'prop1 message',
         prop2: '${data.world} message'
       };
-      var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, {
+      const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, {
         messageKey: 'prop2',
         world: 'World!'
       });
       assert.equal(output, 'World! message');
     });
 
-    it('should use default message', function () {
-      var message = {
+    it('should use default message', () => {
+      const message = {
         default: 'default message',
         prop1: 'prop1 message',
         prop2: 'prop2 message'
       };
-      var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message);
+      const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message);
       assert.equal(output, 'default message');
     });
 
-    it('should use fallback message if no default', function () {
-      var message = {
+    it('should use fallback message if no default', () => {
+      const message = {
         prop1: 'prop1 message',
         prop2: 'prop2 message'
       };
-      var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message);
+      const output = axe.utils.processMessage(message);
       assert.equal(output, 'fallback message');
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/publish-metadata.js b/test/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
index 2f6cdcc17..c13abcb88 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.publishMetaData);
   });
 
-  it('should pull data from rules from axe._audit.data', function () {
-    var expected = {
+  it('should pull data from rules from axe._audit.data', () => {
+    const expected = {
       foo: 'bar',
       bob: 'loblaw'
     };
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = {
+    const result = {
       id: 'cats',
       nodes: []
     };
@@ -34,8 +32,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
     assert.equal(result.bob, expected.bob);
   });
 
-  it('should pull data from checks from axe._audit.data', function () {
-    var expected = {
+  it('should pull data from checks from axe._audit.data', () => {
+    const expected = {
       foo: 'bar',
       bob: 'loblaw'
     };
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = {
+    const result = {
       id: 'foo',
       nodes: [
         {
@@ -68,13 +66,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
     assert.equal(result.nodes[0].any[0].bar, expected.bar);
   });
 
-  it('should execute messages', function () {
+  it('should execute messages', () => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function () {
+            help: () => {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -82,30 +80,30 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               }
             }
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               }
             }
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               }
             }
@@ -114,7 +112,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = {
+    const result = {
       id: 'cats',
       nodes: [
         {
@@ -215,13 +213,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return default incomplete message with no reason specified by the check', function () {
+  it('should return default incomplete message with no reason specified by the check', () => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function () {
+            help: () => {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -229,10 +227,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -245,10 +243,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -261,10 +259,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -279,7 +277,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = {
+    const result = {
       id: 'cats',
       nodes: [
         {
@@ -343,16 +341,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should fall back to a generic message if incomplete object fails', function () {
+  it('should fall back to a generic message if incomplete object fails', () => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
-        incompleteFallbackMessage: function () {
+        incompleteFallbackMessage: () => {
           return 'Dogs are the best';
         },
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function () {
+            help: () => {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -360,10 +358,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               },
               incomplete: {}
@@ -371,10 +369,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               },
               incomplete: {}
@@ -382,10 +380,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               },
               incomplete: {}
@@ -395,7 +393,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = {
+    const result = {
       id: 'cats',
       nodes: [
         {
@@ -459,13 +457,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle incomplete reasons', function () {
+  it('should handle incomplete reasons', () => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function () {
+            help: () => {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -473,10 +471,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -489,10 +487,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -505,10 +503,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -523,7 +521,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = {
+    const result = {
       id: 'cats',
       nodes: [
         {
@@ -599,13 +597,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle incomplete reasons with backwards compatibility', function () {
+  it('should handle incomplete reasons with backwards compatibility', () => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function () {
+            help: () => {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -613,10 +611,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -629,10 +627,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -645,10 +643,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -663,7 +661,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = {
+    const result = {
       id: 'cats',
       nodes: [
         {
@@ -763,30 +761,30 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should not modify base configuration', function () {
+  it('should not modify base configuration', () => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function () {
+            help: () => {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
         },
         checks: {
           'cats-PASS': {
-            failureMessage: function () {
+            failureMessage: () => {
               return 'cats-check';
             }
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
-            failureMessage: function () {
+            failureMessage: () => {
               return 'cats-check2';
             }
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
-            failureMessage: function () {
+            failureMessage: () => {
               return 'cats-check2';
             }
           }
@@ -824,8 +822,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
     assert.isNotNull(axe._audit.data.checks['cats-ALL'].failureMessage);
   });
 
-  it('should pull tags off rule object', function () {
-    var expected = {
+  it('should pull tags off rule object', () => {
+    const expected = {
       foo: 'bar',
       bob: 'loblaw'
     };
@@ -844,7 +842,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = {
+    const result = {
       id: 'foo',
       nodes: [
         {
@@ -862,8 +860,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(result.tags, ['hai']);
   });
 
-  describe('non-doT syntax', function () {
-    it('should process ${data} syntax', function () {
+  describe('non-doT syntax', () => {
+    it('should process ${data} syntax', () => {
       axe._load({
         rules: [],
         data: {
@@ -883,7 +881,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var result = {
+      const result = {
         id: 'cats',
         nodes: [
           {
@@ -922,7 +920,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return default incomplete message with no reason specified by the check', function () {
+    it('should return default incomplete message with no reason specified by the check', () => {
       axe._load({
         rules: [],
         data: {
@@ -972,7 +970,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var result = {
+      const result = {
         id: 'cats',
         nodes: [
           {
@@ -1036,7 +1034,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should fall back to a generic message if incomplete object fails', function () {
+    it('should fall back to a generic message if incomplete object fails', () => {
       axe._load({
         rules: [],
         data: {
@@ -1072,7 +1070,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
         }
       });
 
-      var result = {
+      const result = {
         id: 'cats',
         nodes: [
           {
@@ -1137,7 +1135,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should use fail message for rules with "reviewOnFaill: true"', function () {
+  it('should use fail message for rules with "reviewOnFaill: true"', () => {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -1148,7 +1146,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function () {
+            help: () => {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -1156,30 +1154,30 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               }
             }
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               }
             }
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function () {
+              fail: () => {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function () {
+              pass: () => {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               }
             }
@@ -1188,7 +1186,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var result = {
+    const result = {
       id: 'cats',
       nodes: [
         {
diff --git a/test/core/utils/qsa.js b/test/core/utils/qsa.js
index 8a7e32c98..7d9c5bfde 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/qsa.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/qsa.js
@@ -6,10 +6,8 @@ function setShadowId(vNode, shadowId) {
 }
 
 function getTestDom() {
-  'use strict';
-  var html = document.createElement('html');
+  const html = document.createElement('html');
   html.innerHTML =
-    '' +
     '<body>' +
     '<div class="first" data-a11yhero="faulkner">' +
     '<ul>' +
@@ -35,16 +33,16 @@ function getTestDom() {
     '</body>';
 
   // remove the head node
-  var head = html.querySelector('head');
+  const head = html.querySelector('head');
   if (head) {
     head.parentNode.removeChild(head);
   }
 
-  var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(html);
+  const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(html);
 
   // setup shadowIds for testing
-  var first = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(html.querySelector('.first'));
-  var second = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(html.querySelector('.second'));
+  const first = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(html.querySelector('.first'));
+  const second = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(html.querySelector('.second'));
   setShadowId(first, 'a');
   setShadowId(second, 'b');
   axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(html.querySelector('[role="button"]')).shadowId =
@@ -53,87 +51,92 @@ function getTestDom() {
   return tree;
 }
 
-describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var dom;
-  afterEach(function () {});
+describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter', () => {
+  let dom;
+  afterEach(() => {});
 
-  var tests = ['without cache', 'with cache'];
+  const tests = ['without cache', 'with cache'];
   for (var i = 0; i < tests.length; i++) {
     var describeName = tests[i];
-    describe(describeName, function () {
-      afterEach(function () {});
+    describe(describeName, () => {
+      afterEach(() => {});
 
       if (describeName === 'without cache') {
-        beforeEach(function () {
+        beforeEach(() => {
           dom = getTestDom();
 
           // prove we're using the DOM by deleting the cache
           delete dom[0]._selectorCache;
         });
 
-        it('should not have a primed cache', function () {
+        it('should not have a primed cache', () => {
           assert.isUndefined(dom[0]._selectorCache);
         });
       } else {
-        beforeEach(function () {
+        beforeEach(() => {
           dom = getTestDom();
 
           // prove we're using the cache by deleting all the children
           dom[0].children = [];
         });
 
-        it('should not use the cache if not using the top-level node', function () {
-          var nodes = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul');
+        it('should not use the cache if not using the top-level node', () => {
+          const nodes = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul');
 
           // this would return 4 nodes if we were still using the
           // top-level cache
-          var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(nodes[0], 'li');
+          const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(nodes[0], 'li');
           assert.equal(result.length, 2);
         });
       }
 
-      it('should find nodes using just the tag', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'li');
+      it('should find nodes using just the tag', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'li');
         assert.equal(result.length, 4);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using parent selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul > li');
+      it('should find nodes using parent selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul > li');
         assert.equal(result.length, 4);
       });
-      it('should NOT find nodes using parent selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div > li');
+      it('should NOT find nodes using parent selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div > li');
         assert.equal(result.length, 0);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using nested parent selectors', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should find nodes using nested parent selectors', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           'span > span > span > span'
         );
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using hierarchical selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div li');
+      it('should find nodes using hierarchical selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div li');
         assert.equal(result.length, 4);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using class selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.breaking');
+      it('should find nodes using class selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.breaking');
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using hierarchical class selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.first .breaking');
+      it('should find nodes using hierarchical class selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          '.first .breaking'
+        );
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should NOT find nodes using hierarchical class selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.second .breaking');
+      it('should NOT find nodes using hierarchical class selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          '.second .breaking'
+        );
         assert.equal(result.length, 0);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using multiple class selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.second.third');
+      it('should find nodes using multiple class selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.second.third');
         assert.equal(result.length, 1);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using id', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '#one');
+      it('should find nodes using id', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '#one');
         assert.equal(result.length, 1);
       });
 
@@ -142,15 +145,15 @@ describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter', function () {
       // with the cache, this only works when we are testing the full
       // tree (i.e. without cache)
       if (describeName === 'without cache') {
-        it('should find nodes using id, but not in shadow DOM', function () {
-          var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+        it('should find nodes using id, but not in shadow DOM', () => {
+          const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
             dom[0].children[0],
             '#one'
           );
           assert.equal(result.length, 1);
         });
-        it('should find nodes using id, within a shadow DOM', function () {
-          var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+        it('should find nodes using id, within a shadow DOM', () => {
+          const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
             dom[0].children[0].children[2],
             '#one'
           );
@@ -158,113 +161,116 @@ describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter', function () {
         });
       }
 
-      it('should find nodes using attribute', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role]');
+      it('should find nodes using attribute', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role]');
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using attribute with value', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role=tab]');
+      it('should find nodes using attribute with value', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role=tab]');
         assert.equal(result.length, 1);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using attribute with value', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role="button"]');
+      it('should find nodes using attribute with value', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role="button"]');
         assert.equal(result.length, 1);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using parent attribute with value', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should find nodes using parent attribute with value', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           '[data-a11yhero="faulkner"] > ul'
         );
         assert.equal(result.length, 1);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using hierarchical attribute with value', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should find nodes using hierarchical attribute with value', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           '[data-a11yhero="faulkner"] li'
         );
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using :not selector with class', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(.first)');
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with class', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(.first)');
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching id', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(#one)');
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching id', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(#one)');
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching attribute selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching attribute selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           'div:not([data-a11yhero])'
         );
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching attribute selector with value', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching attribute selector with value', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           'div:not([data-a11yhero=faulkner])'
         );
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using :not selector with bogus attribute selector with value', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with bogus attribute selector with value', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           'div:not([data-a11yhero=wilco])'
         );
         assert.equal(result.length, 3);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using :not selector with bogus id', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(#thangy)');
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with bogus id', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          'div:not(#thangy)'
+        );
         assert.equal(result.length, 3);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using :not selector with attribute', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not([id])');
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with attribute', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not([id])');
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find nodes hierarchically using :not selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should find nodes hierarchically using :not selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           'div:not(.first) li'
         );
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find same nodes hierarchically using more :not selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should find same nodes hierarchically using more :not selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           'div:not(.first) li:not(.breaking)'
         );
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should NOT find nodes hierarchically using :not selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should NOT find nodes hierarchically using :not selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           'div:not(.second) li:not(.breaking)'
         );
         assert.equal(result.length, 0);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using ^= attribute selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[class^="sec"]');
+      it('should find nodes using ^= attribute selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[class^="sec"]');
         assert.equal(result.length, 1);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using $= attribute selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[id$="ne"]');
+      it('should find nodes using $= attribute selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[id$="ne"]');
         assert.equal(result.length, 3);
       });
-      it('should find nodes using *= attribute selector', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role*="t"]');
+      it('should find nodes using *= attribute selector', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role*="t"]');
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should put it all together', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should put it all together', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           '.first[data-a11yhero="faulkner"] > ul li.breaking'
         );
         assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       });
-      it('should find an element only once', function () {
-        var divs = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div');
-        var ones = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '#one');
-        var divOnes = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div, #one');
+      it('should find an element only once', () => {
+        const divs = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div');
+        const ones = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '#one');
+        const divOnes = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div, #one');
 
         assert.isBelow(
           divOnes.length,
@@ -272,17 +278,17 @@ describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter', function () {
           'Elements matching both parts of a selector should not be included twice'
         );
       });
-      it('should return nodes sorted by document position', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul, #one');
+      it('should return nodes sorted by document position', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul, #one');
         assert.equal(result[0].actualNode.nodeName, 'UL');
         assert.equal(result[1].actualNode.nodeName, 'DIV');
         assert.equal(result[2].actualNode.nodeName, 'UL');
       });
-      it('should filter the returned nodes when passed a filter function', function () {
-        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+      it('should filter the returned nodes when passed a filter function', () => {
+        const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
           dom,
           'ul, #one',
-          function (node) {
+          node => {
             return node.actualNode.nodeName !== 'UL';
           }
         );
@@ -293,15 +299,14 @@ describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter', function () {
   }
 });
 
-describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAll', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var dom;
-  afterEach(function () {});
-  beforeEach(function () {
+describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAll', () => {
+  let dom;
+  afterEach(() => {});
+  beforeEach(() => {
     dom = getTestDom();
   });
-  it('should find nodes using just the tag', function () {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(dom, 'li');
+  it('should find nodes using just the tag', () => {
+    const result = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(dom, 'li');
     assert.equal(result.length, 4);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/queue.js b/test/core/utils/queue.js
index 7db543719..53a5e4441 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/queue.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/queue.js
@@ -1,50 +1,48 @@
-describe('axe.utils.queue', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+describe('axe.utils.queue', () => {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.queue);
   });
 
-  describe('defer', function () {
-    it('should be a function', function () {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
+  describe('defer', () => {
+    it('should be a function', () => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.isFunction(q.defer);
     });
 
-    it('should push onto the "axe.utils.queue"', function (done) {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
+    it('should push onto the "axe.utils.queue"', done => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
 
-      q.defer(function (resolve) {
-        setTimeout(function () {
+      q.defer(resolve => {
+        setTimeout(() => {
           resolve(1);
         }, 0);
       });
 
-      q.defer(function (resolve) {
-        setTimeout(function () {
+      q.defer(resolve => {
+        setTimeout(() => {
           resolve(2);
         }, 0);
       });
 
-      q.then(function (data) {
+      q.then(data => {
         assert.deepEqual(data, [1, 2]);
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('should execute resolve immediately if defered functions are already complete', function () {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue(),
-        complete = false;
+    it('should execute resolve immediately if defered functions are already complete', () => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
+      let complete = false;
 
-      q.defer(function (resolve) {
+      q.defer(resolve => {
         resolve(1);
       });
 
-      q.defer(function (resolve) {
+      q.defer(resolve => {
         resolve(2);
       });
 
-      q.then(function (data) {
+      q.then(data => {
         complete = true;
         assert.deepEqual(data, [1, 2]);
       });
@@ -52,41 +50,41 @@ describe('axe.utils.queue', function () {
       assert.isTrue(complete);
     });
 
-    it('is chainable', function () {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
+    it('is chainable', () => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.equal(
         q,
-        q.defer(function () {})
+        q.defer(() => {})
       );
     });
 
-    it('throws if then was already called', function () {
-      assert.throws(function () {
-        var q = axe.utils.queue();
-        q.defer(function (resolve) {
+    it('throws if then was already called', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        const q = axe.utils.queue();
+        q.defer(resolve => {
           resolve();
         });
 
-        q.then(function () {});
+        q.then(() => {});
 
-        q.defer(function (resolve) {
+        q.defer(resolve => {
           resolve();
         });
       });
     });
 
-    it('can await another queue', function (done) {
-      var q1 = axe.utils.queue();
-      var q2 = axe.utils.queue();
+    it('can await another queue', done => {
+      const q1 = axe.utils.queue();
+      const q2 = axe.utils.queue();
 
-      q1.defer(function (resolve) {
-        setTimeout(function () {
+      q1.defer(resolve => {
+        setTimeout(() => {
           resolve(123);
         }, 10);
       });
 
       q2.defer(q1);
-      q2.then(function (res) {
+      q2.then(res => {
         // unwrap both queue results
         assert.equal(res[0][0], 123);
         done();
@@ -94,75 +92,75 @@ describe('axe.utils.queue', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('then', function () {
-    it('should be a function', function () {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
+  describe('then', () => {
+    it('should be a function', () => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.isFunction(q.then);
     });
 
-    it('should execute immediately if axe.utils.queue is complete', function () {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
-      var result = false;
+    it('should execute immediately if axe.utils.queue is complete', () => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
+      let result = false;
 
-      q.then(function () {
+      q.then(() => {
         result = true;
       });
 
       assert.isTrue(result);
     });
 
-    it('is chainable', function () {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
+    it('is chainable', () => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.equal(
         q,
-        q.then(function () {})
+        q.then(() => {})
       );
     });
 
-    it('throws when called more than once', function () {
-      assert.throws(function () {
-        var q = axe.utils.queue();
-        q.defer(function () {});
-        q.then(function () {});
-        q.then(function () {});
+    it('throws when called more than once', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        const q = axe.utils.queue();
+        q.defer(() => {});
+        q.then(() => {});
+        q.then(() => {});
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('abort', function () {
-    it('should be a function', function () {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
+  describe('abort', () => {
+    it('should be a function', () => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.isFunction(q.abort);
     });
 
-    it('stops `then` from being called', function (done) {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
+    it('stops `then` from being called', done => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
 
-      q.defer(function (resolve) {
-        setTimeout(function () {
+      q.defer(resolve => {
+        setTimeout(() => {
           resolve(true);
         }, 100);
       });
 
-      q.then(function () {
+      q.then(() => {
         assert.ok(false, 'should not execute');
       });
-      q.catch(function () {});
+      q.catch(() => {});
 
-      setTimeout(function () {
-        var data = q.abort();
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        const data = q.abort();
         assert.ok(true, 'Queue aborted');
         assert.isFunction(data[0]);
         done();
       }, 1);
     });
 
-    it('sends a message to `catch`', function (done) {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
-      q.defer(function () {});
+    it('sends a message to `catch`', done => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
+      q.defer(() => {});
 
-      q.then(function () {});
-      q.catch(function (err) {
+      q.then(() => {});
+      q.catch(err => {
         assert.equal(err, 'Super sheep');
         done();
       });
@@ -171,27 +169,27 @@ describe('axe.utils.queue', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('catch', function () {
-    it('is called when defer throws an error', function (done) {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
-      q.defer(function () {
+  describe('catch', () => {
+    it('is called when defer throws an error', done => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
+      q.defer(() => {
         throw 'error! 1';
       });
 
-      q.catch(function (e) {
+      q.catch(e => {
         assert.equal(e, 'error! 1');
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('can catch error synchronously', function (done) {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
-      var sync = true;
-      q.defer(function () {
+    it('can catch error synchronously', done => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
+      let sync = true;
+      q.defer(() => {
         throw 'error! 2';
       });
 
-      q.catch(function (e) {
+      q.catch(e => {
         assert.equal(e, 'error! 2');
         assert.ok(sync, 'error caught in sync');
         done();
@@ -199,75 +197,75 @@ describe('axe.utils.queue', function () {
       sync = false;
     });
 
-    it('is called when the reject method is called', function (done) {
+    it('is called when the reject method is called', done => {
       /*eslint no-unused-vars: 0*/
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
-      var errorsCaught = 0;
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
+      let errorsCaught = 0;
 
-      q.defer(function (resolve, reject) {
-        setTimeout(function () {
+      q.defer((resolve, reject) => {
+        setTimeout(() => {
           reject('error! 2');
         }, 1);
       });
 
-      q.catch(function (e) {
+      q.catch(e => {
         assert.equal(e, 'error! 2');
         errorsCaught += 1;
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('will not run `then` if an error is thrown', function (done) {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
-      q.defer(function () {
+    it('will not run `then` if an error is thrown', done => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
+      q.defer(() => {
         throw 'error! 3';
       });
 
-      q.then(function () {
+      q.then(() => {
         assert.ok(false, 'Should not be called');
       });
-      q.catch(function (e) {
+      q.catch(e => {
         assert.equal(e, 'error! 3');
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('does not continue other tasks if an error occurs', function (done) {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
-      var aborted;
-      q.defer(function () {
+    it('does not continue other tasks if an error occurs', done => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
+      let aborted;
+      q.defer(() => {
         throw 'error! 3';
       });
-      q.defer(function () {
+      q.defer(() => {
         aborted = false;
       });
 
-      q.then(function () {
+      q.then(() => {
         assert.ok(false, 'Should not be called');
       });
-      q.catch(function (e) {
+      q.catch(e => {
         assert.equal(e, 'error! 3');
       });
-      setTimeout(function () {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         assert.notEqual(aborted, false);
         done();
       }, 30);
     });
 
-    it('is chainable', function () {
-      var q = axe.utils.queue();
+    it('is chainable', () => {
+      const q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.equal(
         q,
-        q.catch(function () {})
+        q.catch(() => {})
       );
     });
 
-    it('throws when called more than once', function () {
-      assert.throws(function () {
-        var q = axe.utils.queue();
-        q.defer(function () {});
-        q.catch(function () {});
-        q.catch(function () {});
+    it('throws when called more than once', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        const q = axe.utils.queue();
+        q.defer(() => {});
+        q.catch(() => {});
+        q.catch(() => {});
       });
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/respondable.js b/test/core/utils/respondable.js
index f4e089788..a4f5ba21c 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/respondable.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/respondable.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('axe.utils.respondable', function () {
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var respondable = axe.utils.respondable;
-  var noop = sinon.spy();
-  var frameWin;
-
-  beforeEach(function (done) {
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+describe('axe.utils.respondable', () => {
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const respondable = axe.utils.respondable;
+  const noop = sinon.spy();
+  let frameWin;
+
+  beforeEach(done => {
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
       done();
     });
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function () {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.utils.setDefaultFrameMessenger(respondable);
   });
 
-  it('should error if open is not a function', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('should error if open is not a function', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       respondable.updateMessenger({
         post: noop,
         close: noop
@@ -29,27 +29,27 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should error if post is not a function', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('should error if post is not a function', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       respondable.updateMessenger({
         open: noop
       });
     });
   });
 
-  it('should error if open function return is not a function', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('should error if open function return is not a function', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       respondable.updateMessenger({
         post: noop,
-        open: function () {
+        open: () => {
           return 1;
         }
       });
     });
   });
 
-  it('should call the open function and pass the listener', function () {
-    var open = sinon.spy();
+  it('should call the open function and pass the listener', () => {
+    const open = sinon.spy();
     respondable.updateMessenger({
       open: open,
       post: noop
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function () {
     assert.isTrue(typeof open.args[0][0] === 'function');
   });
 
-  it('should call previous close function', function () {
-    var close = sinon.spy();
+  it('should call previous close function', () => {
+    const close = sinon.spy();
     respondable.updateMessenger({
-      open: function () {
+      open: () => {
         return close;
       },
       post: noop
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function () {
     assert.isTrue(close.called);
   });
 
-  it('should use the post function when making a frame post', function () {
-    var post = sinon.spy();
+  it('should use the post function when making a frame post', () => {
+    const post = sinon.spy();
     respondable.updateMessenger({
       open: noop,
       post: post
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function () {
     assert.isTrue(post.called);
   });
 
-  it('should pass the post function the correct parameters', function () {
-    var post = sinon.spy();
-    var callback = sinon.spy();
+  it('should pass the post function the correct parameters', () => {
+    const post = sinon.spy();
+    const callback = sinon.spy();
 
     respondable.updateMessenger({
       open: noop,
@@ -110,15 +110,15 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should work as a full integration', function () {
-    var listeners = {};
-    var listener = sinon.spy();
+  it('should work as a full integration', () => {
+    const listeners = {};
+    const listener = sinon.spy();
 
     respondable.updateMessenger({
-      open: function () {
+      open: () => {
         listeners.greeting = listener;
       },
-      post: function (win, data) {
+      post: (win, data) => {
         if (listeners[data.topic]) {
           listeners[data.topic]();
         }
diff --git a/test/core/utils/rule-error.js b/test/core/utils/rule-error.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ebd318a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/rule-error.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+describe('utils.RuleError', () => {
+  const RuleError = axe.utils.RuleError;
+
+  it('returns a serializable error', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    const ruleError = new RuleError({ error });
+    assert.ownInclude(ruleError, {
+      message: error.message,
+      stack: error.stack,
+      name: error.name
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('returns a instanceof Error', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    const ruleError = new RuleError({ error });
+    assert.instanceOf(ruleError, Error);
+  });
+
+  it('includes the ruleId if provided', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    const ruleError = new RuleError({ error, ruleId: 'aria' });
+    assert.equal(ruleError.ruleId, 'aria');
+    assert.include(ruleError.message, 'Skipping aria rule.');
+  });
+
+  it('includes the method if provided', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    const ruleError = new RuleError({ error, method: '#matches' });
+    assert.equal(ruleError.method, '#matches');
+  });
+
+  it('includes the errorNode if provided', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    const ruleError = new RuleError({ error, errorNode: 'err' });
+    assert.equal(ruleError.errorNode, 'err');
+  });
+
+  it('includes a serialized cause if provided', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    error.cause = new Error('cause');
+    const ruleError = new RuleError({ error });
+    assert.deepEqual(ruleError.cause, axe.utils.serializeError(error.cause));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/rule-should-run.js b/test/core/utils/rule-should-run.js
index ce5d1c04f..37727acdf 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/rule-should-run.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/rule-should-run.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should return false if rule.pageOnly and !context.page', function () {
+describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', () => {
+  it('should return false if rule.pageOnly and !context.page', () => {
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -15,7 +13,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if rule.enabled is false, option.enabled is false and ruleID is not present runOnly', function () {
+  it('should return false if rule.enabled is false, option.enabled is false and ruleID is not present runOnly', () => {
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if rule.enabled is false, option.enabled is false and ruleID is present in runOnly', function () {
+  it('should return true if rule.enabled is false, option.enabled is false and ruleID is present in runOnly', () => {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if rule.enabled is false, option is undefined and ruleID is present in runOnly', function () {
+  it('should return true if rule.enabled is false, option is undefined and ruleID is present in runOnly', () => {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false even if enabled is set to true if ruleID is not present in runOnly', function () {
+  it('should return false even if enabled is set to true if ruleID is not present in runOnly', () => {
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if rule.enabled is false', function () {
+  it('should return false if rule.enabled is false', () => {
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if rule.enabled is true', function () {
+  it('should return true if rule.enabled is true', () => {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -125,7 +123,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if option is set to true but rule is set to false', function () {
+  it('should return true if option is set to true but rule is set to false', () => {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if option is set to false but rule is set to true', function () {
+  it('should return false if option is set to false but rule is set to true', () => {
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -163,7 +161,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use option.rules.enabled over option.runOnly tags', function () {
+  it('should use option.rules.enabled over option.runOnly tags', () => {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -209,21 +207,21 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('default axe._tagExclude', function () {
-    var origTagExclude;
-    before(function () {
+  describe('default axe._tagExclude', () => {
+    let origTagExclude;
+    before(() => {
       axe._load({});
       origTagExclude = axe._audit.tagExclude;
     });
-    after(function () {
+    after(() => {
       axe._audit.tagExclude = origTagExclude;
     });
 
-    beforeEach(function () {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       axe._audit.tagExclude = [];
     });
 
-    it('excludes rules with a tag put in axe._tagExclude', function () {
+    it('excludes rules with a tag put in axe._tagExclude', () => {
       axe._audit.tagExclude = ['the-cheat'];
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
@@ -250,7 +248,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('adds axe.tagExclude to the existing exclude tags', function () {
+    it('adds axe.tagExclude to the existing exclude tags', () => {
       axe._audit.tagExclude = ['the-cheat'];
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
@@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('does not exclude tags explicitly included', function () {
+    it('does not exclude tags explicitly included', () => {
       axe._audit.tagExclude = ['the-cheat'];
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
@@ -326,8 +324,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('runOnly type:tag', function () {
-    it('should return true if passed an array with a matching tag', function () {
+  describe('runOnly type:tag', () => {
+    it('should return true if passed an array with a matching tag', () => {
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -346,7 +344,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false if passed an array with a matching tag', function () {
+    it('should return false if passed an array with a matching tag', () => {
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -365,7 +363,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should accept string as an include value', function () {
+    it('should accept string as an include value', () => {
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -386,7 +384,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should accept array as an include value', function () {
+    it('should accept array as an include value', () => {
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -407,7 +405,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should accept string as an exclude value', function () {
+    it('should accept string as an exclude value', () => {
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -428,7 +426,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should accept array as an exclude value', function () {
+    it('should accept array as an exclude value', () => {
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -449,7 +447,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if it matches include but not exclude', function () {
+    it('should return true if it matches include but not exclude', () => {
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -471,7 +469,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false if it matches no include', function () {
+    it('should return false if it matches no include', () => {
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -493,7 +491,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false if it matches include and exclude', function () {
+    it('should return false if it matches include and exclude', () => {
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
diff --git a/test/core/utils/scroll-state.js b/test/core/utils/scroll-state.js
index e22534892..75966d66b 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/scroll-state.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/scroll-state.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var mockWin;
-  var getScrollState = axe.utils.getScrollState;
+describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  let mockWin;
+  const getScrollState = axe.utils.getScrollState;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     mockWin = {
       pageXOffset: 1,
       pageYOffset: 3,
@@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(getScrollState);
   });
 
-  it('takes the window object as an optional argument', function () {
+  it('takes the window object as an optional argument', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(getScrollState(), getScrollState(window));
   });
 
-  it('returns the window as the first item, if pageXOffset is supported', function () {
+  it('returns the window as the first item, if pageXOffset is supported', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(getScrollState(mockWin)[0], {
       elm: mockWin,
       top: mockWin.pageYOffset,
@@ -37,122 +37,134 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns the html as the first item, if pageXOffset is not supported', function () {
+  it('returns the html as the first item, if pageXOffset is not supported', () => {
     mockWin.pageYOffset = undefined;
     mockWin.pageXOffset = undefined;
-    var html = mockWin.document.documentElement;
+    const docEl = mockWin.document.documentElement;
 
     assert.deepEqual(getScrollState(mockWin)[0], {
-      elm: html,
-      top: html.scrollTop,
-      left: html.scrollLeft
+      elm: docEl,
+      top: docEl.scrollTop,
+      left: docEl.scrollLeft
     });
   });
 
-  it('grabs scrollTop and scrollLeft from all descendants of body', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="overflow:auto; height: 50px" id="tgt1">' +
-      '<div style="height: 100px"> Han Solo </div>' +
-      '<div style="overflow: auto; height: 50px" id="tgt2">' +
-      '<div style="height: 100px"> Chewbacca </div>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-
-    var tgt1 = document.getElementById('tgt1');
-    var tgt2 = document.getElementById('tgt2');
+  it('grabs scrollTop and scrollLeft from all descendants of body', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="overflow:auto; height: 50px" id="tgt1">
+        <div style="height: 100px">Han Solo</div>
+        <div style="overflow: auto; height: 50px" id="tgt2">
+          <div style="height: 100px">Chewbacca</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+
+    const tgt1 = document.getElementById('tgt1');
+    const tgt2 = document.getElementById('tgt2');
     tgt1.scrollTop = 10;
     tgt2.scrollTop = 20;
 
-    var scrollState = getScrollState();
+    const scrollState = getScrollState();
 
     assert.deepEqual(
-      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(scroll => {
         return scroll.elm === tgt1;
       }),
       { elm: tgt1, top: 10, left: 0 }
     );
     assert.deepEqual(
-      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(scroll => {
         return scroll.elm === tgt2;
       }),
       { elm: tgt2, top: 20, left: 0 }
     );
   });
 
-  it('ignores elements with overflow visible', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="overflow:visible; height: 50px" id="tgt1">' +
-      '<div style="height: 100px" id="tgt2"> Han Solo </div>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('ignores elements with overflow visible', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="overflow:visible; height: 50px" id="tgt1">
+        <div style="height: 100px" id="tgt2">Han Solo</div>
+      </div>
+    `;
 
-    var tgt1 = document.getElementById('tgt1');
-    var tgt2 = document.getElementById('tgt2');
-    var scrollState = getScrollState();
+    const tgt1 = document.getElementById('tgt1');
+    const tgt2 = document.getElementById('tgt2');
+    const scrollState = getScrollState();
 
     assert.isUndefined(
-      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(scroll => {
         return scroll.elm === tgt1;
       })
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
-      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(scroll => {
         return scroll.elm === tgt2;
       })
     );
   });
 
-  it('ignores elements that do not overflow', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="overflow:auto; height: 300px" id="tgt1">' +
-      '<div style="height: 100px"> Han Solo </div>' +
-      '<div style="overflow: hidden; height: 150px" id="tgt2">' +
-      '<div style="height: 100px"> Chewbacca </div>' +
-      '</div>' +
-      '</div>';
+  it('ignores elements that do not overflow', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="overflow:auto; height: 300px" id="tgt1">
+        <div style="height: 100px">Han Solo</div>
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; height: 150px" id="tgt2">
+          <div style="height: 100px">Chewbacca</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
 
-    var tgt1 = document.getElementById('tgt1');
-    var tgt2 = document.getElementById('tgt2');
-    var scrollState = getScrollState();
+    const tgt1 = document.getElementById('tgt1');
+    const tgt2 = document.getElementById('tgt2');
+    const scrollState = getScrollState();
 
     assert.isUndefined(
-      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(scroll => {
         return scroll.elm === tgt1;
       })
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
-      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(scroll => {
         return scroll.elm === tgt2;
       })
     );
   });
 
-  it('does not fail with svg elements', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<svg class="svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="13" height="17" viewBox="0 0 13 17">' +
-      '<path fill="currentColor" d="M6.5 0L0 6.5 1.4 8l4-4v12.7h2V4l4.3 4L13 6.4z"></path>' +
-      '</svg>';
-
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+  it('does not fail with svg elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <svg
+        class="svg"
+        xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+        width="13"
+        height="17"
+        viewBox="0 0 13 17"
+      >
+        <path
+          fill="currentColor"
+          d="M6.5 0L0 6.5 1.4 8l4-4v12.7h2V4l4.3 4L13 6.4z"
+        ></path>
+      </svg>
+    `;
+
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
       getScrollState();
     });
   });
 });
 
-describe('axe.utils.setScrollState', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var setScrollState = axe.utils.setScrollState;
+describe('axe.utils.setScrollState', () => {
+  const setScrollState = axe.utils.setScrollState;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  afterEach(function () {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(setScrollState);
   });
 
-  it('sets scrollTop and scrollLeft for regular nodes', function () {
-    var elm1 = {},
+  it('sets scrollTop and scrollLeft for regular nodes', () => {
+    const elm1 = {},
       elm2 = {};
     setScrollState([
       { elm: elm1, top: 10, left: 20 },
@@ -163,10 +175,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.setScrollState', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(elm2, { scrollTop: 30, scrollLeft: 40 });
   });
 
-  it('calls scroll() for the window element', function () {
-    var called;
-    var winScroll = window.scroll;
-    window.scroll = function (left, top) {
+  it('calls scroll() for the window element', () => {
+    let called;
+    const winScroll = window.scroll;
+    window.scroll = (left, top) => {
       called = { top: top, left: left };
     };
     setScrollState([{ elm: window, top: 10, left: 20 }]);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/select.js b/test/core/utils/select.js
index c5a6a968e..11fab3a99 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/select.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/select.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('axe.utils.select', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const $id = id => document.getElementById(id);
   const { Context } = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base;
   const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
@@ -47,14 +48,14 @@ describe('axe.utils.select', () => {
 
     it('should pick the deepest exclude/include - exclude winning', () => {
       fixtureSetup(
-        `<div id="include1">
-        	<div id="exclude1">
-        		<div id="include2">
-        			<div id="exclude2">
-        				<div class="bananas"></div>
-        			</div>
-        		</div>
-        	</div>
+        html`<div id="include1">
+          <div id="exclude1">
+            <div id="include2">
+              <div id="exclude2">
+                <div class="bananas"></div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
         </div>`
       );
       const context = new Context(
@@ -70,16 +71,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.select', () => {
 
     it('should pick the deepest exclude/include - include winning', () => {
       fixtureSetup(
-        `<div id="include1"> 
-        	<div id="exclude1"> 
-        		<div id="include2"> 
-        			<div id="exclude2"> 
-        				<div id="include3"> 
-        					<div id="bananas" class="bananas"></div> 
-        				</div> 
-        			</div> 
-        		</div> 
-        	</div> 
+        html`<div id="include1">
+          <div id="exclude1">
+            <div id="include2">
+              <div id="exclude2">
+                <div id="include3">
+                  <div id="bananas" class="bananas"></div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
         </div>`
       );
       const context = new Context(
@@ -111,10 +112,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.select', () => {
   });
 
   it('should not return duplicates on overlapping includes', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="zero"><div id="one"><div id="target1" class="bananas"></div></div>' +
-        '<div id="two"><div id="target2" class="bananas"></div></div></div>'
-    );
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="zero">
+        <div id="one"><div id="target1" class="bananas"></div></div>
+        <div id="two"><div id="target2" class="bananas"></div></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
     const context = new Context(
       {
         include: [['#zero'], ['#one']]
@@ -131,10 +134,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.select', () => {
   });
 
   it('should return the cached result if one exists', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="zero"><div id="one"><div id="target1" class="bananas"></div></div>' +
-        '<div id="two"><div id="target2" class="bananas"></div></div></div>'
-    );
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="zero">
+        <div id="one"><div id="target1" class="bananas"></div></div>
+        <div id="two"><div id="target2" class="bananas"></div></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
 
     axe._selectCache = [
       {
diff --git a/test/core/utils/selector-cache.js b/test/core/utils/selector-cache.js
index 36d555407..d08e36c46 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/selector-cache.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/selector-cache.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 describe('utils.selector-cache', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   const cacheNodeSelectors =
     axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.utils.cacheNodeSelectors;
   const getNodesMatchingExpression =
     axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.utils.getNodesMatchingExpression;
   const convertSelector = axe.utils.convertSelector;
-  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
   let vNode;
   beforeEach(() => {
@@ -68,7 +68,11 @@ describe('utils.selector-cache', () => {
       ];
       for (const term of terms) {
         it(`works with ${term}`, () => {
-          fixture.innerHTML = `<div id="${term}" class="${term}" aria-label="${term}"></div>`;
+          fixture.innerHTML = html`<div
+            id="${term}"
+            class="${term}"
+            aria-label="${term}"
+          ></div>`;
           vNode = new axe.VirtualNode(fixture.firstChild);
           const map = {};
           cacheNodeSelectors(vNode, map);
@@ -89,10 +93,10 @@ describe('utils.selector-cache', () => {
       for (let i = 0; i < fixture.children.length; i++) {
         const child = fixture.children[i];
         const isShadow = child.hasAttribute('data-shadow');
-        const html = child.innerHTML;
+        const innerMarkup = child.innerHTML;
         if (isShadow) {
           const shadowRoot = child.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-          shadowRoot.innerHTML = html;
+          shadowRoot.innerHTML = innerMarkup;
           child.innerHTML = '';
         }
       }
@@ -135,20 +139,14 @@ describe('utils.selector-cache', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), [vNode]);
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should only return nodes matching shadowId when matching by id',
-      () => {
-        fixture.innerHTML =
-          '<div id="target"></div><div data-shadow><div id="target"></div></div>';
-        tree = createTree();
-        const expression = convertSelector('#target');
-        const expected = [tree[0].children[0]];
-        assert.deepEqual(
-          getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression),
-          expected
-        );
-      }
-    );
+    it('should only return nodes matching shadowId when matching by id', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="target"></div><div data-shadow><div id="target"></div></div>';
+      tree = createTree();
+      const expression = convertSelector('#target');
+      const expected = [tree[0].children[0]];
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), expected);
+    });
 
     it('should return a list of matching nodes by class', () => {
       const expression = convertSelector('.foo');
@@ -227,17 +225,18 @@ describe('utils.selector-cache', () => {
     });
 
     it('should sort nodes by added order', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="id0"></div>' +
-        '<span id="id1"></span>' +
-        '<div id="id2"></div>' +
-        '<span id="id3"></span>' +
-        '<div id="id4"></div>' +
-        '<span id="id5"></span>' +
-        '<div id="id6"></div>' +
-        '<span id="id7"></span>' +
-        '<div id="id8"></div>' +
-        '<span id="id9"></span>';
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="id0"></div>
+        <span id="id1"></span>
+        <div id="id2"></div>
+        <span id="id3"></span>
+        <div id="id4"></div>
+        <span id="id5"></span>
+        <div id="id6"></div>
+        <span id="id7"></span>
+        <div id="id8"></div>
+        <span id="id9"></span>
+      `;
       tree = createTree();
 
       const expression = convertSelector('div, span');
diff --git a/test/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js b/test/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js
index 0fe4412e1..b7d51f1ea 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', () => {
       axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
         frame,
         params,
-        captureError(function (res) {
+        captureError(res => {
           assert.lengthOf(res, 1);
           assert.equal(res[0].id, 'html');
           done();
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', () => {
 
     frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       const topics = [];
-      frame.contentWindow.addEventListener('message', function (event) {
+      frame.contentWindow.addEventListener('message', event => {
         try {
           topics.push(JSON.parse(event.data).topic);
-        } catch (_) {
+        } catch {
           /* ignore */
         }
       });
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', () => {
 
   it('should timeout if there is no response from frame', done => {
     const orig = window.setTimeout;
-    window.setTimeout = function (fn, to) {
+    window.setTimeout = (fn, to) => {
       if (to === 30000) {
         assert.ok('timeout set');
         fn();
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', () => {
       axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
         frame,
         params,
-        function (result) {
+        result => {
           assert.equal(result, null);
           done();
         },
diff --git a/test/core/utils/serialize-error.js b/test/core/utils/serialize-error.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1b6ad4e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/serialize-error.js
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+describe('utils.serializeError', () => {
+  const serializeError = axe.utils.serializeError;
+
+  it('should serialize an error', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    const serialized = serializeError(error);
+    assert.ownInclude(serialized, {
+      message: error.message,
+      stack: error.stack,
+      name: error.name
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should serialize known serializable properties', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    error.code = 3;
+    error.ruleId = 'test1';
+    error.method = 'test2';
+    const serialized = serializeError(error);
+    assert.ownInclude(serialized, {
+      code: error.code,
+      ruleId: error.ruleId,
+      method: error.method
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not include nullish properties', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+
+    // Neither an explicitly undefined nor an omitted property should be included
+    error.code = null;
+    error.method = undefined;
+    // error.ruleId = undefined;
+
+    const serialized = serializeError(error);
+    assert.doesNotHaveAnyKeys(serialized, ['code', 'method', 'ruleId']);
+  });
+
+  it('should not include non-scalar values even in allow-listed properties', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    error.code = { foo: 'bar' };
+    error.ruleId = ['baz', 'qux'];
+    const serialized = serializeError(error);
+    assert.doesNotHaveAnyKeys(serialized, ['method', 'ruleId']);
+  });
+
+  it('should not include non-allow-listed properties', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    error.someUnknownProp = 'test';
+    error.errorNode = 'test';
+    const serialized = serializeError(error);
+    assert.doesNotHaveAnyKeys(serialized, ['someUnknownProp', 'errorNode']);
+  });
+
+  it('should serialize an error with a cause', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    error.cause = new Error('cause');
+    const serialized = serializeError(error);
+    assert.ownInclude(serialized.cause, {
+      message: error.cause.message,
+      stack: error.cause.stack,
+      name: error.cause.name
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should serialize recursively', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    error.cause = new Error('cause');
+    error.cause.cause = new Error('cause2');
+    const serialized = serializeError(error);
+    assert.ownInclude(serialized.cause.cause, {
+      message: error.cause.cause.message,
+      stack: error.cause.cause.stack,
+      name: error.cause.cause.name
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not serialize the cause if the stack exceeds 10 levels', () => {
+    const error = new Error('test');
+    error.cause = new Error('cause');
+    error.cause.cause = new Error('cause2');
+    error.cause.cause.cause = new Error('cause3');
+    const serialized = serializeError(error, 9);
+    assert.equal(serialized.cause.cause, '...');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/shadow-select-all.js b/test/core/utils/shadow-select-all.js
index 225f6685b..14f2dc5f3 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/shadow-select-all.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/shadow-select-all.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('utils.shadowSelectAll', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const shadowSelectAll = axe.utils.shadowSelectAll;
   const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   const mapNodeName = elms => elms.map(elm => elm.nodeName.toLowerCase());
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ describe('utils.shadowSelectAll', () => {
     });
 
     it('returns the each matching element in the document', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `<b class="hello"></b>
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<b class="hello"></b>
         <s class="goodbye"></s>
         <i class="hello"></i>`;
       const nodes = shadowSelectAll('#fixture > .hello');
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ describe('utils.shadowSelectAll', () => {
   });
 
   describe('given an array of string', () => {
-    function addShadowTree(host, html) {
+    function addShadowTree(host, shadowMarkup) {
       const root = host.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      root.innerHTML = html;
+      root.innerHTML = shadowMarkup;
       return root;
     }
 
@@ -43,27 +44,27 @@ describe('utils.shadowSelectAll', () => {
 
     it('returns [] if the shadow host does not exist', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], `<b></b>`);
+      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], html`<b></b>`);
       assert.deepEqual(shadowSelectAll(['#fixture > span', 'b']), []);
     });
 
     it('returns [] if the no final element exists', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<span></span>';
-      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], `<i></i>`);
+      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], html`<i></i>`);
       assert.deepEqual(shadowSelectAll(['span', 'b']), []);
     });
 
     it('returns nodes from a shadow tree', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<span></span>';
-      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], `<b></b><i></i>`);
+      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], html`<b></b><i></i>`);
       const nodeNames = mapNodeName(shadowSelectAll(['#fixture > span', '*']));
       assert.deepEqual(nodeNames, ['b', 'i']);
     });
 
     it('returns nodes from multiple shadow trees', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<span></span><span></span>';
-      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], `<a></a><b></b>`);
-      addShadowTree(fixture.children[1], `<i></i><s></s>`);
+      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], html`<a></a><b></b>`);
+      addShadowTree(fixture.children[1], html`<i></i><s></s>`);
       const nodeNames = mapNodeName(shadowSelectAll(['#fixture > span', '*']));
       assert.deepEqual(nodeNames, ['a', 'b', 'i', 's']);
     });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/shadow-select.js b/test/core/utils/shadow-select.js
index bc9488d9c..1118ac51c 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/shadow-select.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/shadow-select.js
@@ -1,85 +1,85 @@
 var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 var testSuite = shadowSupported ? describe : describe.skip;
 
-testSuite('utils.shadowSelect', function () {
-  var shadowSelect = axe.utils.shadowSelect;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+testSuite('utils.shadowSelect', () => {
+  const shadowSelect = axe.utils.shadowSelect;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('throws when not passed a string or array', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('throws when not passed a string or array', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       shadowSelect(123);
     });
   });
 
-  it('throws when passed an array with non-string values', function () {
-    assert.throws(function () {
+  it('throws when passed an array with non-string values', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       shadowSelect([123]);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('given a string', function () {
-    it('returns null if no node is found', function () {
+  describe('given a string', () => {
+    it('returns null if no node is found', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<b class="hello"></b>';
       assert.isNull(shadowSelect('.goodbye'));
     });
 
-    it('returns the first matching element in the document', function () {
+    it('returns the first matching element in the document', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<b class="hello"></b><i class="hello"></i>';
-      var node = shadowSelect('.hello');
+      const node = shadowSelect('.hello');
       assert.equal(node.nodeName.toLowerCase(), 'b');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('given an array of string', function () {
+  describe('given an array of string', () => {
     function appendShadowTree(parentNode, nodeName) {
-      var node = document.createElement(nodeName);
+      const node = document.createElement(nodeName);
       parentNode.appendChild(node);
       return node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     }
 
-    it('returns null given an empty array', function () {
+    it('returns null given an empty array', () => {
       assert.isNull(shadowSelect([]));
     });
 
-    it('returns null if the node does not exist in the shadow tree', function () {
-      var shadowRoot = appendShadowTree(fixture, 'div');
+    it('returns null if the node does not exist in the shadow tree', () => {
+      const shadowRoot = appendShadowTree(fixture, 'div');
       shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<b class="hello"></b>';
       assert.isNull(shadowSelect(['#fixture > div', '.goodbye']));
     });
 
-    it('returns null if an intermediate node is not a shadow root', function () {
-      var shadowRoot = appendShadowTree(fixture, 'article');
+    it('returns null if an intermediate node is not a shadow root', () => {
+      const shadowRoot = appendShadowTree(fixture, 'article');
       shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<section><p class="hello"></p></section>';
       assert.isNull(shadowSelect(['#fixture > article', 'section', 'p']));
     });
 
-    it('returns from Document with a length of 1', function () {
+    it('returns from Document with a length of 1', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<b class="hello"></b><i class="hello"></i>';
-      var node = shadowSelect(['.hello']);
+      const node = shadowSelect(['.hello']);
       assert.equal(node.nodeName.toLowerCase(), 'b');
     });
 
-    it('returns from a shadow tree with length 2', function () {
-      var shadowRoot = appendShadowTree(fixture, 'div');
+    it('returns from a shadow tree with length 2', () => {
+      const shadowRoot = appendShadowTree(fixture, 'div');
       shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<b class="hello"></b><i class="hello"></i>';
 
-      var node = shadowSelect(['#fixture > div', '.hello']);
+      const node = shadowSelect(['#fixture > div', '.hello']);
       assert.equal(node.nodeName.toLowerCase(), 'b');
     });
 
-    it('returns a node from multiple trees deep', function () {
-      var root = fixture;
-      var nodes = ['article', 'section', 'div', 'p'];
-      nodes.forEach(function (nodeName) {
+    it('returns a node from multiple trees deep', () => {
+      let root = fixture;
+      const nodes = ['article', 'section', 'div', 'p'];
+      nodes.forEach(nodeName => {
         root = appendShadowTree(root, nodeName);
       });
       root.innerHTML = '<b class="hello"></b><i class="hello"></i>';
 
-      var node = shadowSelect([
+      const node = shadowSelect([
         '#fixture > article',
         'section',
         'div',
diff --git a/test/core/utils/to-array.js b/test/core/utils/to-array.js
index e60971286..8bee06faa 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/to-array.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/to-array.js
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-describe('axe.utils.toArray', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  it('should call Array.prototype.slice', function () {
-    var orig = Array.prototype.slice,
-      called = false,
-      arrayLike = { 0: 'cats', length: 1 };
+describe('axe.utils.toArray', () => {
+  it('should call Array.prototype.slice', () => {
+    const orig = Array.prototype.slice;
+    let called = false;
+    const arrayLike = { 0: 'cats', length: 1 };
 
     Array.prototype.slice = function () {
       called = true;
@@ -17,22 +16,20 @@ describe('axe.utils.toArray', function () {
     Array.prototype.slice = orig;
   });
 
-  it('should return an array', function () {
-    var arrayLike = { 0: 'cats', length: 1 };
+  it('should return an array', () => {
+    const arrayLike = { 0: 'cats', length: 1 };
 
-    var result = axe.utils.toArray(arrayLike);
+    const result = axe.utils.toArray(arrayLike);
     assert.isArray(result);
   });
 });
 
-describe('axe.utils.uniqueArray', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.uniqueArray', () => {
+  it('should filter duplicate values', () => {
+    const array1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    const array2 = [1, 3, 7];
 
-  it('should filter duplicate values', function () {
-    var array1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
-    var array2 = [1, 3, 7];
-
-    var result = axe.utils.uniqueArray(array1, array2);
+    const result = axe.utils.uniqueArray(array1, array2);
     assert.isArray(result);
     assert.includeMembers(result, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7]);
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/token-list.js b/test/core/utils/token-list.js
index 6606b03db..d5c44a4b5 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/token-list.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/token-list.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-describe('axe.utils.tokenList', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should split by space', function () {
+describe('axe.utils.tokenList', () => {
+  it('should split by space', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.tokenList('bananas monkeys 42'), [
       'bananas',
       'monkeys',
@@ -9,7 +7,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.tokenList', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should trim first', function () {
+  it('should trim first', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.tokenList(' \r   bananas monkeys 42	\n  '), [
       'bananas',
       'monkeys',
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.tokenList', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
+  it('should collapse whitespace', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.tokenList(' \r   bananas \r \n	monkeys		42	\n  '), [
       'bananas',
       'monkeys',
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.tokenList', function () {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return empty string array for null value', function () {
+  it('should return empty string array for null value', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.tokenList(null), ['']);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/valid-langs.js b/test/core/utils/valid-langs.js
index 0cb0c5b51..2baa80e16 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/valid-langs.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/valid-langs.js
@@ -1,47 +1,45 @@
-describe('axe.utils.isValidLang', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  describe('isValidLang', function () {
-    it('should return true for valid 3-character lang', function () {
+describe('axe.utils.isValidLang', () => {
+  describe('isValidLang', () => {
+    it('should return true for valid 3-character lang', () => {
       assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isValidLang('bbb'));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for valid 2-character lang', function () {
+    it('should return true for valid 2-character lang', () => {
       assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isValidLang('aa'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for invalid lang', function () {
+    it('should return false for invalid lang', () => {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang('xyz'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for invalid 2-character lang', function () {
+    it('should return false for invalid 2-character lang', () => {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang('bb'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for invalid 1-character lang code', function () {
+    it('should return false for invalid 1-character lang code', () => {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang('a'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for invalid 4-character lang code', function () {
+    it('should return false for invalid 4-character lang code', () => {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang('abcd'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for empty string', function () {
+    it('should return false for empty string', () => {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang(''));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for invalid lang code', function () {
+    it('should return false for invalid lang code', () => {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang('123'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('validLangs', function () {
-    it('should return an array of langs', function () {
+  describe('validLangs', () => {
+    it('should return an array of langs', () => {
       assert.isTrue(Array.isArray(axe.utils.validLangs()));
     });
 
-    it('should include valid langs', function () {
-      var langs = axe.utils.validLangs();
+    it('should include valid langs', () => {
+      const langs = axe.utils.validLangs();
       assert.isTrue(langs.indexOf('aaa') !== -1);
       assert.isTrue(langs.indexOf('aa') !== -1);
       assert.isTrue(langs.indexOf('en') !== -1);
diff --git a/test/gather-internals/index.js b/test/gather-internals/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41841eb8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/gather-internals/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+describe('gather-internals.walkTree', () => {
+  const { walkTree, elementInternalsMap, _reset, getAncestry } =
+    globalThis._gatherInternals;
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = axe.testUtils.fixture;
+  const ariaProps = [
+    'ariaAtomic',
+    'ariaAutoComplete',
+    'ariaBrailleLabel',
+    'ariaBrailleRoleDescription',
+    'ariaBusy',
+    'ariaChecked',
+    'ariaColCount',
+    'ariaColIndex',
+    'ariaColIndexText',
+    'ariaColSpan',
+    'ariaCurrent',
+    'ariaDescription',
+    'ariaDisabled',
+    'ariaExpanded',
+    'ariaHasPopup',
+    'ariaHidden',
+    'ariaInvalid',
+    'ariaKeyShortcuts',
+    'ariaLabel',
+    'ariaLevel',
+    'ariaLive',
+    'ariaModal',
+    'ariaMultiline',
+    'ariaMultiSelectable',
+    'ariaOrientation',
+    'ariaPlaceholder',
+    'ariaPosInSet',
+    'ariaPressed',
+    'ariaReadOnly',
+    'ariaRelevant',
+    'ariaRequired',
+    'ariaRoleDescription',
+    'ariaRowCount',
+    'ariaRowIndex',
+    'ariaRowIndexText',
+    'ariaRowSpan',
+    'ariaSelected',
+    'ariaSetSize',
+    'ariaSort',
+    'ariaValueMax',
+    'ariaValueMin',
+    'ariaValueNow',
+    'ariaValueText',
+    'role'
+  ];
+  const idrefProps = ['ariaActiveDescendantElement'];
+  const idrefsProps = [
+    'ariaControlsElements',
+    'ariaDescribedByElements',
+    'ariaDetailsElements',
+    'ariaErrorMessageElements',
+    'ariaFlowToElements',
+    'ariaLabelledByElements',
+    'ariaOwnsElements'
+  ];
+  let axeInitial;
+
+  before(() => {
+    axeInitial = globalThis.axe;
+
+    // the `form` and `labels` properties are only readable (and won't throw) if the
+    // element is form associated
+    customElements.define(
+      'gather-internals-element',
+      class GatherInternalsElement extends HTMLElement {
+        static formAssociated = true;
+
+        constructor() {
+          super();
+          this._internals = this.attachInternals();
+        }
+      }
+    );
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    _reset();
+  });
+
+  after(() => {
+    globalThis.axe = axeInitial;
+  });
+
+  it('sets the array with expected properties', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<testutils-element></testutils-element>`;
+
+    walkTree();
+
+    assert.isTrue(Array.isArray(elementInternalsMap));
+    assert.lengthOf(elementInternalsMap, 1);
+    assert.hasAllKeys(elementInternalsMap[0], ['ancestry', 'internals']);
+  });
+
+  it('finds internals on node', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<testutils-element></testutils-element>`;
+
+    walkTree();
+    assert.lengthOf(elementInternalsMap, 1);
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.equal(internals.role, 'button');
+  });
+
+  it('finds internals in nested node', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <div>
+      <div>
+        <testutils-element></testutils-element>
+      </div>
+    </div>`;
+
+    walkTree();
+    assert.lengthOf(elementInternalsMap, 1);
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.equal(internals.role, 'button');
+  });
+
+  it('finds all internals', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <div>
+      <div>
+        <testutils-element></testutils-element>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <div>
+          <div>
+            <testutils-element with-role="input"></testutils-element>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>`;
+
+    walkTree();
+    assert.lengthOf(elementInternalsMap, 2);
+
+    assert.equal(elementInternalsMap[0].internals.role, 'button');
+    assert.equal(elementInternalsMap[1].internals.role, 'input');
+  });
+
+  it('finds internals in shadow root', () => {
+    const host = document.createElement('div');
+    const shadowRoot = host.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+      <div>
+        <testutils-element></testutils-element>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    fixture.append(host);
+
+    walkTree();
+    assert.lengthOf(elementInternalsMap, 1);
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.equal(internals.role, 'button');
+  });
+
+  it('sets the ancestry', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<testutils-element></testutils-element>`;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('testutils-element');
+    const ancestry = getAncestry(node);
+
+    walkTree();
+    assert.equal(elementInternalsMap[0].ancestry, ancestry);
+  });
+
+  it('sets the ancestry of shadow element', () => {
+    const host = document.createElement('div');
+    const shadowRoot = host.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+      <div>
+        <testutils-element></testutils-element>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    fixture.append(host);
+    const node = shadowRoot.querySelector('testutils-element');
+    const ancestry = getAncestry(node);
+
+    walkTree();
+    assert.deepEqual(elementInternalsMap[0].ancestry, ancestry);
+  });
+
+  it('resolves idref property as ancestry', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<testutils-element>
+      <div id="child"></div>
+    </testutils-element>`;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('testutils-element');
+    const activeChild = fixture.querySelector('#child');
+    node._internals.ariaActiveDescendantElement = activeChild;
+    const ancestry = getAncestry(activeChild);
+
+    walkTree();
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.deepEqual(internals.ariaActiveDescendantElement, {
+      type: 'HTMLElement',
+      value: ancestry
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('ignores unattached idref element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<testutils-element></testutils-element>`;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('testutils-element');
+    const activeChild = document.createElement('div');
+    node._internals.ariaActiveDescendantElement = activeChild;
+
+    walkTree();
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.isUndefined(internals.ariaActiveDescendantElement);
+  });
+
+  it('resolves idrefs property as array of ancestries', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="label1">hello</div>
+      <div id="label2">world</div>
+      <testutils-element></testutils-element>
+    `;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('testutils-element');
+    const label1 = fixture.querySelector('#label1');
+    const label2 = fixture.querySelector('#label2');
+    node._internals.ariaLabelledByElements = [label1, label2];
+    const ancestry1 = getAncestry(label1);
+    const ancestry2 = getAncestry(label2);
+
+    walkTree();
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.deepEqual(internals.ariaLabelledByElements, {
+      type: 'NodeList',
+      value: [ancestry1, ancestry2]
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('ignores unattached idrefs element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="label1">hello</div>
+      <testutils-element></testutils-element>
+    `;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('testutils-element');
+    const label1 = fixture.querySelector('#label1');
+    const label2 = document.createElement('div');
+    node._internals.ariaLabelledByElements = [label1, label2];
+    const ancestry1 = getAncestry(label1);
+
+    walkTree();
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.deepEqual(internals.ariaLabelledByElements, {
+      type: 'NodeList',
+      value: [ancestry1]
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('ignores prop if all idrefs elements are unattached', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="label1">hello</div>
+      <testutils-element></testutils-element>
+    `;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('testutils-element');
+    const label1 = document.createElement('div');
+    const label2 = document.createElement('div');
+    node._internals.ariaLabelledByElements = [label1, label2];
+
+    walkTree();
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.isUndefined(internals.ariaLabelledByElements);
+  });
+
+  it('captures all aria internal properties', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <testutils-element></testutils-element>
+      <div id="elm"></div>
+    `;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('testutils-element');
+    const elm = fixture.querySelector('#elm');
+
+    for (const prop of ariaProps) {
+      node._internals[prop] = 'value';
+    }
+    for (const prop of idrefProps) {
+      node._internals[prop] = elm;
+    }
+    for (const prop of idrefsProps) {
+      node._internals[prop] = [elm];
+    }
+    const ancestry = getAncestry(elm);
+
+    walkTree();
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.hasAllKeys(internals, [...ariaProps, ...idrefProps, ...idrefsProps]);
+
+    for (const prop of ariaProps) {
+      assert.equal(internals[prop], 'value');
+    }
+    for (const prop of idrefProps) {
+      assert.deepEqual(internals[prop], {
+        type: 'HTMLElement',
+        value: ancestry
+      });
+    }
+    for (const prop of idrefsProps) {
+      assert.deepEqual(internals[prop], {
+        type: 'NodeList',
+        value: [ancestry]
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('ignores non-aria internals property', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<testutils-element></testutils-element>`;
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('testutils-element');
+    node._internals.ignoredProp = 'ignored';
+
+    walkTree();
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.isUndefined(internals.ignoredProp);
+  });
+
+  it('captures the internals "form" property', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<form id="form">
+      <gather-internals-element></gather-internals-element>
+    </form>`;
+    const form = fixture.querySelector('#form');
+    const ancestry = getAncestry(form);
+
+    walkTree();
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.deepEqual(internals.form, {
+      type: 'HTMLElement',
+      value: ancestry
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('captures the internals "labels" property', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`<form id="form">
+      <gather-internals-element id="elm"></gather-internals-element>
+      <label for="elm">Hello</label>
+    </form>`;
+    const label = fixture.querySelector('label');
+    const ancestry = getAncestry(label);
+
+    walkTree();
+
+    const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+    assert.deepEqual(internals.labels, {
+      type: 'NodeList',
+      value: [ancestry]
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('works without needing axe', () => {
+    try {
+      globalThis.axe = null;
+
+      // this should test each piece of the code, so use shadow dom and an idref prop
+      const host = document.createElement('div');
+      const shadowRoot = host.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+        <div>
+          <testutils-element>
+            <div id="child"></div>
+          </testutils-element>
+        </div>
+      `;
+      fixture.append(host);
+      const node = shadowRoot.querySelector('testutils-element');
+      const activeChild = shadowRoot.querySelector('#child');
+      node._internals.ariaActiveDescendantElement = activeChild;
+      node._internals.ariaLabelledByElements = [activeChild];
+      const ancestry = getAncestry(activeChild);
+
+      assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+        walkTree();
+      });
+
+      const { internals } = elementInternalsMap[0];
+      assert.equal(internals.role, 'button');
+      assert.deepEqual(internals.ariaActiveDescendantElement, {
+        type: 'HTMLElement',
+        value: ancestry
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(internals.ariaLabelledByElements, {
+        type: 'NodeList',
+        value: [ancestry]
+      });
+    } finally {
+      // reset before test ends so global afterEach has axe instance
+      globalThis.axe = axeInitial;
+    }
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/get-webdriver.js b/test/get-webdriver.js
index 6ead098e7..ce38fdaa4 100644
--- a/test/get-webdriver.js
+++ b/test/get-webdriver.js
@@ -1,16 +1,26 @@
 const { Builder } = require('selenium-webdriver');
 const chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
-const chromedriverPath = require('chromedriver').path;
+const chromedriverPath =
+  process.env.CHROMEDRIVER_BIN ?? require('chromedriver').path;
 
 const getWebdriver = () => {
   const service = new chrome.ServiceBuilder(chromedriverPath);
+  const options = new chrome.Options().addArguments(
+    '--headless',
+    '--no-sandbox',
+    '--disable-dev-shm-usage',
+    '--disable-gpu'
+  );
 
-  const webdriver = new Builder()
-    .setChromeOptions(new chrome.Options().addArguments('headless'))
+  if (process.env.CHROME_BIN) {
+    options.setBinaryPath(process.env.CHROME_BIN);
+  }
+
+  return new Builder()
+    .setChromeOptions(options)
     .forBrowser('chrome')
     .setChromeService(service)
     .build();
-  return webdriver;
 };
 
 module.exports.getWebdriver = getWebdriver;
diff --git a/test/integration/adapter.js b/test/integration/adapter.js
index 4848785ee..d7a322595 100644
--- a/test/integration/adapter.js
+++ b/test/integration/adapter.js
@@ -9,11 +9,9 @@ function flattenTitles(test) {
   return titles.reverse();
 }
 
-(function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var runner = mocha.run();
-  runner.on('end', function () {
+(() => {
+  const runner = mocha.run();
+  runner.on('end', () => {
     window.mochaResults = runner.stats;
     window.mochaResults.reports = failedTests;
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/api/external/index.js b/test/integration/api/external/index.js
index 23566107b..571ea00e9 100644
--- a/test/integration/api/external/index.js
+++ b/test/integration/api/external/index.js
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('external API', () => {
       const implicitRolesOrNull = getEntries(
         axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role
       ).reduce(
-        function (roles, entry) {
+        (roles, entry) => {
           const role = entry[0];
           const val = entry[1];
           if (val.implicit) {
@@ -63,11 +63,9 @@ describe('external API', () => {
     });
     it('must have the signature String -> String {role.type}', () => {
       const keys = getKeys(axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role);
-      const types = getValues(axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role).map(
-        function (role) {
-          return role.type;
-        }
-      );
+      const types = getValues(axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role).map(role => {
+        return role.type;
+      });
       keys.forEach(assert.isString);
       types.forEach(assert.isString);
     });
@@ -132,7 +130,7 @@ function isElement(el) {
 }
 
 function random(fromArr) {
-  return function (filter) {
+  return filter => {
     filter = filter || isTrue;
     const arr = fromArr.filter(filter);
     const seed = Math.random();
@@ -153,7 +151,7 @@ function collectNodes() {
   const walker = document.createTreeWalker(
     document,
     NodeFilter.SHOW_ALL,
-    function (node) {
+    node => {
       if (!document.body.contains(node)) {
         return NodeFilter.FILTER_SKIP;
       }
@@ -176,7 +174,7 @@ function collectNodes() {
 
 function flat(tree) {
   const result = [];
-  const insert = function (node) {
+  const insert = node => {
     result.push(node);
     (node.children || []).forEach(insert);
   };
@@ -202,13 +200,13 @@ function getEntries(obj) {
 }
 
 function getValues(obj) {
-  return getEntries(obj).map(function (entry) {
+  return getEntries(obj).map(entry => {
     return entry[1];
   });
 }
 
 function getKeys(obj) {
-  return getEntries(obj).map(function (entry) {
+  return getEntries(obj).map(entry => {
     return entry[0];
   });
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/full/all-rules/all-rules.html b/test/integration/full/all-rules/all-rules.html
index 62eaae44e..c55dbe29e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/all-rules/all-rules.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/all-rules/all-rules.html
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
         <div role="tree">
           <div role="treeitem">Item</div>
         </div>
+        <div role="tab">Tab Name</div>
         <audio id="caption"><track kind="captions" /></audio>
         <input autocomplete="username" id="toString" />
         <p id="fail1" style="line-height: 1.5 !important">Banana error</p>
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ <h2>Ok</h2>
         <p tabindex="-1">Paragraph.</p>
         <input type="button" />
         <input type="image" src="img.jpg" />
-        <marquee>This content is inside a marquee.</marquee>
+        <marquee scrollamount="0">This content is inside a marquee.</marquee>
         <div role="navigation">
           <div role="banner"></div>
           <div role="complementary"></div>
@@ -129,6 +130,10 @@ <h2>Ok</h2>
         <li>Hello</li>
         <li>World</li>
       </ul>
+      <details>
+        <summary>pass</summary>
+        <p>Hello world</p>
+      </details>
 
       <div style="height: 100vh">Large scroll area</div>
       <button id="end-of-page">End of page</button>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/fail.js b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/fail.js
index 4a0a54a23..e5e27152d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('aria-hidden on body test ' + window.location.pathname, function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe(`aria-hidden on body test ${window.location.pathname}`, () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-hidden-body'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,8 +13,8 @@ describe('aria-hidden on body test ' + window.location.pathname, function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find some', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find some', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/pass.js b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/pass.js
index 5b58b2375..309e8db76 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/pass.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('aria-hidden on body test ' + window.location.pathname, function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe(`aria-hidden on body test ${window.location.pathname}`, () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-hidden-body'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,14 +13,14 @@ describe('aria-hidden on body test ' + window.location.pathname, function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find none', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.js b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.js
index dc981942d..7a804a870 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('aria-hidden-focus test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('aria-hidden-focus test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-hidden-focus'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,24 +13,24 @@ describe('aria-hidden-focus test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0 violations', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0 violations', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0 passes', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0 passes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #incomplete1', function () {
+    it('should find #incomplete1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].target, ['#incomplete1']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/async/async.js b/test/integration/full/async/async.js
index 6992adfe5..9a74007f9 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/async/async.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/async/async.js
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-describe('async rule test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
+describe('async rule test', () => {
+  let results;
 
   function AsyncCheck(node) {
     /*eslint indent: 0*/
-    var check = this;
-    var done = check.async();
-    setTimeout(function () {
-      var dataOut = node.getAttribute('data-out');
+    const check = this;
+    const done = check.async();
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      const dataOut = node.getAttribute('data-out');
       check.data(dataOut);
       switch (dataOut) {
         case 'true':
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ describe('async rule test', function () {
     }, 10);
   }
 
-  before(function (done) {
+  before(done => {
     axe.configure({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -57,23 +56,20 @@ describe('async rule test', function () {
       ]
     });
 
-    axe.run(
-      { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['my-async'] } },
-      function (err, r) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      }
-    );
+    axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['my-async'] } }, (err, r) => {
+      assert.isNull(err);
+      results = r;
+      done();
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #violation', function () {
+    it('should find #violation', () => {
       assert.equal(
         results.violations[0].nodes[0].any[0].message,
         'failed with false'
@@ -82,13 +78,13 @@ describe('async rule test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass', function () {
+    it('should find #pass', () => {
       assert.equal(
         results.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].message,
         'passed with true'
@@ -97,13 +93,13 @@ describe('async rule test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find #incomplete', () => {
       assert.equal(
         results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].any[0].message,
         'incomplete with undefined'
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/fail.js b/test/integration/full/bypass/fail.js
index 8e1299491..f861f96dc 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/fail.js
@@ -1,36 +1,32 @@
-describe('bypass fail test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    var mocha = document.getElementById('mocha'),
+describe('bypass fail test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    const mocha = document.getElementById('mocha'),
       html = mocha.innerHTML;
     mocha.innerHTML = '';
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
-      axe.run(
-        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
+      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } }, (err, r) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
 
-          results = r;
-          mocha.innerHTML = html;
-          done();
-        }
-      );
+        results = r;
+        mocha.innerHTML = html;
+        done();
+      });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find html', function () {
+    it('should find html', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].target, ['html']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find none', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.js b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.js
index eed2f0550..8855e77a5 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.js
@@ -1,37 +1,33 @@
-describe('bypass iframe test fail', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('bypass iframe test fail', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<div><b>bypass iframe test fail</b></div>';
       }
 
-      axe.run(
-        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          results = r;
-          done();
-        }
-      );
+      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } }, (err, r) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        results = r;
+        done();
+      });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find none', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.js b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.js
index 0db2ebd9b..9c88e3bf3 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.js
@@ -1,38 +1,34 @@
-describe('bypass iframe test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
+describe('bypass iframe test pass', () => {
+  let results;
   before(function (done) {
     this.timeout = 50000;
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<div><b>bypass pass test fail</b></div>';
       }
 
-      axe.run(
-        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          results = r;
-          done();
-        }
-      );
+      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } }, (err, r) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        results = r;
+        done();
+      });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find none', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function () {
+    it('should find #pass1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/header1.html b/test/integration/full/bypass/header1.html
index ab3b9b91a..cd7104280 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/header1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/header1.html
@@ -24,6 +24,13 @@
     <h2>This header will make the test pass.</h2>
     <a href="http://www.deque.com">stuff</a>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <div id="additional"></div>
+    <script>
+      // only way to get a 2nd html element on the page is to create it with createElement
+      // if you try to do it through the html parser it won't work
+      var root = document.createElement('html');
+      document.getElementById('additional').append(root);
+    </script>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="pass-tests.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/pass-tests.js b/test/integration/full/bypass/pass-tests.js
index 7b56d6a4d..7a0a3bbf2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/pass-tests.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/pass-tests.js
@@ -1,32 +1,28 @@
-describe('bypass aria header test ' + window.location.pathname, function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
-      axe.run(
-        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          results = r;
-          done();
-        }
-      );
+describe(`bypass aria header test ${window.location.pathname}`, () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
+      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } }, (err, r) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        results = r;
+        done();
+      });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find none', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find html', function () {
-      assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['html']);
+    it('should find html', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target[0].startsWith('html'));
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/configuration/tag-exclude.html b/test/integration/full/configuration/tag-exclude.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62f4efbd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/configuration/tag-exclude.html
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" xml:lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>axe.configure({ tagExclude }) test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <img alt="" />
+
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="tag-exclude.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/configuration/tag-exclude.js b/test/integration/full/configuration/tag-exclude.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f369f01e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/configuration/tag-exclude.js
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+describe('all rules test', () => {
+  const experimentalRuleId = 'img-alt-experimental';
+  const deprecatedRuleId = 'img-alt-deprecated';
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    axe.configure({
+      rules: [
+        {
+          id: experimentalRuleId,
+          impact: 'critical',
+          selector: 'img',
+          tags: ['wcag2a', 'experimental'],
+          enabled: false,
+          metadata: {
+            description:
+              'Ensures <img> elements have alternate text or a role of none or presentation',
+            help: 'Images must have alternate text'
+          },
+          all: [],
+          any: ['has-alt'],
+          none: []
+        },
+        {
+          id: deprecatedRuleId,
+          impact: 'critical',
+          selector: 'img',
+          tags: ['wcag2a', 'deprecated'],
+          enabled: false,
+          metadata: {
+            description:
+              'Ensures <img> elements have alternate text or a role of none or presentation',
+            help: 'Images must have alternate text'
+          },
+          all: [],
+          any: ['has-alt'],
+          none: []
+        }
+      ]
+    });
+  });
+
+  after(() => {
+    axe.reset();
+  });
+
+  function findResult(results, ruleId) {
+    return [
+      ...results.violations,
+      ...results.passes,
+      ...results.incomplete,
+      ...results.inapplicable
+    ].find(result => result.id === ruleId);
+  }
+
+  it('does not run experimental rules by default', async () => {
+    const results = await axe.run({
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'tags',
+        values: ['wcag2a']
+      }
+    });
+    assert.isUndefined(findResult(results, experimentalRuleId));
+  });
+
+  it('does not run deprecated rules by default', async () => {
+    const results = await axe.run({
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'tags',
+        values: ['wcag2a']
+      }
+    });
+    assert.isUndefined(findResult(results, deprecatedRuleId));
+  });
+
+  it('runs tagExclude rules when enabled with { rules }', async () => {
+    const results = await axe.run({
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'tags',
+        values: ['wcag2a']
+      },
+      rules: {
+        [experimentalRuleId]: { enabled: true },
+        [deprecatedRuleId]: { enabled: true }
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.isDefined(findResult(results, experimentalRuleId));
+    assert.isDefined(findResult(results, deprecatedRuleId));
+  });
+
+  it('runs tagExclude rules when enabled with { runOnly: { type: rule } }', async () => {
+    const results = await axe.run({
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'rule',
+        values: [experimentalRuleId, deprecatedRuleId]
+      }
+    });
+    assert.isDefined(findResult(results, experimentalRuleId));
+    assert.isDefined(findResult(results, deprecatedRuleId));
+  });
+
+  it('runs tagExclude rules when enabled with { runOnly: { type: tag } }', async () => {
+    const results = await axe.run({
+      runOnly: {
+        type: 'tag',
+        values: ['wcag2a', 'experimental', 'deprecated']
+      }
+    });
+    assert.isDefined(findResult(results, experimentalRuleId));
+    assert.isDefined(findResult(results, deprecatedRuleId));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.js b/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.js
index 43f83bb7f..92040dc4d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.js
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', () => {
               values: ['aria-allowed-attr']
             }
           },
-          function (error, results) {
+          (error, results) => {
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             done();
           }
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', () => {
               values: ['dylang']
             }
           },
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             try {
               assert.isNull(err);
               assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', () => {
               values: ['aria-required-attr']
             }
           },
-          function (error, results) {
+          (error, results) => {
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
             assert.sameMembers(results.violations[0].nodes[0].any[0].data, [
               'aria-snuggles'
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', () => {
         ]
       });
 
-      axe.run(function (error, results) {
+      axe.run((error, results) => {
         assert.isNull(error);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
         assert.equal(results.passes[0].id, 'html-has-lang');
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', () => {
             values: ['aria-required-attr']
           }
         },
-        captureError(function (error, results) {
+        captureError((error, results) => {
           assert.isNull(error);
           assert.isNull(results.violations[0].nodes[0].html);
           done();
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', () => {
               values: ['div#target']
             }
           },
-          captureError(function (error, results) {
+          captureError((error, results) => {
             assert.isNull(error);
             assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, [
               'iframe',
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', () => {
       };
       target.appendChild(iframe);
 
-      window.addEventListener('message', function (evt) {
+      window.addEventListener('message', evt => {
         const data = JSON.parse(evt.data);
         if (Array.isArray(data.payload)) {
           try {
diff --git a/test/integration/full/context/context.html b/test/integration/full/context/context.html
index 30d16862e..aeda37bcc 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/context/context.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/context/context.html
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     </ul>
     <div id="shadow-container">
       <p id="test-passes">Passing Text</p>
-      <div id="shadow-host"></div>
+      <div id="shadow-host" aria-sort="both"></div>
     </div>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/context/context.js b/test/integration/full/context/context.js
index 09599daa8..4698a504b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/context/context.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/context/context.js
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
-describe('context test', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('context test', () => {
+  const config = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-lang-valid'] } };
 
-  var config = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-lang-valid'] } };
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-
-  before(function (done) {
+  before(done => {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  describe('direct exclude', function () {
-    describe('no include', function () {
-      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function (done) {
-        axe.run({ exclude: [['iframe']] }, config, function (err, results) {
+  describe('direct exclude', () => {
+    describe('no include', () => {
+      it('should find no violations given a selector array', done => {
+        axe.run({ exclude: [['iframe']] }, config, (err, results) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -25,34 +22,30 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function (done) {
-        axe.run(
-          { exclude: [['iframe', 'iframe']] },
-          config,
-          function (err, results) {
-            assert.isNull(err);
-            assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
-            assert.lengthOf(
-              results.violations[0].nodes,
-              1,
-              'level1.html; 2-a & 2-b excluded'
-            );
-            assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
-            assert.lengthOf(
-              results.passes[0].nodes,
-              1,
-              'context.html (main doc) not excluded'
-            );
-            done();
-          }
-        );
+      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', done => {
+        axe.run({ exclude: [['iframe', 'iframe']] }, config, (err, results) => {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+          assert.lengthOf(
+            results.violations[0].nodes,
+            1,
+            'level1.html; 2-a & 2-b excluded'
+          );
+          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
+          assert.lengthOf(
+            results.passes[0].nodes,
+            1,
+            'context.html (main doc) not excluded'
+          );
+          done();
+        });
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function (done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', done => {
         axe.run(
           { exclude: [document.querySelector('iframe')] },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -66,11 +59,11 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function (done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', done => {
         axe.run(
           { exclude: document.getElementsByTagName('iframe') },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -85,12 +78,12 @@ describe('context test', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('body include', function () {
-      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function (done) {
+    describe('body include', () => {
+      it('should find no violations given a selector array', done => {
         axe.run(
           { include: [document.body], exclude: [['iframe']] },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -99,11 +92,11 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function (done) {
+      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', done => {
         axe.run(
           { include: [document.body], exclude: [['iframe', 'iframe']] },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -112,14 +105,14 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function (done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', done => {
         axe.run(
           {
             include: [document.body],
             exclude: [document.querySelector('iframe')]
           },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -128,14 +121,14 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function (done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', done => {
         axe.run(
           {
             include: [document.body],
             exclude: document.getElementsByTagName('iframe')
           },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -146,12 +139,12 @@ describe('context test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('indirect exclude', function () {
-    it('should find no nodes', function (done) {
+  describe('indirect exclude', () => {
+    it('should find no nodes', done => {
       axe.run(
         { include: [document.body], exclude: [['#myframe']] },
         config,
-        function (err, results) {
+        (err, results) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -160,74 +153,63 @@ describe('context test', function () {
       );
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should find no nodes in Shadow DOM',
-      function (done) {
-        var sConfig = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } };
-        axe.run(
-          { include: [['#shadow-container']], exclude: [['#shadow-host']] },
-          sConfig,
-          function (err, results) {
-            try {
-              assert.isNull(err);
-              assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
-              assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
-              done();
-            } catch (e) {
-              done(e);
-            }
-          }
-        );
-      }
-    );
-
-    describe('no include', function () {
-      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function (done) {
-        axe.run(
-          { exclude: [['#frame-container']] },
-          config,
-          function (err, results) {
+    it('should find no nodes in Shadow DOM', done => {
+      const sConfig = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } };
+      axe.run(
+        { include: [['#shadow-container']], exclude: [['#shadow-host']] },
+        sConfig,
+        (err, results) => {
+          try {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
-            assert.lengthOf(
-              results.passes[0].nodes,
-              1,
-              'context.html has a lang attribute'
-            );
             done();
+          } catch (e) {
+            done(e);
           }
-        );
+        }
+      );
+    });
+
+    describe('no include', () => {
+      it('should find no violations given a selector array', done => {
+        axe.run({ exclude: [['#frame-container']] }, config, (err, results) => {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
+          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
+          assert.lengthOf(
+            results.passes[0].nodes,
+            1,
+            'context.html has a lang attribute'
+          );
+          done();
+        });
       });
 
-      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function (done) {
-        axe.run(
-          { exclude: [['iframe', 'body']] },
-          config,
-          function (err, results) {
-            assert.isNull(err);
-            assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
-            assert.lengthOf(
-              results.violations[0].nodes,
-              1,
-              'level1.html; 2-a & 2-b excluded'
-            );
-            assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
-            assert.lengthOf(
-              results.passes[0].nodes,
-              1,
-              'context.html (main doc) not excluded'
-            );
-            done();
-          }
-        );
+      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', done => {
+        axe.run({ exclude: [['iframe', 'body']] }, config, (err, results) => {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+          assert.lengthOf(
+            results.violations[0].nodes,
+            1,
+            'level1.html; 2-a & 2-b excluded'
+          );
+          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
+          assert.lengthOf(
+            results.passes[0].nodes,
+            1,
+            'context.html (main doc) not excluded'
+          );
+          done();
+        });
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function (done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', done => {
         axe.run(
           { exclude: [document.querySelector('#frame-container')] },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -241,11 +223,11 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function (done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', done => {
         axe.run(
           { exclude: document.getElementsByTagName('div') },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -260,12 +242,12 @@ describe('context test', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('body include', function () {
-      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function (done) {
+    describe('body include', () => {
+      it('should find no violations given a selector array', done => {
         axe.run(
           { include: [document.body], exclude: [['#frame-container']] },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -274,11 +256,11 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function (done) {
+      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', done => {
         axe.run(
           { include: [document.body], exclude: [['iframe', 'body']] },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(
@@ -292,14 +274,14 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function (done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', done => {
         axe.run(
           {
             include: [document.body],
             exclude: [document.querySelector('#frame-container')]
           },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -308,14 +290,14 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function (done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', done => {
         axe.run(
           {
             include: [document.body],
             exclude: document.getElementsByTagName('div')
           },
           config,
-          function (err, results) {
+          (err, results) => {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -326,9 +308,9 @@ describe('context test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('direct include', function () {
-    it('should find the frames given a context object', function (done) {
-      axe.run({ include: [['#myframe']] }, config, function (err, results) {
+  describe('direct include', () => {
+    it('should find the frames given a context object', done => {
+      axe.run({ include: [['#myframe']] }, config, (err, results) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
@@ -336,11 +318,20 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         done();
       });
     });
-    it('should find the frames given a direct reference', function (done) {
+    it('should find the frames given a direct reference', done => {
+      axe.run(document.getElementById('myframe'), config, (err, results) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+    it('should find the frames given a NodeList', done => {
       axe.run(
-        document.getElementById('myframe'),
+        document.getElementsByTagName('iframe'),
         config,
-        function (err, results) {
+        (err, results) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
@@ -349,24 +340,56 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         }
       );
     });
-    it('should find the frames given a NodeList', function (done) {
-      axe.run(
-        document.getElementsByTagName('iframe'),
-        config,
-        function (err, results) {
+
+    describe('Shadow DOM', () => {
+      const sConfig = {
+        runOnly: {
+          type: 'rule',
+          values: ['aria-allowed-attr', 'color-contrast']
+        }
+      };
+      it('when passed a shadow host, reports issues both on itself and in the shadow DOM', done => {
+        axe.run('#shadow-host', sConfig, (err, results) => {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 2, 'violations');
+          const allowedAttrsViolations = results.violations.filter(
+            violation => {
+              return violation.id === 'aria-allowed-attr';
+            }
+          );
+          assert.lengthOf(
+            allowedAttrsViolations,
+            1,
+            'aria allowed attrs violations'
+          );
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+      it('when passed a shadow root, reports issues in the shadow DOM, but not on the host', done => {
+        const host = document.querySelector('#shadow-host');
+        const shadowRoot = host.shadowRoot;
+        axe.run(shadowRoot, sConfig, (err, results) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
-          assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
-          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
+          const allowedAttrsViolations = results.violations.filter(
+            violation => {
+              return violation.id === 'aria-allowed-attr';
+            }
+          );
+          assert.lengthOf(
+            allowedAttrsViolations,
+            0,
+            'aria allowed attrs violations'
+          );
           done();
-        }
-      );
+        });
+      });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('indirect include', function () {
-    it('should find the frames given context object with a node reference', function (done) {
-      axe.run({ include: [document.body] }, config, function (err, results) {
+  describe('indirect include', () => {
+    it('should find the frames given context object with a node reference', done => {
+      axe.run({ include: [document.body] }, config, (err, results) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
@@ -374,8 +397,8 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         done();
       });
     });
-    it('should find the frames give a node', function (done) {
-      axe.run(document.body, config, function (err, results) {
+    it('should find the frames give a node', done => {
+      axe.run(document.body, config, (err, results) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
@@ -383,18 +406,14 @@ describe('context test', function () {
         done();
       });
     });
-    it('should find the frames give a NodeList', function (done) {
-      axe.run(
-        document.getElementsByTagName('body'),
-        config,
-        function (err, results) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
-          assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
-          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
-          done();
-        }
-      );
+    it('should find the frames give a NodeList', done => {
+      axe.run(document.getElementsByTagName('body'), config, (err, results) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
+        done();
+      });
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.js b/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.js
index 4b60cfd9f..ed4385d80 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-describe('color-contrast shadow dom test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find issues in simple tree', function (done) {
+describe('color-contrast shadow dom test', () => {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find issues in simple tree', done => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast-enhanced'] } },
-        function (err, results) {
+        (err, results) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 4);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.js
index b103be987..4a31495e9 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.js
@@ -192,16 +192,16 @@ describe('color-contrast blending test', () => {
 
     Array.from(nodes.children).forEach((node, index) => {
       const id = node.id;
-      const target = node.querySelector('#' + id + '-target');
-      const result = node.querySelector('#' + id + '-result');
+      const target = node.querySelector(`#${id}-target`);
+      const result = node.querySelector(`#${id}-result`);
       const blendModeIndex = blendMode + (index + 1);
 
       node.id = blendModeIndex;
-      target.id = blendModeIndex + '-target';
-      result.id = blendModeIndex + '-result';
+      target.id = `${blendModeIndex}-target`;
+      result.id = `${blendModeIndex}-result`;
 
       target.textContent = blendModeIndex;
-      result.textContent = blendModeIndex + ' result';
+      result.textContent = `${blendModeIndex} result`;
 
       target.style.mixBlendMode = blendMode;
       group.appendChild(node);
@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ describe('color-contrast blending test', () => {
   const testElms = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.test-group > div'));
   testElms.forEach(testElm => {
     const id = testElm.id;
-    const target = testElm.querySelector('#' + id + '-target');
-    const result = testElm.querySelector('#' + id + '-result');
+    const target = testElm.querySelector(`#${id}-target`);
+    const result = testElm.querySelector(`#${id}-result`);
     include.push(target);
     resultElms.push(result);
   });
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ describe('color-contrast blending test', () => {
               0,
               node.target[0].lastIndexOf('-')
             );
-            const resultNode = document.querySelector(id + '-result');
+            const resultNode = document.querySelector(`${id}-result`);
             resultNode.style.backgroundColor = bgColor;
           });
         });
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ describe('color-contrast blending test', () => {
   });
 
   resultElms.forEach((elm, index) => {
-    it('produces the correct blended color for ' + elm.id, () => {
+    it(`produces the correct blended color for ${elm.id}`, () => {
       const style = window.getComputedStyle(elm);
       assert.equal(style.getPropertyValue('background-color'), expected[index]);
     });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.js
index 427fe8f4e..98bc06356 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-describe('color-contrast code highlighting test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
+describe('color-contrast code highlighting test', () => {
+  let results;
   function run(done) {
     axe.run(
       '#fixture',
       { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } },
-      function (err, r) {
+      (err, r) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -14,35 +12,35 @@ describe('color-contrast code highlighting test', function () {
     );
   }
 
-  before(function (done) {
+  before(done => {
     // wait for window load event (or if the window has already loaded) so the
     // prism styles have loaded before running the tests (in Chrome the load
     // even was already fired before Mocha starts the test suite)
     if (document.readyState === 'complete') {
       run(done);
     } else {
-      window.addEventListener('load', function () {
+      window.addEventListener('load', () => {
         run(done);
       });
     }
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find issues', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find issues', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 32);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find passes', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find passes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 28);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/prototype-lib-1.7.3.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/prototype-lib-1.7.3.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32e8a2738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/prototype-lib-1.7.3.js
@@ -0,0 +1,8045 @@
+/* eslint-disable */
+/*  Prototype JavaScript framework, version 1.7.3
+ *  (c) 2005-2010 Sam Stephenson
+ *
+ *  Prototype is freely distributable under the terms of an MIT-style license.
+ *  For details, see the Prototype web site: http://www.prototypejs.org/
+ *
+ *--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+var Prototype = {
+  Version: '1.7.3',
+
+  Browser: (() => {
+    const ua = navigator.userAgent;
+    const isOpera =
+      Object.prototype.toString.call(window.opera) == '[object Opera]';
+    return {
+      IE: !!window.attachEvent && !isOpera,
+      Opera: isOpera,
+      WebKit: ua.indexOf('AppleWebKit/') > -1,
+      Gecko: ua.indexOf('Gecko') > -1 && ua.indexOf('KHTML') === -1,
+      MobileSafari: /Apple.*Mobile/.test(ua)
+    };
+  })(),
+
+  BrowserFeatures: {
+    XPath: !!document.evaluate,
+
+    SelectorsAPI: !!document.querySelector,
+
+    ElementExtensions: (() => {
+      const constructor = window.Element || window.HTMLElement;
+      return !!(constructor && constructor.prototype);
+    })(),
+    SpecificElementExtensions: (() => {
+      if (typeof window.HTMLDivElement !== 'undefined') return true;
+
+      let div = document.createElement('div'),
+        form = document.createElement('form'),
+        isSupported = false;
+
+      if (div['__proto__'] && div['__proto__'] !== form['__proto__']) {
+        isSupported = true;
+      }
+
+      div = form = null;
+
+      return isSupported;
+    })()
+  },
+
+  ScriptFragment: '<script[^>]*>([\\S\\s]*?)</script\\s*>',
+  JSONFilter: /^\/\*-secure-([\s\S]*)\*\/\s*$/,
+
+  emptyFunction: () => {},
+
+  K: x => {
+    return x;
+  }
+};
+
+if (Prototype.Browser.MobileSafari)
+  Prototype.BrowserFeatures.SpecificElementExtensions = false;
+/* Based on Alex Arnell's inheritance implementation. */
+
+var Class = (() => {
+  const IS_DONTENUM_BUGGY = (() => {
+    for (var p in { toString: 1 }) {
+      if (p === 'toString') return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  })();
+
+  function subclass() {}
+  function create() {
+    let parent = null;
+    const properties = $A(arguments);
+    if (Object.isFunction(properties[0])) parent = properties.shift();
+
+    function klass() {
+      this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+    }
+
+    Object.extend(klass, Class.Methods);
+    klass.superclass = parent;
+    klass.subclasses = [];
+
+    if (parent) {
+      subclass.prototype = parent.prototype;
+      klass.prototype = new subclass();
+      parent.subclasses.push(klass);
+    }
+
+    for (var i = 0, length = properties.length; i < length; i++)
+      klass.addMethods(properties[i]);
+
+    if (!klass.prototype.initialize)
+      klass.prototype.initialize = Prototype.emptyFunction;
+
+    klass.prototype.constructor = klass;
+    return klass;
+  }
+
+  function addMethods(source) {
+    const ancestor = this.superclass && this.superclass.prototype,
+      properties = Object.keys(source);
+
+    if (IS_DONTENUM_BUGGY) {
+      if (source.toString != Object.prototype.toString)
+        properties.push('toString');
+      if (source.valueOf != Object.prototype.valueOf)
+        properties.push('valueOf');
+    }
+
+    for (var i = 0, length = properties.length; i < length; i++) {
+      var property = properties[i],
+        value = source[property];
+      if (
+        ancestor &&
+        Object.isFunction(value) &&
+        value.argumentNames()[0] == '$super'
+      ) {
+        var method = value;
+        value = (m => {
+          return function () {
+            return ancestor[m].apply(this, arguments);
+          };
+        })(property).wrap(method);
+
+        value.valueOf = (method => {
+          return () => {
+            return method.valueOf.call(method);
+          };
+        })(method);
+
+        value.toString = (method => {
+          return () => {
+            return method.toString.call(method);
+          };
+        })(method);
+      }
+      this.prototype[property] = value;
+    }
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    create: create,
+    Methods: {
+      addMethods: addMethods
+    }
+  };
+})();
+(() => {
+  const _toString = Object.prototype.toString,
+    _hasOwnProperty = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,
+    NULL_TYPE = 'Null',
+    UNDEFINED_TYPE = 'Undefined',
+    BOOLEAN_TYPE = 'Boolean',
+    NUMBER_TYPE = 'Number',
+    STRING_TYPE = 'String',
+    OBJECT_TYPE = 'Object',
+    FUNCTION_CLASS = '[object Function]',
+    BOOLEAN_CLASS = '[object Boolean]',
+    NUMBER_CLASS = '[object Number]',
+    STRING_CLASS = '[object String]',
+    ARRAY_CLASS = '[object Array]',
+    DATE_CLASS = '[object Date]',
+    NATIVE_JSON_STRINGIFY_SUPPORT =
+      window.JSON &&
+      typeof JSON.stringify === 'function' &&
+      JSON.stringify(0) === '0' &&
+      typeof JSON.stringify(Prototype.K) === 'undefined';
+
+  const DONT_ENUMS = [
+    'toString',
+    'toLocaleString',
+    'valueOf',
+    'hasOwnProperty',
+    'isPrototypeOf',
+    'propertyIsEnumerable',
+    'constructor'
+  ];
+
+  const IS_DONTENUM_BUGGY = (() => {
+    for (var p in { toString: 1 }) {
+      if (p === 'toString') return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  })();
+
+  function Type(o) {
+    switch (o) {
+      case null:
+        return NULL_TYPE;
+      case void 0:
+        return UNDEFINED_TYPE;
+    }
+    const type = typeof o;
+    switch (type) {
+      case 'boolean':
+        return BOOLEAN_TYPE;
+      case 'number':
+        return NUMBER_TYPE;
+      case 'string':
+        return STRING_TYPE;
+    }
+    return OBJECT_TYPE;
+  }
+
+  function extend(destination, source) {
+    for (var property in source) destination[property] = source[property];
+    return destination;
+  }
+
+  function inspect(object) {
+    try {
+      if (isUndefined(object)) return 'undefined';
+      if (object === null) return 'null';
+      return object.inspect ? object.inspect() : String(object);
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (e instanceof RangeError) return '...';
+      throw e;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function toJSON(value) {
+    return Str('', { '': value }, []);
+  }
+
+  function Str(key, holder, stack) {
+    let value = holder[key];
+    if (Type(value) === OBJECT_TYPE && typeof value.toJSON === 'function') {
+      value = value.toJSON(key);
+    }
+
+    const _class = _toString.call(value);
+
+    switch (_class) {
+      case NUMBER_CLASS:
+      case BOOLEAN_CLASS:
+      case STRING_CLASS:
+        value = value.valueOf();
+    }
+
+    switch (value) {
+      case null:
+        return 'null';
+      case true:
+        return 'true';
+      case false:
+        return 'false';
+    }
+
+    const type = typeof value;
+    switch (type) {
+      case 'string':
+        return value.inspect(true);
+      case 'number':
+        return isFinite(value) ? String(value) : 'null';
+      case 'object':
+        for (var i = 0, length = stack.length; i < length; i++) {
+          if (stack[i] === value) {
+            throw new TypeError(`Cyclic reference to '${value}' in object`);
+          }
+        }
+        stack.push(value);
+
+        var partial = [];
+        if (_class === ARRAY_CLASS) {
+          for (var i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {
+            var str = Str(i, value, stack);
+            partial.push(typeof str === 'undefined' ? 'null' : str);
+          }
+          partial = `[${partial.join(',')}]`;
+        } else {
+          var keys = Object.keys(value);
+          for (var i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+            var key = keys[i],
+              str = Str(key, value, stack);
+            if (typeof str !== 'undefined') {
+              partial.push(`${key.inspect(true)}:${str}`);
+            }
+          }
+          partial = `{${partial.join(',')}}`;
+        }
+        stack.pop();
+        return partial;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function stringify(object) {
+    return JSON.stringify(object);
+  }
+
+  function toQueryString(object) {
+    return $H(object).toQueryString();
+  }
+
+  function toHTML(object) {
+    return object && object.toHTML ? object.toHTML() : String.interpret(object);
+  }
+
+  function keys(object) {
+    if (Type(object) !== OBJECT_TYPE) {
+      throw new TypeError();
+    }
+    const results = [];
+    for (var property in object) {
+      if (_hasOwnProperty.call(object, property)) results.push(property);
+    }
+
+    if (IS_DONTENUM_BUGGY) {
+      for (var i = 0; (property = DONT_ENUMS[i]); i++) {
+        if (_hasOwnProperty.call(object, property)) results.push(property);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  function values(object) {
+    const results = [];
+    for (var property in object) results.push(object[property]);
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  function clone(object) {
+    return extend({}, object);
+  }
+
+  function isElement(object) {
+    return !!(object && object.nodeType == 1);
+  }
+
+  function isArray(object) {
+    return _toString.call(object) === ARRAY_CLASS;
+  }
+
+  const hasNativeIsArray =
+    typeof Array.isArray == 'function' &&
+    Array.isArray([]) &&
+    !Array.isArray({});
+
+  if (hasNativeIsArray) {
+    isArray = Array.isArray;
+  }
+
+  function isHash(object) {
+    return object instanceof Hash;
+  }
+
+  function isFunction(object) {
+    return _toString.call(object) === FUNCTION_CLASS;
+  }
+
+  function isString(object) {
+    return _toString.call(object) === STRING_CLASS;
+  }
+
+  function isNumber(object) {
+    return _toString.call(object) === NUMBER_CLASS;
+  }
+
+  function isDate(object) {
+    return _toString.call(object) === DATE_CLASS;
+  }
+
+  function isUndefined(object) {
+    return typeof object === 'undefined';
+  }
+
+  extend(Object, {
+    extend: extend,
+    inspect: inspect,
+    toJSON: NATIVE_JSON_STRINGIFY_SUPPORT ? stringify : toJSON,
+    toQueryString: toQueryString,
+    toHTML: toHTML,
+    keys: Object.keys || keys,
+    values: values,
+    clone: clone,
+    isElement: isElement,
+    isArray: isArray,
+    isHash: isHash,
+    isFunction: isFunction,
+    isString: isString,
+    isNumber: isNumber,
+    isDate: isDate,
+    isUndefined: isUndefined
+  });
+})();
+Object.extend(
+  Function.prototype,
+  (() => {
+    const slice = Array.prototype.slice;
+
+    function update(array, args) {
+      const arrayLength = array.length;
+      let length = args.length;
+      while (length--) array[arrayLength + length] = args[length];
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    function merge(array, args) {
+      array = slice.call(array, 0);
+      return update(array, args);
+    }
+
+    function argumentNames() {
+      const names = this.toString()
+        .match(/^[\s\(]*function[^(]*\(([^)]*)\)/)[1]
+        .replace(/\/\/.*?[\r\n]|\/\*(?:.|[\r\n])*?\*\//g, '')
+        .replace(/\s+/g, '')
+        .split(',');
+      return names.length == 1 && !names[0] ? [] : names;
+    }
+
+    function bind(context) {
+      if (arguments.length < 2 && Object.isUndefined(arguments[0])) return this;
+
+      if (!Object.isFunction(this))
+        throw new TypeError('The object is not callable.');
+
+      const nop = () => {};
+      const __method = this,
+        args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+
+      const bound = function () {
+        const a = merge(args, arguments);
+        const c = this instanceof bound ? this : context;
+        return __method.apply(c, a);
+      };
+
+      nop.prototype = this.prototype;
+      bound.prototype = new nop();
+
+      return bound;
+    }
+
+    function bindAsEventListener(context) {
+      const __method = this,
+        args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+      return event => {
+        const a = update([event || window.event], args);
+        return __method.apply(context, a);
+      };
+    }
+
+    function curry() {
+      if (!arguments.length) return this;
+      const __method = this,
+        args = slice.call(arguments, 0);
+      return function () {
+        const a = merge(args, arguments);
+        return __method.apply(this, a);
+      };
+    }
+
+    function delay(timeout) {
+      const __method = this,
+        args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+      timeout = timeout * 1000;
+      return window.setTimeout(() => {
+        return __method.apply(__method, args);
+      }, timeout);
+    }
+
+    function defer() {
+      const args = update([0.01], arguments);
+      return this.delay.apply(this, args);
+    }
+
+    function wrap(wrapper) {
+      const __method = this;
+      return function () {
+        const a = update([__method.bind(this)], arguments);
+        return wrapper.apply(this, a);
+      };
+    }
+
+    function methodize() {
+      if (this._methodized) return this._methodized;
+      const __method = this;
+      return (this._methodized = function () {
+        const a = update([this], arguments);
+        return __method.apply(null, a);
+      });
+    }
+
+    const extensions = {
+      argumentNames: argumentNames,
+      bindAsEventListener: bindAsEventListener,
+      curry: curry,
+      delay: delay,
+      defer: defer,
+      wrap: wrap,
+      methodize: methodize
+    };
+
+    if (!Function.prototype.bind) extensions.bind = bind;
+
+    return extensions;
+  })()
+);
+
+(proto => {
+  function toISOString() {
+    return `${this.getUTCFullYear()}-${(this.getUTCMonth() + 1).toPaddedString(2)}-${this.getUTCDate().toPaddedString(2)}T${this.getUTCHours().toPaddedString(2)}:${this.getUTCMinutes().toPaddedString(2)}:${this.getUTCSeconds().toPaddedString(2)}Z`;
+  }
+
+  function toJSON() {
+    return this.toISOString();
+  }
+
+  if (!proto.toISOString) proto.toISOString = toISOString;
+  if (!proto.toJSON) proto.toJSON = toJSON;
+})(Date.prototype);
+
+RegExp.prototype.match = RegExp.prototype.test;
+
+RegExp.escape = str => {
+  return String(str).replace(/([.*+?^=!:${}()|[\]\/\\])/g, '\\$1');
+};
+var PeriodicalExecuter = Class.create({
+  initialize: function (callback, frequency) {
+    this.callback = callback;
+    this.frequency = frequency;
+    this.currentlyExecuting = false;
+
+    this.registerCallback();
+  },
+
+  registerCallback: function () {
+    this.timer = setInterval(
+      this.onTimerEvent.bind(this),
+      this.frequency * 1000
+    );
+  },
+
+  execute: function () {
+    this.callback(this);
+  },
+
+  stop: function () {
+    if (!this.timer) return;
+    clearInterval(this.timer);
+    this.timer = null;
+  },
+
+  onTimerEvent: function () {
+    if (!this.currentlyExecuting) {
+      try {
+        this.currentlyExecuting = true;
+        this.execute();
+        this.currentlyExecuting = false;
+      } catch (e) {
+        this.currentlyExecuting = false;
+        throw e;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+});
+Object.extend(String, {
+  interpret: value => {
+    return value == null ? '' : String(value);
+  },
+  specialChar: {
+    '\b': '\\b',
+    '\t': '\\t',
+    '\n': '\\n',
+    '\f': '\\f',
+    '\r': '\\r',
+    '\\': '\\\\'
+  }
+});
+
+Object.extend(
+  String.prototype,
+  (() => {
+    const NATIVE_JSON_PARSE_SUPPORT =
+      window.JSON &&
+      typeof JSON.parse === 'function' &&
+      JSON.parse('{"test": true}').test;
+
+    function prepareReplacement(replacement) {
+      if (Object.isFunction(replacement)) return replacement;
+      const template = new Template(replacement);
+      return match => {
+        return template.evaluate(match);
+      };
+    }
+
+    function isNonEmptyRegExp(regexp) {
+      return regexp.source && regexp.source !== '(?:)';
+    }
+
+    function gsub(pattern, replacement) {
+      let result = '',
+        source = this,
+        match;
+      replacement = prepareReplacement(replacement);
+
+      if (Object.isString(pattern)) pattern = RegExp.escape(pattern);
+
+      if (!(pattern.length || isNonEmptyRegExp(pattern))) {
+        replacement = replacement('');
+        return replacement + source.split('').join(replacement) + replacement;
+      }
+
+      while (source.length > 0) {
+        match = source.match(pattern);
+        if (match && match[0].length > 0) {
+          result += source.slice(0, match.index);
+          result += String.interpret(replacement(match));
+          source = source.slice(match.index + match[0].length);
+        } else {
+          ((result += source), (source = ''));
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    function sub(pattern, replacement, count) {
+      replacement = prepareReplacement(replacement);
+      count = Object.isUndefined(count) ? 1 : count;
+
+      return this.gsub(pattern, match => {
+        if (--count < 0) return match[0];
+        return replacement(match);
+      });
+    }
+
+    function scan(pattern, iterator) {
+      this.gsub(pattern, iterator);
+      return String(this);
+    }
+
+    function truncate(length, truncation) {
+      length = length || 30;
+      truncation = Object.isUndefined(truncation) ? '...' : truncation;
+      return this.length > length
+        ? this.slice(0, length - truncation.length) + truncation
+        : String(this);
+    }
+
+    function strip() {
+      return this.replace(/^\s+/, '').replace(/\s+$/, '');
+    }
+
+    function stripTags() {
+      return this.replace(
+        /<\w+(\s+("[^"]*"|'[^']*'|[^>])+)?(\/)?>|<\/\w+>/gi,
+        ''
+      );
+    }
+
+    function stripScripts() {
+      return this.replace(new RegExp(Prototype.ScriptFragment, 'img'), '');
+    }
+
+    function extractScripts() {
+      const matchAll = new RegExp(Prototype.ScriptFragment, 'img'),
+        matchOne = new RegExp(Prototype.ScriptFragment, 'im');
+      return (this.match(matchAll) || []).map(scriptTag => {
+        return (scriptTag.match(matchOne) || ['', ''])[1];
+      });
+    }
+
+    function evalScripts() {
+      return this.extractScripts().map(script => {
+        return eval(script);
+      });
+    }
+
+    function escapeHTML() {
+      return this.replace(/&/g, '&amp;')
+        .replace(/</g, '&lt;')
+        .replace(/>/g, '&gt;');
+    }
+
+    function unescapeHTML() {
+      return this.stripTags()
+        .replace(/&lt;/g, '<')
+        .replace(/&gt;/g, '>')
+        .replace(/&amp;/g, '&');
+    }
+
+    function toQueryParams(separator) {
+      const match = this.strip().match(/([^?#]*)(#.*)?$/);
+      if (!match) return {};
+
+      return match[1].split(separator || '&').inject({}, (hash, pair) => {
+        if ((pair = pair.split('='))[0]) {
+          var key = decodeURIComponent(pair.shift()),
+            value = pair.length > 1 ? pair.join('=') : pair[0];
+
+          if (value != undefined) {
+            value = value.gsub('+', ' ');
+            value = decodeURIComponent(value);
+          }
+
+          if (key in hash) {
+            if (!Object.isArray(hash[key])) hash[key] = [hash[key]];
+            hash[key].push(value);
+          } else hash[key] = value;
+        }
+        return hash;
+      });
+    }
+
+    function toArray() {
+      return this.split('');
+    }
+
+    function succ() {
+      return (
+        this.slice(0, this.length - 1) +
+        String.fromCharCode(this.charCodeAt(this.length - 1) + 1)
+      );
+    }
+
+    function times(count) {
+      return count < 1 ? '' : new Array(count + 1).join(this);
+    }
+
+    function camelize() {
+      return this.replace(/-+(.)?/g, (match, chr) => {
+        return chr ? chr.toUpperCase() : '';
+      });
+    }
+
+    function capitalize() {
+      return this.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + this.substring(1).toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    function underscore() {
+      return this.replace(/::/g, '/')
+        .replace(/([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])/g, '$1_$2')
+        .replace(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/g, '$1_$2')
+        .replace(/-/g, '_')
+        .toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    function dasherize() {
+      return this.replace(/_/g, '-');
+    }
+
+    function inspect(useDoubleQuotes) {
+      const escapedString = this.replace(/[\x00-\x1f\\]/g, character => {
+        if (character in String.specialChar) {
+          return String.specialChar[character];
+        }
+        return `\\u00${character.charCodeAt().toPaddedString(2, 16)}`;
+      });
+      if (useDoubleQuotes) return `"${escapedString.replace(/"/g, '\\"')}"`;
+      return `'${escapedString.replace(/'/g, "\\'")}'`;
+    }
+
+    function unfilterJSON(filter) {
+      return this.replace(filter || Prototype.JSONFilter, '$1');
+    }
+
+    function isJSON() {
+      let str = this;
+      if (str.blank()) return false;
+      str = str.replace(/\\(?:["\\\/bfnrt]|u[0-9a-fA-F]{4})/g, '@');
+      str = str.replace(
+        /"[^"\\\n\r]*"|true|false|null|-?\d+(?:\.\d*)?(?:[eE][+\-]?\d+)?/g,
+        ']'
+      );
+      str = str.replace(/(?:^|:|,)(?:\s*\[)+/g, '');
+      return /^[\],:{}\s]*$/.test(str);
+    }
+
+    function evalJSON(sanitize) {
+      let json = this.unfilterJSON();
+
+      const cx =
+        /[\u00ad\u0600-\u0604\u070f\u17b4\u17b5\u200c-\u200f\u2028-\u202f\u2060-\u206f\ufeff\ufff0-\uffff\u0000]/g;
+
+      if (cx.test(json)) {
+        json = json.replace(cx, a => {
+          return `\\u${`0000${a.charCodeAt(0).toString(16)}`.slice(-4)}`;
+        });
+      }
+      try {
+        if (!sanitize || json.isJSON()) return eval(`(${json})`);
+      } catch (e) {}
+      throw new SyntaxError(`Badly formed JSON string: ${this.inspect()}`);
+    }
+
+    function parseJSON() {
+      const json = this.unfilterJSON();
+      return JSON.parse(json);
+    }
+
+    function include(pattern) {
+      return this.indexOf(pattern) > -1;
+    }
+
+    function startsWith(pattern, position) {
+      position = Object.isNumber(position) ? position : 0;
+      return this.lastIndexOf(pattern, position) === position;
+    }
+
+    function endsWith(pattern, position) {
+      pattern = String(pattern);
+      position = Object.isNumber(position) ? position : this.length;
+      if (position < 0) position = 0;
+      if (position > this.length) position = this.length;
+      const d = position - pattern.length;
+      return d >= 0 && this.indexOf(pattern, d) === d;
+    }
+
+    function empty() {
+      return this == '';
+    }
+
+    function blank() {
+      return /^\s*$/.test(this);
+    }
+
+    function interpolate(object, pattern) {
+      return new Template(this, pattern).evaluate(object);
+    }
+
+    return {
+      gsub: gsub,
+      sub: sub,
+      scan: scan,
+      truncate: truncate,
+      strip: String.prototype.trim || strip,
+      stripTags: stripTags,
+      stripScripts: stripScripts,
+      extractScripts: extractScripts,
+      evalScripts: evalScripts,
+      escapeHTML: escapeHTML,
+      unescapeHTML: unescapeHTML,
+      toQueryParams: toQueryParams,
+      parseQuery: toQueryParams,
+      toArray: toArray,
+      succ: succ,
+      times: times,
+      camelize: camelize,
+      capitalize: capitalize,
+      underscore: underscore,
+      dasherize: dasherize,
+      inspect: inspect,
+      unfilterJSON: unfilterJSON,
+      isJSON: isJSON,
+      evalJSON: NATIVE_JSON_PARSE_SUPPORT ? parseJSON : evalJSON,
+      include: include,
+      startsWith: String.prototype.startsWith || startsWith,
+      endsWith: String.prototype.endsWith || endsWith,
+      empty: empty,
+      blank: blank,
+      interpolate: interpolate
+    };
+  })()
+);
+
+var Template = Class.create({
+  initialize: function (template, pattern) {
+    this.template = template.toString();
+    this.pattern = pattern || Template.Pattern;
+  },
+
+  evaluate: function (object) {
+    if (object && Object.isFunction(object.toTemplateReplacements))
+      object = object.toTemplateReplacements();
+
+    return this.template.gsub(this.pattern, match => {
+      if (object == null) return `${match[1]}`;
+
+      const before = match[1] || '';
+      if (before == '\\') return match[2];
+
+      let ctx = object;
+      let expr = match[3];
+      const pattern = /^([^.[]+|\[((?:.*?[^\\])?)\])(\.|\[|$)/;
+
+      match = pattern.exec(expr);
+      if (match == null) return before;
+
+      while (match != null) {
+        var comp = match[1].startsWith('[')
+          ? match[2].replace(/\\\\]/g, ']')
+          : match[1];
+        ctx = ctx[comp];
+        if (null == ctx || '' == match[3]) break;
+        expr = expr.substring(
+          '[' == match[3] ? match[1].length : match[0].length
+        );
+        match = pattern.exec(expr);
+      }
+
+      return before + String.interpret(ctx);
+    });
+  }
+});
+Template.Pattern = /(^|.|\r|\n)(#\{(.*?)\})/;
+
+var $break = {};
+
+var Enumerable = (() => {
+  function each(iterator, context) {
+    try {
+      this._each(iterator, context);
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (e != $break) throw e;
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  function eachSlice(number, iterator, context) {
+    let index = -number;
+    const slices = [];
+    const array = this.toArray();
+    if (number < 1) return array;
+    while ((index += number) < array.length)
+      slices.push(array.slice(index, index + number));
+    return slices.collect(iterator, context);
+  }
+
+  function all(iterator, context) {
+    iterator = iterator || Prototype.K;
+    let result = true;
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      result = result && !!iterator.call(context, value, index, this);
+      if (!result) throw $break;
+    }, this);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  function any(iterator, context) {
+    iterator = iterator || Prototype.K;
+    let result = false;
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      if ((result = !!iterator.call(context, value, index, this))) throw $break;
+    }, this);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  function collect(iterator, context) {
+    iterator = iterator || Prototype.K;
+    const results = [];
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      results.push(iterator.call(context, value, index, this));
+    }, this);
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  function detect(iterator, context) {
+    let result;
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, this)) {
+        result = value;
+        throw $break;
+      }
+    }, this);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  function findAll(iterator, context) {
+    const results = [];
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, this)) results.push(value);
+    }, this);
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  function grep(filter, iterator, context) {
+    iterator = iterator || Prototype.K;
+    const results = [];
+
+    if (Object.isString(filter)) filter = new RegExp(RegExp.escape(filter));
+
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      if (filter.match(value))
+        results.push(iterator.call(context, value, index, this));
+    }, this);
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  function include(object) {
+    if (Object.isFunction(this.indexOf) && this.indexOf(object) != -1)
+      return true;
+
+    let found = false;
+    this.each(value => {
+      if (value == object) {
+        found = true;
+        throw $break;
+      }
+    });
+    return found;
+  }
+
+  function inGroupsOf(number, fillWith) {
+    fillWith = Object.isUndefined(fillWith) ? null : fillWith;
+    return this.eachSlice(number, slice => {
+      while (slice.length < number) slice.push(fillWith);
+      return slice;
+    });
+  }
+
+  function inject(memo, iterator, context) {
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, this);
+    }, this);
+    return memo;
+  }
+
+  function invoke(method) {
+    const args = $A(arguments).slice(1);
+    return this.map(value => {
+      return value[method].apply(value, args);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function max(iterator, context) {
+    iterator = iterator || Prototype.K;
+    let result;
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      value = iterator.call(context, value, index, this);
+      if (result == null || value >= result) result = value;
+    }, this);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  function min(iterator, context) {
+    iterator = iterator || Prototype.K;
+    let result;
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      value = iterator.call(context, value, index, this);
+      if (result == null || value < result) result = value;
+    }, this);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  function partition(iterator, context) {
+    iterator = iterator || Prototype.K;
+    const trues = [],
+      falses = [];
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      (iterator.call(context, value, index, this) ? trues : falses).push(value);
+    }, this);
+    return [trues, falses];
+  }
+
+  function pluck(property) {
+    const results = [];
+    this.each(value => {
+      results.push(value[property]);
+    });
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  function reject(iterator, context) {
+    const results = [];
+    this.each(function (value, index) {
+      if (!iterator.call(context, value, index, this)) results.push(value);
+    }, this);
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  function sortBy(iterator, context) {
+    return this.map(function (value, index) {
+      return {
+        value: value,
+        criteria: iterator.call(context, value, index, this)
+      };
+    }, this)
+      .sort((left, right) => {
+        const a = left.criteria,
+          b = right.criteria;
+        return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
+      })
+      .pluck('value');
+  }
+
+  function toArray() {
+    return this.map();
+  }
+
+  function zip() {
+    let iterator = Prototype.K;
+    const args = $A(arguments);
+    if (Object.isFunction(args.last())) iterator = args.pop();
+
+    const collections = [this].concat(args).map($A);
+    return this.map((value, index) => {
+      return iterator(collections.pluck(index));
+    });
+  }
+
+  function size() {
+    return this.toArray().length;
+  }
+
+  function inspect() {
+    return `#<Enumerable:${this.toArray().inspect()}>`;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    each: each,
+    eachSlice: eachSlice,
+    all: all,
+    every: all,
+    any: any,
+    some: any,
+    collect: collect,
+    map: collect,
+    detect: detect,
+    findAll: findAll,
+    select: findAll,
+    filter: findAll,
+    grep: grep,
+    include: include,
+    member: include,
+    inGroupsOf: inGroupsOf,
+    inject: inject,
+    invoke: invoke,
+    max: max,
+    min: min,
+    partition: partition,
+    pluck: pluck,
+    reject: reject,
+    sortBy: sortBy,
+    toArray: toArray,
+    entries: toArray,
+    zip: zip,
+    size: size,
+    inspect: inspect,
+    find: detect
+  };
+})();
+
+function $A(iterable) {
+  if (!iterable) return [];
+  if ('toArray' in Object(iterable)) return iterable.toArray();
+  let length = iterable.length || 0;
+  const results = new Array(length);
+  while (length--) results[length] = iterable[length];
+  return results;
+}
+
+function $w(string) {
+  if (!Object.isString(string)) return [];
+  string = string.strip();
+  return string ? string.split(/\s+/) : [];
+}
+
+Array.from = $A;
+
+(() => {
+  const arrayProto = Array.prototype;
+  const slice = arrayProto.slice;
+  let _each = arrayProto.forEach;
+
+  function each(iterator, context) {
+    for (var i = 0, length = this.length >>> 0; i < length; i++) {
+      if (i in this) iterator.call(context, this[i], i, this);
+    }
+  }
+  if (!_each) _each = each;
+
+  function clear() {
+    this.length = 0;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  function first() {
+    return this[0];
+  }
+
+  function last() {
+    return this[this.length - 1];
+  }
+
+  function compact() {
+    return this.select(value => {
+      return value != null;
+    });
+  }
+
+  function flatten() {
+    return this.inject([], (array, value) => {
+      if (Object.isArray(value)) return array.concat(value.flatten());
+      array.push(value);
+      return array;
+    });
+  }
+
+  function without() {
+    const values = slice.call(arguments, 0);
+    return this.select(value => {
+      return !values.include(value);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function reverse(inline) {
+    return (inline === false ? this.toArray() : this)._reverse();
+  }
+
+  function uniq(sorted) {
+    return this.inject([], (array, value, index) => {
+      if (
+        0 == index ||
+        (sorted ? array.last() != value : !array.include(value))
+      )
+        array.push(value);
+      return array;
+    });
+  }
+
+  function intersect(array) {
+    return this.uniq().findAll(item => {
+      return array.indexOf(item) !== -1;
+    });
+  }
+
+  function clone() {
+    return slice.call(this, 0);
+  }
+
+  function size() {
+    return this.length;
+  }
+
+  function inspect() {
+    return `[${this.map(Object.inspect).join(', ')}]`;
+  }
+
+  function indexOf(item, i) {
+    if (this == null) throw new TypeError();
+
+    const array = Object(this),
+      length = array.length >>> 0;
+    if (length === 0) return -1;
+
+    i = Number(i);
+    if (isNaN(i)) {
+      i = 0;
+    } else if (i !== 0 && isFinite(i)) {
+      i = (i > 0 ? 1 : -1) * Math.floor(Math.abs(i));
+    }
+
+    if (i > length) return -1;
+
+    let k = i >= 0 ? i : Math.max(length - Math.abs(i), 0);
+    for (; k < length; k++) if (k in array && array[k] === item) return k;
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  function lastIndexOf(item, i) {
+    if (this == null) throw new TypeError();
+
+    const array = Object(this),
+      length = array.length >>> 0;
+    if (length === 0) return -1;
+
+    if (!Object.isUndefined(i)) {
+      i = Number(i);
+      if (isNaN(i)) {
+        i = 0;
+      } else if (i !== 0 && isFinite(i)) {
+        i = (i > 0 ? 1 : -1) * Math.floor(Math.abs(i));
+      }
+    } else {
+      i = length;
+    }
+
+    let k = i >= 0 ? Math.min(i, length - 1) : length - Math.abs(i);
+
+    for (; k >= 0; k--) if (k in array && array[k] === item) return k;
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  function concat(_) {
+    const array = [];
+    const items = slice.call(arguments, 0);
+    let item;
+    let n = 0;
+    items.unshift(this);
+    for (var i = 0, length = items.length; i < length; i++) {
+      item = items[i];
+      if (Object.isArray(item) && !('callee' in item)) {
+        for (var j = 0, arrayLength = item.length; j < arrayLength; j++) {
+          if (j in item) array[n] = item[j];
+          n++;
+        }
+      } else {
+        array[n++] = item;
+      }
+    }
+    array.length = n;
+    return array;
+  }
+
+  function wrapNative(method) {
+    return function () {
+      if (arguments.length === 0) {
+        return method.call(this, Prototype.K);
+      } else if (arguments[0] === undefined) {
+        var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+        args.unshift(Prototype.K);
+        return method.apply(this, args);
+      } else {
+        return method.apply(this, arguments);
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  function map(iterator) {
+    if (this == null) throw new TypeError();
+    iterator = iterator || Prototype.K;
+
+    const object = Object(this);
+    const results = [];
+    const context = arguments[1];
+    let n = 0;
+
+    for (var i = 0, length = object.length >>> 0; i < length; i++) {
+      if (i in object) {
+        results[n] = iterator.call(context, object[i], i, object);
+      }
+      n++;
+    }
+    results.length = n;
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  if (arrayProto.map) {
+    map = wrapNative(Array.prototype.map);
+  }
+
+  function filter(iterator) {
+    if (this == null || !Object.isFunction(iterator)) throw new TypeError();
+
+    const object = Object(this);
+    const results = [];
+    const context = arguments[1];
+    let value;
+
+    for (var i = 0, length = object.length >>> 0; i < length; i++) {
+      if (i in object) {
+        value = object[i];
+        if (iterator.call(context, value, i, object)) {
+          results.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  if (arrayProto.filter) {
+    filter = Array.prototype.filter;
+  }
+
+  function some(iterator) {
+    if (this == null) throw new TypeError();
+    iterator = iterator || Prototype.K;
+    const context = arguments[1];
+
+    const object = Object(this);
+    for (var i = 0, length = object.length >>> 0; i < length; i++) {
+      if (i in object && iterator.call(context, object[i], i, object)) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (arrayProto.some) {
+    some = wrapNative(Array.prototype.some);
+  }
+
+  function every(iterator) {
+    if (this == null) throw new TypeError();
+    iterator = iterator || Prototype.K;
+    const context = arguments[1];
+
+    const object = Object(this);
+    for (var i = 0, length = object.length >>> 0; i < length; i++) {
+      if (i in object && !iterator.call(context, object[i], i, object)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (arrayProto.every) {
+    every = wrapNative(Array.prototype.every);
+  }
+
+  Object.extend(arrayProto, Enumerable);
+
+  if (arrayProto.entries === Enumerable.entries) {
+    delete arrayProto.entries;
+  }
+
+  if (!arrayProto._reverse) arrayProto._reverse = arrayProto.reverse;
+
+  Object.extend(arrayProto, {
+    _each: _each,
+
+    map: map,
+    collect: map,
+    select: filter,
+    filter: filter,
+    findAll: filter,
+    some: some,
+    any: some,
+    every: every,
+    all: every,
+
+    clear: clear,
+    first: first,
+    last: last,
+    compact: compact,
+    flatten: flatten,
+    without: without,
+    reverse: reverse,
+    uniq: uniq,
+    intersect: intersect,
+    clone: clone,
+    toArray: clone,
+    size: size,
+    inspect: inspect
+  });
+
+  const CONCAT_ARGUMENTS_BUGGY = (function () {
+    return [].concat(arguments)[0][0] !== 1;
+  })(1, 2);
+
+  if (CONCAT_ARGUMENTS_BUGGY) arrayProto.concat = concat;
+
+  if (!arrayProto.indexOf) arrayProto.indexOf = indexOf;
+  if (!arrayProto.lastIndexOf) arrayProto.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
+})();
+function $H(object) {
+  return new Hash(object);
+}
+
+var Hash = Class.create(
+  Enumerable,
+  (() => {
+    function initialize(object) {
+      this._object = Object.isHash(object)
+        ? object.toObject()
+        : Object.clone(object);
+    }
+
+    function _each(iterator, context) {
+      let i = 0;
+      for (var key in this._object) {
+        var value = this._object[key],
+          pair = [key, value];
+        pair.key = key;
+        pair.value = value;
+        iterator.call(context, pair, i);
+        i++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function set(key, value) {
+      return (this._object[key] = value);
+    }
+
+    function get(key) {
+      if (this._object[key] !== Object.prototype[key]) return this._object[key];
+    }
+
+    function unset(key) {
+      const value = this._object[key];
+      delete this._object[key];
+      return value;
+    }
+
+    function toObject() {
+      return Object.clone(this._object);
+    }
+
+    function keys() {
+      return this.pluck('key');
+    }
+
+    function values() {
+      return this.pluck('value');
+    }
+
+    function index(value) {
+      const match = this.detect(pair => {
+        return pair.value === value;
+      });
+      return match && match.key;
+    }
+
+    function merge(object) {
+      return this.clone().update(object);
+    }
+
+    function update(object) {
+      return new Hash(object).inject(this, (result, pair) => {
+        result.set(pair.key, pair.value);
+        return result;
+      });
+    }
+
+    function toQueryPair(key, value) {
+      if (Object.isUndefined(value)) return key;
+
+      value = String.interpret(value);
+
+      value = value.gsub(/(\r)?\n/, '\r\n');
+      value = encodeURIComponent(value);
+      value = value.gsub(/%20/, '+');
+      return `${key}=${value}`;
+    }
+
+    function toQueryString() {
+      return this.inject([], (results, pair) => {
+        const key = encodeURIComponent(pair.key),
+          values = pair.value;
+
+        if (values && typeof values == 'object') {
+          if (Object.isArray(values)) {
+            var queryValues = [];
+            for (var i = 0, len = values.length, value; i < len; i++) {
+              value = values[i];
+              queryValues.push(toQueryPair(key, value));
+            }
+            return results.concat(queryValues);
+          }
+        } else results.push(toQueryPair(key, values));
+        return results;
+      }).join('&');
+    }
+
+    function inspect() {
+      return `#<Hash:{${this.map(pair => {
+        return pair.map(Object.inspect).join(': ');
+      }).join(', ')}}>`;
+    }
+
+    function clone() {
+      return new Hash(this);
+    }
+
+    return {
+      initialize: initialize,
+      _each: _each,
+      set: set,
+      get: get,
+      unset: unset,
+      toObject: toObject,
+      toTemplateReplacements: toObject,
+      keys: keys,
+      values: values,
+      index: index,
+      merge: merge,
+      update: update,
+      toQueryString: toQueryString,
+      inspect: inspect,
+      toJSON: toObject,
+      clone: clone
+    };
+  })()
+);
+
+Hash.from = $H;
+Object.extend(
+  Number.prototype,
+  (() => {
+    function toColorPart() {
+      return this.toPaddedString(2, 16);
+    }
+
+    function succ() {
+      return this + 1;
+    }
+
+    function times(iterator, context) {
+      $R(0, this, true).each(iterator, context);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    function toPaddedString(length, radix) {
+      const string = this.toString(radix || 10);
+      return '0'.times(length - string.length) + string;
+    }
+
+    function abs() {
+      return Math.abs(this);
+    }
+
+    function round() {
+      return Math.round(this);
+    }
+
+    function ceil() {
+      return Math.ceil(this);
+    }
+
+    function floor() {
+      return Math.floor(this);
+    }
+
+    return {
+      toColorPart: toColorPart,
+      succ: succ,
+      times: times,
+      toPaddedString: toPaddedString,
+      abs: abs,
+      round: round,
+      ceil: ceil,
+      floor: floor
+    };
+  })()
+);
+
+function $R(start, end, exclusive) {
+  return new ObjectRange(start, end, exclusive);
+}
+
+var ObjectRange = Class.create(
+  Enumerable,
+  (() => {
+    function initialize(start, end, exclusive) {
+      this.start = start;
+      this.end = end;
+      this.exclusive = exclusive;
+    }
+
+    function _each(iterator, context) {
+      let value = this.start,
+        i;
+      for (i = 0; this.include(value); i++) {
+        iterator.call(context, value, i);
+        value = value.succ();
+      }
+    }
+
+    function include(value) {
+      if (value < this.start) return false;
+      if (this.exclusive) return value < this.end;
+      return value <= this.end;
+    }
+
+    return {
+      initialize: initialize,
+      _each: _each,
+      include: include
+    };
+  })()
+);
+
+var Abstract = {};
+
+var Try = {
+  these: function () {
+    let returnValue;
+
+    for (var i = 0, length = arguments.length; i < length; i++) {
+      var lambda = arguments[i];
+      try {
+        returnValue = lambda();
+        break;
+      } catch (e) {}
+    }
+
+    return returnValue;
+  }
+};
+
+var Ajax = {
+  getTransport: () => {
+    return (
+      Try.these(
+        () => {
+          return new XMLHttpRequest();
+        },
+        () => {
+          return new ActiveXObject('Msxml2.XMLHTTP');
+        },
+        () => {
+          return new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');
+        }
+      ) || false
+    );
+  },
+
+  activeRequestCount: 0
+};
+
+Ajax.Responders = {
+  responders: [],
+
+  _each: function (iterator, context) {
+    this.responders._each(iterator, context);
+  },
+
+  register: function (responder) {
+    if (!this.include(responder)) this.responders.push(responder);
+  },
+
+  unregister: function (responder) {
+    this.responders = this.responders.without(responder);
+  },
+
+  dispatch: function (callback, request, transport, json) {
+    this.each(responder => {
+      if (Object.isFunction(responder[callback])) {
+        try {
+          responder[callback].apply(responder, [request, transport, json]);
+        } catch (e) {}
+      }
+    });
+  }
+};
+
+Object.extend(Ajax.Responders, Enumerable);
+
+Ajax.Responders.register({
+  onCreate: () => {
+    Ajax.activeRequestCount++;
+  },
+  onComplete: () => {
+    Ajax.activeRequestCount--;
+  }
+});
+Ajax.Base = Class.create({
+  initialize: function (options) {
+    this.options = {
+      method: 'post',
+      asynchronous: true,
+      contentType: 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+      encoding: 'UTF-8',
+      parameters: '',
+      evalJSON: true,
+      evalJS: true
+    };
+    Object.extend(this.options, options || {});
+
+    this.options.method = this.options.method.toLowerCase();
+
+    if (Object.isHash(this.options.parameters))
+      this.options.parameters = this.options.parameters.toObject();
+  }
+});
+Ajax.Request = Class.create(Ajax.Base, {
+  _complete: false,
+
+  initialize: function ($super, url, options) {
+    $super(options);
+    this.transport = Ajax.getTransport();
+    this.request(url);
+  },
+
+  request: function (url) {
+    this.url = url;
+    this.method = this.options.method;
+    let params = Object.isString(this.options.parameters)
+      ? this.options.parameters
+      : Object.toQueryString(this.options.parameters);
+
+    if (!['get', 'post'].include(this.method)) {
+      params += `${params ? '&' : ''}_method=${this.method}`;
+      this.method = 'post';
+    }
+
+    if (params && this.method === 'get') {
+      this.url += (this.url.include('?') ? '&' : '?') + params;
+    }
+
+    this.parameters = params.toQueryParams();
+
+    try {
+      var response = new Ajax.Response(this);
+      if (this.options.onCreate) this.options.onCreate(response);
+      Ajax.Responders.dispatch('onCreate', this, response);
+
+      this.transport.open(
+        this.method.toUpperCase(),
+        this.url,
+        this.options.asynchronous
+      );
+
+      if (this.options.asynchronous)
+        this.respondToReadyState.bind(this).defer(1);
+
+      this.transport.onreadystatechange = this.onStateChange.bind(this);
+      this.setRequestHeaders();
+
+      this.body =
+        this.method == 'post' ? this.options.postBody || params : null;
+      this.transport.send(this.body);
+
+      /* Force Firefox to handle ready state 4 for synchronous requests */
+      if (!this.options.asynchronous && this.transport.overrideMimeType)
+        this.onStateChange();
+    } catch (e) {
+      this.dispatchException(e);
+    }
+  },
+
+  onStateChange: function () {
+    const readyState = this.transport.readyState;
+    if (readyState > 1 && !(readyState == 4 && this._complete))
+      this.respondToReadyState(this.transport.readyState);
+  },
+
+  setRequestHeaders: function () {
+    const headers = {
+      'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
+      'X-Prototype-Version': Prototype.Version,
+      Accept: 'text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*'
+    };
+
+    if (this.method == 'post') {
+      headers['Content-type'] =
+        this.options.contentType +
+        (this.options.encoding ? `; charset=${this.options.encoding}` : '');
+
+      /* Force "Connection: close" for older Mozilla browsers to work
+       * around a bug where XMLHttpRequest sends an incorrect
+       * Content-length header. See Mozilla Bugzilla #246651.
+       */
+      if (
+        this.transport.overrideMimeType &&
+        (navigator.userAgent.match(/Gecko\/(\d{4})/) || [0, 2005])[1] < 2005
+      )
+        headers['Connection'] = 'close';
+    }
+
+    if (typeof this.options.requestHeaders == 'object') {
+      var extras = this.options.requestHeaders;
+
+      if (Object.isFunction(extras.push))
+        for (var i = 0, length = extras.length; i < length; i += 2)
+          headers[extras[i]] = extras[i + 1];
+      else
+        $H(extras).each(pair => {
+          headers[pair.key] = pair.value;
+        });
+    }
+
+    for (var name in headers)
+      if (headers[name] != null)
+        this.transport.setRequestHeader(name, headers[name]);
+  },
+
+  success: function () {
+    const status = this.getStatus();
+    return !status || (status >= 200 && status < 300) || status == 304;
+  },
+
+  getStatus: function () {
+    try {
+      if (this.transport.status === 1223) return 204;
+      return this.transport.status || 0;
+    } catch (e) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  },
+
+  respondToReadyState: function (readyState) {
+    const state = Ajax.Request.Events[readyState],
+      response = new Ajax.Response(this);
+
+    if (state == 'Complete') {
+      try {
+        this._complete = true;
+        (
+          this.options[`on${response.status}`] ||
+          this.options[`on${this.success() ? 'Success' : 'Failure'}`] ||
+          Prototype.emptyFunction
+        )(response, response.headerJSON);
+      } catch (e) {
+        this.dispatchException(e);
+      }
+
+      var contentType = response.getHeader('Content-type');
+      if (
+        this.options.evalJS == 'force' ||
+        (this.options.evalJS &&
+          this.isSameOrigin() &&
+          contentType &&
+          contentType.match(
+            /^\s*(text|application)\/(x-)?(java|ecma)script(;.*)?\s*$/i
+          ))
+      )
+        this.evalResponse();
+    }
+
+    try {
+      (this.options[`on${state}`] || Prototype.emptyFunction)(
+        response,
+        response.headerJSON
+      );
+      Ajax.Responders.dispatch(
+        `on${state}`,
+        this,
+        response,
+        response.headerJSON
+      );
+    } catch (e) {
+      this.dispatchException(e);
+    }
+
+    if (state == 'Complete') {
+      this.transport.onreadystatechange = Prototype.emptyFunction;
+    }
+  },
+
+  isSameOrigin: function () {
+    const m = this.url.match(/^\s*https?:\/\/[^\/]*/);
+    return (
+      !m ||
+      m[0] ==
+        '#{protocol}//#{domain}#{port}'.interpolate({
+          protocol: location.protocol,
+          domain: document.domain,
+          port: location.port ? `:${location.port}` : ''
+        })
+    );
+  },
+
+  getHeader: function (name) {
+    try {
+      return this.transport.getResponseHeader(name) || null;
+    } catch (e) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  },
+
+  evalResponse: function () {
+    try {
+      return eval((this.transport.responseText || '').unfilterJSON());
+    } catch (e) {
+      this.dispatchException(e);
+    }
+  },
+
+  dispatchException: function (exception) {
+    (this.options.onException || Prototype.emptyFunction)(this, exception);
+    Ajax.Responders.dispatch('onException', this, exception);
+  }
+});
+
+Ajax.Request.Events = [
+  'Uninitialized',
+  'Loading',
+  'Loaded',
+  'Interactive',
+  'Complete'
+];
+
+Ajax.Response = Class.create({
+  initialize: function (request) {
+    this.request = request;
+    const transport = (this.transport = request.transport),
+      readyState = (this.readyState = transport.readyState);
+
+    if ((readyState > 2 && !Prototype.Browser.IE) || readyState == 4) {
+      this.status = this.getStatus();
+      this.statusText = this.getStatusText();
+      this.responseText = String.interpret(transport.responseText);
+      this.headerJSON = this._getHeaderJSON();
+    }
+
+    if (readyState == 4) {
+      var xml = transport.responseXML;
+      this.responseXML = Object.isUndefined(xml) ? null : xml;
+      this.responseJSON = this._getResponseJSON();
+    }
+  },
+
+  status: 0,
+
+  statusText: '',
+
+  getStatus: Ajax.Request.prototype.getStatus,
+
+  getStatusText: function () {
+    try {
+      return this.transport.statusText || '';
+    } catch (e) {
+      return '';
+    }
+  },
+
+  getHeader: Ajax.Request.prototype.getHeader,
+
+  getAllHeaders: function () {
+    try {
+      return this.getAllResponseHeaders();
+    } catch (e) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  },
+
+  getResponseHeader: function (name) {
+    return this.transport.getResponseHeader(name);
+  },
+
+  getAllResponseHeaders: function () {
+    return this.transport.getAllResponseHeaders();
+  },
+
+  _getHeaderJSON: function () {
+    let json = this.getHeader('X-JSON');
+    if (!json) return null;
+
+    try {
+      json = decodeURIComponent(escape(json));
+    } catch (e) {}
+
+    try {
+      return json.evalJSON(
+        this.request.options.sanitizeJSON || !this.request.isSameOrigin()
+      );
+    } catch (e) {
+      this.request.dispatchException(e);
+    }
+  },
+
+  _getResponseJSON: function () {
+    const options = this.request.options;
+    if (
+      !options.evalJSON ||
+      (options.evalJSON != 'force' &&
+        !(this.getHeader('Content-type') || '').include('application/json')) ||
+      this.responseText.blank()
+    )
+      return null;
+    try {
+      return this.responseText.evalJSON(
+        options.sanitizeJSON || !this.request.isSameOrigin()
+      );
+    } catch (e) {
+      this.request.dispatchException(e);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+Ajax.Updater = Class.create(Ajax.Request, {
+  initialize: function ($super, container, url, options) {
+    this.container = {
+      success: container.success || container,
+      failure: container.failure || (container.success ? null : container)
+    };
+
+    options = Object.clone(options);
+    const onComplete = options.onComplete;
+    options.onComplete = function (response, json) {
+      this.updateContent(response.responseText);
+      if (Object.isFunction(onComplete)) onComplete(response, json);
+    }.bind(this);
+
+    $super(url, options);
+  },
+
+  updateContent: function (responseText) {
+    let receiver = this.container[this.success() ? 'success' : 'failure'];
+    const options = this.options;
+
+    if (!options.evalScripts) responseText = responseText.stripScripts();
+
+    if ((receiver = $(receiver))) {
+      if (options.insertion) {
+        if (Object.isString(options.insertion)) {
+          var insertion = {};
+          insertion[options.insertion] = responseText;
+          receiver.insert(insertion);
+        } else options.insertion(receiver, responseText);
+      } else receiver.update(responseText);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+Ajax.PeriodicalUpdater = Class.create(Ajax.Base, {
+  initialize: function ($super, container, url, options) {
+    $super(options);
+    this.onComplete = this.options.onComplete;
+
+    this.frequency = this.options.frequency || 2;
+    this.decay = this.options.decay || 1;
+
+    this.updater = {};
+    this.container = container;
+    this.url = url;
+
+    this.start();
+  },
+
+  start: function () {
+    this.options.onComplete = this.updateComplete.bind(this);
+    this.onTimerEvent();
+  },
+
+  stop: function () {
+    this.updater.options.onComplete = undefined;
+    clearTimeout(this.timer);
+    (this.onComplete || Prototype.emptyFunction).apply(this, arguments);
+  },
+
+  updateComplete: function (response) {
+    if (this.options.decay) {
+      this.decay =
+        response.responseText == this.lastText
+          ? this.decay * this.options.decay
+          : 1;
+
+      this.lastText = response.responseText;
+    }
+    this.timer = this.onTimerEvent
+      .bind(this)
+      .delay(this.decay * this.frequency);
+  },
+
+  onTimerEvent: function () {
+    this.updater = new Ajax.Updater(this.container, this.url, this.options);
+  }
+});
+
+(GLOBAL => {
+  let UNDEFINED;
+  const SLICE = Array.prototype.slice;
+
+  let DIV = document.createElement('div');
+
+  function $(element) {
+    if (arguments.length > 1) {
+      for (var i = 0, elements = [], length = arguments.length; i < length; i++)
+        elements.push($(arguments[i]));
+      return elements;
+    }
+
+    if (Object.isString(element)) element = document.getElementById(element);
+    return Element.extend(element);
+  }
+
+  GLOBAL.$ = $;
+
+  if (!GLOBAL.Node) GLOBAL.Node = {};
+
+  if (!GLOBAL.Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+    Object.extend(GLOBAL.Node, {
+      ELEMENT_NODE: 1,
+      ATTRIBUTE_NODE: 2,
+      TEXT_NODE: 3,
+      CDATA_SECTION_NODE: 4,
+      ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE: 5,
+      ENTITY_NODE: 6,
+      PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE: 7,
+      COMMENT_NODE: 8,
+      DOCUMENT_NODE: 9,
+      DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE: 10,
+      DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE: 11,
+      NOTATION_NODE: 12
+    });
+  }
+
+  let ELEMENT_CACHE = {};
+
+  function shouldUseCreationCache(tagName, attributes) {
+    if (tagName === 'select') return false;
+    if ('type' in attributes) return false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const HAS_EXTENDED_CREATE_ELEMENT_SYNTAX = (() => {
+    try {
+      var el = document.createElement('<input name="x">');
+      return el.tagName.toLowerCase() === 'input' && el.name === 'x';
+    } catch (err) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  })();
+
+  const oldElement = GLOBAL.Element;
+  function Element(tagName, attributes) {
+    attributes = attributes || {};
+    tagName = tagName.toLowerCase();
+
+    if (HAS_EXTENDED_CREATE_ELEMENT_SYNTAX && attributes.name) {
+      tagName = `<${tagName} name="${attributes.name}">`;
+      delete attributes.name;
+      return Element.writeAttribute(
+        document.createElement(tagName),
+        attributes
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (!ELEMENT_CACHE[tagName])
+      ELEMENT_CACHE[tagName] = Element.extend(document.createElement(tagName));
+
+    const node = shouldUseCreationCache(tagName, attributes)
+      ? ELEMENT_CACHE[tagName].cloneNode(false)
+      : document.createElement(tagName);
+
+    return Element.writeAttribute(node, attributes);
+  }
+
+  GLOBAL.Element = Element;
+
+  Object.extend(GLOBAL.Element, oldElement || {});
+  if (oldElement) GLOBAL.Element.prototype = oldElement.prototype;
+
+  Element.Methods = { ByTag: {}, Simulated: {} };
+
+  const methods = {};
+
+  const INSPECT_ATTRIBUTES = { id: 'id', className: 'class' };
+  function inspect(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    let result = `<${element.tagName.toLowerCase()}`;
+
+    let attribute, value;
+    for (var property in INSPECT_ATTRIBUTES) {
+      attribute = INSPECT_ATTRIBUTES[property];
+      value = (element[property] || '').toString();
+      if (value) result += ` ${attribute}=${value.inspect(true)}`;
+    }
+
+    return `${result}>`;
+  }
+
+  methods.inspect = inspect;
+
+  function visible(element) {
+    return $(element).getStyle('display') !== 'none';
+  }
+
+  function toggle(element, bool) {
+    element = $(element);
+    if (typeof bool !== 'boolean') bool = !Element.visible(element);
+    Element[bool ? 'show' : 'hide'](element);
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function hide(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    element.style.display = 'none';
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function show(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    element.style.display = '';
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  Object.extend(methods, {
+    visible: visible,
+    toggle: toggle,
+    hide: hide,
+    show: show
+  });
+
+  function remove(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    element.parentNode.removeChild(element);
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  const SELECT_ELEMENT_INNERHTML_BUGGY = (() => {
+    let el = document.createElement('select'),
+      isBuggy = true;
+    el.innerHTML = '<option value="test">test</option>';
+    if (el.options && el.options[0]) {
+      isBuggy = el.options[0].nodeName.toUpperCase() !== 'OPTION';
+    }
+    el = null;
+    return isBuggy;
+  })();
+
+  const TABLE_ELEMENT_INNERHTML_BUGGY = (() => {
+    try {
+      var el = document.createElement('table');
+      if (el && el.tBodies) {
+        el.innerHTML = '<tbody><tr><td>test</td></tr></tbody>';
+        var isBuggy = typeof el.tBodies[0] == 'undefined';
+        el = null;
+        return isBuggy;
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  })();
+
+  const LINK_ELEMENT_INNERHTML_BUGGY = (() => {
+    try {
+      var el = document.createElement('div');
+      el.innerHTML = '<link />';
+      var isBuggy = el.childNodes.length === 0;
+      el = null;
+      return isBuggy;
+    } catch (e) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  })();
+
+  const ANY_INNERHTML_BUGGY =
+    SELECT_ELEMENT_INNERHTML_BUGGY ||
+    TABLE_ELEMENT_INNERHTML_BUGGY ||
+    LINK_ELEMENT_INNERHTML_BUGGY;
+
+  const SCRIPT_ELEMENT_REJECTS_TEXTNODE_APPENDING = (() => {
+    let s = document.createElement('script'),
+      isBuggy = false;
+    try {
+      s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(''));
+      isBuggy = !s.firstChild || (s.firstChild && s.firstChild.nodeType !== 3);
+    } catch (e) {
+      isBuggy = true;
+    }
+    s = null;
+    return isBuggy;
+  })();
+
+  function update(element, content) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    const descendants = element.getElementsByTagName('*');
+    let i = descendants.length;
+    while (i--) purgeElement(descendants[i]);
+
+    if (content && content.toElement) content = content.toElement();
+
+    if (Object.isElement(content)) return element.update().insert(content);
+
+    content = Object.toHTML(content);
+    const tagName = element.tagName.toUpperCase();
+
+    if (tagName === 'SCRIPT' && SCRIPT_ELEMENT_REJECTS_TEXTNODE_APPENDING) {
+      element.text = content;
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    if (ANY_INNERHTML_BUGGY) {
+      if (tagName in INSERTION_TRANSLATIONS.tags) {
+        while (element.firstChild) element.removeChild(element.firstChild);
+
+        var nodes = getContentFromAnonymousElement(
+          tagName,
+          content.stripScripts()
+        );
+        for (var k = 0, node; (node = nodes[k]); k++) element.appendChild(node);
+      } else if (
+        LINK_ELEMENT_INNERHTML_BUGGY &&
+        Object.isString(content) &&
+        content.indexOf('<link') > -1
+      ) {
+        while (element.firstChild) element.removeChild(element.firstChild);
+
+        var nodes = getContentFromAnonymousElement(
+          tagName,
+          content.stripScripts(),
+          true
+        );
+
+        for (var j = 0, node; (node = nodes[j]); j++) element.appendChild(node);
+      } else {
+        element.innerHTML = content.stripScripts();
+      }
+    } else {
+      element.innerHTML = content.stripScripts();
+    }
+
+    content.evalScripts.bind(content).defer();
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function replace(element, content) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    if (content && content.toElement) {
+      content = content.toElement();
+    } else if (!Object.isElement(content)) {
+      content = Object.toHTML(content);
+      var range = element.ownerDocument.createRange();
+      range.selectNode(element);
+      content.evalScripts.bind(content).defer();
+      content = range.createContextualFragment(content.stripScripts());
+    }
+
+    element.parentNode.replaceChild(content, element);
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  const INSERTION_TRANSLATIONS = {
+    before: (element, node) => {
+      element.parentNode.insertBefore(node, element);
+    },
+    top: (element, node) => {
+      element.insertBefore(node, element.firstChild);
+    },
+    bottom: (element, node) => {
+      element.appendChild(node);
+    },
+    after: (element, node) => {
+      element.parentNode.insertBefore(node, element.nextSibling);
+    },
+
+    tags: {
+      TABLE: ['<table>', '</table>', 1],
+      TBODY: ['<table><tbody>', '</tbody></table>', 2],
+      TR: ['<table><tbody><tr>', '</tr></tbody></table>', 3],
+      TD: ['<table><tbody><tr><td>', '</td></tr></tbody></table>', 4],
+      SELECT: ['<select>', '</select>', 1]
+    }
+  };
+
+  const tags = INSERTION_TRANSLATIONS.tags;
+
+  Object.extend(tags, {
+    THEAD: tags.TBODY,
+    TFOOT: tags.TBODY,
+    TH: tags.TD
+  });
+
+  function replace_IE(element, content) {
+    element = $(element);
+    if (content && content.toElement) content = content.toElement();
+    if (Object.isElement(content)) {
+      element.parentNode.replaceChild(content, element);
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    content = Object.toHTML(content);
+    const parent = element.parentNode,
+      tagName = parent.tagName.toUpperCase();
+
+    if (tagName in INSERTION_TRANSLATIONS.tags) {
+      var nextSibling = Element.next(element);
+      var fragments = getContentFromAnonymousElement(
+        tagName,
+        content.stripScripts()
+      );
+
+      parent.removeChild(element);
+
+      var iterator;
+      if (nextSibling)
+        iterator = node => {
+          parent.insertBefore(node, nextSibling);
+        };
+      else
+        iterator = node => {
+          parent.appendChild(node);
+        };
+
+      fragments.each(iterator);
+    } else {
+      element.outerHTML = content.stripScripts();
+    }
+
+    content.evalScripts.bind(content).defer();
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  if ('outerHTML' in document.documentElement) replace = replace_IE;
+
+  function isContent(content) {
+    if (Object.isUndefined(content) || content === null) return false;
+
+    if (Object.isString(content) || Object.isNumber(content)) return true;
+    if (Object.isElement(content)) return true;
+    if (content.toElement || content.toHTML) return true;
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  function insertContentAt(element, content, position) {
+    position = position.toLowerCase();
+    const method = INSERTION_TRANSLATIONS[position];
+
+    if (content && content.toElement) content = content.toElement();
+    if (Object.isElement(content)) {
+      method(element, content);
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    content = Object.toHTML(content);
+    const tagName = (
+      position === 'before' || position === 'after'
+        ? element.parentNode
+        : element
+    ).tagName.toUpperCase();
+
+    const childNodes = getContentFromAnonymousElement(
+      tagName,
+      content.stripScripts()
+    );
+
+    if (position === 'top' || position === 'after') childNodes.reverse();
+
+    for (var i = 0, node; (node = childNodes[i]); i++) method(element, node);
+
+    content.evalScripts.bind(content).defer();
+  }
+
+  function insert(element, insertions) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    if (isContent(insertions)) insertions = { bottom: insertions };
+
+    for (var position in insertions)
+      insertContentAt(element, insertions[position], position);
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function wrap(element, wrapper, attributes) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    if (Object.isElement(wrapper)) {
+      $(wrapper).writeAttribute(attributes || {});
+    } else if (Object.isString(wrapper)) {
+      wrapper = new Element(wrapper, attributes);
+    } else {
+      wrapper = new Element('div', wrapper);
+    }
+
+    if (element.parentNode) element.parentNode.replaceChild(wrapper, element);
+
+    wrapper.appendChild(element);
+
+    return wrapper;
+  }
+
+  function cleanWhitespace(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    let node = element.firstChild;
+
+    while (node) {
+      var nextNode = node.nextSibling;
+      if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && !/\S/.test(node.nodeValue))
+        element.removeChild(node);
+      node = nextNode;
+    }
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function empty(element) {
+    return $(element).innerHTML.blank();
+  }
+
+  function getContentFromAnonymousElement(tagName, html, force) {
+    let t = INSERTION_TRANSLATIONS.tags[tagName],
+      div = DIV;
+
+    let workaround = !!t;
+    if (!workaround && force) {
+      workaround = true;
+      t = ['', '', 0];
+    }
+
+    if (workaround) {
+      div.innerHTML = `&#160;${t[0]}${html}${t[1]}`;
+      div.removeChild(div.firstChild);
+      for (var i = t[2]; i--; ) div = div.firstChild;
+    } else {
+      div.innerHTML = html;
+    }
+
+    return $A(div.childNodes);
+  }
+
+  function clone(element, deep) {
+    if (!(element = $(element))) return;
+    const clone = element.cloneNode(deep);
+    if (!HAS_UNIQUE_ID_PROPERTY) {
+      clone._prototypeUID = UNDEFINED;
+      if (deep) {
+        var descendants = Element.select(clone, '*'),
+          i = descendants.length;
+        while (i--) descendants[i]._prototypeUID = UNDEFINED;
+      }
+    }
+    return Element.extend(clone);
+  }
+
+  function purgeElement(element) {
+    const uid = getUniqueElementID(element);
+    if (uid) {
+      Element.stopObserving(element);
+      if (!HAS_UNIQUE_ID_PROPERTY) element._prototypeUID = UNDEFINED;
+      delete Element.Storage[uid];
+    }
+  }
+
+  function purgeCollection(elements) {
+    let i = elements.length;
+    while (i--) purgeElement(elements[i]);
+  }
+
+  function purgeCollection_IE(elements) {
+    let i = elements.length,
+      element,
+      uid;
+    while (i--) {
+      element = elements[i];
+      uid = getUniqueElementID(element);
+      delete Element.Storage[uid];
+      delete Event.cache[uid];
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (HAS_UNIQUE_ID_PROPERTY) {
+    purgeCollection = purgeCollection_IE;
+  }
+
+  function purge(element) {
+    if (!(element = $(element))) return;
+    purgeElement(element);
+
+    const descendants = element.getElementsByTagName('*');
+    let i = descendants.length;
+
+    while (i--) purgeElement(descendants[i]);
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  Object.extend(methods, {
+    remove: remove,
+    update: update,
+    replace: replace,
+    insert: insert,
+    wrap: wrap,
+    cleanWhitespace: cleanWhitespace,
+    empty: empty,
+    clone: clone,
+    purge: purge
+  });
+
+  function recursivelyCollect(element, property, maximumLength) {
+    element = $(element);
+    maximumLength = maximumLength || -1;
+    const elements = [];
+
+    while ((element = element[property])) {
+      if (element.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE)
+        elements.push(Element.extend(element));
+
+      if (elements.length === maximumLength) break;
+    }
+
+    return elements;
+  }
+
+  function ancestors(element) {
+    return recursivelyCollect(element, 'parentNode');
+  }
+
+  function descendants(element) {
+    return Element.select(element, '*');
+  }
+
+  function firstDescendant(element) {
+    element = $(element).firstChild;
+    while (element && element.nodeType !== Node.ELEMENT_NODE)
+      element = element.nextSibling;
+
+    return $(element);
+  }
+
+  function immediateDescendants(element) {
+    const results = [];
+    let child = $(element).firstChild;
+
+    while (child) {
+      if (child.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE)
+        results.push(Element.extend(child));
+
+      child = child.nextSibling;
+    }
+
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  function previousSiblings(element) {
+    return recursivelyCollect(element, 'previousSibling');
+  }
+
+  function nextSiblings(element) {
+    return recursivelyCollect(element, 'nextSibling');
+  }
+
+  function siblings(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const previous = previousSiblings(element),
+      next = nextSiblings(element);
+    return previous.reverse().concat(next);
+  }
+
+  function match(element, selector) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    if (Object.isString(selector))
+      return Prototype.Selector.match(element, selector);
+
+    return selector.match(element);
+  }
+
+  function _recursivelyFind(element, property, expression, index) {
+    ((element = $(element)),
+      (expression = expression || 0),
+      (index = index || 0));
+    if (Object.isNumber(expression)) {
+      ((index = expression), (expression = null));
+    }
+
+    while ((element = element[property])) {
+      if (element.nodeType !== 1) continue;
+      if (expression && !Prototype.Selector.match(element, expression))
+        continue;
+      if (--index >= 0) continue;
+
+      return Element.extend(element);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function up(element, expression, index) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    if (arguments.length === 1) return $(element.parentNode);
+    return _recursivelyFind(element, 'parentNode', expression, index);
+  }
+
+  function down(element, expression, index) {
+    if (arguments.length === 1) return firstDescendant(element);
+    ((element = $(element)),
+      (expression = expression || 0),
+      (index = index || 0));
+
+    if (Object.isNumber(expression)) ((index = expression), (expression = '*'));
+
+    const node = Prototype.Selector.select(expression, element)[index];
+    return Element.extend(node);
+  }
+
+  function previous(element, expression, index) {
+    return _recursivelyFind(element, 'previousSibling', expression, index);
+  }
+
+  function next(element, expression, index) {
+    return _recursivelyFind(element, 'nextSibling', expression, index);
+  }
+
+  function select(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const expressions = SLICE.call(arguments, 1).join(', ');
+    return Prototype.Selector.select(expressions, element);
+  }
+
+  function adjacent(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const expressions = SLICE.call(arguments, 1).join(', ');
+    const siblings = Element.siblings(element),
+      results = [];
+    for (var i = 0, sibling; (sibling = siblings[i]); i++) {
+      if (Prototype.Selector.match(sibling, expressions)) results.push(sibling);
+    }
+
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  function descendantOf_DOM(element, ancestor) {
+    ((element = $(element)), (ancestor = $(ancestor)));
+    if (!element || !ancestor) return false;
+    while ((element = element.parentNode))
+      if (element === ancestor) return true;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  function descendantOf_contains(element, ancestor) {
+    ((element = $(element)), (ancestor = $(ancestor)));
+    if (!element || !ancestor) return false;
+    if (!ancestor.contains) return descendantOf_DOM(element, ancestor);
+    return ancestor.contains(element) && ancestor !== element;
+  }
+
+  function descendantOf_compareDocumentPosition(element, ancestor) {
+    ((element = $(element)), (ancestor = $(ancestor)));
+    if (!element || !ancestor) return false;
+    return (element.compareDocumentPosition(ancestor) & 8) === 8;
+  }
+
+  let descendantOf;
+  if (DIV.compareDocumentPosition) {
+    descendantOf = descendantOf_compareDocumentPosition;
+  } else if (DIV.contains) {
+    descendantOf = descendantOf_contains;
+  } else {
+    descendantOf = descendantOf_DOM;
+  }
+
+  Object.extend(methods, {
+    recursivelyCollect: recursivelyCollect,
+    ancestors: ancestors,
+    descendants: descendants,
+    firstDescendant: firstDescendant,
+    immediateDescendants: immediateDescendants,
+    previousSiblings: previousSiblings,
+    nextSiblings: nextSiblings,
+    siblings: siblings,
+    match: match,
+    up: up,
+    down: down,
+    previous: previous,
+    next: next,
+    select: select,
+    adjacent: adjacent,
+    descendantOf: descendantOf,
+
+    getElementsBySelector: select,
+
+    childElements: immediateDescendants
+  });
+
+  let idCounter = 1;
+  function identify(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    let id = Element.readAttribute(element, 'id');
+    if (id) return id;
+
+    do {
+      id = `anonymous_element_${idCounter++}`;
+    } while ($(id));
+
+    Element.writeAttribute(element, 'id', id);
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  function readAttribute(element, name) {
+    return $(element).getAttribute(name);
+  }
+
+  function readAttribute_IE(element, name) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    const table = ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.read;
+    if (table.values[name]) return table.values[name](element, name);
+
+    if (table.names[name]) name = table.names[name];
+
+    if (name.include(':')) {
+      if (!element.attributes || !element.attributes[name]) return null;
+      return element.attributes[name].value;
+    }
+
+    return element.getAttribute(name);
+  }
+
+  function readAttribute_Opera(element, name) {
+    if (name === 'title') return element.title;
+    return element.getAttribute(name);
+  }
+
+  const PROBLEMATIC_ATTRIBUTE_READING = (() => {
+    DIV.setAttribute('onclick', []);
+    const value = DIV.getAttribute('onclick');
+    const isFunction = Object.isArray(value);
+    DIV.removeAttribute('onclick');
+    return isFunction;
+  })();
+
+  if (PROBLEMATIC_ATTRIBUTE_READING) {
+    readAttribute = readAttribute_IE;
+  } else if (Prototype.Browser.Opera) {
+    readAttribute = readAttribute_Opera;
+  }
+
+  function writeAttribute(element, name, value) {
+    element = $(element);
+    let attributes = {};
+    const table = ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.write;
+
+    if (typeof name === 'object') {
+      attributes = name;
+    } else {
+      attributes[name] = Object.isUndefined(value) ? true : value;
+    }
+
+    for (var attr in attributes) {
+      name = table.names[attr] || attr;
+      value = attributes[attr];
+      if (table.values[attr]) {
+        value = table.values[attr](element, value);
+        if (Object.isUndefined(value)) continue;
+      }
+      if (value === false || value === null) element.removeAttribute(name);
+      else if (value === true) element.setAttribute(name, name);
+      else element.setAttribute(name, value);
+    }
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  const PROBLEMATIC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_WITH_CHECKBOXES = (() => {
+    if (!HAS_EXTENDED_CREATE_ELEMENT_SYNTAX) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    const checkbox = document.createElement('<input type="checkbox">');
+    checkbox.checked = true;
+    const node = checkbox.getAttributeNode('checked');
+    return !node || !node.specified;
+  })();
+
+  function hasAttribute(element, attribute) {
+    attribute = ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.has[attribute] || attribute;
+    const node = $(element).getAttributeNode(attribute);
+    return !!(node && node.specified);
+  }
+
+  function hasAttribute_IE(element, attribute) {
+    if (attribute === 'checked') {
+      return element.checked;
+    }
+    return hasAttribute(element, attribute);
+  }
+
+  GLOBAL.Element.Methods.Simulated.hasAttribute =
+    PROBLEMATIC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_WITH_CHECKBOXES ? hasAttribute_IE : hasAttribute;
+
+  function classNames(element) {
+    return new Element.ClassNames(element);
+  }
+
+  const regExpCache = {};
+  function getRegExpForClassName(className) {
+    if (regExpCache[className]) return regExpCache[className];
+
+    const re = new RegExp(`(^|\\s+)${className}(\\s+|$)`);
+    regExpCache[className] = re;
+    return re;
+  }
+
+  function hasClassName(element, className) {
+    if (!(element = $(element))) return;
+
+    const elementClassName = element.className;
+
+    if (elementClassName.length === 0) return false;
+    if (elementClassName === className) return true;
+
+    return getRegExpForClassName(className).test(elementClassName);
+  }
+
+  function addClassName(element, className) {
+    if (!(element = $(element))) return;
+
+    if (!hasClassName(element, className))
+      element.className += (element.className ? ' ' : '') + className;
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function removeClassName(element, className) {
+    if (!(element = $(element))) return;
+
+    element.className = element.className
+      .replace(getRegExpForClassName(className), ' ')
+      .strip();
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function toggleClassName(element, className, bool) {
+    if (!(element = $(element))) return;
+
+    if (Object.isUndefined(bool)) bool = !hasClassName(element, className);
+
+    const method = Element[bool ? 'addClassName' : 'removeClassName'];
+    return method(element, className);
+  }
+
+  const ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS = {};
+
+  let classProp = 'className',
+    forProp = 'for';
+
+  DIV.setAttribute(classProp, 'x');
+  if (DIV.className !== 'x') {
+    DIV.setAttribute('class', 'x');
+    if (DIV.className === 'x') classProp = 'class';
+  }
+
+  let LABEL = document.createElement('label');
+  LABEL.setAttribute(forProp, 'x');
+  if (LABEL.htmlFor !== 'x') {
+    LABEL.setAttribute('htmlFor', 'x');
+    if (LABEL.htmlFor === 'x') forProp = 'htmlFor';
+  }
+  LABEL = null;
+
+  function _getAttr(element, attribute) {
+    return element.getAttribute(attribute);
+  }
+
+  function _getAttr2(element, attribute) {
+    return element.getAttribute(attribute, 2);
+  }
+
+  function _getAttrNode(element, attribute) {
+    const node = element.getAttributeNode(attribute);
+    return node ? node.value : '';
+  }
+
+  function _getFlag(element, attribute) {
+    return $(element).hasAttribute(attribute) ? attribute : null;
+  }
+
+  DIV.onclick = Prototype.emptyFunction;
+  const onclickValue = DIV.getAttribute('onclick');
+
+  let _getEv;
+
+  if (String(onclickValue).indexOf('{') > -1) {
+    _getEv = (element, attribute) => {
+      let value = element.getAttribute(attribute);
+      if (!value) return null;
+      value = value.toString();
+      value = value.split('{')[1];
+      value = value.split('}')[0];
+      return value.strip();
+    };
+  } else if (onclickValue === '') {
+    _getEv = (element, attribute) => {
+      const value = element.getAttribute(attribute);
+      if (!value) return null;
+      return value.strip();
+    };
+  }
+
+  ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.read = {
+    names: {
+      class: classProp,
+      className: classProp,
+      for: forProp,
+      htmlFor: forProp
+    },
+
+    values: {
+      style: element => {
+        return element.style.cssText.toLowerCase();
+      },
+      title: element => {
+        return element.title;
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.write = {
+    names: {
+      className: 'class',
+      htmlFor: 'for',
+      cellpadding: 'cellPadding',
+      cellspacing: 'cellSpacing'
+    },
+
+    values: {
+      checked: (element, value) => {
+        value = !!value;
+        element.checked = value;
+        return value ? 'checked' : null;
+      },
+
+      style: (element, value) => {
+        element.style.cssText = value ? value : '';
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.has = { names: {} };
+
+  Object.extend(
+    ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.write.names,
+    ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.read.names
+  );
+
+  const CAMEL_CASED_ATTRIBUTE_NAMES = $w(`
+    colSpan rowSpan vAlign dateTime 
+    accessKey tabIndex encType maxLength readOnly longDesc frameBorder
+  `);
+
+  for (var i = 0, attr; (attr = CAMEL_CASED_ATTRIBUTE_NAMES[i]); i++) {
+    ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.write.names[attr.toLowerCase()] = attr;
+    ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.has.names[attr.toLowerCase()] = attr;
+  }
+
+  Object.extend(ATTRIBUTE_TRANSLATIONS.read.values, {
+    href: _getAttr2,
+    src: _getAttr2,
+    type: _getAttr,
+    action: _getAttrNode,
+    disabled: _getFlag,
+    checked: _getFlag,
+    readonly: _getFlag,
+    multiple: _getFlag,
+    onload: _getEv,
+    onunload: _getEv,
+    onclick: _getEv,
+    ondblclick: _getEv,
+    onmousedown: _getEv,
+    onmouseup: _getEv,
+    onmouseover: _getEv,
+    onmousemove: _getEv,
+    onmouseout: _getEv,
+    onfocus: _getEv,
+    onblur: _getEv,
+    onkeypress: _getEv,
+    onkeydown: _getEv,
+    onkeyup: _getEv,
+    onsubmit: _getEv,
+    onreset: _getEv,
+    onselect: _getEv,
+    onchange: _getEv
+  });
+
+  Object.extend(methods, {
+    identify: identify,
+    readAttribute: readAttribute,
+    writeAttribute: writeAttribute,
+    classNames: classNames,
+    hasClassName: hasClassName,
+    addClassName: addClassName,
+    removeClassName: removeClassName,
+    toggleClassName: toggleClassName
+  });
+
+  function normalizeStyleName(style) {
+    if (style === 'float' || style === 'styleFloat') return 'cssFloat';
+    return style.camelize();
+  }
+
+  function normalizeStyleName_IE(style) {
+    if (style === 'float' || style === 'cssFloat') return 'styleFloat';
+    return style.camelize();
+  }
+
+  function setStyle(element, styles) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const elementStyle = element.style;
+    let match;
+
+    if (Object.isString(styles)) {
+      elementStyle.cssText += `;${styles}`;
+      if (styles.include('opacity')) {
+        var opacity = styles.match(/opacity:\s*(\d?\.?\d*)/)[1];
+        Element.setOpacity(element, opacity);
+      }
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    for (var property in styles) {
+      if (property === 'opacity') {
+        Element.setOpacity(element, styles[property]);
+      } else {
+        var value = styles[property];
+        if (property === 'float' || property === 'cssFloat') {
+          property = Object.isUndefined(elementStyle.styleFloat)
+            ? 'cssFloat'
+            : 'styleFloat';
+        }
+        elementStyle[property] = value;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function getStyle(element, style) {
+    element = $(element);
+    style = normalizeStyleName(style);
+
+    let value = element.style[style];
+    if (!value || value === 'auto') {
+      var css = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(element, null);
+      value = css ? css[style] : null;
+    }
+
+    if (style === 'opacity') return value ? parseFloat(value) : 1.0;
+    return value === 'auto' ? null : value;
+  }
+
+  function getStyle_Opera(element, style) {
+    switch (style) {
+      case 'height':
+      case 'width':
+        if (!Element.visible(element)) return null;
+
+        var dim = parseInt(getStyle(element, style), 10);
+
+        if (dim !== element[`offset${style.capitalize()}`]) return `${dim}px`;
+
+        return Element.measure(element, style);
+
+      default:
+        return getStyle(element, style);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function getStyle_IE(element, style) {
+    element = $(element);
+    style = normalizeStyleName_IE(style);
+
+    let value = element.style[style];
+    if (!value && element.currentStyle) {
+      value = element.currentStyle[style];
+    }
+
+    if (style === 'opacity') {
+      if (!STANDARD_CSS_OPACITY_SUPPORTED) return getOpacity_IE(element);
+      else return value ? parseFloat(value) : 1.0;
+    }
+
+    if (value === 'auto') {
+      if ((style === 'width' || style === 'height') && Element.visible(element))
+        return `${Element.measure(element, style)}px`;
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  function stripAlphaFromFilter_IE(filter) {
+    return (filter || '').replace(/alpha\([^\)]*\)/gi, '');
+  }
+
+  function hasLayout_IE(element) {
+    if (!element.currentStyle || !element.currentStyle.hasLayout)
+      element.style.zoom = 1;
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  const STANDARD_CSS_OPACITY_SUPPORTED = (() => {
+    DIV.style.cssText = 'opacity:.55';
+    return /^0.55/.test(DIV.style.opacity);
+  })();
+
+  function setOpacity(element, value) {
+    element = $(element);
+    if (value == 1 || value === '') value = '';
+    else if (value < 0.00001) value = 0;
+    element.style.opacity = value;
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function setOpacity_IE(element, value) {
+    if (STANDARD_CSS_OPACITY_SUPPORTED) return setOpacity(element, value);
+
+    element = hasLayout_IE($(element));
+    let filter = Element.getStyle(element, 'filter');
+    const style = element.style;
+
+    if (value == 1 || value === '') {
+      filter = stripAlphaFromFilter_IE(filter);
+      if (filter) style.filter = filter;
+      else style.removeAttribute('filter');
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    if (value < 0.00001) value = 0;
+
+    style.filter = `${stripAlphaFromFilter_IE(filter)} alpha(opacity=${value * 100})`;
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function getOpacity(element) {
+    return Element.getStyle(element, 'opacity');
+  }
+
+  function getOpacity_IE(element) {
+    if (STANDARD_CSS_OPACITY_SUPPORTED) return getOpacity(element);
+
+    const filter = Element.getStyle(element, 'filter');
+    if (filter.length === 0) return 1.0;
+    const match = (filter || '').match(/alpha\(opacity=(.*)\)/i);
+    if (match && match[1]) return parseFloat(match[1]) / 100;
+    return 1.0;
+  }
+
+  Object.extend(methods, {
+    setStyle: setStyle,
+    getStyle: getStyle,
+    setOpacity: setOpacity,
+    getOpacity: getOpacity
+  });
+
+  if ('styleFloat' in DIV.style) {
+    methods.getStyle = getStyle_IE;
+    methods.setOpacity = setOpacity_IE;
+    methods.getOpacity = getOpacity_IE;
+  }
+
+  const UID = 0;
+
+  GLOBAL.Element.Storage = { UID: 1 };
+
+  function getUniqueElementID(element) {
+    if (element === window) return 0;
+
+    if (typeof element._prototypeUID === 'undefined')
+      element._prototypeUID = Element.Storage.UID++;
+    return element._prototypeUID;
+  }
+
+  function getUniqueElementID_IE(element) {
+    if (element === window) return 0;
+    if (element == document) return 1;
+    return element.uniqueID;
+  }
+
+  const HAS_UNIQUE_ID_PROPERTY = 'uniqueID' in DIV;
+  if (HAS_UNIQUE_ID_PROPERTY) getUniqueElementID = getUniqueElementID_IE;
+
+  function getStorage(element) {
+    if (!(element = $(element))) return;
+
+    const uid = getUniqueElementID(element);
+
+    if (!Element.Storage[uid]) Element.Storage[uid] = $H();
+
+    return Element.Storage[uid];
+  }
+
+  function store(element, key, value) {
+    if (!(element = $(element))) return;
+    const storage = getStorage(element);
+    if (arguments.length === 2) {
+      storage.update(key);
+    } else {
+      storage.set(key, value);
+    }
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function retrieve(element, key, defaultValue) {
+    if (!(element = $(element))) return;
+    const storage = getStorage(element);
+    let value = storage.get(key);
+
+    if (Object.isUndefined(value)) {
+      storage.set(key, defaultValue);
+      value = defaultValue;
+    }
+
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  Object.extend(methods, {
+    getStorage: getStorage,
+    store: store,
+    retrieve: retrieve
+  });
+
+  const Methods = {},
+    ByTag = Element.Methods.ByTag,
+    F = Prototype.BrowserFeatures;
+
+  if (!F.ElementExtensions && '__proto__' in DIV) {
+    GLOBAL.HTMLElement = {};
+    GLOBAL.HTMLElement.prototype = DIV['__proto__'];
+    F.ElementExtensions = true;
+  }
+
+  function checkElementPrototypeDeficiency(tagName) {
+    if (typeof window.Element === 'undefined') return false;
+    if (!HAS_EXTENDED_CREATE_ELEMENT_SYNTAX) return false;
+    const proto = window.Element.prototype;
+    if (proto) {
+      var id = `_${`${Math.random()}`.slice(2)}`,
+        el = document.createElement(tagName);
+      proto[id] = 'x';
+      var isBuggy = el[id] !== 'x';
+      delete proto[id];
+      el = null;
+      return isBuggy;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const HTMLOBJECTELEMENT_PROTOTYPE_BUGGY =
+    checkElementPrototypeDeficiency('object');
+
+  function extendElementWith(element, methods) {
+    for (var property in methods) {
+      var value = methods[property];
+      if (Object.isFunction(value) && !(property in element))
+        element[property] = value.methodize();
+    }
+  }
+
+  let EXTENDED = {};
+  function elementIsExtended(element) {
+    const uid = getUniqueElementID(element);
+    return uid in EXTENDED;
+  }
+
+  function extend(element) {
+    if (!element || elementIsExtended(element)) return element;
+    if (element.nodeType !== Node.ELEMENT_NODE || element == window)
+      return element;
+
+    const methods = Object.clone(Methods),
+      tagName = element.tagName.toUpperCase();
+
+    if (ByTag[tagName]) Object.extend(methods, ByTag[tagName]);
+
+    extendElementWith(element, methods);
+    EXTENDED[getUniqueElementID(element)] = true;
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function extend_IE8(element) {
+    if (!element || elementIsExtended(element)) return element;
+
+    const t = element.tagName;
+    if (t && /^(?:object|applet|embed)$/i.test(t)) {
+      extendElementWith(element, Element.Methods);
+      extendElementWith(element, Element.Methods.Simulated);
+      extendElementWith(element, Element.Methods.ByTag[t.toUpperCase()]);
+    }
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  if (F.SpecificElementExtensions) {
+    extend = HTMLOBJECTELEMENT_PROTOTYPE_BUGGY ? extend_IE8 : Prototype.K;
+  }
+
+  function addMethodsToTagName(tagName, methods) {
+    tagName = tagName.toUpperCase();
+    if (!ByTag[tagName]) ByTag[tagName] = {};
+    Object.extend(ByTag[tagName], methods);
+  }
+
+  function mergeMethods(destination, methods, onlyIfAbsent) {
+    if (Object.isUndefined(onlyIfAbsent)) onlyIfAbsent = false;
+    for (var property in methods) {
+      var value = methods[property];
+      if (!Object.isFunction(value)) continue;
+      if (!onlyIfAbsent || !(property in destination))
+        destination[property] = value.methodize();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function findDOMClass(tagName) {
+    let klass;
+    const trans = {
+      OPTGROUP: 'OptGroup',
+      TEXTAREA: 'TextArea',
+      P: 'Paragraph',
+      FIELDSET: 'FieldSet',
+      UL: 'UList',
+      OL: 'OList',
+      DL: 'DList',
+      DIR: 'Directory',
+      H1: 'Heading',
+      H2: 'Heading',
+      H3: 'Heading',
+      H4: 'Heading',
+      H5: 'Heading',
+      H6: 'Heading',
+      Q: 'Quote',
+      INS: 'Mod',
+      DEL: 'Mod',
+      A: 'Anchor',
+      IMG: 'Image',
+      CAPTION: 'TableCaption',
+      COL: 'TableCol',
+      COLGROUP: 'TableCol',
+      THEAD: 'TableSection',
+      TFOOT: 'TableSection',
+      TBODY: 'TableSection',
+      TR: 'TableRow',
+      TH: 'TableCell',
+      TD: 'TableCell',
+      FRAMESET: 'FrameSet',
+      IFRAME: 'IFrame'
+    };
+    if (trans[tagName]) klass = `HTML${trans[tagName]}Element`;
+    if (window[klass]) return window[klass];
+    klass = `HTML${tagName}Element`;
+    if (window[klass]) return window[klass];
+    klass = `HTML${tagName.capitalize()}Element`;
+    if (window[klass]) return window[klass];
+
+    let element = document.createElement(tagName);
+    const proto = element['__proto__'] || element.constructor.prototype;
+
+    element = null;
+    return proto;
+  }
+
+  function addMethods(methods) {
+    if (arguments.length === 0) addFormMethods();
+
+    if (arguments.length === 2) {
+      var tagName = methods;
+      methods = arguments[1];
+    }
+
+    if (!tagName) {
+      Object.extend(Element.Methods, methods || {});
+    } else {
+      if (Object.isArray(tagName)) {
+        for (var i = 0, tag; (tag = tagName[i]); i++)
+          addMethodsToTagName(tag, methods);
+      } else {
+        addMethodsToTagName(tagName, methods);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const ELEMENT_PROTOTYPE = window.HTMLElement
+      ? HTMLElement.prototype
+      : Element.prototype;
+
+    if (F.ElementExtensions) {
+      mergeMethods(ELEMENT_PROTOTYPE, Element.Methods);
+      mergeMethods(ELEMENT_PROTOTYPE, Element.Methods.Simulated, true);
+    }
+
+    if (F.SpecificElementExtensions) {
+      for (var tag in Element.Methods.ByTag) {
+        var klass = findDOMClass(tag);
+        if (Object.isUndefined(klass)) continue;
+        mergeMethods(klass.prototype, ByTag[tag]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    Object.extend(Element, Element.Methods);
+    Object.extend(Element, Element.Methods.Simulated);
+    delete Element.ByTag;
+    delete Element.Simulated;
+
+    Element.extend.refresh();
+
+    ELEMENT_CACHE = {};
+  }
+
+  Object.extend(GLOBAL.Element, {
+    extend: extend,
+    addMethods: addMethods
+  });
+
+  if (extend === Prototype.K) {
+    GLOBAL.Element.extend.refresh = Prototype.emptyFunction;
+  } else {
+    GLOBAL.Element.extend.refresh = () => {
+      if (Prototype.BrowserFeatures.ElementExtensions) return;
+      Object.extend(Methods, Element.Methods);
+      Object.extend(Methods, Element.Methods.Simulated);
+
+      EXTENDED = {};
+    };
+  }
+
+  function addFormMethods() {
+    Object.extend(Form, Form.Methods);
+    Object.extend(Form.Element, Form.Element.Methods);
+    Object.extend(Element.Methods.ByTag, {
+      FORM: Object.clone(Form.Methods),
+      INPUT: Object.clone(Form.Element.Methods),
+      SELECT: Object.clone(Form.Element.Methods),
+      TEXTAREA: Object.clone(Form.Element.Methods),
+      BUTTON: Object.clone(Form.Element.Methods)
+    });
+  }
+
+  Element.addMethods(methods);
+
+  function destroyCache_IE() {
+    DIV = null;
+    ELEMENT_CACHE = null;
+  }
+
+  if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent('onunload', destroyCache_IE);
+})(this);
+(() => {
+  function toDecimal(pctString) {
+    const match = pctString.match(/^(\d+)%?$/i);
+    if (!match) return null;
+    return Number(match[1]) / 100;
+  }
+
+  function getRawStyle(element, style) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    let value = element.style[style];
+    if (!value || value === 'auto') {
+      var css = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(element, null);
+      value = css ? css[style] : null;
+    }
+
+    if (style === 'opacity') return value ? parseFloat(value) : 1.0;
+    return value === 'auto' ? null : value;
+  }
+
+  function getRawStyle_IE(element, style) {
+    let value = element.style[style];
+    if (!value && element.currentStyle) {
+      value = element.currentStyle[style];
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  function getContentWidth(element, context) {
+    const boxWidth = element.offsetWidth;
+
+    const bl = getPixelValue(element, 'borderLeftWidth', context) || 0;
+    const br = getPixelValue(element, 'borderRightWidth', context) || 0;
+    const pl = getPixelValue(element, 'paddingLeft', context) || 0;
+    const pr = getPixelValue(element, 'paddingRight', context) || 0;
+
+    return boxWidth - bl - br - pl - pr;
+  }
+
+  if (
+    !Object.isUndefined(document.documentElement.currentStyle) &&
+    !Prototype.Browser.Opera
+  ) {
+    getRawStyle = getRawStyle_IE;
+  }
+
+  function getPixelValue(value, property, context) {
+    let element = null;
+    if (Object.isElement(value)) {
+      element = value;
+      value = getRawStyle(element, property);
+    }
+
+    if (value === null || Object.isUndefined(value)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    if (/^(?:-)?\d+(\.\d+)?(px)?$/i.test(value)) {
+      return window.parseFloat(value);
+    }
+
+    const isPercentage = value.include('%'),
+      isViewport = context === document.viewport;
+
+    if (
+      /\d/.test(value) &&
+      element &&
+      element.runtimeStyle &&
+      !(isPercentage && isViewport)
+    ) {
+      var style = element.style.left,
+        rStyle = element.runtimeStyle.left;
+      element.runtimeStyle.left = element.currentStyle.left;
+      element.style.left = value || 0;
+      value = element.style.pixelLeft;
+      element.style.left = style;
+      element.runtimeStyle.left = rStyle;
+
+      return value;
+    }
+
+    if (element && isPercentage) {
+      context = context || element.parentNode;
+      var decimal = toDecimal(value),
+        whole = null;
+
+      var isHorizontal =
+        property.include('left') ||
+        property.include('right') ||
+        property.include('width');
+
+      var isVertical =
+        property.include('top') ||
+        property.include('bottom') ||
+        property.include('height');
+
+      if (context === document.viewport) {
+        if (isHorizontal) {
+          whole = document.viewport.getWidth();
+        } else if (isVertical) {
+          whole = document.viewport.getHeight();
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (isHorizontal) {
+          whole = $(context).measure('width');
+        } else if (isVertical) {
+          whole = $(context).measure('height');
+        }
+      }
+
+      return whole === null ? 0 : whole * decimal;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  function toCSSPixels(number) {
+    if (Object.isString(number) && number.endsWith('px')) return number;
+    return `${number}px`;
+  }
+
+  function isDisplayed(element) {
+    while (element && element.parentNode) {
+      var display = element.getStyle('display');
+      if (display === 'none') {
+        return false;
+      }
+      element = $(element.parentNode);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  let hasLayout = Prototype.K;
+  if ('currentStyle' in document.documentElement) {
+    hasLayout = element => {
+      if (!element.currentStyle.hasLayout) {
+        element.style.zoom = 1;
+      }
+      return element;
+    };
+  }
+
+  function cssNameFor(key) {
+    if (key.include('border')) key = `${key}-width`;
+    return key.camelize();
+  }
+
+  Element.Layout = Class.create(Hash, {
+    initialize: function ($super, element, preCompute) {
+      $super();
+      this.element = $(element);
+
+      Element.Layout.PROPERTIES.each(function (property) {
+        this._set(property, null);
+      }, this);
+
+      if (preCompute) {
+        this._preComputing = true;
+        this._begin();
+        Element.Layout.PROPERTIES.each(this._compute, this);
+        this._end();
+        this._preComputing = false;
+      }
+    },
+
+    _set: function (property, value) {
+      return Hash.prototype.set.call(this, property, value);
+    },
+
+    set: (property, value) => {
+      throw 'Properties of Element.Layout are read-only.';
+    },
+
+    get: function ($super, property) {
+      const value = $super(property);
+      return value === null ? this._compute(property) : value;
+    },
+
+    _begin: function () {
+      if (this._isPrepared()) return;
+
+      const element = this.element;
+      if (isDisplayed(element)) {
+        this._setPrepared(true);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const originalStyles = {
+        position: element.style.position || '',
+        width: element.style.width || '',
+        visibility: element.style.visibility || '',
+        display: element.style.display || ''
+      };
+
+      element.store('prototype_original_styles', originalStyles);
+
+      const position = getRawStyle(element, 'position');
+      let width = element.offsetWidth;
+
+      if (width === 0 || width === null) {
+        element.style.display = 'block';
+        width = element.offsetWidth;
+      }
+
+      const context =
+        position === 'fixed' ? document.viewport : element.parentNode;
+
+      const tempStyles = {
+        visibility: 'hidden',
+        display: 'block'
+      };
+
+      if (position !== 'fixed') tempStyles.position = 'absolute';
+
+      element.setStyle(tempStyles);
+
+      const positionedWidth = element.offsetWidth;
+      let newWidth;
+      if (width && positionedWidth === width) {
+        newWidth = getContentWidth(element, context);
+      } else if (position === 'absolute' || position === 'fixed') {
+        newWidth = getContentWidth(element, context);
+      } else {
+        var parent = element.parentNode,
+          pLayout = $(parent).getLayout();
+
+        newWidth =
+          pLayout.get('width') -
+          this.get('margin-left') -
+          this.get('border-left') -
+          this.get('padding-left') -
+          this.get('padding-right') -
+          this.get('border-right') -
+          this.get('margin-right');
+      }
+
+      element.setStyle({ width: `${newWidth}px` });
+
+      this._setPrepared(true);
+    },
+
+    _end: function () {
+      const element = this.element;
+      const originalStyles = element.retrieve('prototype_original_styles');
+      element.store('prototype_original_styles', null);
+      element.setStyle(originalStyles);
+      this._setPrepared(false);
+    },
+
+    _compute: function (property) {
+      const COMPUTATIONS = Element.Layout.COMPUTATIONS;
+      if (!(property in COMPUTATIONS)) {
+        throw 'Property not found.';
+      }
+
+      return this._set(
+        property,
+        COMPUTATIONS[property].call(this, this.element)
+      );
+    },
+
+    _isPrepared: function () {
+      return this.element.retrieve('prototype_element_layout_prepared', false);
+    },
+
+    _setPrepared: function (bool) {
+      return this.element.store('prototype_element_layout_prepared', bool);
+    },
+
+    toObject: function () {
+      const args = $A(arguments);
+      const keys =
+        args.length === 0
+          ? Element.Layout.PROPERTIES
+          : args.join(' ').split(' ');
+      const obj = {};
+      keys.each(function (key) {
+        if (!Element.Layout.PROPERTIES.include(key)) return;
+        const value = this.get(key);
+        if (value != null) obj[key] = value;
+      }, this);
+      return obj;
+    },
+
+    toHash: function () {
+      const obj = this.toObject.apply(this, arguments);
+      return new Hash(obj);
+    },
+
+    toCSS: function () {
+      const args = $A(arguments);
+      const keys =
+        args.length === 0
+          ? Element.Layout.PROPERTIES
+          : args.join(' ').split(' ');
+      const css = {};
+
+      keys.each(function (key) {
+        if (!Element.Layout.PROPERTIES.include(key)) return;
+        if (Element.Layout.COMPOSITE_PROPERTIES.include(key)) return;
+
+        const value = this.get(key);
+        if (value != null) css[cssNameFor(key)] = `${value}px`;
+      }, this);
+      return css;
+    },
+
+    inspect: () => {
+      return '#<Element.Layout>';
+    }
+  });
+
+  Object.extend(Element.Layout, {
+    PROPERTIES: $w(
+      'height width top left right bottom border-left border-right border-top border-bottom padding-left padding-right padding-top padding-bottom margin-top margin-bottom margin-left margin-right padding-box-width padding-box-height border-box-width border-box-height margin-box-width margin-box-height'
+    ),
+
+    COMPOSITE_PROPERTIES: $w(
+      'padding-box-width padding-box-height margin-box-width margin-box-height border-box-width border-box-height'
+    ),
+
+    COMPUTATIONS: {
+      height: function (element) {
+        if (!this._preComputing) this._begin();
+
+        const bHeight = this.get('border-box-height');
+        if (bHeight <= 0) {
+          if (!this._preComputing) this._end();
+          return 0;
+        }
+
+        const bTop = this.get('border-top'),
+          bBottom = this.get('border-bottom');
+
+        const pTop = this.get('padding-top'),
+          pBottom = this.get('padding-bottom');
+
+        if (!this._preComputing) this._end();
+
+        return bHeight - bTop - bBottom - pTop - pBottom;
+      },
+
+      width: function (element) {
+        if (!this._preComputing) this._begin();
+
+        const bWidth = this.get('border-box-width');
+        if (bWidth <= 0) {
+          if (!this._preComputing) this._end();
+          return 0;
+        }
+
+        const bLeft = this.get('border-left'),
+          bRight = this.get('border-right');
+
+        const pLeft = this.get('padding-left'),
+          pRight = this.get('padding-right');
+
+        if (!this._preComputing) this._end();
+        return bWidth - bLeft - bRight - pLeft - pRight;
+      },
+
+      'padding-box-height': function (element) {
+        const height = this.get('height'),
+          pTop = this.get('padding-top'),
+          pBottom = this.get('padding-bottom');
+
+        return height + pTop + pBottom;
+      },
+
+      'padding-box-width': function (element) {
+        const width = this.get('width'),
+          pLeft = this.get('padding-left'),
+          pRight = this.get('padding-right');
+
+        return width + pLeft + pRight;
+      },
+
+      'border-box-height': function (element) {
+        if (!this._preComputing) this._begin();
+        const height = element.offsetHeight;
+        if (!this._preComputing) this._end();
+        return height;
+      },
+
+      'border-box-width': function (element) {
+        if (!this._preComputing) this._begin();
+        const width = element.offsetWidth;
+        if (!this._preComputing) this._end();
+        return width;
+      },
+
+      'margin-box-height': function (element) {
+        const bHeight = this.get('border-box-height'),
+          mTop = this.get('margin-top'),
+          mBottom = this.get('margin-bottom');
+
+        if (bHeight <= 0) return 0;
+
+        return bHeight + mTop + mBottom;
+      },
+
+      'margin-box-width': function (element) {
+        const bWidth = this.get('border-box-width'),
+          mLeft = this.get('margin-left'),
+          mRight = this.get('margin-right');
+
+        if (bWidth <= 0) return 0;
+
+        return bWidth + mLeft + mRight;
+      },
+
+      top: element => {
+        const offset = element.positionedOffset();
+        return offset.top;
+      },
+
+      bottom: function (element) {
+        const offset = element.positionedOffset(),
+          parent = element.getOffsetParent(),
+          pHeight = parent.measure('height');
+
+        const mHeight = this.get('border-box-height');
+
+        return pHeight - mHeight - offset.top;
+      },
+
+      left: element => {
+        const offset = element.positionedOffset();
+        return offset.left;
+      },
+
+      right: function (element) {
+        const offset = element.positionedOffset(),
+          parent = element.getOffsetParent(),
+          pWidth = parent.measure('width');
+
+        const mWidth = this.get('border-box-width');
+
+        return pWidth - mWidth - offset.left;
+      },
+
+      'padding-top': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'paddingTop');
+      },
+
+      'padding-bottom': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'paddingBottom');
+      },
+
+      'padding-left': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'paddingLeft');
+      },
+
+      'padding-right': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'paddingRight');
+      },
+
+      'border-top': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'borderTopWidth');
+      },
+
+      'border-bottom': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'borderBottomWidth');
+      },
+
+      'border-left': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'borderLeftWidth');
+      },
+
+      'border-right': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'borderRightWidth');
+      },
+
+      'margin-top': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'marginTop');
+      },
+
+      'margin-bottom': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'marginBottom');
+      },
+
+      'margin-left': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'marginLeft');
+      },
+
+      'margin-right': element => {
+        return getPixelValue(element, 'marginRight');
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  if ('getBoundingClientRect' in document.documentElement) {
+    Object.extend(Element.Layout.COMPUTATIONS, {
+      right: element => {
+        const parent = hasLayout(element.getOffsetParent());
+        const rect = element.getBoundingClientRect(),
+          pRect = parent.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+        return (pRect.right - rect.right).round();
+      },
+
+      bottom: element => {
+        const parent = hasLayout(element.getOffsetParent());
+        const rect = element.getBoundingClientRect(),
+          pRect = parent.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+        return (pRect.bottom - rect.bottom).round();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  Element.Offset = Class.create({
+    initialize: function (left, top) {
+      this.left = left.round();
+      this.top = top.round();
+
+      this[0] = this.left;
+      this[1] = this.top;
+    },
+
+    relativeTo: function (offset) {
+      return new Element.Offset(this.left - offset.left, this.top - offset.top);
+    },
+
+    inspect: function () {
+      return '#<Element.Offset left: #{left} top: #{top}>'.interpolate(this);
+    },
+
+    toString: function () {
+      return '[#{left}, #{top}]'.interpolate(this);
+    },
+
+    toArray: function () {
+      return [this.left, this.top];
+    }
+  });
+
+  function getLayout(element, preCompute) {
+    return new Element.Layout(element, preCompute);
+  }
+
+  function measure(element, property) {
+    return $(element).getLayout().get(property);
+  }
+
+  function getHeight(element) {
+    return Element.getDimensions(element).height;
+  }
+
+  function getWidth(element) {
+    return Element.getDimensions(element).width;
+  }
+
+  function getDimensions(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const display = Element.getStyle(element, 'display');
+
+    if (display && display !== 'none') {
+      return { width: element.offsetWidth, height: element.offsetHeight };
+    }
+
+    const style = element.style;
+    const originalStyles = {
+      visibility: style.visibility,
+      position: style.position,
+      display: style.display
+    };
+
+    const newStyles = {
+      visibility: 'hidden',
+      display: 'block'
+    };
+
+    if (originalStyles.position !== 'fixed') newStyles.position = 'absolute';
+
+    Element.setStyle(element, newStyles);
+
+    const dimensions = {
+      width: element.offsetWidth,
+      height: element.offsetHeight
+    };
+
+    Element.setStyle(element, originalStyles);
+
+    return dimensions;
+  }
+
+  function getOffsetParent(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    function selfOrBody(element) {
+      return isHtml(element) ? $(document.body) : $(element);
+    }
+
+    if (
+      isDocument(element) ||
+      isDetached(element) ||
+      isBody(element) ||
+      isHtml(element)
+    )
+      return $(document.body);
+
+    const isInline = Element.getStyle(element, 'display') === 'inline';
+    if (!isInline && element.offsetParent)
+      return selfOrBody(element.offsetParent);
+
+    while ((element = element.parentNode) && element !== document.body) {
+      if (Element.getStyle(element, 'position') !== 'static') {
+        return selfOrBody(element);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return $(document.body);
+  }
+
+  function cumulativeOffset(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    let valueT = 0,
+      valueL = 0;
+    if (element.parentNode) {
+      do {
+        valueT += element.offsetTop || 0;
+        valueL += element.offsetLeft || 0;
+        element = element.offsetParent;
+      } while (element);
+    }
+    return new Element.Offset(valueL, valueT);
+  }
+
+  function positionedOffset(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    const layout = element.getLayout();
+
+    let valueT = 0,
+      valueL = 0;
+    do {
+      valueT += element.offsetTop || 0;
+      valueL += element.offsetLeft || 0;
+      element = element.offsetParent;
+      if (element) {
+        if (isBody(element)) break;
+        var p = Element.getStyle(element, 'position');
+        if (p !== 'static') break;
+      }
+    } while (element);
+
+    valueL -= layout.get('margin-left');
+    valueT -= layout.get('margin-top');
+
+    return new Element.Offset(valueL, valueT);
+  }
+
+  function cumulativeScrollOffset(element) {
+    let valueT = 0,
+      valueL = 0;
+    do {
+      if (element === document.body) {
+        var bodyScrollNode =
+          document.documentElement || document.body.parentNode || document.body;
+        valueT += !Object.isUndefined(window.pageYOffset)
+          ? window.pageYOffset
+          : bodyScrollNode.scrollTop || 0;
+        valueL += !Object.isUndefined(window.pageXOffset)
+          ? window.pageXOffset
+          : bodyScrollNode.scrollLeft || 0;
+        break;
+      } else {
+        valueT += element.scrollTop || 0;
+        valueL += element.scrollLeft || 0;
+        element = element.parentNode;
+      }
+    } while (element);
+    return new Element.Offset(valueL, valueT);
+  }
+
+  function viewportOffset(forElement) {
+    let valueT = 0;
+    let valueL = 0;
+    const docBody = document.body;
+
+    forElement = $(forElement);
+    let element = forElement;
+    do {
+      valueT += element.offsetTop || 0;
+      valueL += element.offsetLeft || 0;
+      if (
+        element.offsetParent == docBody &&
+        Element.getStyle(element, 'position') == 'absolute'
+      )
+        break;
+    } while ((element = element.offsetParent));
+
+    element = forElement;
+    do {
+      if (element != docBody) {
+        valueT -= element.scrollTop || 0;
+        valueL -= element.scrollLeft || 0;
+      }
+    } while ((element = element.parentNode));
+    return new Element.Offset(valueL, valueT);
+  }
+
+  function absolutize(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    if (Element.getStyle(element, 'position') === 'absolute') {
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    const offsetParent = getOffsetParent(element);
+    const eOffset = element.viewportOffset(),
+      pOffset = offsetParent.viewportOffset();
+
+    const offset = eOffset.relativeTo(pOffset);
+    const layout = element.getLayout();
+
+    element.store('prototype_absolutize_original_styles', {
+      position: element.getStyle('position'),
+      left: element.getStyle('left'),
+      top: element.getStyle('top'),
+      width: element.getStyle('width'),
+      height: element.getStyle('height')
+    });
+
+    element.setStyle({
+      position: 'absolute',
+      top: `${offset.top}px`,
+      left: `${offset.left}px`,
+      width: `${layout.get('width')}px`,
+      height: `${layout.get('height')}px`
+    });
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function relativize(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    if (Element.getStyle(element, 'position') === 'relative') {
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    const originalStyles = element.retrieve(
+      'prototype_absolutize_original_styles'
+    );
+
+    if (originalStyles) element.setStyle(originalStyles);
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function scrollTo(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const pos = Element.cumulativeOffset(element);
+    window.scrollTo(pos.left, pos.top);
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function makePositioned(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const position = Element.getStyle(element, 'position'),
+      styles = {};
+    if (position === 'static' || !position) {
+      styles.position = 'relative';
+      if (Prototype.Browser.Opera) {
+        styles.top = 0;
+        styles.left = 0;
+      }
+      Element.setStyle(element, styles);
+      Element.store(element, 'prototype_made_positioned', true);
+    }
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function undoPositioned(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const storage = Element.getStorage(element),
+      madePositioned = storage.get('prototype_made_positioned');
+
+    if (madePositioned) {
+      storage.unset('prototype_made_positioned');
+      Element.setStyle(element, {
+        position: '',
+        top: '',
+        bottom: '',
+        left: '',
+        right: ''
+      });
+    }
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function makeClipping(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+
+    const storage = Element.getStorage(element),
+      madeClipping = storage.get('prototype_made_clipping');
+
+    if (Object.isUndefined(madeClipping)) {
+      var overflow = Element.getStyle(element, 'overflow');
+      storage.set('prototype_made_clipping', overflow);
+      if (overflow !== 'hidden') element.style.overflow = 'hidden';
+    }
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function undoClipping(element) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const storage = Element.getStorage(element),
+      overflow = storage.get('prototype_made_clipping');
+
+    if (!Object.isUndefined(overflow)) {
+      storage.unset('prototype_made_clipping');
+      element.style.overflow = overflow || '';
+    }
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function clonePosition(element, source, options) {
+    options = Object.extend(
+      {
+        setLeft: true,
+        setTop: true,
+        setWidth: true,
+        setHeight: true,
+        offsetTop: 0,
+        offsetLeft: 0
+      },
+      options || {}
+    );
+
+    const docEl = document.documentElement;
+
+    source = $(source);
+    element = $(element);
+    let p;
+    let delta;
+    let layout;
+    const styles = {};
+
+    if (options.setLeft || options.setTop) {
+      p = Element.viewportOffset(source);
+      delta = [0, 0];
+      if (Element.getStyle(element, 'position') === 'absolute') {
+        var parent = Element.getOffsetParent(element);
+        if (parent !== document.body) delta = Element.viewportOffset(parent);
+      }
+    }
+
+    function pageScrollXY() {
+      let x = 0,
+        y = 0;
+      if (Object.isNumber(window.pageXOffset)) {
+        x = window.pageXOffset;
+        y = window.pageYOffset;
+      } else if (
+        document.body &&
+        (document.body.scrollLeft || document.body.scrollTop)
+      ) {
+        x = document.body.scrollLeft;
+        y = document.body.scrollTop;
+      } else if (docEl && (docEl.scrollLeft || docEl.scrollTop)) {
+        x = docEl.scrollLeft;
+        y = docEl.scrollTop;
+      }
+      return { x: x, y: y };
+    }
+
+    const pageXY = pageScrollXY();
+
+    if (options.setWidth || options.setHeight) {
+      layout = Element.getLayout(source);
+    }
+
+    if (options.setLeft)
+      styles.left = `${p[0] + pageXY.x - delta[0]}${options.offsetLeft}px`;
+    if (options.setTop)
+      styles.top = `${p[1] + pageXY.y - delta[1]}${options.offsetTop}px`;
+
+    const currentLayout = element.getLayout();
+
+    if (options.setWidth) {
+      styles.width = `${layout.get('width')}px`;
+    }
+    if (options.setHeight) {
+      styles.height = `${layout.get('height')}px`;
+    }
+
+    return Element.setStyle(element, styles);
+  }
+
+  if (Prototype.Browser.IE) {
+    getOffsetParent = getOffsetParent.wrap((proceed, element) => {
+      element = $(element);
+
+      if (
+        isDocument(element) ||
+        isDetached(element) ||
+        isBody(element) ||
+        isHtml(element)
+      )
+        return $(document.body);
+
+      const position = element.getStyle('position');
+      if (position !== 'static') return proceed(element);
+
+      element.setStyle({ position: 'relative' });
+      const value = proceed(element);
+      element.setStyle({ position: position });
+      return value;
+    });
+
+    positionedOffset = positionedOffset.wrap((proceed, element) => {
+      element = $(element);
+      if (!element.parentNode) return new Element.Offset(0, 0);
+      const position = element.getStyle('position');
+      if (position !== 'static') return proceed(element);
+
+      const offsetParent = element.getOffsetParent();
+      if (offsetParent && offsetParent.getStyle('position') === 'fixed')
+        hasLayout(offsetParent);
+
+      element.setStyle({ position: 'relative' });
+      const value = proceed(element);
+      element.setStyle({ position: position });
+      return value;
+    });
+  } else if (Prototype.Browser.Webkit) {
+    cumulativeOffset = element => {
+      element = $(element);
+      let valueT = 0,
+        valueL = 0;
+      do {
+        valueT += element.offsetTop || 0;
+        valueL += element.offsetLeft || 0;
+        if (element.offsetParent == document.body) {
+          if (Element.getStyle(element, 'position') == 'absolute') break;
+        }
+
+        element = element.offsetParent;
+      } while (element);
+
+      return new Element.Offset(valueL, valueT);
+    };
+  }
+
+  Element.addMethods({
+    getLayout: getLayout,
+    measure: measure,
+    getWidth: getWidth,
+    getHeight: getHeight,
+    getDimensions: getDimensions,
+    getOffsetParent: getOffsetParent,
+    cumulativeOffset: cumulativeOffset,
+    positionedOffset: positionedOffset,
+    cumulativeScrollOffset: cumulativeScrollOffset,
+    viewportOffset: viewportOffset,
+    absolutize: absolutize,
+    relativize: relativize,
+    scrollTo: scrollTo,
+    makePositioned: makePositioned,
+    undoPositioned: undoPositioned,
+    makeClipping: makeClipping,
+    undoClipping: undoClipping,
+    clonePosition: clonePosition
+  });
+
+  function isBody(element) {
+    return element.nodeName.toUpperCase() === 'BODY';
+  }
+
+  function isHtml(element) {
+    return element.nodeName.toUpperCase() === 'HTML';
+  }
+
+  function isDocument(element) {
+    return element.nodeType === Node.DOCUMENT_NODE;
+  }
+
+  function isDetached(element) {
+    return (
+      element !== document.body && !Element.descendantOf(element, document.body)
+    );
+  }
+
+  if ('getBoundingClientRect' in document.documentElement) {
+    Element.addMethods({
+      viewportOffset: element => {
+        element = $(element);
+        if (isDetached(element)) return new Element.Offset(0, 0);
+
+        const rect = element.getBoundingClientRect(),
+          docEl = document.documentElement;
+        return new Element.Offset(
+          rect.left - docEl.clientLeft,
+          rect.top - docEl.clientTop
+        );
+      }
+    });
+  }
+})();
+
+(() => {
+  const IS_OLD_OPERA =
+    Prototype.Browser.Opera && window.parseFloat(window.opera.version()) < 9.5;
+  let ROOT = null;
+  function getRootElement() {
+    if (ROOT) return ROOT;
+    ROOT = IS_OLD_OPERA ? document.body : document.documentElement;
+    return ROOT;
+  }
+
+  function getDimensions() {
+    return { width: this.getWidth(), height: this.getHeight() };
+  }
+
+  function getWidth() {
+    return getRootElement().clientWidth;
+  }
+
+  function getHeight() {
+    return getRootElement().clientHeight;
+  }
+
+  function getScrollOffsets() {
+    const x =
+      window.pageXOffset ||
+      document.documentElement.scrollLeft ||
+      document.body.scrollLeft;
+    const y =
+      window.pageYOffset ||
+      document.documentElement.scrollTop ||
+      document.body.scrollTop;
+
+    return new Element.Offset(x, y);
+  }
+
+  document.viewport = {
+    getDimensions: getDimensions,
+    getWidth: getWidth,
+    getHeight: getHeight,
+    getScrollOffsets: getScrollOffsets
+  };
+})();
+window.$$ = function () {
+  const expression = $A(arguments).join(', ');
+  return Prototype.Selector.select(expression, document);
+};
+
+Prototype.Selector = (() => {
+  function select() {
+    throw new Error('Method "Prototype.Selector.select" must be defined.');
+  }
+
+  function match() {
+    throw new Error('Method "Prototype.Selector.match" must be defined.');
+  }
+
+  function find(elements, expression, index) {
+    index = index || 0;
+    const match = Prototype.Selector.match;
+    const length = elements.length;
+    let matchIndex = 0;
+    let i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      if (match(elements[i], expression) && index == matchIndex++) {
+        return Element.extend(elements[i]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function extendElements(elements) {
+    for (var i = 0, length = elements.length; i < length; i++) {
+      Element.extend(elements[i]);
+    }
+    return elements;
+  }
+
+  const K = Prototype.K;
+
+  return {
+    select: select,
+    match: match,
+    find: find,
+    extendElements: Element.extend === K ? K : extendElements,
+    extendElement: Element.extend
+  };
+})();
+Prototype._original_property = window.Sizzle;
+
+(() => {
+  function fakeDefine(fn) {
+    Prototype._actual_sizzle = fn();
+  }
+  fakeDefine.amd = true;
+
+  if (typeof define !== 'undefined' && define.amd) {
+    Prototype._original_define = define;
+    Prototype._actual_sizzle = null;
+    window.define = fakeDefine;
+  }
+})();
+
+/*!
+ * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v1.10.18
+ * http://sizzlejs.com/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2013 jQuery Foundation, Inc. and other contributors
+ * Released under the MIT license
+ * http://jquery.org/license
+ *
+ * Date: 2014-02-05
+ */
+(window => {
+  let i;
+  let support;
+  let Expr;
+  let getText;
+  let isXML;
+  let compile;
+  let select;
+  let outermostContext;
+  let sortInput;
+  let hasDuplicate;
+  let setDocument;
+  let document;
+  let docElem;
+  let documentIsHTML;
+  let rbuggyQSA;
+  let rbuggyMatches;
+  let matches;
+  let contains;
+  const expando = `sizzle${-new Date()}`;
+  const preferredDoc = window.document;
+  let dirruns = 0;
+  let done = 0;
+  const classCache = createCache();
+  const tokenCache = createCache();
+  const compilerCache = createCache();
+
+  let sortOrder = (a, b) => {
+    if (a === b) {
+      hasDuplicate = true;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  };
+
+  const strundefined = typeof undefined;
+  const MAX_NEGATIVE = 1 << 31;
+  const hasOwn = {}.hasOwnProperty;
+  let arr = [];
+  const pop = arr.pop;
+  const push_native = arr.push;
+  let push = arr.push;
+  const slice = arr.slice;
+
+  const indexOf =
+    arr.indexOf ||
+    function (elem) {
+      let i = 0;
+      const len = this.length;
+      for (; i < len; i++) {
+        if (this[i] === elem) {
+          return i;
+        }
+      }
+      return -1;
+    };
+
+  const booleans =
+    'checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped';
+
+  const whitespace = '[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]';
+  const characterEncoding = '(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+';
+  const identifier = characterEncoding.replace('w', 'w#');
+
+  const attributes = `\\[${whitespace}*(${characterEncoding})${whitespace}*(?:([*^$|!~]?=)${whitespace}*(?:(['"])((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\])*?)\\3|(${identifier})|)|)${whitespace}*\\]`;
+
+  const pseudos = `:(${characterEncoding})(?:\\(((['"])((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\])*?)\\3|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|${attributes.replace(3, 8)})*)|.*)\\)|)`;
+
+  const rtrim = new RegExp(
+    `^${whitespace}+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)${whitespace}+$`,
+    'g'
+  );
+
+  const rcomma = new RegExp(`^${whitespace}*,${whitespace}*`);
+
+  const rcombinators = new RegExp(
+    `^${whitespace}*([>+~]|${whitespace})${whitespace}*`
+  );
+
+  const rattributeQuotes = new RegExp(
+    `=${whitespace}*([^\\]'"]*?)${whitespace}*\\]`,
+    'g'
+  );
+
+  const rpseudo = new RegExp(pseudos);
+  const ridentifier = new RegExp(`^${identifier}$`);
+
+  const matchExpr = {
+    ID: new RegExp(`^#(${characterEncoding})`),
+    CLASS: new RegExp(`^\\.(${characterEncoding})`),
+    TAG: new RegExp(`^(${characterEncoding.replace('w', 'w*')})`),
+    ATTR: new RegExp(`^${attributes}`),
+    PSEUDO: new RegExp(`^${pseudos}`),
+    CHILD: new RegExp(
+      `^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(${whitespace}*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)${whitespace}*(?:([+-]|)${whitespace}*(\\d+)|))${whitespace}*\\)|)`,
+      'i'
+    ),
+    bool: new RegExp(`^(?:${booleans})$`, 'i'),
+    needsContext: new RegExp(
+      `^${whitespace}*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(${whitespace}*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)${whitespace}*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)`,
+      'i'
+    )
+  };
+
+  const rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i;
+  const rheader = /^h\d$/i;
+  const rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/;
+  const rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/;
+  const rsibling = /[+~]/;
+  const rescape = /'|\\/g;
+
+  const runescape = new RegExp(
+    `\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}${whitespace}?|(${whitespace})|.)`,
+    'ig'
+  );
+
+  const funescape = (_, escaped, escapedWhitespace) => {
+    const high = `0x${escaped}` - 0x10000;
+    return high !== high || escapedWhitespace
+      ? escaped
+      : high < 0
+        ? String.fromCharCode(high + 0x10000)
+        : String.fromCharCode((high >> 10) | 0xd800, (high & 0x3ff) | 0xdc00);
+  };
+
+  try {
+    push.apply(
+      (arr = slice.call(preferredDoc.childNodes)),
+      preferredDoc.childNodes
+    );
+    arr[preferredDoc.childNodes.length].nodeType;
+  } catch (e) {
+    push = {
+      apply: arr.length
+        ? (target, els) => {
+            push_native.apply(target, slice.call(els));
+          }
+        : (target, els) => {
+            let j = target.length,
+              i = 0;
+            while ((target[j++] = els[i++])) {}
+            target.length = j - 1;
+          }
+    };
+  }
+
+  function Sizzle(selector, context, results, seed) {
+    let match, elem, m, nodeType, i, groups, old, nid, newContext, newSelector;
+
+    if (
+      (context ? context.ownerDocument || context : preferredDoc) !== document
+    ) {
+      setDocument(context);
+    }
+
+    context = context || document;
+    results = results || [];
+
+    if (!selector || typeof selector !== 'string') {
+      return results;
+    }
+
+    if ((nodeType = context.nodeType) !== 1 && nodeType !== 9) {
+      return [];
+    }
+
+    if (documentIsHTML && !seed) {
+      if ((match = rquickExpr.exec(selector))) {
+        if ((m = match[1])) {
+          if (nodeType === 9) {
+            elem = context.getElementById(m);
+            if (elem && elem.parentNode) {
+              if (elem.id === m) {
+                results.push(elem);
+                return results;
+              }
+            } else {
+              return results;
+            }
+          } else {
+            if (
+              context.ownerDocument &&
+              (elem = context.ownerDocument.getElementById(m)) &&
+              contains(context, elem) &&
+              elem.id === m
+            ) {
+              results.push(elem);
+              return results;
+            }
+          }
+        } else if (match[2]) {
+          push.apply(results, context.getElementsByTagName(selector));
+          return results;
+        } else if (
+          (m = match[3]) &&
+          support.getElementsByClassName &&
+          context.getElementsByClassName
+        ) {
+          push.apply(results, context.getElementsByClassName(m));
+          return results;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (support.qsa && (!rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test(selector))) {
+        nid = old = expando;
+        newContext = context;
+        newSelector = nodeType === 9 && selector;
+
+        if (nodeType === 1 && context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== 'object') {
+          groups = tokenize(selector);
+
+          if ((old = context.getAttribute('id'))) {
+            nid = old.replace(rescape, '\\$&');
+          } else {
+            context.setAttribute('id', nid);
+          }
+          nid = `[id='${nid}'] `;
+
+          i = groups.length;
+          while (i--) {
+            groups[i] = nid + toSelector(groups[i]);
+          }
+          newContext =
+            (rsibling.test(selector) && testContext(context.parentNode)) ||
+            context;
+          newSelector = groups.join(',');
+        }
+
+        if (newSelector) {
+          try {
+            push.apply(results, newContext.querySelectorAll(newSelector));
+            return results;
+          } catch (qsaError) {
+          } finally {
+            if (!old) {
+              context.removeAttribute('id');
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return select(selector.replace(rtrim, '$1'), context, results, seed);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create key-value caches of limited size
+   * @returns {Function(string, Object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with
+   *  property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength)
+   *  deleting the oldest entry
+   */
+  function createCache() {
+    const keys = [];
+
+    function cache(key, value) {
+      if (keys.push(`${key} `) > Expr.cacheLength) {
+        delete cache[keys.shift()];
+      }
+      return (cache[`${key} `] = value);
+    }
+    return cache;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle
+   * @param {Function} fn The function to mark
+   */
+  function markFunction(fn) {
+    fn[expando] = true;
+    return fn;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Support testing using an element
+   * @param {Function} fn Passed the created div and expects a boolean result
+   */
+  function assert(fn) {
+    let div = document.createElement('div');
+
+    try {
+      return !!fn(div);
+    } catch (e) {
+      return false;
+    } finally {
+      if (div.parentNode) {
+        div.parentNode.removeChild(div);
+      }
+      div = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs
+   * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes
+   * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied
+   */
+  function addHandle(attrs, handler) {
+    const arr = attrs.split('|');
+    let i = attrs.length;
+
+    while (i--) {
+      Expr.attrHandle[arr[i]] = handler;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks document order of two siblings
+   * @param {Element} a
+   * @param {Element} b
+   * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b
+   */
+  function siblingCheck(a, b) {
+    let cur = b && a;
+
+    const diff =
+      cur &&
+      a.nodeType === 1 &&
+      b.nodeType === 1 &&
+      (~b.sourceIndex || MAX_NEGATIVE) - (~a.sourceIndex || MAX_NEGATIVE);
+
+    if (diff) {
+      return diff;
+    }
+
+    if (cur) {
+      while ((cur = cur.nextSibling)) {
+        if (cur === b) {
+          return -1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return a ? 1 : -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types
+   * @param {String} type
+   */
+  function createInputPseudo(type) {
+    return elem => {
+      const name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+      return name === 'input' && elem.type === type;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons
+   * @param {String} type
+   */
+  function createButtonPseudo(type) {
+    return elem => {
+      const name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+      return (name === 'input' || name === 'button') && elem.type === type;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals
+   * @param {Function} fn
+   */
+  function createPositionalPseudo(fn) {
+    return markFunction(argument => {
+      argument = +argument;
+      return markFunction((seed, matches) => {
+        let j;
+        const matchIndexes = fn([], seed.length, argument);
+        let i = matchIndexes.length;
+
+        while (i--) {
+          if (seed[(j = matchIndexes[i])]) {
+            seed[j] = !(matches[j] = seed[j]);
+          }
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context
+   * @param {Element|Object=} context
+   * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value
+   */
+  function testContext(context) {
+    return (
+      context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== strundefined && context
+    );
+  }
+
+  support = Sizzle.support = {};
+
+  /**
+   * Detects XML nodes
+   * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document
+   * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node
+   */
+  isXML = Sizzle.isXML = elem => {
+    const documentElement =
+      elem && (elem.ownerDocument || elem).documentElement;
+    return documentElement ? documentElement.nodeName !== 'HTML' : false;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document
+   * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the current document
+   */
+  setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = node => {
+    let hasCompare;
+    const doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc;
+    const parent = doc.defaultView;
+
+    if (doc === document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement) {
+      return document;
+    }
+
+    document = doc;
+    docElem = doc.documentElement;
+
+    documentIsHTML = !isXML(doc);
+
+    if (parent && parent !== parent.top) {
+      if (parent.addEventListener) {
+        parent.addEventListener(
+          'unload',
+          () => {
+            setDocument();
+          },
+          false
+        );
+      } else if (parent.attachEvent) {
+        parent.attachEvent('onunload', () => {
+          setDocument();
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Attributes
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+    support.attributes = assert(div => {
+      div.className = 'i';
+      return !div.getAttribute('className');
+    });
+
+    /* getElement(s)By*
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+    support.getElementsByTagName = assert(div => {
+      div.appendChild(doc.createComment(''));
+      return !div.getElementsByTagName('*').length;
+    });
+
+    support.getElementsByClassName =
+      rnative.test(doc.getElementsByClassName) &&
+      assert(div => {
+        div.innerHTML = "<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>";
+
+        div.firstChild.className = 'i';
+        return div.getElementsByClassName('i').length === 2;
+      });
+
+    support.getById = assert(div => {
+      docElem.appendChild(div).id = expando;
+      return !doc.getElementsByName || !doc.getElementsByName(expando).length;
+    });
+
+    if (support.getById) {
+      Expr.find['ID'] = (id, context) => {
+        if (typeof context.getElementById !== strundefined && documentIsHTML) {
+          var m = context.getElementById(id);
+          return m && m.parentNode ? [m] : [];
+        }
+      };
+      Expr.filter['ID'] = id => {
+        const attrId = id.replace(runescape, funescape);
+        return elem => {
+          return elem.getAttribute('id') === attrId;
+        };
+      };
+    } else {
+      delete Expr.find['ID'];
+
+      Expr.filter['ID'] = id => {
+        const attrId = id.replace(runescape, funescape);
+        return elem => {
+          const node =
+            typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== strundefined &&
+            elem.getAttributeNode('id');
+          return node && node.value === attrId;
+        };
+      };
+    }
+
+    Expr.find['TAG'] = support.getElementsByTagName
+      ? (tag, context) => {
+          if (typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== strundefined) {
+            return context.getElementsByTagName(tag);
+          }
+        }
+      : (tag, context) => {
+          let elem;
+          const tmp = [];
+          let i = 0;
+          const results = context.getElementsByTagName(tag);
+
+          if (tag === '*') {
+            while ((elem = results[i++])) {
+              if (elem.nodeType === 1) {
+                tmp.push(elem);
+              }
+            }
+
+            return tmp;
+          }
+          return results;
+        };
+
+    Expr.find['CLASS'] =
+      support.getElementsByClassName &&
+      ((className, context) => {
+        if (
+          typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== strundefined &&
+          documentIsHTML
+        ) {
+          return context.getElementsByClassName(className);
+        }
+      });
+
+    /* QSA/matchesSelector
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+    rbuggyMatches = [];
+
+    rbuggyQSA = [];
+
+    if ((support.qsa = rnative.test(doc.querySelectorAll))) {
+      assert(div => {
+        div.innerHTML = "<select t=''><option selected=''></option></select>";
+
+        if (div.querySelectorAll("[t^='']").length) {
+          rbuggyQSA.push(`[*^$]=${whitespace}*(?:''|"")`);
+        }
+
+        if (!div.querySelectorAll('[selected]').length) {
+          rbuggyQSA.push(`\\[${whitespace}*(?:value|${booleans})`);
+        }
+
+        if (!div.querySelectorAll(':checked').length) {
+          rbuggyQSA.push(':checked');
+        }
+      });
+
+      assert(div => {
+        const input = doc.createElement('input');
+        input.setAttribute('type', 'hidden');
+        div.appendChild(input).setAttribute('name', 'D');
+
+        if (div.querySelectorAll('[name=d]').length) {
+          rbuggyQSA.push(`name${whitespace}*[*^$|!~]?=`);
+        }
+
+        if (!div.querySelectorAll(':enabled').length) {
+          rbuggyQSA.push(':enabled', ':disabled');
+        }
+
+        div.querySelectorAll('*,:x');
+        rbuggyQSA.push(',.*:');
+      });
+    }
+
+    if (
+      (support.matchesSelector = rnative.test(
+        (matches =
+          docElem.webkitMatchesSelector ||
+          docElem.mozMatchesSelector ||
+          docElem.oMatchesSelector ||
+          docElem.msMatchesSelector)
+      ))
+    ) {
+      assert(div => {
+        support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call(div, 'div');
+
+        matches.call(div, "[s!='']:x");
+        rbuggyMatches.push('!=', pseudos);
+      });
+    }
+
+    rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp(rbuggyQSA.join('|'));
+    rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp(rbuggyMatches.join('|'));
+
+    /* Contains
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+    hasCompare = rnative.test(docElem.compareDocumentPosition);
+
+    contains =
+      hasCompare || rnative.test(docElem.contains)
+        ? (a, b) => {
+            const adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a,
+              bup = b && b.parentNode;
+            return (
+              a === bup ||
+              !!(
+                bup &&
+                bup.nodeType === 1 &&
+                (adown.contains
+                  ? adown.contains(bup)
+                  : a.compareDocumentPosition &&
+                    a.compareDocumentPosition(bup) & 16)
+              )
+            );
+          }
+        : (a, b) => {
+            if (b) {
+              while ((b = b.parentNode)) {
+                if (b === a) {
+                  return true;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            return false;
+          };
+
+    /* Sorting
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+    sortOrder = hasCompare
+      ? (a, b) => {
+          if (a === b) {
+            hasDuplicate = true;
+            return 0;
+          }
+
+          let compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition;
+          if (compare) {
+            return compare;
+          }
+
+          compare =
+            (a.ownerDocument || a) === (b.ownerDocument || b)
+              ? a.compareDocumentPosition(b)
+              : 1;
+
+          if (
+            compare & 1 ||
+            (!support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition(a) === compare)
+          ) {
+            if (
+              a === doc ||
+              (a.ownerDocument === preferredDoc && contains(preferredDoc, a))
+            ) {
+              return -1;
+            }
+            if (
+              b === doc ||
+              (b.ownerDocument === preferredDoc && contains(preferredDoc, b))
+            ) {
+              return 1;
+            }
+
+            return sortInput
+              ? indexOf.call(sortInput, a) - indexOf.call(sortInput, b)
+              : 0;
+          }
+
+          return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1;
+        }
+      : (a, b) => {
+          if (a === b) {
+            hasDuplicate = true;
+            return 0;
+          }
+
+          let cur;
+          let i = 0;
+          const aup = a.parentNode;
+          const bup = b.parentNode;
+          const ap = [a];
+          const bp = [b];
+
+          if (!aup || !bup) {
+            return a === doc
+              ? -1
+              : b === doc
+                ? 1
+                : aup
+                  ? -1
+                  : bup
+                    ? 1
+                    : sortInput
+                      ? indexOf.call(sortInput, a) - indexOf.call(sortInput, b)
+                      : 0;
+          } else if (aup === bup) {
+            return siblingCheck(a, b);
+          }
+
+          cur = a;
+          while ((cur = cur.parentNode)) {
+            ap.unshift(cur);
+          }
+          cur = b;
+          while ((cur = cur.parentNode)) {
+            bp.unshift(cur);
+          }
+
+          while (ap[i] === bp[i]) {
+            i++;
+          }
+
+          return i
+            ? siblingCheck(ap[i], bp[i])
+            : ap[i] === preferredDoc
+              ? -1
+              : bp[i] === preferredDoc
+                ? 1
+                : 0;
+        };
+
+    return doc;
+  };
+
+  Sizzle.matches = (expr, elements) => {
+    return Sizzle(expr, null, null, elements);
+  };
+
+  Sizzle.matchesSelector = (elem, expr) => {
+    if ((elem.ownerDocument || elem) !== document) {
+      setDocument(elem);
+    }
+
+    expr = expr.replace(rattributeQuotes, "='$1']");
+
+    if (
+      support.matchesSelector &&
+      documentIsHTML &&
+      (!rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test(expr)) &&
+      (!rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test(expr))
+    ) {
+      try {
+        var ret = matches.call(elem, expr);
+
+        if (
+          ret ||
+          support.disconnectedMatch ||
+          (elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11)
+        ) {
+          return ret;
+        }
+      } catch (e) {}
+    }
+
+    return Sizzle(expr, document, null, [elem]).length > 0;
+  };
+
+  Sizzle.contains = (context, elem) => {
+    if ((context.ownerDocument || context) !== document) {
+      setDocument(context);
+    }
+    return contains(context, elem);
+  };
+
+  Sizzle.attr = (elem, name) => {
+    if ((elem.ownerDocument || elem) !== document) {
+      setDocument(elem);
+    }
+
+    const fn = Expr.attrHandle[name.toLowerCase()];
+
+    let val =
+      fn && hasOwn.call(Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase())
+        ? fn(elem, name, !documentIsHTML)
+        : undefined;
+
+    return val !== undefined
+      ? val
+      : support.attributes || !documentIsHTML
+        ? elem.getAttribute(name)
+        : (val = elem.getAttributeNode(name)) && val.specified
+          ? val.value
+          : null;
+  };
+
+  Sizzle.error = msg => {
+    throw new Error(`Syntax error, unrecognized expression: ${msg}`);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Document sorting and removing duplicates
+   * @param {ArrayLike} results
+   */
+  Sizzle.uniqueSort = results => {
+    let elem;
+    const duplicates = [];
+    let j = 0;
+    let i = 0;
+
+    hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates;
+    sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice(0);
+    results.sort(sortOrder);
+
+    if (hasDuplicate) {
+      while ((elem = results[i++])) {
+        if (elem === results[i]) {
+          j = duplicates.push(i);
+        }
+      }
+      while (j--) {
+        results.splice(duplicates[j], 1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    sortInput = null;
+
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes
+   * @param {Array|Element} elem
+   */
+  getText = Sizzle.getText = elem => {
+    let node;
+    let ret = '';
+    let i = 0;
+    const nodeType = elem.nodeType;
+
+    if (!nodeType) {
+      while ((node = elem[i++])) {
+        ret += getText(node);
+      }
+    } else if (nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11) {
+      if (typeof elem.textContent === 'string') {
+        return elem.textContent;
+      } else {
+        for (elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling) {
+          ret += getText(elem);
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4) {
+      return elem.nodeValue;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+  };
+
+  Expr = Sizzle.selectors = {
+    cacheLength: 50,
+
+    createPseudo: markFunction,
+
+    match: matchExpr,
+
+    attrHandle: {},
+
+    find: {},
+
+    relative: {
+      '>': { dir: 'parentNode', first: true },
+      ' ': { dir: 'parentNode' },
+      '+': { dir: 'previousSibling', first: true },
+      '~': { dir: 'previousSibling' }
+    },
+
+    preFilter: {
+      ATTR: match => {
+        match[1] = match[1].replace(runescape, funescape);
+
+        match[3] = (match[4] || match[5] || '').replace(runescape, funescape);
+
+        if (match[2] === '~=') {
+          match[3] = ` ${match[3]} `;
+        }
+
+        return match.slice(0, 4);
+      },
+
+      CHILD: match => {
+        /* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"]
+        1 type (only|nth|...)
+        2 what (child|of-type)
+        3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...)
+        4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|)
+        5 sign of xn-component
+        6 x of xn-component
+        7 sign of y-component
+        8 y of y-component
+      */
+        match[1] = match[1].toLowerCase();
+
+        if (match[1].slice(0, 3) === 'nth') {
+          if (!match[3]) {
+            Sizzle.error(match[0]);
+          }
+
+          match[4] = +(match[4]
+            ? match[5] + (match[6] || 1)
+            : 2 * (match[3] === 'even' || match[3] === 'odd'));
+          match[5] = +(match[7] + match[8] || match[3] === 'odd');
+        } else if (match[3]) {
+          Sizzle.error(match[0]);
+        }
+
+        return match;
+      },
+
+      PSEUDO: match => {
+        let excess;
+        const unquoted = !match[5] && match[2];
+
+        if (matchExpr['CHILD'].test(match[0])) {
+          return null;
+        }
+
+        if (match[3] && match[4] !== undefined) {
+          match[2] = match[4];
+        } else if (
+          unquoted &&
+          rpseudo.test(unquoted) &&
+          (excess = tokenize(unquoted, true)) &&
+          (excess =
+            unquoted.indexOf(')', unquoted.length - excess) - unquoted.length)
+        ) {
+          match[0] = match[0].slice(0, excess);
+          match[2] = unquoted.slice(0, excess);
+        }
+
+        return match.slice(0, 3);
+      }
+    },
+
+    filter: {
+      TAG: nodeNameSelector => {
+        const nodeName = nodeNameSelector
+          .replace(runescape, funescape)
+          .toLowerCase();
+        return nodeNameSelector === '*'
+          ? () => {
+              return true;
+            }
+          : elem => {
+              return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName;
+            };
+      },
+
+      CLASS: className => {
+        let pattern = classCache[`${className} `];
+
+        return (
+          pattern ||
+          ((pattern = new RegExp(
+            `(^|${whitespace})${className}(${whitespace}|$)`
+          )) &&
+            classCache(className, elem => {
+              return pattern.test(
+                (typeof elem.className === 'string' && elem.className) ||
+                  (typeof elem.getAttribute !== strundefined &&
+                    elem.getAttribute('class')) ||
+                  ''
+              );
+            }))
+        );
+      },
+
+      ATTR: (name, operator, check) => {
+        return elem => {
+          let result = Sizzle.attr(elem, name);
+
+          if (result == null) {
+            return operator === '!=';
+          }
+          if (!operator) {
+            return true;
+          }
+
+          result += '';
+
+          return operator === '='
+            ? result === check
+            : operator === '!='
+              ? result !== check
+              : operator === '^='
+                ? check && result.indexOf(check) === 0
+                : operator === '*='
+                  ? check && result.indexOf(check) > -1
+                  : operator === '$='
+                    ? check && result.slice(-check.length) === check
+                    : operator === '~='
+                      ? ` ${result} `.indexOf(check) > -1
+                      : operator === '|='
+                        ? result === check ||
+                          result.slice(0, check.length + 1) === `${check}-`
+                        : false;
+        };
+      },
+
+      CHILD: (type, what, argument, first, last) => {
+        const simple = type.slice(0, 3) !== 'nth',
+          forward = type.slice(-4) !== 'last',
+          ofType = what === 'of-type';
+
+        return first === 1 && last === 0
+          ? elem => {
+              return !!elem.parentNode;
+            }
+          : (elem, context, xml) => {
+              let cache;
+              let outerCache;
+              let node;
+              let diff;
+              let nodeIndex;
+              let start;
+              let dir = simple !== forward ? 'nextSibling' : 'previousSibling';
+              const parent = elem.parentNode;
+              const name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+              const useCache = !xml && !ofType;
+
+              if (parent) {
+                if (simple) {
+                  while (dir) {
+                    node = elem;
+                    while ((node = node[dir])) {
+                      if (
+                        ofType
+                          ? node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name
+                          : node.nodeType === 1
+                      ) {
+                        return false;
+                      }
+                    }
+                    start = dir = type === 'only' && !start && 'nextSibling';
+                  }
+                  return true;
+                }
+
+                start = [forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild];
+
+                if (forward && useCache) {
+                  outerCache = parent[expando] || (parent[expando] = {});
+                  cache = outerCache[type] || [];
+                  nodeIndex = cache[0] === dirruns && cache[1];
+                  diff = cache[0] === dirruns && cache[2];
+                  node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[nodeIndex];
+
+                  while (
+                    (node =
+                      (++nodeIndex && node && node[dir]) ||
+                      (diff = nodeIndex = 0) ||
+                      start.pop())
+                  ) {
+                    if (node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem) {
+                      outerCache[type] = [dirruns, nodeIndex, diff];
+                      break;
+                    }
+                  }
+                } else if (
+                  useCache &&
+                  (cache = (elem[expando] || (elem[expando] = {}))[type]) &&
+                  cache[0] === dirruns
+                ) {
+                  diff = cache[1];
+                } else {
+                  while (
+                    (node =
+                      (++nodeIndex && node && node[dir]) ||
+                      (diff = nodeIndex = 0) ||
+                      start.pop())
+                  ) {
+                    if (
+                      (ofType
+                        ? node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name
+                        : node.nodeType === 1) &&
+                      ++diff
+                    ) {
+                      if (useCache) {
+                        (node[expando] || (node[expando] = {}))[type] = [
+                          dirruns,
+                          diff
+                        ];
+                      }
+
+                      if (node === elem) {
+                        break;
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+
+                diff -= last;
+                return (
+                  diff === first || (diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0)
+                );
+              }
+            };
+      },
+
+      PSEUDO: (pseudo, argument) => {
+        let args;
+
+        const fn =
+          Expr.pseudos[pseudo] ||
+          Expr.setFilters[pseudo.toLowerCase()] ||
+          Sizzle.error(`unsupported pseudo: ${pseudo}`);
+
+        if (fn[expando]) {
+          return fn(argument);
+        }
+
+        if (fn.length > 1) {
+          args = [pseudo, pseudo, '', argument];
+          return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(pseudo.toLowerCase())
+            ? markFunction((seed, matches) => {
+                let idx;
+                const matched = fn(seed, argument);
+                let i = matched.length;
+                while (i--) {
+                  idx = indexOf.call(seed, matched[i]);
+                  seed[idx] = !(matches[idx] = matched[i]);
+                }
+              })
+            : elem => {
+                return fn(elem, 0, args);
+              };
+        }
+
+        return fn;
+      }
+    },
+
+    pseudos: {
+      not: markFunction(selector => {
+        const input = [],
+          results = [],
+          matcher = compile(selector.replace(rtrim, '$1'));
+
+        return matcher[expando]
+          ? markFunction((seed, matches, context, xml) => {
+              let elem;
+              const unmatched = matcher(seed, null, xml, []);
+              let i = seed.length;
+
+              while (i--) {
+                if ((elem = unmatched[i])) {
+                  seed[i] = !(matches[i] = elem);
+                }
+              }
+            })
+          : (elem, context, xml) => {
+              input[0] = elem;
+              matcher(input, null, xml, results);
+              return !results.pop();
+            };
+      }),
+
+      has: markFunction(selector => {
+        return elem => {
+          return Sizzle(selector, elem).length > 0;
+        };
+      }),
+
+      contains: markFunction(text => {
+        return elem => {
+          return (
+            (elem.textContent || elem.innerText || getText(elem)).indexOf(
+              text
+            ) > -1
+          );
+        };
+      }),
+
+      lang: markFunction(lang => {
+        if (!ridentifier.test(lang || '')) {
+          Sizzle.error(`unsupported lang: ${lang}`);
+        }
+        lang = lang.replace(runescape, funescape).toLowerCase();
+        return elem => {
+          let elemLang;
+          do {
+            if (
+              (elemLang = documentIsHTML
+                ? elem.lang
+                : elem.getAttribute('xml:lang') || elem.getAttribute('lang'))
+            ) {
+              elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase();
+              return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf(`${lang}-`) === 0;
+            }
+          } while ((elem = elem.parentNode) && elem.nodeType === 1);
+          return false;
+        };
+      }),
+
+      target: elem => {
+        const hash = window.location && window.location.hash;
+        return hash && hash.slice(1) === elem.id;
+      },
+
+      root: elem => {
+        return elem === docElem;
+      },
+
+      focus: elem => {
+        return (
+          elem === document.activeElement &&
+          (!document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus()) &&
+          !!(elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex)
+        );
+      },
+
+      enabled: elem => {
+        return elem.disabled === false;
+      },
+
+      disabled: elem => {
+        return elem.disabled === true;
+      },
+
+      checked: elem => {
+        const nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+        return (
+          (nodeName === 'input' && !!elem.checked) ||
+          (nodeName === 'option' && !!elem.selected)
+        );
+      },
+
+      selected: elem => {
+        if (elem.parentNode) {
+          elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+        }
+
+        return elem.selected === true;
+      },
+
+      empty: elem => {
+        for (elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling) {
+          if (elem.nodeType < 6) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+        return true;
+      },
+
+      parent: elem => {
+        return !Expr.pseudos['empty'](elem);
+      },
+
+      header: elem => {
+        return rheader.test(elem.nodeName);
+      },
+
+      input: elem => {
+        return rinputs.test(elem.nodeName);
+      },
+
+      button: elem => {
+        const name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+        return (
+          (name === 'input' && elem.type === 'button') || name === 'button'
+        );
+      },
+
+      text: elem => {
+        let attr;
+        return (
+          elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'input' &&
+          elem.type === 'text' &&
+          ((attr = elem.getAttribute('type')) == null ||
+            attr.toLowerCase() === 'text')
+        );
+      },
+
+      first: createPositionalPseudo(() => {
+        return [0];
+      }),
+
+      last: createPositionalPseudo((matchIndexes, length) => {
+        return [length - 1];
+      }),
+
+      eq: createPositionalPseudo((matchIndexes, length, argument) => {
+        return [argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument];
+      }),
+
+      even: createPositionalPseudo((matchIndexes, length) => {
+        let i = 0;
+        for (; i < length; i += 2) {
+          matchIndexes.push(i);
+        }
+        return matchIndexes;
+      }),
+
+      odd: createPositionalPseudo((matchIndexes, length) => {
+        let i = 1;
+        for (; i < length; i += 2) {
+          matchIndexes.push(i);
+        }
+        return matchIndexes;
+      }),
+
+      lt: createPositionalPseudo((matchIndexes, length, argument) => {
+        let i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument;
+        for (; --i >= 0; ) {
+          matchIndexes.push(i);
+        }
+        return matchIndexes;
+      }),
+
+      gt: createPositionalPseudo((matchIndexes, length, argument) => {
+        let i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument;
+        for (; ++i < length; ) {
+          matchIndexes.push(i);
+        }
+        return matchIndexes;
+      })
+    }
+  };
+
+  Expr.pseudos['nth'] = Expr.pseudos['eq'];
+
+  for (i in {
+    radio: true,
+    checkbox: true,
+    file: true,
+    password: true,
+    image: true
+  }) {
+    Expr.pseudos[i] = createInputPseudo(i);
+  }
+  for (i in { submit: true, reset: true }) {
+    Expr.pseudos[i] = createButtonPseudo(i);
+  }
+
+  function setFilters() {}
+  setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos;
+  Expr.setFilters = new setFilters();
+
+  function tokenize(selector, parseOnly) {
+    let matched;
+    let match;
+    let tokens;
+    let type;
+    let soFar;
+    let groups;
+    let preFilters;
+    const cached = tokenCache[`${selector} `];
+
+    if (cached) {
+      return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice(0);
+    }
+
+    soFar = selector;
+    groups = [];
+    preFilters = Expr.preFilter;
+
+    while (soFar) {
+      if (!matched || (match = rcomma.exec(soFar))) {
+        if (match) {
+          soFar = soFar.slice(match[0].length) || soFar;
+        }
+        groups.push((tokens = []));
+      }
+
+      matched = false;
+
+      if ((match = rcombinators.exec(soFar))) {
+        matched = match.shift();
+        tokens.push({
+          value: matched,
+          type: match[0].replace(rtrim, ' ')
+        });
+        soFar = soFar.slice(matched.length);
+      }
+
+      for (type in Expr.filter) {
+        if (
+          (match = matchExpr[type].exec(soFar)) &&
+          (!preFilters[type] || (match = preFilters[type](match)))
+        ) {
+          matched = match.shift();
+          tokens.push({
+            value: matched,
+            type: type,
+            matches: match
+          });
+          soFar = soFar.slice(matched.length);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!matched) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return parseOnly
+      ? soFar.length
+      : soFar
+        ? Sizzle.error(selector)
+        : tokenCache(selector, groups).slice(0);
+  }
+
+  function toSelector(tokens) {
+    let i = 0;
+    const len = tokens.length;
+    let selector = '';
+    for (; i < len; i++) {
+      selector += tokens[i].value;
+    }
+    return selector;
+  }
+
+  function addCombinator(matcher, combinator, base) {
+    const dir = combinator.dir,
+      checkNonElements = base && dir === 'parentNode',
+      doneName = done++;
+
+    return combinator.first
+      ? (elem, context, xml) => {
+          while ((elem = elem[dir])) {
+            if (elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements) {
+              return matcher(elem, context, xml);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      : (elem, context, xml) => {
+          let oldCache;
+          let outerCache;
+          const newCache = [dirruns, doneName];
+
+          if (xml) {
+            while ((elem = elem[dir])) {
+              if (elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements) {
+                if (matcher(elem, context, xml)) {
+                  return true;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          } else {
+            while ((elem = elem[dir])) {
+              if (elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements) {
+                outerCache = elem[expando] || (elem[expando] = {});
+                if (
+                  (oldCache = outerCache[dir]) &&
+                  oldCache[0] === dirruns &&
+                  oldCache[1] === doneName
+                ) {
+                  return (newCache[2] = oldCache[2]);
+                } else {
+                  outerCache[dir] = newCache;
+
+                  if ((newCache[2] = matcher(elem, context, xml))) {
+                    return true;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        };
+  }
+
+  function elementMatcher(matchers) {
+    return matchers.length > 1
+      ? (elem, context, xml) => {
+          let i = matchers.length;
+          while (i--) {
+            if (!matchers[i](elem, context, xml)) {
+              return false;
+            }
+          }
+          return true;
+        }
+      : matchers[0];
+  }
+
+  function multipleContexts(selector, contexts, results) {
+    let i = 0;
+    const len = contexts.length;
+    for (; i < len; i++) {
+      Sizzle(selector, contexts[i], results);
+    }
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  function condense(unmatched, map, filter, context, xml) {
+    let elem;
+    const newUnmatched = [];
+    let i = 0;
+    const len = unmatched.length;
+    const mapped = map != null;
+
+    for (; i < len; i++) {
+      if ((elem = unmatched[i])) {
+        if (!filter || filter(elem, context, xml)) {
+          newUnmatched.push(elem);
+          if (mapped) {
+            map.push(i);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return newUnmatched;
+  }
+
+  function setMatcher(
+    preFilter,
+    selector,
+    matcher,
+    postFilter,
+    postFinder,
+    postSelector
+  ) {
+    if (postFilter && !postFilter[expando]) {
+      postFilter = setMatcher(postFilter);
+    }
+    if (postFinder && !postFinder[expando]) {
+      postFinder = setMatcher(postFinder, postSelector);
+    }
+    return markFunction((seed, results, context, xml) => {
+      let temp;
+      let i;
+      let elem;
+      const preMap = [];
+      const postMap = [];
+      const preexisting = results.length;
+
+      const elems =
+        seed ||
+        multipleContexts(
+          selector || '*',
+          context.nodeType ? [context] : context,
+          []
+        );
+
+      const matcherIn =
+        preFilter && (seed || !selector)
+          ? condense(elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml)
+          : elems;
+
+      let matcherOut = matcher
+        ? postFinder || (seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter)
+          ? []
+          : results
+        : matcherIn;
+
+      if (matcher) {
+        matcher(matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml);
+      }
+
+      if (postFilter) {
+        temp = condense(matcherOut, postMap);
+        postFilter(temp, [], context, xml);
+
+        i = temp.length;
+        while (i--) {
+          if ((elem = temp[i])) {
+            matcherOut[postMap[i]] = !(matcherIn[postMap[i]] = elem);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (seed) {
+        if (postFinder || preFilter) {
+          if (postFinder) {
+            temp = [];
+            i = matcherOut.length;
+            while (i--) {
+              if ((elem = matcherOut[i])) {
+                temp.push((matcherIn[i] = elem));
+              }
+            }
+            postFinder(null, (matcherOut = []), temp, xml);
+          }
+
+          i = matcherOut.length;
+          while (i--) {
+            if (
+              (elem = matcherOut[i]) &&
+              (temp = postFinder ? indexOf.call(seed, elem) : preMap[i]) > -1
+            ) {
+              seed[temp] = !(results[temp] = elem);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        matcherOut = condense(
+          matcherOut === results
+            ? matcherOut.splice(preexisting, matcherOut.length)
+            : matcherOut
+        );
+        if (postFinder) {
+          postFinder(null, results, matcherOut, xml);
+        } else {
+          push.apply(results, matcherOut);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function matcherFromTokens(tokens) {
+    let checkContext;
+    let matcher;
+    let j;
+    const len = tokens.length;
+    const leadingRelative = Expr.relative[tokens[0].type];
+    const implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[' '];
+    let i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0;
+
+    const matchContext = addCombinator(
+      elem => {
+        return elem === checkContext;
+      },
+      implicitRelative,
+      true
+    );
+
+    const matchAnyContext = addCombinator(
+      elem => {
+        return indexOf.call(checkContext, elem) > -1;
+      },
+      implicitRelative,
+      true
+    );
+
+    let matchers = [
+      (elem, context, xml) => {
+        return (
+          (!leadingRelative && (xml || context !== outermostContext)) ||
+          ((checkContext = context).nodeType
+            ? matchContext(elem, context, xml)
+            : matchAnyContext(elem, context, xml))
+        );
+      }
+    ];
+
+    for (; i < len; i++) {
+      if ((matcher = Expr.relative[tokens[i].type])) {
+        matchers = [addCombinator(elementMatcher(matchers), matcher)];
+      } else {
+        matcher = Expr.filter[tokens[i].type].apply(null, tokens[i].matches);
+
+        if (matcher[expando]) {
+          j = ++i;
+          for (; j < len; j++) {
+            if (Expr.relative[tokens[j].type]) {
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          return setMatcher(
+            i > 1 && elementMatcher(matchers),
+            i > 1 &&
+              toSelector(
+                tokens
+                  .slice(0, i - 1)
+                  .concat({ value: tokens[i - 2].type === ' ' ? '*' : '' })
+              ).replace(rtrim, '$1'),
+            matcher,
+            i < j && matcherFromTokens(tokens.slice(i, j)),
+            j < len && matcherFromTokens((tokens = tokens.slice(j))),
+            j < len && toSelector(tokens)
+          );
+        }
+        matchers.push(matcher);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return elementMatcher(matchers);
+  }
+
+  function matcherFromGroupMatchers(elementMatchers, setMatchers) {
+    const bySet = setMatchers.length > 0,
+      byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0,
+      superMatcher = (seed, context, xml, results, outermost) => {
+        let elem;
+        let j;
+        let matcher;
+        let matchedCount = 0;
+        let i = '0';
+        const unmatched = seed && [];
+        let setMatched = [];
+        const contextBackup = outermostContext;
+        const elems = seed || (byElement && Expr.find['TAG']('*', outermost));
+
+        const dirrunsUnique = (dirruns +=
+          contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1);
+
+        const len = elems.length;
+
+        if (outermost) {
+          outermostContext = context !== document && context;
+        }
+
+        for (; i !== len && (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++) {
+          if (byElement && elem) {
+            j = 0;
+            while ((matcher = elementMatchers[j++])) {
+              if (matcher(elem, context, xml)) {
+                results.push(elem);
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            if (outermost) {
+              dirruns = dirrunsUnique;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if (bySet) {
+            if ((elem = !matcher && elem)) {
+              matchedCount--;
+            }
+
+            if (seed) {
+              unmatched.push(elem);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        matchedCount += i;
+        if (bySet && i !== matchedCount) {
+          j = 0;
+          while ((matcher = setMatchers[j++])) {
+            matcher(unmatched, setMatched, context, xml);
+          }
+
+          if (seed) {
+            if (matchedCount > 0) {
+              while (i--) {
+                if (!(unmatched[i] || setMatched[i])) {
+                  setMatched[i] = pop.call(results);
+                }
+              }
+            }
+
+            setMatched = condense(setMatched);
+          }
+
+          push.apply(results, setMatched);
+
+          if (
+            outermost &&
+            !seed &&
+            setMatched.length > 0 &&
+            matchedCount + setMatchers.length > 1
+          ) {
+            Sizzle.uniqueSort(results);
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (outermost) {
+          dirruns = dirrunsUnique;
+          outermostContext = contextBackup;
+        }
+
+        return unmatched;
+      };
+
+    return bySet ? markFunction(superMatcher) : superMatcher;
+  }
+
+  compile = Sizzle.compile = (selector, match /* Internal Use Only */) => {
+    let i;
+    const setMatchers = [];
+    const elementMatchers = [];
+    let cached = compilerCache[`${selector} `];
+
+    if (!cached) {
+      if (!match) {
+        match = tokenize(selector);
+      }
+      i = match.length;
+      while (i--) {
+        cached = matcherFromTokens(match[i]);
+        if (cached[expando]) {
+          setMatchers.push(cached);
+        } else {
+          elementMatchers.push(cached);
+        }
+      }
+
+      cached = compilerCache(
+        selector,
+        matcherFromGroupMatchers(elementMatchers, setMatchers)
+      );
+
+      cached.selector = selector;
+    }
+    return cached;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled
+   *  selector functions
+   * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled
+   *  selector function built with Sizzle.compile
+   * @param {Element} context
+   * @param {Array} [results]
+   * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against
+   */
+  select = Sizzle.select = (selector, context, results, seed) => {
+    let i;
+    let tokens;
+    let token;
+    let type;
+    let find;
+    const compiled = typeof selector === 'function' && selector;
+    const match = !seed && tokenize((selector = compiled.selector || selector));
+
+    results = results || [];
+
+    if (match.length === 1) {
+      tokens = match[0] = match[0].slice(0);
+      if (
+        tokens.length > 2 &&
+        (token = tokens[0]).type === 'ID' &&
+        support.getById &&
+        context.nodeType === 9 &&
+        documentIsHTML &&
+        Expr.relative[tokens[1].type]
+      ) {
+        context = (Expr.find['ID'](
+          token.matches[0].replace(runescape, funescape),
+          context
+        ) || [])[0];
+        if (!context) {
+          return results;
+        } else if (compiled) {
+          context = context.parentNode;
+        }
+
+        selector = selector.slice(tokens.shift().value.length);
+      }
+
+      i = matchExpr['needsContext'].test(selector) ? 0 : tokens.length;
+      while (i--) {
+        token = tokens[i];
+
+        if (Expr.relative[(type = token.type)]) {
+          break;
+        }
+        if ((find = Expr.find[type])) {
+          if (
+            (seed = find(
+              token.matches[0].replace(runescape, funescape),
+              (rsibling.test(tokens[0].type) &&
+                testContext(context.parentNode)) ||
+                context
+            ))
+          ) {
+            tokens.splice(i, 1);
+            selector = seed.length && toSelector(tokens);
+            if (!selector) {
+              push.apply(results, seed);
+              return results;
+            }
+
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    (compiled || compile(selector, match))(
+      seed,
+      context,
+      !documentIsHTML,
+      results,
+      (rsibling.test(selector) && testContext(context.parentNode)) || context
+    );
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  support.sortStable = expando.split('').sort(sortOrder).join('') === expando;
+
+  support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate;
+
+  setDocument();
+
+  support.sortDetached = assert(div1 => {
+    return div1.compareDocumentPosition(document.createElement('div')) & 1;
+  });
+
+  if (
+    !assert(div => {
+      div.innerHTML = "<a href='#'></a>";
+      return div.firstChild.getAttribute('href') === '#';
+    })
+  ) {
+    addHandle('type|href|height|width', (elem, name, isXML) => {
+      if (!isXML) {
+        return elem.getAttribute(name, name.toLowerCase() === 'type' ? 1 : 2);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (
+    !support.attributes ||
+    !assert(div => {
+      div.innerHTML = '<input/>';
+      div.firstChild.setAttribute('value', '');
+      return div.firstChild.getAttribute('value') === '';
+    })
+  ) {
+    addHandle('value', (elem, name, isXML) => {
+      if (!isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'input') {
+        return elem.defaultValue;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (
+    !assert(div => {
+      return div.getAttribute('disabled') == null;
+    })
+  ) {
+    addHandle(booleans, (elem, name, isXML) => {
+      let val;
+      if (!isXML) {
+        return elem[name] === true
+          ? name.toLowerCase()
+          : (val = elem.getAttributeNode(name)) && val.specified
+            ? val.value
+            : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+    define(() => {
+      return Sizzle;
+    });
+  } else if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+    module.exports = Sizzle;
+  } else {
+    window.Sizzle = Sizzle;
+  }
+})(window);
+
+(() => {
+  if (typeof Sizzle !== 'undefined') {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof define !== 'undefined' && define.amd) {
+    window.Sizzle = Prototype._actual_sizzle;
+    window.define = Prototype._original_define;
+    delete Prototype._actual_sizzle;
+    delete Prototype._original_define;
+  } else if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+    window.Sizzle = module.exports;
+    module.exports = {};
+  }
+})();
+
+(engine => {
+  const extendElements = Prototype.Selector.extendElements;
+
+  function select(selector, scope) {
+    return extendElements(engine(selector, scope || document));
+  }
+
+  function match(element, selector) {
+    return engine.matches(selector, [element]).length == 1;
+  }
+
+  Prototype.Selector.engine = engine;
+  Prototype.Selector.select = select;
+  Prototype.Selector.match = match;
+})(Sizzle);
+
+window.Sizzle = Prototype._original_property;
+delete Prototype._original_property;
+
+var Form = {
+  reset: form => {
+    form = $(form);
+    form.reset();
+    return form;
+  },
+
+  serializeElements: (elements, options) => {
+    if (typeof options != 'object') options = { hash: !!options };
+    else if (Object.isUndefined(options.hash)) options.hash = true;
+    let key;
+    let value;
+    let submitted = false;
+    const submit = options.submit;
+    let accumulator;
+    let initial;
+
+    if (options.hash) {
+      initial = {};
+      accumulator = (result, key, value) => {
+        if (key in result) {
+          if (!Object.isArray(result[key])) result[key] = [result[key]];
+          result[key] = result[key].concat(value);
+        } else result[key] = value;
+        return result;
+      };
+    } else {
+      initial = '';
+      accumulator = (result, key, values) => {
+        if (!Object.isArray(values)) {
+          values = [values];
+        }
+        if (!values.length) {
+          return result;
+        }
+        const encodedKey = encodeURIComponent(key).gsub(/%20/, '+');
+        return (
+          result +
+          (result ? '&' : '') +
+          values
+            .map(value => {
+              value = value.gsub(/(\r)?\n/, '\r\n');
+              value = encodeURIComponent(value);
+              value = value.gsub(/%20/, '+');
+              return `${encodedKey}=${value}`;
+            })
+            .join('&')
+        );
+      };
+    }
+
+    return elements.inject(initial, (result, element) => {
+      if (!element.disabled && element.name) {
+        key = element.name;
+        value = $(element).getValue();
+        if (
+          value != null &&
+          element.type != 'file' &&
+          (element.type != 'submit' ||
+            (!submitted &&
+              submit !== false &&
+              (!submit || key == submit) &&
+              (submitted = true)))
+        ) {
+          result = accumulator(result, key, value);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    });
+  }
+};
+
+Form.Methods = {
+  serialize: (form, options) => {
+    return Form.serializeElements(Form.getElements(form), options);
+  },
+
+  getElements: form => {
+    const elements = $(form).getElementsByTagName('*');
+    let element;
+    const results = [];
+    const serializers = Form.Element.Serializers;
+
+    for (var i = 0; (element = elements[i]); i++) {
+      if (serializers[element.tagName.toLowerCase()])
+        results.push(Element.extend(element));
+    }
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  getInputs: (form, typeName, name) => {
+    form = $(form);
+    const inputs = form.getElementsByTagName('input');
+
+    if (!typeName && !name) return $A(inputs).map(Element.extend);
+
+    for (
+      var i = 0, matchingInputs = [], length = inputs.length;
+      i < length;
+      i++
+    ) {
+      var input = inputs[i];
+      if ((typeName && input.type != typeName) || (name && input.name != name))
+        continue;
+      matchingInputs.push(Element.extend(input));
+    }
+
+    return matchingInputs;
+  },
+
+  disable: form => {
+    form = $(form);
+    Form.getElements(form).invoke('disable');
+    return form;
+  },
+
+  enable: form => {
+    form = $(form);
+    Form.getElements(form).invoke('enable');
+    return form;
+  },
+
+  findFirstElement: form => {
+    const elements = $(form)
+      .getElements()
+      .findAll(element => {
+        return 'hidden' != element.type && !element.disabled;
+      });
+    const firstByIndex = elements
+      .findAll(element => {
+        return element.hasAttribute('tabIndex') && element.tabIndex >= 0;
+      })
+      .sortBy(element => {
+        return element.tabIndex;
+      })
+      .first();
+
+    return firstByIndex
+      ? firstByIndex
+      : elements.find(element => {
+          return /^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i.test(element.tagName);
+        });
+  },
+
+  focusFirstElement: form => {
+    form = $(form);
+    const element = form.findFirstElement();
+    if (element) element.activate();
+    return form;
+  },
+
+  request: (form, options) => {
+    ((form = $(form)), (options = Object.clone(options || {})));
+
+    let params = options.parameters,
+      action = form.readAttribute('action') || '';
+    if (action.blank()) action = window.location.href;
+    options.parameters = form.serialize(true);
+
+    if (params) {
+      if (Object.isString(params)) params = params.toQueryParams();
+      Object.extend(options.parameters, params);
+    }
+
+    if (form.hasAttribute('method') && !options.method)
+      options.method = form.method;
+
+    return new Ajax.Request(action, options);
+  }
+};
+
+/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+Form.Element = {
+  focus: element => {
+    $(element).focus();
+    return element;
+  },
+
+  select: element => {
+    $(element).select();
+    return element;
+  }
+};
+
+Form.Element.Methods = {
+  serialize: element => {
+    element = $(element);
+    if (!element.disabled && element.name) {
+      var value = element.getValue();
+      if (value != undefined) {
+        var pair = {};
+        pair[element.name] = value;
+        return Object.toQueryString(pair);
+      }
+    }
+    return '';
+  },
+
+  getValue: element => {
+    element = $(element);
+    const method = element.tagName.toLowerCase();
+    return Form.Element.Serializers[method](element);
+  },
+
+  setValue: (element, value) => {
+    element = $(element);
+    const method = element.tagName.toLowerCase();
+    Form.Element.Serializers[method](element, value);
+    return element;
+  },
+
+  clear: element => {
+    $(element).value = '';
+    return element;
+  },
+
+  present: element => {
+    return $(element).value != '';
+  },
+
+  activate: element => {
+    element = $(element);
+    try {
+      element.focus();
+      if (
+        element.select &&
+        (element.tagName.toLowerCase() != 'input' ||
+          !/^(?:button|reset|submit)$/i.test(element.type))
+      )
+        element.select();
+    } catch (e) {}
+    return element;
+  },
+
+  disable: element => {
+    element = $(element);
+    element.disabled = true;
+    return element;
+  },
+
+  enable: element => {
+    element = $(element);
+    element.disabled = false;
+    return element;
+  }
+};
+
+/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+var Field = Form.Element;
+
+var $F = Form.Element.Methods.getValue;
+
+/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+Form.Element.Serializers = (() => {
+  function input(element, value) {
+    switch (element.type.toLowerCase()) {
+      case 'checkbox':
+      case 'radio':
+        return inputSelector(element, value);
+      default:
+        return valueSelector(element, value);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function inputSelector(element, value) {
+    if (Object.isUndefined(value))
+      return element.checked ? element.value : null;
+    else element.checked = !!value;
+  }
+
+  function valueSelector(element, value) {
+    if (Object.isUndefined(value)) return element.value;
+    else element.value = value;
+  }
+
+  function select(element, value) {
+    if (Object.isUndefined(value))
+      return (element.type === 'select-one' ? selectOne : selectMany)(element);
+
+    let opt;
+    let currentValue;
+    const single = !Object.isArray(value);
+    for (var i = 0, length = element.length; i < length; i++) {
+      opt = element.options[i];
+      currentValue = this.optionValue(opt);
+      if (single) {
+        if (currentValue == value) {
+          opt.selected = true;
+          return;
+        }
+      } else opt.selected = value.include(currentValue);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function selectOne(element) {
+    const index = element.selectedIndex;
+    return index >= 0 ? optionValue(element.options[index]) : null;
+  }
+
+  function selectMany(element) {
+    const length = element.length;
+    if (!length) return null;
+
+    for (var i = 0, values = []; i < length; i++) {
+      var opt = element.options[i];
+      if (opt.selected) values.push(optionValue(opt));
+    }
+    return values;
+  }
+
+  function optionValue(opt) {
+    return Element.hasAttribute(opt, 'value') ? opt.value : opt.text;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    input: input,
+    inputSelector: inputSelector,
+    textarea: valueSelector,
+    select: select,
+    selectOne: selectOne,
+    selectMany: selectMany,
+    optionValue: optionValue,
+    button: valueSelector
+  };
+})();
+
+/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+Abstract.TimedObserver = Class.create(PeriodicalExecuter, {
+  initialize: function ($super, element, frequency, callback) {
+    $super(callback, frequency);
+    this.element = $(element);
+    this.lastValue = this.getValue();
+  },
+
+  execute: function () {
+    const value = this.getValue();
+    if (
+      Object.isString(this.lastValue) && Object.isString(value)
+        ? this.lastValue != value
+        : String(this.lastValue) != String(value)
+    ) {
+      this.callback(this.element, value);
+      this.lastValue = value;
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+Form.Element.Observer = Class.create(Abstract.TimedObserver, {
+  getValue: function () {
+    return Form.Element.getValue(this.element);
+  }
+});
+
+Form.Observer = Class.create(Abstract.TimedObserver, {
+  getValue: function () {
+    return Form.serialize(this.element);
+  }
+});
+
+/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+Abstract.EventObserver = Class.create({
+  initialize: function (element, callback) {
+    this.element = $(element);
+    this.callback = callback;
+
+    this.lastValue = this.getValue();
+    if (this.element.tagName.toLowerCase() == 'form')
+      this.registerFormCallbacks();
+    else this.registerCallback(this.element);
+  },
+
+  onElementEvent: function () {
+    const value = this.getValue();
+    if (this.lastValue != value) {
+      this.callback(this.element, value);
+      this.lastValue = value;
+    }
+  },
+
+  registerFormCallbacks: function () {
+    Form.getElements(this.element).each(this.registerCallback, this);
+  },
+
+  registerCallback: function (element) {
+    if (element.type) {
+      switch (element.type.toLowerCase()) {
+        case 'checkbox':
+        case 'radio':
+          Event.observe(element, 'click', this.onElementEvent.bind(this));
+          break;
+        default:
+          Event.observe(element, 'change', this.onElementEvent.bind(this));
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+Form.Element.EventObserver = Class.create(Abstract.EventObserver, {
+  getValue: function () {
+    return Form.Element.getValue(this.element);
+  }
+});
+
+Form.EventObserver = Class.create(Abstract.EventObserver, {
+  getValue: function () {
+    return Form.serialize(this.element);
+  }
+});
+(GLOBAL => {
+  let DIV = document.createElement('div');
+  let docEl = document.documentElement;
+  const MOUSEENTER_MOUSELEAVE_EVENTS_SUPPORTED =
+    'onmouseenter' in docEl && 'onmouseleave' in docEl;
+
+  const Event = {
+    KEY_BACKSPACE: 8,
+    KEY_TAB: 9,
+    KEY_RETURN: 13,
+    KEY_ESC: 27,
+    KEY_LEFT: 37,
+    KEY_UP: 38,
+    KEY_RIGHT: 39,
+    KEY_DOWN: 40,
+    KEY_DELETE: 46,
+    KEY_HOME: 36,
+    KEY_END: 35,
+    KEY_PAGEUP: 33,
+    KEY_PAGEDOWN: 34,
+    KEY_INSERT: 45
+  };
+
+  let isIELegacyEvent = event => {
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  if (window.attachEvent) {
+    if (window.addEventListener) {
+      isIELegacyEvent = event => {
+        return !(event instanceof window.Event);
+      };
+    } else {
+      isIELegacyEvent = event => {
+        return true;
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  let _isButton;
+
+  function _isButtonForDOMEvents(event, code) {
+    return event.which ? event.which === code + 1 : event.button === code;
+  }
+
+  const legacyButtonMap = { 0: 1, 1: 4, 2: 2 };
+  function _isButtonForLegacyEvents(event, code) {
+    return event.button === legacyButtonMap[code];
+  }
+
+  function _isButtonForWebKit(event, code) {
+    switch (code) {
+      case 0:
+        return event.which == 1 && !event.metaKey;
+      case 1:
+        return event.which == 2 || (event.which == 1 && event.metaKey);
+      case 2:
+        return event.which == 3;
+      default:
+        return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (window.attachEvent) {
+    if (!window.addEventListener) {
+      _isButton = _isButtonForLegacyEvents;
+    } else {
+      _isButton = (event, code) => {
+        return isIELegacyEvent(event)
+          ? _isButtonForLegacyEvents(event, code)
+          : _isButtonForDOMEvents(event, code);
+      };
+    }
+  } else if (Prototype.Browser.WebKit) {
+    _isButton = _isButtonForWebKit;
+  } else {
+    _isButton = _isButtonForDOMEvents;
+  }
+
+  function isLeftClick(event) {
+    return _isButton(event, 0);
+  }
+
+  function isMiddleClick(event) {
+    return _isButton(event, 1);
+  }
+
+  function isRightClick(event) {
+    return _isButton(event, 2);
+  }
+
+  function element(event) {
+    return Element.extend(_element(event));
+  }
+
+  function _element(event) {
+    event = Event.extend(event);
+
+    let node = event.target;
+    const type = event.type;
+    const currentTarget = event.currentTarget;
+
+    if (currentTarget && currentTarget.tagName) {
+      if (
+        type === 'load' ||
+        type === 'error' ||
+        (type === 'click' &&
+          currentTarget.tagName.toLowerCase() === 'input' &&
+          currentTarget.type === 'radio')
+      )
+        node = currentTarget;
+    }
+
+    return node.nodeType == Node.TEXT_NODE ? node.parentNode : node;
+  }
+
+  function findElement(event, expression) {
+    let element = _element(event);
+    const selector = Prototype.Selector;
+    if (!expression) return Element.extend(element);
+    while (element) {
+      if (Object.isElement(element) && selector.match(element, expression))
+        return Element.extend(element);
+      element = element.parentNode;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function pointer(event) {
+    return { x: pointerX(event), y: pointerY(event) };
+  }
+
+  function pointerX(event) {
+    const docElement = document.documentElement,
+      body = document.body || { scrollLeft: 0 };
+
+    return (
+      event.pageX ||
+      event.clientX +
+        (docElement.scrollLeft || body.scrollLeft) -
+        (docElement.clientLeft || 0)
+    );
+  }
+
+  function pointerY(event) {
+    const docElement = document.documentElement,
+      body = document.body || { scrollTop: 0 };
+
+    return (
+      event.pageY ||
+      event.clientY +
+        (docElement.scrollTop || body.scrollTop) -
+        (docElement.clientTop || 0)
+    );
+  }
+
+  function stop(event) {
+    Event.extend(event);
+    event.preventDefault();
+    event.stopPropagation();
+
+    event.stopped = true;
+  }
+
+  Event.Methods = {
+    isLeftClick: isLeftClick,
+    isMiddleClick: isMiddleClick,
+    isRightClick: isRightClick,
+
+    element: element,
+    findElement: findElement,
+
+    pointer: pointer,
+    pointerX: pointerX,
+    pointerY: pointerY,
+
+    stop: stop
+  };
+
+  const methods = Object.keys(Event.Methods).inject({}, (m, name) => {
+    m[name] = Event.Methods[name].methodize();
+    return m;
+  });
+
+  if (window.attachEvent) {
+    function _relatedTarget(event) {
+      let element;
+      switch (event.type) {
+        case 'mouseover':
+        case 'mouseenter':
+          element = event.fromElement;
+          break;
+        case 'mouseout':
+        case 'mouseleave':
+          element = event.toElement;
+          break;
+        default:
+          return null;
+      }
+      return Element.extend(element);
+    }
+
+    var additionalMethods = {
+      stopPropagation: function () {
+        this.cancelBubble = true;
+      },
+      preventDefault: function () {
+        this.returnValue = false;
+      },
+      inspect: () => {
+        return '[object Event]';
+      }
+    };
+
+    Event.extend = (event, element) => {
+      if (!event) return false;
+
+      if (!isIELegacyEvent(event)) return event;
+
+      if (event._extendedByPrototype) return event;
+      event._extendedByPrototype = Prototype.emptyFunction;
+
+      const pointer = Event.pointer(event);
+
+      Object.extend(event, {
+        target: event.srcElement || element,
+        relatedTarget: _relatedTarget(event),
+        pageX: pointer.x,
+        pageY: pointer.y
+      });
+
+      Object.extend(event, methods);
+      Object.extend(event, additionalMethods);
+
+      return event;
+    };
+  } else {
+    Event.extend = Prototype.K;
+  }
+
+  if (window.addEventListener) {
+    Event.prototype =
+      window.Event.prototype || document.createEvent('HTMLEvents').__proto__;
+    Object.extend(Event.prototype, methods);
+  }
+
+  const EVENT_TRANSLATIONS = {
+    mouseenter: 'mouseover',
+    mouseleave: 'mouseout'
+  };
+
+  function getDOMEventName(eventName) {
+    return EVENT_TRANSLATIONS[eventName] || eventName;
+  }
+
+  if (MOUSEENTER_MOUSELEAVE_EVENTS_SUPPORTED) getDOMEventName = Prototype.K;
+
+  function getUniqueElementID(element) {
+    if (element === window) return 0;
+
+    if (typeof element._prototypeUID === 'undefined')
+      element._prototypeUID = Element.Storage.UID++;
+    return element._prototypeUID;
+  }
+
+  function getUniqueElementID_IE(element) {
+    if (element === window) return 0;
+    if (element == document) return 1;
+    return element.uniqueID;
+  }
+
+  if ('uniqueID' in DIV) getUniqueElementID = getUniqueElementID_IE;
+
+  function isCustomEvent(eventName) {
+    return eventName.include(':');
+  }
+
+  Event._isCustomEvent = isCustomEvent;
+
+  function getOrCreateRegistryFor(element, uid) {
+    const CACHE = GLOBAL.Event.cache;
+    if (Object.isUndefined(uid)) uid = getUniqueElementID(element);
+    if (!CACHE[uid]) CACHE[uid] = { element: element };
+    return CACHE[uid];
+  }
+
+  function destroyRegistryForElement(element, uid) {
+    if (Object.isUndefined(uid)) uid = getUniqueElementID(element);
+    delete GLOBAL.Event.cache[uid];
+  }
+
+  function register(element, eventName, handler) {
+    const registry = getOrCreateRegistryFor(element);
+    if (!registry[eventName]) registry[eventName] = [];
+    const entries = registry[eventName];
+
+    let i = entries.length;
+    while (i--) if (entries[i].handler === handler) return null;
+
+    const uid = getUniqueElementID(element);
+    const responder = GLOBAL.Event._createResponder(uid, eventName, handler);
+    const entry = {
+      responder: responder,
+      handler: handler
+    };
+
+    entries.push(entry);
+    return entry;
+  }
+
+  function unregister(element, eventName, handler) {
+    const registry = getOrCreateRegistryFor(element);
+    const entries = registry[eventName] || [];
+
+    let i = entries.length,
+      entry;
+    while (i--) {
+      if (entries[i].handler === handler) {
+        entry = entries[i];
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (entry) {
+      var index = entries.indexOf(entry);
+      entries.splice(index, 1);
+    }
+
+    if (entries.length === 0) {
+      delete registry[eventName];
+      if (Object.keys(registry).length === 1 && 'element' in registry)
+        destroyRegistryForElement(element);
+    }
+
+    return entry;
+  }
+
+  function observe(element, eventName, handler) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const entry = register(element, eventName, handler);
+
+    if (entry === null) return element;
+
+    const responder = entry.responder;
+    if (isCustomEvent(eventName))
+      observeCustomEvent(element, eventName, responder);
+    else observeStandardEvent(element, eventName, responder);
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function observeStandardEvent(element, eventName, responder) {
+    const actualEventName = getDOMEventName(eventName);
+    if (element.addEventListener) {
+      element.addEventListener(actualEventName, responder, false);
+    } else {
+      element.attachEvent(`on${actualEventName}`, responder);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function observeCustomEvent(element, eventName, responder) {
+    if (element.addEventListener) {
+      element.addEventListener('dataavailable', responder, false);
+    } else {
+      element.attachEvent('ondataavailable', responder);
+      element.attachEvent('onlosecapture', responder);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function stopObserving(element, eventName, handler) {
+    element = $(element);
+    const handlerGiven = !Object.isUndefined(handler),
+      eventNameGiven = !Object.isUndefined(eventName);
+
+    if (!eventNameGiven && !handlerGiven) {
+      stopObservingElement(element);
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    if (!handlerGiven) {
+      stopObservingEventName(element, eventName);
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    const entry = unregister(element, eventName, handler);
+
+    if (!entry) return element;
+    removeEvent(element, eventName, entry.responder);
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function stopObservingStandardEvent(element, eventName, responder) {
+    const actualEventName = getDOMEventName(eventName);
+    if (element.removeEventListener) {
+      element.removeEventListener(actualEventName, responder, false);
+    } else {
+      element.detachEvent(`on${actualEventName}`, responder);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function stopObservingCustomEvent(element, eventName, responder) {
+    if (element.removeEventListener) {
+      element.removeEventListener('dataavailable', responder, false);
+    } else {
+      element.detachEvent('ondataavailable', responder);
+      element.detachEvent('onlosecapture', responder);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function stopObservingElement(element) {
+    const uid = getUniqueElementID(element),
+      registry = GLOBAL.Event.cache[uid];
+    if (!registry) return;
+
+    destroyRegistryForElement(element, uid);
+
+    let entries, i;
+    for (var eventName in registry) {
+      if (eventName === 'element') continue;
+
+      entries = registry[eventName];
+      i = entries.length;
+      while (i--) removeEvent(element, eventName, entries[i].responder);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function stopObservingEventName(element, eventName) {
+    const registry = getOrCreateRegistryFor(element);
+    let entries = registry[eventName];
+    if (entries) {
+      delete registry[eventName];
+    }
+
+    entries = entries || [];
+
+    let i = entries.length;
+    while (i--) removeEvent(element, eventName, entries[i].responder);
+
+    for (var name in registry) {
+      if (name === 'element') continue;
+      return; // There is another registered event
+    }
+
+    destroyRegistryForElement(element);
+  }
+
+  function removeEvent(element, eventName, handler) {
+    if (isCustomEvent(eventName))
+      stopObservingCustomEvent(element, eventName, handler);
+    else stopObservingStandardEvent(element, eventName, handler);
+  }
+
+  function getFireTarget(element) {
+    if (element !== document) return element;
+    if (document.createEvent && !element.dispatchEvent)
+      return document.documentElement;
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  function fire(element, eventName, memo, bubble) {
+    element = getFireTarget($(element));
+    if (Object.isUndefined(bubble)) bubble = true;
+    memo = memo || {};
+
+    const event = fireEvent(element, eventName, memo, bubble);
+    return Event.extend(event);
+  }
+
+  function fireEvent_DOM(element, eventName, memo, bubble) {
+    const event = document.createEvent('HTMLEvents');
+    event.initEvent('dataavailable', bubble, true);
+
+    event.eventName = eventName;
+    event.memo = memo;
+
+    element.dispatchEvent(event);
+    return event;
+  }
+
+  function fireEvent_IE(element, eventName, memo, bubble) {
+    const event = document.createEventObject();
+    event.eventType = bubble ? 'ondataavailable' : 'onlosecapture';
+
+    event.eventName = eventName;
+    event.memo = memo;
+
+    element.fireEvent(event.eventType, event);
+    return event;
+  }
+
+  const fireEvent = document.createEvent ? fireEvent_DOM : fireEvent_IE;
+
+  Event.Handler = Class.create({
+    initialize: function (element, eventName, selector, callback) {
+      this.element = $(element);
+      this.eventName = eventName;
+      this.selector = selector;
+      this.callback = callback;
+      this.handler = this.handleEvent.bind(this);
+    },
+
+    start: function () {
+      Event.observe(this.element, this.eventName, this.handler);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    stop: function () {
+      Event.stopObserving(this.element, this.eventName, this.handler);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    handleEvent: function (event) {
+      const element = Event.findElement(event, this.selector);
+      if (element) this.callback.call(this.element, event, element);
+    }
+  });
+
+  function on(element, eventName, selector, callback) {
+    element = $(element);
+    if (Object.isFunction(selector) && Object.isUndefined(callback)) {
+      ((callback = selector), (selector = null));
+    }
+
+    return new Event.Handler(element, eventName, selector, callback).start();
+  }
+
+  Object.extend(Event, Event.Methods);
+
+  Object.extend(Event, {
+    fire: fire,
+    observe: observe,
+    stopObserving: stopObserving,
+    on: on
+  });
+
+  Element.addMethods({
+    fire: fire,
+
+    observe: observe,
+
+    stopObserving: stopObserving,
+
+    on: on
+  });
+
+  Object.extend(document, {
+    fire: fire.methodize(),
+
+    observe: observe.methodize(),
+
+    stopObserving: stopObserving.methodize(),
+
+    on: on.methodize(),
+
+    loaded: false
+  });
+
+  if (GLOBAL.Event) Object.extend(window.Event, Event);
+  else GLOBAL.Event = Event;
+
+  GLOBAL.Event.cache = {};
+
+  function destroyCache_IE() {
+    GLOBAL.Event.cache = null;
+  }
+
+  if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent('onunload', destroyCache_IE);
+
+  DIV = null;
+  docEl = null;
+})(this);
+
+(GLOBAL => {
+  /* Code for creating leak-free event responders is based on work by
+   John-David Dalton. */
+
+  let docEl = document.documentElement;
+  const MOUSEENTER_MOUSELEAVE_EVENTS_SUPPORTED =
+    'onmouseenter' in docEl && 'onmouseleave' in docEl;
+
+  function isSimulatedMouseEnterLeaveEvent(eventName) {
+    return (
+      !MOUSEENTER_MOUSELEAVE_EVENTS_SUPPORTED &&
+      (eventName === 'mouseenter' || eventName === 'mouseleave')
+    );
+  }
+
+  function createResponder(uid, eventName, handler) {
+    if (Event._isCustomEvent(eventName))
+      return createResponderForCustomEvent(uid, eventName, handler);
+    if (isSimulatedMouseEnterLeaveEvent(eventName))
+      return createMouseEnterLeaveResponder(uid, eventName, handler);
+
+    return event => {
+      if (!Event.cache) return;
+
+      const element = Event.cache[uid].element;
+      Event.extend(event, element);
+      handler.call(element, event);
+    };
+  }
+
+  function createResponderForCustomEvent(uid, eventName, handler) {
+    return event => {
+      const cache = Event.cache[uid];
+      const element = cache && cache.element;
+
+      if (Object.isUndefined(event.eventName)) return false;
+
+      if (event.eventName !== eventName) return false;
+
+      Event.extend(event, element);
+      handler.call(element, event);
+    };
+  }
+
+  function createMouseEnterLeaveResponder(uid, eventName, handler) {
+    return event => {
+      const element = Event.cache[uid].element;
+
+      Event.extend(event, element);
+      let parent = event.relatedTarget;
+
+      while (parent && parent !== element) {
+        try {
+          parent = parent.parentNode;
+        } catch (e) {
+          parent = element;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (parent === element) return;
+      handler.call(element, event);
+    };
+  }
+
+  GLOBAL.Event._createResponder = createResponder;
+  docEl = null;
+})(this);
+
+(GLOBAL => {
+  /* Support for the DOMContentLoaded event is based on work by Dan Webb,
+     Matthias Miller, Dean Edwards, John Resig, and Diego Perini. */
+
+  let TIMER;
+
+  function fireContentLoadedEvent() {
+    if (document.loaded) return;
+    if (TIMER) window.clearTimeout(TIMER);
+    document.loaded = true;
+    document.fire('dom:loaded');
+  }
+
+  function checkReadyState() {
+    if (document.readyState === 'complete') {
+      document.detachEvent('onreadystatechange', checkReadyState);
+      fireContentLoadedEvent();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function pollDoScroll() {
+    try {
+      document.documentElement.doScroll('left');
+    } catch (e) {
+      TIMER = pollDoScroll.defer();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    fireContentLoadedEvent();
+  }
+
+  if (document.readyState === 'complete') {
+    fireContentLoadedEvent();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (document.addEventListener) {
+    document.addEventListener(
+      'DOMContentLoaded',
+      fireContentLoadedEvent,
+      false
+    );
+  } else {
+    document.attachEvent('onreadystatechange', checkReadyState);
+    if (window == top) TIMER = pollDoScroll.defer();
+  }
+
+  Event.observe(window, 'load', fireContentLoadedEvent);
+})(this);
+
+Element.addMethods();
+/*------------------------------- DEPRECATED -------------------------------*/
+
+Hash.toQueryString = Object.toQueryString;
+
+var Toggle = { display: Element.toggle };
+
+Element.addMethods({
+  childOf: Element.Methods.descendantOf
+});
+
+var Insertion = {
+  Before: (element, content) => {
+    return Element.insert(element, { before: content });
+  },
+
+  Top: (element, content) => {
+    return Element.insert(element, { top: content });
+  },
+
+  Bottom: (element, content) => {
+    return Element.insert(element, { bottom: content });
+  },
+
+  After: (element, content) => {
+    return Element.insert(element, { after: content });
+  }
+};
+
+var $continue = new Error(
+  '"throw $continue" is deprecated, use "return" instead'
+);
+
+var Position = {
+  includeScrollOffsets: false,
+
+  prepare: function () {
+    this.deltaX =
+      window.pageXOffset ||
+      document.documentElement.scrollLeft ||
+      document.body.scrollLeft ||
+      0;
+    this.deltaY =
+      window.pageYOffset ||
+      document.documentElement.scrollTop ||
+      document.body.scrollTop ||
+      0;
+  },
+
+  within: function (element, x, y) {
+    if (this.includeScrollOffsets)
+      return this.withinIncludingScrolloffsets(element, x, y);
+    this.xcomp = x;
+    this.ycomp = y;
+    this.offset = Element.cumulativeOffset(element);
+
+    return (
+      y >= this.offset[1] &&
+      y < this.offset[1] + element.offsetHeight &&
+      x >= this.offset[0] &&
+      x < this.offset[0] + element.offsetWidth
+    );
+  },
+
+  withinIncludingScrolloffsets: function (element, x, y) {
+    const offsetcache = Element.cumulativeScrollOffset(element);
+
+    this.xcomp = x + offsetcache[0] - this.deltaX;
+    this.ycomp = y + offsetcache[1] - this.deltaY;
+    this.offset = Element.cumulativeOffset(element);
+
+    return (
+      this.ycomp >= this.offset[1] &&
+      this.ycomp < this.offset[1] + element.offsetHeight &&
+      this.xcomp >= this.offset[0] &&
+      this.xcomp < this.offset[0] + element.offsetWidth
+    );
+  },
+
+  overlap: function (mode, element) {
+    if (!mode) return 0;
+    if (mode == 'vertical')
+      return (
+        (this.offset[1] + element.offsetHeight - this.ycomp) /
+        element.offsetHeight
+      );
+    if (mode == 'horizontal')
+      return (
+        (this.offset[0] + element.offsetWidth - this.xcomp) /
+        element.offsetWidth
+      );
+  },
+
+  cumulativeOffset: Element.Methods.cumulativeOffset,
+
+  positionedOffset: Element.Methods.positionedOffset,
+
+  absolutize: element => {
+    Position.prepare();
+    return Element.absolutize(element);
+  },
+
+  relativize: element => {
+    Position.prepare();
+    return Element.relativize(element);
+  },
+
+  realOffset: Element.Methods.cumulativeScrollOffset,
+
+  offsetParent: Element.Methods.getOffsetParent,
+
+  page: Element.Methods.viewportOffset,
+
+  clone: (source, target, options) => {
+    options = options || {};
+    return Element.clonePosition(target, source, options);
+  }
+};
+
+/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+if (!document.getElementsByClassName)
+  document.getElementsByClassName = (instanceMethods => {
+    function iter(name) {
+      return name.blank()
+        ? null
+        : `[contains(concat(' ', @class, ' '), ' ${name} ')]`;
+    }
+
+    instanceMethods.getElementsByClassName = Prototype.BrowserFeatures.XPath
+      ? (element, className) => {
+          className = className.toString().strip();
+          const cond = /\s/.test(className)
+            ? $w(className).map(iter).join('')
+            : iter(className);
+          return cond
+            ? document._getElementsByXPath(`.//*${cond}`, element)
+            : [];
+        }
+      : (element, className) => {
+          className = className.toString().strip();
+          const elements = [],
+            classNames = /\s/.test(className) ? $w(className) : null;
+          if (!classNames && !className) return elements;
+
+          const nodes = $(element).getElementsByTagName('*');
+          className = ` ${className} `;
+
+          for (var i = 0, child, cn; (child = nodes[i]); i++) {
+            if (
+              child.className &&
+              (cn = ` ${child.className} `) &&
+              (cn.include(className) ||
+                (classNames &&
+                  classNames.all(name => {
+                    return !name.toString().blank() && cn.include(` ${name} `);
+                  })))
+            )
+              elements.push(Element.extend(child));
+          }
+          return elements;
+        };
+
+    return (className, parentElement) => {
+      return $(parentElement || document.body).getElementsByClassName(
+        className
+      );
+    };
+  })(Element.Methods);
+
+/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+Element.ClassNames = Class.create();
+Element.ClassNames.prototype = {
+  initialize: function (element) {
+    this.element = $(element);
+  },
+
+  _each: function (iterator, context) {
+    this.element.className
+      .split(/\s+/)
+      .select(name => {
+        return name.length > 0;
+      })
+      ._each(iterator, context);
+  },
+
+  set: function (className) {
+    this.element.className = className;
+  },
+
+  add: function (classNameToAdd) {
+    if (this.include(classNameToAdd)) return;
+    this.set($A(this).concat(classNameToAdd).join(' '));
+  },
+
+  remove: function (classNameToRemove) {
+    if (!this.include(classNameToRemove)) return;
+    this.set($A(this).without(classNameToRemove).join(' '));
+  },
+
+  toString: function () {
+    return $A(this).join(' ');
+  }
+};
+
+Object.extend(Element.ClassNames.prototype, Enumerable);
+
+/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+(() => {
+  window.Selector = Class.create({
+    initialize: function (expression) {
+      this.expression = expression.strip();
+    },
+
+    findElements: function (rootElement) {
+      return Prototype.Selector.select(this.expression, rootElement);
+    },
+
+    match: function (element) {
+      return Prototype.Selector.match(element, this.expression);
+    },
+
+    toString: function () {
+      return this.expression;
+    },
+
+    inspect: function () {
+      return `#<Selector: ${this.expression}>`;
+    }
+  });
+
+  Object.extend(Selector, {
+    matchElements: (elements, expression) => {
+      const match = Prototype.Selector.match,
+        results = [];
+
+      for (var i = 0, length = elements.length; i < length; i++) {
+        var element = elements[i];
+        if (match(element, expression)) {
+          results.push(Element.extend(element));
+        }
+      }
+      return results;
+    },
+
+    findElement: (elements, expression, index) => {
+      index = index || 0;
+      let matchIndex = 0,
+        element;
+      for (var i = 0, length = elements.length; i < length; i++) {
+        element = elements[i];
+        if (
+          Prototype.Selector.match(element, expression) &&
+          index === matchIndex++
+        ) {
+          return Element.extend(element);
+        }
+      }
+    },
+
+    findChildElements: (element, expressions) => {
+      const selector = expressions.toArray().join(', ');
+      return Prototype.Selector.select(selector, element || document);
+    }
+  });
+})();
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/prototype.html b/test/integration/full/contrast/prototype.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c1f66578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/prototype.html
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>Test Page</title>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <!-- prototype.js must be loaded before axe is loaded on the page -->
+    <script src="prototype-lib-1.7.3.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js"></script>
+    <style></style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <div id="fixture" style="background-color: darkred; color: black">Text</div>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="prototype.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/prototype.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/prototype.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b0f271b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/prototype.js
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+describe('color-contrast prototype.js test', () => {
+  let results;
+
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(async () => {
+      const options = {
+        runOnly: ['color-contrast'],
+        elementRef: true
+      };
+      results = await axe.run('#fixture', options);
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find one', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.js
index 9e020a1d2..2f8ee7c05 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.js
@@ -1,42 +1,42 @@
-describe('color-contrast shadow dom test', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('color-contrast shadow dom test', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  before(function () {
-    var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  before(() => {
+    const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
     if (shadowSupported) {
       var shadow = fixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<button style="background-color:red;color:white;">Go!</button>' +
-        '<span style="color:#ccc;">Text</span>' +
-        '<div><label style="color:#ccc;">Text<input type="text"></label></div>' +
-        '<div style="background-color:black; height:20px;">' +
-        '<div style="color:#666; position:absolute;">Text</div>' +
-        '</div>';
+      shadow.innerHTML = html`
+        <button style="background-color:red;color:white;">Go!</button>
+        <span style="color:#ccc;">Text</span>
+        <div>
+          <label style="color:#ccc;">Text<input type="text" /></label>
+        </div>
+        <div style="background-color:black; height:20px;">
+          <div style="color:#666; position:absolute;">Text</div>
+        </div>
+      `;
     }
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'should find issues in shadow tree',
-      function (done) {
-        axe.run(
-          '#fixture',
-          { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } },
-          function (err, results) {
-            assert.isNull(err);
-            assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
-            assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
-            assert.equal(
-              results.violations[0].nodes[1].any[0].data.bgColor,
-              '#000000'
-            );
-            assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
-            done();
-          }
-        );
-      }
-    );
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find issues in shadow tree', done => {
+      axe.run(
+        '#fixture',
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } },
+        (err, results) => {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
+          assert.equal(
+            results.violations[0].nodes[1].any[0].data.bgColor,
+            '#000000'
+          );
+          assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+          done();
+        }
+      );
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.js
index 1efb2b262..7b157fbb5 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-describe('color-contrast sticky header test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find none', function (done) {
+describe('color-contrast sticky header test', () => {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find none', done => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } },
-        function (err, results) {
+        (err, results) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
           done();
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.js b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.js
index 9731eecba..4b6494053 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-describe('css-orientation-lock incomplete test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('returns INCOMPLETE if preload is set to FALSE', function (done) {
+describe('css-orientation-lock incomplete test', () => {
+  it('returns INCOMPLETE if preload is set to FALSE', done => {
     axe.run(
       {
         runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +8,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock incomplete test', function () {
         },
         preload: false
       },
-      function (err, res) {
+      (err, res) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.isDefined(res);
 
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock incomplete test', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns INCOMPLETE as page has no styles (not even mocha styles)', function (done) {
+  it('returns INCOMPLETE as page has no styles (not even mocha styles)', done => {
     axe.run(
       {
         runOnly: {
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock incomplete test', function () {
           values: ['css-orientation-lock']
         }
       },
-      function (err, res) {
+      (err, res) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.isDefined(res);
 
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.html b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.html
index aa006af27..cde9f1d9a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.html
@@ -26,5 +26,12 @@
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="passes.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+    <div id="additional"></div>
+    <script>
+      // only way to get a 2nd html element on the page is to create it with createElement
+      // if you try to do it through the html parser it won't work
+      var root = document.createElement('html');
+      document.getElementById('additional').append(root);
+    </script>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.js b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.js
index 7d95a56da..f58e54fcf 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.js
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-describe('css-orientation-lock passes test', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('css-orientation-lock passes test', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-
-  var styleSheets = [
+  const styleSheets = [
     {
       href: 'https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css'
     },
@@ -12,18 +10,18 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock passes test', function () {
     }
   ];
 
-  before(function (done) {
+  before(done => {
     axe.testUtils
       .addStyleSheets(styleSheets)
-      .then(function () {
+      .then(() => {
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function (error) {
-        done(new Error('Could not load stylesheets for testing. ' + error));
+      .catch(error => {
+        done(new Error(`Could not load stylesheets for testing. ${error}`));
       });
   });
 
-  it('returns PASSES when page has STYLE with MEDIA rules (not orientation)', function (done) {
+  it('returns PASSES when page has STYLE with MEDIA rules (not orientation)', done => {
     // the sheets included in the html, have styles for transform and rotate, hence the violation
     axe.run(
       {
@@ -32,14 +30,14 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock passes test', function () {
           values: ['css-orientation-lock']
         }
       },
-      function (err, res) {
+      (err, res) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.isDefined(res);
 
         // check for violation
         assert.property(res, 'passes');
         assert.lengthOf(res.passes, 1);
-        var checkedNode = res.passes[0].nodes[0];
+        const checkedNode = res.passes[0].nodes[0];
         assert.isTrue(/html/i.test(checkedNode.html));
 
         done();
@@ -47,42 +45,46 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock passes test', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns PASSES whilst also accommodating shadowDOM styles with MEDIA rules (not orientation)',
-    function (done) {
-      // here although media styles are pumped into shadow dom
-      // they are not orientation locks, so returns as passes
-      var fixture = document.getElementById('shadow-fixture');
-      var shadow = fixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<style> @media screen and (min-width: 10px) and (max-width: 2000px) { .shadowDiv { transform: rotate(90deg); } } </style>' +
-        '<div class="green">green</div>' +
-        '<div class="shadowDiv">red</div>';
-
-      axe.run(
-        {
-          runOnly: {
-            type: 'rule',
-            values: ['css-orientation-lock']
+  it('returns PASSES whilst also accommodating shadowDOM styles with MEDIA rules (not orientation)', done => {
+    // here although media styles are pumped into shadow dom
+    // they are not orientation locks, so returns as passes
+    const fixture = document.getElementById('shadow-fixture');
+    const shadow = fixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = html`
+      <style>
+        @media screen and (min-width: 10px) and (max-width: 2000px) {
+          .shadowDiv {
+            transform: rotate(90deg);
           }
-        },
-        function (err, res) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          assert.isDefined(res);
+        }
+      </style>
+      <div class="green">green</div>
+      <div class="shadowDiv">red</div>
+    `;
 
-          // check for violation
-          assert.property(res, 'passes');
-          assert.lengthOf(res.passes, 1);
+    axe.run(
+      {
+        runOnly: {
+          type: 'rule',
+          values: ['css-orientation-lock']
+        }
+      },
+      (err, res) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.isDefined(res);
 
-          var checkedNode = res.passes[0].nodes[0];
-          assert.isTrue(/html/i.test(checkedNode.html));
+        // check for violation
+        assert.property(res, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(res.passes, 1);
 
-          var checkResult = checkedNode.all[0];
-          assert.lengthOf(checkResult.relatedNodes, 0);
+        const checkedNode = res.passes[0].nodes[0];
+        assert.isTrue(/html/i.test(checkedNode.html));
 
-          done();
-        }
-      );
-    }
-  );
+        const checkResult = checkedNode.all[0];
+        assert.lengthOf(checkResult.relatedNodes, 0);
+
+        done();
+      }
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.js b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.js
index e3821dbf4..e4d0e3e9a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 describe('css-orientation-lock violations test', () => {
-  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
   const styleSheets = [
     {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock violations test', () => {
         done();
       })
       .catch(error => {
-        done(new Error('Could not load stylesheets for testing. ' + error));
+        done(new Error(`Could not load stylesheets for testing. ${error}`));
       });
   });
 
@@ -69,53 +69,60 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock violations test', () => {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'returns VIOLATIONS whilst also accommodating shadowDOM styles',
-    done => {
-      const fixture = document.getElementById('shadow-fixture');
-      const shadow = fixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<style> @media screen and (min-width: 10px) and (max-width: 2000px) and (orientation: portrait) { .shadowDiv { transform: rotate3d(0,0,1,90deg); } } .green { background-color: green; } </style>' +
-        '<div class="green">green</div>' +
-        '<div class="shadowDiv">red</div>';
-
-      axe.run(
-        {
-          runOnly: {
-            type: 'rule',
-            values: ['css-orientation-lock']
+  it('returns VIOLATIONS whilst also accommodating shadowDOM styles', done => {
+    const fixture = document.getElementById('shadow-fixture');
+    const shadow = fixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadow.innerHTML = html`
+      <style>
+        @media screen and (min-width: 10px) and (max-width: 2000px) and (orientation: portrait) {
+          .shadowDiv {
+            transform: rotate3d(0, 0, 1, 90deg);
           }
-        },
-        (err, res) => {
-          try {
-            assert.isNull(err);
-            assert.isDefined(res);
+        }
+        .green {
+          background-color: green;
+        }
+      </style>
+      <div class="green">green</div>
+      <div class="shadowDiv">red</div>
+    `;
+
+    axe.run(
+      {
+        runOnly: {
+          type: 'rule',
+          values: ['css-orientation-lock']
+        }
+      },
+      (err, res) => {
+        try {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.isDefined(res);
 
-            // check for violation
-            assert.property(res, 'violations');
-            assert.lengthOf(res.violations, 1);
+          // check for violation
+          assert.property(res, 'violations');
+          assert.lengthOf(res.violations, 1);
 
-            // assert the node
-            const checkedNode = res.violations[0].nodes[0];
-            assert.isTrue(/html/i.test(checkedNode.html));
+          // assert the node
+          const checkedNode = res.violations[0].nodes[0];
+          assert.isTrue(/html/i.test(checkedNode.html));
 
-            // assert the relatedNodes
-            const checkResult = checkedNode.all[0];
-            assert.lengthOf(checkResult.relatedNodes, 5);
-            assertViolatedSelectors(checkResult.relatedNodes, [
-              '.someDiv',
-              '.thatDiv',
-              '.rotateDiv',
-              '.rotateMatrix',
-              '.shadowDiv'
-            ]);
+          // assert the relatedNodes
+          const checkResult = checkedNode.all[0];
+          assert.lengthOf(checkResult.relatedNodes, 5);
+          assertViolatedSelectors(checkResult.relatedNodes, [
+            '.someDiv',
+            '.thatDiv',
+            '.rotateDiv',
+            '.rotateMatrix',
+            '.shadowDiv'
+          ]);
 
-            done();
-          } catch (e) {
-            done(e);
-          }
+          done();
+        } catch (e) {
+          done(e);
         }
-      );
-    }
-  );
+      }
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.js b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.js
index 85227c16b..091450b49 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.js
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-describe('definition-list overriden with ARIA role', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  it('should find no matches', function (done) {
+describe('definition-list overriden with ARIA role', () => {
+  it('should find no matches', done => {
     axe.run(
       { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['definition-list'] } },
-      function (err, results) {
+      (err, results) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.js b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.js
index eb02489d5..ce77e44bc 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.js
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-describe('dlitem overriden with ARIA role', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  it('should find no matches', function (done) {
+describe('dlitem overriden with ARIA role', () => {
+  it('should find no matches', done => {
     axe.run(
       { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['dlitem'] } },
-      function (err, results) {
+      (err, results) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/dialog/dialog.js b/test/integration/full/dialog/dialog.js
index 228c2abed..19639a094 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/dialog/dialog.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/dialog/dialog.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ describe('dialog tests', () => {
     return { buttonName, colorContrast };
   }
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     dialog.close();
   });
 
diff --git a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.js b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.js
index b3a52767f..3e3dbcafa 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.js
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-describe('document-title test failure', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
+describe('document-title test failure', () => {
+  let results;
 
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['document-title'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -15,26 +14,26 @@ describe('document-title test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
-    it('should find first level iframe', function () {
+    it('should find first level iframe', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.html b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.html
index a18d8ded7..538019a67 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.html
@@ -22,6 +22,13 @@
   <body>
     <iframe id="frame1" src="frames/level1.html"></iframe>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <div id="additional"></div>
+    <script>
+      // only way to get a 2nd html element on the page is to create it with createElement
+      // if you try to do it through the html parser it won't work
+      var root = document.createElement('html');
+      document.getElementById('additional').append(root);
+    </script>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="document-title-pass.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.js b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.js
index a15097651..40438c253 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('document-title test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('document-title test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['document-title'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +13,27 @@ describe('document-title test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function () {
+    it('should find #pass1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-frame.html b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-frame.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbe5eafb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-frame.html
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>error-occurred in frame test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <iframe id="frame" src="frames/error.html" title="error-frame"></iframe>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="error-ruleset.js"></script>
+    <script src="error-frame.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-frame.js b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-frame.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45f6ce836
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-frame.js
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+describe('error-occurred test', () => {
+  const { runPartialRecursive } = axe.testUtils;
+  let results;
+
+  describe('axe.run()', () => {
+    before(done => {
+      axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
+        axe.run(
+          {
+            runOnly: ['matches-error', 'evaluate-error', 'after-error']
+          },
+          (err, r) => {
+            assert.isNull(err);
+            results = r;
+            done();
+          }
+        );
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should find 0 violations', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    });
+
+    it('should find  0 passes', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    });
+
+    describe('incomplete', () => {
+      it('should find matches-error', () => {
+        const matchesError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'matches-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(matchesError, {
+          message: 'matches error',
+          target: ['#frame', '#target']
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('should find evaluate-error', () => {
+        const evaluateError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'evaluate-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(evaluateError, {
+          message: 'evaluate error',
+          target: ['#frame', '#target']
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('should find after-error', () => {
+        const afterError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'after-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(afterError, {
+          message: 'after error',
+          target: ['#frame', '#target']
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('axe.runPartial() + axe.finishRun()', () => {
+    before(() => {
+      return new Promise(resolve => {
+        axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(async () => {
+          const runOptions = {
+            runOnly: ['matches-error', 'evaluate-error', 'after-error']
+          };
+          const partialResults = await Promise.all(
+            runPartialRecursive(document, runOptions)
+          );
+          results = await axe.finishRun(partialResults, runOptions);
+          resolve();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should find 0 violations', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    });
+
+    it('should find  0 passes', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    });
+
+    describe('incomplete', () => {
+      it('should find matches-error', () => {
+        const matchesError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'matches-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(matchesError, {
+          message: 'matches error',
+          target: ['#frame', '#target']
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('should find evaluate-error', () => {
+        const evaluateError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'evaluate-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(evaluateError, {
+          message: 'evaluate error',
+          target: ['#frame', '#target']
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('should find after-error', () => {
+        const afterError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'after-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(afterError, {
+          message: 'after error',
+          target: ['#frame', '#target']
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-occurred.html b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-occurred.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbec76bb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-occurred.html
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>error-occurred test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="target"></div>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="error-ruleset.js"></script>
+    <script src="error-occurred.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-occurred.js b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-occurred.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc7692dbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-occurred.js
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+describe('error-occurred test', () => {
+  const { runPartialRecursive } = axe.testUtils;
+  let results;
+
+  describe('axe.run()', () => {
+    before(done => {
+      axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
+        axe.run(
+          {
+            runOnly: ['matches-error', 'evaluate-error', 'after-error']
+          },
+          (err, r) => {
+            assert.isNull(err);
+            results = r;
+            done();
+          }
+        );
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should find 0 violations', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    });
+
+    it('should find  0 passes', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    });
+
+    describe('incomplete', () => {
+      it('should find matches-error', () => {
+        const matchesError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'matches-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(matchesError, {
+          message: 'matches error',
+          target: ['#target']
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('should find evaluate-error', () => {
+        const evaluateError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'evaluate-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(evaluateError, {
+          message: 'evaluate error',
+          target: ['#target']
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('should find after-error', () => {
+        const afterError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'after-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(afterError, {
+          message: 'after error',
+          target: ['#target']
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('axe.runPartial() + axe.finishRun()', () => {
+    before(() => {
+      return new Promise(resolve => {
+        axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(async () => {
+          const runOptions = {
+            runOnly: ['matches-error', 'evaluate-error', 'after-error']
+          };
+          const partialResults = await Promise.all(
+            runPartialRecursive(document, runOptions)
+          );
+          results = await axe.finishRun(partialResults, runOptions);
+          resolve();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should find 0 violations', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    });
+
+    it('should find  0 passes', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    });
+
+    describe('incomplete', () => {
+      it('should find matches-error', () => {
+        const matchesError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'matches-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(matchesError, {
+          message: 'matches error',
+          target: ['#target']
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('should find evaluate-error', () => {
+        const evaluateError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'evaluate-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(evaluateError, {
+          message: 'evaluate error',
+          target: ['#target']
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('should find after-error', () => {
+        const afterError = results.incomplete.find(
+          result => result.id === 'after-error'
+        );
+        window.assertIsErrorOccurred(afterError, {
+          message: 'after error',
+          target: ['#target']
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-ruleset.js b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-ruleset.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9926c637e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/error-ruleset.js
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+window.assertIsErrorOccurred = (result, { message, target }) => {
+  assert.isDefined(result);
+  assert.isDefined(result.error);
+  assert.include(result.error.message, message);
+  assert.isDefined(result.error.method);
+  // errorNode is not included as it can be unsafe to serialize
+  assert.isUndefined(result.error.errorNode);
+  assert.isUndefined(result.errorNode);
+
+  assert.lengthOf(result.nodes, 1);
+  const node = result.nodes[0];
+  assert.lengthOf(node.any, 0);
+  assert.lengthOf(node.all, 0);
+  assert.lengthOf(node.none, 1);
+  assert.equal(node.none[0].id, 'error-occurred');
+  assert.include(node.none[0].message, 'Axe encountered an error');
+  assert.deepEqual(node.none[0].data, result.error);
+  assert.deepEqual(node.target, target);
+  assert.isDefined(node.html);
+};
+
+axe.configure({
+  rules: [
+    {
+      id: 'matches-error',
+      selector: '#target',
+      matches: () => {
+        throw new Error('matches error');
+      },
+      any: ['exists']
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'evaluate-error',
+      selector: '#target',
+      any: ['check-evaluate-error']
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'after-error',
+      selector: '#target',
+      any: ['check-after-error']
+    }
+  ],
+  checks: [
+    {
+      id: 'check-evaluate-error',
+      evaluate: () => {
+        throw new Error('evaluate error');
+      },
+      after: () => {
+        throw new Error('I should not be seen');
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'check-after-error',
+      evaluate: () => true,
+      after: () => {
+        throw new Error('after error');
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/error-occurred/frames/error.html b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/frames/error.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81a004af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/error-occurred/frames/error.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<div id="target"></div>
+
+<script src="/axe.js"></script>
+<script src="../error-ruleset.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/external-apis/index.html b/test/integration/full/external-apis/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa020633f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/external-apis/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>externalAPIs</title>
+
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <external-api-element>
+      <div role="listitem">hello</div>
+    </external-api-element>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script>
+      customElements.define(
+        'external-api-element',
+        class ExternalAPIElement extends HTMLElement {
+          constructor() {
+            super();
+          }
+        }
+      );
+    </script>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="index.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/external-apis/index.js b/test/integration/full/external-apis/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..035173b19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/external-apis/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+describe('external-apis', () => {
+  const ruleName = 'aria-required-parent';
+
+  beforeEach(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    axe._enableElementInternals = true;
+  });
+
+  it('correctly sets elementInternals data on nodes for rules', async () => {
+    const options = { runOnly: ruleName };
+    const context = { exclude: [] };
+
+    axe.externalAPIs({
+      getElementInternals() {
+        return Promise.resolve([
+          {
+            ancestry: 'html > body > external-api-element',
+            internals: {
+              role: 'list'
+            }
+          }
+        ]);
+      }
+    });
+
+    const results = await axe.run(context, options);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('requires the feature flag in order to work', async () => {
+    const options = { runOnly: ruleName };
+    const context = { exclude: [] };
+
+    axe._enableElementInternals = false;
+    axe.externalAPIs({
+      getElementInternals() {
+        return Promise.resolve([
+          {
+            ancestry: 'html > body > external-api-element',
+            internals: {
+              role: 'list'
+            }
+          }
+        ]);
+      }
+    });
+
+    const results = await axe.run(context, options);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('causes rule to return incomplete if idref node is not found', async () => {
+    axe.configure({
+      rules: [
+        {
+          id: 'my-rule',
+          selector: 'external-api-element',
+          any: ['my-check']
+        }
+      ],
+      checks: [
+        {
+          id: 'my-check',
+          evaluate(node, options, vNode) {
+            return vNode.elementInternals.ariaActiveDescendantElement;
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    });
+
+    const options = { runOnly: 'my-rule' };
+    const context = { exclude: [] };
+
+    axe.externalAPIs({
+      getElementInternals() {
+        return Promise.resolve([
+          {
+            ancestry: 'html > body > external-api-element',
+            internals: {
+              ariaActiveDescendantElement: {
+                type: 'HTMLElement',
+                value: 'button'
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ]);
+      }
+    });
+
+    const results = await axe.run(context, options);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
+
+    assert.include(
+      results.incomplete[0].error.message,
+      'Unable to locate node using selector'
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('causes rule to return incomplete if idrefs node(s) are not found', async () => {
+    axe.configure({
+      rules: [
+        {
+          id: 'my-rule',
+          selector: 'external-api-element',
+          any: ['my-check']
+        }
+      ],
+      checks: [
+        {
+          id: 'my-check',
+          evaluate(node, options, vNode) {
+            return vNode.elementInternals.ariaLabelledByElements;
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    });
+
+    const options = { runOnly: 'my-rule' };
+    const context = { exclude: [] };
+
+    axe.externalAPIs({
+      getElementInternals() {
+        return Promise.resolve([
+          {
+            ancestry: 'html > body > external-api-element',
+            internals: {
+              ariaLabelledByElements: {
+                type: 'NodeList',
+                value: ['button']
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ]);
+      }
+    });
+
+    const results = await axe.run(context, options);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
+
+    assert.include(
+      results.incomplete[0].error.message,
+      'Unable to locate nodes using selectors'
+    );
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.js b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.js
index cf4e9aa01..dc94fb6ad 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.js
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-describe('frame-tested-fail test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('frame-tested-fail test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['frame-tested'] },
@@ -11,7 +9,7 @@ describe('frame-tested-fail test', function () {
             'frame-tested': { options: { isViolation: true } }
           }
         },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,11 +18,11 @@ describe('frame-tested-fail test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
-    it('should find the failing iframe', function () {
+    it('should find the failing iframe', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame',
         '#fail'
@@ -32,14 +30,14 @@ describe('frame-tested-fail test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 2', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 2', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
 
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.js b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.js
index 9e0880af2..cd80d148d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-describe('frame-tested-incomplete test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('frame-tested-incomplete test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['frame-tested'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -15,23 +13,23 @@ describe('frame-tested-incomplete test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete[0].nodes, 1);
     });
-    it('should find first iframe', function () {
+    it('should find first iframe', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].target, ['#incomplete']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.html b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.html
index faea10eaa..0574199d2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.html
@@ -22,6 +22,13 @@
   <body>
     <iframe id="pass" src="frames/with-axe.html"></iframe>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <div id="additional"></div>
+    <script>
+      // only way to get a 2nd html element on the page is to create it with createElement
+      // if you try to do it through the html parser it won't work
+      var root = document.createElement('html');
+      document.getElementById('additional').append(root);
+    </script>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="frame-tested-pass.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.js b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.js
index e28c09f1f..1dba4d69d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-describe('frame-tested-pass test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('frame-tested-pass test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['frame-tested'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -15,23 +13,23 @@ describe('frame-tested-pass test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
-    it('should find first iframe', function () {
+    it('should find first iframe', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.js b/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.js
index c3420674f..1dc5c471b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.js
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
 /* global sinon */
 
 // TODO: remove when tests are fixed
-describe('frame-wait-time optin', function () {
-  it('works', function () {
+describe('frame-wait-time optin', () => {
+  it('works', () => {
     assert.isTrue(true);
   });
 });
 
-describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var spy;
-  var respondable = axe.utils.respondable;
+describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', () => {
+  let spy;
+  const respondable = axe.utils.respondable;
 
-  before(function (done) {
+  before(done => {
     // Fix Function#name on browsers that do not support it (IE):
     // @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/17056530
     if (!function f() {}.name) {
       Object.defineProperty(Function.prototype, 'name', {
         get: function () {
-          var name = (this.toString().match(/^function\s*([^\s(]+)/) || [])[1];
+          const name = (this.toString().match(/^function\s*([^\s(]+)/) ||
+            [])[1];
           // For better performance only parse once, and then cache the
           // result through a new accessor for repeated access.
           Object.defineProperty(this, 'name', { value: name });
@@ -27,29 +27,29 @@ describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', function () {
       });
     }
 
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     // prevent test from running axe inside the iframe multiple times
-    axe.utils.respondable = function (a, b, c, d, callback) {
-      setTimeout(function () {
+    axe.utils.respondable = (a, b, c, d, callback) => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         callback();
       }, 50);
     };
     spy = sinon.spy(window, 'setTimeout');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.utils.respondable = respondable;
     spy.restore();
   });
 
   function getTimeoutCall() {
-    var calls = spy.getCalls();
-    var timeoutCall;
+    const calls = spy.getCalls();
+    let timeoutCall;
     for (var i = 0; i < calls.length; i++) {
       var fn = calls[i].args[0];
       if (fn.name === 'collectResultFramesTimeout') {
@@ -61,17 +61,17 @@ describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', function () {
     return timeoutCall;
   }
 
-  describe('when set', function () {
-    it('should modify the default frame timeout', function (done) {
-      var opts = {
+  describe('when set', () => {
+    it('should modify the default frame timeout', done => {
+      const opts = {
         frameWaitTime: 1,
         runOnly: {
           type: 'rule',
           values: ['html-has-lang']
         }
       };
-      axe.run('#frame', opts, function () {
-        var timeoutCall = getTimeoutCall();
+      axe.run('#frame', opts, () => {
+        const timeoutCall = getTimeoutCall();
         assert.exists(timeoutCall, 'FrameTimeout not called');
         assert.equal(timeoutCall.args[1], 1);
         done();
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('when not set', function () {
-    it('should use the default frame timeout', function (done) {
-      axe.run('#frame', function () {
-        var timeoutCall = getTimeoutCall();
+  describe('when not set', () => {
+    it('should use the default frame timeout', done => {
+      axe.run('#frame', () => {
+        const timeoutCall = getTimeoutCall();
         assert.exists(timeoutCall, 'FrameTimeout not called');
         assert.equal(timeoutCall.args[1], 60000);
         done();
diff --git a/test/integration/full/get-selector/get-selector.js b/test/integration/full/get-selector/get-selector.js
index 05289f6c2..1a3e1088c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/get-selector/get-selector.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/get-selector/get-selector.js
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  before(function () {
+describe('axe.utils.getSelector', () => {
+  before(() => {
     axe.setup();
   });
-  it('should work on namespaced elements', function () {
-    var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-    var node = fixture.firstElementChild;
-    var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
-    var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
+  it('should work on namespaced elements', () => {
+    const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+    const node = fixture.firstElementChild;
+    const sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
+    const result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.js b/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.js
index c3d94c6b8..93b50a34a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.js
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { exclude: ['#mocha'] },
         { runOnly: ['heading-order'] },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -16,16 +14,16 @@ describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 2 passes', function () {
+  it('should find 2 passes', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 violations', function () {
+  it('should find 0 violations', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incompletes', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incompletes', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.js b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.js
index 5cfe7bf98..6b09ed41b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.js
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { include: [['header'], ['footer']] },
         { runOnly: ['heading-order'] },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -16,17 +14,17 @@ describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 1 passes', function () {
+  it('should find 1 passes', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should find 1 violation', function () {
+  it('should find 1 violation', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incompletes', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incompletes', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.js b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.js
index 527069f77..07f88fc37 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.js
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { include: [['header'], ['footer'], ['iframe']] },
         { runOnly: ['heading-order'] },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -16,16 +14,16 @@ describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 4 passes', function () {
+  it('should find 4 passes', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 4);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 violations', function () {
+  it('should find 0 violations', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.js b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.js
index 1add8ca25..1f2b6503f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-describe('heading-order-partial-context test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
+describe('heading-order-partial-context test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
     axe.run(
       { include: [['header'], ['footer']] },
       { runOnly: ['heading-order'] },
-      function (err, r) {
+      (err, r) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -14,16 +12,16 @@ describe('heading-order-partial-context test', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should find 2 passes', function () {
+  it('should find 2 passes', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 violations', function () {
+  it('should find 0 violations', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.js b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.js
index c548cc485..b79c62e7d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.js
@@ -2,15 +2,13 @@
  * Note:
  * This rule does not include `iframe` uses matches "window-is-top.js"
  */
-describe('html-has-lang fail test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('html-has-lang fail test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-has-lang'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,18 +17,18 @@ describe('html-has-lang fail test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1 violations', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1 violations', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #fail1', function () {
+    it('should find #fail1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0 passes', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0 passes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.js b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.js
index c548cc485..b79c62e7d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.js
@@ -2,15 +2,13 @@
  * Note:
  * This rule does not include `iframe` uses matches "window-is-top.js"
  */
-describe('html-has-lang fail test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('html-has-lang fail test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-has-lang'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,18 +17,18 @@ describe('html-has-lang fail test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1 violations', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1 violations', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #fail1', function () {
+    it('should find #fail1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0 passes', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0 passes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.js b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.js
index 7bf0e3827..ec5ccd295 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.js
@@ -2,14 +2,13 @@
  * Note:
  * This rule does not include `iframe` uses matches "window-is-top.js"
  */
-describe('html-has-lang pass test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('html-has-lang pass test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-has-lang'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -18,18 +17,18 @@ describe('html-has-lang pass test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0 violations', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0 violations', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function () {
+    it('should find #pass1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.html b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.html
index ef6ad8a5b..73c02c282 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.html
@@ -27,6 +27,13 @@
 		-->
     <iframe id="frame1" src="frames/level1.html"></iframe>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <div id="additional"></div>
+    <script>
+      // only way to get a 2nd html element on the page is to create it with createElement
+      // if you try to do it through the html parser it won't work
+      var root = document.createElement('html');
+      document.getElementById('additional').append(root);
+    </script>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="html-has-lang-pass.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.js b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.js
index 7bf0e3827..ec5ccd295 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.js
@@ -2,14 +2,13 @@
  * Note:
  * This rule does not include `iframe` uses matches "window-is-top.js"
  */
-describe('html-has-lang pass test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('html-has-lang pass test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-has-lang'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -18,18 +17,18 @@ describe('html-has-lang pass test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0 violations', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0 violations', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function () {
+    it('should find #pass1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.html b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.html
index fd1905374..19a6e7190 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.html
@@ -23,6 +23,13 @@
   <body>
     <iframe id="frame1" src="frames/level1.html"></iframe>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <div id="additional"></div>
+    <script>
+      // only way to get a 2nd html element on the page is to create it with createElement
+      // if you try to do it through the html parser it won't work
+      var root = document.createElement('html');
+      document.getElementById('additional').append(root);
+    </script>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="html-lang-valid.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.js b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.js
index 423a4674b..3daa42c10 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.js
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-describe('html-lang-valid test', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('html-lang-valid test', () => {
+  let results;
 
-  var results;
-
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-lang-valid'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -16,19 +14,19 @@ describe('html-lang-valid test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 3', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 3', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3);
     });
 
-    it('should find first level iframe', function () {
+    it('should find first level iframe', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#violation1'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find second level iframe', function () {
+    it('should find second level iframe', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ describe('html-lang-valid test', function () {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #violation2c', function () {
+    it('should find #violation2c', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame5',
@@ -45,12 +43,12 @@ describe('html-lang-valid test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 2', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 2', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function () {
+    it('should find #pass1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame3',
@@ -58,7 +56,7 @@ describe('html-lang-valid test', function () {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass2b', function () {
+    it('should find #pass2b', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame4',
diff --git a/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.js b/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.js
index 1f476f6c9..5709025d4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.js
@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
-describe('identical-links-same-purpose test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var config = {
+describe('identical-links-same-purpose test', () => {
+  const config = {
     runOnly: {
       type: 'rule',
       values: ['identical-links-same-purpose']
     }
   };
 
-  before(function (done) {
+  before(done => {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should find no violations given a selector array', function (done) {
-    axe.run(config, function (err, results) {
+  it('should find no violations given a selector array', done => {
+    axe.run(config, (err, results) => {
       assert.isNull(err);
 
       /**
diff --git a/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.js b/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.js
index cb85adf6a..d8714651b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.js
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-describe('contrast cantTell test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('contrast cantTell test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] }
         },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -17,31 +16,31 @@ describe('contrast cantTell test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes/violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0 passes', function () {
+  describe('passes/violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0 passes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
-    it('should find 0 violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0 violations', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete data', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('incomplete data', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
     });
 
-    describe('indicating specific reasons', function () {
-      it('works for image nodes', function () {
-        var resultNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
-        resultNodes[0].any.forEach(function (check) {
+    describe('indicating specific reasons', () => {
+      it('works for image nodes', () => {
+        const resultNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
+        resultNodes[0].any.forEach(check => {
           assert.match(check.message, /image node/);
         });
       });
 
-      it('works for background gradients', function () {
-        var resultNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
-        resultNodes[1].any.forEach(function (check) {
+      it('works for background gradients', () => {
+        const resultNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
+        resultNodes[1].any.forEach(check => {
           assert.match(check.message, /background gradient/);
         });
       });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.js b/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.js
index 3bb9197dc..feb32f7a4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.js
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-describe('th-has-data-cells cantTell test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('th-has-data-cells cantTell test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['th-has-data-cells'] }
         },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -17,20 +16,20 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells cantTell test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes/violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0 passes', function () {
+  describe('passes/violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0 passes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
-    it('should find 0 violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0 violations', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete data', function () {
-    it('should be incomplete for missing or empty data cells', function () {
-      var resultNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
+  describe('incomplete data', () => {
+    it('should be incomplete for missing or empty data cells', () => {
+      const resultNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
       assert.lengthOf(resultNodes, 2);
-      resultNodes[0].any.forEach(function (check) {
+      resultNodes[0].any.forEach(check => {
         assert.match(check.message, 'Table data cells are missing or empty');
       });
     });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.js b/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.js
index 5facfc694..2cab605c1 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-describe('axe.utils.isXHTML', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should return true on any document that is XHTML', function () {
+describe('axe.utils.isXHTML', () => {
+  it('should return true on any document that is XHTML', () => {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isXHTML(document));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.html b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.html
index 74c794e1b..80608a54c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.html
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
         <div role="tree">
           <div role="treeitem">Item</div>
         </div>
+        <div role="tab">Tab Name</div>
         <audio id="caption"><track kind="captions" /></audio>
         <input autocomplete="username" />
         <p id="fail1" style="line-height: 1.5 !important">Banana error</p>
@@ -103,6 +104,10 @@ <h2>Ok</h2>
         <button id="fail1"></button>
         <span id="pass1"></span>
         <button id="pass2"></button>
+        <details>
+          <summary>Hello world</summary>
+          <p>Some text</p>
+        </details>
         <div aria-labelledby="fail1 pass1 pass2"></div>
         <audio
           id="incomplete1"
@@ -112,6 +117,9 @@ <h2>Ok</h2>
       </main>
       <footer></footer>
 
+      <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+      <script src="isolated-env.js"></script>
+
       <iframe
         id="isolated-frame"
         title="foo"
@@ -126,8 +134,6 @@ <h2>Ok</h2>
       <p>Paragraph with a <a href="#">link</a>.</p>
     </div>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
-    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
-    <script src="isolated-env.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.js b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.js
index f10b44858..148baa452 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.js
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 /* global chai */
+var messages = [];
+window.addEventListener('message', msg => {
+  messages.push(msg.data);
+});
 
-describe('isolated-env test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var origPartialResults;
-  var partialResults;
-  var win;
+describe('isolated-env test', () => {
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  let origPartialResults;
+  let partialResults;
+  let win;
 
   // just a nicer assertion error rather than just doing
   // done(err)
@@ -14,17 +17,15 @@ describe('isolated-env test', function () {
       return done(err);
     }
 
-    var error = new chai.AssertionError(
-      "expected [Function] to not throw an error but '" +
-        err.toString() +
-        "' was thrown"
+    const error = new chai.AssertionError(
+      `expected [Function] to not throw an error but '${err.toString()}' was thrown`
     );
     done(error);
   }
 
   function setEmptyReporter() {
     win.axeConfigure({
-      reporter: function (results, options, callback) {
+      reporter: (results, options, callback) => {
         if (typeof options === 'function') {
           callback = options;
           options = {};
@@ -34,29 +35,34 @@ describe('isolated-env test', function () {
     });
   }
 
-  before(function (done) {
-    var nestedLoadPromise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
+  before(done => {
+    const nestedLoadPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
       axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(resolve, reject);
     });
 
-    var isloadedPromise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
-      window.addEventListener('message', function (msg) {
-        if (msg.data === 'axe-loaded') {
-          resolve();
-        }
-      });
-      setTimeout(function () {
+    const isloadedPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      if (messages.includes('axe-loaded')) {
+        resolve();
+      } else {
+        window.addEventListener('message', msg => {
+          if (msg.data === 'axe-loaded') {
+            resolve();
+          }
+        });
+      }
+
+      setTimeout(() => {
         reject(new Error('axe-loaded message not called'));
       }, 5000);
     });
 
     Promise.all([nestedLoadPromise, isloadedPromise])
-      .then(function () {
+      .then(() => {
         win = fixture.querySelector('#isolated-frame').contentWindow;
-        var focusableFrame = fixture.querySelector('#focusable-iframe');
+        const focusableFrame = fixture.querySelector('#focusable-iframe');
 
         // trigger frame-focusable-content rule
-        var iframePromise = focusableFrame.contentWindow.axe.runPartial({
+        const iframePromise = focusableFrame.contentWindow.axe.runPartial({
           include: [],
           exclude: [],
           initiator: false,
@@ -65,7 +71,7 @@ describe('isolated-env test', function () {
         });
 
         Promise.all([axe.runPartial(), iframePromise])
-          .then(function (r) {
+          .then(r => {
             origPartialResults = r;
             done();
           })
@@ -74,7 +80,7 @@ describe('isolated-env test', function () {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     // calling axe.finishRun mutates the partial results
     // object and prevents calling finishRun again with
     // the same object
@@ -85,60 +91,56 @@ describe('isolated-env test', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  it('successfully isolates axe object in iframe', function () {
+  it('successfully isolates axe object in iframe', () => {
     assert.isUndefined(win.axe);
     assert.isDefined(win.axeFinishRun);
     assert.isDefined(win.axeConfigure);
   });
 
-  it('after methods do not error by calling window or DOM methods', function (done) {
+  it('after methods do not error by calling window or DOM methods', done => {
     setEmptyReporter();
 
     win
       .axeFinishRun(partialResults)
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.isDefined(results);
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function (err) {
+      .catch(err => {
         doesNotThrow(err, done);
       });
   });
 
-  it('runs all rules and after methods', function (done) {
+  it('runs all rules and after methods', done => {
     win
       .axeFinishRun(partialResults)
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function (err) {
+      .catch(err => {
         doesNotThrow(err, done);
       });
   });
 
-  describe('reporters', function () {
-    var reporters = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.public.reporters;
-    Object.keys(reporters).forEach(function (reporterName) {
-      it(
-        reporterName +
-          ' reporter does not error by calling window or DOM methods',
-        function (done) {
-          win.axeConfigure({
-            reporter: reporterName
-          });
+  describe('reporters', () => {
+    const reporters = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.public.reporters;
+    Object.keys(reporters).forEach(reporterName => {
+      it(`${reporterName} reporter does not error by calling window or DOM methods`, done => {
+        win.axeConfigure({
+          reporter: reporterName
+        });
 
-          win
-            .axeFinishRun(partialResults)
-            .then(function (results) {
-              assert.isDefined(results);
-              done();
-            })
-            .catch(function (err) {
-              doesNotThrow(err, done);
-            });
-        }
-      );
+        win
+          .axeFinishRun(partialResults)
+          .then(results => {
+            assert.isDefined(results);
+            done();
+          })
+          .catch(err => {
+            doesNotThrow(err, done);
+          });
+      });
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.js b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.js
index 162d667d0..37aed57c1 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.js
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 /*global $ */
 
-describe('jQuery object with axe.run', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('jQuery object with axe.run', () => {
+  const config = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-roles'] } };
 
-  var config = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-roles'] } };
-
-  describe('include', function () {
-    it('should find violations', function (done) {
-      var target = $('#target')[0];
-      axe.run({ include: [target] }, config, function (err, results) {
+  describe('include', () => {
+    it('should find violations', done => {
+      const target = $('#target')[0];
+      axe.run({ include: [target] }, config, (err, results) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -17,10 +15,10 @@ describe('jQuery object with axe.run', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('exclude', function () {
-    it('should find no violations', function (done) {
-      var target = $('#target')[0];
-      axe.run({ exclude: [target] }, config, function (err, results) {
+  describe('exclude', () => {
+    it('should find no violations', done => {
+      const target = $('#target')[0];
+      axe.run({ exclude: [target] }, config, (err, results) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.js b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.js
index 74a65bd9a..5ef32e7e9 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 /*global $ */
 
-describe('jQuery object as axe.run context', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var config = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-roles'] } };
-  it('should find no violations', function (done) {
-    var fixture = $('#fixture');
-    axe.run(fixture, config, function (err, results) {
+describe('jQuery object as axe.run context', () => {
+  const config = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-roles'] } };
+  it('should find no violations', done => {
+    const fixture = $('#fixture');
+    axe.run(fixture, config, (err, results) => {
       assert.isNull(err);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.js
index 279bcabe4..1a00f6f5c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test fail', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test fail', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-banner-is-top-level'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +13,27 @@ describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test fail', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find 2 nodes', function () {
+    it('should find 2 nodes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find none', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.js
index 87107ca79..1fa0d8487 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.js
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
+describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test pass', () => {
+  let results;
 
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-banner-is-top-level'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -15,23 +14,23 @@ describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 3', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 3', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.js
index db9699e58..66ca24b4a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test fail', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test fail', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test fail', function () {
             values: ['landmark-complementary-is-top-level']
           }
         },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,27 +18,27 @@ describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test fail', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find 2 nodes', function () {
+    it('should find 2 nodes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find none', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.js
index fba93feb3..c0b0c9b36 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.js
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test pass', function () {
             values: ['landmark-complementary-is-top-level']
           }
         },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,23 +18,23 @@ describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 5', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 5', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 5);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.js
index 5266d6190..bf838ad12 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test fail', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test fail', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test fail', function () {
             values: ['landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level']
           }
         },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,27 +18,27 @@ describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test fail', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find 2 nodes', function () {
+    it('should find 2 nodes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find none', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.js
index 7db0640af..9b5c18b7c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.js
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test pass', function () {
             values: ['landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level']
           }
         },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,23 +18,23 @@ describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 2', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 2', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.js
index 25c2fdcda..4a4479da9 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test fail', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test fail', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-main-is-top-level'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +13,27 @@ describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test fail', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find 4 nodes', function () {
+    it('should find 4 nodes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 4);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find none', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.js
index 3a9fb9852..a23ddfaf0 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-main-is-top-level'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,23 +13,23 @@ describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 2', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 2', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.js
index 169b1249b..dfa27c18d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test failure', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test failure', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-banner'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,23 +13,23 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 3', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 3', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3);
     });
 
-    it('should find #fail1', function () {
+    it('should find #fail1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#fail2'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -39,17 +38,17 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.js
index 7c03bdc84..83330eb8d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-banner'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,18 +13,18 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#pass2'
@@ -33,11 +32,11 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.js
index 469e4551a..ab5818419 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test failure', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test failure', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test failure', function () {
             values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo']
           }
         },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,23 +18,23 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 3', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 3', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3);
     });
 
-    it('should find #fail1', function () {
+    it('should find #fail1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#fail2'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -44,17 +43,17 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.js
index 7dc0657da..e96b7af23 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.js
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test pass', function () {
             values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo']
           }
         },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,18 +18,18 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#pass2'
@@ -38,11 +37,11 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.js
index f0cfe4f5a..80ac8d649 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-main'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,23 +13,23 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 3', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 3', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3);
     });
 
-    it('should find #fail1', function () {
+    it('should find #fail1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#fail2'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -39,17 +38,17 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.js
index f90296c12..c69e660f7 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-main'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,18 +13,18 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#pass2'
@@ -33,11 +32,11 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.js
index 37e03b709..eb840aaab 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-one-main test failure', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-one-main test failure', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-one-main'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,16 +13,16 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #violation2', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #violation2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#violation2'
@@ -31,17 +30,17 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.html
index 28662d483..5416dc276 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.html
@@ -22,6 +22,13 @@
     <p>No main content</p>
     <iframe id="frame1" src="frames/level1.html"></iframe>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <div id="additional"></div>
+    <script>
+      // only way to get a 2nd html element on the page is to create it with createElement
+      // if you try to do it through the html parser it won't work
+      var root = document.createElement('html');
+      document.getElementById('additional').append(root);
+    </script>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="landmark-one-main-pass1.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.js
index 0f992c2b0..0e25304ed 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-one-main test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-one-main'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,29 +13,29 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 4', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 4', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 4);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function () {
+    it('should find #pass1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#pass2'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #pass3', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #pass3', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame3, #pass4', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame3, #pass4', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[3].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame3',
@@ -53,11 +52,11 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.js
index 63de982d5..928110c13 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-one-main test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-one-main'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +13,27 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function () {
+    it('should find #pass1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.js
index 63de982d5..928110c13 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-one-main test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-one-main'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +13,27 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function () {
+    it('should find #pass1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass4.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass4.js
index fb1fc876a..ea9fb72f1 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass4.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass4.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('landmark-one-main test pass', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-one-main'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +13,27 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass4', function () {
+    it('should find #pass4', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass4']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/list/li-role.js b/test/integration/full/list/li-role.js
index f7a1b5b4b..0e22bbf75 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/list/li-role.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/list/li-role.js
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-describe('li overriden with ARIA role', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  it('should find no matching violations and one pass', function (done) {
+describe('li overriden with ARIA role', () => {
+  it('should find no matching violations and one pass', done => {
     axe.run(
       '#fixture',
       { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['listitem'] } },
-      function (err, results) {
+      (err, results) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/list/list-role.js b/test/integration/full/list/list-role.js
index 7bc2b7b3e..c7ae6fc46 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/list/list-role.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/list/list-role.js
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-describe('list overriden with ARIA role', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  it('should find no matches', function (done) {
+describe('list overriden with ARIA role', () => {
+  it('should find no matches', done => {
     axe.run(
       '#fixture',
       { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['list'] } },
-      function (err, results) {
+      (err, results) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-fail.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-fail.js
index 1c2af98b1..5f632a7c8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions fail', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should be a violation', function (done) {
-    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh-no-exceptions' }, function (err, results) {
+describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions fail', () => {
+  it('should be a violation', done => {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh-no-exceptions' }, (err, results) => {
       try {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js
index a4c6af2ea..2567f25ed 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions inapplicable', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should be inapplicable', function (done) {
-    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh-no-exceptions' }, function (err, results) {
+describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions inapplicable', () => {
+  it('should be inapplicable', done => {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh-no-exceptions' }, (err, results) => {
       try {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass.js
index 6cd665da3..8ad96bfef 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass.js
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should pass', function (done) {
-    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh-no-exceptions' }, function (err, results) {
-      console.log(results);
+describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions pass', () => {
+  it('should pass', done => {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh-no-exceptions' }, (err, results) => {
       try {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-fail.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-fail.js
index da698b734..db65c041e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('meta-refresh fail', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should be a violation', function (done) {
-    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh' }, function (err, results) {
+describe('meta-refresh fail', () => {
+  it('should be a violation', done => {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh' }, (err, results) => {
       try {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js
index 15565b3f5..0605d8d5a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('meta-refresh inapplicable', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should be inapplicable', function (done) {
-    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh' }, function (err, results) {
+describe('meta-refresh inapplicable', () => {
+  it('should be inapplicable', done => {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh' }, (err, results) => {
       try {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass.js
index 34b054292..874782ee2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('meta-refresh pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should pass', function (done) {
-    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh' }, function (err, results) {
+describe('meta-refresh pass', () => {
+  it('should pass', done => {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh' }, (err, results) => {
       try {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.html b/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.html
index e5556361a..35fdd9632 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.html
@@ -46,13 +46,25 @@
         <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4#t=8,10" type="video/mp4" />
       </video>
       <!-- pass 5  -->
-      <!-- pass 1 -->
       <audio
         id="pass5"
         src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3"
         autoplay
         controls
       ></audio>
+      <!-- pass 6 -->
+      <video id="pass6" autoplay="true" loop controls>
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm#t=8,10" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4#t=8,10" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
+      <!-- pass 7  -->
+      <audio
+        id="pass7"
+        src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3"
+        autoplay
+        loop
+        controls
+      ></audio>
 
       <!-- Incomplete  -->
       <!-- incomplete 1 -->
@@ -78,6 +90,19 @@
         autoplay="true"
         loop="true"
       ></audio>
+      <!-- inapplicable 5 -->
+      <audio
+        id="incomplete5"
+        src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3"
+        preload="none"
+        autoplay
+        loop
+      ></audio>
+      <!-- inapplicable 6 -->
+      <video id="incomplete6" preload="none" autoplay loop>
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
 
       <!-- Inapplicable  -->
       <!-- inapplicable 1 -->
@@ -96,6 +121,17 @@
         <source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />
         <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
       </video>
+      <!-- inapplicable 4 -->
+      <audio
+        id="inapplicable4"
+        src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3"
+        preload="none"
+      ></audio>
+      <!-- inapplicable 5 -->
+      <video id="inapplicable5" preload="none">
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
     </div>
 
     <div id="mocha"></div>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.js b/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.js
index 87b573b9c..eae76c2c0 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.js
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', () => {
+  let results;
 
-  var results;
-
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['no-autoplay-audio'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -16,38 +14,42 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 5', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 7', () => {
       assert.isDefined(results.passes);
 
-      var passNodes = results.passes[0].nodes;
-      assert.lengthOf(passNodes, 5);
+      const passNodes = results.passes[0].nodes;
+      assert.lengthOf(passNodes, 7);
       assert.deepEqual(passNodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
       assert.deepEqual(passNodes[1].target, ['#pass2']);
       assert.deepEqual(passNodes[2].target, ['#pass3']);
       assert.deepEqual(passNodes[3].target, ['#pass4']);
       assert.deepEqual(passNodes[4].target, ['#pass5']);
+      assert.deepEqual(passNodes[5].target, ['#pass6']);
+      assert.deepEqual(passNodes[6].target, ['#pass7']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 violations', function () {
+  it('should find 0 violations', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function () {
-    it('should find 4', function () {
+  describe('incomplete', () => {
+    it('should find 6', () => {
       assert.isDefined(results.incomplete);
 
-      var incompleteNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
-      assert.lengthOf(incompleteNodes, 4);
+      const incompleteNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
+      assert.lengthOf(incompleteNodes, 6);
       assert.deepEqual(incompleteNodes[0].target, ['#incomplete1']);
       assert.deepEqual(incompleteNodes[1].target, ['#incomplete2']);
       assert.deepEqual(incompleteNodes[2].target, ['#incomplete3']);
       assert.deepEqual(incompleteNodes[3].target, ['#incomplete4']);
+      assert.deepEqual(incompleteNodes[4].target, ['#incomplete5']);
+      assert.deepEqual(incompleteNodes[5].target, ['#incomplete6']);
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.js b/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.js
index d17e4d360..d414cd6fc 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-describe('Options parameter', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  before(function (done) {
+describe('Options parameter', () => {
+  before(done => {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
   });
 
@@ -9,15 +7,15 @@ describe('Options parameter', function () {
     return document.getElementById(id);
   }
 
-  describe('iframes', function () {
-    it('should include iframes if `iframes` is true', function (done) {
-      var config = { iframes: true };
-      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
+  describe('iframes', () => {
+    it('should include iframes if `iframes` is true', done => {
+      const config = { iframes: true };
+      axe.run(document, config, (err, results) => {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.isTrue(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(node => {
               if (node.target.length !== 2) {
                 return false;
               }
@@ -37,14 +35,14 @@ describe('Options parameter', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should exclude iframes if `iframes` is false', function (done) {
-      var config = { iframes: false };
-      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
+    it('should exclude iframes if `iframes` is false', done => {
+      const config = { iframes: false };
+      axe.run(document, config, (err, results) => {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.isFalse(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(node => {
               if (node.target.length !== 2) {
                 return false;
               }
@@ -64,14 +62,14 @@ describe('Options parameter', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should include iframes by default', function (done) {
-      var config = {};
-      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
+    it('should include iframes by default', done => {
+      const config = {};
+      axe.run(document, config, (err, results) => {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.isTrue(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(node => {
               if (node.target.length !== 2) {
                 return false;
               }
@@ -92,16 +90,16 @@ describe('Options parameter', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('elementRef', function () {
-    it('should not return an elementRef by default', function (done) {
-      var config = {};
-      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
+  describe('elementRef', () => {
+    it('should not return an elementRef by default', done => {
+      const config = {};
+      axe.run(document, config, (err, results) => {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2, '');
           assert.isFalse(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(node => {
               return 'element' in node;
             }),
             'unexpectedly foud element ref'
@@ -113,9 +111,9 @@ describe('Options parameter', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should not return an elementRef if `elementRef` is false', function (done) {
-      var config = { elementRef: false };
-      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
+    it('should not return an elementRef if `elementRef` is false', done => {
+      const config = { elementRef: false };
+      axe.run(document, config, (err, results) => {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -125,7 +123,7 @@ describe('Options parameter', function () {
             'results from main frame and iframe'
           );
           assert.isFalse(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(node => {
               return 'element' in node;
             }),
             'unexpectedly found element ref'
@@ -137,15 +135,15 @@ describe('Options parameter', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return element refs for the top frame only if `elementRef` is true', function (done) {
-      var config = { elementRef: true };
-      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
+    it('should return element refs for the top frame only if `elementRef` is true', done => {
+      const config = { elementRef: true };
+      axe.run(document, config, (err, results) => {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2, '');
           assert.isTrue(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.every(function (node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.every(node => {
               if ('element' in node) {
                 return node.element === $id('target');
               }
@@ -161,16 +159,16 @@ describe('Options parameter', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('no selectors', function () {
-    it('should return a selector by default', function (done) {
-      var config = {};
-      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
+  describe('no selectors', () => {
+    it('should return a selector by default', done => {
+      const config = {};
+      axe.run(document, config, (err, results) => {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2, '');
           assert.isTrue(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.every(function (node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.every(node => {
               return 'target' in node;
             }),
             'every result node should have a target'
@@ -182,15 +180,15 @@ describe('Options parameter', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return a selector if `selectors` is true', function (done) {
-      var config = { selectors: true };
-      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
+    it('should return a selector if `selectors` is true', done => {
+      const config = { selectors: true };
+      axe.run(document, config, (err, results) => {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2, '');
           assert.isTrue(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.every(function (node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.every(node => {
               return 'target' in node;
             }),
             'every result node should have a target'
@@ -202,15 +200,15 @@ describe('Options parameter', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return no selector in top frame if `selectors` is false', function (done) {
-      var config = { selectors: false };
-      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
+    it('should return no selector in top frame if `selectors` is false', done => {
+      const config = { selectors: false };
+      axe.run(document, config, (err, results) => {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2, '');
           assert.isFalse(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(node => {
               return 'target' in node && node.target.length === 1;
             }),
             'only iframe result nodes should have a target'
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.js
index 6c4a27eeb..9aa8d2ac5 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test failure', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test failure', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,16 +19,16 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #violation2', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #violation2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#violation2'
@@ -37,17 +36,17 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test failure', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.html
index 8ded48e7a..aa51dbe76 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.html
@@ -22,6 +22,13 @@
     <p>No h1 content</p>
     <iframe id="frame1" src="frames/level1.html"></iframe>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <div id="additional"></div>
+    <script>
+      // only way to get a 2nd html element on the page is to create it with createElement
+      // if you try to do it through the html parser it won't work
+      var root = document.createElement('html');
+      document.getElementById('additional').append(root);
+    </script>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="page-has-heading-one-pass1.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.js
index 07d3680a2..34739592d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,29 +19,29 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 4', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 4', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 4);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function () {
+    it('should find #pass1', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#pass2'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #pass3', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #pass3', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', function () {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame3, #pass4', function () {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame3, #pass4', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[3].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame3',
@@ -59,11 +58,11 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass10.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass10.js
index 10f4c87de..1c95ec2d8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass10.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass10.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +19,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass10', function () {
+    it('should find #pass10', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass10']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.js
index c8b6efa8d..3b56c510c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +19,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass2', function () {
+    it('should find #pass2', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass2']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.js
index 3d36662b4..b99e1f1f8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 3', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 3', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +19,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 3', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass3', function () {
+    it('should find #pass3', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass3']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.js
index 417c511ab..0fea7910c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 4', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 4', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +19,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 4', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass4', function () {
+    it('should find #pass4', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass4']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.js
index 8cbc2ba82..b6e53a315 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 5', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 5', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +19,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 5', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass5', function () {
+    it('should find #pass5', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass5']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.js
index c452f147c..c75eba078 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 6', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 6', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +19,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 6', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass6', function () {
+    it('should find #pass6', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass6']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.js
index dc9052474..4d4f42ecc 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 7', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 7', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +19,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 7', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass7', function () {
+    it('should find #pass7', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass7']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.js
index 32527ea06..c125c194f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 8', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 8', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +19,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 8', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass8', function () {
+    it('should find #pass8', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass8']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.js
index 006eccb56..4dfb3882a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 9', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 9', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
       }
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +19,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 9', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass9', function () {
+    it('should find #pass9', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass9']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/patch/patch.html b/test/integration/full/patch/patch.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79d5fcd7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/patch/patch.html
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>patch test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="patch.mjs" type="module"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js" type="module"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/patch/patch.mjs b/test/integration/full/patch/patch.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a3573e5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/patch/patch.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Solves for situations where global code is mocked, like old Jest docs
+// recommending to `null` out `window.CSS` for JSDOM's benefit
+// https://github.com/thymikee/jest-preset-angular/commit/ac30648347ab41e0cbce741f66ae2a06b766fe13#diff-f2981abe444e6cc2b341b0d7cadb3932d2f1fbb6601aebeaf70f8bb387439d35
+
+const originalWindowCSS = window.CSS;
+
+function resetWindowCSSMock() {
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'CSS', { value: originalWindowCSS });
+}
+
+function mockWindowCSS() {
+  Object.defineProperty(window, 'CSS', { value: null });
+}
+
+describe('patch', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  beforeEach(mockWindowCSS);
+  afterEach(resetWindowCSSMock);
+
+  it('can mock window.CSS to `null` on its own', function () {
+    assert.isNull(window.CSS);
+  });
+
+  it('resets css window mock', function () {
+    resetWindowCSSMock();
+    assert.equal(window.CSS, originalWindowCSS);
+  });
+
+  it('imports axe.js and works while patched and mocked', async function () {
+    assert.isNull(window.CSS);
+    try {
+      await import('/axe.js');
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Should not hit this assertion
+      assert.notOk(error);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('imports axe.min.js and works while patched and mocked', async function () {
+    assert.isNull(window.CSS);
+    try {
+      await import('/axe.min.js');
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Should not hit this assertion
+      assert.notOk(error);
+    }
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.js b/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.js
index fb9a14a05..d86180141 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('plugin test', function () {
-  it('should register the plugin', function () {
+describe('plugin test', () => {
+  it('should register the plugin', () => {
     axe.registerPlugin({
       id: 'doStuff',
       run: function (id, action, options, callback) {
-        var frames;
-        var q = axe.utils.queue();
-        var that = this;
+        let frames;
+        const q = axe.utils.queue();
+        const that = this;
         frames = axe.utils.toArray(document.querySelectorAll('iframe, frame'));
 
-        frames.forEach(function (frame) {
-          q.defer(function (done) {
+        frames.forEach(frame => {
+          q.defer(done => {
             axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
               frame,
               {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('plugin test', function () {
                 parameter: id,
                 action: action
               },
-              function () {
+              () => {
                 done();
               }
             );
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('plugin test', function () {
         });
 
         if (!options.context.length) {
-          q.defer(function (done) {
+          q.defer(done => {
             that._registry[id][action].call(
               that._registry[id],
               document,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('plugin test', function () {
       commands: [
         {
           id: 'run-doStuff',
-          callback: function (data, callback) {
+          callback: (data, callback) => {
             return axe.plugins.doStuff.run(
               data.parameter,
               data.action,
@@ -55,18 +55,18 @@ describe('plugin test', function () {
     assert.isOk(axe.plugins.doStuff);
   });
 
-  it('should add plugin instance', function () {
-    var highlight = {
+  it('should add plugin instance', () => {
+    const highlight = {
       id: 'highlight',
       highlighter: function (node) {
         node.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
         this._node = node;
       },
       run: function (contextNode, options, done) {
-        var that = this;
+        const that = this;
         Array.prototype.slice
           .call(contextNode.querySelectorAll(options.selector))
-          .forEach(function (node) {
+          .forEach(node => {
             that.highlighter(node, options);
           });
         done();
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ describe('plugin test', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.plugins.doStuff._registry.highlight, highlight);
   });
 
-  it('should run the plugin', function (done) {
-    var h1 = document.querySelector('.my-heading');
+  it('should run the plugin', done => {
+    const h1 = document.querySelector('.my-heading');
 
     axe.plugins.doStuff.run(
       'highlight',
@@ -91,15 +91,15 @@ describe('plugin test', function () {
         selector: '.my-heading',
         context: []
       },
-      function () {
+      () => {
         assert.equal(h1.style.backgroundColor, 'yellow');
         done();
       }
     );
   });
 
-  it('should cleanup the plugin', function () {
-    var h1 = document.querySelector('.my-heading');
+  it('should cleanup the plugin', () => {
+    const h1 = document.querySelector('.my-heading');
 
     axe.cleanup();
     assert.equal(h1.style.backgroundColor, '');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.js b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.js
index 24a998063..60e7f3051 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.js
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 describe('preload cssom integration test', function () {
-  'use strict';
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
   // axe-core preload timeout is set to 10s so we need a
   // timeout slightly above that to ensure there's enough
   // time to resolve tests that we want to throw
   this.timeout(15000);
 
-  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   const styleSheets = {
     crossOriginLinkHref: {
       id: 'crossOriginLinkHref',
@@ -40,6 +39,10 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function () {
     styleTagWithCyclicCrossOriginImports: {
       id: 'styleTagWithCyclicCrossOriginImports',
       text: '@import "cyclic-cross-origin-import-1.css";'
+    },
+    styleTagWithNonExistentImport: {
+      id: 'styleTagWithNonExistentImport',
+      text: '@import "non-existent-import.css";'
     }
   };
   let stylesForPage;
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function () {
         callback();
       })
       .catch(error => {
-        callback(new Error('Could not load stylesheets for testing. ' + error));
+        callback(new Error(`Could not load stylesheets for testing. ${error}`));
       });
   }
 
@@ -141,12 +144,7 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function () {
     });
 
     it('throws if cross-origin stylesheet fail to load', done => {
-      stylesForPage = [
-        {
-          id: 'nonExistingStylesheet',
-          text: '@import "import-non-existing-cross-origin.css";'
-        }
-      ];
+      stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTagWithNonExistentImport];
       attachStylesheets(
         {
           root: root,
@@ -157,8 +155,12 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function () {
             done(err);
           }
           getPreloadCssom(root)
-            .then(() => {
-              done(new Error('Expected getPreload to reject.'));
+            .then(sheets => {
+              done(
+                new Error(
+                  `Expected getPreload to reject, but it resolved with ${JSON.stringify(sheets)}.`
+                )
+              );
             })
             .catch(e => {
               assert.isDefined(e);
@@ -236,88 +238,83 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function () {
       });
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'returns styles from shadow DOM (handles @import in <style>)',
-      done => {
-        const shadow = shadowFixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML =
-          '<style>' +
-          // stylesheet -> 1
-          '@import "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css";' +
-          // stylesheet -> 2
-          '.green { background-color: green; } ' +
-          '</style>' +
-          '<div class="initialism">Some text</div>';
+    it('returns styles from shadow DOM (handles @import in <style>)', done => {
+      const shadow = shadowFixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          @import 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css';
+          .green {
+            background-color: green;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div class="initialism">Some text</div>
+      `;
+      getPreloadCssom(shadowFixture)
+        .then(sheets => {
+          assert.lengthOf(sheets, 2);
+          const nonCrossOriginSheetsWithInShadowDOM = sheets
+            .filter(s => {
+              return !s.isCrossOrigin;
+            })
+            .filter(s => {
+              return s.shadowId;
+            });
+          axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
+            nonCrossOriginSheetsWithInShadowDOM[
+              nonCrossOriginSheetsWithInShadowDOM.length - 1
+            ].sheet,
+            '.green',
+            '.green{background-color:green;}'
+          );
+          done();
+        })
+        .catch(() => {
+          done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('returns styles from base document and shadow DOM with right priority', done => {
+      const shadow = shadowFixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          @import 'base.css';
+        </style>
+        <h1>Heading</h1>
+      `;
+
+      // sheet appended to root document
+      stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTag];
+      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
+        if (err) {
+          done(err);
+        }
         getPreloadCssom(shadowFixture)
           .then(sheets => {
             assert.lengthOf(sheets, 2);
-            const nonCrossOriginSheetsWithInShadowDOM = sheets
-              .filter(s => {
-                return !s.isCrossOrigin;
-              })
-              .filter(s => {
-                return s.shadowId;
-              });
+
+            const shadowDomStyle = sheets.filter(s => {
+              return s.shadowId;
+            })[0];
             axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
-              nonCrossOriginSheetsWithInShadowDOM[
-                nonCrossOriginSheetsWithInShadowDOM.length - 1
-              ].sheet,
-              '.green',
-              '.green{background-color:green;}'
+              shadowDomStyle.sheet,
+              '.style-from-base-css',
+              '.style-from-base-css { font-size: 100%; }'
+            );
+
+            const rootDocumentStyle = sheets.filter(s => {
+              return !s.shadowId;
+            })[0];
+            assert.isAbove(
+              shadowDomStyle.priority[0],
+              rootDocumentStyle.priority[0]
             );
             done();
           })
           .catch(() => {
             done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
           });
-      }
-    );
-
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-      'returns styles from base document and shadow DOM with right priority',
-      done => {
-        const shadow = shadowFixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML =
-          '<style>' +
-          // stylesheet -> 1 -> inside shadow DOM
-          '@import "base.css"' +
-          '</style>' +
-          '<h1>Heading</h1>';
-
-        // sheet appended to root document
-        stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTag];
-        attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
-          if (err) {
-            done(err);
-          }
-          getPreloadCssom(shadowFixture)
-            .then(sheets => {
-              assert.lengthOf(sheets, 2);
-
-              const shadowDomStyle = sheets.filter(s => {
-                return s.shadowId;
-              })[0];
-              axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
-                shadowDomStyle.sheet,
-                '.style-from-base-css',
-                '.style-from-base-css { font-size: 100%; }'
-              );
-
-              const rootDocumentStyle = sheets.filter(s => {
-                return !s.shadowId;
-              })[0];
-              assert.isAbove(
-                shadowDomStyle.priority[0],
-                rootDocumentStyle.priority[0]
-              );
-              done();
-            })
-            .catch(() => {
-              done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
-            });
-        });
-      }
-    );
+      });
+    });
 
     it('returns styles from various @import(ed) styles from an @import(ed) stylesheet', done => {
       stylesForPage = [
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload/preload.js b/test/integration/full/preload/preload.js
index 0a3fbb61e..bfd0ca2d7 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload/preload.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload/preload.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', () => {
   const styleSheets = {
     crossOriginLinkHref: {
       id: 'crossOriginLinkHref',
-      href: 'https://unpkg.com/gutenberg-css@0.4'
+      href: 'https://unpkg.com/gutenberg-css@0.4.0/dist/gutenberg.css'
     },
     crossOriginDoesNotExist: {
       id: 'styleTag',
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', () => {
         callback();
       })
       .catch(error => {
-        callback(new Error('Could not load stylesheets for testing. ' + error));
+        callback(new Error(`Could not load stylesheets for testing. ${error}`));
       });
   }
 
   function detachStylesheets(done) {
     if (!stylesForPage) {
-      done();
+      return done();
     }
     axe.testUtils
       .removeStyleSheets(stylesForPage)
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.js b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.js
index 5f598c02a..c6bbc1b70 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.js
@@ -1,25 +1,21 @@
-describe('region fail test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
-      axe.run(
-        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          results = r;
-          done();
-        }
-      );
+describe('region fail test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
+      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } }, (err, r) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        results = r;
+        done();
+      });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find one', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find one', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find wrapper', function () {
+    it('should find wrapper', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
         'iframe',
         '#wrapper'
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.js b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.js
index d7a9b1e27..97a97f38b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.js
@@ -1,25 +1,21 @@
-describe('region fail test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
-      axe.run(
-        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          results = r;
-          done();
-        }
-      );
+describe('region fail test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
+      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } }, (err, r) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        results = r;
+        done();
+      });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find one', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find one', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find wrapper', function () {
+    it('should find wrapper', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
         'iframe',
         'iframe',
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.html b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.html
index 79fc58c0f..6f44a2ead 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.html
@@ -40,6 +40,22 @@ <h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">This is a header.</h1>
       </section>
     </div>
 
+    <div id="img-no-alt">
+      <img src="#" />
+    </div>
+    <div id="img-focusable">
+      <img src="#" tabindex="0" alt="" />
+    </div>
+    <div id="img-aria-global">
+      <img src="#" aria-atomic="true" alt="" />
+    </div>
+    <div id="labeled-object">
+      <object aria-label="bar"></object>
+    </div>
+    <div id="none-role-div">
+      <div id="target" role="none">apples</div>
+    </div>
+
     This should be ignored
 
     <main id="mocha"></main>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.js b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.js
index a1fd2952a..2422f867f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.js
@@ -1,26 +1,50 @@
-describe('region fail test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
-      axe.run(
-        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          results = r;
-          done();
-        }
-      );
+describe('region fail test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
+      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } }, (err, r) => {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        results = r;
+        done();
+      });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find one', function () {
-      assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find all violations', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 6);
     });
 
-    it('should find wrapper', function () {
+    it('should find wrapper', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#wrapper']);
     });
+
+    it('should find image without an alt tag', () => {
+      assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, ['#img-no-alt']);
+    });
+
+    it('should find focusable image', () => {
+      assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, [
+        '#img-focusable'
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should find image with global aria attr', () => {
+      assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[3].target, [
+        '#img-aria-global'
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should find object with a label', () => {
+      assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[4].target, [
+        '#labeled-object'
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should find div with an role of none', () => {
+      assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[5].target, [
+        '#none-role-div'
+      ]);
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.html b/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.html
index 3c1a88111..1e739bb39 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.html
@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@
   </head>
   <body>
     <a href="#mainheader" id="skiplink">This is a skip link.</a>
+    <!-- Decorative image -->
+    <img src="#" alt="" />
+    <!-- Decorative image -->
+    <img src="#" role="presentation" />
+    <!-- SVG's may be outside of a landmark -->
+    <svg role="none" aria-label="foo"></svg>
+    <!-- Div with a role of none may be outside a landmark -->
+    <div role="none"></div>
+    <!-- Canvas with a role of none may be outside a landmark -->
+    <canvas role="none" />
     <div id="wrapper">
       <div role="main">
         <h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">This is a header.</h1>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.js b/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.js
index 12e7e2bba..02b4d1b7b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.js
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-describe('region pass test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: ['region'] }, function (err, r) {
+describe('region pass test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
+      axe.run({ runOnly: ['region'] }, (err, r) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -11,16 +10,16 @@ describe('region pass test', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should pass nodes', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should pass nodes', () => {
       // it seems CircleCI and localhost have different number of DOM nodes,
       // so as long as everything passes and nothing fails, the rule is working
       assert.isTrue(results.passes[0].nodes.length > 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find none', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find none', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.js b/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.js
index d40a02810..753adce8b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-describe('rerun axe in the same tick' + window.location.pathname, function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  before(function (done) {
+describe(`rerun axe in the same tick${window.location.pathname}`, () => {
+  before(done => {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
   });
 
-  it('can run multiple times without interfering with itself', function (done) {
-    var options = {
+  it('can run multiple times without interfering with itself', done => {
+    const options = {
       runOnly: {
         type: 'rule',
         values: ['html-has-lang']
@@ -14,18 +12,23 @@ describe('rerun axe in the same tick' + window.location.pathname, function () {
     };
 
     // First run
-    axe.run(options, function (err1, res1) {
-      assert.isNull(err1);
-
-      // Second run, on the same tick
-      axe.run(options, function (err2, res2) {
-        assert.isNull(err2);
+    axe.run(options, (err1, res1) => {
+      try {
+        assert.isNull(err1);
 
-        delete res1.timestamp;
-        delete res2.timestamp;
-        assert.deepEqual(res1, res2);
-        done();
-      });
+        // Second run, on the same tick
+        axe.run(options, (err2, res2) => {
+          try {
+            assert.isNull(err2);
+            axe.testUtils.assertResultsDeepEqual(res1, res2);
+            done();
+          } catch (e) {
+            done(e);
+          }
+        });
+      } catch (e) {
+        done(e);
+      }
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.js b/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.js
index 88fdfdd6f..1046f1478 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.js
@@ -1,58 +1,54 @@
-describe('run-partial, after-method', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var ruleName = 'heading-order';
-  var runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
-  var clone = axe.utils.clone;
+describe('run-partial, after-method', () => {
+  const ruleName = 'heading-order';
+  const runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
+  const clone = axe.utils.clone;
 
-  beforeEach(function (done) {
+  beforeEach(done => {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same passed results as axe.run with a complex "after" method', function (done) {
-    var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
-    var context = { exclude: [] };
+  it('gives the same passed results as axe.run with a complex "after" method', done => {
+    const options = { runOnly: ruleName };
+    const context = { exclude: [] };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function (partialResults) {
+      .then(partialResults => {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
-        var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
-        var axeRunResult = results[1];
+      .then(results => {
+        const axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
+        const axeRunResult = results[1];
         assert.lengthOf(axeRunPartialResult.violations, 0);
-        axeRunPartialResult.testEnvironment = axeRunResult.testEnvironment;
-        axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
-        assert.deepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
+        axe.testUtils.assertResultsDeepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run with a complex "after" method', function (done) {
-    var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
-    var context = { exclude: [['#frame1', '#frame1a']] };
+  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run with a complex "after" method', done => {
+    const options = { runOnly: ruleName };
+    const context = { exclude: [['#frame1', '#frame1a']] };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function (partialResults) {
+      .then(partialResults => {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
-        var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
-        var axeRunResult = results[1];
+      .then(results => {
+        const axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
+        const axeRunResult = results[1];
 
         assert.isObject(axeRunPartialResult);
         assert.isObject(axeRunResult);
         // Check the node is the one we expect
-        var nodes = axeRunPartialResult.violations[0].nodes;
+        const nodes = axeRunPartialResult.violations[0].nodes;
         assert.lengthOf(nodes, 1);
         assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['#frame1', 'h3']);
 
-        axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
-        assert.deepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
+        axe.testUtils.assertResultsDeepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.js b/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.js
index 03c56ca09..920361ae8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.js
@@ -1,61 +1,57 @@
-describe('run-partial, context-size-focusable', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var ruleName = 'frame-focusable-content';
-  var runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
-  var clone = axe.utils.clone;
+describe('run-partial, context-size-focusable', () => {
+  const ruleName = 'frame-focusable-content';
+  const runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
+  const clone = axe.utils.clone;
 
-  beforeEach(function (done) {
+  beforeEach(done => {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same passed results as axe.run when context.size and context.focusable are used', function (done) {
-    var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
-    var context = {
+  it('gives the same passed results as axe.run when context.size and context.focusable are used', done => {
+    const options = { runOnly: ruleName };
+    const context = {
       exclude: [['#fail1'], ['#fail2', 'iframe']]
     };
 
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function (partialResults) {
+      .then(partialResults => {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
-        var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
-        var axeRunResult = results[1];
+      .then(results => {
+        const axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
+        const axeRunResult = results[1];
         assert.lengthOf(axeRunPartialResult.violations, 0);
-        axeRunPartialResult.testEnvironment = axeRunResult.testEnvironment;
-        axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
-        assert.deepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
+        axe.testUtils.assertResultsDeepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run when context.size and context.focusable are used', function (done) {
-    var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
+  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run when context.size and context.focusable are used', done => {
+    const options = { runOnly: ruleName };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive({ exclude: [] }, options))
-      .then(function (partialResults) {
+      .then(partialResults => {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run({ exclude: [] }, options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
-        var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
-        var axeRunResult = results[1];
+      .then(results => {
+        const axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
+        const axeRunResult = results[1];
 
         assert.isObject(axeRunPartialResult);
         assert.isObject(axeRunResult);
         // Check the node is the one we expect
-        var nodes = axeRunPartialResult.violations[0].nodes;
+        const nodes = axeRunPartialResult.violations[0].nodes;
         assert.lengthOf(nodes, 2);
         assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['#fail1', 'html']);
         assert.deepEqual(nodes[1].target, ['#fail2', 'iframe', 'html']);
 
-        axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
-        assert.deepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
+        axe.testUtils.assertResultsDeepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.js b/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.js
index 8c0dff6a9..757ce53fe 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.js
@@ -1,26 +1,25 @@
-describe('run-partial, initiator', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var ruleName = 'document-title';
-  var runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
-  var clone = axe.utils.clone;
+describe('run-partial, initiator', () => {
+  const ruleName = 'document-title';
+  const runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
+  const clone = axe.utils.clone;
 
-  beforeEach(function (done) {
+  beforeEach(done => {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same results as axe.run when context.initiator is used', function (done) {
-    var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
-    var context = { exclude: [] };
+  it('gives the same results as axe.run when context.initiator is used', done => {
+    const options = { runOnly: ruleName };
+    const context = { exclude: [] };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function (partialResults) {
+      .then(partialResults => {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
-        var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
-        var axeRunResult = results[1];
+      .then(results => {
+        const axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
+        const axeRunResult = results[1];
         assert.lengthOf(axeRunPartialResult.violations, 0);
         axeRunPartialResult.testEnvironment = axeRunResult.testEnvironment;
         axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.js b/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.js
index 589058efc..f6a3d8a4b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.js
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-describe('run-partial, page-level', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var ruleName = 'bypass';
-  var runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
-  var clone = axe.utils.clone;
+describe('run-partial, page-level', () => {
+  const ruleName = 'bypass';
+  const runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
+  const clone = axe.utils.clone;
 
-  beforeEach(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+  beforeEach(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
-      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      const heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<div><b>bypass iframe test fail</b></div>';
       }
@@ -15,53 +14,50 @@ describe('run-partial, page-level', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('gives the same empty results as axe.run with a pageLevel rule', function (done) {
-    var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
+  it('gives the same empty results as axe.run with a pageLevel rule', done => {
+    const options = { runOnly: ruleName };
     // pageLevel rules are inapplicable when they don't test the entire page
-    var context = { include: ['article'] };
+    const context = { include: ['article'] };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function (partialResults) {
+      .then(partialResults => {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
-        var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
-        var axeRunResult = results[1];
+      .then(results => {
+        const axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
+        const axeRunResult = results[1];
         assert.lengthOf(axeRunPartialResult.incomplete, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(axeRunPartialResult.passes, 0);
-        axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
-        axeRunPartialResult.testEnvironment = axeRunResult.testEnvironment;
-        assert.deepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
+        axe.testUtils.assertResultsDeepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run with a pageLevel rule', function (done) {
-    var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
-    var context = { exclude: [] };
+  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run with a pageLevel rule', done => {
+    const options = { runOnly: ruleName };
+    const context = { exclude: [] };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function (partialResults) {
+      .then(partialResults => {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
-        var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
-        var axeRunResult = results[1];
+      .then(results => {
+        const axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
+        const axeRunResult = results[1];
         assert.isObject(axeRunPartialResult);
         assert.isObject(axeRunResult);
 
         // Check the node is the one we expect
-        var nodes = axeRunPartialResult.incomplete[0].nodes;
+        const nodes = axeRunPartialResult.incomplete[0].nodes;
         assert.lengthOf(nodes, 1);
         assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['html']);
 
-        axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
-        assert.deepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
+        axe.testUtils.assertResultsDeepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.js b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.js
index e48eec6a5..bc34d7c71 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.js
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-describe('skip-link test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
+describe('skip-link test pass', () => {
+  let results;
 
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['skip-link'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -15,27 +14,27 @@ describe('skip-link test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 1', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 1', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find 1 nodes', function () {
+    it('should find 1 nodes', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.js b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.js
index 2fe6c5bff..3fa05effd 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.js
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-describe('skip-link test pass', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
+describe('skip-link test pass', () => {
+  let results;
 
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['skip-link'] } },
-        function (err, r) {
+        (err, r) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -15,23 +14,23 @@ describe('skip-link test pass', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find 0', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find 3', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 3', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 3);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 1 incomplete', function () {
+  it('should find 1 incomplete', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.js b/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.js
index c9f0e0de7..dfbc1440d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.js
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-describe('strict-csp', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should parse without errors', function () {
-    assert.isDefined(window.axe), 'axe is not defined';
+describe('strict-csp', () => {
+  it('should parse without errors', () => {
+    (assert.isDefined(window.axe), 'axe is not defined');
     assert.isDefined(window.axe.run, 'axe.run is not defined');
   });
 
-  it('should run without errors', function (done) {
-    axe.run(function (err, results) {
+  it('should run without errors', done => {
+    axe.run((err, results) => {
       assert.isNull(err);
       assert.isDefined(results);
       done();
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/fixed-scroll.html b/test/integration/full/target-size/fixed-scroll.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0be7c89b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/fixed-scroll.html
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>Target-size position: fixed and scrolled</title>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <main id="mocha"></main>
+
+    <div style="height: 5000px">
+      <p>
+        <button style="position: fixed; top: -15px; height: 10px">
+          Offscreen button
+        </button>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <button style="position: fixed; top: 0; height: 10px">
+          Too-small visible button
+        </button>
+      </p>
+    </div>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="fixed-scroll.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/fixed-scroll.js b/test/integration/full/target-size/fixed-scroll.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54b4886a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/fixed-scroll.js
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+describe('target-size position: fixed and scrolled', () => {
+  let results;
+
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
+      window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);
+      const options = {
+        runOnly: ['target-size'],
+        elementRef: true
+      };
+      const context = {
+        // ignore the mocha links
+        exclude: '#mocha'
+      };
+      axe.run(context, options, (err, r) => {
+        if (err) {
+          return done(err);
+        }
+        results = r;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 2', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/shadow-dom.html b/test/integration/full/target-size/shadow-dom.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc5e33f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/shadow-dom.html
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>Target-size shadow DOM test</title>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <main id="mocha"></main>
+    <script>
+      const shadowTemplate = document.createElement('template');
+      shadowTemplate.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="shadow-container"><slot></slot></div>';
+      class ShadowOpenWebComponent extends HTMLElement {
+        connectedCallback() {
+          const shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+          shadowRoot.appendChild(shadowTemplate.content.cloneNode(true));
+        }
+      }
+
+      customElements.define('shadow-open', ShadowOpenWebComponent);
+    </script>
+    <style>
+      #container {
+        font-size: 16px;
+      }
+      #title {
+        background-color: #cff;
+      }
+      #content {
+        background-color: #cfc;
+        margin-top: 10px;
+      }
+    </style>
+    <div id="container">
+      <div id="title">
+        <a id="title-link" href="#target">
+          <shadow-open>
+            <div>Title</div>
+          </shadow-open>
+        </a>
+      </div>
+      <div id="content">
+        <a id="content-link" href="#target">
+          <div>Content</div>
+        </a>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="shadow-dom.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/shadow-dom.js b/test/integration/full/target-size/shadow-dom.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b00f165e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/shadow-dom.js
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+describe('target-size shadow dom test', () => {
+  let results;
+
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(async () => {
+      const options = {
+        runOnly: ['target-size'],
+        elementRef: true
+      };
+      const context = {
+        // ignore the mocha links
+        exclude: '#mocha'
+      };
+      results = await axe.run(context, options);
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find 0', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find 2', () => {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', () => {
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', () => {
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/target-size.js b/test/integration/full/target-size/target-size.js
index 68287e6a8..70924bdd4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/target-size/target-size.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/target-size.js
@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
-describe('target-size test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var results;
+describe('target-size test', () => {
+  let results;
 
-  before(function (done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       // Add necessary markup for axe to recognize these as components:
-      document.querySelectorAll('section span').forEach(function (link) {
+      document.querySelectorAll('section span').forEach(link => {
         link.setAttribute('role', 'link');
         link.setAttribute('tabindex', '0');
       });
 
-      var options = {
+      const options = {
         runOnly: ['target-size'],
         elementRef: true
       };
-      axe.run('section', options, function (err, r) {
+      axe.run('section', options, (err, r) => {
         if (err) {
           done(err);
         }
@@ -22,36 +21,37 @@ describe('target-size test', function () {
         // Add some highlighting for visually identifying issues.
         // There are too many test cases to just do this by selector.
         results.violations[0] &&
-          results.violations[0].nodes.forEach(function (node) {
+          results.violations[0].nodes.forEach(node => {
             node.element.className += ' violations';
           });
         results.passes[0] &&
-          results.passes[0].nodes.forEach(function (node) {
+          results.passes[0].nodes.forEach(node => {
             node.element.className += ' passes';
           });
-        console.log(results);
         done();
       });
     });
   });
 
-  it('finds all passing nodes', function () {
-    var passResults = results.passes[0] ? results.passes[0].nodes : [];
-    var passedElms = document.querySelectorAll(
+  it('finds all passing nodes', () => {
+    const passResults = results.passes[0] ? results.passes[0].nodes : [];
+    const passedElms = document.querySelectorAll(
       'section:not([hidden]) div:not([hidden]) .passed'
     );
-    passResults.forEach(function (result) {
+    passResults.forEach(result => {
       assert.include(passedElms, result.element);
     });
     assert.lengthOf(passResults, passedElms.length);
   });
 
-  it('finds all failed nodes', function () {
-    var failResults = results.violations[0] ? results.violations[0].nodes : [];
-    var failedElms = document.querySelectorAll(
+  it('finds all failed nodes', () => {
+    const failResults = results.violations[0]
+      ? results.violations[0].nodes
+      : [];
+    const failedElms = document.querySelectorAll(
       'section:not([hidden]) div:not([hidden])  .failed'
     );
-    failResults.forEach(function (result) {
+    failResults.forEach(result => {
       assert.include(failedElms, result.element);
     });
     assert.lengthOf(failResults, failedElms.length);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.html b/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.html
index 0a90cd478..476f0e4e8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.html
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
     <section id="incomplete">
       <div
         id="incomplete-many-rects"
-        role="tabpanel"
+        role="button"
         tabindex="0"
         style="display: inline-block"
       >
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.js b/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.js
index d1364b0d3..19fcd7833 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 describe('target-size too many rects test', () => {
-  'use strict';
   let results;
 
   before(done => {
@@ -9,6 +8,7 @@ describe('target-size too many rects test', () => {
         elementRef: true
       };
       const context = {
+        include: '#incomplete',
         // ignore the incomplete table results
         exclude: 'table tr'
       };
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ describe('target-size too many rects test', () => {
           done(err);
         }
         results = r;
-        console.log(results);
         done();
       });
     });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/test-webdriver.js b/test/integration/full/test-webdriver.js
index 89d9e8a86..956402c63 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/test-webdriver.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/test-webdriver.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 const { globSync } = require('glob');
 const chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
 const firefox = require('selenium-webdriver/firefox');
-const chromedriver = require('chromedriver');
+const chromedriver =
+  process.env.CHROMEDRIVER_BIN ?? require('chromedriver').path;
 
 const args = process.argv.slice(2);
 
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ function collectTestResults(driver) {
       const callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
       setTimeout(() => {
         if (!window.mocha) {
-          callback('mocha-missing;' + window.location.href);
+          callback(`mocha-missing;${window.location.href}`);
         }
         // return the mocha results (or undefined if not finished)
         callback(window.mochaResults);
@@ -36,9 +37,8 @@ function collectTestResults(driver) {
       // If there are no results, listen a little longer
       if (typeof result === 'string' && result.includes('mocha-missing')) {
         throw new Error(
-          'Mocha does not exist in: ' +
-            result.split(';')[1] +
-            '\nIf using a frame, put the file in a subdirectory'
+          `Mocha does not exist in: ${result.split(';')[1]}
+If using a frame, put the file in a subdirectory`
         );
       }
       if (!result) {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ function runTestUrls(driver, isMobile, urls, errors) {
         const browserName =
           capabilities.get('browserName') +
           (capabilities.get('mobileEmulationEnabled') ? '-mobile' : '');
-        console.log(url + ' [' + browserName + ']');
+        console.log(`${url} [${browserName}]`);
 
         // Remember the errors
         (result.reports || []).forEach(err => {
@@ -86,17 +86,9 @@ function runTestUrls(driver, isMobile, urls, errors) {
         });
 
         // Log the result of the page tests
-        console[result.failures ? 'error' : 'log'](
-          'passes: ' +
-            result.passes +
-            ', ' +
-            'failures: ' +
-            result.failures +
-            ', ' +
-            'duration: ' +
-            result.duration / 1000 +
-            's'
-        );
+        console[result.failures ? 'error' : 'log'](`passes: ${result.passes}, 
+          failures: ${result.failures}, 
+          duration: ${result.duration / 1000}s`);
         console.log();
       })
       .then(() => {
@@ -118,22 +110,32 @@ function buildWebDriver(browser) {
   let webdriver;
   const mobileBrowser = browser.split('-mobile');
 
-  // fix chrome DevToolsActivePort file doesn't exist in CricleCI (as well as a
+  // fix chrome DevToolsActivePort file doesn't exist in CircleCI (as well as a
   // host of other problems with starting Chrome). the only thing that seems to
   // allow Chrome to start without problems consistently is using ChromeHeadless
   // @see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/50642308/webdriverexception-unknown-error-devtoolsactiveport-file-doesnt-exist-while-t
   if (browser === 'chrome') {
-    const service = new chrome.ServiceBuilder(chromedriver.path).build();
+    const service = new chrome.ServiceBuilder(chromedriver).build();
 
     const options = new chrome.Options().addArguments([
-      'headless',
+      '--headless',
       '--no-sandbox',
       '--disable-extensions',
       '--disable-dev-shm-usage'
     ]);
+
+    if (process.env.CHROME_BIN) {
+      options.setBinaryPath(process.env.CHROME_BIN);
+    }
+
     webdriver = chrome.Driver.createSession(options, service);
   } else if (browser === 'firefox') {
     const options = new firefox.Options().addArguments('--headless');
+
+    if (process.env.FIREFOX_BIN) {
+      options.setBinary(process.env.FIREFOX_BIN);
+    }
+
     webdriver = firefox.Driver.createSession(options);
   }
 
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ function start(options) {
   const testUrls = globSync(['test/integration/full/**/*.{html,xhtml}'], {
     ignore: '**/frames/**/*.{html,xhtml}'
   }).map(url => {
-    return 'http://localhost:9876/' + url;
+    return `http://localhost:9876/${url}`;
   });
 
   if (
@@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ function start(options) {
   ) {
     console.log();
     console.log(
-      'Skipped ' + options.browser + ' as it is not supported on this platform'
+      `Skipped ${options.browser} as it is not supported on this platform`
     );
     return process.exit();
   }
@@ -188,10 +190,10 @@ function start(options) {
       // log each error and abort
       testErrors.forEach(err => {
         console.log();
-        console.log('URL: ' + err.url);
-        console.log('Browser: ' + err.browser);
-        console.log('Describe: ' + err.titles.join(' > '));
-        console.log('it ' + err.name);
+        console.log(`URL: ${err.url}`);
+        console.log(`Browser: ${err.browser}`);
+        console.log(`Describe: ${err.titles.join(' > ')}`);
+        console.log(`it ${err.name}`);
         console.log(err.stack);
         console.log();
       });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/umd/mock-define.js b/test/integration/full/umd/mock-define.js
index cd068641c..efdeaf55b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/umd/mock-define.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/umd/mock-define.js
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // Mock define method to collect calls to define
 var defineCalls = [];
 function define() {
-  'use strict';
   defineCalls.push(arguments);
 }
 define.amd = true;
diff --git a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.js b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.js
index d8b4c937b..47ce0e00f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.js
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
 /* global defineCalls */
-describe('UMD define', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should have atleast one umd global', function () {
+describe('UMD define', () => {
+  it('should have atleast one umd global', () => {
     assert.isAtLeast(defineCalls.length, 1);
   });
 
-  it('calls define and passes it axe', function () {
-    var call = defineCalls[defineCalls.length - 1];
+  it('calls define and passes it axe', () => {
+    const call = defineCalls[defineCalls.length - 1];
     assert.isFunction(call[2]);
     assert.strictEqual(call[2](), axe);
   });
 
-  it('defines module name as axe-core', function () {
-    var call = defineCalls[defineCalls.length - 1];
+  it('defines module name as axe-core', () => {
+    const call = defineCalls[defineCalls.length - 1];
     assert.equal(call[0], 'axe-core');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.js b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.js
index 96339269b..379908909 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.js
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 /* global module */
-describe('UMD module.export', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('registers axe to module.exports', function () {
+describe('UMD module.export', () => {
+  it('registers axe to module.exports', () => {
     assert.strictEqual(module.exports, axe);
   });
 
-  it('does not use `require` functions', function () {
-    var result;
-    var requireRegex = /[^.]require\(([^\)])\)/g;
+  it('does not use `require` functions', () => {
+    let result;
+    const requireRegex = /[^.]require\(([^\)])\)/g;
 
     // This is to avoid colliding with Cypress.js which overloads all
     // uses of variables named `require`.
@@ -22,8 +20,8 @@ describe('UMD module.export', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should include doT', function () {
-    var doT = axe.imports.doT;
+  it('should include doT', () => {
+    const doT = axe.imports.doT;
     assert(doT, 'doT is registered on axe.imports');
     assert.equal(doT.name, 'doT');
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.js b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.js
index 636ea1e4e..1699426a4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.js
@@ -1,52 +1,50 @@
 /*global Promise */
-describe('UMD window', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  it('should expose axe as a property of window', function () {
+describe('UMD window', () => {
+  it('should expose axe as a property of window', () => {
     assert.property(window, 'axe');
   });
 
-  it('should expose Promise as a property of window', function () {
+  it('should expose Promise as a property of window', () => {
     assert.property(window, 'Promise');
   });
 
-  it('should resolve Promise(s)', function (done) {
-    var p1 = new Promise(function (resolve) {
-      setTimeout(function () {
+  it('should resolve Promise(s)', done => {
+    const p1 = new Promise(resolve => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         resolve('Hello');
       });
     });
-    var p2 = new Promise(function (resolve) {
-      setTimeout(function () {
+    const p2 = new Promise(resolve => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         resolve('World!');
       });
     });
     Promise.all([p1, p2])
-      .then(function (values) {
+      .then(values => {
         assert.lengthOf(values, 2);
         assert.equal(values.join(' '), 'Hello World!');
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function () {
+      .catch(() => {
         done(new Error('Expected to resolve.'));
       });
   });
-  it('should reject Promise', function (done) {
-    new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
-      setTimeout(function () {
+  it('should reject Promise', done => {
+    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
         reject(new Error('Boom!'));
       });
     })
-      .then(function () {
+      .then(() => {
         done(new Error('Expected to reject.'));
       })
-      .catch(function (err) {
+      .catch(err => {
         assert.isDefined(err);
         done();
       });
   });
 
-  it('should ensure axe has prototype chained keys', function () {
+  it('should ensure axe has prototype chained keys', () => {
     assert.hasAnyKeys(axe, ['utils', 'commons', 'core']);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail.js b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail.js
index df4507105..20f8d6a0e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
+describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
     axe.run(
       {
         runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +8,7 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
           values: ['html-xml-lang-mismatch']
         }
       },
-      function (err, r) {
+      (err, r) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -18,12 +16,12 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function () {
-    it('should find one', function () {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find one', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find html', function () {
+    it('should find html', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['html']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable.js b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable.js
index 756bc1f34..21453cb15 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
+describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
     axe.run(
       {
         runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +8,7 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
           values: ['html-xml-lang-mismatch']
         }
       },
-      function (err, r) {
+      (err, r) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -18,8 +16,8 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('inapplicable', function () {
-    it('should find one', function () {
+  describe('inapplicable', () => {
+    it('should find one', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass.js b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass.js
index 23de4bba4..3cb1b4910 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var results;
-  before(function (done) {
+describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
     axe.run(
       {
         runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +8,7 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
           values: ['html-xml-lang-mismatch']
         }
       },
-      function (err, r) {
+      (err, r) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -18,12 +16,12 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function () {
-    it('should find one', function () {
+  describe('passes', () => {
+    it('should find one', () => {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find html', function () {
+    it('should find html', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['html']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js b/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js
index b95b0c80a..f2cc5a4b6 100644
--- a/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js
+++ b/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js
@@ -1,33 +1,31 @@
 /*global mocha, console */
-(function () {
-  'use strict';
-
+(() => {
   if (!mocha || !mocha.reporter || !mocha.reporter('base')) {
     return;
   }
 
-  var Base = mocha.reporter('base')._reporter;
+  const Base = mocha.reporter('base')._reporter;
   mocha.reporter(function (runner) {
     Base.call(this, runner);
-    var passes = 0;
-    var failures = 0;
+    let passes = 0;
+    let failures = 0;
 
-    runner.on('pass', function (test) {
+    runner.on('pass', test => {
       passes++;
       console.log('pass: %s', test.fullTitle());
     });
 
-    runner.on('fail', function (test, err) {
+    runner.on('fail', (test, err) => {
       failures++;
       console.error('fail: %s -- error: %s', test.fullTitle(), err.message);
     });
 
-    runner.on('end', function () {
+    runner.on('end', () => {
       console.log('end: %d/%d', passes, passes + failures);
-      var mochaFixture = document.getElementById('mocha');
+      const mochaFixture = document.getElementById('mocha');
       if (mochaFixture) {
-        var html = '<div style="color: ' + (failures ? 'red' : 'green') + '">';
-        html += passes + '/' + (failures + passes);
+        var html = `<div style="color: ${failures ? 'red' : 'green'}">`;
+        html += `${passes}/${failures}${passes}`;
         html += ' tests passed</div>';
         mochaFixture.innerHTML = html;
       }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/README.md b/test/integration/rules/README.md
index d9a6e54f4..071d1ed6b 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/README.md
+++ b/test/integration/rules/README.md
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 Rule Integration tests take an HTML snippet file and runs an axe-core rule against it. The results for the run are then compared against the companion JSON file to ensure that every node returns as the expected result (passes, violation, incomplete, inapplicable).
 
-To run the rule integration tests, run `npm run test:unit:integration`. You can run and debug the tests in a non-headless browser by running `npm run test:debug -- testDirs=integration`.
+To run the rule integration tests, run `npm run test:unit:integration`. You can run and debug the tests in a non-headless browser by running `npm run test:debug`. You can either use that browser's debugger or attach an external debugger on port 9765; [a VS Code launch profile](../../../.vscode/launch.json) is provided.
 
-When the tests are run, each JSON file is converted into a test suite file using [Karmas preprocessor](https://karma-runner.github.io/latest/config/preprocessors.html) and [runner.js](./runner.js) as the test suite template.
+When the tests are run, each JSON file is converted into a test suite file using [a pretest step](../../../build/generate-integration-tests.js) and [runner.js](./runner.js) as the test suite template.
 
 The JSON file for a rule integration test contains the following information:
 
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.html
index cdb251a24..9850819d6 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.html
@@ -9,3 +9,12 @@
   aria-orientation="horizontal"
   id="fail5"
 ></audio>
+
+<div id="fail6" role="combobox" aria-multiline="false"></div>
+<div id="fail7" role="combobox" aria-multiline="true" contenteditable></div>
+<div id="fail8" role="combobox" aria-multiline="true"></div>
+
+<br aria-busy="true" id="fail9" />
+<wbr aria-busy="true" id="fail10" />
+
+<testutils-element id="fail11" aria-valuetext="value"></testutils-element>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.json
index cedecf081..9e045d8ea 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.json
@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
 {
   "description": "aria-allowed-attr failing tests",
   "rule": "aria-allowed-attr",
-  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"], ["#fail5"]]
+  "violations": [
+    ["#fail1"],
+    ["#fail2"],
+    ["#fail3"],
+    ["#fail4"],
+    ["#fail5"],
+    ["#fail6"],
+    ["#fail7"],
+    ["#fail8"],
+    ["#fail9"],
+    ["#fail10"],
+    ["#fail11"]
+  ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.html
index dfef5d3ed..09aafe24c 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.html
@@ -2118,7 +2118,16 @@
 <dl aria-label="value" id="pass84"></dl>
 <input aria-label="value" id="pass85" />
 <label aria-label="value" id="pass86"></label>
-<meter aria-label="value" id="pass87"></meter>
+<meter
+  id="pass87"
+  aria-label="value"
+  aria-valuemin="0"
+  aria-valuemax="0"
+  aria-valuenow="40"
+  aria-valuetext="40%"
+>
+  40
+</meter>
 <object aria-label="value" id="pass88"></object>
 <svg aria-label="value" id="pass89"></svg>
 <video aria-label="value" id="pass90" controls></video>
@@ -2160,3 +2169,45 @@
 <input type="checkbox" aria-checked="mixed" id="pass99" />
 
 <search aria-expanded="true" id="pass100"></search>
+
+<!-- Ignored ARIA attributes -->
+<button id="pass101" aria-required="false"></button>
+<div id="pass102" role="combobox" aria-multiline="false" contenteditable></div>
+
+<!-- br and wbr allowed attrs -->
+<br aria-hidden="false" id="pass103" />
+<wbr aria-hidden="false" id="pass104" />
+
+<!-- element internals -->
+<testutils-element
+  with-role="progressbar"
+  id="pass105"
+  aria-valuetext="value"
+  aria-valuenow="value"
+  aria-valuemax="value"
+  aria-valuemin="value"
+  aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
+  aria-busy="value"
+  aria-controls="value"
+  aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
+  aria-details="value"
+  aria-disabled="value"
+  aria-dropeffect="value"
+  aria-flowto="value"
+  aria-grabbed="value"
+  aria-haspopup="value"
+  aria-hidden="value"
+  aria-invalid="value"
+  aria-keyshortcuts="value"
+  aria-label="value"
+  aria-labelledby="value"
+  aria-live="value"
+  aria-owns="value"
+  aria-relevant="value"
+  aria-expanded="value"
+>
+  ok
+</testutils-element>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.json
index aa13ff6f7..a991c29be 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.json
@@ -102,6 +102,11 @@
     ["#pass97"],
     ["#pass98"],
     ["#pass99"],
-    ["#pass100"]
+    ["#pass100"],
+    ["#pass101"],
+    ["#pass102"],
+    ["#pass103"],
+    ["#pass104"],
+    ["#pass105"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.html
index 3a2b99efa..f8cbe2971 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.html
@@ -207,6 +207,12 @@ <h1 id="pass-h1-valid-role" role="none"></h1>
 ></div>
 <div id="pass-graphics-object" role="graphics-object"></div>
 <div id="pass-graphics-symbol" role="graphics-symbol"></div>
+<button
+  id="pass-button-role-gridcell"
+  role="gridcell"
+  title="IconCheckmark"
+  aria-label="IconCheckmark icon"
+></button>
 
 <dd id="fail-dd-no-role" role="link"></dd>
 <dt id="fail-dt-no-role" role="banner"></dt>
@@ -219,12 +225,7 @@ <h1 id="pass-h1-valid-role" role="none"></h1>
 <button id="fail-button-role-cell" role="cell"></button>
 <aside id="fail-aside-doc-foreword" role="doc-foreword"></aside>
 <aside id="fail-aside-role-tab" role="tab"></aside>
-<button
-  id="fail-button-role-gridcell"
-  role="gridcell"
-  title="IconCheckmark"
-  aria-label="IconCheckmark icon"
-></button>
+
 <input id="fail-input-role-gridcell-multiple-role" role="gridcell combobox" />
 <div style="display: none">
   <button
@@ -257,6 +258,7 @@ <h1 id="pass-h1-valid-role" role="none"></h1>
   id="pass-img-valid-role-meter"
 />
 <img role="doc-cover" aria-label="foo" id="pass-img-valid-role-aria-label" />
+<img role="math" aria-label="test" id="pass-img-valid-role-math" />
 <img role="menuitem" title="bar" id="pass-img-valid-role-title" />
 <div id="image-baz">hazaar</div>
 <img
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.json
index e8b7e83a4..2ca6720cb 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.json
@@ -83,12 +83,14 @@
     ["#pass-img-valid-role-title"],
     ["#pass-img-valid-role-aria-labelledby"],
     ["#pass-img-valid-role-radio"],
+    ["#pass-img-valid-role-math"],
     ["#pass-img-valid-role-meter"],
     ["#pass-imgmap-1"],
     ["#pass-imgmap-2"],
     ["#pass-navnone-1"],
     ["#pass-navnone-2"],
-    ["#pass-search-elm"]
+    ["#pass-search-elm"],
+    ["#pass-button-role-gridcell"]
   ],
   "violations": [
     ["#fail-dd-no-role"],
@@ -102,7 +104,6 @@
     ["#fail-button-role-cell"],
     ["#fail-aside-doc-foreword"],
     ["#fail-aside-role-tab"],
-    ["#fail-button-role-gridcell"],
     ["#fail-input-role-gridcell-multiple-role"],
     ["#fail-dpub-1"],
     ["#fail-dpub-2"],
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.html
index 3831f26ac..23e85635b 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.html
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 <input type="checkbox" aria-checked="false" id="pass1" />
 <input type="checkbox" aria-checked="true" checked id="pass2" />
+<input type="radio" aria-checked="false" id="pass3" />
+<input type="radio" aria-checked="true" checked id="pass4" />
 <table role="treegrid">
   <tr
-    id="pass3"
+    id="pass5"
     role="row"
     aria-level="1"
     aria-posinset="1"
@@ -30,3 +32,5 @@
 <input type="checkbox" aria-checked="mixed" id="fail9" />
 <input type="checkbox" aria-checked="true" id="fail10" />
 <input type="checkbox" aria-checked="false" checked id="fail11" />
+<input type="radio" aria-checked="true" id="fail12" />
+<input type="radio" aria-checked="false" checked id="fail13" />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.json
index 9dbaadcf9..5923583b9 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "description": "aria-conditional-attr tests",
   "rule": "aria-conditional-attr",
-  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"]],
+  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"], ["#pass5"]],
   "violations": [
     ["#fail1"],
     ["#fail2"],
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
     ["#fail8"],
     ["#fail9"],
     ["#fail10"],
-    ["#fail11"]
+    ["#fail11"],
+    ["#fail12"],
+    ["#fail13"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.html
index ec354260a..fe09ad4b8 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.html
@@ -3,6 +3,14 @@
 <div id="pass3" aria-labelledby="  ">Foo</div>
 <div role="alert" aria-selected="true" id="pass4"></div>
 <div role="row" aria-colcount="value" id="pass5"></div>
+<div role="button"><span id="pass6" aria-label="value"></span></div>
+<div role="button"><span id="pass7" aria-labelledby="value"></span></div>
+<div role="foo dialog" aria-label="foo" id="pass8"></div>
+<testutils-element
+  id="pass9"
+  with-role="progressbar"
+  aria-label="Internals progressbar"
+></testutils-element>
 
 <div role="caption" aria-label="value" id="fail1"></div>
 <div role="caption" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail2"></div>
@@ -24,7 +32,7 @@
 <div role="superscript" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail18"></div>
 <div aria-label="value" id="fail19"></div>
 <div aria-labelledby="value" id="fail20"></div>
-<!- aria-label(ledby) is prohibited on none / presentation. Axe-core considers this to trigger presentation role 
+<!- aria-label(ledby) is prohibited on none / presentation. Axe-core considers this to trigger presentation role
 conflict, which was true in ARIA 1.1. This changed in ARIA 1.2 but so far has only been implemented in Chomium. -->
 <span aria-label="value" id="fail21"></span>
 <strong aria-label="value" id="fail22"></strong>
@@ -35,6 +43,15 @@
 <div role="mark" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail27"></div>
 <div role="suggestion" aria-label="value" id="fail28"></div>
 <div role="suggestion" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail29"></div>
+<div role="grid"><span id="fail30" aria-label="value"></span></div>
+<div role="grid"><span id="fail31" aria-labelledby="value"></span></div>
+<div role="foo" aria-label="foo" id="fail32"></div>
+<div role="foo bar" aria-label="foo" id="fail33"></div>
+<testutils-element
+  id="fail34"
+  no-role
+  aria-label="Internals progressbar"
+></testutils-element>
 
 <div id="incomplete1" aria-label="foo">Foo</div>
 <div id="incomplete2" aria-labelledby="missing">Foo</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.json
index f6f9e7717..50059e412 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.json
@@ -1,7 +1,17 @@
 {
   "description": "aria-prohibited-attr tests",
   "rule": "aria-prohibited-attr",
-  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"], ["#pass5"]],
+  "passes": [
+    ["#pass1"],
+    ["#pass2"],
+    ["#pass3"],
+    ["#pass4"],
+    ["#pass5"],
+    ["#pass6"],
+    ["#pass7"],
+    ["#pass8"],
+    ["#pass9"]
+  ],
   "incomplete": [["#incomplete1"], ["#incomplete2"], ["#incomplete3"]],
   "violations": [
     ["#fail1"],
@@ -32,6 +42,11 @@
     ["#fail26"],
     ["#fail27"],
     ["#fail28"],
-    ["#fail29"]
+    ["#fail29"],
+    ["#fail30"],
+    ["#fail31"],
+    ["#fail32"],
+    ["#fail33"],
+    ["#fail34"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.html
index 79ac4b5f1..9fcd294d3 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.html
@@ -52,6 +52,13 @@
 <div role="spinbutton" id="pass11">fail</div>
 <div role="separator" id="pass12"></div>
 <div role="separator" id="pass13" tabindex="0" aria-valuenow="foo"></div>
+<div
+  role="slider"
+  id="pass14-aria-valuetext-slider"
+  aria-valuetext="3 minutes 20 second"
+>
+  ok
+</div>
 
 <div role="scrollbar" id="violation1">fail</div>
 <div role="slider" id="violation2">fail</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.json
index 8701edf2b..0dcc6f63e 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.json
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
     ["#pass10"],
     ["#pass11"],
     ["#pass12"],
-    ["#pass13"]
+    ["#pass13"],
+    ["#pass14-aria-valuetext-slider"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.html
index af5b16d85..c3e235b7d 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.html
@@ -118,6 +118,14 @@
   <div role="alert">unallowed role</div>
 </div>
 
+<div role="menu" id="fail14">
+  <testutils-element with-role="listitem">List item 1</testutils-element>
+</div>
+
+<div role="list" id="fail15">
+  <testutils-element with-role="alert">unallowed role</testutils-element>
+</div>
+
 <div role="doc-bibliography" id="inapplicable1"></div>
 <div role="doc-endnotes" id="inapplicable2"></div>
 <div role="radiogroup" id="inapplicable3">
@@ -159,3 +167,7 @@
     <li>item 2</li>
   </div>
 </div>
+
+<div role="menu" id="pass20">
+  <testutils-element with-role="menuitem">List item 1</testutils-element>
+</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.json
index 4b32bb9c7..ae8f5bc06 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.json
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
     ["#fail10"],
     ["#fail11"],
     ["#fail12"],
-    ["#fail13"]
+    ["#fail13"],
+    ["#fail14"],
+    ["#fail15"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
@@ -35,7 +37,8 @@
     ["#pass16"],
     ["#pass17"],
     ["#pass18"],
-    ["#pass19"]
+    ["#pass19"],
+    ["#pass20"]
   ],
   "incomplete": [
     ["#incomplete1"],
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.html
index d28fab7d8..03345bc91 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.html
@@ -76,3 +76,10 @@
     </li>
   </ul>
 </div>
+
+<testutils-element with-role="list">
+  <div role="listitem" id="pass15">hello</div>
+</testutils-element>
+<testutils-element no-role>
+  <div role="listitem" id="fail8">hello</div>
+</testutils-element>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.json
index aa833134c..96dad7d1a 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.json
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
     ["#fail4"],
     ["#fail5"],
     ["#fail6"],
-    ["#fail7"]
+    ["#fail7"],
+    ["#fail8"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@
     ["#pass11"],
     ["#pass12"],
     ["#pass13"],
-    ["#pass14"]
+    ["#pass14"],
+    ["#pass15"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-tab-name/aria-tab-name.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-tab-name/aria-tab-name.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ff621b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-tab-name/aria-tab-name.html
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<!-- PASS -->
+<div id="pass1" role="tab">Tab Name</div>
+<div id="pass2" role="tab" title="Item"></div>
+<div id="pass3" role="tab" aria-label="Tab Name"></div>
+<div id="pass4" role="tab" aria-labelledby="tab-label"></div>
+
+<span id="tab-label">Tab Name</span>
+
+<div role="tablist">
+  <span id="pass5" role="tab" tabindex="0">
+    Tab Name
+    <i class="fa-solid fa-house"></i>
+  </span>
+</div>
+
+<!-- FAIL -->
+<div id="fail1" role="tab"></div>
+<div id="fail2" role="tab" aria-labelledby="item-non-existant"></div>
+<div id="fail3" role="tab" aria-labelledby="item-empty"></div>
+
+<div id="item-empty"></div>
+
+<div role="tablist">
+  <span id="fail4" role="tab" tabindex="0">
+    <i class="fa-solid fa-house"></i>
+  </span>
+</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-tab-name/aria-tab-name.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-tab-name/aria-tab-name.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a74a35132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-tab-name/aria-tab-name.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "description": "aria-tab-name test",
+  "rule": "aria-tab-name",
+  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"], ["#pass5"]],
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"]]
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-treeitem-name/aria-treeitem-name.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-treeitem-name/aria-treeitem-name.html
index cb641d2f7..b8cce5d79 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-treeitem-name/aria-treeitem-name.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-treeitem-name/aria-treeitem-name.html
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 <!-- FAIL -->
 <div role="tree">
   <div id="fail1" role="treeitem"></div>
-  <div id="fail2" role="treeitem" aria-labelledby="item-non-existant"></div>
+  <div id="fail2" role="treeitem" aria-labelledby="item-non-existent"></div>
   <div id="fail3" role="treeitem" aria-labelledby="item-empty"></div>
 </div>
 
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.html
index 42e60bae4..cff70c3d2 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.html
@@ -90,6 +90,28 @@ <h2>Violations</h2>
     />
     <div id="violation46-ref" aria-hidden="true">Error message 1</div>
   </div>
+
+  <!-- Multiple IDs in aria-errormessage are not supported -->
+  <div>
+    <input
+      type="text"
+      id="violation47"
+      aria-invalid="true"
+      aria-errormessage="violation47-ref1 violation47-ref2"
+      aria-describedby="violation47-ref1 violation47-ref2"
+    />
+    <div id="violation47-ref1">Error message 1</div>
+    <div id="violation47-ref2">Error message 2</div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div>
+    <input
+      type="text"
+      id="violation48"
+      aria-invalid="true"
+      aria-errormessage="ref ref2"
+    />
+  </div>
 </div>
 <h2>Possible False Positives</h2>
 <div>
@@ -349,6 +371,18 @@ <h2>Possible False Positives</h2>
     aria-valuetext=""
   ></div>
 
+  <div>
+    <input
+      type="text"
+      id="pass192"
+      aria-invalid="true"
+      aria-errormessage="pass192-ref1"
+      aria-describedby="pass192-ref1 pass192-ref2"
+    />
+    <div id="pass192-ref1">Error message 1</div>
+    <div id="pass192-ref2">Error message 2</div>
+  </div>
+
   <div id="ref">Hi</div>
   <div id="ref2">Hi2</div>
 
@@ -360,4 +394,7 @@ <h2>Possible False Positives</h2>
   <div role="checkbox" id="incomplete6" aria-checked>I'm not checked</div>
   <div role="textbox" id="incomplete7" aria-invalid="">I'm actually valid</div>
   <div role="textbox" id="incomplete8" aria-hidden>I'm not really gone</div>
+  <div id="incomplete9" aria-controls="stuff" aria-haspopup="true">
+    May have injected html to control dynamically later, who knows!
+  </div>
 </div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.json
index 8fb15e119..089b2a48a 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.json
@@ -44,7 +44,9 @@
     ["#violation43"],
     ["#violation44"],
     ["#violation45"],
-    ["#violation46"]
+    ["#violation46"],
+    ["#violation47"],
+    ["#violation48"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
@@ -226,7 +228,8 @@
     ["#pass188"],
     ["#pass189"],
     ["#pass190"],
-    ["#pass191"]
+    ["#pass191"],
+    ["#pass192"]
   ],
   "incomplete": [
     ["#incomplete1"],
@@ -236,6 +239,7 @@
     ["#incomplete5"],
     ["#incomplete6"],
     ["#incomplete7"],
-    ["#incomplete8"]
+    ["#incomplete8"],
+    ["#incomplete9"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.html b/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.html
index d68033d65..b40d33590 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.html
@@ -164,9 +164,22 @@
 <input autocomplete="enabled" id="pass88" />
 <input autocomplete="undefined" id="pass89" />
 <input autocomplete="null" id="pass90" />
+<input autocomplete="xon" id="pass91" />
+<input autocomplete="xoff" id="pass92" />
 
 <!-- Webauthn tokens -->
-<input autocomplete="email webauthn" id="pass91" />
-<input autocomplete="section-foo email webauthn" id="pass92" />
-<input autocomplete="section-foo work email webauthn" id="pass93" />
-<input autocomplete="section-foo billing work email webauthn" id="pass94" />
+<input autocomplete="email webauthn" id="pass93" />
+<input autocomplete="section-foo email webauthn" id="pass94" />
+<input autocomplete="section-foo work email webauthn" id="pass95" />
+<input autocomplete="section-foo billing work email webauthn" id="pass96" />
+
+<!-- Incomplete, ignored values -->
+<input autocomplete="text" id="incomplete1" />
+<input autocomplete="pronouns" id="incomplete2" />
+<input autocomplete="gender" id="incomplete3" />
+<input autocomplete="message" id="incomplete4" />
+<input autocomplete="content" id="incomplete5" />
+
+<!-- When readonly attributes placed, should be ignored -->
+<input autocomplete="badterm" readonly id="inapplicable11" />
+<input autocomplete="badterm" aria-readonly="true" id="inapplicable12" />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.json b/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.json
index f1f6f4d97..491ed2de8 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.json
@@ -2,6 +2,13 @@
   "description": "autocomplete-valid tests",
   "rule": "autocomplete-valid",
   "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"], ["#fail5"]],
+  "incomplete": [
+    ["#incomplete1"],
+    ["#incomplete2"],
+    ["#incomplete3"],
+    ["#incomplete4"],
+    ["#incomplete5"]
+  ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
     ["#pass2"],
@@ -96,6 +103,8 @@
     ["#pass91"],
     ["#pass92"],
     ["#pass93"],
-    ["#pass94"]
+    ["#pass94"],
+    ["#pass95"],
+    ["#pass96"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.html b/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.html
index b3bef1c53..129304e17 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.html
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@
 <button id="pass1" role="presentation" disabled></button>
 <button id="pass2" role="none" disabled></button>
 
+<label>Name<button id="pass3"></button></label>
+<label for="pass4">Name</label>
+<button id="pass4"></button>
+
 <span id="inapplicable1" role="button">Does not apply</span>
 <input type="submit" value="submit" role="button" id="inapplicable2" />
 <button id="inapplicable2" role="gridcell" disabled></button>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.json b/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.json
index 2ae4a8650..432daca11 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.json
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
     ["#combo"],
     ["#buttonTitle"],
     ["#pass1"],
-    ["#pass2"]
+    ["#pass2"],
+    ["#pass3"],
+    ["#pass4"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.html b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.html
index f866b05ca..94a34e204 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.html
@@ -282,6 +282,44 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
+<div
+  style="
+    color: oklch(0.961073 0.000047911 none / 0.2);
+    background-color: black;
+    font-size: 14pt;
+    font-weight: 900;
+  "
+>
+  <span id="canttell21" style="font-weight: lighter"
+    >This is a foreground colorParse fail!</span
+  >
+</div>
+
+<div
+  style="
+    color: gray;
+    background-color: oklch(0.961073 0.000047911 none / 0.2);
+    font-size: 14pt;
+    font-weight: 900;
+  "
+>
+  <span id="canttell22" style="font-weight: lighter"
+    >This is a background colorParse fail!</span
+  >
+</div>
+
+<div
+  style="
+    background-color: #fff;
+    color: #000;
+    text-shadow: 1px 1px oklch(0.961073 0.000047911 none / 0.2);
+  "
+>
+  <span id="canttell23" style="font-weight: lighter"
+    >This is a text-shadow colorParse fail!</span
+  >
+</div>
+
 <p
   style="
     text-overflow: ellipsis;
@@ -465,3 +503,14 @@
     <div id="ignore13" style="padding-left: 65px">Hello World</div>
   </div>
 </div>
+
+<div
+  id="ignore13"
+  style="background-color: gray; color: white; font-size: 0; font-weight: bold"
+>
+  Ignore.
+</div>
+
+<textarea id="pass24" style="background-color: white; color: black">
+Hello world</textarea
+>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.json b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.json
index a5a8aa035..428f9adc7 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.json
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@
     ["#pass20"],
     ["#pass21"],
     ["#pass22"],
-    ["#pass23"]
+    ["#pass23"],
+    ["#pass24"]
   ],
   "incomplete": [
     ["#canttell1"],
@@ -59,6 +60,9 @@
     ["#canttell17"],
     ["#canttell18"],
     ["#canttell19"],
-    ["#canttell20"]
+    ["#canttell20"],
+    ["#canttell21"],
+    ["#canttell22"],
+    ["#canttell23"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.html b/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.html
index 7ac09790a..2648e15f4 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.html
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ <h4>Invalid landmark roles for scrollable containers</h4>
     <div>
       <div id="violation3" role="banner" tabindex="0"></div>
       <div id="violation4" role="search" tabindex="0"></div>
+      <div id="violation5" role="marquee" tabindex="0"></div>
+      <div id="violation6" role="timer" tabindex="0"></div>
     </div>
     <h4>Valid landmark roles for scrollable containers</h4>
     <div>
@@ -31,6 +33,15 @@ <h4>Valid landmark roles for scrollable containers</h4>
       <div id="pass8" role="application" tabindex="0"></div>
       <div id="pass9" role="tooltip" tabindex="0"></div>
       <div id="pass10" role="article" tabindex="0"></div>
+      <div id="pass11" role="alert" tabindex="0"></div>
+      <div id="pass12" role="log" tabindex="0"></div>
+      <div id="pass13" role="status" tabindex="0"></div>
+      <div id="pass14" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"></div>
+    </div>
+    <h4>Valid window roles for scrollable containers</h4>
+    <div>
+      <div id="pass15" role="alertdialog" tabindex="0"></div>
+      <div id="pass16" role="dialog" tabindex="0"></div>
     </div>
     <h4>
       Valid scrollable HTML tags for scrollable regions, not selected by this
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.json b/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.json
index dac1ba8f1..fe1f5d49e 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.json
@@ -11,12 +11,20 @@
     ["#pass7"],
     ["#pass8"],
     ["#pass9"],
-    ["#pass10"]
+    ["#pass10"],
+    ["#pass11"],
+    ["#pass12"],
+    ["#pass13"],
+    ["#pass14"],
+    ["#pass15"],
+    ["#pass16"]
   ],
   "violations": [
     ["#violation1"],
     ["#violation2"],
     ["#violation3"],
-    ["#violation4"]
+    ["#violation4"],
+    ["#violation5"],
+    ["#violation6"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.html b/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.html
index 0019d982e..a1f483e3a 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.html
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@
   <input type="button" role="none" id="pass12" disabled />
   <input type="button" role="presentation" id="pass13" disabled />
 
+  <label>Name<input type="button" id="pass14" /></label>
+  <label for="pass15">Name</label>
+  <input type="button" id="pass15" />
+
   <input type="button" id="fail9" role="img" disabled />
   <input type="button" id="fail10" role="gridcell" />
   <input type="button" id="inapplicable1" role="gridcell" disabled />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.json b/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.json
index 6a9257834..752129903 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.json
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
     ["#pass10"],
     ["#pass11"],
     ["#pass12"],
-    ["#pass13"]
+    ["#pass13"],
+    ["#pass14"],
+    ["#pass15"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.html b/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.html
index 8823830a5..de92c53ca 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.html
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
   <input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="pass4" title="monkeys" />
   <input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="violation5" alt="" />
 
+  <label>Name<input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="pass5" /></label>
+  <label for="pass6">Name</label>
+  <input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="pass6" />
+
   <input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="violation6" role="img" disabled />
   <input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="violation7" role="gridcell" />
   <input
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.json b/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.json
index d17004dea..03a928665 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.json
@@ -10,5 +10,12 @@
     ["#violation6"],
     ["#violation7"]
   ],
-  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"]]
+  "passes": [
+    ["#pass1"],
+    ["#pass2"],
+    ["#pass3"],
+    ["#pass4"],
+    ["#pass5"],
+    ["#pass6"]
+  ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/label-content-name-mismatch/label-content-name-mismatch.html b/test/integration/rules/label-content-name-mismatch/label-content-name-mismatch.html
index 669d20e2f..579719341 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/label-content-name-mismatch/label-content-name-mismatch.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/label-content-name-mismatch/label-content-name-mismatch.html
@@ -15,6 +15,18 @@
   Next Page
 </button>
 
+<a id="pass8" aria-label="Deque" href="#">
+  <img alt="Logo" width="100" src="logo.svg" />
+  <span>Deque</span>
+</a>
+<a id="pass9" href="#" aria-label="Hello world">
+  <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 100 100">
+    <title>Circle</title>
+    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="50" />
+  </svg>
+  Hello World
+</a>
+
 <!-- Fail -->
 <div id="fail1" role="link" aria-label="OK">Next</div>
 <button id="fail2" name="link" aria-label="the full">The full label</button>
@@ -23,6 +35,18 @@
 <div id="labelForFail5">123</div>
 <div role="button" id="fail5" aria-labelledby="labelForFail5">some content</div>
 
+<a id="fail6" aria-label="Deque" href="#">
+  <img alt="Logo" width="100" src="logo.svg" />
+  <span>Deque Systems</span>
+</a>
+<a id="fail7" href="#" aria-label="Hello world">
+  <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 100 100">
+    <title>Circle</title>
+    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="50" />
+  </svg>
+  Hello Deque Systems
+</a>
+
 <!-- incomplete -->
 <button id="incomplete1" aria-label="comet">☄️</button>
 <button id="incomplete2" aria-label="☄️">shooting star</button>
@@ -35,6 +59,12 @@
 <button id="incomplete9" aria-label="help">?</button>
 <button id="incomplete10" aria-label="&#x1F354;">&#x1F354;</button>
 <button id="incomplete11" aria-label="close">&#10060;</button>
+<button id="incomplete12" aria-label="close">×</button>
+<button id="incomplete13" aria-label="italic">i</button>
+<button id="incomplete14" aria-label="bold">B</button>
+<button id="incomplete15" aria-label="alphabetical sort">ABC</button>
+<button id="incomplete16" aria-label="toggle capitalization">aA</button>
+<button id="incomplete17" aria-label="CJK character"></button>
 
 <!-- inapplicable -->
 <a id="inapplicable1" aria-label="OK">Next</a>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/label-content-name-mismatch/label-content-name-mismatch.json b/test/integration/rules/label-content-name-mismatch/label-content-name-mismatch.json
index 8bb1af8ee..665c46772 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/label-content-name-mismatch/label-content-name-mismatch.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/label-content-name-mismatch/label-content-name-mismatch.json
@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
 {
   "description": "label-content-name-mismatch tests",
   "rule": "label-content-name-mismatch",
-  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"], ["#fail5"]],
+  "violations": [
+    ["#fail1"],
+    ["#fail2"],
+    ["#fail3"],
+    ["#fail4"],
+    ["#fail5"],
+    ["#fail6"],
+    ["#fail7"]
+  ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
     ["#pass2"],
@@ -9,7 +17,9 @@
     ["#pass4"],
     ["#pass5"],
     ["#pass6"],
-    ["#pass7"]
+    ["#pass7"],
+    ["#pass8"],
+    ["#pass9"]
   ],
   "incomplete": [
     ["#incomplete1"],
@@ -22,6 +32,12 @@
     ["#incomplete8"],
     ["#incomplete9"],
     ["#incomplete10"],
-    ["#incomplete11"]
+    ["#incomplete11"],
+    ["#incomplete12"],
+    ["#incomplete13"],
+    ["#incomplete14"],
+    ["#incomplete15"],
+    ["#incomplete16"],
+    ["#incomplete17"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/list/list.html b/test/integration/rules/list/list.html
index 82df14cf5..d1fa400e1 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/list/list.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/list/list.html
@@ -20,6 +20,14 @@
   <li>One.</li>
   <li>Two.</li>
 </ul>
+<ul id="internalul">
+  <li>One.</li>
+  <testutils-element with-role="listitem">Two</testutils-element>
+</ul>
+<ul id="ulrolledinternal">
+  <li>One.</li>
+  <testutils-element>Two</testutils-element>
+</ul>
 <ol id="emptyol"></ol>
 <ol id="scriptemptyol">
   <script></script>
@@ -58,3 +66,11 @@
   <li>One.</li>
   <li role="menuitem">Two</li>
 </ol>
+<ol id="internalol">
+  <li>One.</li>
+  <testutils-element with-role="listitem">Two</testutils-element>
+</ol>
+<ol id="olrolledinternal">
+  <li>One.</li>
+  <testutils-element>Two</testutils-element>
+</ol>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/list/list.json b/test/integration/rules/list/list.json
index 230e3cc30..72c6487dc 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/list/list.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/list/list.json
@@ -9,16 +9,20 @@
     ["#ulrolledallli"],
     ["#olrolledallli"],
     ["#ulrolledli"],
-    ["#olrolledli"]
+    ["#olrolledli"],
+    ["#ulrolledinternal"],
+    ["#olrolledinternal"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#emptyul"],
     ["#scriptemptyul"],
     ["#properul"],
     ["#scriptproperul"],
+    ["#internalul"],
     ["#emptyol"],
     ["#scriptemptyol"],
     ["#properol"],
-    ["#scriptproperol"]
+    ["#scriptproperol"],
+    ["#internalol"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.html b/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.html
index c8115d3de..38886f9f1 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.html
@@ -21,3 +21,9 @@
 <menu>
   <li id="menuitem"><button>Copy</button></li>
 </menu>
+<testutils-element with-role="list">
+  <li id="internal">I too do not belong to a list.</li>
+</testutils-element>
+<testutils-element>
+  <li id="internalrolechanged">I too do not belong to a list.</li>
+</testutils-element>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.json b/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.json
index 7fc7edd66..3c294ec94 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.json
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 {
   "description": "listitem test",
   "rule": "listitem",
-  "violations": [["#uncontained"], ["#ulrolechanged"], ["#olrolechanged"]],
+  "violations": [
+    ["#uncontained"],
+    ["#ulrolechanged"],
+    ["#olrolechanged"],
+    ["#internalrolechanged"]
+  ],
   "passes": [
     ["#contained"],
     ["#alsocontained"],
     ["#presentation"],
     ["#none"],
-    ["#menuitem"]
+    ["#menuitem"],
+    ["#internal"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/preprocessor.js b/test/integration/rules/preprocessor.js
deleted file mode 100644
index fb58dfc73..000000000
--- a/test/integration/rules/preprocessor.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-var path = require('path');
-var fs = require('fs');
-var extRegex = /\.json$/;
-var template = fs.readFileSync(path.join(__dirname, 'runner.js'), 'utf-8');
-
-/**
- * Turn each rule.json integration test JSON into a js file using
- * the runner.js script. This allow us to load the JSON files in
- * the karma config and they'll run as js files.
- */
-var createIntegrationPreprocessor = function (logger) {
-  var log = logger.create('preprocessor.integration');
-
-  return function (content, file, done) {
-    try {
-      log.debug('Processing "%s".', file.originalPath);
-      file.path = file.originalPath.replace(extRegex, '.js');
-
-      // turn the json file into the a test file using the js test template
-      // and add the test data to it
-      var htmlpath = file.originalPath.replace(extRegex, '.html');
-      var html = fs.readFileSync(htmlpath, 'utf-8');
-      try {
-        var test = JSON.parse(content);
-      } catch (e) {
-        throw new Error('Unable to parse content of ' + file.originalPath);
-      }
-      test.content = html;
-
-      var result = template.replace('{}; /*tests*/', JSON.stringify(test));
-
-      done(null, result);
-    } catch (e) {
-      console.log('e:', e);
-      done(e, null);
-    }
-  };
-};
-
-createIntegrationPreprocessor.$inject = ['logger'];
-
-// PUBLISH DI MODULE
-module.exports = {
-  'preprocessor:integration': ['factory', createIntegrationPreprocessor]
-};
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/runner.js b/test/integration/rules/runner.js
index 0110f03cd..315d3ce60 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/runner.js
+++ b/test/integration/rules/runner.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   const testObj = {}; /*tests*/
 
   const ruleId = testObj.rule;
-  const testName = testObj.description || ruleId + ' test';
+  const testName = testObj.description || `${ruleId} test`;
 
   function flattenResult(results) {
     return {
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@
           });
 
           test[collection].forEach(selector => {
-            it('should find ' + JSON.stringify(selector), () => {
+            it(`should find ${JSON.stringify(selector)}`, () => {
               if (!nodes) {
-                assert(false, 'there are no ' + collection);
+                assert(false, `there are no ${collection}`);
                 return;
               }
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
               } else {
                 assert(
                   false,
-                  'Found ' + matches.length + ' elements which match the target'
+                  `Found ${matches.length} elements which match the target`
                 );
               }
             });
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
               assert.lengthOf(
                 test[collection],
                 0,
-                'there are no ' + collection
+                `there are no ${collection}`
               );
             }
           });
@@ -110,34 +110,39 @@
       before(done => {
         fixture.innerHTML = testObj.content;
         waitForFrames(fixture, () => {
-          axe.run(
-            fixture,
-            {
-              /**
-               * The debug flag helps log errors in a fairly detailed fashion,
-               * when tests fail in webdriver
-               */
-              debug: true,
-              performanceTimer: false,
-              runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: [ruleId] }
-            },
-            (err, r) => {
-              // assert that there are no errors - if error exists a stack trace is logged.
-              const errStack = err && err.stack ? err.stack : '';
-              assert.isNull(err, 'Error should be null. ' + errStack);
-              // assert that result is defined
-              assert.isDefined(r, 'Results are defined.');
-              // assert that result has certain keys
-              assert.hasAnyKeys(r, ['incomplete', 'violations', 'passes']);
-              // assert incomplete(s) does not have error
-              r.incomplete.forEach(incomplete => {
-                assert.isUndefined(incomplete.error);
-              });
-              // flatten results
-              results = flattenResult(r);
-              done();
-            }
-          );
+          // The setTimeout is a workaround for a Firefox bug. See:
+          // - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4556
+          // - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1912115
+          setTimeout(() => {
+            axe.run(
+              fixture,
+              {
+                /**
+                 * The debug flag helps log errors in a fairly detailed fashion,
+                 * when tests fail in webdriver
+                 */
+                debug: true,
+                performanceTimer: false,
+                runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: [ruleId] }
+              },
+              (err, r) => {
+                // assert that there are no errors - if error exists a stack trace is logged.
+                const errStack = err && err.stack ? err.stack : '';
+                assert.isNull(err, `Error should be null. ${errStack}`);
+                // assert that result is defined
+                assert.isDefined(r, 'Results are defined.');
+                // assert that result has certain keys
+                assert.hasAnyKeys(r, ['incomplete', 'violations', 'passes']);
+                // assert incomplete(s) does not have error
+                r.incomplete.forEach(incomplete => {
+                  assert.isUndefined(incomplete.error);
+                });
+                // flatten results
+                results = flattenResult(r);
+                done();
+              }
+            );
+          }, 0);
         });
       });
       runTest(testObj, 'passes');
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.html b/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.html
index 750785c2b..24dfc3c0b 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.html
@@ -3,39 +3,13 @@
   <input type="text" />
 </div>
 
-<div id="pass2" style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto" tabindex="0">
-  <div style="height: 2000px">
-    <p>Content</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div id="pass3" style="height: 20px; overflow: auto">
+<div id="pass2" style="height: 20px; overflow: auto">
   <input type="text" tabindex="-1" />
   <select tabindex="-1"></select>
   <textarea tabindex="-1"></textarea>
   <p style="height: 200px" tabindex="0"></p>
 </div>
 
-<div id="pass4" style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto" contenteditable="true">
-  <div style="height: 2000px">
-    <p>Content</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div id="pass5" style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto" contenteditable="true">
-  <div style="height: 2000px">
-    <div
-      id="pass6"
-      style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto"
-      contenteditable="invalid"
-    >
-      <div style="height: 2000px">
-        <p>Content</p>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
 <!-- fail -->
 <div id="fail1" style="height: 5px; overflow: auto">
   <input type="text" tabindex="-1" />
@@ -47,10 +21,17 @@
   <textarea tabindex="-1"></textarea>
 </div>
 
-<div id="fail3" style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto" contenteditable="false">
-  <div style="height: 2000px">
-    <p>Content</p>
-  </div>
+<div id="fail3" style="width: 300px; overflow-y: auto">
+  <p style="width: 600px">Contents</p>
+  <p style="width: 600px">
+    Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium
+    doloremque laudantium.
+  </p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="fail4" style="width: 300px; overflow-y: auto">
+  <p width="600px">Contents</p>
+  <img src="#" width="600" height="600" />
 </div>
 
 <!-- inapplicable -->
@@ -144,3 +125,55 @@
   test
   test
 </textarea>
+
+<div id="inapplicable13" style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto" tabindex="0">
+  <div style="height: 2000px">
+    <p>Content</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div
+  id="inapplicable14"
+  style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto"
+  contenteditable="true"
+>
+  <div style="height: 2000px">
+    <p>Content</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div
+  id="inapplicable15"
+  style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto"
+  contenteditable="true"
+>
+  <div style="height: 2000px">
+    <div
+      id="inapplicable16"
+      style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto"
+      contenteditable="invalid"
+    >
+      <div style="height: 2000px">
+        <p>Content</p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div
+  id="inapplicable16"
+  style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto"
+  contenteditable="false"
+>
+  <div style="height: 2000px">
+    <p>Content</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div id="inapplicable17" style="width: 300px">
+  <p style="width: 600px">Contents</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="inapplicable18" style="width: 300px; overflow-y: auto">
+  <img src="#" width="100" height="100" />
+</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.json b/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.json
index 50220b0bd..e18c85ad3 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.json
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 {
   "description": "scrollable-region-focusable tests",
   "rule": "scrollable-region-focusable",
-  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"]],
-  "passes": [
-    ["#pass1"],
-    ["#pass2"],
-    ["#pass3"],
-    ["#pass4"],
-    ["#pass5"],
-    ["#pass6"]
-  ]
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"]],
+  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"]]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/summary-name/summary-name.html b/test/integration/rules/summary-name/summary-name.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37009ac78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/summary-name/summary-name.html
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<details>
+  <summary id="empty-fail"></summary>
+  Hello world
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="text-pass">name</summary>
+  Hello world
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="aria-label-pass" aria-label="Name"></summary>
+  Hello world
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="aria-label-fail" aria-label=""></summary>
+  Hello world
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="aria-labelledby-pass" aria-labelledby="labeldiv"></summary>
+  Hello world
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="aria-labelledby-fail" aria-labelledby="nonexistent"></summary>
+  Hello world
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="aria-labelledby-empty-fail" aria-labelledby="emptydiv"></summary>
+  Hello world
+</details>
+<div id="labeldiv">summary label</div>
+<div id="emptydiv"></div>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="combo-pass" aria-label="Aria Name">Name</summary>
+  Hello world
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="title-pass" title="Title"></summary>
+  Hello world
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="presentation-role-fail" role="presentation"></summary>
+  Conflict resolution gets this to be ignored
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="none-role-fail" role="none"></summary>
+  Conflict resolution gets this to be ignored
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="heading-role-fail" role="heading"></summary>
+  Conflict resolution gets this to be ignored
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="button-role-fail" role="button"></summary>
+  Hello world
+</details>
+
+<!-- Invalid naming methods -->
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="value-attr-fail" value="Button Name"></summary>
+  Not a valid method for giving a name
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="alt-attr-fail" alt="Button Name"></summary>
+  Not a valid method for giving a name
+</details>
+
+<label>
+  <details>
+    <summary id="label-elm-fail"></summary>
+    Text here
+  </details>
+  Not a valid method for giving a name
+</label>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/summary-name/summary-name.json b/test/integration/rules/summary-name/summary-name.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef2b52545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/summary-name/summary-name.json
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "description": "summary-name test",
+  "rule": "summary-name",
+  "violations": [
+    ["#empty-fail"],
+    ["#aria-label-fail"],
+    ["#aria-labelledby-fail"],
+    ["#aria-labelledby-empty-fail"],
+    ["#presentation-role-fail"],
+    ["#none-role-fail"],
+    ["#heading-role-fail"],
+    ["#value-attr-fail"],
+    ["#alt-attr-fail"],
+    ["#label-elm-fail"],
+    ["#button-role-fail"]
+  ],
+  "passes": [
+    ["#text-pass"],
+    ["#aria-label-pass"],
+    ["#aria-labelledby-pass"],
+    ["#combo-pass"],
+    ["#title-pass"]
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.html b/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.html
index 3c4b0be94..8f6ff287f 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.html
@@ -28,6 +28,70 @@
   </textarea>
 </p>
 
+<div>
+  <button id="pass9">x</button>
+  <div role="alertdialog" tabindex="0" id="ignore1">Cookies</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <button id="pass10">x</button>
+  <div role="dialog" tabindex="0" id="ignore2">Cookies</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <button id="pass11">x</button>
+  <div role="alert" tabindex="0" id="ignore3">Cookies</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <button id="pass12">x</button>
+  <div role="log" tabindex="0" id="ignore4">Log</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <button id="pass13">x</button>
+  <div role="marquee" tabindex="0" id="ignore4">Marquee</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <button id="pass14">x</button>
+  <div role="status" tabindex="0" id="ignore5">Status</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <button id="pass15">x</button>
+  <div role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" id="ignore6">Tabpanel</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <button id="pass16">x</button>
+  <div role="timer" tabindex="0" id="ignore7">Timer</div>
+</div>
+
+<style>
+  .no-spacing * {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+  }
+  .tooltip {
+    border: 0;
+    background: none;
+    font-family: inherit;
+    font-size: inherit;
+    cursor: help;
+    text-decoration: dotted underline;
+  }
+</style>
+<div class="no-spacing">
+  <p>
+    This is a <button id="inapplicable8" class="tooltip">term</button> in a
+    sentence.
+  </p>
+  <button style="width: 500px; height: 28px" id="pass25">
+    this is a button that's within 24px of the term
+  </button>
+</div>
+
 <!-- Nested controls-->
 <p>
   <a
@@ -53,10 +117,15 @@
   </a>
 </p>
 
+<div role="tabpanel" tabindex="0">
+  Focusable tabpanel containing small control<br />
+  <button id="pass17">x</button>
+</div>
+
 <!-- Failed examples -->
 <p>
-  <button id="fail1">x</button
-  ><span role="button" tabindex="0" id="fail2">x</span>
+  <button id="fail1">x</button>
+  <span role="button" tabindex="0" id="fail2">x</span>
 </p>
 
 <ul>
@@ -100,6 +169,27 @@
   >
 </p>
 
+<div style="font-size: 18px; margin: 1em auto; width: 6em; line-height: 1.3">
+  <a id="pass18" href="/foo" class="A"> Hello hello hello</a>
+  <a id="pass19" href="/bar" class="B">Hello hello hello</a>
+</div>
+
+<div style="font-size: 18px; margin: 1em auto; width: 6em; line-height: 1.3">
+  <a id="pass20" href="/foo" class="A"> Hello hello</a>
+  <a id="pass21" href="/bar" class="B">Hello hello hello</a>
+  <a id="pass22" href="/bar" class="C">Hello hello hello</a>
+</div>
+
+<div style="position: relative">
+  <button id="pass23" style="width: 80px; height: 40px">X</button>
+  <button
+    id="pass24"
+    style="width: 80px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 20px"
+  >
+    x
+  </button>
+</div>
+
 <p>
   <!-- These links touch, images overflow on the left and right -->
   <a href="#" id="incomplete5"
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.json b/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.json
index 178312020..570d08350 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.json
@@ -20,6 +20,23 @@
     ["#pass6"],
     ["#pass7"],
     ["#pass8"],
+    ["#pass9"],
+    ["#pass10"],
+    ["#pass11"],
+    ["#pass12"],
+    ["#pass13"],
+    ["#pass14"],
+    ["#pass15"],
+    ["#pass16"],
+    ["#pass17"],
+    ["#pass18"],
+    ["#pass19"],
+    ["#pass20"],
+    ["#pass21"],
+    ["#pass22"],
+    ["#pass23"],
+    ["#pass24"],
+    ["#pass25"],
     ["#pass-adjacent"],
     ["#pass-fixed"]
   ],
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.html b/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.html
index 64fc6cb33..df4543b7f 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.html
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@
   <td id="self" headers="self" hidden>World</td>
 </table>
 
+<table id="pass5">
+  <td role="rowheader" id="hdr1">Hello</td>
+  <td headers="hdr1">World</td>
+</table>
+
 <table id="fail1">
   <th id="f1h1">Hello</th>
   <td headers="f1h1 non-existing">World</td>
@@ -32,6 +37,21 @@
   <td id="self" headers="self">World</td>
 </table>
 
+<table id="fail4">
+  <td id="hdr1">Hello</td>
+  <td headers="hdr1">World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="fail5">
+  <th role="cell" id="th-role-cell-hdr">Hello</th>
+  <td headers="th-role-cell-hdr">World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="fail6">
+  <th role="button" id="th-role-button-hdr">Hello</th>
+  <td headers="th-role-button-hdr">World</td>
+</table>
+
 <table id="inapplicable1" role="none">
   <td id="self" headers="self">World</td>
 </table>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.json b/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.json
index e687869b6..093cc82dd 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.json
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 {
   "description": "td-headers-attr test",
   "rule": "td-headers-attr",
-  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"]],
-  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"]]
+  "violations": [
+    ["#fail1"],
+    ["#fail2"],
+    ["#fail3"],
+    ["#fail4"],
+    ["#fail5"],
+    ["#fail6"]
+  ],
+  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"], ["#pass5"]]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.html b/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.html
index c91d7e558..994fddf03 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.html
@@ -4,18 +4,19 @@
 <p xml:lang="de" lang="de" id="pass4">Deutsch</p>
 <p lang="af" id="pass5">Afrikaans</p>
 <p lang="oma" id="pass6">Omaha (3 letter)</p>
+<p lang="isv" id="pass7">Interslavic</p>
 
 <p lang="gibberish-US" id="fail1">Not English</p>
 <p xml:lang="gibberish-US" id="fail2">Not English</p>
 <p xml:lang="en-US" lang="gibberish-US" id="fail3">Mix</p>
 <p lang=" " id="fail4">English</p>
 
-<p lang="invalid" id="pass7"><!-- ignore --></p>
-<p lang="invalid" id="pass8"><img alt="" /></p>
-<p lang="invalid" id="pass9">
-  <span lang="en" id="pass10">English</span>
+<p lang="invalid" id="pass8"><!-- ignore --></p>
+<p lang="invalid" id="pass9"><img alt="" /></p>
+<p lang="invalid" id="pass10">
+  <span lang="en" id="pass11">English</span>
 </p>
-<p lang="hidden" id="pass11">
+<p lang="hidden" id="pass12">
   <span hidden>English</span>
 </p>
 
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.json b/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.json
index 0221889af..ef216c545 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.json
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
     ["#pass8"],
     ["#pass9"],
     ["#pass10"],
-    ["#pass11"]
+    ["#pass11"],
+    ["#pass12"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/area-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/area-alt.js
index 0bde6af41..287f50113 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/area-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/area-alt.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('area-alt virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'area',
       attributes: {
         href: 'foobar',
@@ -13,18 +13,18 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     child.parent = node;
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'area',
       attributes: {
         href: 'foobar',
@@ -34,18 +34,18 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     child.parent = node;
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for alt', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for alt', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'area',
       attributes: {
         href: 'foobar',
@@ -55,18 +55,18 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     child.parent = node;
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'area',
       attributes: {
         href: 'foobar',
@@ -79,18 +79,18 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     child.parent = node;
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'area',
       attributes: {
         href: 'foobar',
@@ -100,18 +100,18 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     child.parent = node;
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'area',
       attributes: {
         href: 'foobar',
@@ -121,18 +121,18 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     child.parent = node;
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'area',
       attributes: {
         href: 'foobar',
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     child.parent = node;
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('area-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-attr.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-attr.js
index 4f9b67a2f..90957c7b7 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-attr.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-attr.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for required attributes', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
+describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for required attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'checkbox',
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for allowed attributes', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
+  it('should pass for allowed attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'radio',
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for invalid attributes', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
+  it('should pass for invalid attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'dialog',
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for global attributes and element with no role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
+  it('should pass for global attributes and element with no role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'aria-busy': true
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for non-global attributes and element with no role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
+  it('should fail for non-global attributes and element with no role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'aria-checked': true
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for unallowed attributes', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
+  it('should fail for unallowed attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'link',
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for unallowed attributes - implicit role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
+  it('should fail for unallowed attributes - implicit role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         href: '#',
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for unsupported attributes', function () {
+  it('should fail for unsupported attributes', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'checkbox',
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for non-global attributes and custom element', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
+  it('should incomplete for non-global attributes and custom element', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'custom-elm1',
       attributes: {
         'aria-checked': true
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-role.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-role.js
index e84ade70a..59ecdd52b 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-role.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-role.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function () {
-  afterEach(function () {
+describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should pass for allowed role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
+  it('should pass for allowed role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'checkbox',
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for unallowed role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
+  it('should fail for unallowed role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
       nodeName: 'dd',
       attributes: {
         role: 'link'
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for element with ignored option', function () {
+  it('should pass for element with ignored option', () => {
     axe.configure({
       checks: [
         {
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function () {
       ]
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
       nodeName: 'dd',
       attributes: {
         role: 'link'
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for hidden element', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
+  it('should incomplete for hidden element', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
       nodeName: 'dd',
       attributes: {
         'aria-hidden': true,
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for hidden element parent', function () {
-    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for hidden element parent', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'dd',
       attributes: {
         role: 'link'
       }
     });
-    var parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'aria-hidden': true
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function () {
     parent.children = [vNode];
     vNode.parent = parent;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', vNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', vNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-command-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-command-name.js
index 070c93434..e21e87add 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-command-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-command-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'link',
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-command-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-command-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'button',
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-command-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-command-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'menuitem',
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [];
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-command-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-command-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'link',
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@ describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-command-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-command-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'button',
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-command-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-command-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-conditional-attr.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-conditional-attr.js
index 9aa9ffd10..7c740d1e1 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-conditional-attr.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-conditional-attr.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('aria-conditional-attr virtual-rule', function () {
+describe('aria-conditional-attr virtual-rule', () => {
   it('passes when aria-checked is consistent with native checkbox state', () => {
     const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-conditional-attr', {
       nodeName: 'input',
@@ -29,6 +29,36 @@ describe('aria-conditional-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
+  it('passes when aria-checked is consistent with native radio state', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-conditional-attr', {
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      checked: true,
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'radio',
+        'aria-checked': 'true'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('fails when aria-checked is inconsistent with native radio state', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-conditional-attr', {
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      checked: true,
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'radio',
+        'aria-checked': 'false'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
   it('passes conditional row attributes on detached rows', () => {
     const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-conditional-attr', {
       nodeName: 'tr',
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-dialog-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-dialog-name.js
index ccbfdc1ff..f05164460 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-dialog-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-dialog-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'dialog',
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-dialog-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-dialog-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'dialog',
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-dialog-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-dialog-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'alertdialog',
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [];
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-dialog-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-dialog-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'alertdialog',
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@ describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-dialog-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-dialog-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'dialog',
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-dialog-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-dialog-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-input-field-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-input-field-name.js
index 9e224a862..ef38a831b 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-input-field-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-input-field-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'combobox',
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'listbox',
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'searchbox',
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [];
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'spinbutton',
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'textbox',
@@ -80,15 +80,15 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'combobox',
@@ -97,25 +97,25 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete if has explicit and implicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete if has explicit and implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'listbox',
         'aria-label': 'name'
       }
     });
-    var parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'label'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'first name'
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [];
     parent.children = [child, node];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-input-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-meter-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-meter-name.js
index 5e5acb84d..48ce1d3c1 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-meter-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-meter-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'meter',
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-meter-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-meter-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'meter',
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-meter-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-meter-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'meter',
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [];
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-meter-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-meter-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'meter',
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@ describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-meter-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-meter-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'meter',
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-meter-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-meter-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-progressbar-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-progressbar-name.js
index aefb89535..fa8ce2c5e 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-progressbar-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-progressbar-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'progressbar',
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-progressbar-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-progressbar-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'progressbar',
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-progressbar-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-progressbar-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'progressbar',
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [];
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-progressbar-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-progressbar-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'progressbar',
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@ describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-progressbar-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-progressbar-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'progressbar',
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-progressbar-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-progressbar-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-prohibited-attr.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-prohibited-attr.js
index ccacf57b3..4f7fa9589 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-prohibited-attr.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-prohibited-attr.js
@@ -58,4 +58,52 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr virtual-rule', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
+
+  it('should fail for invalid role', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'foo',
+        'aria-label': 'foo'
+      }
+    });
+    vNode.children = [];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-prohibited-attr', vNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for fallback roles', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-prohibited-attr', {
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'foo dialog',
+        'aria-label': 'foo'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for multiple invalid roles', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'foo bar',
+        'aria-label': 'foo'
+      }
+    });
+    vNode.children = [];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-prohibited-attr', vNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-required-attr.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-required-attr.js
index 1523888fe..2e0f69a21 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-required-attr.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-required-attr.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-required-attr virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for required attributes', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-required-attr', {
+describe('aria-required-attr virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for required attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-required-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'checkbox',
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ describe('aria-required-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for missing attributes', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-required-attr', {
+  it('should fail for missing attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-required-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'switch'
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roledescription.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roledescription.js
index cb1a8115c..4d1be39dd 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roledescription.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roledescription.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('aria-roledescription virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for elements with an implicit supported role', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('aria-roledescription virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for elements with an implicit supported role', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Button'
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for elements with an explicit supported role', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for elements with an explicit supported role', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Radio',
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@ describe('aria-roledescription virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for elements with an unsupported role', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for elements with an unsupported role', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Main',
@@ -39,30 +39,30 @@ describe('aria-roledescription virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for elements without role', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for elements without role', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Main'
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for elements with role=presentation', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for elements with role=presentation', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Main',
@@ -70,15 +70,15 @@ describe('aria-roledescription virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for elements with role=none', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for elements with role=none', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Main',
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe('aria-roledescription virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roles.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roles.js
index b410e969d..728dfb820 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roles.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roles.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for valid role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
+describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for valid role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'alert'
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for abstract role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
+  it('should fail for abstract role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'command'
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for invalid role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
+  it('should fail for invalid role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'foobar'
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for fallback role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
+  it('should pass for fallback role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation none'
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for unsupported role', function () {
+  it('should fail for unsupported role', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'alert'
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tab-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tab-name.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bacb415bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tab-name.js
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+describe('aria-tab-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'tab',
+        'aria-label': 'tabname'
+      }
+    });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tab-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'tab',
+        'aria-labelledby': 'tabname'
+      }
+    });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tab-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'tab',
+        title: 'tabname'
+      }
+    });
+
+    node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tab-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'tab',
+        'aria-label': ' \t   \n   '
+      }
+    });
+    node.children = [];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tab-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'tab',
+        title: ''
+      }
+    });
+    node.children = [];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tab-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-text.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-text.js
index 862823ff7..ee3be4211 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-text.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-text.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('aria-text virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should incomplete for element with undefined children', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('aria-text virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should incomplete for element with undefined children', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'text'
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for focusable widget children', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for focusable widget children', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'text'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'button',
@@ -30,43 +30,43 @@ describe('aria-text virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for children with native focus', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for children with native focus', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'text'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if element only has descendants that are not focusable', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass if element only has descendants that are not focusable', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'text'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span'
     });
-    var grandchild = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const grandchild = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'hello'
@@ -75,27 +75,27 @@ describe('aria-text virtual-rule', function () {
     child.children = [grandchild];
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for deeply nested focusable children', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for deeply nested focusable children', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'text'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div'
     });
-    var grandchild = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const grandchild = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div'
     });
-    var greatgrandchild = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const greatgrandchild = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
     greatgrandchild.parent = grandchild;
@@ -103,21 +103,21 @@ describe('aria-text virtual-rule', function () {
     child.children = [grandchild];
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when tabIndex is negative', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when tabIndex is negative', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'text'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         tabindex: '-1',
@@ -127,21 +127,21 @@ describe('aria-text virtual-rule', function () {
 
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass when an anchor has no href and has implicit role of link', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass when an anchor has no href and has implicit role of link', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'text'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         tabindex: '-1'
@@ -150,15 +150,15 @@ describe('aria-text virtual-rule', function () {
     child.children = [];
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when vNode has no children and is type 1', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete when vNode has no children and is type 1', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'text',
@@ -166,21 +166,21 @@ describe('aria-text virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when tabIndex is NaN', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when tabIndex is NaN', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'text'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         tabindex: 'foo',
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ describe('aria-text virtual-rule', function () {
 
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-toggle-field-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-toggle-field-name.js
index c8a5a4d6d..191928996 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-toggle-field-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-toggle-field-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'menuitemcheckbox',
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'menuitemradio',
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'checkbox',
@@ -43,21 +43,21 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [];
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for visible text content', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for visible text content', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'radio'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
@@ -65,22 +65,22 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [child];
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for hidden text', function () {
-    var button = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for hidden text', () => {
+    const button = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'radio'
       }
     });
 
-    var span = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const span = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
         'aria-hidden': true
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     span.parent = button;
     button.children = [span];
 
-    var text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
@@ -97,15 +97,15 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     text.parent = span;
     span.children = [text];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', button);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', button);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when children are missing', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', {
+  it('should incomplete when children are missing', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'switch'
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail children contain no visible text', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail children contain no visible text', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'option'
@@ -126,15 +126,15 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'menuitemcheckbox',
@@ -143,15 +143,15 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'menuitemcheckbox',
@@ -160,15 +160,15 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'menuitemcheckbox',
@@ -177,25 +177,25 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete if has explicit and implicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete if has explicit and implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'menuitemcheckbox',
         'aria-label': 'name'
       }
     });
-    var parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'label'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'first name'
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [];
     parent.children = [child, node];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tooltip-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tooltip-name.js
index 676b39089..ccf3c3a8a 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tooltip-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tooltip-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'tooltip',
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tooltip-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tooltip-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'tooltip',
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tooltip-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tooltip-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'tooltip',
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [];
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tooltip-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tooltip-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'tooltip',
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@ describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tooltip-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tooltip-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'tooltip',
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tooltip-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-tooltip-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-treeitem-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-treeitem-name.js
index aacb5a27e..6097eca8a 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-treeitem-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-treeitem-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'treeitem',
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-treeitem-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-treeitem-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'treeitem',
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-treeitem-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-treeitem-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'treeitem',
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.children = [];
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-treeitem-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-treeitem-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'treeitem',
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@ describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-treeitem-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-treeitem-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'treeitem',
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-treeitem-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-treeitem-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr-value.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr-value.js
index b530ed27b..838adc568 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr-value.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr-value.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for valid values', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
+describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for valid values', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'slider',
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for invalid values', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
+  it('should fail for invalid values', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'slider',
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].data, 4);
   });
 
-  it('should only mark invalid values', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
+  it('should only mark invalid values', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'slider',
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].data, 3);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for idref attributes', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
+  it('should incomplete for idref attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'slider',
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for empty idref attributes', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
+  it('should pass for empty idref attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'slider',
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr.js
index 300d6ccde..350e96267 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('aria-valid-attr virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for valid aria attrs', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr', {
+describe('aria-valid-attr virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for valid aria attrs', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         'aria-expanded': true,
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for invalid aria attr', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr', {
+  it('should fail for invalid aria attr', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         'aria-expanded': true,
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass when configured to accept attribute names', function () {
+  it('should pass when configured to accept attribute names', () => {
     axe.configure({
       checks: [
         {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr virtual-rule', function () {
       ]
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr', {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         'aria-expanded': true,
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/autocomplete-valid.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/autocomplete-valid.js
index ba9f59a9e..410e520d5 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/autocomplete-valid.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/autocomplete-valid.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('autocomplete-valid virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass when autocomplete is valid', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('autocomplete-valid', {
+describe('autocomplete-valid virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass when autocomplete is valid', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('autocomplete-valid', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'text',
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ describe('autocomplete-valid virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass when autocomplete is correctly used', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('autocomplete-valid', {
+  it('should pass when autocomplete is correctly used', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('autocomplete-valid', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'text',
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ describe('autocomplete-valid virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail autocomplete is not valid', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('autocomplete-valid', {
+  it('should fail autocomplete is not valid', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('autocomplete-valid', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'text',
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js
index 74e278233..0550505a4 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+describe('button-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': 'foobar'
@@ -12,21 +12,24 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         title: 'foobar'
@@ -38,8 +41,8 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation',
@@ -52,8 +55,8 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none',
@@ -66,30 +69,30 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for visible text content', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for visible text content', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
     });
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for hidden text', function () {
-    var button = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for hidden text', () => {
+    const button = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
 
-    var span = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const span = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
         'aria-hidden': true
@@ -98,119 +101,168 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     span.parent = button;
     button.children = [span];
 
-    var text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
     });
     text.parent = span;
     span.children = [text];
+    button.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', button);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', button);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when alt and children are missing', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+  it('should incomplete when alt and children are missing', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {}
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail children contain no visible text', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail children contain no visible text', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         alt: ' \t   \n   '
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         alt: ''
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         title: ''
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=presentation', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'button'
+    });
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'label'
+    });
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    node.parent = parent;
+    node.children = [];
+    parent.children = [child, node];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete for explicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'button',
+      attributes: {
+        id: 'foobar'
+      }
+    });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for role=presentation', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation'
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=none', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for role=none', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none'
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-heading.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-heading.js
index 544a26dea..a011f4834 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-heading.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-heading.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass with visible text', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass with visible text', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'h1',
       attributes: {}
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'OK',
@@ -13,27 +13,27 @@ describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
 
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete if no other properties are set', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete if no other properties are set', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'h1'
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
       nodeName: 'h1',
       attributes: {
         title: 'it has a title'
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass on explicit role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
+  it('should pass on explicit role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
         role: 'heading',
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass on implicit role', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
+  it('should pass on implicit role', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
       nodeName: 'h1',
       attributes: {
         title: 'foobar'
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
       nodeName: 'h1',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': 'foobar'
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'h1',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': ''
@@ -94,15 +94,15 @@ describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
       nodeName: 'h1',
       attributes: {
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'h1',
       attributes: {
         title: ''
@@ -123,15 +123,15 @@ describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail in order to account for presentation conflict resolution', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail in order to account for presentation conflict resolution', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'h1',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none',
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-table-header.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-table-header.js
index 407c119c7..780281298 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-table-header.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-table-header.js
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
-describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should fail when children contain no visible text', function () {
-    var thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should fail when children contain no visible text', () => {
+    const thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'th'
     });
     thNode.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when children are missing', function () {
-    var thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete when children are missing', () => {
+    const thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'th'
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=rowheader', function () {
-    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for role=rowheader', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'rowheader'
@@ -33,15 +33,15 @@ describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     vNode.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', vNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', vNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=columnheader', function () {
-    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for role=columnheader', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'columnheader'
@@ -49,29 +49,29 @@ describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     vNode.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', vNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', vNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass with a table header', function () {
-    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass with a table header', () => {
+    const tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'table'
     });
 
-    var trNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const trNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'tr'
     });
     trNode.parent = tableNode;
 
-    var thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'th'
     });
     thNode.parent = trNode;
 
-    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
@@ -82,24 +82,24 @@ describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', function () {
     trNode.children = [thNode];
     tableNode.children = [trNode];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', tableNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', tableNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass with scope of row', function () {
-    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass with scope of row', () => {
+    const tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'table'
     });
 
-    var trNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const trNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'tr'
     });
     trNode.parent = tableNode;
 
-    var thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'th',
       attributes: {
         scope: 'row'
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     thNode.parent = trNode;
 
-    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
@@ -117,24 +117,24 @@ describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', function () {
     thNode.children = [textNode];
     trNode.children = [thNode];
     tableNode.children = [trNode];
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass with scope of col', function () {
-    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass with scope of col', () => {
+    const tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'table'
     });
 
-    var trNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const trNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'tr'
     });
     trNode.parent = tableNode;
 
-    var thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'th',
       attributes: {
         scope: 'col'
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     thNode.parent = trNode;
 
-    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
@@ -153,44 +153,44 @@ describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', function () {
     trNode.children = [thNode];
     tableNode.children = [trNode];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass with a table definition of role rowheader', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass with a table definition of role rowheader', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'td',
       attributes: {
         role: 'rowheader'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
     });
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should be inapplicable when the th has role of cell', function () {
-    var table = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should be inapplicable when the th has role of cell', () => {
+    const table = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'table'
     });
 
-    var tr = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const tr = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'tr'
     });
 
-    var th = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const th = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'th',
       attributes: {
         role: 'cell'
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', function () {
     th.children = [];
     table.children = [tr];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', th);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', th);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/frame-title.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/frame-title.js
index 207cf8d2c..e1c3703d2 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/frame-title.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/frame-title.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+describe('frame-title virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': 'foobar'
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
         title: 'foobar'
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation'
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+  it('should pass for role=none', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none'
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': ''
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
         title: ''
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=presentation and title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+  it('should fail for role=presentation and title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation',
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=none and title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+  it('should fail for role=none and title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none',
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-has-lang.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-has-lang.js
index 555ca917f..0803209b9 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-has-lang.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-has-lang.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('html-has-lang virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for lang', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
+describe('html-has-lang virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for lang', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         lang: 'en'
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ describe('html-has-lang virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for lang and xml:lang', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
+  it('should pass for lang and xml:lang', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         lang: 'en',
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ describe('html-has-lang virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for missing lang', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
+  it('should fail for missing lang', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
       nodeName: 'html'
     });
 
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ describe('html-has-lang virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for just xml:lang', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
+  it('should fail for just xml:lang', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         'xml:lang': 'en'
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-lang-valid.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-lang-valid.js
index 609066ec4..c61eb7d3d 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-lang-valid.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-lang-valid.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('is inapplicable without lang or xml:lang', function () {
+describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('is inapplicable without lang or xml:lang', () => {
     // Error caught by html-has-lang instead
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {}
     });
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('is inapplicable with empty lang or xml:lang', function () {
+  it('is inapplicable with empty lang or xml:lang', () => {
     // Error caught by html-has-lang instead
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         lang: ''
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass with a valid lang', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+  it('should pass with a valid lang', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         lang: 'en'
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass with a valid xml:lang', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+  it('should pass with a valid xml:lang', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         'xml:lang': 'en'
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for both lang and xml:lang', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+  it('should pass for both lang and xml:lang', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         lang: 'en',
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail with an invalid lang', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+  it('should fail with an invalid lang', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         lang: 'invalid'
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail with an invalid xml:lang', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+  it('should fail with an invalid xml:lang', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         'xml:lang': 'invalid'
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail with an invalid lang, and explicitly no children', function () {
-    var html = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail with an invalid lang, and explicitly no children', () => {
+    const html = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         lang: 'invalid'
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     html.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', html);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', html);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/image-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/image-alt.js
index e3e0b05bf..937e0562a 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/image-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/image-alt.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for alt', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+describe('image-alt virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for alt', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         alt: 'foobar'
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for empty alt', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for empty alt', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         alt: ''
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': 'foobar'
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         title: 'foobar'
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation'
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for role=none', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none'
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt is missing', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should fail when alt is missing', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {}
     });
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         alt: ' \t   \n   '
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': ''
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         title: ''
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js
index 80f03a90d..75eeb9494 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for type=submit without value', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for type=submit without value', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'submit'
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for value', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for value', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
@@ -40,22 +40,25 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
@@ -68,8 +71,8 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
@@ -83,8 +86,8 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
@@ -98,97 +101,159 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when no other attributes are passed', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'button'
+      }
+    });
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'label'
+    });
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    node.parent = parent;
+    node.children = [];
+    parent.children = [child, node];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete for explicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'button'
+      }
+    });
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when no other attributes are passed', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when value is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail when value is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         value: ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         alt: ' \t   \n   '
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         'aria-label': ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         title: ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail for role=presentation', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         role: 'presentation'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail for role=none', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         role: 'none'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js
index e2b5d48f2..27d8cd1ac 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for alt', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for alt', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
@@ -27,22 +27,25 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         title: 'foobar'
@@ -54,55 +57,108 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt is missing', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'image'
+      }
+    });
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'label'
+    });
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    node.parent = parent;
+    node.children = [];
+    parent.children = [child, node];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete for explicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image'
       }
     });
 
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when alt is missing', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'image'
+      }
+    });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
+
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should fail when alt is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
         alt: ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
         'aria-label': ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
         title: ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/label.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/label.js
index a7e1c0e84..e0f4015c3 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/label.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/label.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should not apply if input type is hidden', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
+describe('label virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should not apply if input type is hidden', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'hidden'
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label (input)', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
+  it('should pass for aria-label (input)', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': 'foobar'
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label (textarea)', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
+  it('should pass for aria-label (textarea)', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'textarea',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': 'foobar'
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for implicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input'
     });
-    var parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'label'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
@@ -67,30 +67,30 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     node.parent = parent;
     parent.children = [child, node];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for explicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for explicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         id: 'foobar'
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         title: 'foobar'
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation',
@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
+  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none',
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for both missing aria-label and implicit label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
+  it('should incomplete for both missing aria-label and implicit label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': ''
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace and no implicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace and no implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': ' \t   \n   '
@@ -152,15 +152,15 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty and no implicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty and no implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': ''
@@ -168,15 +168,15 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty and no implicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty and no implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         title: ''
@@ -184,15 +184,15 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=presentation', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for role=presentation', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation'
@@ -200,15 +200,15 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=none', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for role=none', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation'
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/link-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/link-name.js
index be9010848..f8afc5b51 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/link-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/link-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('link-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('link-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         href: '/foo.html',
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         href: '/foo.html',
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         href: '/foo.html',
@@ -41,30 +41,30 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when aria-label and children are missing', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete when aria-label and children are missing', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         href: '/foo.html'
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         href: '/foo.html',
@@ -73,15 +73,15 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         href: '/foo.html',
@@ -90,15 +90,15 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete if anchor is still focusable and missing children', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete if anchor is still focusable and missing children', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         href: '/foo.html',
@@ -106,15 +106,15 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail if anchor is still focusable and no children', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail if anchor is still focusable and no children', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         href: '/foo.html',
@@ -123,15 +123,15 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         href: '/foo.html',
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('link-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.js
index b9f200a53..b039969a4 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should be inapplicable for missing content', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should be inapplicable for missing content', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh'
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for content=0', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+  it('should pass for content=0', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh',
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for content=0 and url', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+  it('should pass for content=0 and url', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh',
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for content equal to 72000', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+  it('should pass for content equal to 72000', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh',
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for content other greater than 72000', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+  it('should fail for content other greater than 72000', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh',
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for content other than 0 and url', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+  it('should fail for content other than 0 and url', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh',
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh.js
index 899e6e383..64543e6a1 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should be inapplicable for missing content', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
+describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should be inapplicable for missing content', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh'
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for content=0', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
+  it('should pass for content=0', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh',
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for content=0 and url', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
+  it('should pass for content=0 and url', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh',
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for content other than 0', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
+  it('should fail for content other than 0', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh',
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for content other than 0 and url', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
+  it('should fail for content other than 0 and url', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh',
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for content greater than 20 hours', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
+  it('should pass for content greater than 20 hours', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         'http-equiv': 'refresh',
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-viewport.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-viewport.js
index 55bb16827..1904ca83a 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-viewport.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-viewport.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for missing user-scalable', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
+describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for missing user-scalable', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         name: 'viewport',
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for user-scalable=yes', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
+  it('should pass for user-scalable=yes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         name: 'viewport',
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass comma-separated list', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
+  it('should pass comma-separated list', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         name: 'viewport',
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass semicolon-separated list', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
+  it('should pass semicolon-separated list', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         name: 'viewport',
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for user-scalable=no', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
+  it('should fail for user-scalable=no', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         name: 'viewport',
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for user-scalable=0', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
+  it('should fail for user-scalable=0', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         name: 'viewport',
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for maximum-scale=yes', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
+  it('should fail for maximum-scale=yes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
         name: 'viewport',
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/nested-interactive.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/nested-interactive.js
index e4a0ef222..a95a01953 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/nested-interactive.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/nested-interactive.js
@@ -1,48 +1,48 @@
-describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for element without focusable content', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for element without focusable content', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'Hello World'
     });
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria element without focusable content', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for aria element without focusable content', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'button'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'Hello World'
     });
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for element with non-widget content which has negative tabindex', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for element with non-widget content which has negative tabindex', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
         tabindex: -1
@@ -51,15 +51,15 @@ describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function () {
     child.children = [];
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for empty element without', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for empty element without', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'button'
@@ -67,18 +67,18 @@ describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for element with non-widget content', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for element with non-widget content', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
         tabindex: 1
@@ -87,55 +87,55 @@ describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function () {
     child.children = [];
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for element with native widget content', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for element with native widget content', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'button'
       }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
     child.children = [];
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should return incomplete if element has undefined children', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should return incomplete if element has undefined children', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should return incomplete if descendant has undefined children', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should return incomplete if descendant has undefined children', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span'
     });
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('nested-interactive', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/object-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/object-alt.js
index 7aaf0e991..06850d579 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/object-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/object-alt.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
+describe('object-alt virtual-rule', () => {
   const data = `data:text/html,Object%20content`;
 
-  it('is inapplicable when the object has no data attribute', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
+  it('is inapplicable when the object has no data attribute', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {}
     });
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': 'foobar',
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar',
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
         title: 'foobar',
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation',
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
+  it('should pass for role=none', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none',
@@ -79,27 +79,27 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for visible text content', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for visible text content', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: { data }
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
     });
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt and children are missing', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
+  it('should fail when alt and children are missing', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: { data }
     });
@@ -109,22 +109,22 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail children contain no visible text', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail children contain no visible text', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: { data }
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
         alt: ' \t   \n   ',
@@ -133,15 +133,15 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': '',
@@ -150,15 +150,15 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
         title: '',
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/presentation-role-conflict.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/presentation-role-conflict.js
index bcefd5839..16e33c445 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/presentation-role-conflict.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/presentation-role-conflict.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('fails img[alt=""] with aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('fails img[alt=""] with aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         alt: '',
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when role is presentation and aria-label is present', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when role is presentation and aria-label is present', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'li',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation',
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@ describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when role is none and aria-label is present', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when role is none and aria-label is present', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'li',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none',
@@ -39,22 +39,22 @@ describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should be inapplicable when explicit role is presentation for element without conflict', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should be inapplicable when explicit role is presentation for element without conflict', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation'
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
@@ -62,15 +62,15 @@ describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should be inapplicable when explicit role is none for element without conflict', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should be inapplicable when explicit role is none for element without conflict', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none'
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
@@ -78,23 +78,23 @@ describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for element with implicit role in chromium', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for element with implicit role in chromium', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation'
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail if element has native focusability', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail if element has native focusability', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation',
@@ -102,15 +102,15 @@ describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if element has native focusability but is disabled', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass if element has native focusability but is disabled', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation',
@@ -118,15 +118,15 @@ describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail if element is focusable with tabIndex', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail if element is focusable with tabIndex', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation',
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/role-img-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/role-img-alt.js
index 370b505fe..07801feef 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/role-img-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/role-img-alt.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img',
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img',
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img',
@@ -44,15 +44,15 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     // in accessible name calculation
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img',
@@ -61,15 +61,15 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img',
@@ -78,15 +78,15 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img',
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('role-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/select-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/select-name.js
index 97783b389..a15e6ed75 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/select-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/select-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
+describe('select-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': 'foobar'
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for implicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select'
     });
-    var parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'label'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
@@ -40,30 +40,30 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     node.parent = parent;
     parent.children = [child, node];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for explicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for explicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         id: 'foobar'
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         title: 'foobar'
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation',
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
+  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none',
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for both missing aria-label and implicit label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
+  it('should incomplete for both missing aria-label and implicit label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': ''
@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace and no implicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace and no implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': ' \t   \n   '
@@ -125,15 +125,15 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty and no implicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty and no implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': ''
@@ -141,15 +141,15 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty and no implicit label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty and no implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         title: ''
@@ -157,15 +157,15 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for role=presentation', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation'
@@ -173,15 +173,15 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for role=none', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none'
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/summary-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/summary-name.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38d7ac311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/summary-name.js
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+function appendSerialChild(parent, child) {
+  if (child instanceof axe.SerialVirtualNode === false) {
+    child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode(child);
+  }
+  child.parent = parent;
+  parent.children ??= [];
+  parent.children.push(child);
+  return child;
+}
+
+describe('summary-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  let vDetails;
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vDetails = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'details',
+      attributes: {}
+    });
+    appendSerialChild(vDetails, { nodeName: '#text', nodeValue: 'text' });
+  });
+
+  it('fails without children', () => {
+    const vSummary = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'summary',
+      attributes: {}
+    });
+    vSummary.children = [];
+    appendSerialChild(vDetails, vSummary);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('summary-name', vSummary);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('passes with text content', () => {
+    const vSummary = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'summary',
+      attributes: {}
+    });
+    appendSerialChild(vSummary, { nodeName: '#text', nodeValue: 'text' });
+    appendSerialChild(vDetails, vSummary);
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('summary-name', vSummary);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('passes with aria-label', () => {
+    const vSummary = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'summary',
+      attributes: { 'aria-label': 'foobar' }
+    });
+    appendSerialChild(vDetails, vSummary);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('summary-name', vSummary);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('passes with title', () => {
+    const vSummary = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'summary',
+      attributes: { title: 'foobar' }
+    });
+    appendSerialChild(vDetails, vSummary);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('summary-name', vSummary);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('incompletes with aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const vSummary = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'summary',
+      attributes: { 'aria-labelledby': 'foobar' }
+    });
+    appendSerialChild(vDetails, vSummary);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('summary-name', vSummary);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('throws without a parent', () => {
+    const vSummary = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'summary',
+      attributes: { 'aria-labelledby': 'foobar' }
+    });
+    vSummary.children = [];
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      axe.runVirtualRule('summary-name', vSummary);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/svg-img-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/svg-img-alt.js
index ec0b6ad64..6e0504944 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/svg-img-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/svg-img-alt.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img',
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
         role: 'graphics-document',
@@ -24,18 +24,18 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg'
     });
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'circle',
       attributes: {
         role: 'graphics-symbol',
@@ -49,24 +49,24 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     node.parent = parent;
     parent.children = [node];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title element', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for title element', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img'
       }
     });
-    var title = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const title = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'title'
     });
-    var text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
@@ -76,30 +76,30 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     title.parent = node;
     node.children = [title];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when aria-label and children are missing', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete when aria-label and children are missing', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img'
       }
     });
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img',
@@ -108,15 +108,15 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img',
@@ -125,15 +125,15 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img',
@@ -142,28 +142,28 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     node.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when title element has missing children', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should incomplete when title element has missing children', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
         role: 'img'
       }
     });
-    var title = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const title = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'title'
     });
 
     title.parent = node;
     node.children = [title];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('svg-img-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/tabindex.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/tabindex.js
index cdc8048d4..2491b0c85 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/tabindex.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/tabindex.js
@@ -1,43 +1,43 @@
-describe('tabindex virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for tabindex = 0', function () {
-    var node = {
+describe('tabindex virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for tabindex = 0', () => {
+    const node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         tabindex: 0
       }
     };
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('tabindex', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('tabindex', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for tabindex = -1', function () {
-    var node = {
+  it('should pass for tabindex = -1', () => {
+    const node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         tabindex: -1
       }
     };
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('tabindex', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('tabindex', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for tabindex > 0', function () {
-    var node = {
+  it('should fail for tabindex > 0', () => {
+    const node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         tabindex: 1
       }
     };
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('tabindex', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('tabindex', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/table-duplicate-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/table-duplicate-name.js
index 7edf5eb04..fd3946a84 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/table-duplicate-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/table-duplicate-name.js
@@ -1,33 +1,33 @@
-describe('table-duplicate-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should incomplete on table element with children undefined', function () {
-    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+describe('table-duplicate-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should incomplete on table element with children undefined', () => {
+    const tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'table'
     });
     tableNode.children = undefined;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass on table element', function () {
-    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass on table element', () => {
+    const tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'table'
     });
 
     tableNode.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass when table has empty summary', function () {
-    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass when table has empty summary', () => {
+    const tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'table',
       attributes: {
         summary: ''
@@ -35,27 +35,27 @@ describe('table-duplicate-name virtual-rule', function () {
     });
     tableNode.children = [];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass when table has empty caption and summary', function () {
-    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass when table has empty caption and summary', () => {
+    const tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'table',
       attributes: {
         summary: ''
       }
     });
 
-    var captionNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const captionNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'caption'
     });
     captionNode.parent = tableNode;
 
-    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: ''
@@ -65,29 +65,29 @@ describe('table-duplicate-name virtual-rule', function () {
     captionNode.children = [textNode];
     tableNode.children = [captionNode];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when table summary and <caption> have the same text', function () {
-    var DUPLICATED_TEXT = 'foobar';
+  it('should fail when table summary and <caption> have the same text', () => {
+    const DUPLICATED_TEXT = 'foobar';
 
-    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'table',
       attributes: {
         summary: DUPLICATED_TEXT
       }
     });
 
-    var captionNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const captionNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'caption'
     });
     captionNode.parent = tableNode;
 
-    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: DUPLICATED_TEXT
@@ -97,39 +97,39 @@ describe('table-duplicate-name virtual-rule', function () {
     captionNode.children = [textNode];
     tableNode.children = [captionNode];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when table summary and <caption> have the same text, excluding whitespace', function () {
-    var DUPLICATED_TEXT = 'foobar';
+  it('should fail when table summary and <caption> have the same text, excluding whitespace', () => {
+    const DUPLICATED_TEXT = 'foobar';
 
-    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'table',
       attributes: {
-        summary: '  ' + DUPLICATED_TEXT
+        summary: `  ${DUPLICATED_TEXT}`
       }
     });
 
-    var captionNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const captionNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'caption'
     });
     captionNode.parent = tableNode;
 
-    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
-      nodeValue: ' \t  ' + DUPLICATED_TEXT
+      nodeValue: `    ${DUPLICATED_TEXT}`
     });
     textNode.parent = captionNode;
 
     captionNode.children = [textNode];
     tableNode.children = [captionNode];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/valid-lang.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/valid-lang.js
index 18e177a20..33dff0fdc 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/valid-lang.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/valid-lang.js
@@ -1,103 +1,103 @@
-describe('valid-lang virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for valid lang value', function () {
-    var node = {
+describe('valid-lang virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for valid lang value', () => {
+    const node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         lang: 'en'
       }
     };
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for valid xml:lang value', function () {
-    var node = {
+  it('should pass for valid xml:lang value', () => {
+    const node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'xml:lang': 'en'
       }
     };
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for valid L10N lang value', function () {
-    var node = {
+  it('should pass for valid L10N lang value', () => {
+    const node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         lang: 'en-GB'
       }
     };
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for valid L10N xml:lang value', function () {
-    var node = {
+  it('should pass for valid L10N xml:lang value', () => {
+    const node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'xml:lang': 'en-GB'
       }
     };
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for invalid lang value', function () {
-    var node = {
+  it('should fail for invalid lang value', () => {
+    const node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         lang: 'a'
       }
     };
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for invalid L10N xml:lang value', function () {
-    var node = {
+  it('should fail for invalid L10N xml:lang value', () => {
+    const node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         'xml:lang': 'a'
       }
     };
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should not apply for html element', function () {
-    var node = {
+  it('should not apply for html element', () => {
+    const node = {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
         'xml:lang': 'a'
       }
     };
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('valid-lang', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
diff --git a/test/karma.conf.js b/test/karma.conf.js
deleted file mode 100644
index b4036b908..000000000
--- a/test/karma.conf.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-var path = require('path');
-
-// allow running only certain directories
-var testDirs = [
-  'core',
-  'commons',
-  'rule-matches',
-  'checks',
-  'api',
-  'integration',
-  'virtual-rules'
-];
-var testFiles = [];
-var args = process.argv.slice(2);
-
-args.forEach(function (arg) {
-  // pattern: testDir=commons,core
-  var parts = arg.split('=');
-  if (parts[0] === 'testDirs') {
-    testDirs = parts[1].split(',');
-  }
-  // pattern: testFiles=path/to/file
-  else if (parts[0] === 'testFiles') {
-    testFiles = parts[1].split(',');
-  }
-});
-
-var testPaths = [];
-if (testFiles.length) {
-  testPaths = testFiles.map(function (file) {
-    var basename = path.basename(file);
-    var extname = path.extname(file);
-
-    // do not transform test files unless it is the integration/rule
-    // html, in which case run the json test file
-    if (file.includes('test/')) {
-      if (file.includes('integration/rules') && extname === '.html') {
-        return file.replace('.html', '.json');
-      }
-
-      return file;
-    } else if (basename.includes('-matches.js')) {
-      return path.join('test/rule-matches', basename);
-    } else {
-      var filePath = file.replace('lib/', 'test/');
-
-      if (file.includes('-evaluate.js')) {
-        return filePath.replace('-evaluate.js', '.js');
-      }
-
-      return filePath;
-    }
-  });
-} else if (testDirs.length) {
-  testPaths = testDirs.map(function (dir) {
-    if (dir === 'integration') {
-      return path.join('test', dir, '**/*.json');
-    }
-    if (['virtual-rules', 'api'].includes(dir)) {
-      return path.join('test', 'integration', dir, '**/*.js');
-    }
-    return path.join('test', dir, '**/*.js');
-  });
-}
-
-module.exports = function (config) {
-  config.set({
-    basePath: '../',
-    singleRun: true,
-    autoWatch: false,
-    plugins: [
-      'karma-mocha',
-      'karma-chai',
-      'karma-sinon',
-      'karma-spec-reporter',
-      'karma-chrome-launcher',
-      'karma-firefox-launcher',
-      'karma-ie-launcher',
-      require('./integration/rules/preprocessor')
-    ],
-    frameworks: ['mocha', 'chai', 'sinon'],
-    files: [
-      { pattern: 'test/mock/**/*.html', included: false, served: true },
-      { pattern: 'test/integration/**/*.css', included: false, served: true },
-      { pattern: 'test/assets/**/*.*', included: false, served: true },
-      {
-        pattern: 'test/integration/rules/**/*.html',
-        included: false,
-        served: true
-      },
-      'axe.js',
-      'test/testutils.js'
-    ].concat(testPaths),
-    proxies: {
-      '/test': '/base/test',
-      '/mock': '/base/test/mock',
-      '/integration': '/base/test/integration',
-      '/axe.js': '/base/axe.js'
-    },
-    browsers: ['ChromeHeadless'],
-    reporters: ['spec'],
-    preprocessors: {
-      'test/integration/rules/**/*.json': ['integration']
-    },
-    client: {
-      useIframe: false,
-      mocha: {
-        timeout: 4000,
-        reporter: 'html'
-      }
-    }
-  });
-};
diff --git a/test/node/jsdom.js b/test/node/jsdom.js
index e7bddb419..cf4693d39 100644
--- a/test/node/jsdom.js
+++ b/test/node/jsdom.js
@@ -2,20 +2,21 @@ const axe = require('../../');
 const jsdom = require('jsdom');
 const assert = require('assert');
 
-const domStr =
-  '<!DOCTYPE html>' +
-  '<html lang="en">' +
-  '<head>' +
-  '<meta charset="UTF-8">' +
-  '<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">' +
-  '<title>Document</title>' +
-  '</head>' +
-  '<body>' +
-  'Hello' +
-  '<a id="hash-link" href="#main">Main</a>' +
-  '<a id="skip" href="https://page.com#main">Skip Link</a>' +
-  '</body>' +
-  '</html>';
+const domStr = `
+  <!DOCTYPE html>
+  <html lang="en">
+  <head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  <title>Document</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+  Hello
+  <a id="hash-link" href="#main">Main</a>
+  <a id="skip" href="https://page.com#main">Skip Link</a>
+  </body>
+  </html>
+`;
 
 describe('jsdom axe-core', () => {
   it('should run without setting globals', () => {
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ describe('jsdom axe-core', () => {
       .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
         rules: { 'color-contrast': { enabled: false } }
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.notEqual(results.violations.length, 0);
       });
   });
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ describe('jsdom axe-core', () => {
       .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
         rules: { 'color-contrast': { enabled: false } }
       })
-      .then(function (results) {
+      .then(results => {
         assert.notStrictEqual(results.violations.length, 0);
 
         dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ describe('jsdom axe-core', () => {
           .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
             rules: { 'color-contrast': { enabled: false } }
           })
-          .then(function (res) {
+          .then(res => {
             assert.notStrictEqual(res.violations.length, 0);
           });
       });
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ describe('jsdom axe-core', () => {
         .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
           runOnly: ['check-current-page-link']
         })
-        .then(function (results) {
+        .then(results => {
           assert.strictEqual(results.passes.length, 1);
         });
     });
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ describe('jsdom axe-core', () => {
         .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
           runOnly: ['check-current-page-link']
         })
-        .then(function (results) {
+        .then(results => {
           assert.strictEqual(results.passes.length, 1);
         });
     });
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ describe('jsdom axe-core', () => {
         .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
           runOnly: ['check-current-page-link']
         })
-        .then(function (results) {
+        .then(results => {
           assert.strictEqual(results.passes.length, 1);
         });
     });
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ describe('jsdom axe-core', () => {
       axe.teardown();
     });
 
-    it('sets up the tree', function () {
+    it('sets up the tree', () => {
       const { document } = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr).window;
       const tree = axe.setup(document.body);
       assert.equal(tree, axe._tree[0]);
diff --git a/test/node/node.js b/test/node/node.js
index 88ec6d406..8d0a1bd83 100644
--- a/test/node/node.js
+++ b/test/node/node.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ var spawn = require('child_process').spawn;
 var fs = require('fs');
 var path = require('path');
 
-initJsdom(function (err, window) {
+initJsdom((err, window) => {
   assert.equal(err, null);
 
   console.log('running axe');
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ initJsdom(function (err, window) {
       preload: false,
       rules: { 'color-contrast': { enabled: false } }
     },
-    function (axeError, results) {
+    (axeError, results) => {
       assert.equal(axeError, null);
       assert.notEqual(results.violations.length, 0);
       console.log('axe ran successfully');
@@ -33,47 +33,47 @@ initJsdom(function (err, window) {
  */
 function initJsdom(callback) {
   try {
-    var nodeToJsdomMatrix = {
-      4: '9.12.0', // last jsdom version that supported this node version
-      6: '11.12.0',
-      8: '15.2.1',
-      10: '16.7.0',
-      12: '19.0.0',
-      14: '21.1.2',
-      16: '22.1.0'
+    var nodeToDeps = {
+      4: ['jsdom@9.12.0', 'sax@1.4.1'], // last jsdom version that supported this node version
+      6: ['jsdom@11.12.0', 'sax@1.4.1'],
+      8: ['jsdom@15.2.1'],
+      10: ['jsdom@16.7.0'],
+      12: ['jsdom@19.0.0'],
+      14: ['jsdom@21.1.2'],
+      16: ['jsdom@22.1.0'],
+      18: ['jsdom@26.1.0']
     };
 
     var majorNodeVersion = process.versions.node.split('.')[0];
-    var jsdomVersion = nodeToJsdomMatrix[majorNodeVersion] || 'latest';
+    console.log(`node version detected as: v${majorNodeVersion}`);
 
-    console.log('node version detected as: v' + majorNodeVersion);
-    console.log('installing jsdom@' + jsdomVersion);
-    var child = spawn(
-      'npm',
-      ['install', 'jsdom@' + jsdomVersion, '--no-save'],
-      {
-        cwd: __dirname
-      }
-    );
+    var deps = nodeToDeps[majorNodeVersion] || ['jsdom@latest'];
+    var nodeInstallArgs = ['install', '--no-save'];
+    for (var dep of deps) {
+      console.log(`installing ${dep}`);
+      nodeInstallArgs.push(dep);
+    }
+
+    var child = spawn('npm', nodeInstallArgs, { cwd: __dirname });
     child.stdout.setEncoding('utf8');
     child.stderr.setEncoding('utf8');
-    child.stdout.on('data', function (data) {
+    child.stdout.on('data', data => {
       console.log(data);
     });
-    child.stderr.on('data', function (data) {
+    child.stderr.on('data', data => {
       console.error(data);
     });
-    child.on('close', function () {
+    child.on('close', () => {
       console.log('installed');
-      var jsdom = require('jsdom');
-      var domStr = fs.readFileSync(
+      const jsdom = require('jsdom');
+      const domStr = fs.readFileSync(
         path.join('test', 'integration', 'full', 'all-rules', 'all-rules.html'),
         'utf8'
       );
 
       // jsdom 9
       if (jsdom.env) {
-        jsdom.env(domStr, function (jsdomError, window) {
+        jsdom.env(domStr, (jsdomError, window) => {
           if (jsdomError) {
             callback(jsdomError);
           }
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-attr-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-attr-matches.js
index 5b7dfb33a..3c682e42d 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-attr-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-attr-matches.js
@@ -1,27 +1,25 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-attr-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-allowed-attr-matches', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  let rule;
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-allowed-attr');
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('should return true on elements that have aria attributes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true on elements that have aria attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button" id="target" aria-label="Thing 1" aria-mccheddarton="Unsupported thing 2"></div>'
     );
 
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on elements that have no aria attributes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="button" id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return false on elements that have no aria attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div role="button" id="target"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-role-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-role-matches.js
index 28992fde4..25499288c 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-role-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-role-matches.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-role-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-allowed-role-matches', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  let rule;
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-allowed-role');
   });
 
-  it('return false (no matches) for a <link> with a href to have any invalid role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('return false (no matches) for a <link> with a href to have any invalid role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<link id="target" href="/example.com" role="invalid-role"></link>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('return true for input with redundant role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="text" role="textbox"/>');
+  it('return true for input with redundant role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<input id="target" type="text" role="textbox"/>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('return true for element with valid role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<ol id="target" role="listbox"/>');
+  it('return true for element with valid role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<ol id="target" role="listbox"/>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-has-attr-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-has-attr-matches.js
index c3e0adbb5..edf0d1525 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-has-attr-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-has-attr-matches.js
@@ -1,29 +1,27 @@
-describe('aria-has-attr-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-has-attr-matches', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  let rule;
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-valid-attr-value');
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an element has no attributes', function () {
-    var vNode = fixtureSetup('<div></div>');
+  it('should return false if an element has no attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = fixtureSetup('<div></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an element has no ARIA attributes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return false if an element has no ARIA attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
-  it('should return true if an element has ARIA attributes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" aria-bats="monkeys"></div>');
+  it('should return true if an element has ARIA attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" aria-bats="monkeys"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-hidden-focus-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-hidden-focus-matches.js
index b770c8832..8900d3c5e 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-hidden-focus-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-hidden-focus-matches.js
@@ -1,56 +1,54 @@
-describe('aria-hidden-focus-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-hidden-focus-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var rule;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  let rule;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-hidden-focus');
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('return true when there is no parent with aria-hidden', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">' + '</div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
+  it('return true when there is no parent with aria-hidden', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html` <div id="target"></div> `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('return false when has a parent element with aria-hidden', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
+  it('return false when has a parent element with aria-hidden', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div aria-hidden="true">
+        <div id="target" aria-hidden="true"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('return false when has any parent element with aria-hidden', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<div>' +
-        '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
+  it('return false when has any parent element with aria-hidden', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div aria-hidden="true">
+        <div>
+          <div id="target" aria-hidden="true"></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('return false when has any parent element with aria-hidden', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<div aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<button id="target">btn</button>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
+  it('return false when has any parent element with aria-hidden', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div aria-hidden="true">
+        <div aria-hidden="true">
+          <button id="target">btn</button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-required-children-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-required-children-matches.js
index 319e7845b..b59bc7d6f 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-required-children-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-required-children-matches.js
@@ -1,25 +1,23 @@
-describe('aria-required-children-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-required-children-matches', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  let rule;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-required-children');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true for a role that requires children', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="list"></div>');
+  it('should return true for a role that requires children', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="list"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for a role that does not require children', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="alert"></div>');
+  it('should return false for a role that does not require children', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="alert"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-required-parent-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-required-parent-matches.js
index 53f380839..750348a92 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-required-parent-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-required-parent-matches.js
@@ -1,25 +1,23 @@
-describe('aria-required-parent-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-required-parent-matches', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  let rule;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-required-parent');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true for a role that requires parent', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="listitem"></div>');
+  it('should return true for a role that requires parent', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="listitem"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for a role that does not require parent', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="alert"></div>');
+  it('should return false for a role that does not require parent', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="alert"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/autocomplete-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/autocomplete-matches.js
index 7c914c39b..731b8f16d 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/autocomplete-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/autocomplete-matches.js
@@ -1,132 +1,164 @@
-describe('autocomplete-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule = axe.utils.getRule('autocomplete-valid');
+describe('autocomplete-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('autocomplete-valid');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for input elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
+  it('returns true for input elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for select elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<select id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
+  it('returns true for select elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<select id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for textarea elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<textarea id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
+  it('returns true for textarea elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<textarea id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for buttons elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
+  it('returns false for buttons elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for non-form field elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
+  it('should return false for non-form field elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for input buttons', function () {
-    ['reset', 'submit', 'button'].forEach(function (type) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<input id="target" type="' + type + '" autocomplete="foo">'
+  it('returns false for input buttons', () => {
+    ['reset', 'submit', 'button'].forEach(type => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<input id="target" type="${type}" autocomplete="foo" />`
       );
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with an empty autocomplete', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" autocomplete="  ">');
+  it('returns false for elements with an empty autocomplete', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" autocomplete="  ">');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for intput[type=hidden]', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for intput[type=hidden]', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="hidden" autocomplete="foo">'
     );
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for disabled fields', function () {
-    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (tagName) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<' + tagName + ' id="target" disabled autocomplete="foo">'
+  it('returns false for disabled fields', () => {
+    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(tagName => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        `<${tagName} id="target" disabled autocomplete="foo">`
       );
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for aria-disabled=true fields', function () {
-    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (tagName) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<' + tagName + ' id="target" aria-disabled="true" autocomplete="foo">'
+  it('returns false for aria-disabled=true fields', () => {
+    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(tagName => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        `<${tagName} id="target" aria-disabled="true" autocomplete="foo">`
       );
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true for aria-disabled=false fields', function () {
-    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (tagName) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<' + tagName + ' id="target" aria-disabled="false" autocomplete="foo">'
+  it('returns true for aria-disabled=false fields', () => {
+    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(tagName => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        `<${tagName} id="target" aria-disabled="false" autocomplete="foo">`
       );
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-widget roles with tabindex=-1', function () {
-    var nonWidgetRoles = ['application', 'fakerole', 'main'];
-    nonWidgetRoles.forEach(function (role) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<input id="target" role="' +
-          role +
-          '" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="foo">'
+  it('returns false for non-widget roles with tabindex=-1', () => {
+    const nonWidgetRoles = ['application', 'fakerole', 'main'];
+    nonWidgetRoles.forEach(role => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<input
+          id="target"
+          role="${role}"
+          tabindex="-1"
+          autocomplete="foo"
+        />`
       );
       assert.isFalse(
         rule.matches(null, vNode),
-        'Expect role=' + role + ' to be ignored when it has tabindex=-1'
+        `Expect role=${role} to be ignored when it has tabindex=-1`
       );
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true for form fields with a widget role with tabindex=-1', function () {
-    var nonWidgetRoles = ['button', 'menuitem', 'slider'];
-    nonWidgetRoles.forEach(function (role) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<input id="target" role="' +
-          role +
-          '" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="foo">'
+  it('returns true for form fields with a widget role with tabindex=-1', () => {
+    const nonWidgetRoles = ['button', 'menuitem', 'slider'];
+    nonWidgetRoles.forEach(role => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<input
+          id="target"
+          role="${role}"
+          tabindex="-1"
+          autocomplete="foo"
+        />`
       );
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true for form fields with tabindex=-1', function () {
-    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (tagName) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<' + tagName + ' id="target" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="foo">'
+  it('returns true for form fields with tabindex=-1', () => {
+    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(tagName => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        `<${tagName} id="target" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="foo">`
       );
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for off screen and hidden form fields with tabindex=-1', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div aria-hidden="true">' +
-        '<input id="target" tabindex="-1" style="position:absolute; top:-9999em" autocomplete="foo">' +
-        '</div>'
+  it('returns false for off screen and hidden form fields with tabindex=-1', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div aria-hidden="true">
+        <input
+          id="target"
+          tabindex="-1"
+          style="position:absolute; top:-9999em"
+          autocomplete="foo"
+        />
+      </div>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false if readonly attribute is placed whether autocomplete is not valid', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<input readonly autocomplete="some invalid value" id="target" />'
     );
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
+
+  it('returns false if aria-readonly attribute is true whether autocomplete is not valid', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<input aria-readonly="true" autocomplete="some invalid value" id="target" />'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true if aria-readonly attribute is false whether autocomplete is not valid', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<input aria-readonly="false" autocomplete="some invalid value" id="target" />'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/color-contrast-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/color-contrast-matches.js
index fc41e301e..38ae8e167 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/color-contrast-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/color-contrast-matches.js
@@ -1,162 +1,187 @@
-describe('color-contrast-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('color-contrast-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport =
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport =
     document.body && typeof document.body.attachShadow === 'function';
-  var rule;
+  let rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('color-contrast');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('should not match when there is no text', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-      ' </div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should not match when there is no text', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target"></div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match when there is text', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-      'My text</div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should match when there is text', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">
+        My text
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match when text only contains emoji', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-      '🌎</div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should not match when text only contains emoji', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">🌎</div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match when text only contains punctuation', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-      '&rlm;</div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should not match when text only contains punctuation', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">
+        &rlm;
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match when text only contains nonBmp unicode', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-      '◓</div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should match when text only contains nonBmp unicode', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">◓</div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match when there is text that is out of the container', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="color: yellow; text-indent: -9999px; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-      'My text</div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should not match when there is text that is out of the container', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="color: yellow; text-indent: -9999px; background-color: white;"
+        id="target"
+      >
+        My text
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match input when there is text that is out of the container', function () {
+  it('should not match input when there is text that is out of the container', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<input style="text-indent: -9999px" type="submit" value="Search" />';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match select when there is text that is out of the container', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<select style="text-indent: -9999px">' +
-      '<option selected>My text</option>' +
-      '</select>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('select');
+  it('should not match select when there is text that is out of the container', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <select style="text-indent: -9999px">
+        <option selected>My text</option>
+      </select>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('select');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match textarea when there is text that is out of the container', function () {
+  it('should not match textarea when there is text that is out of the container', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<textarea style="text-indent: -9999px">My text</textarea>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('textarea');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('textarea');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match when there is text that is out of the container with overflow hidden', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="color: yellow; width: 100px; overflow: hidden; text-indent: 200px; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-      'text</div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should not match when there is text that is out of the container with overflow hidden', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="color: yellow; width: 100px; overflow: hidden; text-indent: 200px; background-color: white;"
+        id="target"
+      >
+        text
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match when there is text that is in the scroll reach of container', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="color: yellow; width: 100px; overflow: scroll; text-indent: 200px; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-      'text</div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should match when there is text that is in the scroll reach of container', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="color: yellow; width: 100px; overflow: scroll; text-indent: 200px; background-color: white;"
+        id="target"
+      >
+        text
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match when there is text that is only partially out of the container', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="color: yellow; text-indent: -20px; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
-      'My text</div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should match when there is text that is only partially out of the container', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div
+        style="color: yellow; text-indent: -20px; background-color: white;"
+        id="target"
+      >
+        My text
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match <input type="text">', function () {
+  it('should match <input type="text">', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text">';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type="hidden">', function () {
+  it('should not match <input type="hidden">', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden">';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type="checkbox">', function () {
+  it('should not match <input type="checkbox">', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox">';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type="radio">', function () {
+  it('should not match <input type="radio">', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="radio">';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type="color">', function () {
+  it('should not match <input type="color">', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="color">';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     // Some browsers will fallback to type=text for unknown input types (looking at you IE)
     if (target.type === 'color') {
@@ -164,9 +189,9 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type="range">', function () {
+  it('should not match <input type="range">', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="range">';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     // Some browsers will fallback to type=text for unknown input types (looking at you IE)
     if (target.type === 'range') {
@@ -174,85 +199,94 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function () {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should match <select> with options', function () {
+  it('should match <select> with options', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select><option>Hello</option></select>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('select');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('select');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <select> with no options', function () {
+  it('should not match <select> with no options', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select></select>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('select');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('select');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match <textarea>', function () {
+  it('should match <textarea>', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea></textarea>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('textarea');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('textarea');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <option>', function () {
+  it('should not match <option>', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select><option>hi</option></select>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('option');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('option');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match inputs that are disabled', function () {
+  it('should not match inputs that are disabled', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" disabled>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
+  });
+
+  it('should not match a disabled implicit label child', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <label>
+        <input
+          type="checkbox"
+          style="position: absolute;display: inline-block;width: 1.5rem;height: 1.5rem;opacity: 0;"
+          disabled
+          checked
+        />
+        <span
+          style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);display:inline-block;width: 1.5rem;height: 1.5rem;"
+          aria-hidden="true"
+        ></span>
+        <span style="color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.38);" id="target">Baseball</span>
+      </label>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
-  });
-
-  it('should not match a disabled implicit label child', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label>' +
-      '<input type="checkbox" style="position: absolute;display: inline-block;width: 1.5rem;height: 1.5rem;opacity: 0;" disabled checked>' +
-      '<span style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);display:inline-block;width: 1.5rem;height: 1.5rem;" aria-hidden="true"></span>' +
-      '<span style="color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.38);" id="target">Baseball</span>' +
-      '</label>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var result = rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target));
+    const result = rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target));
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should not match <textarea disabled>', function () {
+  it('should not match <textarea disabled>', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea disabled></textarea>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('textarea');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('textarea');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <select> with options', function () {
+  it('should not match <select> with options', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select disabled><option>Hello</option></select>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('select');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('select');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match <button>', function () {
+  it('should match <button>', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button>hi</button>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('button');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('button');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <button disabled>', function () {
+  it('should not match <button disabled>', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button disabled>hi</button>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('button');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('button');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <button disabled><span></span></button>', function () {
+  it('should not match <button disabled><span></span></button>', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button disabled><span>Hi</span></button>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('button');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('button');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
       rule.matches(
@@ -262,9 +296,9 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not match <button disabled><span><i></i></span></button>', function () {
+  it('should not match <button disabled><span><i></i></span></button>', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button disabled><span><i>Hi</i></span></button>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('button');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('button');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
       rule.matches(
@@ -274,292 +308,330 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function () {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type=image>', function () {
+  it('should not match <input type=image>', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="image">';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a disabled input's label - explicit label", function () {
+  it("should not match a disabled input's label - explicit label", () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label for="t1">Test</label><input type="text" id="t1" disabled>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('label');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match an aria-disabled input's label - explicit label", function () {
+  it("should not match an aria-disabled input's label - explicit label", () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label for="t1">Test</label><input type="text" id="t1" aria-disabled="true">';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('label');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a parent aria-disabled input's label - explicit label", function () {
+  it("should not match a parent aria-disabled input's label - explicit label", () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label for="t1">Test</label><div aria-disabled="true"><input type="text" id="t1"></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('label');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (input)", function () {
+  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (input)", () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<label>Test<input type="text" disabled></label>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('label');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (textarea)", function () {
+  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (textarea)", () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<label>Test<textarea disabled>Hi</textarea></label>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('label');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (select)", function () {
+  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (select)", () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label>Test<select disabled><option>Test</option></select></label>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('label');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a disabled input's label - aria-labelledby", function () {
+  it("should not match a disabled input's label - aria-labelledby", () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="t1">Test</div><input type="text" aria-labelledby="bob t1 fred" disabled>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('div');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('div');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match when at least one input is not disabled - aria-labelledby', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t1">Test</div>' +
-      '<input type="text" aria-labelledby="t1" disabled />' +
-      '<input type="text" aria-labelledby="t1" />';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('div');
+  it('should match when at least one input is not disabled - aria-labelledby', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t1">Test</div>
+      <input type="text" aria-labelledby="t1" disabled />
+      <input type="text" aria-labelledby="t1" />
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('div');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match when inputs are disabled by an ancestor - aria-labelledby', function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t1">Test</div>' +
-      '<fieldset disabled>' +
-      '<input type="text" aria-labelledby="t1" />' +
-      '<input type="text" aria-labelledby="t1" />' +
-      '</fieldset>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('div');
+  it('should not match when inputs are disabled by an ancestor - aria-labelledby', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t1">Test</div>
+      <fieldset disabled>
+        <input type="text" aria-labelledby="t1" />
+        <input type="text" aria-labelledby="t1" />
+      </fieldset>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('div');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match aria-disabled=true', function () {
+  it('should not match aria-disabled=true', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div aria-disabled="true">hi</div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('div');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('div');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match a descendant of aria-disabled=true', function () {
+  it('should not match a descendant of aria-disabled=true', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div aria-disabled="true"><span>hi</span></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('span');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match an aria-disabled input's label - aria-labelledby", function () {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t1"><span>Test</span></div>' +
-      '<div role="textbox" aria-labelledby="bob t1 fred" aria-disabled="true"></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('span');
+  it("should not match an aria-disabled input's label - aria-labelledby", () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t1"><span>Test</span></div>
+      <div
+        role="textbox"
+        aria-labelledby="bob t1 fred"
+        aria-disabled="true"
+      ></div>
+    `;
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('span');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match a descendant of a disabled fieldset', function () {
+  it('should not match a descendant of a disabled fieldset', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<fieldset disabled><label>hi <input type="checkbox"></label></fieldset>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('label');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match a descendant of an explicit label for a disabled input', function () {
+  it('should not match a descendant of an explicit label for a disabled input', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<input id="input" type="checkbox" disabled><label for="input"><span>hi</span></label>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('span');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match a descendant of an implicit label for a disabled input', function () {
+  it('should not match a descendant of an implicit label for a disabled input', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label for="input"><span>hi</span><input id="input" type="checkbox" disabled></label>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('span');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match inert', function () {
+  it('should not match inert', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div inert>hi</div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('div');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('div');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match a descendant of inert', function () {
+  it('should not match a descendant of inert', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div inert><span>hi</span></div>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('span');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
   it('should not match text outside overflow', () => {
-    fixture.innerHTML = `
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
       <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
         <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 25px">
           <div id="target" style="padding-left: 65px;">Hello World</div>
         </div>
       </div>
     `;
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
+  });
+
+  it('should not match text with font-size: 0', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div style="font-size: 0">hi</div>';
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('div');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
   if (shadowSupport) {
-    it('should match a descendant of an element across a shadow boundary', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent" style="background-color: #000;">' + '</div>';
+    it('should match a descendant of an element across a shadow boundary', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="parent" style="background-color: #000;"></div>
+      `;
 
-      var shadowRoot = document
+      const shadowRoot = document
         .getElementById('parent')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadowRoot.innerHTML =
         '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color: #333">Text</div>';
 
-      var shadowTarget =
-        fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+      const shadowTarget =
+        fixture.firstElementChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(
         rule.matches(shadowTarget, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowTarget))
       );
     });
 
-    it('should look at the correct root node when looking up an explicit label and disabled input', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent">' + '<input id="input">' + '</div>';
+    it('should look at the correct root node when looking up an explicit label and disabled input', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="parent">
+          <input id="input" />
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var shadowRoot = document
+      const shadowRoot = document
         .getElementById('parent')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="shadowParent">' +
-        '<label for="input" id="shadowLabel">Label</label>' +
-        '<input id="input" disabled>' +
-        '</div>';
+      shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="shadowParent">
+          <label for="input" id="shadowLabel">Label</label>
+          <input id="input" disabled />
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var shadowLabel =
-        fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowLabel');
+      const shadowLabel =
+        fixture.firstElementChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowLabel');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(
         rule.matches(shadowLabel, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowLabel))
       );
     });
 
-    it('should look at the correct root node when looking up implicit label and disabled input', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent">' + '<input>' + '</div>';
+    it('should look at the correct root node when looking up implicit label and disabled input', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="parent">
+          <input />
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var shadowRoot = document
+      const shadowRoot = document
         .getElementById('parent')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="shadowParent">' +
-        '<label id="shadowLabel">Label <input disabled></label>' +
-        '</div>';
+      shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="shadowParent">
+          <label id="shadowLabel">Label <input disabled /></label>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var shadowLabel =
-        fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowLabel');
+      const shadowLabel =
+        fixture.firstElementChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowLabel');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(
         rule.matches(shadowLabel, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowLabel))
       );
     });
 
-    it("should look at the correct root node for a disabled control's label associated w/ aria-labelledby", function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent">' + '<input id="input">' + '</div>';
+    it("should look at the correct root node for a disabled control's label associated w/ aria-labelledby", () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="parent">
+          <input id="input" />
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var shadowRoot = document
+      const shadowRoot = document
         .getElementById('parent')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="shadowParent">' +
-        '<label id="shadowLabel">Label</label>' +
-        '<input aria-labelledby="shadowLabel" disabled>' +
-        '</div>';
+      shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="shadowParent">
+          <label id="shadowLabel">Label</label>
+          <input aria-labelledby="shadowLabel" disabled />
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var shadowLabel =
-        fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowLabel');
+      const shadowLabel =
+        fixture.firstElementChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowLabel');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(
         rule.matches(shadowLabel, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowLabel))
       );
     });
 
-    it('should handle input/label spread across the shadow boundary', function () {
+    it('should handle input/label spread across the shadow boundary', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<label>Text <div id="firstChild"></div></label>';
 
-      var container = document.getElementById('firstChild');
-      var shadowRoot = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const container = document.getElementById('firstChild');
+      const shadowRoot = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="input" disabled />';
 
-      var shadowTarget = container.shadowRoot.querySelector('#input');
+      const shadowTarget = container.shadowRoot.querySelector('#input');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(
         rule.matches(shadowTarget, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowTarget))
       );
     });
 
-    it('should look at the children of a virtual node for overlap', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent">' +
-        '<div id="firstChild" style="background-color: #ccc; color: #fff;"></div>' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('should look at the children of a virtual node for overlap', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="parent">
+          <div
+            id="firstChild"
+            style="background-color: #ccc; color: #fff;"
+          ></div>
+        </div>
+      `;
 
-      var shadowRoot = document
+      const shadowRoot = document
         .getElementById('firstChild')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot.innerHTML =
-        'Some text' +
-        '<p style="color: #fff;" id="shadowTarget">Other text</p>';
+      shadowRoot.innerHTML = html`
+        Some text
+        <p style="color: #fff;" id="shadowTarget">Other text</p>
+      `;
 
-      var firstChild = fixture.querySelector('#firstChild');
+      const firstChild = fixture.querySelector('#firstChild');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(
         rule.matches(firstChild, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(firstChild))
       );
     });
 
-    it('should handle an input added through slotted content', function () {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label>Option 1 <span class="slotted">' +
-        '<input type="text" name="slottedLabel" />' +
-        '</span></label>';
+    it('should handle an input added through slotted content', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label
+          >Option 1
+          <span class="slotted">
+            <input type="text" name="slottedLabel" /> </span
+        ></label>
+      `;
 
       function createContentSlotted() {
-        var group = document.createElement('span');
+        const group = document.createElement('span');
         group.innerHTML = '<slot></slot>';
         return group;
       }
 
-      var slotted = fixture.querySelector('.slotted');
-      var shadowRoot = slotted.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const slotted = fixture.querySelector('.slotted');
+      const shadowRoot = slotted.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadowRoot.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
 
-      var input = slotted.querySelector('input');
+      const input = slotted.querySelector('input');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(input, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(input)));
     });
@@ -584,9 +656,12 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function () {
     });
 
     it('is false for multiple icons', () => {
-      fixture.innerHTML = `<div id="target" style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">
-          check star favorite
-        </div>`;
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`<div
+        id="target"
+        style="font-family: 'Material Icons'"
+      >
+        check star favorite
+      </div>`;
       const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/data-table-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/data-table-matches.js
index ab1e92523..b755ef50c 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/data-table-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/data-table-matches.js
@@ -1,56 +1,76 @@
-describe('data-table-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('data-table-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var rule;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  let rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('th-has-data-cells');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if table has role="presentation"', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table role="presentation" id="target">' +
-        '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td></td> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td></td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  it('should return false if table has role="presentation"', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table role="presentation" id="target">
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
 
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if table has role="none"', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table role="none" id="target">' +
-        '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td></td> </tr>' +
-        '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td></td> </tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  it('should return false if table has role="none"', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table role="none" id="target">
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>hi</th>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
 
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if table is a data table', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<table id="target">' +
-        '	<caption>Table caption</caption>' +
-        '	<tr><th scope="col">Heading 1</th><th scope="col">Heading 2</th></tr>' +
-        '	<tr><td>Thing 1</td><td>Thing 2</td></tr>' +
-        '</table>'
-    );
+  it('should return true if table is a data table', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <table id="target">
+        <caption>
+          Table caption
+        </caption>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="col">Heading 1</th>
+          <th scope="col">Heading 2</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>Thing 1</td>
+          <td>Thing 2</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    `);
 
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-active-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-active-matches.js
index 60bb45d3c..273e2e139 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-active-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-active-matches.js
@@ -1,77 +1,84 @@
-describe('duplicate-id-active matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('duplicate-id-active matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var rule;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  let rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('duplicate-id-active');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', function () {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', function () {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div><span id="foo"></span>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', function () {
+  it('returns true if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<button id="foo"></button>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<button id="foo"></button>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="foo"></div>
+      <button id="foo"></button>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="foo"></div>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<span id="foo"></span>'
-    );
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="foo"></div>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <span id="foo"></span>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<button id="foo"></button>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>'
-    );
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button id="foo"></button>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<button id="foo"></button>' +
-        '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<span id="foo"></span>'
-    );
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button id="foo"></button>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <span id="foo"></span>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-aria-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-aria-matches.js
index 2ebd3a071..54c231d92 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-aria-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-aria-matches.js
@@ -1,77 +1,84 @@
-describe('duplicate-id-aria matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('duplicate-id-aria matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var rule;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  let rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('duplicate-id-aria');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', function () {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', function () {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div><span id="foo"></span>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', function () {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<button id="foo"></button>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<button id="foo"></button>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="foo"></div>
+      <button id="foo"></button>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="foo"></div>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<span id="foo"></span>'
-    );
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="foo"></div>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <span id="foo"></span>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<button id="foo"></button>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>'
-    );
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns true if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button id="foo"></button>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<button id="foo"></button>' +
-        '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<span id="foo"></span>'
-    );
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button id="foo"></button>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <span id="foo"></span>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-misc-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-misc-matches.js
index 77f2331b2..98e8ce280 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-misc-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-misc-matches.js
@@ -1,77 +1,84 @@
-describe('duplicate-id-misc matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('duplicate-id-misc matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var rule;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  let rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('duplicate-id');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', function () {
+  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', function () {
+  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div><span id="foo"></span>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', function () {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<button id="foo"></button>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<button id="foo"></button>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="foo"></div>
+      <button id="foo"></button>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>');
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="foo"></div>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<div id="foo"></div>' +
-        '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<span id="foo"></span>'
-    );
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <div id="foo"></div>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <span id="foo"></span>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<button id="foo"></button>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>'
-    );
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button id="foo"></button>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
-    fixtureSetup(
-      '<button id="foo"></button>' +
-        '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
-        '<span id="foo"></span>'
-    );
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <button id="foo"></button>
+      <div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>
+      <span id="foo"></span>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/frame-focusable-content-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/frame-focusable-content-matches.js
index 8adc9ef5b..a66ff96cc 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/frame-focusable-content-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/frame-focusable-content-matches.js
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var rule;
+describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', () => {
+  let rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('frame-focusable-content');
   });
 
-  it('returns false for the top-level context', function () {
-    var result = rule.matches(null, null, {
+  it('returns false for the top-level context', () => {
+    const result = rule.matches(null, null, {
       initiator: true,
       focusable: false,
       size: {
@@ -18,8 +17,8 @@ describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function () {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for focusable iframes', function () {
-    var result = rule.matches(null, null, {
+  it('returns false for focusable iframes', () => {
+    const result = rule.matches(null, null, {
       initiator: false,
       focusable: true,
       size: {
@@ -30,8 +29,8 @@ describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function () {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-focusable iframes that are too small (1x1)', function () {
-    var result = rule.matches(null, null, {
+  it('returns false for non-focusable iframes that are too small (1x1)', () => {
+    const result = rule.matches(null, null, {
       initiator: false,
       focusable: false,
       size: {
@@ -42,8 +41,8 @@ describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function () {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-focusable iframes that are too small (0x0)', function () {
-    var result = rule.matches(null, null, {
+  it('returns false for non-focusable iframes that are too small (0x0)', () => {
+    const result = rule.matches(null, null, {
       initiator: false,
       focusable: false,
       size: {
@@ -54,8 +53,8 @@ describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function () {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for non-focusable iframes', function () {
-    var result = rule.matches(null, null, {
+  it('returns true for non-focusable iframes', () => {
+    const result = rule.matches(null, null, {
       initiator: false,
       focusable: false,
       size: {
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/frame-title-has-text-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/frame-title-has-text-matches.js
index cb9bbe42f..0d2e1fdf7 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/frame-title-has-text-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/frame-title-has-text-matches.js
@@ -1,32 +1,30 @@
-describe('layout-table-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('layout-table-matches', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  let rule;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('frame-title-unique');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if title attribute has text', function () {
+  it('should return true if title attribute has text', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe title="hello"></iframe>';
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if title attribute is empty', function () {
+  it('should return false if title attribute is empty', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe title=""></iframe>';
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if title attribute contains only whitespace', function () {
+  it('should return false if title attribute contains only whitespace', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe title="    "></iframe>';
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/has-implicit-chromium-role-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/has-implicit-chromium-role-matches.js
index 55c54807c..b21796dbd 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/has-implicit-chromium-role-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/has-implicit-chromium-role-matches.js
@@ -1,39 +1,37 @@
-describe('has-implicit-chromium-role-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('has-implicit-chromium-role-matches', () => {
+  let rule;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  var rule;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('presentation-role-conflict');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('matches elements with an implicit role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<main id="target"></main>');
+  it('matches elements with an implicit role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<main id="target"></main>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('does not match elements with no implicit role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+  it('does not match elements with no implicit role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('matches elements with an implicit role in chromium', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<svg id="target"></svg>');
+  it('matches elements with an implicit role in chromium', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<svg id="target"></svg>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('does not match elements with no implicit role even if they are focusable and have an explicit role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('does not match elements with no implicit role even if they are focusable and have an explicit role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="none" tabindex="1"></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/heading-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/heading-matches.js
index 4939f16b9..501133183 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/heading-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/heading-matches.js
@@ -1,51 +1,53 @@
-describe('heading-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var rule;
+describe('heading-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  let rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('empty-heading');
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on elements that are not headings', function () {
-    var vNode = fixtureSetup('<div></div>');
+  it('should return false on elements that are not headings', () => {
+    const vNode = fixtureSetup('<div></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on elements with role="heading"', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="heading" id="target"></div>');
+  it('should return true on elements with role="heading"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div role="heading" id="target"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on regular headings without roles', function () {
-    for (var i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<h' + i + ' id="target"></h' + i + '>');
+  it('should return true on regular headings without roles', () => {
+    for (let i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`<h${i} id="target"></h${i}>`);
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return false on headings with their role changes', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 role="banner" id="target"></h1>');
+  it('should return false on headings with their role changes', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<h1 role="banner" id="target"></h1>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on headings with their role changes to an invalid role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 role="bruce" id="target"></h1>');
+  it('should return true on headings with their role changes to an invalid role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<h1 role="bruce" id="target"></h1>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on headings with their role changes to an abstract role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 role="widget" id="target"></h1>');
+  it('should return true on headings with their role changes to an abstract role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<h1 role="widget" id="target"></h1>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on headings with explicit role="none" and an empty aria-label to account for presentation conflict resolution', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 aria-label="" role="none" id="target"></h1>');
+  it('should return true on headings with explicit role="none" and an empty aria-label to account for presentation conflict resolution', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<h1 aria-label="" role="none" id="target"></h1>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/html-namespace-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/html-namespace-matches.js
index 48ff0a266..e488c0011 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/html-namespace-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/html-namespace-matches.js
@@ -1,52 +1,51 @@
-describe('html-namespace-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var rule;
-  var fixture;
-  var axeFixtureSetup;
+describe('html-namespace-matches', () => {
+  let rule;
+  let fixture;
+  let axeFixtureSetup;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
     axeFixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('role-img-alt');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true when passed an HTML element', function () {
+  it('returns true when passed an HTML element', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<h1>Hello world</h1>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('h1');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('h1');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when passed a custom HTML element', function () {
+  it('returns true when passed a custom HTML element', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<xx-heading>Hello world</xx-heading>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('xx-heading');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('xx-heading');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when passed an SVG element', function () {
+  it('returns false when passed an SVG element', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<svg><title>Pretty picture</title></svg>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('svg');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('svg');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when passed an SVG circle element', function () {
+  it('returns false when passed an SVG circle element', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup(
       '<svg><circle><title>Pretty picture</title></circle></svg>'
     );
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('circle');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('circle');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function () {
-    it('returns true when passed an HTML element', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('Serial Virtual Node', () => {
+    it('returns true when passed an HTML element', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'h1'
       });
       serialNode.parent = null;
@@ -54,8 +53,8 @@ describe('html-namespace-matches', function () {
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, serialNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when passed a custom HTML element', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns true when passed a custom HTML element', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'xx-heading'
       });
       serialNode.parent = null;
@@ -63,11 +62,11 @@ describe('html-namespace-matches', function () {
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, serialNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns false when passed an SVG circle element', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns false when passed an SVG circle element', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'circle'
       });
-      var parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
       serialNode.parent = parent;
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/html-xml-lang-mismatch.js b/test/rule-matches/html-xml-lang-mismatch.js
index b710aef5c..1f1f29a2e 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/html-xml-lang-mismatch.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/html-xml-lang-mismatch.js
@@ -1,49 +1,47 @@
-describe('xml-lang-mismatch-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
+describe('xml-lang-mismatch-matches', () => {
   // nested this on a per rule basis, for future-proofing writing tests for multiple rules using the same matches
-  describe('for rule: html-xml-lang-mismatch', function () {
-    var rule;
-    var dom;
-    var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  describe('for rule: html-xml-lang-mismatch', () => {
+    let rule;
+    let dom;
+    const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-    beforeEach(function () {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       rule = axe.utils.getRule('html-xml-lang-mismatch');
       dom = document.createElement('html');
     });
 
-    afterEach(function () {
+    afterEach(() => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '';
     });
 
-    it('is a function', function () {
-      var actual = rule.matches;
+    it('is a function', () => {
+      const actual = rule.matches;
       assert.isFunction(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the element does not contain lang or xml:lang attribute', function () {
-      var actual = rule.matches(dom);
+    it('returns false if the element does not contain lang or xml:lang attribute', () => {
+      const actual = rule.matches(dom);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the element contains either/ only one of the lang or xml:lang attribute', function () {
+    it('returns false if the element contains either/ only one of the lang or xml:lang attribute', () => {
       dom.setAttribute('lang', 'nl');
-      var actual = rule.matches(dom);
+      const actual = rule.matches(dom);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true if the element contains both lang and xml:lang attribute', function () {
+    it('returns true if the element contains both lang and xml:lang attribute', () => {
       dom.setAttribute('lang', 'en');
       dom.setAttribute('xml:lang', 'nl');
-      var actual = rule.matches(dom);
+      const actual = rule.matches(dom);
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false for element of type that is not HTML', function () {
-      var node = document.createElement('svg');
+    it('returns false for element of type that is not HTML', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('svg');
       node.setAttribute('lang', '');
       node.setAttribute('xml:lang', 'nl');
-      var actual = rule.matches(node);
+      const actual = rule.matches(node);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/identical-links-same-purpose-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/identical-links-same-purpose-matches.js
index 9aa044bd0..e7cdb3e02 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/identical-links-same-purpose-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/identical-links-same-purpose-matches.js
@@ -1,89 +1,105 @@
-describe('identical-links-same-purpose-matches tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('identical-links-same-purpose-matches tests', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule = axe.utils.getRule('identical-links-same-purpose');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('identical-links-same-purpose');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns false when native link without accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href=""></a>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns false when native link without accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href=""></a>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for ARIA link without accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<span role="link" id="target"></span>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns false for ARIA link without accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<span role="link" id="target"></span>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for native link with a role !== link', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for native link with a role !== link', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="#" role="button">Go to Checkout</a>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `area` has no parent `map` element', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when `area` has no parent `map` element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<area id="target" role="link" href="" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN" />'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `area` has parent `map` that is not referred by `img[usemap]`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map name="iam-not-referred">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" href="" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN" />' +
-        '</map>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns false when `area` has parent `map` that is not referred by `img[usemap]`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map name="iam-not-referred">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          href=""
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when native link without href', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target">Book Now</a>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns true when native link without href', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target">Book Now</a>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when ARIA link without href', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when ARIA link without href', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="link">Book Now</button>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when native link has an accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when native link has an accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/" aria-label="Go to MDN website"></a>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for ARIA link has an accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<span role="link" id="target">Book Tour</span>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns true for ARIA link has an accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<span role="link" id="target">Book Tour</span>'
+    );
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `area` has parent `map` that is referred by `img`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<map name="iam-referred">' +
-        '<area id="target" role="link" href="" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN" />' +
-        '</map>' +
-        '<img usemap="#iam-referred" alt="MDN infographic" />'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns true when `area` has parent `map` that is referred by `img`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <map name="iam-referred">
+        <area
+          id="target"
+          role="link"
+          href=""
+          shape="circle"
+          coords="130,136,60"
+          aria-label="MDN"
+        />
+      </map>
+      <img usemap="#iam-referred" alt="MDN infographic" />
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/inserted-into-focus-order-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/inserted-into-focus-order-matches.js
index f9a56f3ed..424ec98cf 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/inserted-into-focus-order-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/inserted-into-focus-order-matches.js
@@ -1,50 +1,48 @@
-describe('inserted-into-focus-order-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('inserted-into-focus-order-matches', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+  let rule;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('focus-order-semantics');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true for a non-focusable element with tabindex > -1', function () {
+  it('should return true for a non-focusable element with tabindex > -1', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div tabindex="0"></div>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for a non-focusable element with tabindex == -1', function () {
+  it('should return false for a non-focusable element with tabindex == -1', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div tabindex="-1"></div>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for a native focusable element with tabindex > 0', function () {
+  it('should return false for a native focusable element with tabindex > 0', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button tabindex="0"></button>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for a native focusable element with no tabindex', function () {
+  it('should return false for a native focusable element with no tabindex', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#"></a>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for non-numeric tabindex value', function () {
+  it('should return false for non-numeric tabindex value', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div tabindex="abc"></div>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/is-initiator-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/is-initiator-matches.js
index 8007f1f56..ee02baaa4 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/is-initiator-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/is-initiator-matches.js
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
-describe('is-initiator-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('is-initiator-matches', () => {
+  let rule;
 
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('html-has-lang');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
-    var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  afterEach(() => {
+    const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the context is the initiator', function () {
+  it('should return true if the context is the initiator', () => {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, null, { initiator: true }));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the context is not the initiator', function () {
+  it('should return false if the context is not the initiator', () => {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, null, { initiator: false }));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/is-visible-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/is-visible-matches.js
index 847b796c2..8cc455050 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/is-visible-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/is-visible-matches.js
@@ -1,29 +1,27 @@
-describe('is-visible-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var isVisibleMatches =
+describe('is-visible-matches', () => {
+  let isVisibleMatches =
     axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.metadataFunctionMap[
       'is-visible-matches'
     ];
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  let fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  let fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for visible elements', function () {
+  it('returns true for visible elements', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<p id="target">Hello world</p>');
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleMatches(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with hidden', function () {
+  it('returns false for elements with hidden', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<p id="target" hidden>Hello world</p>');
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleMatches(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for visible elements with aria-hidden="true"', function () {
+  it('returns true for visible elements with aria-hidden="true"', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<p id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hello world</p>');
     assert.isTrue(isVisibleMatches(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for opacity:0 elements with accessible text', function () {
+  it('returns false for opacity:0 elements with accessible text', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<p id="target" style="opacity:0">Hello world</p>');
     assert.isFalse(isVisibleMatches(fixture.firstChild));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/is-visible-on-screen-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/is-visible-on-screen-matches.js
index b7f8a6cc6..55fa224e7 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/is-visible-on-screen-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/is-visible-on-screen-matches.js
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 describe('is-visible-on-screen-matches', () => {
-  'use strict';
-
   const rule = axe.utils.getRule('avoid-inline-spacing');
   const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/label-content-name-mismatch-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/label-content-name-mismatch-matches.js
index b47d2847d..38fb847e0 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/label-content-name-mismatch-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/label-content-name-mismatch-matches.js
@@ -1,155 +1,161 @@
-describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule = axe.utils.getRule('label-content-name-mismatch');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('label-content-name-mismatch');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns false if given element has no role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false if given element has no role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="what color is the sky?"></div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if element role is not supported with name from contents', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false if element role is not supported with name from contents', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div aria-label="choose your age" id="target" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="20" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100">20 %</div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if implicit element role is overridden to a role that does not support name from contents', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="labelForStatusMsg">Status message</div>' +
-        '<button id="target" role="status" aria-labelledby="labelForStatusMsg">Your changes were automatically saved.</button>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns false if implicit element role is overridden to a role that does not support name from contents', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="labelForStatusMsg">Status message</div>
+      <button id="target" role="status" aria-labelledby="labelForStatusMsg">
+        Your changes were automatically saved.
+      </button>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if element does not have accessible name attributes (`aria-label` or `aria-labelledby`)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false if element does not have accessible name attributes (`aria-label` or `aria-labelledby`)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" name="link">Until the very end.</button>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name via `aria-label`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name via `aria-label`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" name="link" aria-label="">Until the very end.</button>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if element has accessible name via `aria-label`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true if element has accessible name via `aria-label`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" name="link" aria-label="Until">Until the very end.</button>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if element has accessible name via `aria-labelledby`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo">some content</div>' +
-        '<div id="foo">Foo text</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns true if element has accessible name via `aria-labelledby`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo">some content</div>
+      <div id="foo">Foo text</div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name (`aria-labelledby`)', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo">some content</div>' +
-        '<div id="foo"></div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name (`aria-labelledby`)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo">some content</div>
+      <div id="foo"></div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) because idref does not exist', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="doesNotExist">some content</div>' +
-        '<div id="idExists">Right Label</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) because idref does not exist', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="doesNotExist">
+        some content
+      </div>
+      <div id="idExists">Right Label</div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if element has accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) - multiple refs', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="bar baz foo">some content</div>' +
-        '<div id="foo">Foo</div>' +
-        '<div id="bar">Bar</div>' +
-        '<div id="baz">Baz</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns true if element has accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) - multiple refs', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="bar baz foo">
+        some content
+      </div>
+      <div id="foo">Foo</div>
+      <div id="bar">Bar</div>
+      <div id="baz">Baz</div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-widget role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for non-widget role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a role="contentinfo" id="target" aria-label="some content">Content Information</a>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-widget role that does support name from content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for non-widget role that does support name from content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="tooltip" aria-label="OK">Next</div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for empty text content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for empty text content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="close"></button>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non text content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for non text content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="close"><i class="fa fa-icon-close"></i></button>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for hidden (non visible) text content', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for hidden (non visible) text content', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="close"><span style="display:none">I am hidden</span></button>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text is combination of alphanumeric and emoji characters', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when visible text is combination of alphanumeric and emoji characters', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="I would like a burger">I would like a 🍔 </button>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text is combination of alphanumeric and punctuation characters', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when visible text is combination of alphanumeric and punctuation characters', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="next page">next page &gt;</button>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/label-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/label-matches.js
index 8dbdc304d..46aafb611 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/label-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/label-matches.js
@@ -1,43 +1,43 @@
-describe('label-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('label-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  let rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('label');
   });
 
-  it('returns true for non-input elements', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<textarea id="target"></textarea>');
+  it('returns true for non-input elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<textarea id="target"></textarea>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for input elements without type', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" />');
+  it('returns true for input elements without type', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" />');
 
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for input buttons', function () {
-    ['button', 'submit', 'image', 'reset'].forEach(function (type) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="' + type + '" />');
+  it('returns false for input buttons', () => {
+    ['button', 'submit', 'image', 'reset'].forEach(type => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`<input id="target" type="${type}" />`);
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for input elements type=hidden', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="hidden" />');
+  it('returns false for input elements type=hidden', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="hidden" />');
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for other input types', function () {
+  it('returns true for other input types', () => {
     ['text', 'password', 'url', 'range', 'date', 'checkbox', 'radio'].forEach(
-      function (type) {
-        var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="' + type + '" />');
+      type => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(html`<input id="target" type="${type}" />`);
         assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
       }
     );
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/landmark-has-body-context.js b/test/rule-matches/landmark-has-body-context.js
index 124ba3dc9..48c111b6e 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/landmark-has-body-context.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/landmark-has-body-context.js
@@ -1,46 +1,45 @@
-describe('landmark-has-body-context', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var rule;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+describe('landmark-has-body-context', () => {
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  let rule;
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('landmark-banner-is-top-level');
   });
 
-  it('returns true for elements with a role', function () {
+  it('returns true for elements with a role', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<main><footer role="contentinfo"></footer></main>');
 
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for elements not contained in a landmark', function () {
+  it('returns true for elements not contained in a landmark', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<div><footer role="contentinfo"></footer></div>');
 
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements contained in a landmark', function () {
+  it('returns false for elements contained in a landmark', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<main><footer></footer></main>');
 
-    var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns false for elements contained in a landmark in a shadow DOM tree',
-    function () {
+    () => {
       // Safari has a bug in 12.0 that throws an error when calling
       // attachShadow on <main>
       // @see https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=197726
-      var article = document.createElement('article');
-      var shadow = article.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const article = document.createElement('article');
+      const shadow = article.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<footer></footer>';
 
       fixtureSetup(article);
-      var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
     }
   );
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/landmark-unique-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/landmark-unique-matches.js
index 539d83769..f46a87c99 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/landmark-unique-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/landmark-unique-matches.js
@@ -1,198 +1,203 @@
-describe('landmark-unique-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var rule;
-  var fixture;
-  var axeFixtureSetup;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var excludedDescendantsForHeadersFooters = [
-    'article',
-    'aside',
-    'main',
-    'nav',
-    'section'
-  ];
-  var headerFooterElements = ['header', 'footer'];
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+describe('landmark-unique-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
+  let rule;
+  let fixture;
+  let axeFixtureSetup;
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const sectioningContentElements = ['article', 'aside', 'nav', 'section'];
+  const excludedDescendantsForHeadersFooters =
+    sectioningContentElements.concat('main');
+  const headerFooterElements = ['header', 'footer'];
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
     axeFixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('landmark-unique');
   });
 
-  it('should not match because not a landmark', function () {
+  it('should not match because not a landmark', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<h1>some heading</h1>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('h1');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('h1');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('should pass because is a landmark', function () {
+  it('should pass because is a landmark', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<div role="banner">some banner</div>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('div');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('div');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('should not match because landmark is hidden', function () {
+  it('should not match because landmark is hidden', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<div role="banner">some banner</div>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('div');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('div');
     node.style.display = 'none';
     fixture.appendChild(node);
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  describe('form and section elements must have accessible names to be matched', function () {
-    var sectionFormElements = ['section', 'form'];
+  describe('form and section elements must have accessible names to be matched', () => {
+    const sectionFormElements = ['section', 'form'];
 
-    sectionFormElements.forEach(function (elementType) {
-      it(
-        'should match because it is a ' + elementType + ' with a label',
-        function () {
-          axeFixtureSetup(
-            '<' +
-              elementType +
-              ' aria-label="sample label">some ' +
-              elementType +
-              '</' +
-              elementType +
-              '>'
-          );
-          var node = fixture.querySelector(elementType);
-          var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
-          assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
-        }
-      );
-
-      it(
-        'should not match because it is a ' + elementType + ' without a label',
-        function () {
+    sectionFormElements.forEach(elementType => {
+      it(`should match because it is a ${elementType} with a label`, () => {
+        axeFixtureSetup(
+          `<${elementType} aria-label="sample label">some ${elementType}</${elementType}>`
+        );
+        const node = fixture.querySelector(elementType);
+        const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+        assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
+      });
+
+      it(`should not match because it is a ${elementType} without a label`, () => {
+        axeFixtureSetup(`<${elementType}>some ${elementType}</${elementType}>`);
+        const node = fixture.querySelector(elementType);
+        const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+        assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('header/footers should only match when not inside the excluded descendants', () => {
+    headerFooterElements.forEach(elementType => {
+      excludedDescendantsForHeadersFooters.forEach(exclusionType => {
+        it(`should not match because ${elementType} is contained inside an ${exclusionType}`, () => {
           axeFixtureSetup(
-            '<' +
-              elementType +
-              '>some ' +
-              elementType +
-              '</' +
-              elementType +
-              '>'
+            `<${exclusionType} aria-label="sample label"><${elementType}>an element</${elementType}></${exclusionType}>`
           );
-          var node = fixture.querySelector(elementType);
-          var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+          const node = fixture.querySelector(elementType);
+          const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
           assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
-        }
-      );
+        });
+      });
+
+      it(`should match because ${elementType} is not contained inside the excluded descendants`, () => {
+        axeFixtureSetup(`<${elementType}>an element</${elementType}>`);
+        const node = fixture.querySelector(elementType);
+        const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+        assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
+      });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('header/footers should only match when not inside the excluded descendants', function () {
-    headerFooterElements.forEach(function (elementType) {
-      excludedDescendantsForHeadersFooters.forEach(function (exclusionType) {
-        it(
-          'should not match because ' +
-            elementType +
-            ' is contained inside an ' +
-            exclusionType,
-          function () {
-            axeFixtureSetup(
-              '<' +
-                exclusionType +
-                ' aria-label="sample label"><' +
-                elementType +
-                '>an element</' +
-                elementType +
-                '></' +
-                exclusionType +
-                '>'
-            );
-            var node = fixture.querySelector(elementType);
-            var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
-            assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
-          }
+  describe('aside should not match when scoped to a sectioning content element unless it has an accessible name', () => {
+    sectioningContentElements.forEach(exclusionType => {
+      it(`should not match because aside is scoped to ${exclusionType} and has no label`, () => {
+        axeFixtureSetup(
+          html`<${exclusionType}><aside data-test>an element</aside></${exclusionType}>`
         );
+        const node = fixture.querySelector('aside[data-test]');
+        const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+        assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
       });
 
-      it(
-        'should match because ' +
-          elementType +
-          ' is not contained inside the excluded descendants',
-        function () {
-          axeFixtureSetup(
-            '<' + elementType + '>an element</' + elementType + '>'
-          );
-          var node = fixture.querySelector(elementType);
-          var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
-          assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
-        }
-      );
+      it(`should match because aside within ${exclusionType} has a label`, () => {
+        axeFixtureSetup(
+          html`<${exclusionType}><aside aria-label="sample label" data-test>an element</aside></${exclusionType}>`
+        );
+        const node = fixture.querySelector('aside[data-test]');
+        const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+        assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should match because aside is not scoped to a sectioning content element', () => {
+      axeFixtureSetup('<aside>an element</aside>');
+      const node = fixture.querySelector('aside');
+      const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+      assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
     });
   });
 
   if (shadowSupport) {
-    it('return true for landmarks contained within shadow dom', function () {
-      var container = document.createElement('div');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    it('return true for landmarks contained within shadow dom', () => {
+      const container = document.createElement('div');
+      const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<footer></footer>';
 
       axeFixtureSetup(container);
-      var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
     });
 
-    describe('header/footers should only match when not inside the excluded descendants within shadow dom', function () {
-      var container;
-      var shadow;
+    describe('header/footers should only match when not inside the excluded descendants within shadow dom', () => {
+      let container;
+      let shadow;
 
-      beforeEach(function () {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         container = document.createElement('div');
         shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       });
 
-      headerFooterElements.forEach(function (elementType) {
-        excludedDescendantsForHeadersFooters.forEach(function (exclusionType) {
-          it(
-            'should not match because ' +
-              elementType +
-              ' is contained inside an ' +
-              exclusionType +
-              '',
-            function () {
-              shadow.innerHTML =
-                '<' +
-                exclusionType +
-                ' aria-label="sample label"><' +
-                elementType +
-                '>an element</' +
-                elementType +
-                '></' +
-                exclusionType +
-                '>';
-
-              axeFixtureSetup(container);
-              var virtualNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
-                axe._tree[0],
-                elementType
-              )[0];
-              assert.isFalse(rule.matches(virtualNode.actualNode, virtualNode));
-            }
-          );
-        });
+      headerFooterElements.forEach(elementType => {
+        excludedDescendantsForHeadersFooters.forEach(exclusionType => {
+          it(`should not match because ${elementType} is contained inside an ${exclusionType}`, () => {
+            shadow.innerHTML = `<${exclusionType} aria-label="sample label"><${elementType}>an element</${elementType}></${exclusionType}>`;
 
-        it(
-          'should match because ' +
-            elementType +
-            ' is not contained inside the excluded descendants',
-          function () {
-            shadow.innerHTML =
-              '<' + elementType + '>an element</' + elementType + '>';
             axeFixtureSetup(container);
-            var virtualNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
+            const virtualNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
               axe._tree[0],
               elementType
             )[0];
-            assert.isTrue(rule.matches(virtualNode.actualNode, virtualNode));
-          }
-        );
+            assert.isFalse(rule.matches(virtualNode.actualNode, virtualNode));
+          });
+        });
+
+        it(`should match because ${elementType} is not contained inside the excluded descendants`, () => {
+          shadow.innerHTML = `<${elementType}>an element</${elementType}>`;
+          axeFixtureSetup(container);
+          const virtualNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
+            axe._tree[0],
+            elementType
+          )[0];
+          assert.isTrue(rule.matches(virtualNode.actualNode, virtualNode));
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('aside should match inside shadow dom unless it is both within sectioning content and has no accessible name', () => {
+      let container;
+      let shadow;
+
+      beforeEach(() => {
+        container = document.createElement('div');
+        shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      });
+
+      sectioningContentElements.forEach(exclusionType => {
+        it(`should not match because aside is scoped to ${exclusionType} and has no label`, () => {
+          shadow.innerHTML = html`<${exclusionType} aria-label="sample label"><aside data-test>an element</aside></${exclusionType}>`;
+
+          axeFixtureSetup(container);
+          const virtualNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
+            axe._tree[0],
+            'aside[data-test]'
+          )[0];
+          assert.isFalse(rule.matches(virtualNode.actualNode, virtualNode));
+        });
+
+        it(`should match because aside within ${exclusionType} has a label`, () => {
+          shadow.innerHTML = html`<${exclusionType}><aside aria-label="sample label" data-test>an element</aside></${exclusionType}>`;
+          axeFixtureSetup(container);
+          const virtualNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
+            axe._tree[0],
+            'aside[data-test]'
+          )[0];
+          assert.isTrue(rule.matches(virtualNode.actualNode, virtualNode));
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('should match because aside is not scoped to a sectioning content element', () => {
+        shadow.innerHTML = '<aside>an element</aside>';
+        axeFixtureSetup(container);
+        const virtualNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
+          axe._tree[0],
+          'aside'
+        )[0];
+        assert.isTrue(rule.matches(virtualNode.actualNode, virtualNode));
       });
     });
   }
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/layout-table-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/layout-table-matches.js
index cae2b1ff7..ec3c60f0f 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/layout-table-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/layout-table-matches.js
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-describe('layout-table-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('layout-table-matches', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+  let rule;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe.configure({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -18,39 +16,39 @@ describe('layout-table-matches', function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('layout-rule');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false for data table', function () {
+  it('should return false for data table', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><caption>Hello></caption></table>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the table is focusable', function () {
+  it('should return false if the table is focusable', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table tabindex="0"></table>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if table has role=presentation', function () {
+  it('should return true if table has role=presentation', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="presentation"></table>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
 
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if table has role=none', function () {
+  it('should return true if table has role=none', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="none"></table>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
 
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/link-in-text-block-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/link-in-text-block-matches.js
index e1740114d..4c6f5055f 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/link-in-text-block-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/link-in-text-block-matches.js
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 describe('link-in-text-block-matches', () => {
-  'use strict';
-
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
   const rule = axe.utils.getRule('link-in-text-block');
 
@@ -29,10 +28,15 @@ describe('link-in-text-block-matches', () => {
   });
 
   it('should return false if element has <style>', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(`
-      <p>Some paragraph with text
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        Some paragraph with text
         <a id="target" href="#">
-          <style>a { color: #333 }</style>
+          <style>
+            a {
+              color: #333;
+            }
+          </style>
         </a>
       </p>
     `);
@@ -41,10 +45,13 @@ describe('link-in-text-block-matches', () => {
   });
 
   it('should return false if element has <script>', () => {
-    fixtureSetup(`
-      <p>Some paragraph with text
+    fixtureSetup(html`
+      <p>
+        Some paragraph with text
         <a id="target" href="#">
-          <script>console.log('foo')</script>
+          <script>
+            console.log('foo');
+          </script>
         </a>
       </p>
     `);
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/nested-interactive-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/nested-interactive-matches.js
index c4bebe514..3277b836f 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/nested-interactive-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/nested-interactive-matches.js
@@ -1,33 +1,33 @@
-describe('nested-interactive-matches', function () {
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule;
+describe('nested-interactive-matches', () => {
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  let rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('nested-interactive');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should match if element has children presentational', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+  it('should match if element has children presentational', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should match if aria element has children presentational', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="button" id="target"></div>');
+  it('should match if aria element has children presentational', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div role="button" id="target"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should not match if element does not have children presentational', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a href="foo.html" id="target"></a>');
+  it('should not match if element does not have children presentational', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<a href="foo.html" id="target"></a>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should not match if element has no role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target"></span>');
+  it('should not match if element has no role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target"></span>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-autoplay-audio-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/no-autoplay-audio-matches.js
index 1769e3e89..f081b4a93 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/no-autoplay-audio-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-autoplay-audio-matches.js
@@ -1,51 +1,51 @@
-describe('no-autoplay-audio-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('no-autoplay-audio-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var preloadOptions = { preload: { assets: ['media'] } };
-  var rule;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const preloadOptions = { preload: { assets: ['media'] } };
+  let rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('no-autoplay-audio');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns false for <audio> element that has no src attribute', function (done) {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<audio id="target"></audio>');
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
+  it('returns false for <audio> element that has no src attribute', done => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<audio id="target"></audio>');
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(() => {
+      const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for <video> element that is paused', function (done) {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<video id="target" autoplay="true" paused="true">' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />' +
-        '</video>'
-    );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
+  it('returns false for <video> element that is paused', done => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <video id="target" autoplay="true" paused="true">
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
+    `);
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(() => {
+      const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for <video> element that is muted', function (done) {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<video id="target" autoplay="true" muted="true">' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
-        '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />' +
-        '</video>'
-    );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
-      var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
+  it('returns false for <video> element that is muted', done => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <video id="target" autoplay="true" muted="true">
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />
+        <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
+      </video>
+    `);
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(() => {
+      const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
       done();
     });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-empty-role-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/no-empty-role-matches.js
index c632540eb..2be8b1af9 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/no-empty-role-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-empty-role-matches.js
@@ -1,61 +1,61 @@
-describe('no-role-empty-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('no-role-empty-matches', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  let rule;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-roles');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element does not have `role` attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Some Content</div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns false when element does not have `role` attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Some Content</div>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has role attribute has no value', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div role id="target">Some Content</div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns false when element has role attribute has no value', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div role id="target">Some Content</div>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has empty role attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="" id="target">Some Content</div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns false when element has empty role attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div role="" id="target">Some Content</div>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has role attribute consisting of only whitespace', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div role=" " id="target">Some Content</div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns false when element has role attribute consisting of only whitespace', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div role=" " id="target">Some Content</div>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has role attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when element has role attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button" id="target">Some Content</div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has multiple roles', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when element has multiple roles', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button link" id="target">Some Content</div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has invalid role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="xyz" id="target">Some Content</div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns true when element has invalid role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="xyz" id="target">Some Content</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-explicit-name-required-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/no-explicit-name-required-matches.js
index 2cbde6d07..29bdc6587 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/no-explicit-name-required-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-explicit-name-required-matches.js
@@ -1,64 +1,62 @@
-describe('no-explicit-name-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('no-explicit-name-matches', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  let rule;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('button-name');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element does not have `role` attribute', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns true when element does not have `role` attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has an explicit role of presentation', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when element has an explicit role of presentation', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="presentation"></button>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has an explicit role of none', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" role="none"></button>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns true when element has an explicit role of none', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" role="none"></button>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has an invalid explicit role', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" role="foo"></button>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns true when element has an invalid explicit role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" role="foo"></button>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has an explicit role that requires an accessible name', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" role="button"></button>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+  it('returns true when element has an explicit role that requires an accessible name', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" role="button"></button>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  describe('with a role that does not require an accessible name', function () {
-    it('returns true when element is focusable', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+  describe('with a role that does not require an accessible name', () => {
+    it('returns true when element is focusable', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<button id="target" role="separator"></button>'
       );
-      var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+      const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false when element is not focusable', function () {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('returns false when element is not focusable', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
         '<button id="target" role="separator" disabled></button>'
       );
-      var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
+      const actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-naming-method-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/no-naming-method-matches.js
index c92213817..88e38205e 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/no-naming-method-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-naming-method-matches.js
@@ -1,95 +1,101 @@
-describe('no-naming-method-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('no-naming-method-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-toggle-field-name');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-toggle-field-name');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns false for node `a[href]`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<a href="# role="checkbox" id="target"></a>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns false for node `a[href]`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<a href="# role="checkbox" id="target"></a>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for node `map area[href]`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for node `map area[href]`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<map><area id="target" href="#" role="checkbox"></map>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when node is either INPUT, SELECT or TEXTAREA', function () {
-    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (node) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<' + node + ' role="menuitemcheckbox" id="target"><' + node + '>'
+  it('returns false when node is either INPUT, SELECT or TEXTAREA', () => {
+    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(node => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        `<${node} role="menuitemcheckbox" id="target"><${node}>`
       );
-      var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+      const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false when node is IMG', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="menuitemradio">');
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns false when node is IMG', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="menuitemradio">');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when node is not SVG', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<svg id="target"></svg>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns false when node is not SVG', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<svg id="target"></svg>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when node is BUTTON', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns false when node is BUTTON', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for INPUT of type `BUTTON`, `SUBMIT` or `RESET`', function () {
-    ['button', 'submit', 'reset'].forEach(function (type) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<input id="target" role="radio" type="' + type + '">'
+  it('returns false when node is SUMMARY', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<summary id="target"></summary>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for INPUT of type `BUTTON`, `SUBMIT` or `RESET`', () => {
+    ['button', 'submit', 'reset'].forEach(type => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<input id="target" role="radio" type="${type}" />`
       );
-      var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+      const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false when role=`combobox` has a child input', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when role=`combobox` has a child input', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="combobox"><input type="text"/></div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for the listbox popup of a role=`combobox`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>' +
-        '<div id="target" role="listbox"></div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns false for the listbox popup of a role=`combobox`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+      <div id="target" role="listbox"></div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for the dialog popup of a role=`combobox`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>' +
-        '<div id="target" role="dialog"></div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns true for the dialog popup of a role=`combobox`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+      <div id="target" role="dialog"></div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for a div with role=`button`', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="button"></div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns true for a div with role=`button`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="button"></div>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-negative-tabindex.js b/test/rule-matches/no-negative-tabindex.js
index 0699edc39..3c033dbd9 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/no-negative-tabindex.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-negative-tabindex.js
@@ -1,41 +1,39 @@
-describe('no-negative-tabindex-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('no-negative-tabindex-matches', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('frame-title');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var rule = axe.utils.getRule('frame-title');
-
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true for nodes with no tabindex', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns true for nodes with no tabindex', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for nodes with a zero tabindex', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns true for nodes with a zero tabindex', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for nodes with a positive tabindex', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="4"></div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns true for nodes with a positive tabindex', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="4"></div>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for nodes with an invalid tabindex', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="foo"></div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns true for nodes with an invalid tabindex', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="foo"></div>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for nodes with a negative tabindex', function () {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="-10"></div>');
-    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+  it('returns false for nodes with a negative tabindex', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="-10"></div>');
+    const actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/object-is-loaded-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/object-is-loaded-matches.js
index 0beb01373..b2de61acc 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/object-is-loaded-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/object-is-loaded-matches.js
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 describe('object-is-loaded-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   let rule, fixture;
   const data = `data:text/html,Object%20content`;
 
   // Give enough time for the browser to load / decide it cannot load objects
-  async function delayedQueryFixture(html, delay = 50) {
-    fixture.innerHTML = html;
+  async function delayedQueryFixture(markup, delay = 250) {
+    fixture.innerHTML = markup;
     await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, delay));
     const tree = axe.setup();
     return axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
@@ -21,25 +22,25 @@ describe('object-is-loaded-matches', () => {
 
   it(`returns true objects with hidden fallback content`, async () => {
     const vNode = await delayedQueryFixture(
-      `<object data="${data}" height="30" id="target">
-          Fallback content
-        </object>`
+      html`<object data="${data}" height="30" id="target">
+        Fallback content
+      </object>`
     );
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
   it(`returns false if the object shows any content`, async () => {
     const vNode = await delayedQueryFixture(
-      `<object data="invalid" height="30" id="target">
-          Fallback content
-        </object>`
+      html`<object data="invalid" height="30" id="target">
+        Fallback content
+      </object>`
     );
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
   it(`returns true if the object shows no content`, async () => {
     const vNode = await delayedQueryFixture(
-      `<object data="invalid" height="30" id="target"></object>`
+      html`<object data="invalid" height="30" id="target"></object>`
     );
     // Ideally, this should be false, don't know it can be done
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
@@ -47,9 +48,9 @@ describe('object-is-loaded-matches', () => {
 
   it(`returns false if the object has a role that doesn't require a name`, async () => {
     const vNode = await delayedQueryFixture(
-      `<object data="${data}" height="30" id="target" role="grid">
-          Fallback content
-        </object>`
+      html`<object data="${data}" height="30" id="target" role="grid">
+        Fallback content
+      </object>`
     );
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/p-as-heading-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/p-as-heading-matches.js
index e33a6fdbc..6eb1a1ebc 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/p-as-heading-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/p-as-heading-matches.js
@@ -1,61 +1,59 @@
-describe('p-as-heading-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('p-as-heading-matches', () => {
+  let rule;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var rule;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('p-as-heading');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('matches p elements', function () {
+  it('matches p elements', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p id="target">some text</p><p>some other text</p>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores the last p element in a list of children', function () {
+  it('ignores the last p element in a list of children', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p>some text</p><p id="target">some other text</p>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores p elements that contains punctuation marks', function () {
+  it('ignores p elements that contains punctuation marks', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<p id="target">A text. Paragraph?</p><p>some other text</p>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('matches p elements with a single punctuation mark', function () {
+  it('matches p elements with a single punctuation mark', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p id="target">A paragraph?</p><p>some other text</p>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores p elements that have no text-like characters', function () {
+  it('ignores p elements that have no text-like characters', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p id="target"> \n\t\r </p><p>some other text</p>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores siblings that are not p elements', function () {
+  it('ignores siblings that are not p elements', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<p id="target">some text</p><div></div><p>some other text</p>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    let target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target));
 
@@ -65,10 +63,10 @@ describe('p-as-heading-matches', function () {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores empty p elements as siblings', function () {
+  it('ignores empty p elements as siblings', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<p id="target">some text</p><p> <!-- nothing here --><img src="" alt="" /></p>';
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
index 96ce6d32c..2f8dafe21 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
@@ -1,185 +1,233 @@
-describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var rule = axe.utils.getRule('scrollable-region-focusable');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('scrollable-region-focusable');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is not scrollable', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when element is not scrollable', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<section id="target">This element is not scrollable</section>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has no visible children', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px;">' +
-        '<div style="display:none; height: 2000px; width: 100px;">' +
-        '<p> Content </p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+  it('returns false when element has no visible children', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px;">
+        <div style="display:none; height: 2000px; width: 100px;">
+          <p>Content</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element does not overflow', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto;">' +
-        '<div style="height: 10px; width: 100x;">Content</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+  it('returns false when element does not overflow', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto;">
+        <div style="height: 10px; width: 100x;">Content</div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is not scrollable (overflow=hidden)', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: hidden">' +
-        '<div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px; background-color: pink;">' +
-        '<p> Content </p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+  it('returns false when element is not scrollable (overflow=hidden)', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: hidden">
+        <div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px; background-color: pink;">
+          <p>Content</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element is scrollable (overflow=auto)', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto">' +
-        '<div style="height: 10px; width: 2000px; background-color: red;">' +
-        '<p> Content </p>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '</div>'
-    );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+  it('returns true when element is scrollable (overflow=auto)', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto">
+        <div style="height: 10px; width: 2000px; background-color: red;">
+          <p>
+            Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem
+            accusantium doloremque laudantium
+          </p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element overflow is visible', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when element overflow is visible', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: visible;">Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium.</p>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element overflow is scroll', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true when element overflow is scroll', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;">Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium.</p>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element overflow is scroll but has no content', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when element overflow is scroll but has no content', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><div style="height: 15rem"></div></div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has combobox ancestor', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when element has combobox ancestor', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="listbox" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is owned by combobox', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when element is owned by combobox', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<input role="combobox" aria-owns="foo target"/><ul id="target" role="listbox" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is controlled by combobox', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false when element is controlled by combobox', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<input role="combobox" aria-controls="foo target"/><ul id="target" role="listbox" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for combobox with tree', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for combobox with tree', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="tree" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for combobox with grid', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for combobox with grid', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="grid" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for combobox with dialog', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false for combobox with dialog', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="dialog" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for combobox with non-valid role', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="section" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
+    );
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when all text is visible without scrolling', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<div id="target" style="width: 300px; overflow-y: auto">
+        <p style="width: 600px">Contents</p>
+      </div>`
+    );
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when all visible content is visible without scrolling', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<div id="target" style="width: 300px; overflow-y: auto">
+        <img src="#" width="100" height="100" />
+      </div>`
+    );
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for combobox with non-valid role', function () {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="section" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
+  it('returns true when any visible text is not visible without scrolling', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<div id="target" style="width: 300px; overflow-y: auto">
+        <p style="width: 600px">Contents</p>
+        <p style="width: 600px">
+          Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem
+          accusantium doloremque laudantium.
+        </p>
+      </div>`
+    );
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when any visible content is not visible without scrolling', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      html`<div id="target" style="width: 300px; overflow-y: auto">
+        <p width="600px">Contents</p>
+        <img src="#" width="600" height="600" />
+      </div>`
     );
-    var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+    const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  describe('shadowDOM - scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function () {
+  describe('shadowDOM - scrollable-region-focusable-matches', () => {
     before(function () {
       if (!shadowSupported) {
         this.skip();
       }
     });
 
-    afterEach(function () {
+    afterEach(() => {
       axe._tree = undefined;
     });
 
-    it('returns false when shadowDOM element does not overflow', function () {
+    it('returns false when shadowDOM element does not overflow', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
 
-      var root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      var slotted = document.createElement('div');
+      const root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const slotted = document.createElement('div');
       slotted.innerHTML =
         '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted;">Sed.</p>';
       root.appendChild(slotted);
-      var tree = (axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild));
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+      const tree = (axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild));
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+      const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when shadowDOM element has overflow', function () {
+    it('returns true when shadowDOM element has overflow', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
 
-      var root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      var slotted = document.createElement('div');
+      const root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const slotted = document.createElement('div');
       slotted.innerHTML =
         '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: auto;">This is a repeated long sentence, This is a repeated long sentence, This is a repeated long sentence, This is a repeated long sentence, This is a repeated long sentence.</p>';
       root.appendChild(slotted);
-      var tree = (axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild));
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      var actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
+      const tree = (axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild));
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+      const actual = rule.matches(target.actualNode, target);
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/skip-link-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/skip-link-matches.js
index 5c0106ce8..af71f911f 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/skip-link-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/skip-link-matches.js
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-describe('skip-link-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
+describe('skip-link-matches', () => {
+  let rule, link;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var rule, link;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('skip-link');
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="" id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -10000px;">Click me</a><div id="main"></div>';
@@ -12,47 +10,47 @@ describe('skip-link-matches', function () {
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function () {
+  it('is a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the links is onscreen', function () {
+  it('returns false if the links is onscreen', () => {
     link.removeAttribute('style');
     link.href = '#main';
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the href attribute does not start with #', function () {
+  it('returns false if the href attribute does not start with #', () => {
     link.href = 'foo#bar';
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the href attribute is `#`', function () {
+  it('returns false if the href attribute is `#`', () => {
     link.href = '#';
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the href attribute starts with #!', function () {
+  it('returns false if the href attribute starts with #!', () => {
     link.href = '#!foo';
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the href attribute starts with #/', function () {
+  it('returns false if the href attribute starts with #/', () => {
     link.href = '#/foo';
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the href attribute starts with #', function () {
+  it('returns true if the href attribute starts with #', () => {
     link.href = '#main';
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the href attribute starts with /# (angular)', function () {
+  it('returns true if the href attribute starts with /# (angular)', () => {
     link.href = '/#main';
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(link));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/summary-interactive-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/summary-interactive-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f23ce7384
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rule-matches/summary-interactive-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+describe('summary-interactive-matches', () => {
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('summary-name');
+  const { queryFixture, queryShadowFixture, html } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  it('is true for an interactive summary', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <details>
+        <summary id="target">Summary</summary>
+        text
+      </details>
+    `);
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('is false for summary without a details parent', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <summary id="target">Summary</summary>
+      text
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('is false for summary with a details ancestor', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <details>
+        <div>
+          <summary id="target">Summary</summary>
+          text
+        </div>
+      </details>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('is false for a non-first summary', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <details>
+        <summary>Summary</summary>
+        <summary id="target">Summary</summary>
+        text
+      </details>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('is false for details parent in a different DOM tree', () => {
+    const vFixture = queryShadowFixture(
+      html`
+        <div id="shadow">
+          <summary>Hello World</summary>
+        </div>
+      `,
+      html`
+        <details>
+          <slot></slot>
+          text
+        </details>
+      `
+    );
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(vFixture, 'summary')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('is true even if summary has role=none', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <details>
+        <summary id="target" role="none">Summary</summary>
+        text
+      </details>
+    `);
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('is true the element has a widget role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <details>
+        <summary id="target" role="button">Summary</summary>
+        text
+      </details>
+    `);
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('is true the element has a non-interactive role', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <details>
+        <summary id="target" role="heading">Summary</summary>
+        text
+      </details>
+    `);
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('is true even if summary has tabindex=-1', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <details>
+        <summary id="target" tabindex="-1">Summary</summary>
+        text
+      </details>
+    `);
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('is true even if summary is the only child', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+      <details>
+        <summary id="target">Summary</summary>
+      </details>
+    `);
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/svg-namespace-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/svg-namespace-matches.js
index 868efe088..4b92f62a6 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/svg-namespace-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/svg-namespace-matches.js
@@ -1,55 +1,54 @@
-describe('svg-namespace-matches', function () {
-  'use strict';
-  var rule;
-  var fixture;
-  var axeFixtureSetup;
+describe('svg-namespace-matches', () => {
+  let rule;
+  let fixture;
+  let axeFixtureSetup;
 
-  beforeEach(function () {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
     axeFixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('svg-img-alt');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true when passed an SVG element', function () {
+  it('returns true when passed an SVG element', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<svg><title>Pretty picture</title></svg>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('svg');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('svg');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when passed an SVG circle element', function () {
+  it('returns true when passed an SVG circle element', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup(
       '<svg><circle><title>Pretty picture</title></circle></svg>'
     );
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('circle');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('circle');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when passed an HTML element', function () {
+  it('returns false when passed an HTML element', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<h1>Hello world</h1>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('h1');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('h1');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when passed a custom HTML element', function () {
+  it('returns false when passed a custom HTML element', () => {
     axeFixtureSetup('<xx-heading>Hello world</xx-heading>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('xx-heading');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('xx-heading');
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function () {
-    it('should return true when passed an SVG element', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('Serial Virtual Node', () => {
+    it('should return true when passed an SVG element', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
-      var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'title',
         nodeValue: 'Pretty picture'
       });
@@ -59,11 +58,11 @@ describe('svg-namespace-matches', function () {
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, serialNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when passed an SVG circle element', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns true when passed an SVG circle element', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
-      var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'circle'
       });
       child.parent = serialNode;
@@ -72,8 +71,8 @@ describe('svg-namespace-matches', function () {
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, child));
     });
 
-    it('returns false when passed an HTML element', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns false when passed an HTML element', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'h1',
         nodeValue: 'Hello world'
       });
@@ -81,11 +80,11 @@ describe('svg-namespace-matches', function () {
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, serialNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false when passed an svg element without a parent', function () {
-      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return false when passed an svg element without a parent', () => {
+      const serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'circle'
       });
-      var parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
       parent.children = [serialNode];
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/table-or-grid-role-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/table-or-grid-role-matches.js
index 9d196ec3f..dfd118ba6 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/table-or-grid-role-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/table-or-grid-role-matches.js
@@ -1,51 +1,69 @@
 describe('table-or-grid-role-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
   const rule = axe.utils.getRule('td-headers-attr');
 
   it(`returns true for tables without role`, () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`<table id="target">
-        <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
-      </table>`);
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      html`<table id="target">
+        <th id="h">foo</th>
+        <td headers="h">bar</td>
+      </table>`
+    );
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
   ['table', 'grid', 'treegrid'].forEach(role => {
     it(`returns true for tables with role=${role}`, () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`<table id="target" role="${role}">
-          <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
-        </table>`);
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<table id="target" role="${role}">
+          <th id="h">foo</th>
+          <td headers="h">bar</td>
+        </table>`
+      );
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
     });
   });
 
   ['region', 'presentation', 'none'].forEach(role => {
     it(`returns false for tables with role=${role}`, () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(`<table id="target" role="${role}">
-          <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
-        </table>`);
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        html`<table id="target" role="${role}">
+          <th id="h">foo</th>
+          <td headers="h">bar</td>
+        </table>`
+      );
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
     });
   });
 
   it(`returns true for tables with an invalid role`, () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`<table id="target" role="invalid-aria-role">
-        <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
-      </table>`);
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      html`<table id="target" role="invalid-aria-role">
+        <th id="h">foo</th>
+        <td headers="h">bar</td>
+      </table>`
+    );
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
   it(`returns true for focusable tables with role=none`, () => {
-    const vNode = queryFixture(`<table id="target" role="none" tabindex="0">
-        <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
-      </table>`);
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      html`<table id="target" role="none" tabindex="0">
+        <th id="h">foo</th>
+        <td headers="h">bar</td>
+      </table>`
+    );
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
   it(`returns true for tables with role=none but with a global ARIA attribute`, () => {
-    const vNode =
-      queryFixture(`<table id="target" role="none" aria-live="assertive">
-        <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
-      </table>`);
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      html`<table id="target" role="none" aria-live="assertive">
+        <th id="h">foo</th>
+        <td headers="h">bar</td>
+      </table>`
+    );
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/widget-not-inline-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/widget-not-inline-matches.js
index 3521b2d9e..da2e51787 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/widget-not-inline-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/widget-not-inline-matches.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 describe('widget-not-inline-matches', () => {
+  const html = axe.testUtils.html;
   let rule;
   const { queryFixture, queryShadowFixture } = axe.testUtils;
 
@@ -72,21 +73,23 @@ describe('widget-not-inline-matches', () => {
 
   describe('inline components', () => {
     it('returns false for elements inline with text', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<p>Some ' + ' <a href="#" id="target">link</a>' + '</p>'
-      );
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <p>
+          Some
+          <a href="#" id="target">link</a>
+        </p>
+      `);
       const node = vNode.actualNode;
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
     });
 
     it('returns false for multiple inline links', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<p>' +
-          ' <a href="#" id="target">link 1</a>, ' +
-          ' <a href="#">link 2</a>, ' +
-          ' <a href="#">link 3</a>' +
-          '</p>'
-      );
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <p>
+          <a href="#" id="target">link 1</a>, <a href="#">link 2</a>,
+          <a href="#">link 3</a>
+        </p>
+      `);
       const node = vNode.actualNode;
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
     });
@@ -100,12 +103,18 @@ describe('widget-not-inline-matches', () => {
 
   describe('graphics (for which size may be essential)', () => {
     it('returns false for area elements', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<img usemap="#imgmap" src="#" alt="img"/>' +
-          '<map name="imgmap">' +
-          '  <area id="target" shape="circle" coords="10,10,10" href="#" alt="map" />' +
-          '</map>'
-      );
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <img usemap="#imgmap" src="#" alt="img" />
+        <map name="imgmap">
+          <area
+            id="target"
+            shape="circle"
+            coords="10,10,10"
+            href="#"
+            alt="map"
+          />
+        </map>
+      `);
       const node = vNode.actualNode;
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
     });
@@ -119,11 +128,13 @@ describe('widget-not-inline-matches', () => {
     });
 
     it('returns false descendants of SVG elements', () => {
-      const vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<svg><a href="#" id="target">' +
-          '  <text y="15">link</text></a>' +
-          '</svg>'
-      );
+      const vNode = queryFixture(html`
+        <svg>
+          <a href="#" id="target">
+            <text y="15">link</text>
+          </a>
+        </svg>
+      `);
       const node = vNode.actualNode;
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
     });
@@ -132,21 +143,23 @@ describe('widget-not-inline-matches', () => {
   describe('nested widget', () => {
     describe('that are is in the tab order', () => {
       it('is true when the target is in the tab order', () => {
-        const vNode = queryFixture(`
-          <span role="link" tabindex="0">
+        const vNode = queryFixture(
+          html` <span role="link" tabindex="0">
             Link text
             <a href="#" id="target">Nested link</a>
-          </span>`);
+          </span>`
+        );
         const node = vNode.actualNode;
         assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
       });
 
       it('is false when the target is not in the tab order', () => {
-        const vNode = queryFixture(`
-          <span role="link" tabindex="0">
+        const vNode = queryFixture(
+          html` <span role="link" tabindex="0">
             Link text
             <a href="#" id="target" tabindex="-1">Nested link</a>
-          </span>`);
+          </span>`
+        );
         const node = vNode.actualNode;
         assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
       });
@@ -154,8 +167,8 @@ describe('widget-not-inline-matches', () => {
       describe('within a shadow DOM tree', () => {
         it('is true when the target is in the tab order', () => {
           const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
-            `<div role="link" tabindex="0"><span id="shadow"></span></div>`,
-            `<a href="#" id="target">Nested link</a>`
+            html`<div role="link" tabindex="0"><span id="shadow"></span></div>`,
+            html`<a href="#" id="target">Nested link</a>`
           );
           const node = vNode.actualNode;
           assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
@@ -163,8 +176,8 @@ describe('widget-not-inline-matches', () => {
 
         it('is false when the target is not in the tab order', () => {
           const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
-            `<div role="link" tabindex="0"><span id="shadow"></span></div>`,
-            `<a href="#" id="target" tabindex="-1">Nested link</a>`
+            html`<div role="link" tabindex="0"><span id="shadow"></span></div>`,
+            html`<a href="#" id="target" tabindex="-1">Nested link</a>`
           );
           const node = vNode.actualNode;
           assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
@@ -174,21 +187,23 @@ describe('widget-not-inline-matches', () => {
 
     describe('that is not in the tab order', () => {
       it('is true when the target is in the tab order', () => {
-        const vNode = queryFixture(`
-          <span role="link" tabindex="-1">
+        const vNode = queryFixture(
+          html` <span role="link" tabindex="-1">
             Link text
             <a href="#" id="target">Nested link</a>
-          </span>`);
+          </span>`
+        );
         const node = vNode.actualNode;
         assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
       });
 
       it('is true when the target is not in the tab order', () => {
-        const vNode = queryFixture(`
-          <span role="link" tabindex="-1">
+        const vNode = queryFixture(
+          html` <span role="link" tabindex="-1">
             Link text
             <a href="#" id="target" tabindex="-1">Nested link</a>
-          </span>`);
+          </span>`
+        );
         const node = vNode.actualNode;
         assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
       });
diff --git a/test/test-locales.js b/test/test-locales.js
index 1a3958902..0f6988d3c 100644
--- a/test/test-locales.js
+++ b/test/test-locales.js
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ var axe = require(path.join(__dirname, '../axe'));
 
 var localeFiles = glob.sync(path.join(__dirname, '../locales/*.json'));
 
-describe('locales', function () {
-  localeFiles.forEach(function (localeFile) {
-    var localeName = path.basename(localeFile);
-    it(localeName + ' should be valid', function () {
-      var localeData = fs.readFileSync(localeFile, 'utf-8');
-      var locale = JSON.parse(localeData);
+describe('locales', () => {
+  localeFiles.forEach(localeFile => {
+    const localeName = path.basename(localeFile);
+    it(`${localeName} should be valid`, () => {
+      const localeData = fs.readFileSync(localeFile, 'utf-8');
+      const locale = JSON.parse(localeData);
       function fn() {
         axe.configure({ locale: locale });
       }
diff --git a/test/test-rule-help-version.js b/test/test-rule-help-version.js
index 5388448c1..3af509bf7 100644
--- a/test/test-rule-help-version.js
+++ b/test/test-rule-help-version.js
@@ -4,17 +4,11 @@ var assert = require('assert');
 var packageJSON = require(path.join(__dirname, '../package.json'));
 
 var versions = packageJSON.version.split('.');
-var version = versions[0] + '.' + versions[1];
+var version = `${versions[0]}.${versions[1]}`;
 
-it(
-  'latest axe version (' + version + ') rule help docs should be active',
-  function (done) {
-    https.get(
-      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' + version,
-      function (res) {
-        assert(res.statusCode >= 200 && res.statusCode <= 299);
-        done();
-      }
-    );
-  }
-);
+it(`latest axe version (${version}) rule help docs should be active`, done => {
+  https.get(`https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${version}`, res => {
+    assert(res.statusCode >= 200 && res.statusCode <= 299);
+    done();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/test-virtual-rules.js b/test/test-virtual-rules.js
index a14d04da6..e2ea84e03 100644
--- a/test/test-virtual-rules.js
+++ b/test/test-virtual-rules.js
@@ -5,18 +5,18 @@ var axe = require('../axe');
 
 var files = glob.sync(path.join(__dirname, 'integration/virtual-rules/*.js'));
 
-before(function () {
+before(() => {
   global.axe = axe;
   global.assert = assert;
 });
 
-after(function () {
+after(() => {
   delete global.axe;
   delete global.assert;
 });
 
-describe('virtual-rule node tests', function () {
-  files.forEach(function (file) {
+describe('virtual-rule node tests', () => {
+  files.forEach(file => {
     // load the test file and run with global axe and assert now defined
     require(file);
   });
diff --git a/test/testutils.js b/test/testutils.js
index a9168b10f..6de71cd83 100644
--- a/test/testutils.js
+++ b/test/testutils.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 // level (old architecture that should not be relied on in any new code)
 var checks;
 var commons;
+var helpers;
 
 (() => {
   // Let the user know they need to disable their axe/attest extension before running the tests.
@@ -15,10 +16,11 @@ var commons;
 
   const testUtils = (axe.testUtils = {});
 
-  const originalChecks = (checks = axe._audit.checks);
+  const originalChecks = (window.checks = checks = axe._audit.checks);
   const originalAudit = axe._audit;
   const originalRules = axe._audit.rules;
-  const originalCommons = (commons = axe.commons);
+  const originalCommons = (window.commons = commons = axe.commons);
+  window.helpers = helpers = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.helpers;
 
   // Global chai configuration
   if (window.chai) {
@@ -32,6 +34,66 @@ var commons;
     fixture.setAttribute('id', 'fixture');
     document.body.insertBefore(fixture, document.body.firstChild);
   }
+  testUtils.fixture = fixture;
+
+  // create a custom element that all tests can use
+  if (!customElements.get('testutils-element')) {
+    const withAriaRegex = /^with-(aria-.+)$/;
+    const idrefTypes = ['idref', 'idrefs'];
+
+    customElements.define(
+      'testutils-element',
+      class TestutilsElement extends HTMLElement {
+        constructor() {
+          super();
+          this._internals = this.attachInternals();
+
+          if (!this.hasAttribute('no-role')) {
+            const role = this.getAttribute('with-role');
+            this._internals.role = role ?? 'button';
+          }
+
+          // convert with-aria-* attributes to the internals value
+          Array.from(this.attributes).forEach(attr => {
+            const { name, value } = attr;
+            const match = name.match(withAriaRegex);
+            if (!match) {
+              return;
+            }
+
+            const ariaName = match[1];
+            const attrStandard = axe._audit.standards.ariaAttrs[ariaName];
+            if (!attrStandard || !attrStandard.prop) {
+              return;
+            }
+
+            const { type, prop } = attrStandard;
+            if (!idrefTypes.includes(type)) {
+              this._internals[prop] = value;
+              return;
+            }
+
+            const doc = axe.utils.getRootNode(this);
+            // convert idref(s) to DOM node(s)
+            if (type === 'idref') {
+              const node = doc.getElementById(value);
+              this._internals[prop] = node;
+            } else if (type === 'idrefs') {
+              const values = [];
+              for (const id of axe.utils.tokenList(value)) {
+                values.push(doc.getElementById(id));
+              }
+              this._internals[prop] = values;
+            }
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    );
+  }
+
+  // turn on elementInternals feature flag
+  // TODO: remove when feature is fully enabled
+  axe._enableElementInternals = true;
 
   // determine which checks are used only in the `none` array of rules
   const noneChecks = [];
@@ -43,8 +105,8 @@ var commons;
     }
   }
 
-  axe._audit.rules.forEach(function (rule) {
-    rule.none.forEach(function (check) {
+  axe._audit.rules.forEach(rule => {
+    rule.none.forEach(check => {
       check = check.id || check;
       if (noneChecks.indexOf(check) === -1) {
         noneChecks.push(check);
@@ -52,7 +114,7 @@ var commons;
     });
   });
 
-  axe._audit.rules.forEach(function (rule) {
+  axe._audit.rules.forEach(rule => {
     rule.any.forEach(verifyIsNoneCheck);
     rule.all.forEach(verifyIsNoneCheck);
   });
@@ -63,7 +125,7 @@ var commons;
    * @return Object
    */
   testUtils.MockCheckContext = function () {
-    'use strict';
+    // IMPORTANT: Keep a function to allow using this as a constructor
     return {
       _relatedNodes: [],
       _data: null,
@@ -72,7 +134,7 @@ var commons;
       _onAsync: null,
       async: function () {
         const self = this;
-        return function (result) {
+        return result => {
           // throws if _onAsync isn't set
           self._onAsync(result, self);
         };
@@ -97,8 +159,7 @@ var commons;
    * @param HTMLDocumentElement		The document of the current context
    * @return Object
    */
-  testUtils.shadowSupport = (function (document) {
-    'use strict';
+  testUtils.shadowSupport = (document => {
     const v0 =
         document.body && typeof document.body.createShadowRoot === 'function',
       v1 = document.body && typeof document.body.attachShadow === 'function';
@@ -117,8 +178,7 @@ var commons;
    * Return the fixture element
    * @return HTMLElement
    */
-  testUtils.getFixture = function () {
-    'use strict';
+  testUtils.getFixture = () => {
     return fixture;
   };
 
@@ -127,8 +187,7 @@ var commons;
    * @param {String|Node} content Stuff to go into the fixture (html or DOM node)
    * @return HTMLElement
    */
-  testUtils.injectIntoFixture = function (content) {
-    'use strict';
+  testUtils.injectIntoFixture = content => {
     if (typeof content !== 'undefined') {
       fixture.innerHTML = '';
     }
@@ -138,7 +197,7 @@ var commons;
     } else if (content instanceof Node) {
       fixture.appendChild(content);
     } else if (Array.isArray(content)) {
-      content.forEach(function (node) {
+      content.forEach(node => {
         fixture.appendChild(node);
       });
     }
@@ -153,8 +212,7 @@ var commons;
    * @param {String|Node} content Stuff to go into the fixture (html or DOM node)
    * @return HTMLElement
    */
-  testUtils.fixtureSetup = function (content) {
-    'use strict';
+  testUtils.fixtureSetup = content => {
     testUtils.injectIntoFixture(content);
     axe.teardown();
     return axe.setup(fixture);
@@ -168,8 +226,7 @@ var commons;
    * @param String				Target for the check, CSS selector (default: '#target')
    * @return Array
    */
-  testUtils.checkSetup = function (content, options, target) {
-    'use strict';
+  testUtils.checkSetup = (content, options, target) => {
     // Normalize the params
     if (typeof options !== 'object') {
       target = options;
@@ -198,13 +255,7 @@ var commons;
    * @param String				Target selector for the check, can be inside or outside of Shadow DOM (optional, default: '#target')
    * @return VirtualNode
    */
-  testUtils.queryShadowFixture = function (
-    content,
-    shadowContent,
-    targetSelector
-  ) {
-    'use strict';
-
+  testUtils.queryShadowFixture = (content, shadowContent, targetSelector) => {
     // Normalize target, allow it to be the provided string or use '#target' to query composed tree
     if (typeof targetSelector !== 'string') {
       targetSelector = '#target';
@@ -217,7 +268,7 @@ var commons;
       // check if content specifies a shadow container
       container = fixtureNode.querySelector('#shadow');
       if (!container) {
-        container = fixtureNode.firstChild;
+        container = fixtureNode.firstElementChild;
       }
     }
     // attach a shadowRoot with the content provided
@@ -236,8 +287,8 @@ var commons;
     }
 
     // query the composed tree AFTER shadowDOM has been attached
-    axe.setup(fixtureNode);
-    return axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(targetCandidate);
+    const vFixture = axe.setup(fixtureNode);
+    return axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(targetCandidate) || vFixture;
   };
 
   /**
@@ -250,12 +301,12 @@ var commons;
    * @param String				Target selector for the check, can be inside or outside of Shadow DOM (optional, default: '#target')
    * @return Array
    */
-  testUtils.shadowCheckSetup = function (
+  testUtils.shadowCheckSetup = (
     content,
     shadowContent,
     options,
     targetSelector
-  ) {
+  ) => {
     // Normalize the object params
     if (typeof options !== 'object') {
       options = {};
@@ -273,7 +324,7 @@ var commons;
    * @param Node   Stuff to go in the flat tree
    * @returns vNode[]
    */
-  testUtils.flatTreeSetup = function (content) {
+  testUtils.flatTreeSetup = content => {
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(content);
     return axe._tree;
   };
@@ -286,7 +337,6 @@ var commons;
    * @param function      Callback, called once rejected
    */
   testUtils.awaitNestedLoad = function awaitNestedLoad(win, cb, errCb) {
-    'use strict';
     if (typeof win === 'function') {
       errCb = cb;
       cb = win;
@@ -296,7 +346,7 @@ var commons;
     const q = axe.utils.queue();
 
     // Wait for page load
-    q.defer(function (resolve) {
+    q.defer(resolve => {
       if (document.readyState === 'complete') {
         resolve();
       } else {
@@ -305,14 +355,14 @@ var commons;
     });
 
     // Wait for all frames to be loaded
-    Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('iframe')).forEach(function (frame) {
-      q.defer(function (resolve) {
+    Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('iframe')).forEach(frame => {
+      q.defer(resolve => {
         return awaitNestedLoad(frame.contentWindow, resolve);
       });
     });
 
     // Complete (don't pass the args on to the callback)
-    q.then(function () {
+    q.then(() => {
       cb();
     });
 
@@ -336,7 +386,7 @@ var commons;
     const doc = rootNode ? rootNode : document;
     const q = axe.utils.queue();
     if (data.href) {
-      q.defer(function (resolve, reject) {
+      q.defer((resolve, reject) => {
         const link = doc.createElement('link');
         link.rel = 'stylesheet';
         link.href = data.href;
@@ -346,18 +396,18 @@ var commons;
         if (data.mediaPrint) {
           link.media = 'print';
         }
-        link.onload = function () {
-          setTimeout(function () {
+        link.onload = () => {
+          setTimeout(() => {
             resolve();
           });
         };
-        link.onerror = function () {
+        link.onerror = () => {
           reject();
         };
         doc.head.appendChild(link);
       });
     } else {
-      q.defer(function (resolve) {
+      q.defer((resolve, reject) => {
         const style = doc.createElement('style');
         if (data.id) {
           style.id = data.id;
@@ -365,9 +415,25 @@ var commons;
         style.type = 'text/css';
         style.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(data.text));
         doc.head.appendChild(style);
-        setTimeout(function () {
-          resolve();
-        }, 100); // -> note: gives firefox to load (document.stylesheets), other browsers are fine.
+        // In Firefox, there is a delay between adding the element and it appearing in
+        // document.styleSheets, so we poll until we see it there.
+        const timeoutAt = Date.now() + 500;
+        const interval = setInterval(() => {
+          const isLoaded = Array.from(doc.styleSheets).some(
+            sheet => sheet.ownerNode === style
+          );
+          if (isLoaded) {
+            clearInterval(interval);
+            resolve();
+          } else if (Date.now() > timeoutAt) {
+            clearInterval(interval);
+            reject(
+              new Error(
+                'Added <style> element was not reflected in doc.styleSheets within timeout'
+              )
+            );
+          }
+        }, 5);
       });
     }
     return q;
@@ -381,7 +447,7 @@ var commons;
    */
   testUtils.addStyleSheets = function addStyleSheets(sheets, rootNode) {
     const q = axe.utils.queue();
-    sheets.forEach(function (data) {
+    sheets.forEach(data => {
       q.defer(axe.testUtils.addStyleSheet(data, rootNode));
     });
     return q;
@@ -394,8 +460,8 @@ var commons;
    */
   testUtils.removeStyleSheets = function removeStyleSheets(sheets) {
     const q = axe.utils.queue();
-    sheets.forEach(function (data) {
-      q.defer(function (resolve, reject) {
+    sheets.forEach(data => {
+      q.defer((resolve, reject) => {
         const node = document.getElementById(data.id);
         if (!node || !node.parentNode) {
           reject();
@@ -462,9 +528,7 @@ var commons;
     const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(rootNode, query)[0];
     assert.exists(
       vNode,
-      'Node does not exist in query `' +
-        query +
-        '`. This is usually fixed by adding the default target (`id="target"`) to your html parameter. If you do not intend on querying the fixture for #target, consider using `axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup()` instead.'
+      `Node does not exist in query \`${query}\`. This is usually fixed by adding the default target (\`id="target"\`) to your html parameter. If you do not intend on querying the fixture for #target, consider using \`axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup()\` instead.`
     );
     return vNode;
   };
@@ -487,6 +551,16 @@ var commons;
      * @param {Context} context
      */
     const evaluateWrapper = function (node, options, virtualNode, context) {
+      if (!this) {
+        return evaluateWrapper.call(
+          testUtils.MockCheckContext(),
+          node,
+          options,
+          virtualNode,
+          context
+        );
+      }
+
       const opts = check.getOptions(options);
 
       const result = check.evaluate.call(
@@ -524,22 +598,12 @@ var commons;
 
         assert.exists(
           messages[key],
-          'Missing "' +
-            key +
-            '" message for check result of ' +
-            result +
-            noneCheckMessage
+          `Missing "${key}" message for check result of ${result}${noneCheckMessage}`
         );
         if (messageKey) {
           assert.exists(
             messages[key][messageKey],
-            'Missing ' +
-              key +
-              ' message key "' +
-              messageKey +
-              '" for check result of ' +
-              result +
-              noneCheckMessage
+            `Missing ${key} message key "${messageKey}" for check result of ${result}${noneCheckMessage}`
           );
 
           const message = axe.utils.processMessage(
@@ -548,23 +612,13 @@ var commons;
           );
           assert.isTrue(
             message.indexOf('${') === -1,
-            'Data object missing properties for ' +
-              key +
-              ' message key "' +
-              messageKey +
-              '": "' +
-              message +
-              '"'
+            `Data object missing properties for ${key} message key "${messageKey}": "${message}"`
           );
         } else {
           const message = axe.utils.processMessage(messages[key], this._data);
           assert.isTrue(
             message.indexOf('${') === -1,
-            'Data object missing properties for ' +
-              key +
-              ' message: "' +
-              message +
-              '"'
+            `Data object missing properties for ${key} message: "${message}"`
           );
         }
       }
@@ -574,7 +628,26 @@ var commons;
     return evaluateWrapper;
   };
 
-  if (typeof beforeEach !== 'undefined' && typeof afterEach !== 'undefined') {
+  let hooksRegistered = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Register global mocha beforeEach/afterEach hooks that reset axe state
+   * between tests. Safe to call multiple times (idempotent).
+   *
+   * Called immediately when the test framework (mocha) is already set up
+   * (e.g. Karma), or deferred and called again after the framework module
+   * loads (e.g. web-test-runner, where <script type="module"> runs after
+   * regular scripts so `beforeEach` isn't yet defined at parse time).
+   */
+  testUtils.registerHooks = function registerHooks() {
+    if (hooksRegistered) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (typeof beforeEach === 'undefined' || typeof afterEach === 'undefined') {
+      return;
+    }
+    hooksRegistered = true;
+
     // prevent setting read-only properties
     // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3837
     const readonlyRect = new DOMRectReadOnly();
@@ -587,18 +660,21 @@ var commons;
       });
     });
 
-    beforeEach(function () {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       // reset from axe._load overriding
-      checks = originalChecks;
+      window.checks = checks = originalChecks;
       axe._audit = originalAudit;
       axe._audit.rules = originalRules;
-      commons = axe.commons = originalCommons;
+      window.commons = commons = axe.commons = originalCommons;
     });
 
-    afterEach(function () {
+    afterEach(() => {
       axe.teardown();
       fixture.innerHTML = '';
 
+      // reset the logger for each test
+      axe._setLogger();
+
       // remove all attributes from fixture (otherwise a leftover
       // style attribute would cause avoid-inline-spacing integration
       // test to fail with [#fixture] being included in the results)
@@ -614,7 +690,11 @@ var commons;
       document.body.removeAttribute('style');
       document.documentElement.removeAttribute('style');
     });
-  }
+  };
+
+  // Immediate attempt: works when the test framework loads before testutils.js
+  // (e.g. Karma sets up mocha globally before running scripts).
+  testUtils.registerHooks();
 
   testUtils.captureError = function captureError(cb, errorHandler) {
     return function () {
@@ -637,7 +717,7 @@ var commons;
     const frameContexts = axe.utils.getFrameContexts(context);
     let promiseResults = [axe.runPartial(context, options)];
 
-    frameContexts.forEach(function (c) {
+    frameContexts.forEach(c => {
       const frame = testUtils.shadowQuerySelector(
         c.frameSelector,
         win.document
@@ -660,7 +740,7 @@ var commons;
     let elm;
     doc = doc || document;
     axeSelector = Array.isArray(axeSelector) ? axeSelector : [axeSelector];
-    axeSelector.forEach(function (selectorStr) {
+    axeSelector.forEach(selectorStr => {
       elm = doc && doc.querySelector(selectorStr);
       doc = elm && elm.shadowRoot;
     });
@@ -708,4 +788,86 @@ var commons;
       fixtureNode.appendChild(child.cloneNode(true));
     }
   }
+
+  testUtils.assertResultsDeepEqual = (
+    expected,
+    actual,
+    ignoredPaths = [
+      'timestamp',
+      // testEnvironment is ignored by default because Chrome's UI animations for the
+      // "an automated test is controlling this browser" notification can cause
+      // inconsistencies in windowHeight for otherwise-identical scans.
+      'testEnvironment'
+    ],
+    keyPath = 'result'
+  ) => {
+    const typeObj1 = getType(expected);
+    const typeObj2 = getType(actual);
+
+    axe.utils.assert(
+      typeObj1 === typeObj2,
+      `Expected type of ${keyPath} to equal ${typeObj1} but got ${typeObj2}`
+    );
+
+    if (typeObj1 === 'object') {
+      const res1Keys = Object.keys(expected);
+      const res2Keys = Object.keys(actual);
+
+      axe.utils.assert(
+        res1Keys.length === res2Keys.length &&
+          res1Keys.every(key => res2Keys.includes(key)),
+        `Expected ${keyPath} to have keys "${JSON.stringify(res1Keys)}" but got "${JSON.stringify(res2Keys)}"`
+      );
+
+      for (const key of res1Keys) {
+        if (ignoredPaths.includes(key)) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        testUtils.assertResultsDeepEqual(
+          expected[key],
+          actual[key],
+          ignoredPaths,
+          `${keyPath}.${key}`
+        );
+      }
+    } else if (typeObj1 === 'array') {
+      axe.utils.assert(
+        expected.length === actual.length,
+        `Expected ${keyPath} to have length of "${expected.length}" but got "${actual.length}"`
+      );
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < expected.length; i++) {
+        testUtils.assertResultsDeepEqual(
+          expected[i],
+          actual[i],
+          ignoredPaths,
+          `${keyPath}[${i}]`
+        );
+      }
+    } else {
+      axe.utils.assert(
+        expected === actual,
+        `Expected ${keyPath} to equal "${expected}" but got "${actual}"`
+      );
+    }
+  };
+
+  function isObject(obj) {
+    return obj && typeof obj === 'object' && !Array.isArray(obj);
+  }
+
+  function getType(obj) {
+    if (isObject(obj)) {
+      return 'object';
+    }
+    if (Array.isArray(obj)) {
+      return 'array';
+    }
+    if (obj === null) {
+      return 'null';
+    }
+
+    return typeof obj;
+  }
 })();
diff --git a/test/wtr.config.mjs b/test/wtr.config.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a96a11701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/wtr.config.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'module';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';
+import path from 'path';
+import net from 'net';
+import { summaryReporter } from '@web/test-runner';
+import { Builder } from 'selenium-webdriver';
+import {
+  Options as ChromeOptions,
+  ServiceBuilder as ChromeService
+} from 'selenium-webdriver/chrome.js';
+import {
+  Options as FirefoxOptions,
+  ServiceBuilder as GeckoService
+} from 'selenium-webdriver/firefox.js';
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+// Resolve the project root relative to this config file (test/wtr.config.mjs → ../)
+const projectRoot = path.resolve(__dirname, '..');
+
+/**
+ * A custom Selenium launcher that navigates the WebDriver directly to each
+ * test URL instead of using WTR's default IFrameManager (which wraps tests in
+ * iframes on a /?mode=iframe container page).
+ *
+ * Benefits over the default iframe approach:
+ * - Tests run at the root document (window === window.top)
+ * - window.location.pathname reflects the actual test path, not '/'
+ * - No cross-frame complications for frame-sensitive tests
+ *
+ * Sessions are serialized via a promise chain so only one test file is
+ * active at a time in the single browser tab.
+ */
+class DirectSeleniumLauncher {
+  constructor(driverBuilder) {
+    this.driverBuilder = driverBuilder;
+    this.name = 'Initializing...';
+    this.type = 'selenium';
+    // Each startSession appends to this chain; the chain only advances after
+    // the previous session's stopSession is called.
+    this._chain = Promise.resolve();
+    // Maps sessionId → resolveStop function so stopSession can unblock the chain.
+    this._sessions = new Map();
+  }
+
+  async initialize(config) {
+    this.config = config;
+    const cap = this.driverBuilder.getCapabilities();
+    const browserName = cap.getBrowserName() || cap.get('browserName') || '';
+    const browserVersion =
+      cap.getBrowserVersion() || cap.get('browserVersion') || '';
+    this.name =
+      [browserName, browserVersion].filter(Boolean).join(' ') || 'Browser';
+    this.driver = await this.driverBuilder.build();
+    // Keep-alive heartbeat (mirrors SeleniumLauncher for Sauce Labs compatibility)
+    this._heartbeat = setInterval(async () => {
+      try {
+        await this.driver?.getTitle();
+      } catch {
+        clearInterval(this._heartbeat);
+      }
+    }, 60000);
+  }
+
+  async stop() {
+    clearInterval(this._heartbeat);
+    try {
+      await this.driver?.quit();
+    } catch {
+      /* ignore */
+    }
+    this.driver = undefined;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a test session by navigating directly to `url`.
+   * Blocks until the previous session's stopSession() is called, then navigates.
+   * Returns a Promise that resolves once navigation completes (browser is ready).
+   */
+  startSession(id, url) {
+    // resolveStop lets stopSession() unblock the next startSession in the chain
+    let resolveStop;
+    const sessionDone = new Promise(resolve => {
+      resolveStop = resolve;
+    });
+    this._sessions.set(id, resolveStop);
+
+    // navigate: wait for chain (previous session) then drive to url
+    const navigate = this._chain.then(() => this.driver.navigate().to(url));
+
+    // The chain advances only after this session finishes (stopSession resolves sessionDone)
+    this._chain = navigate.then(() => sessionDone);
+
+    // startSession resolves once navigation is done; WTR then waits for WebSocket results
+    return navigate;
+  }
+
+  isActive(id) {
+    return this._sessions.has(id);
+  }
+
+  getBrowserUrl() {
+    return this.driver.getCurrentUrl();
+  }
+
+  async stopSession(id) {
+    const resolveStop = this._sessions.get(id);
+    this._sessions.delete(id);
+    resolveStop?.(); // unblock the next queued startSession
+    return { testCoverage: undefined };
+  }
+
+  async startDebugSession(_id, url) {
+    await this.driver.navigate().to(url);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build a Selenium Chrome launcher.
+ * @param {object} opts
+ * @param {boolean} [opts.headless=true]
+ * @param {number} [opts.debugPort] - If set, opens remote-debugging on this port.
+ */
+function buildChromeLauncher({ headless = true, debugPort } = {}) {
+  const options = new ChromeOptions();
+  if (process.env.CHROME_BIN) {
+    options.setBinaryPath(process.env.CHROME_BIN);
+  }
+  if (headless) {
+    options.addArguments('--headless=new');
+  }
+  // Required for Chrome in sandboxed CI environments
+  options.addArguments('--no-sandbox', '--disable-dev-shm-usage');
+  if (debugPort) {
+    options.addArguments(`--remote-debugging-port=${debugPort}`);
+  }
+
+  const builder = new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').setChromeOptions(options);
+
+  // Use an explicit chromedriver path when provided via env; otherwise fall
+  // back to the npm `chromedriver` package so Selenium Manager doesn't try
+  // to download a mismatched version at runtime.
+  const chromedriverBin =
+    process.env.CHROMEDRIVER_BIN || require('chromedriver').path;
+  builder.setChromeService(new ChromeService(chromedriverBin));
+
+  return new DirectSeleniumLauncher(builder);
+}
+
+export { buildChromeLauncher };
+
+/**
+ * Build a Selenium Firefox launcher.
+ * @param {object} opts
+ * @param {string} [opts.binary] - Path to the Firefox binary.
+ * @param {boolean} [opts.headless=true]
+ */
+function buildFirefoxLauncher({ binary, headless = true } = {}) {
+  const options = new FirefoxOptions();
+  if (binary) {
+    options.setBinary(binary);
+  }
+  if (headless) {
+    options.addArguments('-headless');
+  }
+
+  const builder = new Builder()
+    .forBrowser('firefox')
+    .setFirefoxOptions(options);
+
+  // Use an explicit geckodriver path when provided; otherwise Selenium Manager
+  // (bundled with selenium-webdriver 4.6+) downloads it automatically.
+  if (process.env.GECKODRIVER_BIN) {
+    builder.setFirefoxService(new GeckoService(process.env.GECKODRIVER_BIN));
+  }
+
+  return new DirectSeleniumLauncher(builder);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Select the browser(s) to run based on the WTR_BROWSER environment variable.
+ * Defaults to headless Chrome when WTR_BROWSER is not set.
+ *
+ * Supported values:
+ *   chrome          - headless Chrome (default)
+ *   chrome-debug    - non-headless Chrome with remote debugging on port 9765
+ *   firefox         - headless Firefox (uses FIREFOX_BIN if set)
+ *   firefox-nightly - headless Firefox Nightly (uses FIREFOX_NIGHTLY_BIN)
+ */
+function getBrowsers() {
+  switch (process.env.WTR_BROWSER) {
+    case 'firefox':
+      return [buildFirefoxLauncher({ binary: process.env.FIREFOX_BIN })];
+    case 'firefox-nightly':
+      return [
+        buildFirefoxLauncher({ binary: process.env.FIREFOX_NIGHTLY_BIN })
+      ];
+    case 'chrome-debug':
+      return [buildChromeLauncher({ headless: false, debugPort: 9765 })];
+    default:
+      return [buildChromeLauncher({ headless: true })];
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Koa-style middleware to rewrite legacy Karma proxy paths to their real
+ * locations under the project root:
+ *   /mock/*        → /test/mock/*
+ *   /integration/* → /test/integration/*
+ */
+async function proxyMiddleware(ctx, next) {
+  if (ctx.url.startsWith('/mock/')) {
+    ctx.url = '/test' + ctx.url;
+  } else if (ctx.url.startsWith('/integration/')) {
+    ctx.url = '/test' + ctx.url;
+  }
+  await next();
+}
+
+/** HTML page injected for every test file. Mirrors what Karma's frameworks
+ *  (mocha/chai/sinon) and `files` config provided globally. */
+const testRunnerHtml = testFramework => /* html */ `
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>axe-core tests</title>
+    <!-- Baseline stylesheet so tests that count document.styleSheets see at least one sheet -->
+    <style>/* axe-core test baseline */</style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="fixture"></div>
+
+    <!-- Core axe-core bundle (required by all tests) -->
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <!-- Walk-tree utility (generated by the build) -->
+    <script src="/tmp/walk-tree.js"></script>
+
+    <!-- chai UMD — exposes window.chai with assert/expect/should -->
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <!-- sinon browser bundle — exposes window.sinon -->
+    <script src="/node_modules/sinon/pkg/sinon.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      // Expose chai helpers as globals to match Karma's karma-chai behaviour
+      /* globals chai */
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+      var expect = chai.expect;
+    </script>
+
+    <!-- axe test utilities (MockCheckContext, fixtures, etc.) -->
+    <!-- Loaded as a module so it can use top-level import statements.
+         Module scripts execute after classic scripts, so axe/chai/sinon globals
+         are available. The immediate registerHooks() call inside testutils returns
+         early (beforeEach not yet defined); the inline module below re-calls it
+         after the WTR framework has set up mocha globals. -->
+    <script type="module" src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+
+    <!-- WTR mocha test framework (must be a module) -->
+    <script type="module" src="${testFramework}"></script>
+
+    <!-- Register mocha beforeEach/afterEach hooks now that the test framework
+         has set up mocha globals. This inline module runs after the framework. -->
+    <script type="module">
+      axe.testUtils.registerHooks();
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
+`;
+
+const sharedConfig = {
+  reporters: [summaryReporter()],
+
+  testFramework: {
+    config: {
+      ui: 'bdd',
+      timeout: 4000
+    }
+  },
+
+  testRunnerHtml,
+
+  middleware: [proxyMiddleware],
+
+  // Show console.log but suppress info/warn/error (mostly 404 noise).
+  filterBrowserLogs: ({ type }) => type === 'log',
+
+  // Resolve bare module specifiers from node_modules
+  nodeResolve: true
+};
+
+// Default files when no --files flag is passed on the CLI.
+const defaultFiles = [
+  'test/core/**/*.js',
+  'test/commons/**/*.js',
+  'test/rule-matches/**/*.js',
+  'test/checks/**/*.js',
+  'test/integration/api/**/*.js',
+  'test/integration/virtual-rules/**/*.js',
+  'test/gather-internals/**/*.js',
+  'tmp/integration-tests/**/*.js'
+];
+
+function findAvailablePort(startPort) {
+  return new Promise(resolve => {
+    const server = net.createServer();
+    server.listen(startPort, () => {
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      server.close(() => resolve(port));
+    });
+    server.on('error', () => resolve(findAvailablePort(startPort + 1)));
+  });
+}
+
+const port = await findAvailablePort(9876);
+
+export default {
+  rootDir: projectRoot,
+  port,
+  browsers: getBrowsers(),
+  files: defaultFiles,
+  ...sharedConfig
+};
diff --git a/test/wtr.debug.config.mjs b/test/wtr.debug.config.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9fcdb511
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/wtr.debug.config.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/**
+ * WTR config for interactive browser debugging.
+ * Extends wtr.config.mjs but launches a visible (non-headless) Chrome window
+ * and uses Mocha's built-in HTML reporter so test results render directly in
+ * the browser (same as Karma's debug.html page).
+ *
+ * Usage:
+ *   npm run test:debug -- --files 'test/core/public/finish-run.js'
+ *   The browser opens after pressing 'D' and shows a link to the test file.
+ */
+import baseConfig, { buildChromeLauncher } from './wtr.config.mjs';
+
+export default {
+  ...baseConfig,
+  browsers: [buildChromeLauncher({ headless: false })],
+  testFramework: {
+    config: {
+      ui: 'bdd',
+      timeout: 4000,
+      reporter: 'html'
+    }
+  }
+};
diff --git a/typings/axe-core/axe-core-tests.ts b/typings/axe-core/axe-core-tests.ts
index 5d421307a..bd208b15a 100644
--- a/typings/axe-core/axe-core-tests.ts
+++ b/typings/axe-core/axe-core-tests.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ axe.run(context, {}, (error: Error, results: axe.AxeResults) => {
   }
   console.log(results.passes.length);
   console.log(results.incomplete.length);
+  const errors = results.incomplete.map(result => result.error);
+  console.log(
+    errors.map(error =>
+      error
+        ? `${error.message} ${error.ruleId} ${error.method}\n\n${error.stack}`
+        : ''
+    )
+  );
   console.log(results.inapplicable.length);
   console.log(results.violations.length);
   console.log(results.violations[0].nodes[0].failureSummary);
@@ -35,6 +43,13 @@ axe.run(
     console.log(error || results);
   }
 );
+// axe.run preload: boolean
+axe.run({ preload: false });
+axe.run({ preload: true });
+// axe.run preload: options
+axe.run({ preload: { assets: ['cssom'] } });
+axe.run({ preload: { assets: ['cssom'], timeout: 50000 } });
+
 export async function runAsync() {
   await axe.run('main'); // Single selector
   await axe.run(['main']); // Array of one selector
@@ -43,7 +58,7 @@ export async function runAsync() {
   await axe.run([[['main']]]);
   await axe.run([[['#app', 'main']]]); // Selecting in the outer frame
 
-  await axe.run(document.querySelector('main'));
+  await axe.run(document.querySelector('main')!);
   await axe.run(document.querySelectorAll('main'));
   // axe.run with frameContext context
   await axe.run({ fromShadowDom: ['#app', '#main', '#inner'] });
@@ -395,7 +410,8 @@ let fooReporter = (
   resolve: (out: 'foo') => void,
   reject: (err: Error) => void
 ) => {
-  reject && resolve('foo');
+  reject(new Error('foo'));
+  resolve('foo');
 };
 
 axe.addReporter<'foo'>('foo', fooReporter, true);
@@ -427,13 +443,91 @@ var pluginSrc: axe.AxePlugin = {
 axe.registerPlugin(pluginSrc);
 axe.cleanup();
 
+// ExternalAPIS
+axe.externalAPIs();
+axe.externalAPIs({});
+axe.externalAPIs({
+  elementInternalsTimeout: 100
+});
+axe.externalAPIs({
+  getElementInternals() {
+    return Promise.resolve([]);
+  }
+});
+axe.externalAPIs({
+  elementInternalsTimeout: 100,
+  getElementInternals() {
+    return Promise.resolve([
+      {
+        ancestry: 'div',
+        internals: {
+          role: 'heading',
+          ariaLabelledbyElements: {
+            type: 'NodeList',
+            value: ['button']
+          },
+          ariaActiveDescendantElement: {
+            type: 'HTMLElement',
+            value: 'input'
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    ]);
+  }
+});
+
 // Utils
 const dqElement = new axe.utils.DqElement(document.body);
 const element = axe.utils.shadowSelect(dqElement.selector[0]);
 const uuid = axe.utils.uuid() as string;
+let unknownContext: unknown = JSON.parse('{ foo: "bar" }');
+if (axe.utils.isLabelledShadowDomSelector(unknownContext)) {
+  let context: axe.LabelledShadowDomSelector = unknownContext;
+} else if (axe.utils.isLabelledFramesSelector(unknownContext)) {
+  let context: axe.LabelledFramesSelector = unknownContext;
+} else if (axe.utils.isContextObject(unknownContext)) {
+  let context: axe.ContextObject = unknownContext;
+} else if (axe.utils.isContextProp(unknownContext)) {
+  let context: axe.ContextProp = unknownContext;
+} else if (axe.utils.isContextSpec(unknownContext)) {
+  let context: axe.ContextSpec = unknownContext;
+}
+axe.utils.nodeSerializer.update({
+  toSpec(dqElm: axe.DqElement) {
+    return dqElm.toJSON();
+  },
+  mergeSpecs(childSpec: axe.SerialDqElement, parentSpec: axe.SerialDqElement) {
+    return axe.utils.DqElement.mergeSpecs(childSpec, parentSpec);
+  }
+});
+const spec2: axe.SerialDqElement = axe.utils.nodeSerializer.toSpec(element!);
+const spec3: axe.SerialDqElement = axe.utils.nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(
+  dqElement,
+  options
+);
 
 // Commons
 axe.commons.aria.getRoleType('img');
 axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(document.body);
 axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(document.body);
+axe.commons.dom.getNodeGrid(document.body);
 axe.commons.text.accessibleText(document.body);
+
+// Types
+/**
+ * Validate the original structure for metadata persists in support.
+ * Do not amend this structure with new properties. As all new properties
+ * should be optional as to not break existing implementations.
+ */
+let metadata: axe.RuleMetadata;
+metadata = {
+  ruleId: 'color-contrast',
+  description: 'Check if colors pass WCAG contrast ratio',
+  help: 'Colors must pass contrast ratios',
+  helpUrl: 'https://help-url.com',
+  tags: ['wcag2.1', 'other-tag']
+};
+// 'enabled' is optional in RuleMetadata but required for getRules return
+axe.getRules(['wcag2aa'])[0].enabled.toString();
+// @ts-expect-error 'actIds' is optional in RuleMetadata and getRules
+axe.getRules(['wcag2aa'])[0].actIds.toString();