diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index 902683783..8a66ddc87 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -6,3 +6,8 @@
 tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/** text eol=lf -whitespace
 third-party/v8-patches/*.txt text eol=lf
 packaging/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime/patches/*.txt text eol=lf
+eng/graphics/** text eol=lf
+tests/GraphicsCompatibility/*.mjs text eol=lf
+tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/*.json text eol=lf
+tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-LICENSE.txt -text
+tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-CAD.zip -text
diff --git a/.github/actions/graphics-sdk/action.yml b/.github/actions/graphics-sdk/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d1b8d69e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/graphics-sdk/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+name: Verified graphics SDK
+description: Restore or build an exact pinned SDK and verify its sealed inventory.
+inputs:
+  rid:
+    required: true
+    description: Target runtime identifier
+  component:
+    required: true
+    description: dawn or angle
+  clean:
+    default: 'false'
+    description: Ignore the exact cache for an explicit rebuild
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.11'
+    - id: sdk-identity
+      name: Resolve graphics SDK cache identity
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        SDK_INPUTS: ${{ hashFiles('eng/graphics/dependencies.lock.json', 'eng/graphics/windows-runtime.json', 'eng/graphics/build.py', 'eng/graphics/DawnSymbolBoundary.cmake', 'eng/graphics/dawn_exports.py', 'eng/graphics/install-windows-sdk.ps1', '.github/actions/graphics-sdk/action.yml') }}
+      run: |
+        echo "key=webscene-graphics-sdk-v1-${{ inputs.component }}-${{ inputs.rid }}-${ImageVersion:?Runner image version is required}-$SDK_INPUTS" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+    - id: sdk-cache
+      name: Restore pinned graphics SDK
+      if: inputs.clean != 'true'
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+      with:
+        path: artifacts/graphics-sdk/${{ inputs.rid }}/${{ inputs.component }}
+        key: ${{ steps.sdk-identity.outputs.key }}
+        # No prefix fallback: a different build recipe or toolchain must rebuild.
+    - name: Install pinned Windows SDK for graphics runtime packaging
+      if: inputs.rid == 'win-x64' && steps.sdk-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      shell: pwsh
+      run: ./eng/graphics/install-windows-sdk.ps1
+    - name: Initialize Windows x64 compiler environment
+      if: inputs.rid == 'win-x64'
+      shell: pwsh
+      run: |
+        $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+        $before = @{}
+        Get-ChildItem Env: | ForEach-Object { $before[$_.Name] = $_.Value }
+        $vswhere = Join-Path ${env:ProgramFiles(x86)} 'Microsoft Visual Studio/Installer/vswhere.exe'
+        if (!(Test-Path $vswhere)) { throw 'Visual Studio Installer/vswhere is required.' }
+        $installation = & $vswhere -latest -version '[17.1,)' -products '*' -requires Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Tools.x86.x64 -property installationPath
+        if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0 -or !$installation) { throw 'An x64 Visual C++ toolchain is required.' }
+        $developerShell = Join-Path $installation 'Common7/Tools/Launch-VsDevShell.ps1'
+        & $developerShell -Arch amd64 -HostArch amd64 -SkipAutomaticLocation
+        if (!(Get-Command cl.exe -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) { throw 'Visual C++ initialization did not expose cl.exe.' }
+        if ($env:VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH -ne 'x64') { throw 'Expected an x64 compiler target.' }
+        Get-ChildItem Env: | Where-Object { !$before.ContainsKey($_.Name) -or $before[$_.Name] -ne $_.Value } | ForEach-Object {
+          if ($_.Value.Contains("`n") -or $_.Value.Contains("`r")) { throw "Unexpected multiline environment variable: $($_.Name)" }
+          "$($_.Name)=$($_.Value)" | Out-File -FilePath $env:GITHUB_ENV -Encoding utf8 -Append
+        }
+    - name: Install Linux development prerequisites
+      if: inputs.rid == 'linux-x64'
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        sudo apt-get update
+        sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build clang lld pkg-config libvulkan-dev libx11-dev libx11-xcb-dev libxcb1-dev libxext-dev libxi-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxcomposite-dev libxdamage-dev libxfixes-dev libdrm-dev libgbm-dev libwayland-dev libudev-dev
+    - name: Build pinned SDK
+      if: steps.sdk-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      shell: bash
+      run: python eng/graphics/build.py ${{ inputs.component }} --rid ${{ inputs.rid }} --jobs 2
+    - name: Verify installed SDK
+      shell: bash
+      run: python eng/graphics/verify-sdk.py artifacts/graphics-sdk/${{ inputs.rid }}/${{ inputs.component }} --component ${{ inputs.component }} --rid ${{ inputs.rid }}
+    # Save immediately after verification: a later probe failure must not throw
+    # away a successful expensive dependency build. Hits still run all probes.
+    - name: Save verified graphics SDK
+      if: steps.sdk-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+      with:
+        path: artifacts/graphics-sdk/${{ inputs.rid }}/${{ inputs.component }}
+        key: ${{ steps.sdk-identity.outputs.key }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/CI.yml b/.github/workflows/CI.yml
index 5e9ffe6e2..b173b399c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/CI.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/CI.yml
@@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ jobs:
         node-version: 22
     - name: Restore
       run: dotnet restore WebScene.sln
+    - name: Verify immutable GPU compatibility fixture
+      run: python tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py
+    - name: Graphics evidence boundary checks
+      run: python -m unittest discover -s eng/graphics/tests -v
+    - name: Graphics reference workload and trace checks
+      run: node --test tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-tests.mjs
     - name: Build Release
       run: dotnet build WebScene.sln -c Release --no-restore
     - name: Portable Core contracts
@@ -74,6 +80,64 @@ jobs:
         -B artifacts/native-engine-portability
         -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
         -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8=OFF
+        -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA=ON
         -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION=OFF
     - name: Compile native C++ portability target
       run: cmake --build artifacts/native-engine-portability --config Release --parallel
+
+    - name: Native media decode contracts
+      run: ctest --test-dir artifacts/native-engine-portability -C Release -R "webscene_(media_decode|audio_graph)_tests" --output-on-failure
+
+  native-aot:
+    name: NativeAOT contracts ${{ matrix.rid }} Avalonia ${{ matrix.avalonia }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+        - os: macos-latest
+          rid: osx-arm64
+          executable: WebScene.GpuHost.Probe
+          avalonia: 11
+          avalonia12Sample: false
+        - os: windows-latest
+          rid: win-x64
+          executable: WebScene.GpuHost.Probe.exe
+          avalonia: 11
+          avalonia12Sample: false
+        - os: macos-latest
+          rid: osx-arm64
+          executable: WebScene.GpuHost.Probe
+          avalonia: 12
+          avalonia12Sample: true
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v5
+      with:
+        global-json-file: global.json
+    - name: Publish NativeAOT with reflection JSON disabled
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        set -o pipefail
+        dotnet publish experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe -c Release -r '${{ matrix.rid }}' \
+          -p:PublishAot=true -p:JsonSerializerIsReflectionEnabledByDefault=false \
+          -p:WebSceneAvalonia12Sample=${{ matrix.avalonia12Sample }} \
+          -o artifacts/aot-contracts 2>&1 | tee artifacts-aot-publish.log
+        python scripts/verify-aot-warnings.py artifacts-aot-publish.log
+    - name: Publish Aureon NativeAOT sample
+      if: matrix.avalonia == 12
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        set -o pipefail
+        dotnet publish experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio -c Release -r '${{ matrix.rid }}' \
+          -p:PublishAot=true -p:WebSceneAvalonia12Sample=true \
+          -o artifacts/aureon-aot 2>&1 | tee artifacts-aureon-publish.log
+        python scripts/verify-aot-warnings.py artifacts-aureon-publish.log
+    - name: Exercise checkpoint and archive contracts in native executable
+      shell: bash
+      run: ./artifacts/aot-contracts/${{ matrix.executable }} --aot-serialization-probe
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      if: always()
+      with:
+        name: aot-contracts-${{ matrix.rid }}-avalonia-${{ matrix.avalonia }}
+        path: artifacts*-publish.log
diff --git a/.github/workflows/graphics-prerequisites.yml b/.github/workflows/graphics-prerequisites.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d148cea6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/graphics-prerequisites.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+name: GPU prerequisite hardware evidence
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      rid:
+        description: Native GPU runner profile (runner must be enrolled with these labels)
+        required: true
+        type: choice
+        options: [win-x64, osx-arm64, linux-x64]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: gpu-prerequisites-${{ inputs.rid }}
+  cancel-in-progress: false
+
+jobs:
+  prerequisites:
+    # These labels are an enrollment contract, not evidence that runners already exist.
+    # No untrusted pull_request trigger on persistent hardware machines.
+    runs-on: [self-hosted, webscene-gpu, '${{ inputs.rid }}']
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.11'
+    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version: '22'
+    - name: Initialize Windows x64 compiler environment
+      if: inputs.rid == 'win-x64'
+      shell: pwsh
+      run: |
+        $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+        $before = @{}
+        Get-ChildItem Env: | ForEach-Object { $before[$_.Name] = $_.Value }
+        $vswhere = Join-Path ${env:ProgramFiles(x86)} 'Microsoft Visual Studio/Installer/vswhere.exe'
+        if (!(Test-Path $vswhere)) { throw 'Visual Studio Installer/vswhere is required.' }
+        $installation = & $vswhere -latest -version '[17.1,)' -products '*' -requires Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Tools.x86.x64 -property installationPath
+        if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0 -or !$installation) { throw 'An x64 Visual C++ toolchain is required.' }
+        $developerShell = Join-Path $installation 'Common7/Tools/Launch-VsDevShell.ps1'
+        & $developerShell -Arch amd64 -HostArch amd64 -SkipAutomaticLocation
+        if (!(Get-Command cl.exe -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) { throw 'Visual C++ initialization did not expose cl.exe.' }
+        if ($env:VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH -ne 'x64') { throw 'Expected an x64 compiler target.' }
+        Get-ChildItem Env: | Where-Object { !$before.ContainsKey($_.Name) -or $before[$_.Name] -ne $_.Value } | ForEach-Object {
+          if ($_.Value.Contains("`n") -or $_.Value.Contains("`r")) { throw "Unexpected multiline environment variable: $($_.Name)" }
+          "$($_.Name)=$($_.Value)" | Out-File -FilePath $env:GITHUB_ENV -Encoding utf8 -Append
+        }
+    - name: Verify Kestrel input and evidence boundaries
+      id: verified-inputs
+      run: |
+        python tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py
+        python -m unittest discover -s eng/graphics/tests -v
+        node --test tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-tests.mjs
+    - name: Verify enrolled Windows SDK prerequisite
+      if: inputs.rid == 'win-x64'
+      shell: pwsh
+      run: |
+        # Persistent runners are provisioned by their administrator; do not install
+        # machine-wide SDKs implicitly during a hardware qualification run.
+        $sdkRoot = Join-Path ${env:ProgramFiles(x86)} 'Windows Kits/10'
+        $sdkVersion = '10.0.28000.0'
+        foreach ($relative in @(
+          "Include/$sdkVersion/um/Windows.h",
+          "Include/$sdkVersion/shared/sdkddkver.h",
+          "Include/$sdkVersion/ucrt/stdio.h",
+          "Lib/$sdkVersion/um/x86/kernel32.lib",
+          "Lib/$sdkVersion/um/x64/kernel32.lib",
+          "Lib/$sdkVersion/ucrt/x86/ucrt.lib",
+          "Lib/$sdkVersion/ucrt/x64/ucrt.lib",
+          "bin/$sdkVersion/x64/rc.exe"
+        )) {
+          if (!(Test-Path (Join-Path $sdkRoot $relative))) {
+            throw "Missing $relative. Provision this runner using eng/graphics/install-windows-sdk.ps1 before qualification."
+          }
+        }
+    - name: Build pinned Dawn
+      run: python eng/graphics/build.py dawn --rid ${{ inputs.rid }}
+    - name: Build pinned ANGLE
+      run: python eng/graphics/build.py angle --rid ${{ inputs.rid }}
+    - name: Verify SDK relocation and mismatch rejection
+      run: python eng/graphics/check-sdk-integrity.py --sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/${{ inputs.rid }}/dawn --rid ${{ inputs.rid }} --output artifacts/graphics-evidence/sdk-integrity.json
+    - name: Configure and build hardware probes
+      run: |
+        cmake -S eng/graphics/probes -B artifacts/graphics-probes -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DWEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT=${{ github.workspace }}/artifacts/graphics-sdk/${{ inputs.rid }}
+        cmake --build artifacts/graphics-probes --parallel 6
+    - name: Capture real hardware results
+      # Do not use CTest's successful process exit when all hardware tests were skipped.
+      # The evidence runner exits 77 on unavailable hardware, leaving this job non-successful.
+      run: python eng/graphics/run-probes.py --rid ${{ inputs.rid }} --sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/${{ inputs.rid }} --probes artifacts/graphics-probes --output artifacts/graphics-evidence/native-probes.json
+    - name: Capture unchanged Kestrel hardware Chrome references
+      # Independent evidence remains useful after native build/probe failure.
+      # The earlier failure still fails the job; this does not waive a GPU gate.
+      if: ${{ !cancelled() && steps.verified-inputs.outcome == 'success' }}
+      # Requires an interactive desktop and installed Chrome (or CHROME_BIN).
+      # Unknown Chrome revisions retain traces but cannot qualify presentation timing.
+      run: node tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs --output artifacts/chrome-reference
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      if: always()
+      with:
+        name: graphics-prerequisites-${{ inputs.rid }}
+        path: |
+          artifacts/graphics-evidence/
+          artifacts/graphics-sdk/**/webscene-graphics-package.json
+          artifacts/graphics-sdk/**/build-info/
+        if-no-files-found: warn
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      if: always()
+      with:
+        name: graphics-chrome-reference-${{ inputs.rid }}
+        path: |
+          artifacts/chrome-reference/reference.json
+          artifacts/chrome-reference/*.png
+          artifacts/chrome-reference/*.json.gz
+        compression-level: 0
+        retention-days: 90
+        if-no-files-found: warn
diff --git a/.github/workflows/graphics-sdk-build.yml b/.github/workflows/graphics-sdk-build.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..baabd619a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/graphics-sdk-build.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+name: Graphics SDK build validation
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - 'eng/graphics/**'
+      - '.github/actions/graphics-sdk/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/graphics-sdk-build.yml'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      clean:
+        description: Rebuild SDKs without restoring the cache
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+    paths:
+      - 'eng/graphics/**'
+      - '.github/actions/graphics-sdk/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/graphics-sdk-build.yml'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: graphics-sdk-build-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
+  # Preserve evidence from long clean SDK builds; the latest pending commit
+  # runs after the active build completes.
+  cancel-in-progress: false
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Build ${{ matrix.component }} ${{ matrix.rid }} (no hardware qualification)
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      max-parallel: 4
+      matrix:
+        component: [dawn, angle]
+        include:
+          - rid: win-x64
+            os: windows-2022
+          - rid: linux-x64
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
+        rid: [win-x64, linux-x64]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 120
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: ./.github/actions/graphics-sdk
+      with:
+        rid: ${{ matrix.rid }}
+        component: ${{ matrix.component }}
+        clean: ${{ inputs.clean || false }}
+    - name: Compile and link diagnostic probe
+      run: |
+        cmake -S eng/graphics/probes -B artifacts/graphics-probes -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DWEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_COMPONENTS=${{ matrix.component }} -DWEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT=${{ github.workspace }}/artifacts/graphics-sdk/${{ matrix.rid }}
+        cmake --build artifacts/graphics-probes --parallel 2
+    - name: Verify shared-handle ownership (no GPU required)
+      run: ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-probes -R "^webscene_nt_handle_tests$" --output-on-failure
+    # Hosted compilation proves no hardware, pixels, driver support, or conformance.
+    # GPU execution belongs to the dedicated graphics-prerequisites hardware workflow.
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      if: always()
+      with:
+        name: graphics-build-only-${{ matrix.component }}-${{ matrix.rid }}
+        path: |
+          artifacts/graphics-sdk/${{ matrix.rid }}/${{ matrix.component }}/
+          artifacts/graphics-probes/CMakeCache.txt
+        retention-days: 14
+        if-no-files-found: warn
+        # ANGLE installs .clang-format files covered by the sealed SDK inventory.
+        include-hidden-files: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/native-runtime-packages.yml b/.github/workflows/native-runtime-packages.yml
index f02e7f214..368844add 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/native-runtime-packages.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/native-runtime-packages.yml
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ on:
     - release/*
     paths:
     - '.github/workflows/native-runtime-packages.yml'
+    - '.github/actions/graphics-sdk/**'
+    - 'eng/graphics/**'
     - 'experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/**'
     - 'packaging/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime/**'
     - 'scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.sh'
@@ -267,7 +269,21 @@ jobs:
             rm -rf "$root"
           fi
         fi
+    - name: Prepare pinned Dawn runtime dependency
+      if: matrix.rid != 'linux-x64'
+      uses: ./.github/actions/graphics-sdk
+      with:
+        rid: ${{ matrix.rid }}
+        component: dawn
+    - name: Prepare pinned Windows ANGLE composition dependency
+      if: matrix.rid == 'win-x64'
+      uses: ./.github/actions/graphics-sdk
+      with:
+        rid: ${{ matrix.rid }}
+        component: angle
     - name: Build, pack, and test macOS runtime
+      env:
+        WEBSCENE_NATIVE_SKIP_HARDWARE_TESTS: '1'
       if: matrix.rid == 'osx-arm64'
       shell: bash
       run: |
@@ -278,6 +294,7 @@ jobs:
         fi
         scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.sh \
           --rid '${{ matrix.rid }}' \
+          --graphics-sdk "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/artifacts/graphics-sdk/${{ matrix.rid }}" \
           --package-version '${{ needs.metadata.outputs.package-version }}' \
           --v8-root "$v8_root" \
           --v8-revision '${{ matrix.v8_revision }}' \
@@ -315,6 +332,8 @@ jobs:
               --output /workspace/artifacts/nuget-packages
           "
     - name: Build, pack, and test Windows runtime
+      env:
+        WEBSCENE_NATIVE_SKIP_HARDWARE_TESTS: '1'
       if: matrix.script == 'windows'
       shell: pwsh
       run: |
@@ -325,6 +344,7 @@ jobs:
         }
         ./scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.ps1 `
           -Rid '${{ matrix.rid }}' `
+          -GraphicsSdk "$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE/artifacts/graphics-sdk/${{ matrix.rid }}" `
           -PackageVersion '${{ needs.metadata.outputs.package-version }}' `
           -V8Root $v8Root `
           -V8Revision '${{ matrix.v8_revision }}' `
diff --git a/Directory.Build.props b/Directory.Build.props
index b55b6501f..75746bb47 100644
--- a/Directory.Build.props
+++ b/Directory.Build.props
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
   </PropertyGroup>
   <PropertyGroup>
     <AvaloniaVersion>11.3.4</AvaloniaVersion>
+    <!-- Opt-in host experiment only; shipping WebScene continues to target v11. -->
+    <AvaloniaVersion Condition="'$(WebSceneAvalonia12Sample)' == 'true'">12.1.1</AvaloniaVersion>
+    <DefineConstants Condition="'$(WebSceneAvalonia12Sample)' == 'true'">$(DefineConstants);WEBSCENE_AVALONIA12</DefineConstants>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <None Include="$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)LICENSE"
diff --git a/Directory.Build.targets b/Directory.Build.targets
index 29c3122fa..80eaa9baa 100644
--- a/Directory.Build.targets
+++ b/Directory.Build.targets
@@ -16,4 +16,8 @@
           PackagePath="README.md"
           Condition="Exists('$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)docs\nuget\README.md')" />
   </ItemGroup>
+  <Target Name="PreventAvalonia12SamplePackaging" BeforeTargets="Pack"
+          Condition="'$(WebSceneAvalonia12Sample)' == 'true'">
+    <Error Text="Avalonia 12 is an opt-in sample configuration only. Pack WebScene with its default Avalonia 11 configuration." />
+  </Target>
 </Project>
diff --git a/Directory.Packages.props b/Directory.Packages.props
index 4baa1a872..cf4c6b36e 100644
--- a/Directory.Packages.props
+++ b/Directory.Packages.props
@@ -28,4 +28,10 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="2.8.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="coverlet.collector" Version="6.0.0" />
   </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup Condition="'$(WebSceneAvalonia12Sample)' == 'true'">
+    <PackageVersion Update="Svg.Skia" Version="4.9.1" />
+    <PackageVersion Update="SkiaSharp" Version="3.119.4" />
+    <PackageVersion Update="SkiaSharp.HarfBuzz" Version="3.119.4" />
+    <PackageVersion Update="Tmds.DBus.Protocol" Version="0.94.1" />
+  </ItemGroup>
 </Project>
diff --git a/benchmarks/WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks/NativeResizeCadenceProbe.cs b/benchmarks/WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks/NativeResizeCadenceProbe.cs
index 679812bb2..2b0caefe9 100644
--- a/benchmarks/WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks/NativeResizeCadenceProbe.cs
+++ b/benchmarks/WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks/NativeResizeCadenceProbe.cs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Rendering;
 using System.Text.Json;
 using Avalonia.Controls;
 using Avalonia.Threading;
@@ -115,6 +118,15 @@ internal static int Run(string[] args)
         window.Show();
         Dispatcher.UIThread.RunJobs();
 
+        // Avalonia 11.3.4 hides the service locator from its reference assembly.
+        // Read it only for this benchmark; do not replace or drive the timer.
+        var locator = typeof(AvaloniaLocator).GetProperty("Current")?.GetValue(null);
+        var renderTimer = locator?.GetType().GetMethod("GetService", [typeof(Type)])
+            ?.Invoke(locator, [typeof(IRenderTimer)]) as IRenderTimer;
+        var timerTicks = new ConcurrentQueue<long>();
+        Action<TimeSpan> observeRenderTick = _ => timerTicks.Enqueue(Stopwatch.GetTimestamp());
+        var tickEvent = typeof(IRenderTimer).GetEvent("Tick");
+        if (renderTimer is not null) tickEvent?.AddEventHandler(renderTimer, observeRenderTick);
         try
         {
             Pump(view.LoadAsync(source, library));
@@ -134,7 +146,11 @@ internal static int Run(string[] args)
             var measurementStarted = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
             var submitted = RunCadence(
                 window, seconds, frequency, baseWidth, baseHeight, widthSpan, heightSpan);
-            var measurementElapsed = Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(measurementStarted);
+            var measurementEnded = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+            var measurementElapsed = Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(measurementStarted, measurementEnded);
+            var measuredTimerTicks = timerTicks.Where(t => t >= measurementStarted && t <= measurementEnded).ToArray();
+            var timerIntervals = measuredTimerTicks.Zip(measuredTimerTicks.Skip(1),
+                static (a, b) => (b - a) * 1000d / Stopwatch.Frequency).ToArray();
             WaitForResizeDrain(view, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3));
             process.Refresh();
             var cpu = process.TotalProcessorTime - cpuBefore;
@@ -191,7 +207,16 @@ internal static int Run(string[] args)
             var json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(
                 new
                 {
-                    schema = "webscene-native-resize-cadence-v1",
+                    schema = "webscene-native-resize-cadence-v2",
+                    measurementScope = "headless-cpu-draw-callback",
+                    physicalPresentationVerified = false,
+                    headlessRenderTimer = new
+                    {
+                        available = renderTimer is not null && tickEvent is not null,
+                        tickCount = measuredTimerTicks.Length,
+                        ticksPerSecond = measuredTimerTicks.Length / measurementElapsed.TotalSeconds,
+                        intervalMilliseconds = Summary(timerIntervals)
+                    },
                     sourceKind = ReadOption(args, "--url") is null ? "deterministic-fixture" : "url",
                     composition,
                     certificationTelemetryEnabled = !certificationDiagnostics.StartsWith(
@@ -213,9 +238,9 @@ internal static int Run(string[] args)
                         snapshot.ResizeFrames.SubmittedPairs - snapshot.ResizeFrames.AppliedPairs,
                         baseline.ResizeFrames.SubmittedPairs - baseline.ResizeFrames.AppliedPairs),
                     renderedFrames = delta.RenderedScenes,
-                    presentations = presentations.Length,
+                    drawCallbackCompletions = presentations.Length,
                     renderedFramesPerSecond = renderedFps,
-                    presentationFramesPerSecond = presentationFps,
+                    drawCallbackCompletionsPerSecond = presentationFps,
                     layoutPasses = delta.LayoutPasses,
                     layoutPassesPerAppliedResize = delta.LayoutPasses / (double)Math.Max(
                         1UL,
@@ -264,8 +289,8 @@ internal static int Run(string[] args)
                         publicationToRenderLatencies),
                     renderLatencyMilliseconds = Summary(renderLatencies),
                     renderIntervalMilliseconds = Summary(renderIntervals),
-                    presentationIntervalMilliseconds = Summary(presentationIntervals),
-                    practicalVsyncGate = new
+                    drawCallbackIntervalMilliseconds = Summary(presentationIntervals),
+                    cpuCadenceGate = new
                     {
                         maximumP95LatencyMilliseconds = 16.7,
                         minimumFramesPerSecond = 58,
@@ -276,6 +301,7 @@ internal static int Run(string[] args)
                         ? new
                         {
                             identity = reference.Identity,
+                            comparisonScope = "headless-draw-callback-versus-reference; not physical presentation",
                             referenceFramesPerSecond = reference.FramesPerSecond,
                             nativeFramesPerSecond = presentationFps,
                             framesPerSecondDelta =
@@ -306,6 +332,7 @@ internal static int Run(string[] args)
         }
         finally
         {
+            if (renderTimer is not null) tickEvent?.RemoveEventHandler(renderTimer, observeRenderTick);
             Pump(view.DisposeAsync().AsTask());
             window.Close();
             Dispatcher.UIThread.RunJobs();
diff --git a/docs/graphics/avalonia-gpu-host-boundary.md b/docs/graphics/avalonia-gpu-host-boundary.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b4a1cba52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/avalonia-gpu-host-boundary.md
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+# Avalonia 11.3.4 GPU host boundary
+
+Source review, 2026-09-07. No framework GPU execution pass is claimed.
+WebScene pins Avalonia 11.3.4 and currently draws through ISkiaSharpApiLeaseFeature.
+The standalone Graphite probe does not change that host device.
+
+Avalonia already has a cross-platform GPU import contract, exposed through
+ICompositionGpuInterop. Supported image/semaphore handle types and synchronization
+capabilities must be queried at runtime; device LUID/UUID are also exposed. A
+platform's existence is not evidence that a particular backend imports our handle.
+Use the installed 11.3.4 API rather than importing another presentation framework.
+
+[CompositionDrawingSurface](https://github.com/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia/blob/11.3.4/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositionDrawingSurface.cs)
+provides UpdateAsync, UpdateWithKeyedMutexAsync and UpdateWithSemaphoresAsync. Its
+public contract says completion permits the caller to destroy/dispose the source
+image. These are distinct from merely completing import, and from our generic
+native queue completion notification. An adapter must follow the chosen backend's
+synchronization contract before releasing/reusing a leased source allocation.
+
+The [server implementation](https://github.com/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia/blob/11.3.4/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Server/ServerCompositionDrawingSurface.cs)
+checks import completion/context validity and obtains a snapshot from the imported
+image. The [OpenGL/Skia implementation](https://github.com/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia/blob/11.3.4/src/Skia/Avalonia.Skia/Gpu/OpenGl/GlSkiaExternalObjectsFeature.cs)
+wraps the native texture in a Skia surface, snapshots it, and flushes Skia/OpenGL.
+The keyed-mutex and semaphore paths surround this with acquire/release or wait/signal.
+No CPU bitmap loop appears in this reviewed path. Whether snapshot performs a
+GPU-local copy must be verified against the concrete Skia backend and traced;
+source inspection alone does not prove zero-copy or completion correctness.
+
+## Integration direction
+
+Reuse Avalonia's import/update machinery for a supported host backend. Keep native
+platform code limited to producing/importing the external allocation and exchanging
+the synchronization primitives actually supported by that contract. Do not assume
+our new D3D12 fence helper is required by Avalonia, whose selected backend may
+instead expose keyed mutex or semaphore synchronization.
+
+Before implementing the adapter, obtain capabilities from a running 11.3.4 host
+on this machine, including actual image handle strings, synchronization flags and
+device identity. Then select a supported route and test import, update, source
+retention, resize and context loss. An unsupported result must stay explicit.
+Graphite shared-device composition reduces internal interop, but a final external
+image boundary still exists when Avalonia owns a different GPU device/context.
+
+Preserve HTML stacking, clips, opacity and hit testing when placing the composition
+surface. A separate uncomposited native window does not satisfy the scene contract.
+Repeat the boundary analysis for Uno; Avalonia's API cannot be assumed to apply to it.
+
+## Runtime capability evidence
+
+The new `experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe` ran successfully on the current M4
+macOS desktop with Avalonia 11.3.4. Default platform selection returned a non-lost
+interop object but empty SupportedImageHandleTypes and SupportedSemaphoreTypes.
+The probe exits cleanly after posting shutdown to the dispatcher (synchronous
+shutdown during startup initially triggered a lifetime initialization error).
+
+This rules out selecting an external-handle import route from this host's reported
+capabilities. It does not prove that all Avalonia macOS configurations lack interop.
+Next inspect the shared-context import contract and available host backend options;
+do not implement an IOSurface handle adapter assuming this host will accept it.
+
+The probe now queries IOpenGlTextureSharingRenderInterfaceContextFeature through
+Compositor.TryGetRenderInterfaceFeature. It reports CanCreateSharedContext=true on
+the same default macOS host, with external handle lists still empty. This is a
+capability result, not a successful import. The public feature creates a compatible
+GL context and composition texture, avoiding arbitrary user-supplied texture wrappers.
+Avalonia's Skia importer specifically verifies the context share group.
+
+Next exercise context creation, drawing into its composition texture, import and
+surface update. Then determine the supported Metal/Dawn-to-GL allocation bridge;
+shared GL context availability alone does not make a Dawn Metal texture importable.
+
+The shared-context import/update sequence now executes successfully in the probe:
+a 32x32 shared GL texture is cleared through a complete framebuffer, flushed,
+imported, and copied/snapshotted through an awaited drawing-surface update. Async
+import disposal precedes texture/context teardown. No CPU pixel upload/readback
+is used by the probe. This establishes successful API execution, not displayed
+pixel correctness: the surface is not yet attached to a visual, and the source
+is GL-produced rather than Dawn/Metal-produced. These remain separate gates.
+
+The host probe also attaches the updated surface to a composition visual and awaits
+its render-thread commit, then detaches and commits before releasing resources.
+Both commits complete on M4. Per Avalonia's API contract, this is render-thread
+state application, not a display/GPU-completion fence or a pixel correctness test.
+The next boundary test still needs independent displayed-pixel verification and
+connection of the Dawn-produced allocation to the host-compatible source.
+
+## Visible output evidence
+
+A targeted capture of the exact probe window during `--inspect` shows the expected
+blue composition surface and white remaining background. See
+[evidence](evidence/avalonia-host/shared-gl-window.png). This independently confirms
+visible output for the shared-OpenGL host route. It is not exact color validation;
+window capture/display color management differs from raw texture verification.
+The Dawn/Metal-to-host allocation bridge remains unimplemented and unverified.
+
+### Production-source IOSurface import operation
+
+NativeMacOSGpuImageImport now imports a checked native consumer's BGRA8 IOSurface
+into a rectangle texture already bound in the host's current CGL context. GL
+texture/state creation remains with the host; this operation uses only Apple's
+CGL/IOSurface entrypoints, avoiding ambiguous GL symbol lookup alongside ANGLE.
+It borrows through NativeGpuImageConsumerV3 and does not complete the consumer,
+wait on producer work or enable GPU scene acquisition.
+
+The separate native fixture creates an accelerated CGL 3.2 context and rectangle
+texture. The managed test imports a native IOSurface lease and checks its GL
+level dimensions (17x4), then deletes GL references before completing the lease.
+All six NativeGpuSceneInteropTests passed without skips on net8.0 and net10.0.
+
+This verifies the managed-to-native storage import operation. It submits no
+draws and proves no rendered pixels, adapter pairing, producer synchronization
+or final Avalonia presentation. The retained renderer still needs the complete
+import/cache/completion path before it can advertise GPU scene capability.
+
+### Dawn-produced pixels through the managed import
+
+The CGL import fixture now optionally initializes its versioned IOSurface using
+the pinned Dawn Metal backend. It requires an integrated/discrete adapter and
+IOSurface/shared-event features, imports via dawn_shared_image, clears on the
+GPU, ends shared access and waits for diagnostic queue completion before
+publishing the ready lease. Callback state remains owned with the device.
+
+The managed test obtains that lease through the real native ABI, imports it
+using NativeMacOSGpuImageImport, and reads all 68 pixels from the CGL framebuffer.
+RGBA [51,102,153,255] matched within one channel unit, including BGRA storage
+conversion. The six-test interop suite passed on net8.0 and net10.0 without skips.
+
+The fixture's waits and GL readback are explicit diagnostics, not an ordinary
+presentation implementation. Constant-color output does not verify orientation,
+transparent edges or compositing. Asynchronous production readiness, GL fences,
+host texture conversion and retained scene rendering still need integration.
+
+### GL fence retirement component
+
+NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence obtains GL procedures from a caller-supplied host
+resolver (intended to be GlInterface.GetProcAddress), inserts a GPU completion
+fence and flushes. TryComplete uses glClientWaitSync with zero timeout. It retains
+the consumer on pending/failed results, requires the original thread/current CGL
+context, deletes a signaled fence and completes the native consumer once.
+Retired polling is idempotent. The host must retain and poll this component;
+there is no GC-based completion or automatic render scheduling.
+
+The real CGL import test now exercises this path, including wrong-thread polling
+rejection and duplicate consumer completion rejection. All six interop tests
+passed on net8.0 and net10.0. The fixture now queues a GPU framebuffer blit from
+its imported rectangle into independent 2D texture storage before fence insertion.
+The native provider remains alive before polling and expires after successful
+retirement. Only then does diagnostic readback verify all 68 destination pixels.
+This measures one GPU-local copy, with no CPU pixel transport between APIs; it
+is not a forced-delayed-GPU stress test. Wrong-thread rejection uses a dedicated
+thread because a queued Task can execute inline on a waiting worker thread.
+Fixture-only failure cleanup drains GL before releasing native image ownership.
+Production context-loss cleanup and renderer scheduling remain unfinished.
+
+### Direct pinned Ganesh sampling of the IOSurface rectangle
+
+The .NET interop fixture now exercises `NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.TryWrapRectangleTexture`
+with the repository's SkiaSharp 2.88.9 Ganesh GL backend. It imports the Dawn-written
+17×4 IOSurface into a CGL rectangle texture, wraps that borrowed texture as a
+texture-backed SKImage, and draws it into a GPU SKSurface. The image is clipped
+and blended at alpha 128 over opaque blue. All 192 destination pixels are checked
+against the expected clipped extent and channel values after Skia submission and
+native consumer fence retirement. Both net8.0 and net10.0 pass all seven interop
+tests without skips on the macOS arm64 fixture host.
+
+The route uses the existing pinned Ganesh API and no explicit intermediate texture
+blit or CPU upload. The only explicit readback is diagnostic destination validation
+after the source fence. Internal driver/Skia copy counts still require a trace;
+this is not a claim that every underlying operation is copy-free. The native source
+owner is observed released after the fence, independently of the destination.
+The wrapper borrows the caller's GL texture and consumer; SKImage disposal is not
+GPU completion. The caller supplies negotiated origin and alpha interpretation.
+
+This is an actual GPU Skia composition test, not yet an Avalonia-window retained
+scene test. Uniform source color cannot qualify texture orientation or transparent
+source edges. Host context acquisition, import caching, retained replay lifetime,
+ordered DOM/canvas composition, and device-loss handling remain integration work.
+Graphite migration is not required by this demonstrated direct Ganesh route.
+
+### Actual Avalonia window using public pinned graphics leases
+
+`WebScene.GpuHost.Probe --ganesh-window` uses an ICustomDrawOperation in a real
+Avalonia 11.3.4 macOS window. It acquires ISkiaSharpApiLease.GrContext and
+TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi, checks for IGlContext, and imports/wraps the native
+Dawn IOSurface with the production-source helpers. The pinned framework flushes
+Skia when entering the platform lease and resets its cached GL state on leaving
+it (verified in tag 11.3.4 DrawingContextImpl.ApiLease.PlatformApiLease). No
+framework patch is needed for these operations.
+
+The window draws the same imported SKImage 32 times with clipping and alpha,
+using one GL import. It disposes the retained SKImage after its last draw, enters
+the platform lease to flush Skia, inserts the host GL fence, polls on subsequent
+render callbacks, completes the native consumer and deletes the GL texture.
+The fixture's synchronous producer setup runs before the window opens. Ordinary
+window rendering has no explicit texture copy or pixel readback.
+
+Run with the already-built enabled native runtime and test fixture:
+
+```sh
+WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY="$PWD/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib" \
+WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY="$PWD/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/libwebscene_graphics_iosurface_fixture.dylib" \
+dotnet run --project experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe -- --ganesh-window
+```
+
+Add `--verify-window-pixels` for two explicit diagnostic destination reads inside
+the actual host callback: a blended interior pixel and an exterior clip pixel.
+Both executions completed 32 frames and fence retirement on the Apple M4 macOS
+arm64 host; raw result JSON is in `evidence/ganesh-host`. This proves host render
+surface pixels, not physical scanout. Internal driver copies still need tracing.
+
+This is a diagnostic control, not WebScene's retained DOM renderer. Production
+scene acquisition, paint ordering, live readiness delivery, resizing, teardown
+failure recovery and device recreation remain open. The diagnostic fails/exits on
+unsupported or lost host contexts; that is not qualified production loss recovery.
+
+### Retained import owner and host thread migration
+
+`NativeMacOSRetainedGpuImage` now owns the GL import, SKImage and native consumer
+in the Avalonia backend. Import admission preserves the scene lease on
+backpressure. Draw reuses the imported image under the owning Skia/CGL context;
+Retire prevents further draws and flushes through the host platform lease before
+creating a fence. TryComplete polls without a CPU GPU wait and releases the GL
+texture after native consumer completion. Failed fence creation keeps ownership
+and permits retirement retry. This object deliberately has no GC/Dispose-based
+GPU completion: the scene cache must retain it until retirement succeeds.
+
+The real-window probe now uses this backend owner rather than local import and
+fence fields. A first run exposed an incorrect fixed-thread ownership assumption:
+the first callback ran on managed thread 1 and the next on thread 4, with identical
+native Skia and CGL handles. Avalonia's active drawing lease serializes the
+GRContext while allowing that migration. The owner therefore checks the leased
+Skia/CGL context identity. NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence also offers a host-platform-
+lease polling route for migration; its standalone polling still rejects a foreign
+thread. No context identity check was removed.
+
+Both real-window modes again completed 32 redraws, one import and retirement;
+the diagnostic mode verified both host pixels. General compositor loss recovery
+and automatic retirement scheduling are still unfinished, and the retained DOM
+renderer still needs to consume this owner.
+
+### Opt-in ordered retained GPU paint replay
+
+NativeCanvasSceneRenderer now accepts `orderedGpuImages: true` when applying a
+scene. It compiles contiguous static DOM commands into retained SKPictures and
+keeps GPU image command 256 as a dynamic slot between them. Clip, scale, rotation
+and opacity scopes replay around both picture segments and image slots. Scope
+pairs are validated before applying the diff; replay restores the host canvas
+state even if an image draw throws. GPU image changes can therefore replay with
+new slot contents without recompiling static DOM pictures.
+
+The actual Avalonia window now feeds a constructed scene command stream through
+this shared renderer instead of manually drawing its image. That stream places
+DOM behind the image and a yellow DOM rectangle over it, with clip and group
+opacity around the GPU slot. The 32-frame run with one import verified three
+host-surface pixels (blend, exterior clip and foreground DOM), then retired its
+GPU consumer. Result: `evidence/ganesh-host/ordered-scene-pixels.json`.
+
+Validation: 20 focused ordered-renderer/culling/native-interop tests pass on both
+net8.0 and net10.0; the complete Avalonia net10.0 suite passes 270 tests with no
+skips; the Uno backend builds without warnings/errors. CPU-only callers retain
+the existing rendering path.
+
+This opt-in integration is not yet enabled by ordinary native scene acquisition.
+The diagnostic constructs its command stream; V8 GPU canvas publication and v3
+image-slot binding remain unfinished. Legacy Canvas2D layers have no ordered
+placement marker yet, so this mode rejects scenes with those layers instead of
+silently painting them in the old global split. Full mixed Canvas2D/SVG/GPU DOM
+coverage, transformed bounds/culling qualification, and generation cache updates
+remain required before advertising the GPU scene capability in production.
+
+### Explicit retained Canvas2D placements in mixed scenes
+
+The ordered path now recognizes command 257 as a Canvas2D layer placement, using
+node_id to resolve the current retained layer and its layout/bitmap dimensions.
+Its native contract requires the separate ORDERED_CANVAS capability bit (2);
+ordinary callers still advertise neither ordered-canvas nor GPU-image capability.
+Static DOM pictures, GPU slots and Canvas2D slots replay in command order under
+the same clip/transform/opacity state. Canvas isolation uses the existing layer
+semantics, shared with the legacy renderer.
+
+Before applying a diff, the renderer checks that every visible Canvas2D layer has
+exactly one placement and that every placement names a visible retained layer.
+Offscreen source canvases do not require a paint placement. Layer-only layout
+updates preserve the compiled paint list; removing a layer without updating its
+placement is rejected before changing live state. This supersedes the earlier
+blanket rejection of all Canvas2D layers in the opt-in path.
+
+Tests cover GPU→Canvas2D→GPU→DOM interleaving, layer-only reposition/scale and stale
+placement rejection. Four ordered-renderer tests pass on net8.0/net10.0; all 271
+Avalonia net10.0 tests pass without skips, and Uno builds without warnings/errors.
+The real window now includes a retained Canvas2D layer and verifies four host
+pixels across the mixed scene, with one GPU import across 32 draws and fence
+retirement (`evidence/ganesh-host/mixed-canvas-pixels.json`).
+
+Native DOM generation does not yet emit these placements or acquire GPU images
+through the ordinary scene path. The window continues to construct its diagnostic
+scene. Full SVG/text/destructive Canvas2D fixtures, transform bounds, native slot
+binding and production lifecycle handling remain required for epic completion.
+
+### Native document generation of mixed paint order
+
+The engine now collects published GPU images before building the DOM paint stream
+and requests ordered Canvas2D markers when that image set is nonempty. The native
+DOM traversal emits command 257 at the Canvas2D element's content position,
+including recursive, elevated and fixed-position traversal. GPU command 256 and
+scene-local image-slot resolution already existed in the source; earlier progress
+notes saying all native GPU command generation was absent were inaccurate. The
+new work supplies the previously missing native Canvas2D placements in GPU scenes.
+
+The default native_document::build_scene call remains CPU-compatible without
+ordered Canvas2D markers. The V8 runtime test creates a real 2D canvas sibling,
+checks GPU→Canvas2D→DOM order from native traversal, verifies default output has no
+257 commands, and checks a fixed-position canvas emits exactly one marker.
+`webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests` passes in the macOS enabled native build.
+
+This does not implement navigator.gpu or canvas.getContext('webgpu'). The existing
+internal publication fixture supplies the GPU image. Ordinary managed v3 scene
+acquisition/slot binding, live producer scheduling and browser API coverage remain
+unfinished; Kestrel has not yet been qualified on this rendering path.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/coherent-gpu-scene-publication.md b/docs/graphics/coherent-gpu-scene-publication.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e87dfbfe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/coherent-gpu-scene-publication.md
@@ -0,0 +1,905 @@
+# Coherent GPU scene publication
+
+Status: initial bounded scene capture/commit integration implemented; failure
+recovery and end-to-end coherence/performance remain unqualified. This preserves
+epic #22 scope and its Dawn/Skia GPU-resident route.
+
+## Required invariant
+
+A scene captured after an application rendering opportunity must retain both its
+CPU/2D display lists and the exact GPU image outputs requested during that
+opportunity. Publish that immutable scene only after all of those outputs are
+ready. Do not combine the captured lists with whichever GPU image is newest at
+publication time. Keep replaying the previously accepted complete scene meanwhile.
+
+Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/split-gpu-overlay-publications.json`. In particular,
+revisions 16–18 advance the overlay and GPU image separately. The two counters
+are independent; equal numeric values are not a general correctness condition.
+
+## Changes to implement
+
+1. Add an internal completion ticket to `dawn_iosurface_submission.h`. A ticket
+   retains one exact image allocation/generation/content serial and shares the
+   submission's queue-completion and validation state. Capturing a ticket must
+   not expose a consumer handle before both completion signals succeed. Tickets
+   must remain resolvable if the provider has already drained its ordinary ready
+   queue. Destructive `take_ready()` alone cannot provide this ownership model.
+   Retention is metadata/lease retention, with no pixel readback, blit or copy.
+2. In `dawn_iosurface_canvas_host.h`, associate the latest submitted output with
+   its ticket. Capture tickets at the rendering-opportunity boundary. Do not
+   substitute a subsequently submitted image. A configured canvas without new
+   work reuses its previously complete image. Reset/unconfigure/detach must
+   invalidate obsolete captured generations without prematurely releasing
+   allocations still in producer or consumer use.
+3. Extend the runtime/document snapshot boundary to provide image placeholders
+   and tickets for outputs that are not ready yet. Today `build_scene()` emits a
+   GPU command only for a completed image, which cannot represent the first
+   pending frame. Each placeholder must carry stable canvas identity and exact
+   target version, later mapped to a scene-local image index.
+4. Split `webscene_native_engine_scene.inc::publish_scene()` into capture and
+   commit phases. Capture freezes command/string/layer arrays, dimensions,
+   generation identifiers and GPU dependencies together. Commit resolves only
+   those dependencies, finalizes image tables and their hash, and exposes the
+   immutable scene to C ABI v3. Allocate public revision/base relationships at
+   commit against the consumer's actual predecessor; a superseded capture must
+   not leave a diff targeting a revision the consumer never received.
+5. Bound staged captures and image tickets by the existing three-image budget.
+   Select/coalesce complete opportunities as whole scenes, never per-canvas
+   fragments. On pressure retain the last displayed scene and defer producer
+   RAF admission using existing host wakes. Continue servicing input, promise
+   completion and device-loss callbacks. Do not add an unbounded snapshot queue,
+   a GPU wait on the UI/engine thread, or a one-frame-only GPU allocation policy.
+6. Preserve dirty work that arrives after capture. Committing a frozen scene
+   must not clear the worker's `scene_pending` flag for later DOM/2D mutations.
+   Audit the `starting_scene_generation`/`scene_pending` loop in
+   `webscene_native_engine_worker.inc`. Completion wakeups should retry commit;
+   no polling timer should become necessary for ordinary producer completion.
+7. On failure, cancel the entire staged opportunity and retain the prior complete
+   scene. Request a coherent replacement/checkpoint where necessary. Never
+   declare a failed producer ready or let a failed canvas strand all future
+   scenes indefinitely. Device loss, navigation, resize and hidden-window
+   retirement need explicit state transitions and tests.
+
+## Verification before accepting the fix
+
+- Deterministic delayed producer: draw geometry and an overlay marker at A,
+  capture B with its producer unresolved, then mutate live state to C. While B
+  is pending, presentation stays at complete A. Completing B presents B/B,
+  never C/B or B/A. Then complete C and verify C/C.
+- Two canvases completing out of order: no partial scene is visible. Include a
+  canvas with unchanged content and a first-ever pending GPU image.
+- Fill all bounded slots, supersede/cancel a capture and verify exact lease
+  release only after relevant GPU reads/writes complete. Check fixed memory
+  limits and continued input service, without synchronous GPU waits.
+- Cover generation changes, reset at unchanged bitmap size, detach/navigation,
+  unconfigure, validation failure, queue/device loss and shutdown during pending
+  capture. No stale output can enter a replacement generation.
+- Verify diff predecessor integrity when several captures are superseded before
+  a consumer acknowledgement. Replay the resulting stream into the real retained
+  renderer and check pixels/order, not only revision arithmetic.
+- Run unchanged Kestrel native wheel and right-button pan plus live resize.
+  Capture presented frames with aligned geometry/overlay landmarks; producer
+  counters alone do not certify display coherence or smoothness. Compare timing
+  distributions against the browser and report instrumentation overhead.
+- Re-run existing GPU lease/retirement, ordered canvas paint, native runtime and
+  ordinary-view GPU tests. Confirm zero explicit presentation pixel copies.
+
+Do not count these requirements as passing until implemented and evidenced. The
+current CSS fixes and startup success do not qualify this presentation change.
+
+
+## Completion-ticket foundation (2026-09-08)
+
+`dawn_iosurface_submission::capture_snapshot()` retains the exact output while
+sharing the submission completion state. The snapshot exposes only metadata
+until both queue completion and handoff validation succeed. Its one-shot
+`take_ready()` also accepts the provider-consumed state, so draining the original
+ready queue does not invalidate a captured scene's ownership. Retention pressure
+returns no ticket; failed or discarded submissions cannot yield an image.
+
+The Dawn fixture captures before its completion waits, drains the ordinary
+reference, and verifies the snapshot still resolves the identical allocation and
+content serial exactly once. The Ganesh window fixture passes 32 frames, two
+imports, eight diagnostic pixel readbacks and GPU retirement, with zero explicit
+transport copies. Native GPU runtime regressions also pass. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/gpu-completion-ticket-fixture.json`.
+
+This fixture does not deterministically delay completion, and does not prove
+pending-scene coherence or physical display timing. The provider/runtime/scene
+capture integration and delayed-producer tests above remain mandatory.
+
+
+## Provider capture boundary (2026-09-08)
+
+`dawn_iosurface_canvas_host::capture_latest_submission()` exposes the latest
+submitted ticket before ordinary ready-queue draining. It rejects capture while
+an acquired texture still belongs to an open rendering opportunity, and discard
+retirement clears the lookup. A weak submission lookup adds no hidden allocation
+retention; only the captured ticket retains the output. Capture must therefore
+happen before the ordinary ready queue consumes the provider reference.
+
+The fixture now captures through the provider, drains its ready queue and returns
+the captured image for the real Ganesh pixel/retirement test, verifying allocation
+and content serial identity and one-shot transfer. Discarded work yields no
+capture. The 32-frame fixture and native GPU runtime test pass; evidence is in
+`evidence/kestrel/gpu-provider-ticket-fixture.json`. Runtime snapshot capture,
+first-pending-image commands, atomic scene commit and delayed-completion tests
+remain unimplemented; this provider API alone does not fix presentation.
+
+
+## Deterministic completion-phase coverage (2026-09-08)
+
+The production Dawn submission now uses `producer_completion_gate` under its
+existing mutex. The gate requires queue completion and validation, even when
+one reports failure; a validation error alone cannot certify finished GPU writes.
+Duplicate phase delivery is ignored, preventing a terminal consumed state from
+being overwritten by a repeated completion signal.
+
+The platform-independent completion tests withhold either phase, check that
+polling cannot make it ready, and cover all success/failure combinations and
+duplicate delivery before/after completion. Completion and V8 GPU runtime tests
+pass (0.92s together). The real Ganesh fixture also passes 32 frames and retirement
+with zero explicit transport copies. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/producer-completion-gate.json`.
+
+This deterministic test covers the shared production gate, not an artificially
+stalled hardware queue or whole captured scene. Runtime snapshot integration and
+the A/B/C delayed-scene regression remain outstanding.
+
+
+## Runtime output capture (2026-09-08)
+
+The runtime now captures a backend-neutral `webscene_gpu_image_snapshot` at the
+end of each submitted rendering opportunity, before `publish_ready_gpu_canvases`
+drains provider outputs. Canvas state holds the latest dependency; a scene can
+retain that shared dependency independently of future canvas changes. The Dawn
+adapter caches successful resolution, preserving stable image identity without
+pixel copying. Bitmap reset and configure/unconfigure clear the canvas's current
+reference; existing captures keep ownership of their exact image.
+
+The native runtime regression resolves the captured output after normal image
+publication, checks allocation/serial identity and repeated resolution, then
+verifies unconfigure clears current canvas state without destroying an existing
+capture. Both native suites pass (12.44s). Unchanged Kestrel handles all forty
+wheel events with no bitmap mutations or app errors; results are in
+`evidence/kestrel/runtime-output-snapshot.json`.
+
+The scene builder still consumes completed `gpu_image` state. Pending-image
+command representation, frozen CPU scene capture and atomic commit remain
+mandatory. Failed/pressure-rejected capture also needs explicit staged-scene
+failure handling at that integration point; no coherence claim is made yet.
+
+
+## Pending image scene representation (2026-09-08)
+
+`native_document::build_gpu_canvas_bindings()` captures node identity, immutable
+image metadata and either its completion snapshot or an existing completed lease.
+The binding resolves its captured dependency without consulting live canvas state.
+`build_scene(..., ordered_canvas=true, capture_gpu_outputs=true)` emits GPU paint
+placeholders for pending first images, propagating the capture mode through normal,
+fixed, modal and elevated paint traversal. The default published-scene path is
+unchanged until engine capture/commit integration is complete.
+
+A controlled delayed-image regression verifies that a first pending image has a
+paint placeholder but no resolvable image, then clears the live canvas reference
+and completes the captured dependency: it must resolve the original allocation.
+The pre-existing pool-release assertion remains intact. Native engine tests pass
+(11.77s); GPU runtime tests pass after scoping the test capture to release its
+owned reference (0.75s). This tests dependency capture, not atomic publication of
+the full A/B/C scene sequence. The engine still needs bounded staging, failure and
+generation invalidation, dirty-work preservation and atomic commit.
+
+
+## Initial engine capture/commit integration (2026-09-08)
+
+The engine now freezes scene commands, layer arrays, input sequence, viewport and
+exact GPU bindings together. One staged capture waits for all captured images;
+commit validates canvas identity, bitmap generation/content floor, image version,
+viewport and the consumer predecessor. It rechecks mailbox capacity before
+publication. Later live document changes remain pending after a frozen capture
+commits. Open GPU rendering opportunities defer capture. Resolution retains GPU
+leases without pixel copies or a synchronous GPU wait.
+
+Revision numbers are reserved at capture, rather than commit as originally
+proposed. Discarded captures can leave gaps; predecessor validation prevents a
+diff from targeting an unpublished capture. Both native suites pass after the
+identity/capacity hardening (14.57 seconds). A forty-wheel Kestrel run had no app
+errors, but manual input contaminated its timing counters, so it is not
+performance evidence.
+
+Remaining acceptance work includes controlled full capture/presentation tests,
+multi-canvas completion order, explicit missing-ticket handling under retention
+pressure, failure recovery, navigation/detach retirement, controlled right-button
+pan and resize, and browser-comparable displayed-frame measurements. A failed
+snapshot currently discards its captured scene; recovery from that state is not
+yet qualified. No claim that physical flicker or panning latency is fixed.
+
+The production commit helper now has deterministic white-box coverage for a
+pending dependency retaining scene A, frozen CPU commands B surviving a newer
+capture C, dirty-generation preservation, mailbox capacity, failed output, stale
+predecessor, viewport change and same-size bitmap reset. Both native suites pass
+with these regressions (14.16 seconds). These tests reuse a controlled image lease
+and vary CPU commands; they do not establish full multi-version rendered A/B/C
+coherence or exercise the runtime capture checkpoint. Consumer predecessor
+validation and queue insertion now share one lock to prevent a checkpoint reset
+from intervening between them.
+
+
+## Missing output and native right-button pan (2026-09-08)
+
+A submitted output that cannot produce a retention ticket now installs an
+explicit failed snapshot carrying the current canvas version. Scene capture
+cannot fall back to the older completed image. Submitted output capture also
+marks the document generation changed, including first pending images and failed
+outputs that will never reach the ordinary ready queue. The commit regression
+checks failed dependency selection in the presence of an old image, whole-scene
+rejection and successful replacement. Its canvas now allocates its own backing
+before metadata capture; this corrects an earlier fixture identity mistake.
+Native engine tests pass (12.55s); GPU runtime tests pass after that fixture
+correction (0.89s). Device-loss recovery remains a broader outstanding gate.
+
+The unchanged Kestrel probe adds `--pan-kestrel`, driving eighty right-button
+moves through the native input queue, out and back, with requested 16ms spacing.
+The recorded run delivered 74 moves and coalesced six, entered Kestrel's own
+panning state for every delivered move and exited on release, with no dropped
+inputs or application errors. It invoked 43 app animation callbacks but rendered
+66 scenes and performed 119 layout passes, with nine blocked publications.
+Median observed move spacing was 20.53ms; maximum was 37.04ms. These include host
+scheduling/coalescing and are not GPU execution or physical presentation timings.
+
+Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/native-right-button-pan.json`. No pointer capture
+events were observed, so capture-event conformance remains unqualified. The next
+performance investigation should separate input/RAF/layout scheduling, producer
+completion and consumer retirement. Browser timings, presented-frame coherence
+and resize qualification remain required.
+
+
+## Completion invalidation and full A/B/C capture (2026-09-08)
+
+Ordinary completion of the exact already-captured GPU output no longer marks the
+document changed a second time. Submission remains the content invalidation;
+completion wakes and resolves the existing dependency. A completed image without
+a matching valid snapshot still invalidates normally. Native suites pass with
+that regression (12.18 seconds together).
+
+A further white-box regression uses the production document and scene builder,
+three distinct content serials and CPU background colors, and real ABI v3 scene
+acknowledgements. It verifies A/A remains published while B is pending, changing
+live state to C does not alter frozen B, completing B publishes B/B, and completing
+C publishes C/C. This addresses the earlier commit-only test limitation; it does
+not yet cover multiple canvases or physical presentation. The expanded GPU
+runtime suite passes (0.65 seconds).
+
+The same eighty-move native pan probe completed without errors or dropped inputs.
+This run produced one no-damage build (previously ten), 62 rendered scenes
+(previously 66), and zero blocked publication attempts (previously nine). It still
+performed 117 layouts for 42 application RAF callbacks. Counts vary with scheduling
+and coalescing, so these single runs do not qualify an FPS or latency improvement.
+Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/completion-invalidation-and-full-capture.json`.
+
+
+## Multiple canvas completion order and failure preflight (2026-09-08)
+
+The production scene-builder regression now introduces a second canvas whose
+first image is pending. It checks both producer completion orders: the previous
+complete scene remains published until both exact outputs are ready. Published
+GPU command indices must map to each canvas identity and expected content serial;
+the CPU marker must belong to the same capture.
+
+A failing second output initially exposed a bug: the commit loop returned at the
+first pending dependency before inspecting later failures. Commit now validates
+every captured dependency before trying to resolve any pending output. The test
+verifies failed and bitmap-reset second-canvas captures are discarded promptly
+while the first producer remains pending. Previous published content stays intact.
+The native engine suite passes (12.55s), and the expanded GPU runtime suite passes
+(0.67s). Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/two-canvas-publication.json`.
+
+These tests use controlled native completion snapshots; they do not stall a
+hardware queue or prove physical presentation timing. Browser-comparable pan
+performance, live resize timing, device-loss recovery, cross-platform interop and
+all other epic gates remain required.
+
+
+## Retry allocation and callback timing (2026-09-08)
+
+Scene allocation and initial command reservation now happen only after GPU
+opportunity/staged-capture checks and consumer-mailbox admission. A deferred
+commit no longer creates and discards a second scene on each retry. Native engine
+and GPU runtime suites pass (14.76 seconds together).
+
+The native pan probe temporarily wraps requestAnimationFrame to record callback
+wall time while preserving callback receiver, return value and cancellation ID.
+Cleanup restores the original function. The observed run had 0.83ms median and
+5.30ms p95 callback duration, but only 30 callbacks inside the native counter
+interval. Instrumentation recorded 31 samples including setup/settle. This directs
+subsequent investigation toward frame admission, producer completion and consumer
+retirement; it does not identify GPU execution as the bottleneck. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/native-pan-callback-timing.json`. The existing interactive demo
+remained open, so this is investigative evidence rather than an isolated benchmark.
+
+
+## Frame admission ownership trace (2026-09-08)
+
+A thread-safe native image-pool occupancy snapshot now distinguishes occupied
+images, unfinished producers, retained-reference images and outstanding-consumer
+images. Roles can overlap; counts are images, not reference counts. The owned
+pool and IOSurface provider expose the same read-only snapshot. Tests cover an
+image with simultaneous producer/retained/consumer ownership, completed producer
+with retained ownership only, and full release to idle. Image lease and GPU
+runtime suites pass (0.95 seconds together).
+
+Temporary admission tracing recorded 37 admitted and 17 blocked host frame
+signals during a controlled eighty-move pan (66 delivered, 14 coalesced). Every
+blocked signal had three busy images, zero unfinished producers, two retained
+images and two images with outstanding consumer leases. This does not prove
+consumer GPU execution was still running: the lease may instead await polling
+of an already-signaled GL fence. The next investigation must measure that
+distinction in the Skia/GL retirement path.
+
+Trace logging was removed and the native library rebuilt. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/frame-admission-ownership.json`. An earlier trace contained
+extra manual input and is excluded from controlled counts. No frame-rate or
+physical presentation qualification is inferred from this diagnostic run.
+
+
+## Consumer retirement after drawing (2026-09-08)
+
+Fence tracing showed most initial zero-timeout checks were unsignaled and the
+next check collected completion around 20ms later. A trial polling through a
+separately acquired host context before producer-frame submission reduced that
+age but processed fewer frames/moves; it was removed.
+
+The retained implementation instead checks retiring groups again after recording
+the current frame, under the existing Skia graphics lease. It reuses the same
+retirement/fence logic, never waits for GPU completion, and leaves the current
+image group intact. The traced trial's median collection age was 3.57ms with 41
+application RAF callbacks, compared with 20.40ms and 30 callbacks in the initial
+trace. A final run after removing trace code invoked 52 callbacks, delivered 71
+moves and coalesced nine, with zero app errors. These are individual investigative
+runs, not a statistically qualified speedup or browser comparison.
+
+Eleven native GPU interop tests pass on each of .NET 8 and .NET 10, with no skips.
+The Ganesh fixture completes 32 frames and retirement with zero explicit transport
+copies (eight diagnostic readbacks; physical presentation not certified).
+Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/consumer-retirement-after-draw.json`. No temporary
+trace code or separate-context polling experiment remains in the implementation.
+
+### Vsync/mailbox integration audit (2026-09-08)
+
+The macOS Avalonia path already sends its compositor frame timestamp through
+`NativeSceneComposition.OnAnimationFrameUpdate` to native frame input.
+`v8_dom_runtime::signal_animation_frame` admits the RAF batch only when configured
+GPU canvases have available storage. Finishing that rendering opportunity submits
+current textures and captures versioned image dependencies. Scene publication
+uses the existing bounded acknowledgement mailbox, including the staged scene's
+CPU/GPU coherence checks. GPU completion wakes the native worker; it does not
+constitute a new display vsync or permission to invoke another RAF batch.
+
+There is still a separate producer timing gate: the worker permits ordinary scene
+publication only after `next_scene_publication`, advanced on a fixed 16ms cadence.
+Only paired resize/host-frame boundaries currently bypass that gate. This is an
+observed architectural mismatch with display-driven scheduling, not yet proof of
+the remaining pan bottleneck. A ready GPU dependency may encounter this gate
+before entering the compositor mailbox. Completion-to-publication delay must be
+measured separately from actual GPU execution and consumer fence collection.
+
+Next scheduling verification must cover completed ordinary host-frame batches,
+asynchronous GPU completion after that batch, full-mailbox acknowledgement,
+multiple canvases, resize, and idle behavior. Publication eligibility should
+follow completed rendering opportunities and mailbox capacity without adding an
+independent display clock. Completion must never run future RAF callbacks, expose
+partial CPU/GPU scenes, introduce unbounded queued frames, or block the compositor.
+Retain a bounded fallback for non-frame-driven document updates. Qualify against
+actual presented-frame intervals on the user's monitors; application RAF counts
+and the nominal 16ms interval do not establish sustained 60fps.
+
+Follow-up control-flow inspection narrows the suspected gate: a deferred capture
+or commit does not advance `next_scene_publication`. An ordinary staged scene was
+therefore captured after the gate had already opened, and its later GPU completion
+normally retries against that same expired deadline. Simply exempting staged
+scenes from the gate would not remove the ordinary pan delay; that trial was
+removed before retention. The remaining question is delay *before initial scene
+capture*, and whether ordinary host-frame completion should bypass the producer
+phase as paired resize already does. This correction supersedes any inference
+above that every GPU-completion retry incurs another 16ms wait.
+
+The next unchanged-Kestrel run completed with zero application errors, but
+recorded 185 pointer moves for the scheduled 80-move workload. It is not a valid
+controlled baseline. Both attached LG displays report 3840x2160, logical
+1920x1080 at 60Hz. The run observed 89 blocked publication attempts and 56
+published scenes over 1.859s including settling; neither counter measures physical
+presentation. Evidence is retained in
+`evidence/kestrel/vsync-current-pan-investigation.json`. Before comparing scheduling
+changes, the probe must distinguish its injected workload from other routed input
+and invalidate contaminated runs automatically. Existing interactive windows were
+preserved. Native engine and graphics runtime tests passed (11.58s and 1.82s).
+
+The pan probe now clears warmup observations immediately before measurement and
+validates the gesture boundaries and delivered moves as an ordered subsequence of
+the 80 injected right-button moves. Coalesced moves are allowed; extra, reordered,
+or wrong-button events fail the probe before startup verification can report an
+overall successful run. Matching coordinates cannot establish provenance for an
+identical external event. A rebuilt probe completed with 51 delivered moves,
+37 application callbacks, 43 rendered scenes, one blocked publication and zero
+script errors. See `evidence/kestrel/validated-pan-workload.json`. This establishes
+a usable workload trace only, not presentation timing or sustained performance.
+
+An ordinary-host-frame publication bypass was built and run against the validated
+pan workload. The run passed workload/startup checks with zero script errors,
+28 application callbacks and 32 rendered scenes, versus 37/43 in the preceding
+validated run. This is not a statistical regression finding, but provides no
+support for retaining the change. The experiment was removed and the original
+scheduler restored. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/host-frame-gate-experiment.json`.
+A same-iteration host-frame flag also cannot represent an RAF batch that finishes
+in a later worker iteration; any eventual scheduling change must track the actual
+completed rendering opportunity. Next profiling should timestamp host-frame
+admission, RAF completion, scene capture/commit and compositor drawing separately.
+
+The pan probe now emits the existing per-view publication, rendered revision and
+end-of-draw timestamps, filtered to the measurement window. No new rendering-path
+instrumentation was added. The property's legacy `PresentationTimestamps` name is
+reported as `drawCallbackCompletions`: its implementation records OnRender, not
+physical presentation. The rebuilt probe passed workload/startup validation and
+recorded 64 publications, 64 rendered scenes and 65 draw callbacks. Matching
+revision timestamps yields median publication-to-draw latency 33.37ms. This directs
+further investigation toward compositor consumption/retirement; it does not prove
+a GPU execution bottleneck or a physical frame rate. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/pan-composition-timeline.json`.
+
+A bounded consumer-drain prototype now applies at most a second queued GPU diff
+before invalidating/drawing, preserving diff order and combining both damage
+regions. Manual frame certification remains one diff per frame. The existing
+presenter capacity/retirement checks can reject the second acquisition without
+advancing its acknowledgement. A validated trial recorded 50 publications, 30
+rendered scenes, 48 RAF callbacks and median publication-to-draw latency 28.42ms.
+Intermediate revisions need not be drawn, but every accepted diff is applied.
+Existing interop/frame-policy/damage tests pass: 18 each on net8/net10, no skips.
+The prototype remains under evaluation and needs dedicated combined-damage and
+multi-scene lifetime coverage before acceptance. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/bounded-mailbox-drain-trial.json`. No physical 60fps claim follows.
+
+Dedicated damage regressions now cover separated changes, unchanged-following
+scenes, and full invalidation in either order. A native IOSurface ownership test
+retains four undrawn scene groups, accepts only the bounded current-plus-two
+retiring groups, and verifies that the rejected group remains caller-owned until
+explicit discard. This checks undrawn ownership, not imported GPU fence execution.
+The focused suite passes 23 tests each on net8/net10 with no skips. The bounded
+consumer change is retained for further performance and physical-render testing;
+its single-run latency result remains unqualified.
+
+Post-change GPU fixture verification completes 32 frames, two imports and GPU
+retirement with zero explicit transport copies (eight diagnostic readbacks).
+A repeated validated pan measured 34.06ms median publication-to-draw latency,
+so the earlier 28.42ms sample must not be treated as an established speedup.
+Kestrel resize verification now fails on application errors, nonpositive/nonfinite
+CSS size or DPR, bitmap/DPR mismatch exceeding one pixel, or viewport/workbench
+height disagreement. All four settled checkpoints pass in the rebuilt probe.
+This adds an unchanged-application regression gate alongside the existing grid
+WPT contracts; it does not qualify physical resize smoothness. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/mailbox-resize-verification.json`.
+
+Render samples now include an optional acceptance timestamp in the same Stopwatch
+clock as publication and draw timestamps. It is sampled after applying and
+acknowledging the revision, only while performance instrumentation is enabled;
+zero means unavailable. Existing positional construction/deconstruction remains
+unchanged. A rebuilt, validated pan run matched 16 rendered revisions and verified
+publication <= acceptance <= draw for each. Median publication-to-acceptance was
+59.77ms; acceptance-to-end-of-draw was 2.99ms. Single-run variability remains high,
+but this trace locates most observed latency before acceptance, not inside drawing.
+Next investigation should distinguish presenter retirement backpressure from
+missed compositor acquisition opportunities. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/acceptance-to-draw-timeline.json`. No physical presentation claim.
+
+Undrawn intermediate scene groups no longer occupy GPU retirement slots when
+ImportedCount is zero. Replacement discards only their CPU source leases; any
+partially or fully imported group still requires the bounded fence-retirement
+path. Admission uses the same condition before mutating the renderer. The native
+IOSurface regression now verifies four consecutive unimported replacements leave
+no retirement queue and release the final source on discard. All 23 focused tests
+pass on net8/net10, with no skips; Ganesh completes 32 frames and retirement with
+zero explicit transport copies. A validated Kestrel run measured 63.41ms median
+publication-to-draw latency, so this resource-lifetime simplification is not an
+established performance fix. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/unimported-scene-release.json`.
+
+Temporary acquisition-reason tracing in a validated pan observed 35 native
+acquisitions and 35 successful presenter applications during the measured window.
+There were no recorded empty/backpressure outcomes or outstanding-draw gate
+rejections. Draw callback intervals had median 78.76ms. Synchronous trace output
+can affect timing, so the value is not a performance qualification; the reason
+counts nevertheless do not support presenter admission failure as this run's
+explanation. Investigate compositor callback cadence and host scheduling next.
+All temporary tracing was removed and the probe rebuilt successfully. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/acquisition-reasons-trace.json`.
+
+Callback-cadence audit corrects the inference from draw intervals: the traced run
+had 74 compositor animation callbacks over 1.853s (~39.94 callbacks/s), but only
+20 rendered scenes. Slow draw intervals therefore do not establish an equally
+slow native vsync timer. Across four captured runs compositor rates vary roughly
+33–52 callbacks/s; application and draw rates differ further. These intervals
+include settling and are not FPS qualifications. The probe uses the ordinary
+Avalonia UsePlatformDetect configuration without a custom render timer override.
+Before altering that configuration, correlate individual compositor ticks with
+native publication availability and frame demand. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/callback-cadence-audit.json`.
+
+A temporary per-compositor-callback trace recorded 70 measured callbacks in a
+validated pan. At callback entry none had accepted work awaiting drawing or
+pending GPU retirements. Thirty-three callbacks had one pending mailbox signal;
+37 had none. Of 33 matched rendered revisions, 18 had one callback between
+publication and acceptance and 15 had none; none spanned multiple observed
+callbacks before acceptance. Demand was caret-only (bit 4) on 45 callbacks, zero
+on 24, and RAF/current-texture demand (bit 1) on one. Thus this run does not show
+ready scenes being repeatedly ignored at compositor boundaries. Investigate
+input-to-publication timing and callback delivery without assuming every tick
+has application GPU work. Trace logging was removed and the probe rebuilt.
+Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/compositor-demand-trace.json`; timing remains affected
+by tracing and does not qualify physical presentation.
+
+The pan probe now records each injected move's native sequence, monotonic
+submission timestamp and coordinates in its composition timeline. Both initial
+and retry runs captured exactly 80 strictly increasing input sequences with
+ordered timestamps, but failed workload validation because of additional input.
+Neither run is used for a latency comparison. This also exercises the probe's
+nonzero failure exit instead of allowing startup success to mask contamination.
+Future sequence-to-scene correlation must be described as consumed-input progress,
+not proof that each coalesced move was individually drawn. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/input-sequence-trace-validation.json`.
+
+User recording (8.27s, 60Hz capture) shows the drawing/grid disappearing during
+window resize while surrounding HTML remains. Kestrel's ResizeObserver resets the
+bitmap and queues invalidate() through RAF. The native engine could publish the
+cleared canvas between that observer and its next rendering opportunity. Bitmap
+reset now records a one-opportunity hold, effective only while configured and a
+RAF callback is waiting. Host-frame admission clears the hold; normal GPU output
+capture/completion takes over. A callback that draws nothing cannot indefinitely
+retain the preceding scene, nor can unconfigure or absence of RAF.
+Runtime regressions for these boundaries pass, and all four unchanged Kestrel
+resize geometry checkpoints pass. This is a candidate fix for the recorded
+flicker; a new physical capture still needs to verify it and HTML/canvas 60fps.
+Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/resize-redraw-boundary.json`.
+
+A new window-scoped 8.99s capture of the rebuilt original Kestrel shows the drawing
+remaining visible in inspected 2Hz overview and 15Hz transition samples across
+stepped resize checkpoints. `resize-redraw-check.mp4` is a resized viewing copy;
+the source capture reports 60Hz, which is not application FPS. This supports the
+blank-frame fix but does not certify every captured frame or continuous native
+window dragging. The capture also shows transient uncovered host area when the
+window grows before layout catches up. Continuous-drag visual checks and separate
+HTML/sidebar cadence measurements remain required. The probe's optional
+`--capture-resize-kestrel` flag adds a five-second attachment delay before its
+existing resize sequence; it does not alter application source.
+
+Continuous-resize verification attempt: a window-scoped capture around synthetic
+native edge-drag events did not show changing window dimensions in the inspected
+frames. The action therefore did not exercise the intended live-resize path and
+is not a pass. Do not substitute its absence of blank frames for continuous-drag
+qualification. No FPS result is derived. Existing stepped-resize evidence remains
+limited to that workload; real continuous dragging still requires verification.
+
+The unchanged-application sidebar probe uses native left-button input on the real
+`.left-resizer`, moving 120px across 60 steps, and asserts final width. It passes
+222→342px with zero script errors. The first run records 92 compositor callbacks,
+47 RAF callbacks, 154 layouts and only 11 rendered scenes; median matched
+publication-to-draw latency is 32.62ms. Input contamination is not yet checked in
+this probe and counters include settling, so this is investigative evidence, not
+FPS qualification. It directs the next check toward scene publication/captured
+output invalidation during repeated bitmap resizes, rather than assuming low
+compositor callback frequency. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/sidebar-drag-baseline.json`.
+
+Sidebar publication tracing identifies a scheduling cost of the resize hold.
+The detailed run records 137 resize-awaiting-RAF deferrals, 30 pending-output
+retries and 19 publications including startup, with no stale-binding rejection.
+Thus the current evidence does not support repeated invalidation of frozen GPU
+dependencies as the primary cause; repeated new layout/ResizeObserver changes
+before a queued redraw can publish are the next ordering concern. Preserve input
+sequence barriers and bounded coherent capture when correcting this; simply
+bypassing the hold would restore intermediate blank canvases. Temporary logging
+was removed. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/sidebar-publication-deferrals.json`.
+
+A reset performed after host-frame admission could leave its hold active even
+when the same RAF batch submitted the replacement output. Finishing a submitted
+canvas now clears that hold; the captured GPU dependency governs publication.
+The regression resets inside RAF, obtains a replacement texture, queues another
+RAF, and verifies publication is not held for that unrelated next callback.
+Runtime tests pass. Original sidebar geometry/startup checks pass with 13 rendered
+scenes, 51 RAF callbacks and 94 compositor callbacks, so the broader continuous
+resize starvation remains unresolved. Evidence:
+`evidence/kestrel/within-frame-resize-hold.json`.
+The WebGPU canvas reference confirms configure clears the drawing buffer; this
+change preserves reset semantics and changes only readiness tracking:
+https://gpuweb.github.io/types/interfaces/GPUCanvasContext
+
+Live Chrome reference audit confirms WebGPU is active. The existing reference tab
+was 792x878 CSS pixels at DPR2 with a 175px explorer, unlike the native 1280x800,
+DPR2, 222px explorer. A temporary fresh comparison tab with a 1280x800 viewport
+override reported DPR1, so it still did not match native pixel load; backend was
+WebGPU and application errors were zero. The override was reset and temporary tab
+closed, preserving the user's original reference tab. Do not derive a native /
+Chrome performance ratio from these mismatched conditions. A comparison harness
+must verify settled canvas dimensions as well as viewport, DPR and application
+state before measuring identical interaction workloads.
+
+### Rejected pre-RAF resize layout experiment
+
+Moving layout and ResizeObserver delivery before the admitted GPU RAF batch produced 26 scene draws over a 1.577-second sidebar workload (including settling), compared with 13 in the preceding run. This is neither an FPS measurement nor a controlled speedup claim. Both native test suites passed, but the experiment changes observable rendering phase ordering: ResizeObserver delivery belongs after animation callbacks. The production experiment was removed. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/rejected-pre-raf-resize-layout.json`.
+
+The retained resize redraw hold passed the stepped resize checks, but continuous window-edge resizing and physical 60fps presentation remain unqualified. The hold can still defer too many scenes under continuous sidebar resizing; resolving that requires preserving browser scheduling and coherent CPU/GPU scene boundaries.
+
+### Validated sidebar input baseline
+
+The sidebar probe now records all submitted move sequences and timestamps, observes delivered pointer events, and rejects unexpected boundaries, buttons, or moves outside the ordered submitted path. Coalesced omissions are allowed. Temporary observers are removed in `finally`; the Kestrel fixture remains unchanged. Eight managed regression cases cover both pan and sidebar validation on net8.0 and net10.0.
+
+The validated baseline in `evidence/kestrel/validated-sidebar-publication-baseline.json` reproduced the publication deficit: 94 compositor callbacks, 49 application RAF callbacks, and 14 scene draws in 1.580 seconds including 500ms settling. Geometry reached 342px from 222px with no application errors. These counts are not physical FPS or a sustained-rate measurement. Next work remains the resize reset/publication boundary, without promoting ResizeObserver ahead of RAF or allowing mismatched CPU/GPU generations.
+
+### Commit completed captures independently of newer GPU opportunities
+
+`publish_scene` now commits an existing staged CPU/GPU capture before checking whether the current runtime opportunity is open. The layout/ResizeObserver checkpoint remains in its existing position. The capture still passes viewport, canvas generation/content, producer completion, predecessor, and mailbox capacity validation. New capture creation remains gated until the newer rendering opportunity ends.
+
+The production scene lease regression opens a newer runtime GPU opportunity while frozen B completes: it failed at B publication before the change, then passed after the change. It also verifies that C cannot be newly captured while the opportunity remains open. Both native engine and graphics runtime suites passed. A validated unchanged-Kestrel sidebar smoke run reached the expected width without errors, with 15 scene draws and 49 RAF callbacks; it overlapped a test-target build and is not a controlled performance comparison. The principal continuous-resize publication deficit remains unresolved, and physical 60fps remains unqualified.
+
+### Headless non-GPU resize measurement scope
+
+The existing native resize cadence probe uses Avalonia.Headless. Its timestamps previously named presentation timestamps are CPU draw callback completions, not scanout. Report schema v2 now names these fields `drawCallbackCompletions`, `drawCallbackCompletionsPerSecond`, and `drawCallbackIntervalMilliseconds`, labels the measurement headless, and reports `physicalPresentationVerified: false`. The former practical-vsync threshold is now explicitly `cpuCadenceGate`. The comparison script accepts v2, exposes `--require-cpu-cadence`, and always rejects `--require-vsync` for this measurement source. Legacy v1 artifacts are not silently promoted. Two regression tests protect legacy rejection and failure of physical qualification even when CPU cadence passes.
+
+The initial current-library non-GPU run reported about 30 draw callbacks per second, then aborted during cleanup with `mutex lock failed: Invalid argument` (exit 134). `evidence/kestrel/non-gpu-headless-resize-failed.json` records the command, native binary hash, partial metrics and failure. This is not a passed baseline or a physical presentation result. Headless scheduling and the cleanup failure require investigation before qualifying this benchmark.
+
+### Revoke compositor engine access before native destruction
+
+The shutdown crash report identified `std::mutex::lock` inside `webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene`. Surface detachment previously queued an asynchronous Stop and allowed engine destruction before the handler consumed it; queued wake/live-resize/manual/render callbacks could still acquire scenes. The surface now retains its handler and revokes engine access synchronously before queuing Stop on engine replacement or visual detachment. A shared callback gate joins an in-flight message, animation, or render callback. Later callbacks cannot touch the engine; Stop can still retire resources. Revoked capture requests fail explicitly rather than hanging. Stop is terminal for an individual handler; reattachment creates a new one. No GPU completion wait or pixel transport is introduced.
+
+An attempted compositor-commit wait was removed because a detached headless visual could stop servicing commits. The retained implementation does not depend on another compositor tick. Seven capture/lifecycle regression cases pass on net8.0 and net10.0, including late messages and rendering after both Stop and synchronous revocation. The short and repeated five-second headless resize runs exited zero after revocation, including the final render-callback guard. See `evidence/kestrel/non-gpu-resize-cleanup-fixed.json`; the CPU cadence gate remains false and this is not physical presentation evidence.
+
+### Observe the headless clock separately from scene draws
+
+Avalonia 11.3.4 configures its headless render timer for 60Hz, but the current benchmark run observed 150 actual timer events during the five-second measurement interval (about 30Hz), alongside 150 scene draws. Thus this run does not establish that the native desktop renderer discards half of its display opportunities. The requested input cadence remains 60Hz. The root of the headless timer cadence itself is not yet established.
+
+The resize benchmark now subscribes to the existing timer without replacing or forcing it, reports availability, event count, rate and intervals, and unsubscribes in `finally`. Observation is restricted to the timed workload, excluding warmup and drain. Access is benchmark-only reflection against the pinned framework because Avalonia removes these private APIs from its reference assembly. `evidence/kestrel/headless-render-clock-observed.json` contains the clean-exit run and source reference. The physical 60fps gate remains unqualified; the separate native-window Kestrel publication deficit remains actionable.
+
+### Complete ordinary host RAF batches before unrelated work
+
+Ordinary host frames now use the same complete admitted animation-callback drain as paired resize frames. Previously the general task scheduler could yield after its task/time cap and process a host evaluation while a RAF batch remained partially executed. The expanded native callback-list regression reproduced this: the host saw only the first callback. After the change it sees the complete cancelable list; nested callbacks retain the next-frame deadline. Resize-specific metrics remain conditional on actual resize. ResizeObserver ordering is unchanged.
+
+Both native suites pass. The new project-owned WPT-style candidate `contracts/animation-frame-batch-boundary.html` passes 5/5 subtests through `webscene-animation-frame-batch-profile.json`; this is not an upstream or hardware qualification. The validated original-Kestrel sidebar runs yielded 11 scene draws before and 16 after, with 49 and 48 RAF callbacks respectively. These single runs do not establish a speedup or physical frame rate. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/complete-host-raf-batch.json`. Continuous resize remains below the target.
+
+### Current graphics-disabled verification
+
+The current macOS Release V8 engine also builds with graphics OFF. Its native engine suite passes, including the expanded RAF batch regression, and the project-owned RAF candidate passes all five subtests against that disabled binary. `otool -L` lists no Dawn or ANGLE dynamic dependency. `evidence/kestrel/current-graphics-disabled-verification.json` records the binary hash and local worktree qualifications. This incremental check does not complete the clean-build, relocation, Windows/Linux or performance gates of #23.
+
+### Align browser and native sidebar geometry
+
+The native document probe accepts positive-integer `--document-width` and `--document-height` options and records initial viewport, DPR, sidebar and canvas dimensions in sidebar timelines. A 792×878 run at DPR 2 matched the current Chrome viewport and sidebar endpoints (175→295px). Original Kestrel input validation and startup passed, with 11 scene draws and 51 RAF callbacks in the native run. Chrome endpoint inspection showed the drawing and no application errors after a CUA drag; its initial sidebar width was restored and the temporary tab closed. This does not classify intermediate flicker, establish matched gesture timing, or qualify physical FPS. Browser restored local workspace state, so full document-state equivalence is also unverified. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/browser-native-sidebar-geometry.json`.
+
+### Preserve the cross-library DOM footprint budget
+
+Linux package CI failed the existing `sizeof(dom_node) <= 1024` assertion. Moving `xml_mode` beside the byte-sized node kind removes padding without changing defaults or increasing the budget. A Linux x64 Ubuntu GCC 13.3/libstdc++ container reproduced the original-header failure and compiled the changed header with a measured 1024-byte node. Both macOS native suites also pass after rebuilding. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/linux-dom-footprint-fix.json`. This is emulated compile/layout verification, not Linux GPU hardware or complete package qualification. The separate CI failure for the explicit inert-style harnessBlocked entry remains open.
+
+### Remove the inert-style harness block through native navigation
+
+The WPT-style runner now supports opt-in native navigation for harness/contract entries. It loads prepared HTML with the existing product resource loader, allowing the native parser to retain script raw text, comments and inert template contents. It does not activate styles by extracting regex matches. The unchanged `html-script-style-text-is-inert.html` case passes its assertion through this route and is now a candidate rather than harnessBlocked. The main profile’s existing empty-harnessBlocked architecture assertion is unchanged; all six release-compatibility guard tests pass. The default prepared-document RAF contract also remains 5/5 passing.
+
+Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/inert-style-native-navigation.json`. This is a local candidate pass, not upstream or multi-platform qualification. Temporary prepared files are deleted after engine destruction; no source fixture or original Kestrel code was altered.
+
+The native-navigation inert-style candidate also passes against the rebuilt graphics-disabled V8 library (1/1 document, 1/1 subtest). `evidence/kestrel/inert-style-navigation-graphics-disabled.json` records the independent native binary identity. This verifies the parsing regression without a WebGPU dependency; it does not extend platform or performance qualification.
+
+### Retain reference capture sources and generated inputs
+
+The local historical Chrome matrix contains 32 runs and 224 referenced image/trace files; all referenced SHA-256 values match the files. However, its recorded capture-script hash matches neither the current script nor a version found in that file’s Git history. That historical source provenance remains incomplete. Hash integrity alone does not establish reproducibility or durable archival qualification.
+
+Future captures now retain the exact four harness source files and both generated 10k/100k project inputs alongside their hashes, relative paths and byte lengths. A regression verifies that archived source bytes and hashes remain consistent after the original source is changed. All six reference unit tests pass. This improves future capture evidence; no new hardware matrix was captured, and it does not repair the historical missing source or qualify physical 60fps.
+
+### Attempt publication at every host frame boundary
+
+Ordinary host RAF boundaries now bypass the producer-only 16ms publication timer, as paired native resize frames already did. GPU completion, immutable capture validation and mailbox admission remain unchanged. Both native suites pass. The unchanged original Kestrel sidebar workload validates at 792×878, DPR 2, but produced only 12 scene draws in this run. This does not establish a performance improvement or physical 60fps; resize redraw starvation remains unresolved. Full probe evidence: `evidence/kestrel/all-host-frame-publication.json`.
+
+### Diagnose remaining sidebar publication holds
+
+Temporary branch tracing during the validated original Kestrel sidebar workload recorded 206 open-output deferrals, all caused by bitmap reset awaiting RAF redraw, and 34 unresolved immutable GPU capture deferrals. No mailbox-full, invalidated capture or failed-producer branch was observed. Counts include startup and do not measure time spent; logging perturbs timing. The instrumentation was removed. This narrows further work to resize/redraw scheduling rather than mailbox capacity, without establishing a fix or physical cadence. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/sidebar-publication-gate-diagnosis.json`.
+
+### Chromium comparison for panning handoff
+
+The current original-Kestrel pan workload validates all 80 submitted move watermarks. Across 35 matched scene samples, publication-to-acceptance median is 23.54ms (p95 32.27ms), versus acceptance-to-draw-callback-end median 2.44ms (p95 3.36ms). These measures include settling and do not establish physical FPS or GPU execution duration. See `evidence/kestrel/current-pan-handoff-latency.json`.
+
+Chromium `WebGPUSwapBufferProvider::ExportCurrentSharedImage` ends texture access, exports the resulting sync token, and retains the swap buffer through a release callback. `PrepareTransferableResource` packages that shared image and token for composition. The inspected export path contains no CPU completion wait. Source: https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/gpu/webgpu_swap_buffer_provider.cc . This supports investigating asynchronous handoff rather than treating queue completion as the only publication boundary; it does not demonstrate that WebScene can omit synchronization or lifetime tracking.
+
+WebScene currently acquires before invalidation, and its invalidation gate prevents another acquisition until the pending draw. Ordinary publication wakes are suppressed after startup. A newer publication can therefore wait for a subsequent animation callback. Investigate these phases with timestamped evidence before changing wake policy; acquiring inside a clipped draw without expanding damage would be incorrect.
+
+The additional project-owned ResizeObserver/RAF ordering contract passes: the complete RAF batch and its microtask precede observer delivery, and RAF requested by the observer waits for a later opportunity. Combined profile: 2/2 documents, 7/7 subtests. This preserves HTML rendering order while further scheduling work remains open.
+
+Inspected Chromium source SHA-256: `fadd272dd6df5bad58dbef192383f51d5fab80d176521ca66d12f518766c18e5` (retrieved 2026-09-08; main URL is mutable).
+
+### Reject ordinary publication UI wake experiment
+
+Temporarily enabling a coalesced normal-priority UI-to-compositor wake for every ordinary publication did not materially reduce original-Kestrel pan handoff latency: median publication-to-acceptance 24.12ms, compared with 23.54ms in the preceding run; draw-callback-end latency 26.68ms versus 27.25ms. The workload validated 80 input watermarks, with 37 matched draws. These single runs cannot establish a speedup. The policy change was removed, avoiding an extra UI wake on each publication without demonstrated benefit. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/rejected-publication-wake-pan.json`. Physical 60fps remains unqualified.
+
+### Implementing the Chromium-style dependency handoff
+
+User requested adopting Chromium's approach. Current macOS `NativeMacOSRetainedGpuImage.Import` explicitly requires a CGL host; `dawn_iosurface_submission` waits for queue completion and handoff validation before exposing the image. Removing that admission check alone is unsafe. The pinned Dawn SDK exposes `SharedFenceMTLSharedEventExportInfo`, while the pinned Avalonia.Native 11.3.4 package lists Metal as a rendering mode. These establish an implementation direction, not verified interoperability.
+
+Next implementation must qualify the host Metal context/queue lease, retain exported producer shared-event/value dependencies with immutable scene images, encode consumer GPU waits before Skia reads, and retain allocation ownership until consumer completion. Keep the existing completion-certified CGL route for unsupported hosts until the Metal route is verified. Test delayed producers, multiple dependencies, reset/unconfigure, device loss, and delayed consumer release before switching the original Kestrel probe. Performance acceptance still requires physical 60fps measurement; source-level similarity is insufficient.
+
+### Qualify the active Avalonia Metal host lease
+
+The opt-in `--metal-host` native-window probe forces the pinned Avalonia Metal rendering mode and verifies a non-null Metal device, command queue and Skia GPU context through an active platform drawing lease. It passed with `Avalonia.Native.MetalDevice`, exit zero. The runtime interface is marked PrivateApi and unavailable in reference assemblies, so the diagnostic uses reflection against the pinned interface. An initial probe attempted Skia drawing before releasing the platform lease; Avalonia rejected that misuse, and the corrected run releases the platform lease before drawing. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/metal-host-lease.json`. This does not import a Dawn image, encode producer waits, prove physical presentation or enable Metal for Kestrel. Those remain required next steps.
+
+### Verify delayed Metal producer dependency on hardware
+
+The new macOS graphics hardware test uses two Metal command queues. The producer waits behind a deliberately unsignaled shared event, writes a buffer, and signals value 7 on a second event. The consumer submits a GPU wait for that value before a diagnostic read. CPU submission returns while the producer remains gated; the consumer remains incomplete until release, then all 4096 bytes match. CTest passed in 0.43s. The test uses a diagnostic GPU buffer copy and CPU inspection; neither is introduced into production pixel transport. It does not yet exercise Dawn fence export, the Avalonia queue, Skia texture import, or physical presentation. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/metal-event-handoff.json`.
+
+### Retain Dawn producer dependency ownership
+
+Both IOSurface submission routes now move the complete Dawn EndAccess output into the submission object. Captured snapshots expose a const view and retain submission ownership, so fence/value arrays survive the publishing stack. The readiness gate remains unchanged. The hardware fixture verifies initialized output, nonempty matching fence/value arrays, and successful non-null Metal shared-event export from every retained fence after return. The existing CGL/Ganesh window verification passes 32 frames, two imports, zero explicit transport copies and eight diagnostic readbacks; both native suites pass. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/retained-dawn-handoff.json`. This is retained dependency plumbing, not yet early scene publication or a Metal consumer path.
+
+### Encode all Metal producer dependencies
+
+Added `submit_metal_producer_waits`, which validates the complete event list, encodes every event/value wait into a command buffer on the caller-owned host queue, and commits without waiting on the CPU. Its return value certifies submission only. The hardware test now uses two dependencies and a separate following consumer command buffer: the first producer finishing does not release the consumer while the second event remains unsignaled. After both signals, all diagnostic bytes match. Null dependencies reject before encoding. CTest passes in 0.39s. An initial same-device check was rejected by the hardware run and removed: MTLSharedEvent supports cross-device synchronization (https://developer.apple.com/documentation/metal/mtlsharedevent). Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/metal-multiple-dependencies.json`. The helper is not yet called by the production presenter; exported Dawn events and retained image lifetime must be wired into it next.
+
+### Connect Dawn fence export to Metal queue waits
+
+`submit_dawn_metal_producer_waits` validates fence/value cardinality, verifies each exported fence type, retains exported Metal events in the dependency list, and submits all waits through the Metal queue helper. No command is submitted for an invalid list. The hardware test now imports two controlled shared events into Dawn fence objects and exercises this export bridge; it rejects mismatched counts and verifies the consumer remains held until both event values signal. CTest passes in 0.44s. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/dawn-metal-fence-bridge.json`. These are controlled events imported into Dawn, not an end-to-end Dawn-produced texture rendered by Skia; production presenter wiring remains incomplete.
+
+### Wrap native Metal textures with pinned SkiaSharp
+
+Added a managed bridge to the pinned native `gr_backendtexture_new_metal` entry point, following the approach Avalonia uses for its Metal render-target constructor. The backend wrapper owns only its native Skia descriptor; callers retain the Metal texture through image use and GPU retirement. Argument checks precede native calls, and constructor failure deletes the native descriptor. The active Metal host probe allocated a 16×16 texture on the leased host device, wrapped it successfully, checked validity/dimensions, disposed the wrapper and released the texture. Build and probe exit zero. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/metal-backend-texture-wrapper.json`. This verifies backend texture wrapping, not sampling a Dawn-produced texture or production presenter integration.
+
+### Import Dawn IOSurface on the Avalonia Metal device
+
+Added `NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture` to create a BGRA8 shader-read Metal texture view of a retained native consumer IOSurface. It validates dimensions/format and owns the Objective-C texture reference, while the caller separately retains consumer ownership. The `--metal-host --metal-fixture` probe created the completion-certified Dawn fixture before opening its window, imported it on the active Avalonia Metal device, and verified a valid Skia backend wrapper. Build and probe exit zero. No pixel copy or GPU read is submitted by this import test, so consumer completion follows wrapper/texture disposal without a GPU retirement fence. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/dawn-iosurface-metal-import.json`. Actual sampling, asynchronous producer admission and read retirement remain required before production use.
+
+### Sample the Dawn image with Skia Metal
+
+The opt-in Metal fixture probe now wraps the imported IOSurface as an SKImage, draws it into a GPU surface on the active Avalonia Metal GRContext, and verifies every readback pixel against the Dawn clear color (51,102,153,255), allowing one RGB quantization step. It passes with one diagnostic readback. Import takes place inside the platform lease; Skia work begins only after that lease is released. Diagnostic cleanup synchronously flushes GPU work before releasing texture/consumer ownership, including readback failure. This synchronous cleanup is explicitly not the production retirement strategy. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/dawn-metal-skia-sampling.json`. Asynchronous producer admission, consumer retirement, original Kestrel integration and physical FPS remain incomplete.
+
+### Nonblocking Metal consumer retirement marker
+
+Added `NativeMetalConsumerFence`: after the caller submits Skia work on the leased host queue, it commits a retained Metal command-buffer marker. Polling returns pending without CPU waits, releases the marker only on completion, and treats GPU error as failure without certifying image reuse. The fixture probe now uses a non-synchronous Skia flush and this marker before releasing imported texture/consumer ownership. It additionally inserts deliberately gated GPU work before the marker: polling remains pending before signal, completes after signal, and remains idempotently complete. The diagnostic always releases the gate on failure. The final build and hardware run pass; evidence: `evidence/kestrel/metal-consumer-retirement.json`. Bounded sleeps/polling occur only in the diagnostic. Production integration must retain resources across later compositor callbacks rather than run this diagnostic loop.
+
+### Integrate retained Metal images into scene ownership
+
+The immutable scene image group now uses a shared retained-image contract and selects Metal import for an active Metal host. The Metal owner retains texture, SKImage and native consumer across redraws, inserts a nonblocking queue completion marker at retirement, and releases the allocation only when that marker completes. Detached retirement acquires the host context before the Skia lock. Existing CGL ownership remains available. The opt-in `--ganesh-metal` native-window fixture passes 32 frames, two imports and all eight diagnostic readbacks, including a separate detached-retirement run. The CGL regression run also passes. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/retained-metal-presenter.json`. This path still accepts completion-certified producer images; asynchronous Dawn dependency admission and original Kestrel Metal qualification remain incomplete.
+
+### Original Kestrel on opt-in Metal: pan passes, resize run fails
+
+Added `--webgpu-metal` to force Metal for the unchanged document probe. The pan workload passes all 80 input watermarks. Across 33 matched scenes, publication-to-acceptance median is 25.98ms, acceptance-to-draw-end 0.79ms, total 27.03ms. Faster draw callbacks do not resolve handoff delay or qualify FPS. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/original-kestrel-metal-pan.json`.
+
+The stepped resize run reported all four correct CSS×DPR canvas geometries, then aborted during shutdown (exit 134). The OS crash stack reaches `gr_direct_context_flush_and_submit`, Metal command-buffer commit and the assertion "commit command buffer with uncommitted encoder". Thus this is a failed run, not resize qualification. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/original-kestrel-metal-resize-failure.json`. Metal remains opt-in; resolve the flush/retirement lifecycle failure before treating original Kestrel Metal as ready.
+
+### Seal detached Metal retirement on the composition owner
+
+The pinned Avalonia drawing context releases its GRContext monitor before disposing the rendering session; taking only that monitor from background retirement does not serialize the session finalization flush. Stop now initiates presenter retirement on its composition owner before starting background polling. A Metal image with an inserted completion marker only polls that marker during detached retirement; it never flushes Skia again from the background task. Two original-Kestrel stepped resize runs now complete all four geometry checks and exit zero. The seven capture/lifecycle tests pass for both target frameworks. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/metal-retirement-owner-fix.json`. This removes the observed failure in these runs; continuous resize, broader stress and physical 60fps remain unqualified.
+
+### Preserve producer dependencies through image and consumer leases
+
+Dawn resolved snapshots now attach an owned producer-dependency object to their native image lease. Image retain and consumer acquisition propagate that owner, allowing Metal event/value lookup while the originating scene is gone. This is internal opaque-handle plumbing; no early-ready policy or public ABI hook is enabled yet. A production C-API regression releases the source, retains a clone, acquires a consumer, releases the clone, and verifies dependency destruction occurs only after consumer completion. Both native suites pass (11.88s total). The consumer-side native lookup and managed wait submission are the next required wiring steps.
+
+### Expose retained producer dependencies through the native ABI
+
+Added optional v3 dependency-count and Metal-event lookup exports. A consumer retains the backend dependency owner; event pointers are borrowed until consumer completion. The count API distinguishes invalid input from a successful empty list, and empty does not certify GPU readiness. Event lookup validates version, struct size and index, and clears valid output records on failure. The C layout test checks pointer/value offsets and the 64-bit wire size. The lifetime regression uses synthetic opaque event pointers to verify values, invalid inputs and lookup after original image release; it does not dereference them or claim hardware synchronization. Both native suites and the C ABI test pass, and `nm` confirms both symbols in the built dylib. Managed borrowing and wait submission remain unwired; early producer publication stays disabled.
+
+### Submit borrowed producer waits from the managed Metal importer
+
+The native consumer wrapper now borrows the full Metal event list under its existing completion-deferral ownership model. Lookup failure throws before wait submission; a successful empty list submits no barrier. The Metal importer submits all event/value waits on the leased host queue before wrapping the texture for Skia. Consumer ownership remains retained through read retirement. A new fixture regression verifies concurrent completion is deferred until the borrow returns, callback failure does not release ownership, and subsequent borrowing can retry; it passes on net8.0 and net10.0. The fixture library was rebuilt for the changed opaque native handle implementation. Original Kestrel Metal pan validates and exits zero. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/managed-metal-producer-waits.json`. Producer publication remains completion-certified; asynchronous readiness/capability negotiation is still required before this can remove the producer-side completion gate.
+
+### Negotiate images requiring producer GPU waits
+
+Added scene capability bit 2 for producer GPU waits. Each image can carry an immutable wait requirement, preserved by native retain; scene acquisition computes the capability from retained image requirements and rejects consumers lacking it. A native regression verifies clone preservation, rejection without the bit and success with it. The managed presenter advertises the bit only after inspecting an active Metal host lease; uninspected and CGL hosts do not claim it. Both native suites and the C ABI test pass (12.55s); the managed probe builds, and the private fixture is rebuilt for the changed opaque handle layout. No backend image is marked early by this change, so the producer completion gate remains active until readiness and publication negotiation are wired.
+
+### Publish validated images with producer GPU dependencies
+
+A consumer advertising producer GPU waits now allows captured Dawn snapshots to resolve after successful handoff validation, without requiring queue completion. The snapshot exports and validates every Metal dependency before exposing an immutable image marked as requiring waits. Other consumers retain the completion gate. Validation readiness wakes publication; producer ownership still lasts through queue completion, and consumer ownership lasts through GPU read retirement. A controlled scene regression verifies that capability alone and validation alone cannot publish the pending image; both are required. Completion tests cover both callback orders and failures.
+
+The three targeted native suites pass. Original Kestrel starts and validates the 80-move pan workload. Across 33 matched scenes, publication-to-acceptance median is 26.55ms and acceptance-to-draw-end median is 0.80ms. This does not demonstrate a panning improvement or physical 60fps. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/early-gpu-publication.json`. The ordinary workload also does not prove that a real Dawn image reached the Metal consumer while producer work was still pending. A deliberately delayed end-to-end Dawn texture test, device-loss handling and continuous resize qualification remain required.
+
+### Demand-observation ordering experiment
+
+The early-publication run recorded 107 compositor animation ticks, 53 submitted native frames, 54 skipped empty-demand ticks and 33 rendered scenes over 1.93 seconds including settling. A possible demand transition exists when observing the compositor wakes the pointer worker before the host samples demand. Sampling demand first was tested in unchanged Kestrel: 102 ticks, 53 submitted frames and 33 rendered scenes, with publication-to-acceptance median 27.75ms versus 26.55ms baseline. Both workloads validated, but this experiment does not establish an improvement or the cause of missed frames. The code change was reverted. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/demand-order-experiment.json`. Per-tick mailbox availability and acquisition/retirement backpressure are needed next; aggregate counts cannot attribute each skipped frame, and settling prevents interpreting these counts as active-pan FPS.
+
+### Bounded compositor scheduling trace
+
+Added optional instrumentation samples for compositor ticks, native acquisition outcomes and presenter application outcomes, including pending mailbox count, revision and retirement presence. The observer stores at most 4096 samples, exposes snapshots through the surface, and the pan/sidebar probe includes them in its timeline. Disabled instrumentation retains no samples and avoids outcome-string allocation. Tests for disabled capture and bounded retention pass on net8.0 and net10.0 (two each).
+
+Two unchanged-Kestrel runs produced scheduling samples but failed drag validation because additional real pointer events contaminated the injected gesture. Neither run qualifies performance comparison. The first mixed-input trace reported no acquisition or presenter backpressure; this cannot exclude backpressure in a clean pan workload. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/scheduling-trace-validation.json`. A clean trace remains necessary before attributing the measured handoff latency.
+
+### CPU scene application dominates measured handoff
+
+A clean scheduling run validates and shows no acquisition/presenter backpressure. Additional samples inside presenter application separate retention, CPU renderer application, replacement and acknowledgement. In a validated baseline, CPU renderer application has median 16.92ms; retention 0.0096ms, replacement 0.0027ms and acknowledgement 0.0071ms. The prior publication-to-acceptance measurement therefore includes substantial CPU work rather than solely mailbox waiting.
+
+Ordered DOM compilation now shares text shapers across its paint segments for that single compilation, disposing them in a finally block after the full ordered stream is compiled. Ordinary DOM compilation retains its own shaper ownership. No cross-scene font cache is introduced. A validated unchanged-Kestrel run reports median CPU application 15.41ms. This is one run per variant, not statistical qualification. Ordered GPU paint, culling and instrumentation regressions pass: 16 tests each on net8.0 and net10.0. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/cpu-scene-application.json`. CPU compilation still nearly consumes the full 60Hz budget, so further profiling and retained DOM work remain necessary; no physical 60fps claim is made.
+
+### DOM compilation versus canvas layers
+
+A validated unchanged-Kestrel run with temporary renderer timing hooks splits CPU application into DOM compilation (52 samples, median 12.10ms) and canvas-layer compilation (median 2.45ms). The hooks were removed after capture to keep Avalonia observer types out of the renderer shared with Uno. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/dom-canvas-compilation-split.json`. This identifies the DOM work as the larger target but does not attribute it to a particular paint command or establish physical FPS.
+
+Added a pixel regression comparing text in separate ordered paint segments around a GPU marker against an unsegmented reference. Both are replayed after compilation shapers have been disposed; the test checks pixel equality and nonempty glyph output. All five ordered-paint tests pass on net8.0 and net10.0. The manual Kestrel window remains available; no automated input was sent to it.
+
+### Sidebar shell resize profile from the user recording
+
+Inspected frames from the supplied 6.26-second recording: the left sidebar changes width while the outer window remains fixed. A validated unchanged-Kestrel sidebar run moves width 222 to 342 across 60 submitted movements over 1004ms. It records 157 layout passes, 14 publications and 14 drawn scenes. The largest gap between draw callbacks is about 513ms; CPU scene application median is 15.57ms. No acquisition/presenter backpressure appears in the trace. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/sidebar-shell-profile.json`. The long gap requires native publication-deferral attribution; the trace does not itself prove which native gate caused it. CPU compilation remains an additional per-frame cost. Physical presentation remains unqualified.
+
+An earlier sidebar run failed its final-width check; a five-second manual process stack sample mostly captured waiting threads. Neither is treated as active-resize performance evidence. The probe now emits timeline and diagnostic data before width/gesture validation, preserving failed-run evidence while retaining failure exit status.
+
+### Attribute sidebar deferrals to bitmap reset hold
+
+A validated unchanged-Kestrel sidebar drag with temporary `has_open_gpu_output` reason logging recorded 224 `bitmap-reset-awaiting-frame` holds and no `rendering-opportunity` or `current-texture` holds. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/sidebar-bitmap-reset-gate.json`. The probe traces only that gate, not every publication-deferral branch. Logging can perturb timing; its counts identify the active gate but do not qualify a performance comparison. Temporary source instrumentation was removed after capture.
+
+The hold is set when a canvas bitmap is resized and a future RAF is pending; frame admission and a submitted replacement clear it. Repeated ResizeObserver resets after RAF can renew the hold across successive rendering opportunities. Removing the gate outright would lose the existing blank-canvas regression protection. The required follow-up is to coordinate resize observation, canvas redraw and coherent scene capture so continuous input cannot starve publication, while retaining RAF/ResizeObserver ordering and generation validation.
+
+### Chromium resize separates drawing storage from compositor content
+
+Source inspection resolves a design mismatch in the resize hold. [GPUCanvasContext::Reshape](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/third_party/blink/renderer/modules/webgpu/gpu_canvas_context.cc) replaces current drawing storage without destroying the provider. [WebGPUSwapBufferProvider](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/gpu/webgpu_swap_buffer_provider.cc) returns no new resource when no current buffer exists. [TextureLayer](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/cc/layers/texture_layer.cc) replaces its retained resource only when preparation succeeds. The inferred model is independent retained compositor content, not whole-scene deferral. Source hashes and observations: `evidence/kestrel/chromium-resize-front-buffer.json`. This is source evidence, not browser pixel qualification.
+
+Implementation requirements for WebScene:
+
+- Keep the last compositor-accepted GPU image as an explicit presentation resource, separate from the current canvas backing generation and pending producer snapshot. Do not revive an invalidated backing image or relax ordinary generation checks.
+- On bitmap resize, invalidate current drawing storage and API-visible content normally, while allowing a new DOM scene to refer to the retained presentation resource at current CSS placement until a replacement is accepted. Preserve exact allocation/content identity and consumer retirement; no pixel copying.
+- Pin the presentation resource through immutable scene bindings. Validate it against its explicit presentation ownership, rather than falsely treating it as content of the new backing generation. Update scene paint selection, image indexing and capture together.
+- Replacement must be atomic. Failed or pending output must not discard the retained presentation resource; unconfigure, context/device loss, navigation and node removal need explicit release/invalidation behavior and tests. Avoid retaining an extra unbounded image history.
+- Test repeated bitmap resets while a RAF redraw remains pending: shell scenes must advance, no blank intermediate GPU image, no wrong image index, no reuse before retirement. Also test a reset without redraw and canvas API-visible reset behavior independently of compositor retention.
+- Compare unchanged Kestrel against Chrome for sidebar resize, including changed CSS dimensions and bitmap dimensions. Measure native publication progress and physical presentation; retaining an image alone does not establish 60fps.
+
+The existing whole-scene bitmap-reset hold remains in place until this presentation-resource model and its lifetime/visual tests are implemented. This avoids replacing the measured stall with an unqualified blank-frame workaround.
+
+### Track compositor-accepted image ownership independently
+
+The native acknowledgement state now retains the most recently accepted scene image set independently of its DOM comparison snapshot. Ordered acknowledgement updates this set even for image-only diffs; stale or premature acknowledgements cannot replace it. Removal replaces it with an empty set, and checkpoint reset releases it. Retained scene/image/consumer leases remain independent owners. This is the ownership prerequisite for resize presentation retention; no fallback image selection or removal of the whole-scene resize gate is enabled yet.
+
+Both targeted native suites pass (13.88s). The scene lease regression verifies accepted-image tracking across image-only diffs while retaining the preceding DOM snapshot, rejected acknowledgement stability, removal/reset, and continued validity of outstanding scene leases.
+
+### Publish resized shell with an explicitly retained presentation image
+
+Bitmap resize now records a pending presentation replacement. Before capturing a new scene, the runtime can select the matching canvas image from the compositor-accepted image set when there is no new drawing output. The scene uses a tagged presentation binding with the exact retained image and the current backing generation; ordinary backing-content validation remains strict. A subsequent bitmap reset invalidates that captured tag. New output and configuration invalidation clear fallback state, and a configuration-generation floor rejects images from an earlier configuration. The bitmap redraw hold is bypassed only when the explicit presentation resource exists.
+
+Both native suites pass, including real Dawn runtime retention/unconfigure/reconfiguration checks and binding generation/ownership regression. The graphics-disabled build passes. One validated sidebar run reaches width 342, publishes 49 scenes and draws 28; maximum draw-callback gap is 56.62ms versus about 513ms in the prior baseline. Four stepped native-window resize geometries also pass. Probe runs preceded the added configuration-generation guard; its final build and native tests pass. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/retained-image-sidebar-resize.json`. This is not physical 60fps or continuous visual qualification; CPU scene compilation and device-loss/lifecycle stress remain outstanding.
+
+### Continuous scripted window resize probe
+
+Added `--continuous-resize-kestrel`: 80 small window-size changes outward and back, with publication/draw timelines and final CSS×DPR/ancestor geometry validation. It requires intermediate viewport publication and drawing during updates, and restores the initial size. A complete run exits zero: 103 publications, 56 drawn scenes, 3436ms actual update span, and maximum draw-callback gap 88.04ms. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/continuous-window-resize.json`. Requested 16ms delays do not establish actual 60Hz input; resizing takes longer in this run. This verifies progress under continuous scripted updates, not native mouse-drag smoothness, absence of visual flicker or physical presentation.
+
+Two probe-development failures were corrected before the passing run: enabling performance capture and including ancestor geometry required by the existing validator. Neither earlier run is counted as qualification. CPU DOM compilation and presentation timing remain optimization targets.
+
+### Attribute DOM compilation to text preparation
+
+Three validated unchanged-Kestrel sidebar runs used temporary command timers. The first recorded 617.17ms total text work across 45 compilations (median 13.10ms), versus 9.60ms total SVG work. Splitting text routes measured ordinary text around 10.02ms median and spaced text 3.52ms. A third run measured ordinary text total 9.60ms median, with its final DrawShapedText call only 0.27ms; preparation dominates this path. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/dom-text-command-profile.json`. Draw timing is a subset, not an additional bucket. Measurements include startup, and diagnostic logging may perturb time. All temporary timers were removed.
+
+The next optimization target is repeated text preparation (parsing, font resolution, fallback checking, shaping, positioning and metrics), with font/text invalidation and typography regressions preserved. These samples do not identify one preparation operation as solely responsible, nor qualify physical FPS.
+
+### Cache repeated system font-name probes
+
+UsesMacSystemUiMetrics walked CSS font lists and called SKTypeface.FromFamilyName repeatedly for preceding installed/missing families. Added a case-insensitive cache of those boolean system-family checks, limited to 256 entries with serialized admission. Web-font registries and global registered fonts remain checked first on every call, so a cached system miss cannot conceal a newly loaded web font. This follows the existing process system-font resolution policy; it adds no OS font-install notification handling or native font ownership.
+
+A new regression warms a missing-family result, registers a document web font under that name, and verifies case-insensitive precedence and isolation from another document. Text/ordered-paint/font tests pass: 68 ordinary tests and two native integration cases per framework (net8.0 and net10.0). The initial native integration skip was explicitly rerun with the native library configured.
+
+One validated unchanged-Kestrel sidebar run reports CPU scene application median 2.93ms, 61 drawn scenes and maximum draw-callback gap 39.09ms. A validated pan run matches 64 scenes and publication-to-draw-callback median 15.21ms. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/system-font-probe-cache.json`. This is a substantial single-run improvement over the prior roughly 15.6ms CPU application baseline, not statistical or physical 60fps qualification.
+
+### Continuous resize after system-font probe caching
+
+The complete continuous-window-resize probe passes after the font lookup optimization: 106 publications, 101 drawn scenes, 2813ms active update span, median callback gap 33.14ms and maximum 50.56ms. The earlier scripted run had maximum gap 88.04ms. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/font-cache-continuous-resize.json`. This remains one scripted run with settling, not a statistical comparison, physical FPS measurement or native mouse-drag qualification. The callback spacing still leaves a cadence question after the CPU cost reduction; actual input-update timestamps must be distinguished from compositor and presentation timing.
+
+The authoritative GitHub #23 was rechecked and remains open with its hardware/reproducibility acceptance boxes unchecked. These local macOS performance improvements do not satisfy missing cross-RID native probe, reference or package gates.
+
+### Separate resize-driver cadence from rendering cadence
+
+Analysis of the previous continuous-resize trace found median input-update spacing 33.45ms while compositor ticks were 16.24ms. The probe previously awaited a new 16ms delay after each update. It now targets absolute 60Hz deadlines, records timestamps before and after setters, and yields without busy-waiting when late.
+
+The updated validated run completes its active loop in 1353ms: update interval median 15.73ms, compositor interval median 16.24ms, and active draw interval median 30.00ms (maximum 51.37ms). Setters themselves took only 0.020ms median, contradicting a hypothesis that synchronous setters consumed a display slot; delay/UI scheduling caused the earlier slow driver cadence. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/deadline-paced-window-resize.json`. This is a probe correction, not a production rendering speedup. The remaining draw-cadence gap persists with faster input and still requires investigation. Native user-drag and physical presentation remain unqualified.
+
+### Native counters separate property updates from engine resize input
+
+Fixed continuous-probe JSON serialization to include native metric fields; previous baseline/after native structs serialized as empty objects, although their separate timing arrays were present. A validated run now records 80 scripted size assignments but only 44 submitted native resize/frame pairs. All 44 were applied and published; engine resize coalescing stayed zero. Their aggregate submission-to-publication time is 337.48ms (about 7.67ms mean), maximum 23.81ms. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/continuous-resize-native-counters.json`.
+
+The next attribution boundary is before engine submission: Avalonia property/layout updates versus actual native resize notifications. These counts do not prove a native-drag 30fps limit or that the engine drops half its resize requests. Earlier metrics-free traces remain usable only for their explicitly captured publication/draw/input arrays. Physical presentation remains unqualified.
+
+### Locate resize reduction before the WebScene surface
+
+The continuous probe now records bounded window Resized notifications (including reason), surface SizeChanged notifications and existing native resize submissions. Handlers are detached in finally. A validated run records 80 property assignments, 38 window notifications, 38 surface changes and 38 native submissions; all window notifications have Layout reason. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/host-resize-event-boundaries.json`.
+
+Thus this scripted workload combines size changes before they reach the WebScene surface/engine. It cannot establish native mouse-drag throughput or justify a renderer change aimed solely at matching all 80 property assignments. A native window-edge drag trace, with the same stage measurements and actual presentation evidence, is the remaining relevant qualification. Build and complete scripted workload pass; physical presentation remains unqualified.
+
+### Explicit OpenGL host resize regression
+
+Added `--webgpu-opengl` to force Avalonia OpenGl as the sole rendering mode, removing reliance on platform defaults for host regression evidence. The unchanged Kestrel WebGPU document passes four stepped resize geometries and exits zero under this option. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/explicit-opengl-resize.json`. A preceding explicit-host sidebar run failed gesture validation and is not counted as passing. This is Dawn WebGPU displayed through the OpenGL compositor host; it does not qualify ANGLE/WebGL API fallback, native drag smoothness, visual flicker or physical FPS.
+
+### Manual performance feedback and explicit OpenGL sidebar recheck
+
+On 2026-09-08, after launching the latest Metal WebGPU Kestrel build, the user reported “performance is now excellent!”. This records qualitative manual feedback only; no physical frame timing or specific monitor/interaction qualification was supplied. The manual application remains open.
+
+A fresh explicit OpenGL compositor-host sidebar run passes the strict gesture validator and startup check with zero application errors (exit zero): 60 submitted moves, width 222 to 342, 55 publications and 53 drawn-scene samples. Full captured timeline and reproduction command: `evidence/kestrel/explicit-opengl-sidebar.json`. This resolves the missing successful explicit-host sidebar workload evidence without treating the previous failed gesture run as passing. It does not establish ANGLE WebGL API fallback or physical 60fps. Epic #23 remains open pending its mandatory cross-platform and baseline gates.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/cross-platform-reuse-review.md b/docs/graphics/cross-platform-reuse-review.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88b2492d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/cross-platform-reuse-review.md
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# Cross-platform rendering and interop reuse review
+
+Status: source review, not a working integration or acceptance pass. Recorded
+2026-09-07 after the user questioned expansion of platform-specific code.
+The epic's native Dawn/Tint, ANGLE and GPU-resident Skia requirements remain intact.
+Further bespoke platform expansion should follow a demonstrated composition path.
+
+## Findings from current code
+
+WebScene's Avalonia project targets net8.0 and net10.0. Directory.Packages.props
+pins SkiaSharp 2.88.9. NativeSceneDrawOperation.Render obtains Avalonia's
+ISkiaSharpApiLeaseFeature; WebScene does not currently own that renderer's device.
+The versioned native image leases exist, but this path does not compose them yet.
+The new D3D12 helpers are preliminary, largely Windows-unverified infrastructure.
+They are not evidence that the final presenter needs every helper.
+
+ProGPU revision reviewed: `102e39e5088b462624da6296ff70a43ed2c5d8b4`.
+Its [Dawn package](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/ProGPU/blob/102e39e5088b462624da6296ff70a43ed2c5d8b4/src/ProGPU.Backend.Dawn/ProGPU.Backend.Dawn.csproj)
+targets net10.0, references WebGPUSharp (0.5.5 in central dependencies) and
+ProGPU.Backend. The latter includes Silk.NET WebGPU/wgpu-native and GLFW
+windowing/input dependencies. Direct consumption therefore requires runtime,
+packaging and net8 compatibility work, not just an additional namespace import.
+
+Its [external texture contract](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/ProGPU/blob/102e39e5088b462624da6296ff70a43ed2c5d8b4/src/ProGPU.Backend/ExternalGpuTextureInterop.cs)
+abstracts IOSurface, DXGI, AHardwareBuffer and DMA-BUF. Its
+[Dawn sharing implementation](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/ProGPU/blob/102e39e5088b462624da6296ff70a43ed2c5d8b4/src/ProGPU.Backend.Dawn/DawnSharedTextureMemory.cs)
+wraps the same native shared-memory and fence mechanisms as our helpers. Platform
+interop exists in ProGPU too. Its SkiaSharp compatibility shim and WebGPU renderer
+are a different integration choice from retaining our existing native Skia host.
+No source review here establishes ProGPU's hardware or standards qualification.
+
+Skia Graphite's [Dawn backend context](https://skia.googlesource.com/skia/+/refs/heads/main/include/gpu/graphite/dawn/DawnBackendContext.h)
+accepts a caller-supplied Dawn instance, device and queue. Its
+[Dawn backend texture API](https://skia.googlesource.com/skia/+/refs/heads/main/include/gpu/graphite/dawn/DawnGraphiteTypes.h)
+can wrap a WGPUTexture. The backend texture itself does not retain that texture;
+wrapping SkImage/SkSurface objects do. GPU completion still requires lease tracking.
+These moving-main APIs must be pinned with a compatible Dawn revision before build.
+This gives a concrete cross-platform route for internal WebScene composition, but
+does not make an independent Avalonia/Uno Skia device consume the result automatically.
+
+## Decision and bounded next implementation
+
+Keep the native versioned lease ABI, Dawn execution service and ANGLE architecture.
+Do not replace native Skia with ProGPU's compatibility shim as an incidental change.
+Do not add more native platform adapters merely because a platform issue exists.
+First test shared-device Skia Graphite composition against the actual ownership
+boundary. Treat ProGPU as a reusable implementation candidate and reference;
+direct adoption remains unproven due to its runtime and renderer dependencies.
+
+The next spike must:
+
+1. Pin compatible Skia Graphite and Dawn revisions and confirm an isolated build
+   can use the same Dawn runtime as WebScene (no cross-library object pointers).
+2. Create a Graphite context using WebScene's Dawn device/queue; wrap a retained
+   canvas texture and compose it with ordinary Skia content, clip, opacity and
+   transforms. Preserve the lease until GPU completion.
+3. Verify output with diagnostic readback only in the test, and instrument the
+   production composition path to establish no CPU pixel transfer. Exercise resize
+   and delayed consumers; texture references alone do not authorize pool reuse.
+4. Identify the host presentation API for both Avalonia and Uno. Prove whether
+   their existing renderers can consume this result or require one external image
+   adapter. Do not call an offscreen Graphite test end-to-end presentation.
+5. Record which existing platform helpers are required, redundant or replaceable
+   by a library. Integrate only the demonstrated boundary. Preserve public .NET
+   target compatibility and avoid changing the application's renderer implicitly.
+
+A JavaScript WebGPU triangle inside composed WebScene remains the useful visible
+milestone, followed by full bindings, ANGLE fallback, unchanged Kestrel and the
+remaining conformance/platform/performance gates. This review closes no sub-issue
+and does not change the epic's completion criteria or numbered issue ordering.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..363187fda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Partial G01: hardware Chrome reference matrix
+
+Captured on 2026-09-07 with Chrome 152.0.7977.77, revision `529d9a34b491745086b59458f58a5aae8292adaa`, Apple M4, Metal, hardware WebGPU and GPU composition enabled. All 32 runs confirmed a non-fallback WebGPU adapter. Kestrel source files came from the byte-verified original archive and were not modified.
+
+The courtyard, supplied mechanical fixture, seeded 10,000-line and 100,000-line inputs were each captured twice in dark/light themes at DPR 1/2. All 16 comparisons have byte-identical before and after PNGs, separately for the composited viewport, GPU canvas and overlay canvas. The document viewport was 1920×1080 CSS pixels; the CAD canvas was 1446×743 CSS pixels (2892×1486 physical pixels at DPR 2).
+
+Each timed run performs 180 camera pans. Chromium's platform presentation-feedback-derived reporter cadence ranged from 59.329 to 60.337 reports per second; p95 intervals ranged from 16.667 to 33.333 ms. This counts unique reported feedback timestamps, not independently observed monitor scanouts. Near-coincident feedback timestamps can occur. CPU render/submission samples and rAF intervals are recorded separately and are not GPU execution timings. No WebScene performance claim follows from these Chrome reference results.
+
+`reference.json.gz` contains the complete matrix metadata, per-frame timing samples, hardware identity, camera state, repeat comparisons, input/harness hashes and all artifact hashes. `files.json` hashes the files retained here. Two representative images and one raw compressed trace are committed for inspection and analyzer reproduction. The remaining raw PNGs/traces are retained locally in `artifacts/chrome-reference-matrix-02`; they are **not included in this repository evidence subset**. Full durable archival of those files remains outstanding. The earlier `matrix-01` attempt is also retained locally: its app canvas layers matched, but command suggestions obscured some composite images. The harness now dismisses that UI through normal app input handlers before capture.
+
+Reproduce the full matrix from the repository root:
+
+```sh
+node --test tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-tests.mjs
+node tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs --output artifacts/chrome-reference-new
+```
+
+The base commit was `d42a715628738c67c696e9d805d98f9f8697220f`; the then-uncommitted harness is identified by its exact file hashes in the result. Subsequent changes to documentation do not alter those hashes. Unknown Chrome revisions deliberately produce unavailable presentation analysis until the Chromium source contract is verified.
+
+This evidence does not close #23. Other GPU hardware targets, remaining native integration/package validation, and complete durable reference artifact storage are still required. No WebGPU/WebGL browser API or GPU-resident presentation feature is claimed implemented here.
+
+The non-graphics CI at that base commit passed Windows, macOS and Linux. Native package workflow [34110232771](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/WebScene/actions/runs/34110232771) also passed all three runtime builds and package consumers after rerunning a Linux detached-DOM GC test failure. The initial failure is not suppressed or counted as a successful first attempt.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/courtyard-dpr1-dark-run1-trace.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/courtyard-dpr1-dark-run1-trace.json.gz
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/files.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/files.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2177b51bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/files.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "courtyard-dpr1-dark-run1-trace.json.gz": {
+    "sha256": "b6cf1707bf3bdf8a5329e890a009e0a5d715b65679e1aea5ee8dd78a80f46608",
+    "bytes": 1834293
+  },
+  "reference.json.gz": {
+    "sha256": "2fc4c7bf48d96c9cf5569b550dff0c52d1abec8af638657ecae55775721886ab",
+    "bytes": 248569
+  },
+  "fixture-dpr1-dark-run1-before.png": {
+    "sha256": "d169cdfbf2717a168b6db504032dd92ac06bbccab08061e4caa9a6f797dd4d15",
+    "bytes": 336025
+  },
+  "lines-100000-dpr2-light-run1-before.png": {
+    "sha256": "de652a6c5e0b9db1b6533237d4c84d1ee46a7146908fd2869ddc866fcda2b900",
+    "bytes": 1723103
+  }
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/fixture-dpr1-dark-run1-before.png b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/fixture-dpr1-dark-run1-before.png
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/reference.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-chrome-metal/reference.json.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-clean-angle/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-clean-angle/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c9681e80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-clean-angle/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Clean ANGLE and combined SDK hardware verification
+
+ANGLE compiled all 1,322 build steps in a separate output directory and installed into the clean SDK root. The builder now honors `--build` for ANGLE as it already did for Dawn. GN configuration outside the source checkout was verified before this change; no previous compilation objects were reused.
+
+The clean Dawn and ANGLE SDKs then passed all three Metal hardware probes on Apple M4: Dawn and ANGLE ES 2/ES 3, 68 verified pixels each. `native-probes.json.gz` includes both complete SDK manifests, hardware identity, executable hashes and strict adjacent-library verification. Logs retain the clean build and probe configure/link commands.
+
+Reproduce with `python3 eng/graphics/build.py angle --rid osx-arm64 --jobs 6 --build <new-build-root> --sdk <new-sdk-root>`, using the same SDK root as the clean Dawn build. Configure a new `eng/graphics/probes` build with `WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_COMPONENTS=dawn;angle` and that SDK root, build, and run `eng/graphics/run-probes.py` for `osx-arm64`.
+
+This completes the local clean SDK compilation/probe check. Windows/Linux hosted builds and hardware gates remain outstanding; #23 is not complete.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-clean-angle/angle-clean-build.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-clean-angle/angle-clean-build.log.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-clean-angle/native-probes.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-clean-angle/native-probes.json.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-clean-dawn/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-clean-dawn/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b6c780c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-clean-dawn/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Clean shared Dawn build: macOS ARM64
+
+A new `artifacts/graphics-clean-build` directory compiled all 932 build steps using the verified pinned source tree and the updated dependency lock. It installed to a separate `artifacts/graphics-clean-sdk` directory. No objects from the previous static/shared experiment were reused.
+
+A new probe build using only this Dawn SDK passed the Metal hardware test on Apple M4, verifying all 68 pixels. Compressed configure/build logs, the SDK manifest and probe result are retained here. This is Dawn-only clean-build evidence; it does not qualify ANGLE or another RID.
+
+Reproduce with `python3 eng/graphics/build.py dawn --rid osx-arm64 --jobs 6 --build <new-build-directory> --sdk <new-sdk-directory>`. Configure `eng/graphics/probes` in a new directory with `WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_COMPONENTS=dawn` and `WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT=<new-sdk-directory>/osx-arm64`, build, and run `webscene_dawn_probe metal`.
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-g02-completion-scheduling.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-g02-completion-scheduling.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# G02 completion scheduling and native mapping evidence
+
+This is partial evidence for issue #24, not completion of G02 or epic #22.
+
+On macOS ARM64 (Apple M4), the graphics-enabled V8 build passed all 12 CTests
+in 13.51 seconds after adding pending-operation scheduling. After adding the
+native mapping cases, all eight graphics CTests passed in 0.47 seconds.
+
+Commands:
+
+```sh
+cmake --build artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled --parallel 4
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled --output-on-failure
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R graphics --output-on-failure
+```
+
+The completion mailbox tracks pending reservations under its existing mutex.
+Publishing or cancelling a pending slot removes it from the pending count;
+ready records retain their bounded slot until engine-thread delivery. An idle
+Dawn instance with no pending operations does not force a periodic worker wake.
+Outstanding operations retain the one-millisecond ProcessEvents polling bound.
+Ready cancellation records request immediate delivery even after service close.
+Future device-loss notifications must use an explicit event/wake strategy;
+this does not qualify idle behavior of future persistent notification bindings.
+
+The hardware Dawn test requests a native hardware adapter/device and submits a
+real command buffer. It also maps a 4096-byte buffer without RAF or a presenter,
+checks its initialized contents, then separately destroys a buffer immediately
+after MapAsync and before ProcessEvents. The latter must deliver Aborted, and
+both paths leave no pending or ready mailbox records. This readback is an API
+mapping test, not a presentation path or a claim of zero-copy composition.
+
+The V8 task path explicitly enters the owning context for graphics delivery and
+runs a microtask checkpoint when completions are delivered. Initialization
+rejects a different runtime thread. The existing runtime suite passes, but no
+JavaScript WebGPU binding exists yet to prove end-to-end promise dispatch.
+
+Still outstanding: full native device/resource management and queue integration,
+navigation and promise cancellation integration, finalizer release routing,
+device loss, multi-engine stress, detailed diagnostics and performance gates,
+and Windows/Linux hardware evidence. No issue is closed by these results.
+
+## Native device ownership follow-up
+
+The graphics service now owns generation-bearing Dawn device handles. Each
+native device wrapper retains its adapter and device, creates a distinct device
+owner identity, and closes on its engine thread. Destroy cancels that owner's
+mailbox records before calling native Device.Destroy. The registry rejects
+foreign-engine and stale handles and disallows destruction during an active
+device execution scope. The internal adoption hook requires a freshly requested
+device from this service's instance, supplied once with its originating adapter;
+it is not a JavaScript-facing arbitrary device import API.
+
+The extended hardware test destroys an owned device while MapAsync is pending.
+Its cancellation record is delivered once, the actual late native callback runs
+but cannot republish, and a separate owner's mailbox record remains successful.
+This proves mailbox isolation, not yet two independent hardware devices under
+load. The full suite passed 12 tests in 12.75 seconds, followed by eight graphics
+tests after adding the pending-device-map case. Backend resource retention is
+still distinct from submission-table fence completion; the device owner does
+not substitute Destroy for a GPU completion fence.
+
+## Two-device hardware isolation and completion diagnostics
+
+The hardware test now requests two distinct adapters and creates one device
+from each. Dawn consumes an adapter on successful device creation, so reusing
+the first adapter is deliberately avoided. Both devices are owned by one
+engine service with different device identities. After destroying the first
+with a pending map, the surviving device uploads 4096 bytes and maps them
+successfully. The CPU upload array is overwritten immediately after WriteBuffer;
+every mapped word must retain the original pattern. Both device handles are
+then destroyed, leaving zero live service devices and no pending/ready records.
+This qualifies the native Dawn call-time upload behavior, not yet a JavaScript
+typed-array detachment path or the future native command queue.
+
+Completion snapshots report pending/ready counts, high-water storage occupancy,
+admitted/delivered records, saturated reservations and rejected publications.
+Admission-to-delivery latency samples, total and maximum nanoseconds are opt-in;
+default operation does not read the clock for this instrumentation. The service
+exposes completion snapshots alongside live native device/context counts and
+propagates its timing option through lazy Dawn initialization. Work-queue byte
+and presenter copy/readback counters still require later integration.
+
+The completion unit test checks counters across saturation, cancellation,
+duplicate publication and slot reuse, with timing disabled and enabled. It also
+passes under Clang ThreadSanitizer using `-fsanitize=thread -pthread`.
+
+## Bounded command channel integration
+
+```mermaid
+flowchart LR
+  P[Native producers / finalizers] --> Q[Shared bounded command channel]
+  Q --> W[Latched engine wake]
+  W --> E[Engine worker / graphics service]
+  E --> D[Dawn device calls]
+  E --> A[ANGLE context scope]
+  D --> M[Native completion mailbox]
+  M --> W
+  E --> V[Owning V8 context delivery]
+```
+
+The channel retains no engine pointer. Native producers enqueue static noexcept
+dispatch functions, fixed-size value/handle arguments and copied upload bytes.
+Only the graphics service can consume or close the channel. It drains bounded
+batches before native completion processing; queued work makes the existing
+runtime readiness and idle-wait paths runnable. Shutdown closes admission and
+drains all accepted commands before destroying devices/contexts. A retained
+endpoint rejects admission after engine teardown. Framework Skia objects remain
+outside this native execution scope and must stay on their presenter thread.
+
+The ANGLE service test fills a two-slot queue from another thread, overwrites
+the source data, verifies saturation without execution, then drains one command
+at a time and checks the original red/blue GL state in FIFO order. It verifies
+queue depth/high-water/copied-upload counters and execution of accepted work
+during close. Another endpoint is retained across service destruction and must
+return closed. The Dawn hardware test enqueues duplicate deferred device release
+records from a finalizer-like thread: the device stays resident until the engine
+pump, then releases once without a stale-handle failure.
+
+These are native dispatch primitives, not completed JS binding integration.
+Dispatchers must validate/report errors without throwing, retain referenced
+resources as required by their backend operation and never capture borrowed V8
+memory. Full queues require caller retention/retry, including finalizer releases;
+actual V8 finalizer registration and that retry policy remain outstanding. The
+command arena is lazy and fixed-capacity once created. GPU completion fences
+still govern submitted resource lifetimes independently of command consumption.
+
+## Cancellation versus native callback retirement
+
+Logical cancellation no longer makes a completion slot immediately reusable.
+Each reservation also tracks its one outstanding native publication. A cancelled
+record can be delivered to the engine while its slot remains occupied until the
+actual callback calls publish. That call retires the native operation, rejects
+duplicate logical delivery and wakes capacity waiters. Generations cannot advance
+while an old native operation still owns the slot. Metrics now expose native
+pending and total occupied counts separately from logical pending/ready counts.
+
+The open graphics service keeps its ProcessEvents polling demand while these
+native callbacks are outstanding, even after all cancellation records are
+consumed. Once the last native callback retires, idle polling stops. Reservation
+callers must publish exactly once for native completion (or synchronous failure
+before issuing the operation); cancellation is not a substitute for retirement.
+Full-service shutdown still closes publication and destroys the native instance;
+this change does not claim completed navigation/promise shutdown integration.
+
+A capacity-one test cancels and drains a record, proves another reservation is
+rejected until a delayed callback retires it on another thread, then reuses the
+slot with a new generation and rejects the old callback. The service test checks
+continued bounded polling followed by return to its normal idle wait. The real
+pending-map destruction test uses service readiness/idle recommendations while
+waiting for native retirement. All 12 local tests passed in 13.56 seconds; after
+adding the scheduling assertions, all eight graphics tests passed in 0.43 seconds.
+The completion test also passed with Clang ThreadSanitizer.
+
+## V8 runtime completion integration test
+
+A separate `webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests` executable compiles the production
+engine source graph with its include paths, definitions, dependencies and
+compiler/toolchain settings. It avoids exporting test hooks from the production
+C ABI and is enabled only for graphics + V8 test builds.
+
+On the runtime's owning worker thread, the fixture initializes V8, creates a JS
+promise and schedules RAF, then hides the runtime. A separate native thread
+publishes a completion record without entering V8. The normal runtime readiness
+and task pump deliver the record; the dispatcher verifies the current isolate,
+context and thread, resolves the promise, and the runtime checkpoint runs its
+continuation while RAF remains unexecuted. A second case publishes a record and
+uses `execute()` to reach task draining after script execution, proving explicit
+context entry works on that route too. Wrong-thread graphics initialization is
+rejected and completion storage returns to zero occupied slots.
+
+This closes the earlier lack of direct runtime pump evidence. It still does not
+prove JavaScript WebGPU bindings, automatic binding-triggered initialization,
+navigation cancellation or full device-loss promise behavior; those are not
+implemented by the fixture. No adapter/hardware qualification is claimed by this
+test, which uses a native completion record and a real V8 promise.
+
+```sh
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R graphics_v8_runtime --output-on-failure
+```
+
+## Top-level document navigation retirement
+
+After a replacement document loads successfully, but before its location/content
+is installed, the runtime retires the old graphics service inside the existing
+V8 context scope. It detaches the service/dispatcher from the runtime, closes
+native admission, drains cancellation records and performs a microtask checkpoint.
+A transition guard rejects reentrant graphics initialization or navigation during
+this delivery. The retired service stays alive until dispatch has finished; old
+command endpoints and native publication remain closed after it is destroyed.
+A failed document load leaves the existing graphics service intact.
+
+The runtime fixture verifies a pending promise receives the cancellation outcome
+before the new document takes effect, late publication is rejected, the old
+command endpoint is closed, and new initialization creates a distinct graphics
+identity. It also verifies reentrant initialization/navigation rejection. The
+full 13-test local suite passed in 12.85 seconds before the final reentrancy
+assertion; the focused runtime test is rerun after that assertion.
+
+This covers top-level load_url navigation with the native completion dispatcher.
+Iframe-specific ownership, JavaScript WebGPU promise/error types and explicit
+engine-disposal promise sequencing remain separate outstanding work. The runtime
+still reuses its existing top-level V8 context as before; this change retires its
+graphics lifetime and does not claim a general navigation-context redesign.
+
+## Normal engine disposal sequencing
+
+The runtime exposes an engine-thread-only shutdown_graphics operation, called
+by the worker's normal shutdown path before runtime reset. It permanently closes
+graphics initialization, enters the owning isolate/context and reuses document
+graphics retirement to deliver cancellation records and run a microtask
+checkpoint before releasing the service. Repeated shutdown is harmless. A
+transition guard rejects shutdown during cancellation delivery.
+
+The V8 fixture creates another pending promise after navigation, calls shutdown,
+verifies its cancellation dispatcher runs in the owning V8 context/thread, and
+checks the continuation has run before context disposal. A late native
+publication is rejected, and graphics reinitialization after shutdown fails.
+The raw destructor remains a no-JS fallback for bootstrap/terminal-failure cleanup;
+this does not claim graceful promise delivery after an unrecoverable runtime
+failure. Actual WebGPU binding promise types and iframe resource ownership are
+still outstanding.
+
+## Reserved finalizer-release capacity
+
+The native service now has a separate fixed-capacity release channel. A wrapper
+must reserve a generation-bearing slot before it becomes GC-visible; if no slot
+is available, wrapper creation must handle backpressure before exposing the
+object. A finalizer publishes that existing slot without allocation or competing
+for command-queue space. The record captures the accepted command prefix, and
+the engine dispatches release only after that prefix has executed. Later queued
+commands cannot indefinitely postpone an eligible release. This CPU execution
+barrier does not substitute for GPU submission fences.
+
+The channel retains native command/wake endpoints, not an engine pointer. Duplicate
+and stale tickets are rejected. Shutdown closes publication, drains published
+releases after accepted commands, and leaves unpublished registrations to the
+service's owner-wide resource teardown. Registration occupancy is exposed in
+service metrics. The older ordinary-command release helpers remain available;
+GC bindings should use reserved slots to avoid retrying a full command queue.
+
+The hardware service test reserves one slot, saturates a two-command queue,
+publishes release from another thread, and verifies the context stays alive after
+one command but is released after both. It checks duplicate/stale publication,
+slot reuse and shutdown of an unpublished registration. All 13 local CTests
+passed in 13.62 seconds. The service test also passed under Clang ThreadSanitizer;
+Dawn/ANGLE SDK binaries themselves were not rebuilt with sanitizer instrumentation.
+Actual V8 weak-handle registration is the next integration step, not claimed here.
+
+## V8 weak-wrapper release registry
+
+The binding utility `graphics/v8_release_registry.h` owns bounded weak wrapper
+entries and reserves native release slots before registration succeeds. It follows
+the pinned V8 15.3.10 weak-callback contract: the first pass resets the triggering
+persistent handle and schedules a second pass; the second pass publishes native
+release work without executing JavaScript or GPU APIs. The engine later drains
+that release through the command-prefix barrier. Registry disposal in its owning
+isolate scope resets remaining handles and publishes their reserved releases.
+
+The real V8 runtime fixture registers an unreachable object, triggers collection
+through notify_low_memory, verifies no native release ran inside GC, then pumps
+the runtime and observes exactly one release and zero occupied release slots.
+It verifies bounded wrapper registration, reuses the collected entry, and disposes
+the registry while a new wrapper is still held by a local handle. That disposal
+also queues release instead of executing it inline. The focused runtime test
+passed in 0.58 seconds with both cases.
+
+This utility is exercised with real V8 objects and native dispatch records. Future
+WebGPU/WebGL bindings must own a registry, attach each resource wrapper before
+exposure and dispose the registry in its isolate scope. Those browser API wrapper
+classes are not introduced here. The explicit low-memory call is test stimulus,
+not a new production GC policy.
+
+## Failed resource insertion preserves ownership
+
+Resource-table insertion now accepts an rvalue reference and transfers the
+unique pointer only after thread/owner/capacity validation succeeds. A rejected
+wrong-thread call previously destroyed its by-value argument during unwinding,
+which could release a thread-confined native object on the wrong thread. Tests
+now retain a named pointer across wrong-thread, wrong-owner and full-table
+failures and verify successful insertion transfers it exactly once. The resource
+test passed under AddressSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer.
+
+The full local CTest run passed 12 of 13 tests, including every graphics test.
+The existing native-engine DOM activation case failed with:
+`duplicate activation was not coalesced while save was pending: {"activations":0,"requests":0,"pending":false,"label":"Save"}`.
+An isolated rerun of webscene_native_engine_tests passed in 11.16 seconds.
+This is an unresolved intermittent test failure, not a clean full-suite pass or
+proof that its cause is unrelated. No test expectation was weakened.
+
+## Completion-delivery reentrancy guard
+
+The graphics service now rejects recursive completion pumping and close during
+an active pump. The runtime separately guards the entire graphics delivery and
+microtask-checkpoint scope. Synchronous navigation/shutdown from a native
+completion dispatcher is rejected before moving or destroying the active service;
+nested task draining skips graphics delivery until the outer scope finishes.
+This prevents a dispatcher from deleting the service whose pump is on the stack.
+Normal later navigation/shutdown remains supported.
+
+The service test attempts recursive pump and close inside delivery, then throws
+from the dispatcher and verifies the guard unwinds so later close succeeds.
+The real V8 fixture attempts destructive navigation and shutdown from its native
+dispatcher, verifies rejection, and continues normal promise delivery. All nine
+graphics CTests passed in 1.37 seconds. This focused result does not erase the
+previously recorded intermittent non-graphics DOM activation failure.
+
+The service fixture also passed with AddressSanitizer/UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer;
+the prebuilt Dawn/ANGLE libraries remained uninstrumented.
+
+## Native device-loss signal and engine delivery
+
+Device requests can install a shared loss signal in their Dawn descriptor before
+creation and pass it to native device adoption. Dawn's spontaneous loss callback
+only stores an atomic flag and signals the retained engine wake endpoint. It
+captures neither V8 nor a raw engine pointer. Waiting for device loss does not
+reserve a permanently pending completion slot or force periodic idle polling.
+Explicit Destroy and callback cancellation remain separate from unexpected loss.
+
+Service readiness observes pending loss; its engine-thread pump applies the lost
+state and cancels records belonging to that device with device_lost status.
+Subsequent native device access rejects the lost device, while close preserves an
+already applied loss outcome. Resource-table visitation stays on its owning
+execution thread and does not mutate the table during traversal.
+
+The Metal hardware test installs the descriptor observer, invokes Dawn ForceLoss,
+waits for its native signal, verifies service readiness, pumps a pending record
+to device_lost, rejects native access and rejects its late success publication.
+All nine graphics CTests passed in 2.17 seconds. The pending record in this loss
+case is synthetic; actual pending-map destruction is covered separately. Complete
+loss reason/message propagation, browser promise semantics, simultaneous live-
+device loss isolation and recovery/recreation remain outstanding. This is native
+loss-path evidence, not a hardware driver-reset or full browser conformance pass.
+
+## Pending-map loss and asynchronous pipeline coverage
+
+The forced-loss hardware case now issues a real MapAsync before ForceLoss,
+replacing its earlier synthetic pending record. The service delivers one logical
+device_lost record and continues pumping via its readiness/idle-wait API until
+the actual mapping callback retires. That callback cannot publish a second
+outcome; both occupied completion storage and native-pending counts return to
+zero before deferred device release.
+
+The same hardware fixture now compiles a WGSL compute shader through native Dawn
+and calls CreateComputePipelineAsync. It verifies a successful, non-null pipeline
+arrives through the service's bounded completion mailbox and headless event pump.
+No presentation or RAF is involved. This proves native asynchronous compilation
+progress for the fixture, not compute correctness or WebGPU CTS conformance.
+The focused hardware test passed in 0.56 seconds on Apple M4 / Metal.
+
+## Native error-scope completion
+
+The hardware fixture now pushes a validation scope, creates a deliberately invalid
+buffer, and pops the scope asynchronously through the native completion mailbox.
+It requires a successful scope operation with a Validation error and nonempty
+native message. A following scope creates a valid buffer and must complete with
+NoError, proving the captured error does not contaminate the next scope. Both
+operations use service readiness and idle recommendations without RAF; occupied
+completion storage returns to zero after each. The Metal hardware fixture passed
+in 0.48 seconds. This verifies native error-scope progress and isolation, not yet
+JavaScript GPUError object construction or browser error-scope conformance.
+
+## Repeated stale-finalizer/native-context reuse
+
+The hardware service fixture now runs 64 iterations with a one-context resource
+table. Each iteration reserves a finalizer release, explicitly destroys the old
+ANGLE context, creates a replacement in the same slot with a new generation,
+then publishes and drains the old release. The replacement must remain alive and
+its GL state must remain usable. After explicit replacement destruction, live
+contexts, release registrations and command depth return to zero on every cycle.
+The focused Metal service fixture passed in 0.44 seconds. This is bounded native
+context lifetime stress, not a general leak/performance qualification.
+
+G02 implementation continues to have qualification/integration gaps recorded
+above. Work can now proceed on G03's scene lease layer without closing G01/G02
+or treating unavailable hardware, missing bindings or baseline gates as passes.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-graphics-package/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-graphics-package/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75a02192d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-graphics-package/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# G01 graphics-enabled macOS runtime package
+
+The opt-in runtime wrapper built and packaged the verified shared Dawn/ANGLE dependencies with the native V8 runtime. Its complete verification run passed four native suites, the existing required WPT subset (149 documents / 509 subtests), extracted-package runtime probes, and the clean package-consumer build. This subset is existing WebScene compatibility coverage, not WebGPU/WebGL conformance.
+
+The package contains all three graphics libraries with matching SDK hashes, full SDK manifests, and unchanged license bytes mapped from all 1,010 original license paths. Content-hash license filenames avoid path-length problems (maximum package entry length: 92 characters). Publish output contains matching libraries and loads native ABI 3. Removing Dawn from the disposable consumer's package cache caused the expected missing-asset build error; the file was restored afterward. Staging also rejected a mismatched adjacent Dawn library before creating output.
+
+Reproduction command (substitute matching local SDK paths):
+
+```sh
+bash scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.sh --rid osx-arm64 \
+  --v8-root /path/to/patched-v8-15.3.10 \
+  --graphics-sdk /path/to/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64 \
+  --output /new/local/package-directory --package-version 1.0.33-gpu-g01.3
+```
+
+The recorded run used the matching `native-engine-v8-latest` SDK identified in the previous integration investigation. Logs preserve the full build and consumer paths. `package-verification.json` records the implementation commit, package hash and all package entry hashes; `graphics-runtime.json` records dependency revisions and license provenance. The local experimental package is in `artifacts/graphics-runtime-packages-03` and was not published to a feed.
+
+Earlier attempts exposed duplicated license paths and writes over a deduplicated read-only license file; both were corrected before the recorded successful run. An initial running shell script also failed after it was edited in place; the final complete run used stable script contents. No failed attempt is counted as successful.
+
+Windows/Linux graphics package builds, their GPU/driver/compiler dependencies, and hardware qualification remain incomplete. #23 stays open; this package contains graphics prerequisites without claiming browser API support or Kestrel execution inside WebScene.
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fef8ef62f
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@@ -0,0 +1,1032 @@
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 1,
+  "rid": "osx-arm64",
+  "scope": "native graphics dependencies; browser APIs not qualified",
+  "components": {
+    "dawn": {
+      "revision": "2ca8cbfe0f8275aa0f739e7b6b4345a16e2f0378",
+      "lockSha256": "d8df42a73525165f6e041fb99b4cefa8a0c34ffa10ea39f326fe213a59799afd"
+    },
+    "angle": {
+      "revision": "082d85ba19efba24d3c25108dc1f0cad9cf149f9",
+      "lockSha256": "d8df42a73525165f6e041fb99b4cefa8a0c34ffa10ea39f326fe213a59799afd"
+    }
+  },
+  "libraries": {
+    "libwebgpu_dawn.dylib": "ba985ff167a82defc17db7ee2c1bd41ef9551ec9a78070e2622eccc4212023b6",
+    "libEGL.dylib": "7028670d2e3c2c2f8a6032668144035e2caca54afc71559a789b9759a5670830",
+    "libGLESv2.dylib": "edcce24792bc722a2ce5fc3080c13a317740ea5e1954f74efd97e04c95dfdf17"
+  },
+  "licenses": {
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+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43ce5a781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Linux ANGLE hosted build and incomplete artifact
+
+[Job 101733463401](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/WebScene/actions/runs/34119103227/job/101733463401) successfully built the pinned Vulkan ANGLE SDK, verified the installed SDK on Linux, and linked its diagnostic probe at revision `0d815e98422244d2242965f219acf4d1de93f41c`. No hardware execution is claimed.
+
+Downloading `graphics-build-only-angle-linux-x64` and running the repository SDK verifier failed inventory validation: the upload omitted nine hidden `.clang-format` files. All delivered inventoried files match their recorded hashes, but the downloaded package is incomplete and is not an accepted SDK. The exact missing paths are recorded in `download-integrity.json`; original log, manifest, source graph and available GN arguments are retained compressed here.
+
+Commit `055836e` enables hidden-file inclusion for the narrowly scoped SDK artifact upload. A new downloaded artifact must pass the complete verifier before this packaging failure is considered resolved. Do not repair this recorded failed artifact by copying local files into it.
+
+Reproduce the complete build on Linux with:
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/build.py angle --rid linux-x64 --jobs 2
+python3 eng/graphics/verify-sdk.py artifacts/graphics-sdk/linux-x64/angle --component angle --rid linux-x64
+```
+
+Full runner prerequisites and probe link commands are in `.github/workflows/graphics-sdk-build.yml`. GPU pixels, native runtime integration and relocation remain separate issue #23 gates.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/args.gn.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/args.gn.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..822992953
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/args.gn.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/build.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/build.log.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59155844d
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/build.log.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/download-integrity.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/download-integrity.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c27b284e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/download-integrity.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "inventoryFiles": 1095,
+  "missing": [
+    "include/CL/.clang-format",
+    "include/EGL/.clang-format",
+    "include/GLES/.clang-format",
+    "include/GLES2/.clang-format",
+    "include/GLES3/.clang-format",
+    "include/GLX/.clang-format",
+    "include/KHR/.clang-format",
+    "include/WGL/.clang-format",
+    "include/platform/autogen/.clang-format"
+  ],
+  "hashMismatches": [],
+  "qualification": "failed: incomplete downloaded artifact"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/source-graph.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/source-graph.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9027c5e3
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/source-graph.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/webscene-graphics-package.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/webscene-graphics-package.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8d55c4ad
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-angle/webscene-graphics-package.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/CMakeCache.txt.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/CMakeCache.txt.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95f7e2521
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/CMakeCache.txt.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..952a53067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Hosted Linux Dawn build evidence
+
+GitHub Actions [job 101724950691](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/WebScene/actions/runs/34116313032/job/101724950691) succeeded at revision 1ef6394dbd6f2f6a06ad65f06d4bdfb421a168ee on ubuntu-22.04. The job built the pinned Vulkan Dawn SDK, audited its exported C API, verified its installed inventory, and configured and linked the native probe. It did **not** execute the probe or qualify GPU hardware, native runtime integration, or relocation.
+
+The compressed full build log, SDK manifest (including every installed file hash and tool versions), CMake cache, source graph and export audit are retained here. Full SDK binaries are in Actions artifact `graphics-build-only-dawn-linux-x64` (artifact ID 10017202937; 14-day retention), and downloaded locally under `artifacts/graphics-hosted-linux-dawn-34116313032`. Artifact retention is not permanent binary archival.
+
+The downloaded artifact passed the current verifier with:
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/verify-sdk.py artifacts/graphics-hosted-linux-dawn-34116313032/graphics-sdk/linux-x64/dawn --component dawn --rid linux-x64
+```
+
+Reproduce compilation on Linux x64 from this checkout:
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/build.py dawn --rid linux-x64 --jobs 2
+python3 eng/graphics/verify-sdk.py artifacts/graphics-sdk/linux-x64/dawn --component dawn --rid linux-x64
+```
+
+See `.github/workflows/graphics-sdk-build.yml` for system packages and probe link commands. Hardware pixel verification remains required by issue #23.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/build.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/build.log.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..204cc3600
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/build.log.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/exports.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/exports.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..525827933
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/exports.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/source-graph.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/source-graph.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afd9cf29e
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/source-graph.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/webscene-graphics-package.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/webscene-graphics-package.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ee687be4
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-linux-dawn/webscene-graphics-package.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/CMakeCache.txt.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/CMakeCache.txt.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6be088c53
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/CMakeCache.txt.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e01d92c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Hosted Windows Dawn build evidence
+
+[Job 101733462964](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/WebScene/actions/runs/34119103227/job/101733462964) passed at revision `0d815e98422244d2242965f219acf4d1de93f41c` on windows-2022. It compiled pinned Dawn with D3D12, installed and verified the SDK, audited DLL exports, and configured and linked the diagnostic probe. The CMake cache confirms `ABSL_MSVC_STATIC_RUNTIME=ON` and `CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY=MultiThreaded`, resolving the previous CRT linkage failure.
+
+This is build evidence only: no GPU probe execution, verified pixels, V8 integration, relocation, or Windows package qualification is claimed. Issue #23 remains incomplete.
+
+The full build log, package inventory with file hashes and tool versions, source graph, CMake cache and C API export audit are retained compressed here. The full SDK is available in Actions artifact `graphics-build-only-dawn-win-x64` for 14 days and locally under `artifacts/graphics-hosted-windows-dawn-34119103227`. This is not permanent binary archival.
+
+The downloaded SDK passed the current verifier for all 81 inventoried files:
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/verify-sdk.py artifacts/graphics-hosted-windows-dawn-34119103227/graphics-sdk/win-x64/dawn --component dawn --rid win-x64
+```
+
+Reproduce from an x64 Visual C++ developer shell with Python, CMake and Ninja installed:
+
+```sh
+python eng/graphics/build.py dawn --rid win-x64 --jobs 2
+python eng/graphics/verify-sdk.py artifacts/graphics-sdk/win-x64/dawn --component dawn --rid win-x64
+```
+
+See `.github/workflows/graphics-sdk-build.yml` for the exact compiler initialization and probe configure/link commands. Dedicated hardware execution remains required.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/build.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/build.log.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/exports.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/exports.json.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/source-graph.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/source-graph.json.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/webscene-graphics-package.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-hosted-windows-dawn/webscene-graphics-package.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ff2e8946
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaf99a94e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# G01: integrated Dawn isolation, macOS ARM64
+
+The shared Dawn C API boundary resolves the V8 integration hang observed with static co-linkage. This evidence covers the implemented SDK builder and normal CMake consumer configuration, replacing the earlier disposable Ninja experiment. No application rendering or CPU pixel presentation path is added.
+
+Verified on Apple M4 / Metal:
+
+- Dawn, ANGLE ES 2 and ANGLE ES 3 diagnostic probes all verified their pixels on hardware.
+- Ten SDK integrity/mismatch/relocation checks passed.
+- Five macOS relocation checks passed, including actual adjacent Dawn/ANGLE load paths and their absence from graphics-disabled native loading.
+- The graphics-enabled V8 native runtime and three parser suites passed (11.71 seconds total). The upstream-aligned no-graphics control passed separately; its log remains in the sibling V8 integration evidence directory.
+- Binary export inspection accepted only WebGPU C functions. The shared library exposes no Abseil, Tint or Dawn C++ symbols.
+- Nine Python evidence/export tests passed, including rejection of leaked dependency exports and unknown symbol output.
+
+`index.json` identifies the implementation commit and artifact hashes. Compressed JSON retains the full SDK manifests and hardware/loader results. Compressed logs retain builder, configure, link and native test output. These builds reused pinned dependency source/build caches; they do not replace the outstanding clean-build gates on other platforms.
+
+Reproduce from the repository root with the commands in `eng/graphics/README.md`: build both SDK components, configure/build the probes, run `run-probes.py`, `check-sdk-integrity.py`, and `check-macos-relocation.py`. Both components must be rebuilt for the updated lock. For native V8 verification, use a matching patched V8 15.3.10 SDK, configure the native engine with graphics and Inspector enabled, pointer compression/shared cage enabled, PartitionAlloc disabled, Release/dense linking and the bootstrap snapshot. Copy its `icudtl.dat` beside the binary before CTest. The stale inspector-header/archive combination is rejected during configure.
+
+Windows/Linux build and GPU qualification, complete reference archival, and runtime package integration remain outstanding. This evidence does not close #23, establish browser API conformance, or claim Kestrel runs inside WebScene.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/angle-isolated-final-build.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/angle-isolated-final-build.log.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8c0946a3
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/dawn-exports.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/dawn-exports.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..045121705
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/dawn-exports.json
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+{
+  "status": "passed",
+  "command": [
+    "nm",
+    "-g",
+    "-U",
+    "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/lib/libwebgpu_dawn.dylib"
+  ],
+  "exports": [
+    "wgpuAdapterAddRef",
+    "wgpuAdapterCreateDevice",
+    "wgpuAdapterGetFeatures",
+    "wgpuAdapterGetFormatCapabilities",
+    "wgpuAdapterGetInfo",
+    "wgpuAdapterGetInstance",
+    "wgpuAdapterGetLimits",
+    "wgpuAdapterHasFeature",
+    "wgpuAdapterInfoFreeMembers",
+    "wgpuAdapterPropertiesMemoryHeapsFreeMembers",
+    "wgpuAdapterPropertiesSubgroupMatrixConfigsFreeMembers",
+    "wgpuAdapterRelease",
+    "wgpuAdapterRequestDevice",
+    "wgpuBindGroupAddRef",
+    "wgpuBindGroupLayoutAddRef",
+    "wgpuBindGroupLayoutRelease",
+    "wgpuBindGroupLayoutSetLabel",
+    "wgpuBindGroupRelease",
+    "wgpuBindGroupSetLabel",
+    "wgpuBufferAddRef",
+    "wgpuBufferCreateTexelView",
+    "wgpuBufferDestroy",
+    "wgpuBufferGetConstMappedRange",
+    "wgpuBufferGetMapState",
+    "wgpuBufferGetMappedRange",
+    "wgpuBufferGetSize",
+    "wgpuBufferGetUsage",
+    "wgpuBufferMapAsync",
+    "wgpuBufferReadMappedRange",
+    "wgpuBufferRelease",
+    "wgpuBufferSetLabel",
+    "wgpuBufferUnmap",
+    "wgpuBufferWriteMappedRange",
+    "wgpuCommandBufferAddRef",
+    "wgpuCommandBufferRelease",
+    "wgpuCommandBufferSetLabel",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderAddRef",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderBeginComputePass",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderBeginRenderPass",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderClearBuffer",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToTexture",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderCopyTextureToBuffer",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderCopyTextureToTexture",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderFinish",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderInjectValidationError",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderInsertDebugMarker",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderPopDebugGroup",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderPushDebugGroup",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderRelease",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderResolveQuerySet",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderSetLabel",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderWriteBuffer",
+    "wgpuCommandEncoderWriteTimestamp",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderAddRef",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderDispatchWorkgroups",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderDispatchWorkgroupsIndirect",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderEnd",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderInsertDebugMarker",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderPopDebugGroup",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderPushDebugGroup",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderRelease",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderSetBindGroup",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderSetImmediates",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderSetLabel",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderSetPipeline",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderSetResourceTable",
+    "wgpuComputePassEncoderWriteTimestamp",
+    "wgpuComputePipelineAddRef",
+    "wgpuComputePipelineGetBindGroupLayout",
+    "wgpuComputePipelineRelease",
+    "wgpuComputePipelineSetLabel",
+    "wgpuCreateInstance",
+    "wgpuDawnDrmFormatCapabilitiesFreeMembers",
+    "wgpuDeviceAddRef",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateBindGroup",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateBindGroupLayout",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateBuffer",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateCommandEncoder",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateComputePipeline",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateComputePipelineAsync",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateErrorBuffer",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateErrorComputePipeline",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateErrorExternalTexture",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateErrorRenderPipeline",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateErrorShaderModule",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateErrorTexture",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateExternalTexture",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreatePipelineLayout",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateQuerySet",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateRenderBundleEncoder",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateRenderPipeline",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateRenderPipelineAsync",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateResourceTable",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateSampler",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateShaderModule",
+    "wgpuDeviceCreateTexture",
+    "wgpuDeviceDestroy",
+    "wgpuDeviceForceLoss",
+    "wgpuDeviceGetAHardwareBufferProperties",
+    "wgpuDeviceGetAdapter",
+    "wgpuDeviceGetAdapterInfo",
+    "wgpuDeviceGetFeatures",
+    "wgpuDeviceGetLimits",
+    "wgpuDeviceGetLostFuture",
+    "wgpuDeviceGetQueue",
+    "wgpuDeviceHasFeature",
+    "wgpuDeviceImportSharedBufferMemory",
+    "wgpuDeviceImportSharedFence",
+    "wgpuDeviceImportSharedTextureMemory",
+    "wgpuDeviceInjectError",
+    "wgpuDevicePopErrorScope",
+    "wgpuDevicePushErrorScope",
+    "wgpuDeviceRelease",
+    "wgpuDeviceSetLabel",
+    "wgpuDeviceSetLoggingCallback",
+    "wgpuDeviceTick",
+    "wgpuDeviceValidateTextureDescriptor",
+    "wgpuExternalTextureAddRef",
+    "wgpuExternalTextureDestroy",
+    "wgpuExternalTextureExpire",
+    "wgpuExternalTextureRefresh",
+    "wgpuExternalTextureRelease",
+    "wgpuExternalTextureSetLabel",
+    "wgpuGetInstanceFeatures",
+    "wgpuGetInstanceLimits",
+    "wgpuGetProcAddress",
+    "wgpuHasInstanceFeature",
+    "wgpuInstanceAddRef",
+    "wgpuInstanceCreateSurface",
+    "wgpuInstanceGetWGSLLanguageFeatures",
+    "wgpuInstanceHasWGSLLanguageFeature",
+    "wgpuInstanceProcessEvents",
+    "wgpuInstanceRelease",
+    "wgpuInstanceRequestAdapter",
+    "wgpuInstanceWaitAny",
+    "wgpuPipelineLayoutAddRef",
+    "wgpuPipelineLayoutRelease",
+    "wgpuPipelineLayoutSetLabel",
+    "wgpuQuerySetAddRef",
+    "wgpuQuerySetDestroy",
+    "wgpuQuerySetGetCount",
+    "wgpuQuerySetGetType",
+    "wgpuQuerySetRelease",
+    "wgpuQuerySetSetLabel",
+    "wgpuQueueAddRef",
+    "wgpuQueueCopyExternalTextureForBrowser",
+    "wgpuQueueCopyTextureForBrowser",
+    "wgpuQueueOnSubmittedWorkDone",
+    "wgpuQueueRelease",
+    "wgpuQueueSetLabel",
+    "wgpuQueueSubmit",
+    "wgpuQueueWriteBuffer",
+    "wgpuQueueWriteTexture",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleAddRef",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderAddRef",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderDraw",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderDrawIndexed",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderDrawIndexedIndirect",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderDrawIndirect",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderFinish",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderInsertDebugMarker",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderPopDebugGroup",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderPushDebugGroup",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderRelease",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderSetBindGroup",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderSetImmediates",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderSetIndexBuffer",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderSetLabel",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderSetPipeline",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleEncoderSetVertexBuffer",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleRelease",
+    "wgpuRenderBundleSetLabel",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderAddRef",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderBeginOcclusionQuery",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderDraw",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderDrawIndexed",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderDrawIndexedIndirect",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderDrawIndirect",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderEnd",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderEndOcclusionQuery",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderExecuteBundles",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderInsertDebugMarker",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderMultiDrawIndexedIndirect",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderMultiDrawIndirect",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderPixelLocalStorageBarrier",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderPopDebugGroup",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderPushDebugGroup",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderRelease",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetBindGroup",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetBlendConstant",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetImmediates",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetIndexBuffer",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetLabel",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetPipeline",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetResourceTable",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetScissorRect",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetStencilReference",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetVertexBuffer",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetViewport",
+    "wgpuRenderPassEncoderWriteTimestamp",
+    "wgpuRenderPipelineAddRef",
+    "wgpuRenderPipelineGetBindGroupLayout",
+    "wgpuRenderPipelineRelease",
+    "wgpuRenderPipelineSetLabel",
+    "wgpuResourceTableAddRef",
+    "wgpuResourceTableDestroy",
+    "wgpuResourceTableGetSize",
+    "wgpuResourceTableInsert",
+    "wgpuResourceTableRelease",
+    "wgpuResourceTableRemove",
+    "wgpuResourceTableSetLabel",
+    "wgpuResourceTableUpdate",
+    "wgpuSamplerAddRef",
+    "wgpuSamplerRelease",
+    "wgpuSamplerSetLabel",
+    "wgpuShaderModuleAddRef",
+    "wgpuShaderModuleGetCompilationInfo",
+    "wgpuShaderModuleRelease",
+    "wgpuShaderModuleSetLabel",
+    "wgpuSharedBufferMemoryAddRef",
+    "wgpuSharedBufferMemoryBeginAccess",
+    "wgpuSharedBufferMemoryCreateBuffer",
+    "wgpuSharedBufferMemoryEndAccess",
+    "wgpuSharedBufferMemoryEndAccessStateFreeMembers",
+    "wgpuSharedBufferMemoryGetProperties",
+    "wgpuSharedBufferMemoryIsDeviceLost",
+    "wgpuSharedBufferMemoryRelease",
+    "wgpuSharedBufferMemorySetLabel",
+    "wgpuSharedFenceAddRef",
+    "wgpuSharedFenceExportInfo",
+    "wgpuSharedFenceRelease",
+    "wgpuSharedFenceSetLabel",
+    "wgpuSharedTextureMemoryAddRef",
+    "wgpuSharedTextureMemoryBeginAccess",
+    "wgpuSharedTextureMemoryCreateTexture",
+    "wgpuSharedTextureMemoryEndAccess",
+    "wgpuSharedTextureMemoryEndAccessStateFreeMembers",
+    "wgpuSharedTextureMemoryGetProperties",
+    "wgpuSharedTextureMemoryIsDeviceLost",
+    "wgpuSharedTextureMemoryRelease",
+    "wgpuSharedTextureMemorySetLabel",
+    "wgpuSupportedFeaturesFreeMembers",
+    "wgpuSupportedInstanceFeaturesFreeMembers",
+    "wgpuSupportedWGSLLanguageFeaturesFreeMembers",
+    "wgpuSurfaceAddRef",
+    "wgpuSurfaceCapabilitiesFreeMembers",
+    "wgpuSurfaceConfigure",
+    "wgpuSurfaceGetCapabilities",
+    "wgpuSurfaceGetCurrentTexture",
+    "wgpuSurfacePresent",
+    "wgpuSurfaceRelease",
+    "wgpuSurfaceSetLabel",
+    "wgpuSurfaceUnconfigure",
+    "wgpuTexelBufferViewAddRef",
+    "wgpuTexelBufferViewRelease",
+    "wgpuTexelBufferViewSetLabel",
+    "wgpuTextureAddRef",
+    "wgpuTextureCreateErrorView",
+    "wgpuTextureCreateView",
+    "wgpuTextureDestroy",
+    "wgpuTextureGetDepthOrArrayLayers",
+    "wgpuTextureGetDimension",
+    "wgpuTextureGetFormat",
+    "wgpuTextureGetHeight",
+    "wgpuTextureGetMipLevelCount",
+    "wgpuTextureGetSampleCount",
+    "wgpuTextureGetTextureBindingViewDimension",
+    "wgpuTextureGetUsage",
+    "wgpuTextureGetWidth",
+    "wgpuTextureRelease",
+    "wgpuTextureSetLabel",
+    "wgpuTextureSetOwnershipForMemoryDump",
+    "wgpuTextureViewAddRef",
+    "wgpuTextureViewRelease",
+    "wgpuTextureViewSetLabel"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/dawn-isolated-sdk-verified-build.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/dawn-isolated-sdk-verified-build.log.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/index.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/index.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ffbb735e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/index.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "implementationCommit": "793fa5840d8377c325abfc177c3e8b03cec8e5b1",
+  "status": "partial G01; macOS isolated dependency verification passed",
+  "files": {
+    "isolated-probes-configure.log.gz": "73f070cbefeeb088acde47fd787858eb7fcd674133f44f6a3c39444a382c5888",
+    "isolated-probes-build.log.gz": "4189c683ed1b962c56a780a6dbeec5314a68d981f5fff67a4cd098c5abc36d43",
+    "dawn-exports.json": "446eb6bc52e710f44e800f9fc14801b848a77e04c9d1a1880cb13530ea913ac8",
+    "sdk-integrity.json.gz": "460c9817c2bdbb65d5d6fc48cb8a82de4d1038bbff9abc245e358566ee911bdf",
+    "angle-isolated-final-build.log.gz": "8b88d2c1cba6b8d40153736d218034649e233d4c282abb6d78ca36d25de4cbd9",
+    "isolated-native-tests.log.gz": "4ec463543da6ca53f7321e6d4d14e7aff67ba3eb8931c6e6b37645ff0b5779d8",
+    "relocation.json.gz": "52303be7193473f27a9d3f42ee7c75854ceff9ce67a543a7d57b4324fea7e25e",
+    "dawn-isolated-sdk-verified-build.log.gz": "b1c9d34a3beb46601572a0e84657fbb21a6d6ed0651f8bd308f0bd585ec06a58",
+    "isolated-native-build.log.gz": "1784671b3c6858c2eee1c64445f09c52322009649186991ea7451af859fe7b11",
+    "native-probes.json.gz": "b43cda5c93eacdff363f2ef842206a2694b7dfe15ba689619ac3d5034164b43a"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/isolated-native-build.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/isolated-native-build.log.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/relocation.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/relocation.json.gz
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index 000000000..15e5ccf99
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/sdk-integrity.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-isolated-dawn/sdk-integrity.json.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68ea99ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Partial G01 evidence — Apple M4, 2026-09-07
+
+Code revision: `215bb60` (full SHA in `index.json`). These results qualify the recorded native prerequisite checks on this Mac only. **Epic #22 and issue #23 remain incomplete.** No browser API implementation, retained GPU presentation, Kestrel run in WebScene, or standards conformance pass is claimed.
+
+| Check | Result |
+|---|---|
+| Dawn/Metal texture clear, queue submission, padded copy and mapping | Passed; 68 pixels checked |
+| ANGLE/Metal ES 2 WebGL-compatible context | Passed; 68 pixels checked |
+| ANGLE/Metal ES 3 WebGL-compatible context | Passed; 68 pixels checked |
+| SDK relocation and mismatch rejection | 10 checks passed |
+| macOS probe/native relocation, actual dyld paths | 5 checks passed |
+| Graphics-enabled V8-free native parser tests | 3 passed |
+| Graphics-disabled V8-free native parser tests | 3 passed |
+| Official suite acquisition | All three locked checkouts acquired; tests not run |
+| Windows/Linux hardware | Not run; runner access unconfirmed |
+
+`native-probes.json` contains exact native package revisions, file hashes, transitive source graph fingerprints, CMake/GN settings, tool information, host/GPU/driver identity, executable hashes and probe output. The package manifests describe the SDK inputs; the framework version fields are declared repository versions, not evidence of framework composition. `index.json` hashes the accompanying raw evidence. Logs retain original local paths to preserve provenance.
+
+Reproduction starts with [the graphics prerequisite guide](../../../../eng/graphics/README.md). The local build paths used here are `artifacts/graphics-build/probes-osx-arm64`, `artifacts/graphics-build/native-enabled`, `artifacts/graphics-build/native-disabled`, and `artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64`. The native builds use Release, V8 OFF, default html5ever/cssparser/Servo parsers, and graphics ON/OFF respectively.
+
+Hardware/ABI checks:
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/run-probes.py --rid osx-arm64 --sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64 --probes artifacts/graphics-build/probes-osx-arm64 --output artifacts/graphics-evidence/osx-arm64/native-probes.json
+python3 eng/graphics/check-sdk-integrity.py --sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn --rid osx-arm64 --output artifacts/graphics-evidence/osx-arm64/sdk-integrity.json
+python3 eng/graphics/check-macos-relocation.py --sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64 --probes artifacts/graphics-build/probes-osx-arm64 --native-enabled artifacts/graphics-build/native-enabled --native-disabled artifacts/graphics-build/native-disabled --output artifacts/graphics-evidence/osx-arm64/relocation.json
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-enabled --output-on-failure
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-disabled --output-on-failure
+python3 -m unittest discover -s eng/graphics/tests -v
+python3 tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py
+```
+
+The retained-render and retained-apply JSON files are initial CPU-side non-GPU measurements using unchanged benchmark/renderer source at the base revision. Commands:
+
+```sh
+dotnet run --project benchmarks/WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks -c Release -- probe native-retained-render --layers 2048 --visible 32 --iterations 40 --samples 11
+dotnet run --project benchmarks/WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks -c Release --no-build -- probe native-retained-apply --layers 4096 --batch 256 --iterations 100 --samples 11
+```
+
+Sparse rendering measured 12.93 µs median / 14.53 µs p95 with zero allocated bytes per render; reference pixels matched. These are CPU retained-scene microbenchmarks at their recorded 320×240 viewport, **not** GPU submission or actual presentation timings, and not the required 1920×1080 Kestrel/Chrome baseline. No performance regression threshold is established from a single before-only sample. Browser reference captures, full native/V8 workload baselines and repeatability remain outstanding.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/angle-reproduction.txt b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/angle-reproduction.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd78f0945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/angle-reproduction.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
++ git -C /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/depot_tools config core.autocrlf false
++ git -C /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle config core.autocrlf false
++ /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/depot_tools/gclient sync --shallow --no-history --revision angle@082d85ba19efba24d3c25108dc1f0cad9cf149f9
+________ running 'python3 third_party/depot_tools/update_depot_tools_toggle.py --disable' in '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle'
+________ running 'python3 build/mac_toolchain.py' in '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle'
+Skipping Mac toolchain installation for mac
+________ running 'python3 tools/rust/update_rust.py' in '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle'
+________ running 'python3 build/util/lastchange.py -o build/util/LASTCHANGE' in '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle'
+________ running 'python3 third_party/depot_tools/download_from_google_storage.py --no_resume --bucket chromium-browser-clang -s tools/clang/dsymutil/bin/dsymutil.arm64.sha1 -o tools/clang/dsymutil/bin/dsymutil' in '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle'
+________ running 'python3 third_party/depot_tools/download_from_google_storage.py --no_resume --platform=darwin* --bucket angle-flex-bison -d tools/flex-bison/mac/' in '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle'
+________ running 'python3 build/config/siso/configure_siso.py --rbe_instance projects/rbe-chrome-untrusted/instances/default_instance' in '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle'
++ /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle/buildtools/mac/gn gen /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle/out/WebScene-osx-arm64 --fail-on-unused-args
+Generating compile_commands took 32ms
+Done. Made 1325 targets from 224 files in 702ms
++ ninja -C /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle/out/WebScene-osx-arm64 -j 6 libEGL libGLESv2
+ninja: Entering directory `/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/angle-workspace/angle/out/WebScene-osx-arm64'
+ninja: no work to do.
++ install_name_tool -id @rpath/libEGL.dylib /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/angle/lib/libEGL.dylib
++ install_name_tool -change ./libEGL.dylib @loader_path/libEGL.dylib /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/angle/lib/libEGL.dylib
++ install_name_tool -change ./libGLESv2.dylib @loader_path/libGLESv2.dylib /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/angle/lib/libEGL.dylib
++ codesign --force --sign - /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/angle/lib/libEGL.dylib
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/angle/lib/libEGL.dylib: replacing existing signature
++ install_name_tool -id @rpath/libGLESv2.dylib /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/angle/lib/libGLESv2.dylib
++ install_name_tool -change ./libEGL.dylib @loader_path/libEGL.dylib /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/angle/lib/libGLESv2.dylib
++ install_name_tool -change ./libGLESv2.dylib @loader_path/libGLESv2.dylib /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/angle/lib/libGLESv2.dylib
++ codesign --force --sign - /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/angle/lib/libGLESv2.dylib
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/angle/lib/libGLESv2.dylib: replacing existing signature
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dawn-build.txt b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dawn-build.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d3d1c602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dawn-build.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,932 @@
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+[861/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/log/libabsl_log_internal_conditions.a
+[862/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/log/libabsl_log_internal_message.a
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+[883/932] Building CXX object third_party/abseil/absl/strings/CMakeFiles/absl_cordz_sample_token.dir/internal/cordz_sample_token.cc.o
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+[885/932] Building CXX object third_party/abseil/absl/time/CMakeFiles/absl_clock_interface.dir/clock_interface.cc.o
+[886/932] Building CXX object third_party/abseil/absl/strings/CMakeFiles/absl_generic_printer_internal.dir/internal/generic_printer.cc.o
+[887/932] Linking CXX static library src/dawn/utils/libdawn_wgpu_utils.a
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+[890/932] Linking CXX static library src/dawn/wire/libdawn_wire.a
+[891/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/utils/CMakeFiles/dawn_test_utils.dir/BinarySemaphore.cpp.o
+[892/932] Building CXX object src/utils/chromium_test_compat/CMakeFiles/dawn_shared_utils_chromium_test_compat.dir/chromium_test_compat.cc.o
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+[894/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/native/CMakeFiles/webgpu_dawn_objects.dir/__/__/__/gen/src/dawn/native/webgpu_dawn_native_proc.cpp.o
+[895/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/utils/CMakeFiles/dawn_test_utils.dir/WireHelper.cpp.o
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+[898/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/replay/CMakeFiles/replay.dir/Capture.cpp.o
+[899/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/replay/CMakeFiles/replay.dir/Deserialization.cpp.o
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+[902/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/replay/CMakeFiles/replay.dir/ReadHead.cpp.o
+[903/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/native/CMakeFiles/webgpu_dawn_objects.dir/DawnNative.cpp.o
+[904/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/native/CMakeFiles/dawn_native.dir/metal/MetalBackend.mm.o
+[905/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/base/libabsl_scoped_set_env.a
+[906/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/base/libabsl_poison.a
+[907/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/flags/libabsl_flags_parse.a
+[908/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/native/CMakeFiles/webgpu_dawn_objects.dir/metal/MetalBackend.mm.o
+[909/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/log/libabsl_log_internal_check_op.a
+[910/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/log/libabsl_log_flags.a
+[911/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/log/libabsl_die_if_null.a
+[912/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/log/libabsl_log_initialize.a
+[913/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/profiling/libabsl_hashtable_profiler.a
+[914/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/profiling/libabsl_periodic_sampler.a
+[915/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/random/libabsl_random_seed_sequences.a
+[916/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/random/libabsl_random_distributions.a
+[917/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/random/libabsl_random_internal_distribution_test_util.a
+[918/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/status/libabsl_status_builder.a
+[919/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/status/libabsl_statusor.a
+[920/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/strings/libabsl_cordz_sample_token.a
+[921/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/strings/libabsl_generic_printer_internal.a
+[922/932] Linking CXX static library third_party/abseil/absl/time/libabsl_clock_interface.a
+[923/932] Generating ../../gen/include/webgpu_upstream/webgpu/webgpu_enum_class_bitmasks.h
+[924/932] Linking CXX static library src/utils/libdawn_crash_handler.a
+[925/932] Linking CXX static library src/utils/chromium_test_compat/libdawn_shared_utils_chromium_test_compat.a
+[926/932] Linking CXX static library src/dawn/utils/libdawn_test_utils.a
+[927/932] Linking CXX static library src/dawn/native/libdawn_native.a
+[928/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/replay/CMakeFiles/replay.dir/SurfaceDiscovery.cpp.o
+[929/932] Linking CXX static library src/dawn/native/libwebgpu_dawn.a
+[930/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/replay/CMakeFiles/replay.dir/CaptureWalker.cpp.o
+[931/932] Building CXX object src/dawn/replay/CMakeFiles/replay.dir/Replay.cpp.o
+[932/932] Linking CXX static library src/dawn/replay/libreplay.a
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dawn-configure.txt b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dawn-configure.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0d19ff75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dawn-configure.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+-- The C compiler identification is AppleClang 21.0.0.21000101
+-- The CXX compiler identification is AppleClang 21.0.0.21000101
+-- Detecting C compiler ABI info
+-- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done
+-- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/cc - skipped
+-- Detecting C compile features
+-- Detecting C compile features - done
+-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
+-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
+-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ - skipped
+-- Detecting CXX compile features
+-- Detecting CXX compile features - done
+-- Build type...........: Release
+-- C++ compiler.........: /usr/bin/c++
+-- CMake generator......: Ninja
+-- CMake version........: 4.0.3
+-- 
+-- Dawn building using Emscripten toolchain: 0
+-- Dawn build D3D11 backend: OFF
+-- Dawn build D3D12 backend: OFF
+-- Dawn build Metal backend: ON
+-- Dawn build Vulkan backend: OFF
+-- Dawn build OpenGL backend: OFF
+-- Dawn build OpenGL ES backend: OFF
+-- Dawn build Null backend: OFF
+-- 
+-- Tint build SPIR-V reader: OFF
+-- Tint build WGSL reader: ON
+-- Tint build GLSL writer: OFF
+-- Tint build GLSL validator: OFF
+-- Tint build HLSL writer: OFF
+-- Tint build MSL writer: ON
+-- Tint build SPIR-V writer: OFF
+-- Tint build WGSL writer: ON
+-- Tint build NULL writer: OFF
+-- 
+-- Dawn build with ASan: OFF
+-- Dawn build with TSan: OFF
+-- Dawn build with MSan: OFF
+-- Dawn build with UBSan: OFF
+-- Dawn build with RTTI: OFF
+-- DAWN Werror: OFF
+-- Dawn enable install: ON
+-- Dawn allow system component fallback: OFF
+-- Dawn enable SPIR-V validation: OFF
+-- Dawn build with asserts in all configurations: OFF
+-- Dawn build Wayland support: OFF
+-- Dawn build X11 support: OFF
+-- Dawn build GLFW support: OFF
+-- Dawn build Windows UI support: OFF
+-- Dawn build and use DXC: OFF
+-- Dawn enable DXC asserts in non-debug builds: ON
+-- Dawn target MacOS: ON
+-- Dawn build samples: OFF
+-- Dawn build Node bindings: OFF
+-- Dawn build Swiftshader: OFF
+-- Dawn build benchmarks: OFF
+-- Dawn build protobuf: OFF
+-- Dawn build monolithic library: STATIC
+-- Dawn build PIC: ON
+-- Dawn emit coverage: OFF
+-- Dawn fetch dependencies: ON
+-- LLVM Source dir: 
+-- 
+-- Tint build command line executable tools: OFF
+-- Tint install: OFF
+-- Tint build IR binary: OFF
+-- Tint build fuzzers: OFF
+-- Tint build fuzzing vulkan drivers: OFF
+-- Tint build benchmarks: OFF
+-- Tint build tests: OFF
+-- Tint enable IR dumping: ON
+-- Tint enable IR validation assertions: ON
+-- Tint enable break in debugger: OFF
+-- Tint build checking [chromium-style]: OFF
+-- Tint randomize hashes: OFF
+-- Tint build Mesa: OFF
+-- 
+-- Dawn third_party dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party
+-- Dawn GLFW dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/glfw3/src
+-- Dawn Jinja2 dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/jinja2
+-- Dawn MarkupSafe dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/markupsafe
+-- Dawn Khronos dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/khronos
+-- Dawn Swiftshader dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/swiftshader
+-- Dawn Protobuf dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/protobuf
+-- Dawn LPM dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/libprotobuf-mutator/src
+-- Dawn Emdawnwebgpu dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/emdawnwebgpu
+-- Dawn Spir-Tools dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/spirv-tools/src
+-- Dawn Spirv-Headers dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/spirv-headers/src
+-- Dawn Glslang dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/glslang/src
+-- Dawn Vulkan Headers dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/vulkan-headers/src
+-- Dawn Vulkan Utility Libraries dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/vulkan-utility-libraries/src
+-- 
+-- Node Addon API dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/node-addon-api
+-- Node API Headers dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/node-api-headers
+-- Webgpu IDL path: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/gpuweb/webgpu.idl
+-- Go exe: go
+-- 
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wconditional-uninitialized
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wconditional-uninitialized - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wconditional-uninitialized
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wconditional-uninitialized - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wcstring-format-directive
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wcstring-format-directive - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wcstring-format-directive
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wcstring-format-directive - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wctad-maybe-unsupported
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wctad-maybe-unsupported - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wctad-maybe-unsupported
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wctad-maybe-unsupported - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wc++11-narrowing
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wc++11-narrowing - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wc++11-narrowing
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wc++11-narrowing - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wdeprecated-copy
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wdeprecated-copy - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wdeprecated-copy
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wdeprecated-copy - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wdeprecated-copy-dtor
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wdeprecated-copy-dtor - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wdeprecated-copy-dtor
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wdeprecated-copy-dtor - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wduplicate-enum
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wduplicate-enum - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wduplicate-enum
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wduplicate-enum - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wextra-semi
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wextra-semi - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wextra-semi
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wextra-semi - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wextra-semi-stmt
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wextra-semi-stmt - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wextra-semi-stmt
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wextra-semi-stmt - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wimplicit-fallthrough
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wimplicit-fallthrough - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wimplicit-fallthrough
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wimplicit-fallthrough - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Winconsistent-missing-destructor-override
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Winconsistent-missing-destructor-override - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Winconsistent-missing-destructor-override
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Winconsistent-missing-destructor-override - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Winvalid-offsetof
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Winvalid-offsetof - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Winvalid-offsetof
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Winvalid-offsetof - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wmissing-field-initializers
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wmissing-field-initializers - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wmissing-field-initializers
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wmissing-field-initializers - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wnon-c-typedef-for-linkage
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wnon-c-typedef-for-linkage - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wnon-c-typedef-for-linkage
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wnon-c-typedef-for-linkage - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wpessimizing-move
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wpessimizing-move - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wpessimizing-move
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wpessimizing-move - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wrange-loop-analysis
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wrange-loop-analysis - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wrange-loop-analysis
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wrange-loop-analysis - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wredundant-move
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wredundant-move - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wredundant-move
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wredundant-move - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wshadow-field
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wshadow-field - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wshadow-field
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wshadow-field - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wstrict-prototypes
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wstrict-prototypes - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wstrict-prototypes
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wstrict-prototypes - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wsuggest-destructor-override
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wsuggest-destructor-override - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wsuggest-destructor-override
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wsuggest-destructor-override - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wsuggest-override
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wsuggest-override - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wsuggest-override
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wsuggest-override - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wtautological-unsigned-zero-compare
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wtautological-unsigned-zero-compare - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wtautological-unsigned-zero-compare
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wtautological-unsigned-zero-compare - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wunreachable-code-aggressive
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wunreachable-code-aggressive - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wunreachable-code-aggressive
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wunreachable-code-aggressive - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wunused-but-set-variable
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wunused-but-set-variable - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wunused-but-set-variable
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wunused-but-set-variable - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wunused-macros
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-C--Wunused-macros - Success
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wunused-macros
+-- Performing Test dawn_have_compiler_flag-CXX--Wunused-macros - Success
+-- Found Python3: /opt/homebrew/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/bin/python3.14 (found version "3.14.4") found components: Interpreter
+-- Dawn: using python at /opt/homebrew/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/bin/python3.14
+-- Running fetch_dawn_dependencies:
+-- -- Listing dependencies from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/abseil-cpp'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/third_party/abseil-cpp' at '435e7d977fb36fb47854a4c552c0706dad0bd7cf' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/abseil-cpp'
+-- -- Checking out tag '435e7d977fb36fb47854a4c552c0706dad0bd7cf'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/directx-shader-compiler/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/microsoft/DirectXShaderCompiler' at '1b949a448e4c9e821f010c488defebfbb1a50b27' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/directx-shader-compiler/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag '1b949a448e4c9e821f010c488defebfbb1a50b27'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/directx-headers/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/microsoft/DirectX-Headers' at '980971e835876dc0cde415e8f9bc646e64667bf7' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/directx-headers/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag '980971e835876dc0cde415e8f9bc646e64667bf7'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/glfw3/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/glfw/glfw' at '92dcf4ce74f2e2554a98fea09be7c705c17daa5a' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/glfw3/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag '92dcf4ce74f2e2554a98fea09be7c705c17daa5a'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/jinja2'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/third_party/jinja2' at 'c3027d884967773057bf74b957e3fea87e5df4d7' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/jinja2'
+-- -- Checking out tag 'c3027d884967773057bf74b957e3fea87e5df4d7'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/EGL-Registry/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/KhronosGroup/EGL-Registry' at '5961a7fe64cf8a126890ced6f13d69e0a1e1b83e' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/EGL-Registry/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag '5961a7fe64cf8a126890ced6f13d69e0a1e1b83e'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/OpenGL-Registry/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/KhronosGroup/OpenGL-Registry' at '1cdd228e34966dd6b95bd203e9f84faba0f371a1' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/OpenGL-Registry/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag '1cdd228e34966dd6b95bd203e9f84faba0f371a1'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/libprotobuf-mutator/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/google/libprotobuf-mutator.git' at 'c1c950eae0440c3808f2b8bd7c57d0c6a42c1a90' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/libprotobuf-mutator/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag 'c1c950eae0440c3808f2b8bd7c57d0c6a42c1a90'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/protobuf'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/third_party/protobuf' at '5f8c379d1fc89fe8eee16ae560dd5e514a4608da' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/protobuf'
+-- -- Checking out tag '5f8c379d1fc89fe8eee16ae560dd5e514a4608da'
+-- -- Listing dependencies from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/protobuf
+-- -- WARNING: DEPS file '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/protobuf/DEPS' does not define a 'deps' variable
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/markupsafe'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/third_party/markupsafe' at '4256084ae14175d38a3ff7d739dca83ae49ccec6' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/markupsafe'
+-- -- Checking out tag '4256084ae14175d38a3ff7d739dca83ae49ccec6'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/glslang/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/KhronosGroup/glslang' at 'efa016659ffc4f2ae566b6b1db71a70655ac33a1' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/glslang/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag 'efa016659ffc4f2ae566b6b1db71a70655ac33a1'
+-- -- Listing dependencies from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/glslang/src
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/google_benchmark/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/google/benchmark.git' at '8abf1e701fbd88c8170f48fe0558247e2e5f8e7d' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/google_benchmark/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag '8abf1e701fbd88c8170f48fe0558247e2e5f8e7d'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/googletest/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/google/googletest' at '4fe3307fb2d9f86d19777c7eb0e4809e9694dde7' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/googletest/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag '4fe3307fb2d9f86d19777c7eb0e4809e9694dde7'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/spirv-headers/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Headers' at '496543121ce6419f23d6fa5d7194ba66c36212d2' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/spirv-headers/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag '496543121ce6419f23d6fa5d7194ba66c36212d2'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/spirv-tools/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Tools' at '907d104d2b7197b0207b7889671b149e1d1bc8ab' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/spirv-tools/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag '907d104d2b7197b0207b7889671b149e1d1bc8ab'
+-- -- Listing dependencies from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/spirv-tools/src
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/vulkan-headers/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Headers' at 'ee2ec5fd83dafce291024683b50dc89219333076' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/vulkan-headers/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag 'ee2ec5fd83dafce291024683b50dc89219333076'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/vulkan-loader/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Loader' at 'b8b96a2862bff1eed468e602d43f706beae89cf1' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/vulkan-loader/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag 'b8b96a2862bff1eed468e602d43f706beae89cf1'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/vulkan-utility-libraries/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Utility-Libraries' at '2176ec8c5f5d2272161277ab96fe5b8f7633113e' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/vulkan-utility-libraries/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag '2176ec8c5f5d2272161277ab96fe5b8f7633113e'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/webgpu-headers/src'
+-- -- Shallow cloning 'https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/webgpu-native/webgpu-headers' at 'b5ff182caa90e53293f47939716281342c0812ba' into '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/webgpu-headers/src'
+-- -- Checking out tag 'b5ff182caa90e53293f47939716281342c0812ba'
+-- Dawn: using Abseil at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/abseil-cpp
+-- Performing Test CMAKE_HAVE_LIBC_PTHREAD
+-- Performing Test CMAKE_HAVE_LIBC_PTHREAD - Success
+-- Found Threads: TRUE
+-- Dawn: using SPIRV-Headers at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/spirv-headers/src
+-- Dawn: using jinja2 at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/jinja2
+-- Dawn: using markupsafe at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/markupsafe
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn WebGPU Emscripten headers.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn WebGPU Emscripten JS files.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn version based utilities.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn headers.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn C++ headers.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn GPU info utilities.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn native utilities.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn wire.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn native utilities.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn native WebGPU procs.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn C++ wrapper.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for WebGPU headers.
+-- Configuring done (30.5s)
+-- Generating done (0.3s)
+-- Build files have been written to: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/dawn-osx-arm64
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dawn-reproduction.txt b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dawn-reproduction.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8149020fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dawn-reproduction.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
++ git -C /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn config core.autocrlf false
++ cmake -S /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn -B /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/dawn-osx-arm64 -G Ninja -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF -DDAWN_FETCH_DEPENDENCIES=ON -DDAWN_ENABLE_INSTALL=ON -DDAWN_BUILD_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY=STATIC -DDAWN_BUILD_SAMPLES=OFF -DDAWN_BUILD_TESTS=OFF -DDAWN_BUILD_PROTOBUF=OFF -DDAWN_BUILD_BENCHMARKS=OFF -DTINT_BUILD_TESTS=OFF -DTINT_BUILD_CMD_TOOLS=OFF -DTINT_BUILD_GLSL_VALIDATOR=OFF -DDAWN_USE_GLFW=OFF -DDAWN_ENABLE_D3D11=OFF -DDAWN_ENABLE_D3D12=OFF -DDAWN_ENABLE_METAL=ON -DDAWN_ENABLE_VULKAN=OFF -DDAWN_ENABLE_DESKTOP_GL=OFF -DDAWN_ENABLE_OPENGLES=OFF -DDAWN_ENABLE_NULL=OFF -DDAWN_ENABLE_SWIFTSHADER=OFF -DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES=arm64
+-- Build type...........: Release
+-- C++ compiler.........: /usr/bin/c++
+-- CMake generator......: Ninja
+-- CMake version........: 4.0.3
+-- 
+-- Dawn building using Emscripten toolchain: 0
+-- Dawn build D3D11 backend: OFF
+-- Dawn build D3D12 backend: OFF
+-- Dawn build Metal backend: ON
+-- Dawn build Vulkan backend: OFF
+-- Dawn build OpenGL backend: OFF
+-- Dawn build OpenGL ES backend: OFF
+-- Dawn build Null backend: OFF
+-- 
+-- Tint build SPIR-V reader: OFF
+-- Tint build WGSL reader: ON
+-- Tint build GLSL writer: OFF
+-- Tint build GLSL validator: OFF
+-- Tint build HLSL writer: OFF
+-- Tint build MSL writer: ON
+-- Tint build SPIR-V writer: OFF
+-- Tint build WGSL writer: ON
+-- Tint build NULL writer: OFF
+-- 
+-- Dawn build with ASan: OFF
+-- Dawn build with TSan: OFF
+-- Dawn build with MSan: OFF
+-- Dawn build with UBSan: OFF
+-- Dawn build with RTTI: OFF
+-- DAWN Werror: OFF
+-- Dawn enable install: ON
+-- Dawn allow system component fallback: OFF
+-- Dawn enable SPIR-V validation: OFF
+-- Dawn build with asserts in all configurations: OFF
+-- Dawn build Wayland support: OFF
+-- Dawn build X11 support: OFF
+-- Dawn build GLFW support: OFF
+-- Dawn build Windows UI support: OFF
+-- Dawn build and use DXC: OFF
+-- Dawn enable DXC asserts in non-debug builds: ON
+-- Dawn target MacOS: ON
+-- Dawn build samples: OFF
+-- Dawn build Node bindings: OFF
+-- Dawn build Swiftshader: OFF
+-- Dawn build benchmarks: OFF
+-- Dawn build protobuf: OFF
+-- Dawn build monolithic library: STATIC
+-- Dawn build PIC: ON
+-- Dawn emit coverage: OFF
+-- Dawn fetch dependencies: ON
+-- LLVM Source dir: 
+-- 
+-- Tint build command line executable tools: OFF
+-- Tint install: OFF
+-- Tint build IR binary: OFF
+-- Tint build fuzzers: OFF
+-- Tint build fuzzing vulkan drivers: OFF
+-- Tint build benchmarks: OFF
+-- Tint build tests: OFF
+-- Tint enable IR dumping: ON
+-- Tint enable IR validation assertions: ON
+-- Tint enable break in debugger: OFF
+-- Tint build checking [chromium-style]: OFF
+-- Tint randomize hashes: OFF
+-- Tint build Mesa: OFF
+-- 
+-- Dawn third_party dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party
+-- Dawn GLFW dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/glfw3/src
+-- Dawn Jinja2 dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/jinja2
+-- Dawn MarkupSafe dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/markupsafe
+-- Dawn Khronos dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/khronos
+-- Dawn Swiftshader dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/swiftshader
+-- Dawn Protobuf dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/protobuf
+-- Dawn LPM dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/libprotobuf-mutator/src
+-- Dawn Emdawnwebgpu dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/emdawnwebgpu
+-- Dawn Spir-Tools dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/spirv-tools/src
+-- Dawn Spirv-Headers dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/spirv-headers/src
+-- Dawn Glslang dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/glslang/src
+-- Dawn Vulkan Headers dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/vulkan-headers/src
+-- Dawn Vulkan Utility Libraries dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/vulkan-utility-libraries/src
+-- 
+-- Node Addon API dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/node-addon-api
+-- Node API Headers dir: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/node-api-headers
+-- Webgpu IDL path: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/gpuweb/webgpu.idl
+-- Go exe: go
+-- 
+-- Dawn: using python at /opt/homebrew/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/bin/python3.14
+-- Running fetch_dawn_dependencies:
+-- -- Listing dependencies from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/abseil-cpp'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/directx-shader-compiler/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/directx-headers/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/glfw3/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/jinja2'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/EGL-Registry/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/OpenGL-Registry/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/libprotobuf-mutator/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/protobuf'
+-- -- Listing dependencies from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/protobuf
+-- -- WARNING: DEPS file '/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/protobuf/DEPS' does not define a 'deps' variable
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/markupsafe'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/glslang/src'
+-- -- Listing dependencies from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/glslang/src
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/google_benchmark/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/googletest/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/spirv-headers/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/spirv-tools/src'
+-- -- Listing dependencies from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/spirv-tools/src
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/vulkan-headers/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/vulkan-loader/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/vulkan-utility-libraries/src'
+-- -- Fetching dependency 'third_party/webgpu-headers/src'
+-- Dawn: using Abseil at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/abseil-cpp
+-- Dawn: using SPIRV-Headers at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/spirv-headers/src
+-- Dawn: using jinja2 at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/jinja2
+-- Dawn: using markupsafe at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/dawn/third_party/markupsafe
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn WebGPU Emscripten headers.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn WebGPU Emscripten JS files.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn version based utilities.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn headers.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn C++ headers.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn GPU info utilities.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn native utilities.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn wire.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn native utilities.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn native WebGPU procs.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for Dawn C++ wrapper.
+-- Dawn: Configuring DawnGenerator for WebGPU headers.
+-- Configuring done (2.5s)
+-- Generating done (0.4s)
+-- Build files have been written to: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/dawn-osx-arm64
++ cmake --build /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/dawn-osx-arm64 --parallel 6
+ninja: no work to do.
++ cmake --install /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/dawn-osx-arm64
+-- Install configuration: "Release"
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/lib/libwebgpu_dawn.a
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/dawn/native/DawnNative.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/dawn/native/dawn_native_export.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/dawn/native/MetalBackend.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/webgpu/webgpu_cpp_print.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/webgpu/webgpu_enum_class_bitmasks.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/dawn/webgpu_cpp.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/dawn/wire/client/webgpu_cpp.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/dawn/wire/client/webgpu_cpp_print.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/webgpu/webgpu_cpp_chained_struct.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/webgpu/webgpu.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/dawn/webgpu.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/dawn/wire/client/webgpu.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/dawn/dawn_proc_table.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/webgpu_upstream/webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/webgpu_upstream/webgpu/webgpu_cpp_chained_struct.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/webgpu_upstream/webgpu/webgpu_cpp_print.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include/webgpu_upstream/webgpu/webgpu_enum_class_bitmasks.h
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/lib/cmake/Dawn/DawnTargets.cmake
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/lib/cmake/Dawn/DawnTargets-release.cmake
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/lib/cmake/Dawn/DawnConfig.cmake
+-- Installing: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/lib/cmake/Dawn/DawnConfigVersion.cmake
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dotnet-info.txt b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dotnet-info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f3db92e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/dotnet-info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+.NET SDK:
+ Version:           10.0.301
+ Commit:            96856fd726
+ Workload version:  10.0.301.1
+ MSBuild version:   18.6.4+96856fd72
+
+Runtime Environment:
+ OS Name:     Mac OS X
+ OS Version:  26.6
+ OS Platform: Darwin
+ RID:         osx-arm64
+ Base Path:   /Volumes/SSD/dotnet/sdk/10.0.301/
+
+.NET workloads installed:
+ [macos]
+   Installation Source: SDK 10.0.300
+   Manifest Version:    26.5.10284/10.0.100
+   Manifest Path:       /Volumes/SSD/dotnet/sdk-manifests/10.0.100/microsoft.net.sdk.macos/26.5.10284/WorkloadManifest.json
+   Install Type:        FileBased
+
+ [ios]
+   Installation Source: SDK 10.0.300
+   Manifest Version:    26.5.10284/10.0.100
+   Manifest Path:       /Volumes/SSD/dotnet/sdk-manifests/10.0.100/microsoft.net.sdk.ios/26.5.10284/WorkloadManifest.json
+   Install Type:        FileBased
+
+ [android]
+   Installation Source: SDK 10.0.300
+   Manifest Version:    36.1.69/10.0.100
+   Manifest Path:       /Volumes/SSD/dotnet/sdk-manifests/10.0.100/microsoft.net.sdk.android/36.1.69/WorkloadManifest.json
+   Install Type:        FileBased
+
+Configured to use workload sets when installing new manifests.
+
+Host:
+  Version:      10.0.9
+  Architecture: arm64
+  Commit:       901ca94124
+
+.NET SDKs installed:
+  9.0.305 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/sdk]
+  10.0.301 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/sdk]
+
+.NET runtimes installed:
+  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 8.0.10 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
+  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 8.0.19 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
+  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 9.0.0 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
+  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 9.0.3 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
+  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 9.0.9 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
+  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 10.0.0-rc.2.25502.107 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
+  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 10.0.0 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
+  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 10.0.2 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
+  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 10.0.7 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
+  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 10.0.9 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
+  Microsoft.NETCore.App 8.0.10 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
+  Microsoft.NETCore.App 8.0.19 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
+  Microsoft.NETCore.App 9.0.0 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
+  Microsoft.NETCore.App 9.0.3 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
+  Microsoft.NETCore.App 9.0.9 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
+  Microsoft.NETCore.App 10.0.0-rc.2.25502.107 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
+  Microsoft.NETCore.App 10.0.0 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
+  Microsoft.NETCore.App 10.0.2 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
+  Microsoft.NETCore.App 10.0.7 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
+  Microsoft.NETCore.App 10.0.9 [/Volumes/SSD/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
+
+Other architectures found:
+  None
+
+Environment variables:
+  Not set
+
+global.json file:
+  /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/global.json
+
+Learn more:
+  https://aka.ms/dotnet/info
+
+Download .NET:
+  https://aka.ms/dotnet/download
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/index.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/index.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef5478660
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/index.json
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 1,
+  "codeCommit": "215bb60c7f58e456e7011ac6e791d65612cddcbe",
+  "qualificationScope": "Partial G01 macOS prerequisites only",
+  "epicStatus": "incomplete",
+  "issue23Status": "incomplete",
+  "hardware": {
+    "osx-arm64": "native prerequisite probes passed on Apple M4",
+    "win-x64": "not-run; runner access unconfirmed",
+    "linux-x64": "not-run; runner access unconfirmed"
+  },
+  "missing": [
+    "Windows/Linux native builds and GPU evidence",
+    "V8-enabled runtime/package integration",
+    "independent GL qualification where needed",
+    "hardware Chrome reference scenes and interaction traces",
+    "complete non-GPU baseline",
+    "WebScene unchanged Kestrel execution",
+    "browser bindings and all later epic sub-issues"
+  ],
+  "files": {
+    "angle-reproduction.txt": "aa35a146648dadb6ca41d1765e462d1b1e3aaa7235e265f2915d0fa8b6d047b7",
+    "dawn-build.txt": "9442aa005b18f1abd29c1e8f70aba25c5ac518943228612304f2cd35cfdf2132",
+    "dawn-configure.txt": "3ea596d926c88b5eb50551d941d938d8ea0e92d0e32143facb26cd1a27ae3100",
+    "dawn-reproduction.txt": "4519ea34ae29bc1351fa915f1247ad3ddfd2b57bbe0333e97c646d4a2ea1cb0e",
+    "dotnet-info.txt": "606903843e17a39c9e8c70f86c2f5ca7c3d5ff74e4fdeeb80f2b4a5f0552f819",
+    "native-disabled-tests.txt": "de752415c348b364186326671420ae2669245050ff4dab83c83b6a73eaad37d4",
+    "native-enabled-tests.txt": "bd628ff1d0c6c48226195ce757ad88553ea388d30711fdd6384907f78d77f2dc",
+    "native-probes.json": "301dd76e9d6ceb5a6b6e7ce3ccbbe3b685337c0e3101d5f87e83e0ac07083438",
+    "non-gpu-retained-apply.json": "3e698917284ff4b35218f467006f60149f3eae9fc685d6d1f7c505928be8408a",
+    "non-gpu-retained-render.json": "c383894d77adbb4b1f795b74f39152e235b0495486bf45652251ef777421ed5d",
+    "relocation.json": "9ae8db4b3864ef611cd3d7a2f3a8dcb88ab330446dcd1a309898f7afcc645ed6",
+    "sdk-integrity.json": "712f96d9dc0a21e2e4f6d451158af4163e4f03bdf70592e309fd29ab37884cc8",
+    "webgl-cts-acquisition.json": "316ede989a534444d94786eae8468de63663d2663e99bac9384c9e9de7b334d6",
+    "webgpu-cts-acquisition.json": "e136a561ae6075f1dda3081097f9910e02ec5ddf44f77ab54e9387a6c815e638",
+    "wpt-acquisition.json": "1b1460a43d6d716f17ef83e45ef42a8ba7db48bebc8cb0bcb3e5ff8c93c6ea61"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/native-disabled-tests.txt b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/native-disabled-tests.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64f743212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/native-disabled-tests.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Test project /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-disabled
+    Start 1: webscene_html_parser_tests
+1/3 Test #1: webscene_html_parser_tests .......   Passed    0.28 sec
+    Start 2: webscene_css_parser_tests
+2/3 Test #2: webscene_css_parser_tests ........   Passed    0.25 sec
+    Start 3: webscene_selector_parser_tests
+3/3 Test #3: webscene_selector_parser_tests ...   Passed    0.25 sec
+
+100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 3
+
+Total Test time (real) =   0.78 sec
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/native-enabled-tests.txt b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/native-enabled-tests.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aad3b112c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/native-enabled-tests.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Test project /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-enabled
+    Start 1: webscene_html_parser_tests
+1/3 Test #1: webscene_html_parser_tests .......   Passed    0.01 sec
+    Start 2: webscene_css_parser_tests
+2/3 Test #2: webscene_css_parser_tests ........   Passed    0.01 sec
+    Start 3: webscene_selector_parser_tests
+3/3 Test #3: webscene_selector_parser_tests ...   Passed    0.01 sec
+
+100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 3
+
+Total Test time (real) =   0.02 sec
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/native-probes.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/native-probes.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..edf9f5c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/native-probes.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1343 @@
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 1,
+  "scope": "G01 native resource/clear/readback only; not browser API, presentation or epic qualification",
+  "status": "passed",
+  "capturedAtUtc": "2026-09-07T09:56:06.948638+00:00",
+  "rid": "osx-arm64",
+  "host": {
+    "os": "macOS-26.6.2-arm64-arm-64bit-Mach-O",
+    "machine": "arm64"
+  },
+  "declaredFrameworkVersions": {
+    "Avalonia": "11.3.4",
+    "SkiaSharp": "2.88.9",
+    "Uno.WinUI": "6.5.153",
+    "Uno.SkiaSharp": "3.119.2"
+  },
+  "repository": {
+    "exitCode": 0,
+    "stdout": "215bb60c7f58e456e7011ac6e791d65612cddcbe",
+    "stderr": ""
+  },
+  "worktree": {
+    "exitCode": 0,
+    "stdout": "",
+    "stderr": ""
+  },
+  "inputs": {
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+        "licenses/tools/valgrind/asan/third_party/LICENSE.TXT": "1a8f1058753f1ba890de984e48f0242a3a5c29a6a8f2ed9fd813f36985387e8d",
+        "licenses/util/android/third_party/LICENSE": "58d1e17ffe5109a7ae296caafcadfdbe6a7d176f0bc4ab01e12a689b0499d8bd",
+        "licenses/util/windows/third_party/StackWalker/LICENSE": "bfec18debedcb337f8af53f143ccf0b1575d0b7c30deaee137f10397eca0d353"
+      },
+      "buildScriptSha256": "1badce875cc834f1924a219aa457971a5f6f61b7a2803ef7fc03a9ceec44a4c5",
+      "qualification": "built; requires hardware probe and platform acceptance evidence"
+    }
+  },
+  "probes": [
+    {
+      "command": [
+        "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/probes-osx-arm64/webscene_dawn_probe",
+        "metal"
+      ],
+      "component": "dawn",
+      "esMajor": null,
+      "binarySha256": "3ab5c3d7dd0f8ea1834cb29a78c6807f4b1b93f4633dbfe6b892ee7debcb8886",
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "stdout": "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"dawn\",\"status\":\"passed\",\"hardwareAccelerated\":true,\"backend\":\"metal\",\"adapter\":\"Apple M4\",\"vendor\":\"apple\",\"driver\":\"Metal driver on macOS Version 26.6.2 (Build 25G83)\",\"vendorId\":4203,\"deviceId\":0,\"verifiedPixels\":68,\"expectedRGBA\":[51,102,153,255],\"tolerance\":1,\"diagnosticReadback\":true}\n",
+      "stderr": "",
+      "result": {
+        "schemaVersion": 1,
+        "probe": "dawn",
+        "status": "passed",
+        "hardwareAccelerated": true,
+        "backend": "metal",
+        "adapter": "Apple M4",
+        "vendor": "apple",
+        "driver": "Metal driver on macOS Version 26.6.2 (Build 25G83)",
+        "vendorId": 4203,
+        "deviceId": 0,
+        "verifiedPixels": 68,
+        "expectedRGBA": [
+          51,
+          102,
+          153,
+          255
+        ],
+        "tolerance": 1,
+        "diagnosticReadback": true
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "command": [
+        "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/probes-osx-arm64/webscene_angle_probe",
+        "metal",
+        "2"
+      ],
+      "component": "angle",
+      "esMajor": 2,
+      "binarySha256": "d6f561d1c22ab103714237aeaed477e8135a7f28ebfadd7cdd099d730bd63d19",
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "stdout": "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"angle\",\"status\":\"passed\",\"hardwareAccelerated\":true,\"backend\":\"metal\",\"esMajor\":2,\"adapter\":\"ANGLE (Apple, ANGLE Metal Renderer: Apple M4, Unspecified Version)\",\"vendor\":\"Google Inc. (Apple)\",\"driver\":\"OpenGL ES 2.0 (ANGLE 2.1.1 git hash: 082d85ba19ef)\",\"hardwareEvidence\":\"Explicit ANGLE hardware device on native Metal/D3D11 backend\",\"verifiedPixels\":68,\"webglCompatibleContext\":true,\"robustResourceInitialization\":true,\"diagnosticReadback\":true,\"expectedRGBA\":[51,102,153,255],\"tolerance\":1}\n",
+      "stderr": "",
+      "result": {
+        "schemaVersion": 1,
+        "probe": "angle",
+        "status": "passed",
+        "hardwareAccelerated": true,
+        "backend": "metal",
+        "esMajor": 2,
+        "adapter": "ANGLE (Apple, ANGLE Metal Renderer: Apple M4, Unspecified Version)",
+        "vendor": "Google Inc. (Apple)",
+        "driver": "OpenGL ES 2.0 (ANGLE 2.1.1 git hash: 082d85ba19ef)",
+        "hardwareEvidence": "Explicit ANGLE hardware device on native Metal/D3D11 backend",
+        "verifiedPixels": 68,
+        "webglCompatibleContext": true,
+        "robustResourceInitialization": true,
+        "diagnosticReadback": true,
+        "expectedRGBA": [
+          51,
+          102,
+          153,
+          255
+        ],
+        "tolerance": 1
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "command": [
+        "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/probes-osx-arm64/webscene_angle_probe",
+        "metal",
+        "3"
+      ],
+      "component": "angle",
+      "esMajor": 3,
+      "binarySha256": "d6f561d1c22ab103714237aeaed477e8135a7f28ebfadd7cdd099d730bd63d19",
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "stdout": "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"angle\",\"status\":\"passed\",\"hardwareAccelerated\":true,\"backend\":\"metal\",\"esMajor\":3,\"adapter\":\"ANGLE (Apple, ANGLE Metal Renderer: Apple M4, Unspecified Version)\",\"vendor\":\"Google Inc. (Apple)\",\"driver\":\"OpenGL ES 3.0 (ANGLE 2.1.1 git hash: 082d85ba19ef)\",\"hardwareEvidence\":\"Explicit ANGLE hardware device on native Metal/D3D11 backend\",\"verifiedPixels\":68,\"webglCompatibleContext\":true,\"robustResourceInitialization\":true,\"diagnosticReadback\":true,\"expectedRGBA\":[51,102,153,255],\"tolerance\":1}\n",
+      "stderr": "",
+      "result": {
+        "schemaVersion": 1,
+        "probe": "angle",
+        "status": "passed",
+        "hardwareAccelerated": true,
+        "backend": "metal",
+        "esMajor": 3,
+        "adapter": "ANGLE (Apple, ANGLE Metal Renderer: Apple M4, Unspecified Version)",
+        "vendor": "Google Inc. (Apple)",
+        "driver": "OpenGL ES 3.0 (ANGLE 2.1.1 git hash: 082d85ba19ef)",
+        "hardwareEvidence": "Explicit ANGLE hardware device on native Metal/D3D11 backend",
+        "verifiedPixels": 68,
+        "webglCompatibleContext": true,
+        "robustResourceInitialization": true,
+        "diagnosticReadback": true,
+        "expectedRGBA": [
+          51,
+          102,
+          153,
+          255
+        ],
+        "tolerance": 1
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/non-gpu-retained-apply.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/non-gpu-retained-apply.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2734ecbd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/non-gpu-retained-apply.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{
+  "schema": "webscene-native-retained-apply-v1",
+  "capturedUtc": "2026-09-07T09:43:25.269883+00:00",
+  "options": {
+    "layerCount": 4096,
+    "batchSize": 256,
+    "iterations": 100,
+    "samples": 11
+  },
+  "correctness": {
+    "retainedOrderConsistent": true
+  },
+  "sparseReplacement": {
+    "MedianNanosecondsPerOperation": 4213,
+    "P95NanosecondsPerOperation": 29498,
+    "MeanNanosecondsPerOperation": 6717.545454545455,
+    "AllocatedBytesPerOperation": 3616
+  },
+  "batchReplacement": {
+    "MedianNanosecondsPerOperation": 593143,
+    "P95NanosecondsPerOperation": 1411059,
+    "MeanNanosecondsPerOperation": 868994,
+    "AllocatedBytesPerOperation": 888848
+  },
+  "zOrderChange": {
+    "MedianNanosecondsPerOperation": 5717,
+    "P95NanosecondsPerOperation": 16610,
+    "MeanNanosecondsPerOperation": 7002.545454545455,
+    "AllocatedBytesPerOperation": 3360
+  }
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/non-gpu-retained-render.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/non-gpu-retained-render.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3273c0c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/non-gpu-retained-render.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "schema": "webscene-native-retained-render-v1",
+  "capturedUtc": "2026-09-07T09:42:51.223761+00:00",
+  "options": {
+    "layerCount": 2048,
+    "visibleLayerCount": 32,
+    "iterations": 40,
+    "samples": 11,
+    "viewportWidth": 320,
+    "viewportHeight": 240
+  },
+  "correctness": {
+    "surfaceClearedBeforeEveryRender": true,
+    "sparseFrameSha256": "4455EE96B6129573493626BE4B4FD1A46B1A9817323D4E8C10844FC62022ADE1",
+    "sparseReplacementFrameSha256": "4455EE96B6129573493626BE4B4FD1A46B1A9817323D4E8C10844FC62022ADE1",
+    "visibleOnlyReferenceSha256": "4455EE96B6129573493626BE4B4FD1A46B1A9817323D4E8C10844FC62022ADE1",
+    "framesMatch": true
+  },
+  "sparse": {
+    "MedianNanosecondsPerRender": 12930,
+    "P95NanosecondsPerRender": 14527.5,
+    "MeanNanosecondsPerRender": 13138.181818181818,
+    "AllocatedBytesPerRender": 0
+  },
+  "dense": {
+    "MedianNanosecondsPerRender": 399582.5,
+    "P95NanosecondsPerRender": 406235,
+    "MeanNanosecondsPerRender": 394638.86363636365,
+    "AllocatedBytesPerRender": 0
+  },
+  "sparseWithReplacement": {
+    "MedianNanosecondsPerRender": 41145,
+    "P95NanosecondsPerRender": 44545,
+    "MeanNanosecondsPerRender": 41713.181818181816,
+    "AllocatedBytesPerRender": 3616
+  }
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/relocation.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/relocation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8b391d55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/relocation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+{
+  "scope": "macOS relocation and native load only",
+  "status": "passed",
+  "checks": [
+    {
+      "command": [
+        "/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/webscene_dawn_probe",
+        "metal"
+      ],
+      "passed": true,
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "stdout": "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"dawn\",\"status\":\"passed\",\"hardwareAccelerated\":true,\"backend\":\"metal\",\"adapter\":\"Apple M4\",\"vendor\":\"apple\",\"driver\":\"Metal driver on macOS Version 26.6.2 (Build 25G83)\",\"vendorId\":4203,\"deviceId\":0,\"verifiedPixels\":68,\"expectedRGBA\":[51,102,153,255],\"tolerance\":1,\"diagnosticReadback\":true}\n",
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/System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libQuadrature.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <54A103BA-7D04-32DB-B204-179E2E0290CA> /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libBNNS.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <EBF55041-4C12-323B-BD40-51A0E57C0AE1> /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libSparse.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <1ACDAA8A-EB43-37C7-B661-39B1C0E05290> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/InstalledContentLibrary.framework/Versions/A/InstalledContentLibrary\ndyld[33985]: <12479A32-B72F-3A09-BB03-BA56C37853B5> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreServicesStore.framework/Versions/A/CoreServicesStore\ndyld[33985]: <E992D070-4D50-3292-855F-1B0055739F5E> /usr/lib/libapp_launch_measurement.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <4F3BEA3B-A363-3D04-B903-9B613C993CA1> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/MobileSystemServices.framework/Versions/A/MobileSystemServices\ndyld[33985]: <6C426EA5-7F1E-333E-BB5D-74465EFED12B> /usr/lib/libxslt.1.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <627D64D5-2D3C-3EC6-B4AB-FEF4DEE40871> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/FindMyDevice.framework/Versions/A/FindMyDevice\ndyld[33985]: <930F9F83-A947-3788-9FBA-49872FC3AF8D> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/FMCoreLite.framework/Versions/A/FMCoreLite\ndyld[33985]: <5F356BA6-47B5-382B-B54A-1550BB138A62> /System/Library/Frameworks/ServiceManagement.framework/Versions/A/ServiceManagement\ndyld[33985]: <38DAF669-429F-384F-87D6-8550842EEB5E> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CryptoKitPrivate.framework/Versions/A/CryptoKitPrivate\ndyld[33985]: <5B73C216-2ACE-3F8C-A2B3-7D35D5D0395A> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CaptiveNetwork.framework/Versions/A/CaptiveNetwork\ndyld[33985]: <B5BDFB31-F401-36C9-B831-3B6143A3D864> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/EAP8021X.framework/Versions/A/EAP8021X\ndyld[33985]: <36F215D1-A2C0-32CA-ADD8-6D85AB48A772> /System/Library/Frameworks/QuickLookThumbnailing.framework/Versions/A/QuickLookThumbnailing\ndyld[33985]: <E318744C-06A0-39A4-A55B-1245016B42CE> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DiskImages.framework/Versions/A/DiskImages\ndyld[33985]: <49121861-2603-3B0A-B664-BAD9E729BE5D> /System/Library/Frameworks/NetFS.framework/Versions/A/NetFS\ndyld[33985]: <2E99AD96-DC1C-3643-9988-273AB6844EFC> /usr/lib/libcurl.4.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <46D13DA8-E7BD-37DC-91DD-D5E6CE00C2B8> /usr/lib/libcrypto.46.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <07D5F4C6-1A13-344C-882B-0B0A08048DE5> /usr/lib/libssl.48.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <8CABDD64-E6C6-3B77-B839-2E2B875CE0FE> /System/Library/Frameworks/LDAP.framework/Versions/A/LDAP\ndyld[33985]: <96C0BAAA-7FE6-3277-AFBC-31926F5935EE> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/TrustEvaluationAgent.framework/Versions/A/TrustEvaluationAgent\ndyld[33985]: <7CF2A32E-72DD-34F7-B179-A17ED3D7DD75> /usr/lib/libsasl2.2.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <AB9A4279-F590-352F-B202-7158F4C56076> /System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Versions/A/Cocoa\ndyld[33985]: <B6B4BDAD-6428-3E64-8747-275700109B46> /System/Library/Frameworks/AppKit.framework/Versions/C/AppKit\ndyld[33985]: <4840B78C-D96B-35B9-85C7-E5889C44A7C4> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CollectionViewCore.framework/Versions/A/CollectionViewCore\ndyld[33985]: <E0CFA0C8-A13D-369D-91E9-4A675C5DB5FD> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/XCTTargetBootstrap.framework/Versions/A/XCTTargetBootstrap\ndyld[33985]: <0D6F3043-5372-3B15-96BC-6F45AD86F410> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/UserActivity.framework/Versions/A/UserActivity\ndyld[33985]: <7CDC68D4-0845-3053-AB80-C5A1F354060F> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/FrontBoard.framework/Versions/A/FrontBoard\ndyld[33985]: <E4480FEE-65A7-39DF-ACA1-09E7AC6054E9> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/UIIntelligenceSupport.framework/Versions/A/UIIntelligenceSupport\ndyld[33985]: <9EB0840F-B045-3529-9467-1470A3C6CA02> /System/Library/Frameworks/SwiftUICore.framework/Versions/A/SwiftUICore\ndyld[33985]: <84FB5635-42EE-3BB5-B7CD-8A354AD7DB0A> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/WritingTools.framework/Versions/A/WritingTools\ndyld[33985]: <6ECD36F7-0A2E-3631-A57F-FD0152173454> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/WindowManagement.framework/Versions/A/WindowManagement\ndyld[33985]: <CACC89FE-B88C-3419-A1C3-42C61D0C3DF3> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/FocusEngine.framework/Versions/A/FocusEngine\ndyld[33985]: <2BC041DF-695A-32EE-B164-1C35C2AFFC53> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DesignLibrary.framework/Versions/A/DesignLibrary\ndyld[33985]: <A871FDA3-D5BA-31E0-BD8C-E4A83F5E2B62> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DFRFoundation.framework/Versions/A/DFRFoundation\ndyld[33985]: <365E81B9-B9BA-3F4F-83FD-86A35CFBC8AC> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/UpdateCycle.framework/Versions/A/UpdateCycle\ndyld[33985]: <38408482-CE3B-359E-9465-7FEB4BB79B54> /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/Versions/A/HIToolbox\ndyld[33985]: <B4C49C28-105D-3260-8229-916D9FB0A584> /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/SpeechRecognition.framework/Versions/A/SpeechRecognition\ndyld[33985]: <74C54353-A613-35A2-857A-737BB48906F9> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/PerformanceAnalysis.framework/Versions/A/PerformanceAnalysis\ndyld[33985]: <22008BA9-C61B-3FAD-A1A0-F6A1CD220343> /System/Library/Frameworks/Accessibility.framework/Versions/A/Accessibility\ndyld[33985]: <028E944B-66C4-39E2-A436-FB93FB6CED4E> /System/Library/Frameworks/Symbols.framework/Versions/A/Symbols\ndyld[33985]: <BD114F61-BB5F-3E43-AA0D-674DF9E0BA17> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Gestures.framework/Versions/A/Gestures\ndyld[33985]: <713AEF7A-43B6-3735-8AB5-361F5EE06BBA> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftSpatial.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <DD6D3B10-645E-312D-84E9-A24EEDFCFA42> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftCoreGraphics.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <14A11A94-6A52-3D24-9267-42EDAEEC5FDD> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftFoundation.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <76A7FE10-AD26-3505-A8CC-D37AC1C24D32> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftSwiftOnoneSupport.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <4B5C0268-23EB-3E20-8F57-CDECFB6E3205> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftsys_time.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <C315F3B3-6DD7-3A29-8354-87027018A8DA> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreMaterial.framework/Versions/A/CoreMaterial\ndyld[33985]: <68B7C15F-537C-3FEF-838B-DC548772A45F> /usr/lib/libSpatial.dylib\ndyld[33985]: <183FD4D6-D766-34FC-B8E1-7C4D17435AC3> /System/Library/SubFrameworks/UIUtilities.framework/Versions/A/UIUtilities\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libcmark-gfm.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: BackgroundSystemTasks\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SymptomAnalytics\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libcupolicy.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libnetworkextension.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: NetworkExtension\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libnwswifttls.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libpcap.A.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: XPCSupport\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CloudServices\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: OctagonTrust\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AppleIDAuthSupport\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: KeychainCircle\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AuthKit\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AAAFoundation\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: MultiverseSupport\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: DiskManagement\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: URLFormatting\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AOSKit\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AppSSOCore\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: DuetActivityScheduler\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: FTServices\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libMemoryResourceException.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: NetworkScore\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: NetworkServiceProxy\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: StreamingExtractor\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SymptomReporter\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libCGInterfaces.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AccelerateGPU\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CoreDuetContext\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CoreDuet\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CoreLocation\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: Intents\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AssistantServices\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SAObjects\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: MediaRemote\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SiriTTSService\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SiriCrossDeviceArbitration\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: FaceTimeNameUtility\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SiriCrossDeviceArbitrationFeedback\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libswiftCoreLocation.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: UIKitServices\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AudioDSPGraph\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AudioAccessoryServices\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: Sharing\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: IDSFoundation\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: Apple80211\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CoreWLAN\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: IMFoundation\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: Marco\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CommonUtilities\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: Engram\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: XPCDistributed\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libtidy.A.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: Bom\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libParallelCompression.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: MediaServices\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: IDS\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: LocalAuthentication\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: LocalAuthenticationCore\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: LocalAuthenticationCredentialServices\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SharedUtils\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libcsfde.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libCoreStorage.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: ProtectedCloudStorage\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: EFILogin\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: PersistentConnection\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SonicFoundation\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AsyncAlgorithmsInternal\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: FTAWD\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libtailspin.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: Osprey\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SiriTTS\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SiriPowerInstrumentation\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: TailspinSymbolication\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: Darwinup\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SignpostSupport\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: FeatureFlagsSupport\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: ktrace\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SampleAnalysis\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: kperfdata\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: libdscsym.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: BulkSymbolication\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: IntentsFoundation\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: ApplePushService\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CloudKit\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CoreDuetDaemonProtocol\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: DeviceIdentity\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: SharedWithYouCore\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CloudTelemetry\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AppleAccount\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CacheDelete\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: C2\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CloudCoreInternal\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CloudAsset\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: PushKit\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: FileProvider\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: GenerationalStorage\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: DesktopServicesPriv\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CloudTelemetryTools\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CloudTelemetryShared.dylib\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: RTCReporting\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AAAFoundationSwift\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: AppleIDSSOAuthentication\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: FindMyDevice\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: FMCoreLite\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: ServiceManagement\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CryptoKitPrivate\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: CaptiveNetwork\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: EAP8021X\ndyld[33985]: move loaded to delayed: QuickLookThumbnailing\ndyld[33985]: <9B0A2398-8610-35D6-B7F3-B76933F2AAF4> /System/Library/Extensions/AGXMetalG16G_B0.bundle/Contents/MacOS/AGXMetalG16G_B0\ndyld[33985]: <9235E8EC-599D-386F-8A8A-6B6A92D33369> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/IOGPU.framework/Versions/A/IOGPU\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "command": [
+        "/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/webscene_angle_probe",
+        "metal",
+        "2"
+      ],
+      "passed": true,
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "stdout": "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"angle\",\"status\":\"passed\",\"hardwareAccelerated\":true,\"backend\":\"metal\",\"esMajor\":2,\"adapter\":\"ANGLE (Apple, ANGLE Metal Renderer: Apple M4, Unspecified Version)\",\"vendor\":\"Google Inc. (Apple)\",\"driver\":\"OpenGL ES 2.0 (ANGLE 2.1.1 git hash: 082d85ba19ef)\",\"hardwareEvidence\":\"Explicit ANGLE hardware device on native Metal/D3D11 backend\",\"verifiedPixels\":68,\"webglCompatibleContext\":true,\"robustResourceInitialization\":true,\"diagnosticReadback\":true,\"expectedRGBA\":[51,102,153,255],\"tolerance\":1}\n",
+      "loaderTrace": "dyld[33987]: <4A19C6E0-06A8-3EFB-8467-594471CDCC90> /private/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/webscene_angle_probe\ndyld[33987]: <4C4C44AF-5555-3144-A120-3E4412E00745> /private/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/libEGL.dylib\ndyld[33987]: <4C4C4498-5555-3144-A17E-05A77F85C5AE> /private/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/libGLESv2.dylib\ndyld[33987]: <493E76D9-74D4-333B-A3B2-E5F9BC86429D> /System/Library/Frameworks/Metal.framework/Versions/A/Metal\ndyld[33987]: <6CD959AA-4825-306A-864A-BD69EC5F2DC0> /usr/lib/libDiagnosticMessagesClient.dylib\ndyld[33987]: <526C249F-FF2E-3DC4-A639-B41A032E8CCE> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/GPUCompiler.framework/Versions/32023/Libraries/libllvm-flatbuffers.dylib\ndyld[33987]: <12372585-DF92-33EF-B632-714FAA13260A> /System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit\ndyld[33987]: <A0C21253-9F8C-3E9A-B9D9-02517BDAE43B> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/IOAccelerator.framework/Versions/A/IOAccelerator\ndyld[33987]: <5FFE1FFA-6BD0-32AF-A815-7543731CA763> /usr/lib/libbz2.1.0.dylib\ndyld[33987]: <1FDD3B19-C04A-3EE7-B7DF-E1F89954A696> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/FramePacing.framework/Versions/A/FramePacing\ndyld[33987]: <D614ADAF-EEDD-3492-AEEB-7D03558D419C> /usr/lib/libMobileGestalt.dylib\ndyld[33987]: <56AE2857-29E0-34E9-B2C3-EE8E951EEFC5> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/CoreServices\ndyld[33987]: <BAEEB84F-03FE-3B78-8799-316258DF893E> /usr/lib/libcompression.dylib\ndyld[33987]: <2C410B78-B9A5-30DC-8D83-FFEC1277F34C> /System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/Versions/A/Libraries/libCoreFSCache.dylib\ndyld[33987]: <5556FD64-9D47-3547-961E-3A27681F3C51> /System/Library/Frameworks/IOSurface.framework/Versions/A/IOSurface\ndyld[33987]: <91DACE39-FA28-3191-818D-1FCC6A0E615A> 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delayed: LocalAuthentication\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: LocalAuthenticationCore\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: LocalAuthenticationCredentialServices\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: SharedUtils\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: PersistentConnection\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: SonicFoundation\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: AsyncAlgorithmsInternal\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: FTAWD\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: libtailspin.dylib\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: Osprey\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: SiriTTS\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: SiriPowerInstrumentation\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: TailspinSymbolication\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: Darwinup\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: SignpostSupport\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: FeatureFlagsSupport\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: ktrace\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: SampleAnalysis\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: kperfdata\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: libdscsym.dylib\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: BulkSymbolication\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: IntentsFoundation\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: ApplePushService\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: CloudKit\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: CoreDuetDaemonProtocol\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: DeviceIdentity\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: SharedWithYouCore\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: CloudTelemetry\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: AppleAccount\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: C2\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: CloudCoreInternal\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: CloudAsset\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: PushKit\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: CloudTelemetryTools\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: CloudTelemetryShared.dylib\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: RTCReporting\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: AAAFoundationSwift\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: AppleIDSSOAuthentication\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: CaptiveNetwork\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: EAP8021X\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: CryptoKitPrivate\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: FindMyDevice\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: FMCoreLite\ndyld[33987]: move loaded to delayed: ServiceManagement\ndyld[33987]: <9B0A2398-8610-35D6-B7F3-B76933F2AAF4> /System/Library/Extensions/AGXMetalG16G_B0.bundle/Contents/MacOS/AGXMetalG16G_B0\ndyld[33987]: <9235E8EC-599D-386F-8A8A-6B6A92D33369> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/IOGPU.framework/Versions/A/IOGPU\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "command": [
+        "/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/webscene_angle_probe",
+        "metal",
+        "3"
+      ],
+      "passed": true,
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "stdout": "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"angle\",\"status\":\"passed\",\"hardwareAccelerated\":true,\"backend\":\"metal\",\"esMajor\":3,\"adapter\":\"ANGLE (Apple, ANGLE Metal Renderer: Apple M4, Unspecified Version)\",\"vendor\":\"Google Inc. (Apple)\",\"driver\":\"OpenGL ES 3.0 (ANGLE 2.1.1 git hash: 082d85ba19ef)\",\"hardwareEvidence\":\"Explicit ANGLE hardware device on native Metal/D3D11 backend\",\"verifiedPixels\":68,\"webglCompatibleContext\":true,\"robustResourceInitialization\":true,\"diagnosticReadback\":true,\"expectedRGBA\":[51,102,153,255],\"tolerance\":1}\n",
+      "loaderTrace": "dyld[33988]: <4A19C6E0-06A8-3EFB-8467-594471CDCC90> /private/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/webscene_angle_probe\ndyld[33988]: <4C4C44AF-5555-3144-A120-3E4412E00745> /private/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/libEGL.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <4C4C4498-5555-3144-A17E-05A77F85C5AE> /private/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/libGLESv2.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <493E76D9-74D4-333B-A3B2-E5F9BC86429D> /System/Library/Frameworks/Metal.framework/Versions/A/Metal\ndyld[33988]: <6CD959AA-4825-306A-864A-BD69EC5F2DC0> /usr/lib/libDiagnosticMessagesClient.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <526C249F-FF2E-3DC4-A639-B41A032E8CCE> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/GPUCompiler.framework/Versions/32023/Libraries/libllvm-flatbuffers.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <12372585-DF92-33EF-B632-714FAA13260A> /System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit\ndyld[33988]: <A0C21253-9F8C-3E9A-B9D9-02517BDAE43B> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/IOAccelerator.framework/Versions/A/IOAccelerator\ndyld[33988]: <5FFE1FFA-6BD0-32AF-A815-7543731CA763> /usr/lib/libbz2.1.0.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <1FDD3B19-C04A-3EE7-B7DF-E1F89954A696> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/FramePacing.framework/Versions/A/FramePacing\ndyld[33988]: <D614ADAF-EEDD-3492-AEEB-7D03558D419C> /usr/lib/libMobileGestalt.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <56AE2857-29E0-34E9-B2C3-EE8E951EEFC5> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/CoreServices\ndyld[33988]: <BAEEB84F-03FE-3B78-8799-316258DF893E> /usr/lib/libcompression.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <2C410B78-B9A5-30DC-8D83-FFEC1277F34C> /System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/Versions/A/Libraries/libCoreFSCache.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <5556FD64-9D47-3547-961E-3A27681F3C51> /System/Library/Frameworks/IOSurface.framework/Versions/A/IOSurface\ndyld[33988]: <91DACE39-FA28-3191-818D-1FCC6A0E615A> /System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Versions/C/Foundation\ndyld[33988]: <9D0387FC-E8F6-3004-9C95-CA68EA715C8B> /System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Versions/A/Security\ndyld[33988]: <FAE24228-7E19-3F30-9872-3B25749ADAF8> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreAnalytics.framework/Versions/A/CoreAnalytics\ndyld[33988]: <F5DD2A61-CD1B-32B0-A8E6-7CB5B4BABFF1> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/GPUCompiler.framework/Versions/32023/Libraries/libGPUCompilerUtils.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <03BD9E32-CF0A-37B0-898A-3CE8DE06D842> /usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <F0FD393C-15BC-3C75-A19D-897F7B225C78> /usr/lib/libc++.1.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <4FED5EE2-5D3E-35B1-A170-9859C4B683BB> /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <9B672762-7B1F-30BC-96DE-F176B372D66D> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation\ndyld[33988]: <9CD7B1E1-3E47-339C-A193-2392E3E0ED23> /usr/lib/system/libcache.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <3B110564-5278-3CB0-85F1-2CE8431FF935> /usr/lib/system/libcommonCrypto.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <6FB345CA-7F5C-3263-A23F-143F7539FD8A> /usr/lib/system/libcompiler_rt.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <D0009B8A-8ECC-3D56-9206-7E1839707F93> /usr/lib/system/libcopyfile.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <0642DDAD-4771-3C82-805C-E7C6701C1461> /usr/lib/system/libcorecrypto.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <B2000CD5-F580-314A-A141-E036719D854E> /usr/lib/system/libdispatch.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <957F93B3-8805-39C7-9C51-EDD1715F550E> /usr/lib/system/libdyld.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <7E863FCA-F3FF-32C7-8A8C-F983E946AFC3> /usr/lib/system/libkeymgr.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <949131E5-BDA2-39BA-AA50-62651BB51802> /usr/lib/system/libmacho.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <EEE5AADB-52E1-3C4C-881A-70405770B1F1> /usr/lib/system/libquarantine.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <7460B5AE-469A-36A0-A7EC-6C7D69628E86> /usr/lib/system/libremovefile.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <54439739-33EE-3273-839F-CBA67D7F5CB1> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_asl.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <E0AC1231-27AA-3A13-8FAC-41D5802B1F3C> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_blocks.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <D77CEB62-AFF6-3CEC-BA9B-4F057FBE2EB5> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_c.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <C8160BD2-5941-3DC0-BB40-F8C2B8156EC4> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_collections.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <D8D6280B-783D-3550-BDBA-2861AE40604F> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_configuration.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <14B2A47F-19C8-392F-8FDB-FE8AE375DD41> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_containermanager.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <D4ACD2AC-5702-3C45-85A0-300B2C2D19E1> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_coreservices.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <8E07D22E-CE5A-38A0-B091-5B0338C326F5> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_darwin.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <971A4F65-493D-39F3-846D-0D33FA2769FD> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_darwindirectory.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <305F4398-E688-3384-B351-02D865EC8A04> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_dnssd.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <750CA446-92EA-3A56-9A7B-CC0841686C50> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_eligibility.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <FEE12F9C-344B-33B3-8EDD-283580EF1C67> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_featureflags.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <9B5FB84B-31AD-3EA7-8F89-8C700D369DC8> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_info.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <B54FBE99-DB0B-32C7-ABDD-C2206DF606A4> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_m.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <D969A907-3E43-3951-9365-8C2DB3812E9D> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_malloc.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <9C7B1EEB-47BE-3791-93A9-CFC693CB9417> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_networkextension.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <15799128-6CBD-30D6-A2BB-B9D02B4470C0> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_notify.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <54688162-B50D-3D31-A1E8-7B9766D3530D> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_sandbox.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <D88EC709-9AA8-3083-B22B-D3CB39678D71> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_sanitizers.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <ECABC024-8F02-374A-BB7E-29437CEA2ABD> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_secinit.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <C6A4A4CB-92E6-3BAF-AAE0-E8306259209A> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_kernel.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <EDB83A19-EC17-32DE-9350-6145970A85D6> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_platform.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <A373F0B0-9880-326A-88B4-DD8BE4E33072> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_pthread.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <229122B9-B8B1-3F2F-870E-8650AE3C4FB5> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_symptoms.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <93F1DD8C-6CD9-32B9-B222-D23DA5D161B4> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_trace.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <7194FF5B-A6C5-3D67-B00A-90209F10D603> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_trial.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <05FD0014-55B1-3B8A-A6BA-6C7A389C4123> /usr/lib/system/libunwind.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <33E44C2D-D65E-37A6-B85F-1A4CF524A050> /usr/lib/system/libxpc.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <E2A87413-D325-3FCE-A57E-5745570A0EF2> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/XPCSupport.framework/Versions/A/XPCSupport\ndyld[33988]: <83794FB3-DE9B-3D23-AB5E-2C1D5D30F134> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftCore.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <F38A9C58-22AB-3798-BBAE-8DCD9CC0CE27> /usr/lib/libc++abi.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <0C7397C6-D747-31F2-8BC1-4096213BDE5C> /usr/lib/libRosetta.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <4FD234EA-2C18-3C25-8BD0-B1F4805C6675> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftObjectiveC.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <9E3C7597-446F-3C50-9930-2425D9252C0C> /usr/lib/libswiftPrespecialized.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <1479C415-3678-3968-AC77-06373490860E> /System/Library/Frameworks/SystemConfiguration.framework/Versions/A/SystemConfiguration\ndyld[33988]: <13EDE3A5-A7D9-3FB8-B0C2-2FB7F7272B34> /usr/lib/libz.1.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <54AD73AF-852E-3CD6-8B7D-E73BE79857D3> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreAutoLayout.framework/Versions/A/CoreAutoLayout\ndyld[33988]: <1A2A9A41-5269-3B0C-BCEE-B446966CE366> /usr/lib/libcmark-gfm.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <820D290D-51A0-3064-A1F2-4F0AAF7E6BF4> /usr/lib/libfakelink.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <4A3B95C5-AA2E-338C-9398-56895AF82D97> /System/Library/Frameworks/CFNetwork.framework/Versions/A/CFNetwork\ndyld[33988]: <332C4B80-5B3C-34E7-AD1F-F6131E607F95> /System/Library/Frameworks/DiskArbitration.framework/Versions/A/DiskArbitration\ndyld[33988]: <0048DB96-1737-3FC5-AF0C-AF784FA24A03> /usr/lib/libarchive.2.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <53A3E31E-06A8-325E-B5A8-316B88AA3C92> /usr/lib/libicucore.A.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <1E8A4F9E-3954-3458-B3BB-BE97F961C105> /usr/lib/libxml2.2.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <D201B12C-5258-3C03-89ED-B35FBFAEFA0C> /usr/lib/liblangid.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <F088ACC1-374F-3E9D-86DA-29310F8431B1> /System/Library/Frameworks/Combine.framework/Versions/A/Combine\ndyld[33988]: <6098453F-4D7E-38B4-8ADC-02C9FF51E14A> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CollectionsInternal.framework/Versions/A/CollectionsInternal\ndyld[33988]: <9A1279D4-575A-3E48-A460-A631A3F82D18> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/ReflectionInternal.framework/Versions/A/ReflectionInternal\ndyld[33988]: <6D89CD71-A86D-3D78-A64B-96AB79550F79> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/RuntimeInternal.framework/Versions/A/RuntimeInternal\ndyld[33988]: <4109E8DD-0A81-310C-B1B3-23B87186D0D8> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/SoftLinking.framework/Versions/A/SoftLinking\ndyld[33988]: <4975D13C-2AC5-3473-85C0-98054A81D7C6> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftCoreFoundation.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <1DB56DA9-CF6B-3023-ABDF-5A37CB79223C> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftDarwin.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <F0B9A36E-CE82-3B73-B644-E9C05DF0AF71> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftDispatch.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <06A92787-4440-3757-AF32-F2B331C753A2> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftIOKit.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <7CD9BDE7-F36B-3471-9295-38E181D6D9E5> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftSystem.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <24AEDAC1-C1EE-30F4-8818-72EBF8969D0C> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftXPC.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <52F59382-A6A6-3F55-8A85-D9FB822D370F> /usr/lib/swift/libswift_Builtin_float.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <8E168857-47F4-349F-A718-A18DB144FCB0> /usr/lib/swift/libswift_Concurrency.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <85246B9A-A757-3F67-B792-3A2F7BB2BB25> /usr/lib/swift/libswift_DarwinFoundation1.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <8DF0116D-DFC9-3906-9DF6-F1DBC47E324B> /usr/lib/swift/libswift_StringProcessing.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <C7A04322-C1B4-39A6-9E88-1C8CEDB97264> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftos.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <7D56DA94-31EB-35F0-B886-4010C075E035> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreServicesInternal.framework/Versions/A/CoreServicesInternal\ndyld[33988]: <0C7397C6-D747-31F2-8BC1-4096213BDE5C> /usr/lib/liboah.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <A24BD91A-8190-352C-B5A2-D442DB5D6459> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/GenerationalStorage.framework/Versions/A/GenerationalStorage\ndyld[33988]: <F5519EDD-F080-3571-918D-A77115712256> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CacheDelete.framework/Versions/A/CacheDelete\ndyld[33988]: <36F215D1-A2C0-32CA-ADD8-6D85AB48A772> /System/Library/Frameworks/QuickLookThumbnailing.framework/Versions/A/QuickLookThumbnailing\ndyld[33988]: <5EA68C5E-69B0-3011-9D66-AEF49D82B29D> /System/Library/Frameworks/FileProvider.framework/Versions/A/FileProvider\ndyld[33988]: <E318744C-06A0-39A4-A55B-1245016B42CE> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DiskImages.framework/Versions/A/DiskImages\ndyld[33988]: <49121861-2603-3B0A-B664-BAD9E729BE5D> /System/Library/Frameworks/NetFS.framework/Versions/A/NetFS\ndyld[33988]: <C5AF8E88-9770-3B2B-9F79-AA5B1082A2DB> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DesktopServicesPriv.framework/Versions/A/DesktopServicesPriv\ndyld[33988]: <F1A7246D-30C0-345F-8138-266094EC8315> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/FSEvents.framework/Versions/A/FSEvents\ndyld[33988]: <D884AF5B-23F7-313A-97ED-DD54518BA922> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CarbonCore.framework/Versions/A/CarbonCore\ndyld[33988]: <DEFC137A-C15D-35CB-AF08-E4D06B6CF8B9> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/Metadata.framework/Versions/A/Metadata\ndyld[33988]: <61677289-93B7-382F-86CA-B856361D293F> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/OSServices.framework/Versions/A/OSServices\ndyld[33988]: <B352D2B5-7115-3FF6-8805-7B49151BF5A2> 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<C315F3B3-6DD7-3A29-8354-87027018A8DA> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreMaterial.framework/Versions/A/CoreMaterial\ndyld[33988]: <68B7C15F-537C-3FEF-838B-DC548772A45F> /usr/lib/libSpatial.dylib\ndyld[33988]: <183FD4D6-D766-34FC-B8E1-7C4D17435AC3> /System/Library/SubFrameworks/UIUtilities.framework/Versions/A/UIUtilities\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: XPCSupport\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libcmark-gfm.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: GenerationalStorage\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CacheDelete\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: QuickLookThumbnailing\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: FileProvider\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: DesktopServicesPriv\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AOSKit\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AppSSOCore\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: BackgroundSystemTasks\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: DuetActivityScheduler\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: FTServices\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libMemoryResourceException.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: NetworkScore\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: NetworkServiceProxy\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: StreamingExtractor\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SymptomReporter\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libnetworkextension.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CloudServices\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SymptomAnalytics\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libcupolicy.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: NetworkExtension\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libnwswifttls.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libpcap.A.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CoreDuetContext\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CoreDuet\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CoreLocation\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: Intents\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libCGInterfaces.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AccelerateGPU\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AudioDSPGraph\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AssistantServices\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SAObjects\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: MediaRemote\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SiriTTSService\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SiriCrossDeviceArbitration\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: FaceTimeNameUtility\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AuthKit\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SiriCrossDeviceArbitrationFeedback\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libswiftCoreLocation.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: UIKitServices\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AudioAccessoryServices\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: Sharing\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: IDSFoundation\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: Apple80211\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CoreWLAN\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: IMFoundation\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: Marco\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CommonUtilities\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: Engram\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: XPCDistributed\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libtidy.A.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: Bom\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libParallelCompression.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: MultiverseSupport\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: DiskManagement\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AppleIDAuthSupport\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AAAFoundation\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: KeychainCircle\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: URLFormatting\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libcsfde.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libCoreStorage.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: ProtectedCloudStorage\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: EFILogin\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: OctagonTrust\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: MediaServices\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: IDS\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: LocalAuthentication\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: LocalAuthenticationCore\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: LocalAuthenticationCredentialServices\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SharedUtils\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: PersistentConnection\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SonicFoundation\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AsyncAlgorithmsInternal\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: FTAWD\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libtailspin.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: Osprey\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SiriTTS\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SiriPowerInstrumentation\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: TailspinSymbolication\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: Darwinup\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SignpostSupport\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: FeatureFlagsSupport\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: ktrace\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SampleAnalysis\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: kperfdata\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: libdscsym.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: BulkSymbolication\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: IntentsFoundation\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: ApplePushService\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CloudKit\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CoreDuetDaemonProtocol\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: DeviceIdentity\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: SharedWithYouCore\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CloudTelemetry\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AppleAccount\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: C2\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CloudCoreInternal\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CloudAsset\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: PushKit\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CloudTelemetryTools\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CloudTelemetryShared.dylib\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: RTCReporting\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AAAFoundationSwift\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: AppleIDSSOAuthentication\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CaptiveNetwork\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: EAP8021X\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: CryptoKitPrivate\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: FindMyDevice\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: FMCoreLite\ndyld[33988]: move loaded to delayed: ServiceManagement\ndyld[33988]: <9B0A2398-8610-35D6-B7F3-B76933F2AAF4> /System/Library/Extensions/AGXMetalG16G_B0.bundle/Contents/MacOS/AGXMetalG16G_B0\ndyld[33988]: <9235E8EC-599D-386F-8A8A-6B6A92D33369> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/IOGPU.framework/Versions/A/IOGPU\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "command": [
+        "/opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.14/bin/python3.14",
+        "-c",
+        "import ctypes; library=ctypes.CDLL('/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/native-enabled/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib'); print(library.webscene_engine_get_abi_version())"
+      ],
+      "passed": true,
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "stdout": "3\n",
+      "loaderTrace": "dyld[33989]: <8D7882C5-027F-3692-BFE3-C897D8F59412> /opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.14/3.14.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/bin/python3.14\ndyld[33989]: <1DEC725C-63A6-3B9C-A038-DC35832D65CB> /opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.14/3.14.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/Python\ndyld[33989]: <9B672762-7B1F-30BC-96DE-F176B372D66D> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation\ndyld[33989]: <03BD9E32-CF0A-37B0-898A-3CE8DE06D842> /usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <7D56DA94-31EB-35F0-B886-4010C075E035> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreServicesInternal.framework/Versions/A/CoreServicesInternal\ndyld[33989]: <91DACE39-FA28-3191-818D-1FCC6A0E615A> /System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Versions/C/Foundation\ndyld[33989]: <0C7397C6-D747-31F2-8BC1-4096213BDE5C> /usr/lib/liboah.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <820D290D-51A0-3064-A1F2-4F0AAF7E6BF4> /usr/lib/libfakelink.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <53A3E31E-06A8-325E-B5A8-316B88AA3C92> /usr/lib/libicucore.A.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <4FED5EE2-5D3E-35B1-A170-9859C4B683BB> /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <4109E8DD-0A81-310C-B1B3-23B87186D0D8> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/SoftLinking.framework/Versions/A/SoftLinking\ndyld[33989]: <83794FB3-DE9B-3D23-AB5E-2C1D5D30F134> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftCore.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <F38A9C58-22AB-3798-BBAE-8DCD9CC0CE27> /usr/lib/libc++abi.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <0C7397C6-D747-31F2-8BC1-4096213BDE5C> /usr/lib/libRosetta.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <F0FD393C-15BC-3C75-A19D-897F7B225C78> /usr/lib/libc++.1.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <4FD234EA-2C18-3C25-8BD0-B1F4805C6675> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftObjectiveC.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <9E3C7597-446F-3C50-9930-2425D9252C0C> /usr/lib/libswiftPrespecialized.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <1479C415-3678-3968-AC77-06373490860E> /System/Library/Frameworks/SystemConfiguration.framework/Versions/A/SystemConfiguration\ndyld[33989]: <13EDE3A5-A7D9-3FB8-B0C2-2FB7F7272B34> /usr/lib/libz.1.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <54AD73AF-852E-3CD6-8B7D-E73BE79857D3> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreAutoLayout.framework/Versions/A/CoreAutoLayout\ndyld[33989]: <1A2A9A41-5269-3B0C-BCEE-B446966CE366> /usr/lib/libcmark-gfm.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <BAEEB84F-03FE-3B78-8799-316258DF893E> /usr/lib/libcompression.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <4A3B95C5-AA2E-338C-9398-56895AF82D97> /System/Library/Frameworks/CFNetwork.framework/Versions/A/CFNetwork\ndyld[33989]: <332C4B80-5B3C-34E7-AD1F-F6131E607F95> /System/Library/Frameworks/DiskArbitration.framework/Versions/A/DiskArbitration\ndyld[33989]: <0048DB96-1737-3FC5-AF0C-AF784FA24A03> /usr/lib/libarchive.2.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <6CD959AA-4825-306A-864A-BD69EC5F2DC0> /usr/lib/libDiagnosticMessagesClient.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <1E8A4F9E-3954-3458-B3BB-BE97F961C105> /usr/lib/libxml2.2.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <56AE2857-29E0-34E9-B2C3-EE8E951EEFC5> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/CoreServices\ndyld[33989]: <D201B12C-5258-3C03-89ED-B35FBFAEFA0C> /usr/lib/liblangid.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <12372585-DF92-33EF-B632-714FAA13260A> /System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit\ndyld[33989]: <F088ACC1-374F-3E9D-86DA-29310F8431B1> /System/Library/Frameworks/Combine.framework/Versions/A/Combine\ndyld[33989]: <6098453F-4D7E-38B4-8ADC-02C9FF51E14A> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CollectionsInternal.framework/Versions/A/CollectionsInternal\ndyld[33989]: <9A1279D4-575A-3E48-A460-A631A3F82D18> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/ReflectionInternal.framework/Versions/A/ReflectionInternal\ndyld[33989]: <6D89CD71-A86D-3D78-A64B-96AB79550F79> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/RuntimeInternal.framework/Versions/A/RuntimeInternal\ndyld[33989]: <4975D13C-2AC5-3473-85C0-98054A81D7C6> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftCoreFoundation.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <1DB56DA9-CF6B-3023-ABDF-5A37CB79223C> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftDarwin.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <F0B9A36E-CE82-3B73-B644-E9C05DF0AF71> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftDispatch.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <06A92787-4440-3757-AF32-F2B331C753A2> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftIOKit.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <7CD9BDE7-F36B-3471-9295-38E181D6D9E5> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftSystem.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <24AEDAC1-C1EE-30F4-8818-72EBF8969D0C> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftXPC.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <52F59382-A6A6-3F55-8A85-D9FB822D370F> /usr/lib/swift/libswift_Builtin_float.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <8E168857-47F4-349F-A718-A18DB144FCB0> /usr/lib/swift/libswift_Concurrency.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <85246B9A-A757-3F67-B792-3A2F7BB2BB25> /usr/lib/swift/libswift_DarwinFoundation1.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <8DF0116D-DFC9-3906-9DF6-F1DBC47E324B> /usr/lib/swift/libswift_StringProcessing.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <C7A04322-C1B4-39A6-9E88-1C8CEDB97264> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftos.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <1C7E652B-6B94-3180-93A6-EF8DBA3A5448> /System/Library/Frameworks/Network.framework/Versions/A/Network\ndyld[33989]: <4C6139EE-BF87-37A6-B226-830A6FDC36F8> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/AppleSystemInfo.framework/Versions/A/AppleSystemInfo\ndyld[33989]: <9D0387FC-E8F6-3004-9C95-CA68EA715C8B> /System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Versions/A/Security\ndyld[33989]: <633BCB5F-F063-3D5A-B52A-F72AE236824B> /usr/lib/libbsm.0.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <C73EE6D7-FE28-30E3-BA6A-012DC32FA22F> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/ProtocolBuffer.framework/Versions/A/ProtocolBuffer\ndyld[33989]: <10A4E63B-A1EB-31CC-B3E1-DB4FE115FC84> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/BackgroundSystemTasks.framework/Versions/A/BackgroundSystemTasks\ndyld[33989]: <FAE24228-7E19-3F30-9872-3B25749ADAF8> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreAnalytics.framework/Versions/A/CoreAnalytics\ndyld[33989]: <7C50137B-2ABD-3819-B033-AE65B05A6085> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreWiFi.framework/Versions/A/CoreWiFi\ndyld[33989]: <DAB7DFDC-BE61-3164-B741-A753F6CD2E7E> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/LoggingSupport.framework/Versions/A/LoggingSupport\ndyld[33989]: <91A461DE-C8E8-3868-B393-BA6E5A17DF2A> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/MobileAsset.framework/Versions/A/MobileAsset\ndyld[33989]: <E86905A9-1519-3027-9182-C85F9EC8A6C0> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/PowerLog.framework/Versions/A/PowerLog\ndyld[33989]: <F6E572E4-F0AB-3F91-A003-E75A612F3F3D> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Rapport.framework/Versions/A/Rapport\ndyld[33989]: <F7CC7754-0B25-302A-BFD4-5D16E9F666AD> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/RunningBoardServices.framework/Versions/A/RunningBoardServices\ndyld[33989]: <9F52706C-75BD-34AF-A29E-C26608124ACC> /System/Library/Frameworks/SwiftData.framework/Versions/A/SwiftData\ndyld[33989]: <259877CE-4E2C-34A9-A07F-FEE2999D7B2F> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Symptoms.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/SymptomAnalytics.framework/Versions/A/SymptomAnalytics\ndyld[33989]: <B57F62F5-1581-3CE6-8782-6072B970FDF2> /System/Library/Frameworks/UniformTypeIdentifiers.framework/Versions/A/UniformTypeIdentifiers\ndyld[33989]: <4A78C569-FF0D-398B-9C25-33453F0CEC40> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/UserManagement.framework/Versions/A/UserManagement\ndyld[33989]: <5BF55637-F306-3D79-B5A1-DB8A871DAD4B> /usr/lib/libboringssl.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <831C79C1-8DBE-31A3-AA4E-8E2B041488D6> /usr/lib/libcupolicy.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <88925A0C-4960-3F6D-AF3A-B1983F7B3D18> /usr/lib/libdns_services.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <A4A0036B-6614-36AA-9751-F7519237C5B7> /usr/lib/libnetworkextension.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <9753F471-40DD-3B9E-9D64-8D07C1B06BC9> /System/Library/Frameworks/NetworkExtension.framework/Versions/A/NetworkExtension\ndyld[33989]: <AA138671-8F21-30AE-808F-EBCF938B6013> /usr/lib/libnwswifttls.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <6F59933A-6618-33F1-BE52-E7FC3BF7A1EF> /usr/lib/libpcap.A.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <5E89267F-C684-348D-8356-F9DAD8B4CB13> /usr/lib/libquic.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <D2F997AA-2E08-3035-9D11-B2DF5D1552E9> /usr/lib/libusrtcp.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <D614ADAF-EEDD-3492-AEEB-7D03558D419C> 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CloudTelemetryTools\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: CloudTelemetryShared.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: RTCReporting\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: AAAFoundationSwift\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: AppleIDSSOAuthentication\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: UIFoundation\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: libcups.2.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: AXCoreUtilities\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: AttributeGraph\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: libAXSafeCategoryBundle.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: TabularData\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: ArgumentParserInternal\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: FindMyDevice\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: FMCoreLite\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: ServiceManagement\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: CryptoKitPrivate\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: CaptiveNetwork\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: EAP8021X\ndyld[33989]: move loaded to delayed: QuickLookThumbnailing\ndyld[33989]: <AC3EF888-4F08-3A68-8C42-E8C22C09999E> /opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.14/3.14.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/lib/python3.14/lib-dynload/_ctypes.cpython-314-darwin.so\ndyld[33989]: <B3A9C739-301D-3C6F-A0B6-3AE0B4E67CDA> /usr/lib/libffi.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <85E37FC4-F653-335B-AD84-D8291D8EB9C3> /usr/lib/libffi-trampolines.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <9DE830B2-E5A8-3D1A-B8CA-5C7BAB606430> /opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.14/3.14.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/lib/python3.14/lib-dynload/_struct.cpython-314-darwin.so\ndyld[33989]: <592C467A-7B2E-30BC-8E42-4235C999F1D1> /private/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/native-enabled/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <4C4C44AF-5555-3144-A120-3E4412E00745> /private/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/native-enabled/libEGL.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <4C4C4498-5555-3144-A17E-05A77F85C5AE> /private/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/native-enabled/libGLESv2.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <AB9A4279-F590-352F-B202-7158F4C56076> /System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Versions/A/Cocoa\ndyld[33989]: <B6B4BDAD-6428-3E64-8747-275700109B46> /System/Library/Frameworks/AppKit.framework/Versions/C/AppKit\ndyld[33989]: <4840B78C-D96B-35B9-85C7-E5889C44A7C4> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CollectionViewCore.framework/Versions/A/CollectionViewCore\ndyld[33989]: <E0CFA0C8-A13D-369D-91E9-4A675C5DB5FD> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/XCTTargetBootstrap.framework/Versions/A/XCTTargetBootstrap\ndyld[33989]: <0D6F3043-5372-3B15-96BC-6F45AD86F410> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/UserActivity.framework/Versions/A/UserActivity\ndyld[33989]: <7CDC68D4-0845-3053-AB80-C5A1F354060F> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/FrontBoard.framework/Versions/A/FrontBoard\ndyld[33989]: <E4480FEE-65A7-39DF-ACA1-09E7AC6054E9> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/UIIntelligenceSupport.framework/Versions/A/UIIntelligenceSupport\ndyld[33989]: <9EB0840F-B045-3529-9467-1470A3C6CA02> /System/Library/Frameworks/SwiftUICore.framework/Versions/A/SwiftUICore\ndyld[33989]: <84FB5635-42EE-3BB5-B7CD-8A354AD7DB0A> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/WritingTools.framework/Versions/A/WritingTools\ndyld[33989]: <6ECD36F7-0A2E-3631-A57F-FD0152173454> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/WindowManagement.framework/Versions/A/WindowManagement\ndyld[33989]: <CACC89FE-B88C-3419-A1C3-42C61D0C3DF3> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/FocusEngine.framework/Versions/A/FocusEngine\ndyld[33989]: <2BC041DF-695A-32EE-B164-1C35C2AFFC53> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DesignLibrary.framework/Versions/A/DesignLibrary\ndyld[33989]: <A871FDA3-D5BA-31E0-BD8C-E4A83F5E2B62> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DFRFoundation.framework/Versions/A/DFRFoundation\ndyld[33989]: <365E81B9-B9BA-3F4F-83FD-86A35CFBC8AC> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/UpdateCycle.framework/Versions/A/UpdateCycle\ndyld[33989]: <38408482-CE3B-359E-9465-7FEB4BB79B54> /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/Versions/A/HIToolbox\ndyld[33989]: <B4C49C28-105D-3260-8229-916D9FB0A584> /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/SpeechRecognition.framework/Versions/A/SpeechRecognition\ndyld[33989]: <74C54353-A613-35A2-857A-737BB48906F9> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/PerformanceAnalysis.framework/Versions/A/PerformanceAnalysis\ndyld[33989]: <22008BA9-C61B-3FAD-A1A0-F6A1CD220343> /System/Library/Frameworks/Accessibility.framework/Versions/A/Accessibility\ndyld[33989]: <028E944B-66C4-39E2-A436-FB93FB6CED4E> /System/Library/Frameworks/Symbols.framework/Versions/A/Symbols\ndyld[33989]: <BD114F61-BB5F-3E43-AA0D-674DF9E0BA17> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Gestures.framework/Versions/A/Gestures\ndyld[33989]: <713AEF7A-43B6-3735-8AB5-361F5EE06BBA> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftSpatial.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <DD6D3B10-645E-312D-84E9-A24EEDFCFA42> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftCoreGraphics.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <14A11A94-6A52-3D24-9267-42EDAEEC5FDD> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftFoundation.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <76A7FE10-AD26-3505-A8CC-D37AC1C24D32> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftSwiftOnoneSupport.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <4B5C0268-23EB-3E20-8F57-CDECFB6E3205> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftsys_time.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <C315F3B3-6DD7-3A29-8354-87027018A8DA> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreMaterial.framework/Versions/A/CoreMaterial\ndyld[33989]: <68B7C15F-537C-3FEF-838B-DC548772A45F> /usr/lib/libSpatial.dylib\ndyld[33989]: <183FD4D6-D766-34FC-B8E1-7C4D17435AC3> /System/Library/SubFrameworks/UIUtilities.framework/Versions/A/UIUtilities\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreWiFi\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Rapport\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Accounts\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AVFoundation\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: InternationalSupport\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ApplicationServices\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ATS\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: HIServices\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: PrintCore\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: QD\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ColorSyncLegacy\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: SpeechSynthesis\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: _LocationEssentials\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: GeoServices\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: LocationSupport\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreBluetooth\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: GeoServicesCore\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: PhoneNumbers\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: IconServices\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: IconFoundation\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: IconRendering\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreUI\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: SFSymbols\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: DeveloperToolsSupport\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: RenderBox\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreSVG\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: TextureIO\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libswiftCoreImage.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ATSUI\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: UserNotifications\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: SiriInstrumentation\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: SiriAnalytics\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: FeedbackLogger\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libswiftAVFoundation.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: UnifiedAssetFramework\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreUtils\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreUtilsExtras\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: IO80211\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: IOBluetooth\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libswiftRegexBuilder.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libIOReport.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: WiFiPeerToPeer\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Centauri\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libmrc.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: IPConfiguration\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Netrb\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: FrontBoardServices\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AudioUnit\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AVFAudio\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AVRouting\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libAccessibility.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: IsolatedCoreAudioClient\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreAudioOrchestration\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: MediaToolbox\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreAVCHD\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: MediaAccessibility\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Mangrove\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CMPhoto\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreTelephony\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreAUC\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AppleJPEGXL\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libTelephonyUtilDynamic.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CryptoKit\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CryptoKitCBridging\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CryptoTokenKit\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Dendrite\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: NaturalLanguage\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: GenerativeModels\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libswiftNaturalLanguage.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Espresso\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreML\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libedit.3.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ANECompiler\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AppleNeuralEngine\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: MetalPerformanceShadersGraph\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: MLCompilerServices\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ANEServices\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libncurses.5.4.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libsandbox.1.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libMatch.1.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ODIE\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: MLModelAsset\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: MLCompilerRuntime\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: MLCompute\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: MLAssetIO\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libswiftMLCompute.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AVFCore\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AVFCapture\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CMImaging\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Quagga\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CMCapture\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreMediaIO\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CMCaptureDevice\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreBrightness\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CinematicFraming\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ModelManagerServices\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CPMS\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: SystemStatus\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreMotion\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: TimeSync\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: DistributedSensing\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: MobileBluetooth\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: IOKitten\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: LocationLogEncryption\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AppleIntelligenceReporting\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreEmoji\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: LanguageModeling\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Montreal\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libcmph.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: GenerativeModelsFoundation\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: TokenGeneration\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: GenerativeFunctions\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: GenerativeFunctionsFoundation\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ModelCatalog\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: SensitiveContentAnalysisML\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: GenerativeFunctionsInstrumentation\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: PromptKit\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ProactiveDaemonSupport\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: TokenGenerationCore\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Trial\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: TrialProto\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AppleFlatBuffers\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: SentencePieceInternal\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Vision\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreSceneUnderstanding\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: VisionCore\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: DataDetectorsCore\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libfaceCore.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: Futhark\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: InertiaCam\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: TextRecognition\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: DataDetection\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: TextInput\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CVNLP\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: CoreTransferable\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: UIFoundation\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libcups.2.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AXCoreUtilities\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: AttributeGraph\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: libAXSafeCategoryBundle.dylib\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: TabularData\ndyld[33989]: move delayed to loaded: ArgumentParserInternal\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "command": [
+        "/opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.14/bin/python3.14",
+        "-c",
+        "import ctypes; library=ctypes.CDLL('/var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-relocation-qwa2j7uc/native-disabled/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib'); print(library.webscene_engine_get_abi_version())"
+      ],
+      "passed": true,
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "stdout": "3\n",
+      "loaderTrace": "dyld[33990]: <8D7882C5-027F-3692-BFE3-C897D8F59412> /opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.14/3.14.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/bin/python3.14\ndyld[33990]: <1DEC725C-63A6-3B9C-A038-DC35832D65CB> /opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.14/3.14.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/Python\ndyld[33990]: <9B672762-7B1F-30BC-96DE-F176B372D66D> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation\ndyld[33990]: <03BD9E32-CF0A-37B0-898A-3CE8DE06D842> /usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <7D56DA94-31EB-35F0-B886-4010C075E035> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreServicesInternal.framework/Versions/A/CoreServicesInternal\ndyld[33990]: <91DACE39-FA28-3191-818D-1FCC6A0E615A> /System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Versions/C/Foundation\ndyld[33990]: <0C7397C6-D747-31F2-8BC1-4096213BDE5C> /usr/lib/liboah.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <820D290D-51A0-3064-A1F2-4F0AAF7E6BF4> /usr/lib/libfakelink.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <53A3E31E-06A8-325E-B5A8-316B88AA3C92> /usr/lib/libicucore.A.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <4FED5EE2-5D3E-35B1-A170-9859C4B683BB> /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <4109E8DD-0A81-310C-B1B3-23B87186D0D8> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/SoftLinking.framework/Versions/A/SoftLinking\ndyld[33990]: <83794FB3-DE9B-3D23-AB5E-2C1D5D30F134> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftCore.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <F38A9C58-22AB-3798-BBAE-8DCD9CC0CE27> /usr/lib/libc++abi.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <0C7397C6-D747-31F2-8BC1-4096213BDE5C> /usr/lib/libRosetta.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <F0FD393C-15BC-3C75-A19D-897F7B225C78> /usr/lib/libc++.1.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <4FD234EA-2C18-3C25-8BD0-B1F4805C6675> /usr/lib/swift/libswiftObjectiveC.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <9E3C7597-446F-3C50-9930-2425D9252C0C> /usr/lib/libswiftPrespecialized.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <1479C415-3678-3968-AC77-06373490860E> /System/Library/Frameworks/SystemConfiguration.framework/Versions/A/SystemConfiguration\ndyld[33990]: <13EDE3A5-A7D9-3FB8-B0C2-2FB7F7272B34> /usr/lib/libz.1.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <54AD73AF-852E-3CD6-8B7D-E73BE79857D3> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreAutoLayout.framework/Versions/A/CoreAutoLayout\ndyld[33990]: <1A2A9A41-5269-3B0C-BCEE-B446966CE366> /usr/lib/libcmark-gfm.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <BAEEB84F-03FE-3B78-8799-316258DF893E> /usr/lib/libcompression.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <4A3B95C5-AA2E-338C-9398-56895AF82D97> /System/Library/Frameworks/CFNetwork.framework/Versions/A/CFNetwork\ndyld[33990]: <332C4B80-5B3C-34E7-AD1F-F6131E607F95> /System/Library/Frameworks/DiskArbitration.framework/Versions/A/DiskArbitration\ndyld[33990]: <0048DB96-1737-3FC5-AF0C-AF784FA24A03> /usr/lib/libarchive.2.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <6CD959AA-4825-306A-864A-BD69EC5F2DC0> /usr/lib/libDiagnosticMessagesClient.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <1E8A4F9E-3954-3458-B3BB-BE97F961C105> /usr/lib/libxml2.2.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <56AE2857-29E0-34E9-B2C3-EE8E951EEFC5> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/CoreServices\ndyld[33990]: 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QuickLookThumbnailing\ndyld[33990]: <8A5F0D29-A245-3FB7-8531-4BFD4394BE26> /opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.14/3.14.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/Resources/Python.app/Contents/MacOS/Python\ndyld[33990]: <1DEC725C-63A6-3B9C-A038-DC35832D65CB> /opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.14/3.14.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/Python\ndyld[33990]: <9B672762-7B1F-30BC-96DE-F176B372D66D> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation\ndyld[33990]: <03BD9E32-CF0A-37B0-898A-3CE8DE06D842> /usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <7D56DA94-31EB-35F0-B886-4010C075E035> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreServicesInternal.framework/Versions/A/CoreServicesInternal\ndyld[33990]: <91DACE39-FA28-3191-818D-1FCC6A0E615A> /System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Versions/C/Foundation\ndyld[33990]: <0C7397C6-D747-31F2-8BC1-4096213BDE5C> /usr/lib/liboah.dylib\ndyld[33990]: <820D290D-51A0-3064-A1F2-4F0AAF7E6BF4> /usr/lib/libfakelink.dylib\ndyld[33990]: 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CPMS\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: SystemStatus\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: CoreMotion\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: TimeSync\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: DistributedSensing\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: MobileBluetooth\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: IOKitten\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: LocationLogEncryption\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: AppleIntelligenceReporting\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: CoreEmoji\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: LanguageModeling\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: Montreal\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: libcmph.dylib\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: GenerativeModelsFoundation\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: TokenGeneration\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: GenerativeFunctions\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: GenerativeFunctionsFoundation\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: ModelCatalog\ndyld[33990]: move loaded to delayed: 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+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/sdk-integrity.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/sdk-integrity.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..053c4da21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/sdk-integrity.json
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+{
+  "scope": "SDK input integrity only; not graphics execution",
+  "status": "passed",
+  "checks": [
+    {
+      "test": "relocated SDK integrity",
+      "passed": true,
+      "expectedSuccess": true,
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "stdout": "Verified dawn 2ca8cbfe0f8275aa0f739e7b6b4345a16e2f0378 for osx-arm64: 77 files\n",
+      "stderr": ""
+    },
+    {
+      "test": "relocated CMake import",
+      "passed": true,
+      "expectedSuccess": true,
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "stdout": "-- The C compiler identification is AppleClang 21.0.0.21000101\n-- The CXX compiler identification is AppleClang 21.0.0.21000101\n-- Detecting C compiler ABI info\n-- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done\n-- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/cc - skipped\n-- Detecting C compile features\n-- Detecting C compile features - done\n-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info\n-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done\n-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ - skipped\n-- Detecting CXX compile features\n-- Detecting CXX compile features - done\n-- Found Python3: /opt/homebrew/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/bin/python3.14 (found version \"3.14.4\") found components: Interpreter\n-- Performing Test CMAKE_HAVE_LIBC_PTHREAD\n-- Performing Test CMAKE_HAVE_LIBC_PTHREAD - Success\n-- Found Threads: TRUE\n-- Verified dawn 2ca8cbfe0f8275aa0f739e7b6b4345a16e2f0378 for osx-arm64: 77 files\n\n-- Configuring done (0.9s)\n-- Generating done (0.0s)\n-- Build files have been written to: /var/folders/75/zbbvxqqn0nq344djj53fzz0h0000gn/T/webscene-sdk-integrity-v9_sf4kv/build\n",
+      "stderr": ""
+    },
+    {
+      "test": "foreign cached Dawn_DIR rejection",
+      "passed": true,
+      "expectedSuccess": false,
+      "exitCode": 1,
+      "stdout": "-- Verified dawn 2ca8cbfe0f8275aa0f739e7b6b4345a16e2f0378 for osx-arm64: 77 files\n\n-- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred!\n",
+      "stderr": "CMake Error at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/eng/graphics/GraphicsDependencies.cmake:45 (message):\n  Dawn_DIR points outside the verified SDK; clear the stale cache\nCall Stack (most recent call first):\n  CMakeLists.txt:10 (include)\n\n\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "test": "revision mismatch rejection",
+      "passed": true,
+      "expectedSuccess": false,
+      "exitCode": 1,
+      "stdout": "",
+      "stderr": "Graphics SDK verification failed: dawn: revision mismatch; rebuild using the current dependency lock\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "test": "rid mismatch rejection",
+      "passed": true,
+      "expectedSuccess": false,
+      "exitCode": 1,
+      "stdout": "",
+      "stderr": "Graphics SDK verification failed: dawn: rid mismatch; rebuild using the current dependency lock\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "test": "lockSha256 mismatch rejection",
+      "passed": true,
+      "expectedSuccess": false,
+      "exitCode": 1,
+      "stdout": "",
+      "stderr": "Graphics SDK verification failed: dawn: lockSha256 mismatch; rebuild using the current dependency lock\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "test": "wrong build settings rejection",
+      "passed": true,
+      "expectedSuccess": false,
+      "exitCode": 1,
+      "stdout": "",
+      "stderr": "Graphics SDK verification failed: dawn: build settings mismatch\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "test": "mismatched generated WebGPU header rejection",
+      "passed": true,
+      "expectedSuccess": false,
+      "exitCode": 1,
+      "stdout": "",
+      "stderr": "Graphics SDK verification failed: dawn: checksum mismatch: include/dawn/webgpu.h\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "test": "unexpected installed header rejection",
+      "passed": true,
+      "expectedSuccess": false,
+      "exitCode": 1,
+      "stdout": "",
+      "stderr": "Graphics SDK verification failed: dawn: installed file inventory mismatch\n"
+    },
+    {
+      "test": "mismatched native library rejection",
+      "passed": true,
+      "expectedSuccess": false,
+      "exitCode": 1,
+      "stdout": "",
+      "stderr": "Graphics SDK verification failed: dawn: checksum mismatch: lib/libwebgpu_dawn.a\n"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/webgl-cts-acquisition.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/webgl-cts-acquisition.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06c1cd2b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/webgl-cts-acquisition.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 1,
+  "suite": "webgl-cts",
+  "repository": "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/WebGL.git",
+  "revision": "3b7a7538e880ab7ee7383b73fbfefb6a35179e7c",
+  "trackedFiles": 16006,
+  "status": "acquired",
+  "conformanceStatus": "not-run"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/webgpu-cts-acquisition.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/webgpu-cts-acquisition.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a9fe04b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/webgpu-cts-acquisition.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 1,
+  "suite": "webgpu-cts",
+  "repository": "https://github.com/gpuweb/cts.git",
+  "revision": "de0f06a6e1ab4b4399359007e5b67fe07eecf163",
+  "trackedFiles": 1327,
+  "status": "acquired",
+  "conformanceStatus": "not-run"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/wpt-acquisition.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/wpt-acquisition.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..487876a1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-osx-arm64/wpt-acquisition.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 1,
+  "suite": "wpt",
+  "repository": "https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt.git",
+  "revision": "f2666d25c2aa2e1a33cf553c0386c65482dbcdc9",
+  "trackedFiles": 162979,
+  "status": "acquired",
+  "conformanceStatus": "not-run"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-portability/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-portability/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2064e7121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-portability/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# G01 hosted build portability findings
+
+Hosted SDK run [34115613271](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/WebScene/actions/runs/34115613271), commit `8ba8211`, failed Windows Dawn/ANGLE source license checks and Linux Dawn configuration. Logs are retained here; no hardware qualification was attempted.
+
+Windows inherited native CRLF behavior for upstream `text=auto` attributes despite `core.autocrlf=false`. Commit `16eb3ab` also sets `core.eol=lf` before checkout. Its regression test creates a real Git repository under a CRLF global configuration and verifies exact license bytes after checkout. All ten Python tests pass.
+
+Linux GCC passed Dawn's C++ module language feature probe but lacked CMake module dependency discovery. The optional module wrapper is now disabled in the dependency lock; WebScene uses generated C/C++ headers. Local macOS rebuilds against the updated lock succeeded, and all three hardware probes still pass with the adjacent library hashes verified. Logs and full probe/SDK manifests are compressed here.
+
+These changes require a new Windows/Linux hosted build before being considered verified on those platforms. Linux ANGLE's original job was still running when this evidence was recorded and was deliberately left uninterrupted. Hardware, driver and graphics package qualification remain separate incomplete gates for #23.
+
+The Linux ANGLE job subsequently completed compilation but failed SDK staging because `include/vulkan` already existed (ANGLE supplies `vulkan_fuchsia_ext.h`). The copier now merges the pinned Vulkan headers into that directory. A local staging reproduction verified that both ANGLE's extension header and upstream `vulkan.h` retain their original bytes. The hosted failure log is retained here; a new full Linux job is still required to verify the corrected stage and probe linkage.
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-portability/macos-probes.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-portability/macos-probes.json.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-portability/windows-followup.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-portability/windows-followup.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..477e17fd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-portability/windows-followup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Windows build follow-up
+
+Run [34116313032](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/WebScene/actions/runs/34116313032), revision 1ef6394, failed both Windows component jobs. Full logs are retained alongside this note.
+
+Dawn reached shared-library linkage but Abseil objects referenced dynamic CRT imports while the surrounding build selected the static CRT. The pinned Abseil CMakeLists.txt explicitly overrides CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY unless ABSL_MSVC_STATIC_RUNTIME is enabled. Both builder and SDK verifier now require that option on Windows.
+
+ANGLE failed before dependency synchronization completed: git_cache.Mirror invokes git.bat, which did not exist. DEPOT_TOOLS_UPDATE=0 skips the normal Windows bootstrap as well as self-update. The builder now explicitly invokes the pinned bootstrap/win_tools.bat and requires its generated Git wrapper before gclient sync. The depot_tools source revision remains fixed.
+
+All 10 local Python regression tests pass. These Windows corrections require the successor hosted build; they are not yet verified Windows successes. Linux Dawn in this run successfully built its SDK and linked its probe, without GPU hardware execution.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8538e1976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# G01 V8 integration attempt: failed qualification
+
+Both graphics-enabled and graphics-disabled Release builds linked successfully with an existing local V8 15.3.10 SDK, generated bootstrap snapshots, and passed the three native parser suites. The native engine test crashed in both configurations: SIGSEGV with graphics enabled and SIGBUS with graphics disabled. These results do not qualify either runtime configuration. Graphics linkage is not necessary to trigger the failure; its root cause has not been established.
+
+`result.json` records the repository/V8 revisions, input hashes and complete WebScene CMake settings for each build. The existing SDK was consumed read-only from a neighboring checkout. Its inspector header/source patches were already present. This is not evidence of a clean V8 SDK build, and should not be substituted for one. Its `args.gn` is retained alongside configure/build/test logs.
+
+The macOS crash report for the enabled run identifies an invalid address in `mfm_free` on a native test thread. VS Code DebugMCP tools were unavailable. LLDB could print its version, but attempts to launch a debug session exited 137 without output, so no debugger root-cause finding is claimed. Do not suppress the native test or count the successful build as a runtime pass.
+
+Reproduction uses `experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe` with the settings in `result.json`, separate new build directories, and `WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS` ON/OFF respectively. Substitute a local V8 SDK matching the recorded inputs and a verified graphics SDK; no author-specific path is required by the implementation. After configure:
+
+```sh
+cmake --build <build-directory> --parallel 6
+cmake -E copy_if_different <v8-output>/icudtl.dat <build-directory>/icudtl.dat
+ctest --test-dir <build-directory> --output-on-failure
+```
+
+Next verification must establish the V8 SDK/build compatibility and investigate the failing runtime test in both configurations. The earlier hosted CI package successes use their own SDK builds and do not establish that this reused local SDK is valid. Issue #23 remains incomplete.
+
+## Follow-up: inspector ABI mismatch identified
+
+Symbolicating a graphics-disabled RelWithDebInfo reproduction located the failure in `shutdown_inspector()` at the call to `allAsyncTasksCanceled()`, dispatching into `V8StackTraceId` construction. The reused archive predates the patched inspector header: the header inserts the virtual `consoleAPICalled` method, but the archive does not define `V8InspectorImpl::consoleAPICalled`. This mismatches the vtable layout. `symbolized-control-crash.txt` preserves the call path.
+
+Native CMake now checks both the header declaration and the archive's defined implementation symbol when Inspector is enabled. It prefers the SDK's LLVM symbol reader for matching ThinLTO support, otherwise using the platform symbol tool. The actual stale archive fails configure with the explicit ABI diagnostic in `stale-sdk-rejection.log`. A newer local V8 15.3.10 archive containing the implementation passes the same check and links successfully. Matching-SDK runtime verification is still in progress; absence of the earlier immediate crash alone is not a suite pass. The original failed results above remain historical evidence.
+
+The matching-SDK graphics-enabled test subsequently reported `binary invocation did not complete`. A live process sample located the main thread in the component-catalog test failure path, waiting during process shutdown. The test process was explicitly terminated after sampling (117.81 seconds elapsed); its CTest result is a failure, not a timeout pass. `v8-matching-sdk-tests.log` and `v8-matching-sdk-sample.txt` preserve this separate remaining failure. The immediate inspector ABI crash is addressed by rejecting the invalid SDK; runtime qualification still requires resolving this later failure.
+
+## Upstream-aligned control
+
+At merge commit `2de32f0` (upstream `96088f6`), the matching-SDK graphics-disabled build passes all four CTest suites, including the native runtime suite (12.52 seconds). The graphics-enabled configuration still reports an incomplete binary invocation and reaches the explicit 60-second CTest timeout. Both logs are retained. This comparison narrows the remaining failure to the graphics-enabled configuration; the earlier stale-SDK and old-runtime failures must not be conflated with it.
+
+Both Dawn and V8 archives define Abseil spin-lock symbols without an inline version namespace. Their implementations differ. A shared-Dawn experiment is in progress to test symbol isolation; this is a hypothesis, not a confirmed fix or a qualified dependency change.
+
+## Isolated shared-Dawn experiment
+
+The disposable build was relinked against a shared Dawn monolith exporting only `_wgpu*`, retaining ANGLE and the same native sources/V8 SDK. All four native suites passed; the native runtime suite took 11.82 seconds. The preceding static-Dawn build timed out and the no-graphics control passed. This intervention supports a dependency symbol collision: Dawn and V8 bundle different unversioned Abseil implementations, and linking them into one image permits one library's implementation to satisfy the other's references.
+
+This is an experiment, not the committed SDK configuration. Dawn's existing build directory was reconfigured with `DAWN_BUILD_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY=SHARED` and `CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS=-Wl,-exported_symbols_list,<file>` where the file contains `_wgpu*`. In the disposable native `build.ninja`, only the installed Dawn archive path was replaced by that shared candidate path, and the candidate library was copied alongside the native engine. After the run the original Ninja file was restored. The installed, manifest-verified static SDK was not changed. The native binary in that disposable directory remains the experimental shared build until rebuilt.
+
+The selected fix must now be integrated into the SDK builder and verified for exported-symbol isolation, native linkage, hardware probes and relocation. Windows/Linux qualification and production package changes remain outstanding. No CPU pixel presentation path is involved in this change.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/dawn-shared-isolation-build.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/dawn-shared-isolation-build.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..642f240a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/dawn-shared-isolation-build.log
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[1/1] Linking CXX shared library src/dawn/native/libwebgpu_dawn.dylib
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-shared-dawn-link.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-shared-dawn-link.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb3679554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-shared-dawn-link.log
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ninja: Entering directory `artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled'
+[1/2] Linking CXX shared library libwebscene_native_engine.dylib
+[2/2] Linking CXX executable webscene_native_engine_tests
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-shared-dawn-tests.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-shared-dawn-tests.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec5b65d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-shared-dawn-tests.log
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Test project /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled
+    Start 1: webscene_html_parser_tests
+1/4 Test #1: webscene_html_parser_tests .......   Passed    0.01 sec
+    Start 2: webscene_css_parser_tests
+2/4 Test #2: webscene_css_parser_tests ........   Passed    0.00 sec
+    Start 3: webscene_selector_parser_tests
+3/4 Test #3: webscene_selector_parser_tests ...   Passed    0.00 sec
+    Start 4: webscene_native_engine_tests
+4/4 Test #4: webscene_native_engine_tests .....   Passed   11.82 sec
+
+100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 4
+
+Total Test time (real) =  11.84 sec
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-disabled-build.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-disabled-build.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e282b031e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-disabled-build.log
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+[1/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXCancellationRequest.cpp.o
+[2/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXConnectionState.cpp.o
+[3/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXBench.cpp.o
+[4/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXExponentialBackoff.cpp.o
+[5/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXDNSLookup.cpp.o
+[6/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXGzipCodec.cpp.o
+[7/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXGetFreePort.cpp.o
+[8/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXNetSystem.cpp.o
+[9/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_v8_snapshot_builder.dir/tools/v8_snapshot_builder.cpp.o
+[10/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSelectInterrupt.cpp.o
+[11/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXHttp.cpp.o
+[12/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSelectInterruptFactory.cpp.o
+[13/63] Linking CXX executable webscene_v8_snapshot_builder
+[14/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXHttpClient.cpp.o
+[15/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSelectInterruptPipe.cpp.o
+[16/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSelectInterruptEvent.cpp.o
+[17/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXHttpServer.cpp.o
+[18/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSetThreadName.cpp.o
+[19/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSocket.cpp.o
+[20/63] Creating the WebScene V8 bootstrap snapshot
+snapshot_bytes=437848 v8=15.3.10-WebScene
+[21/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSocketConnect.cpp.o
+[22/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSocketFactory.cpp.o
+[23/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSocketServer.cpp.o
+[24/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXStrCaseCompare.cpp.o
+[25/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXUdpSocket.cpp.o
+[26/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSocketTLSOptions.cpp.o
+[27/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXUrlParser.cpp.o
+[28/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocketCloseConstants.cpp.o
+[29/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXUserAgent.cpp.o
+[30/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXUuid.cpp.o
+[31/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocketPerMessageDeflate.cpp.o
+[32/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocketHttpHeaders.cpp.o
+[33/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocketPerMessageDeflateCodec.cpp.o
+[34/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocket.cpp.o
+[35/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocketHandshake.cpp.o
+[36/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocketPerMessageDeflateOptions.cpp.o
+[37/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocketProxyServer.cpp.o
+[38/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocketServer.cpp.o
+[39/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp.o
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:176:22: warning: 'SSLHandshake' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  176 |             status = SSLHandshake(_sslContext);
+      |                      ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:1641:1: note: 'SSLHandshake' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+ 1641 | SSLHandshake                            (SSLContextRef          context)
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:202:65: warning: 'kSSLClientSide' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  202 |             _sslContext = SSLCreateContext(kCFAllocatorDefault, kSSLClientSide, kSSLStreamType);
+      |                                                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:218:5: note: 'kSSLClientSide' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  218 |     kSSLClientSide CF_ENUM_DEPRECATED(10_2, 10_15, 2_0, 13_0)
+      |     ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:202:81: warning: 'kSSLStreamType' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  202 |             _sslContext = SSLCreateContext(kCFAllocatorDefault, kSSLClientSide, kSSLStreamType);
+      |                                                                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:223:5: note: 'kSSLStreamType' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  223 |     kSSLStreamType CF_ENUM_DEPRECATED(10_2, 10_15, 2_0, 13_0),
+      |     ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:202:27: warning: 'SSLCreateContext' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  202 |             _sslContext = SSLCreateContext(kCFAllocatorDefault, kSSLClientSide, kSSLStreamType);
+      |                           ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:316:1: note: 'SSLCreateContext' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  316 | SSLCreateContext(CFAllocatorRef __nullable alloc, SSLProtocolSide protocolSide, SSLConnectionType connectionType)
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:204:13: warning: 'SSLSetIOFuncs' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  204 |             SSLSetIOFuncs(
+      |             ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:418:1: note: 'SSLSetIOFuncs' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  418 | SSLSetIOFuncs                           (SSLContextRef          context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:206:13: warning: 'SSLSetConnection' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  206 |             SSLSetConnection(_sslContext, (SSLConnectionRef)(long) _sockfd);
+      |             ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:657:1: note: 'SSLSetConnection' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  657 | SSLSetConnection                        (SSLContextRef                  context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:207:51: warning: 'kTLSProtocol12' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  207 |             SSLSetProtocolVersionMin(_sslContext, kTLSProtocol12);
+      |                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecProtocolTypes.h:162:5: note: 'kTLSProtocol12' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  162 |     kTLSProtocol12 CF_ENUM_DEPRECATED(10_2, 10_15, 5_0, 13_0) = 8,
+      |     ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:207:13: warning: 'SSLSetProtocolVersionMin' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  207 |             SSLSetProtocolVersionMin(_sslContext, kTLSProtocol12);
+      |             ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:458:1: note: 'SSLSetProtocolVersionMin' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  458 | SSLSetProtocolVersionMin  (SSLContextRef      context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:210:17: warning: 'SSLSetPeerDomainName' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  210 |                 SSLSetPeerDomainName(_sslContext, host.c_str(), host.size());
+      |                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:686:1: note: 'SSLSetPeerDomainName' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  686 | SSLSetPeerDomainName            (SSLContextRef          context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:215:50: warning: 'kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  215 |                 SSLSetSessionOption(_sslContext, kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth, option);
+      |                                                  ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:99:2: note: 'kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+   99 |         kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth CF_ENUM_DEPRECATED(10_2, 10_15, 2_0, 13_0) = 0,
+      |         ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:215:17: warning: 'SSLSetSessionOption' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  215 |                 SSLSetSessionOption(_sslContext, kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth, option);
+      |                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:384:1: note: 'SSLSetSessionOption' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  384 | SSLSetSessionOption                     (SSLContextRef          context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:247:9: warning: 'SSLClose' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  247 |         SSLClose(_sslContext);
+      |         ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:1731:1: note: 'SSLClose' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+ 1731 | SSLClose                                        (SSLContextRef          context)
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:261:22: warning: 'SSLWrite' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  261 |             status = SSLWrite(_sslContext, buf, nbyte, &processed);
+      |                      ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:1670:1: note: 'SSLWrite' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+ 1670 | SSLWrite                                        (SSLContextRef          context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:291:22: warning: 'SSLRead' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  291 |             status = SSLRead(_sslContext, buf, nbyte, &processed);
+      |                      ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:1689:1: note: 'SSLRead' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+ 1689 | SSLRead                                         (SSLContextRef          context,
+      | ^
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+   Compiling webscene-html-parser v0.1.0 (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/html_parser)
+    Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 10.63s
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+[49/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_css_parser_tests.dir/tests/css_parser_tests.cpp.o
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+[51/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_selector_parser_tests.dir/tests/selector_parser_tests.cpp.o
+[52/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_selector_parser_tests.dir/native/webscene_selector_parser.cpp.o
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+[54/63] Linking CXX executable webscene_css_parser_tests
+[55/63] Linking CXX executable webscene_selector_parser_tests
+[56/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_native_engine.dir/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp.o
+In file included from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp:1082:
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:167:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  167 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:208:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  208 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:585:32: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  585 |                         node.id});
+      |                                ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:801:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  801 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:813:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  813 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1108:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1108 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1120:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1120 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1167:33: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1167 |             arrow_color, node.id});
+      |                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1172:33: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1172 |             arrow_color, node.id});
+      |                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1226:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1226 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1350:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1350 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{13U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1353:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1353 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{20U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1356:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1356 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{16U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1361:67: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1361 |                 node.layout.width, node.layout.height, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1495:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1495 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{13U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1612:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1612 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{20U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1615:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1615 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{16U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1620:63: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1620 |             node.layout.width, node.layout.height, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                               ^
+18 warnings generated.
+[57/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_html_parser_tests.dir/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp.o
+In file included from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp:1082:
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:167:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  167 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:208:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  208 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:585:32: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  585 |                         node.id});
+      |                                ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:801:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  801 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:813:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  813 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1108:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1108 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1120:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1120 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1167:33: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1167 |             arrow_color, node.id});
+      |                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1172:33: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1172 |             arrow_color, node.id});
+      |                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1226:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1226 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1350:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1350 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{13U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1353:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1353 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{20U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1356:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1356 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{16U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1361:67: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1361 |                 node.layout.width, node.layout.height, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1495:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1495 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{13U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1612:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1612 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{20U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1615:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1615 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{16U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1620:63: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1620 |             node.layout.width, node.layout.height, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                               ^
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-disabled-configure.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-disabled-configure.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce493207c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-disabled-configure.log
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+-- The C compiler identification is AppleClang 21.0.0.21000101
+-- The CXX compiler identification is AppleClang 21.0.0.21000101
+-- Detecting C compiler ABI info
+-- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done
+-- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/cc - skipped
+-- Detecting C compile features
+-- Detecting C compile features - done
+-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
+-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
+-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ - skipped
+-- Detecting CXX compile features
+-- Detecting CXX compile features - done
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+-- WebScene native engine: cssparser syntax parser selected
+-- WebScene native engine: Servo selector parser selected
+-- WebScene native engine: html5ever parser selected
+-- WebScene native engine: certification telemetry excluded
+-- WebScene native engine: V8 Inspector support enabled
+-- TLS configured to use secure transport
+-- Found ZLIB: /Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/lib/libz.tbd (found version "1.2.12")
+-- Found Python3: /opt/homebrew/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/bin/python3.14 (found version "3.14.4") found components: Interpreter
+-- WebScene native engine: bootstrap snapshot selected
+-- WebScene native engine: V8 enabled (/Volumes/SSD/repos/HtmlML/artifacts/native-engine-v8-15.3/osx-arm64/v8/out/arm64/Release/obj/libv8_monolith.a)
+-- Configuring done (1.8s)
+-- Generating done (0.0s)
+-- Build files have been written to: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-disabled-tests.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-disabled-tests.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6777b9086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-disabled-tests.log
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Test project /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled
+    Start 1: webscene_html_parser_tests
+1/4 Test #1: webscene_html_parser_tests .......   Passed    0.31 sec
+    Start 2: webscene_css_parser_tests
+2/4 Test #2: webscene_css_parser_tests ........   Passed    0.25 sec
+    Start 3: webscene_selector_parser_tests
+3/4 Test #3: webscene_selector_parser_tests ...   Passed    0.25 sec
+    Start 4: webscene_native_engine_tests
+4/4 Test #4: webscene_native_engine_tests .....Bus error***Exception:   2.30 sec
+
+
+75% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 4
+
+Total Test time (real) =   3.12 sec
+
+The following tests FAILED:
+	  4 - webscene_native_engine_tests (Bus error)
+Errors while running CTest
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-enabled-build.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-enabled-build.log
new file mode 100644
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+[37/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocketProxyServer.cpp.o
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+[39/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp.o
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:176:22: warning: 'SSLHandshake' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  176 |             status = SSLHandshake(_sslContext);
+      |                      ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:1641:1: note: 'SSLHandshake' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+ 1641 | SSLHandshake                            (SSLContextRef          context)
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:202:65: warning: 'kSSLClientSide' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  202 |             _sslContext = SSLCreateContext(kCFAllocatorDefault, kSSLClientSide, kSSLStreamType);
+      |                                                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:218:5: note: 'kSSLClientSide' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  218 |     kSSLClientSide CF_ENUM_DEPRECATED(10_2, 10_15, 2_0, 13_0)
+      |     ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:202:81: warning: 'kSSLStreamType' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  202 |             _sslContext = SSLCreateContext(kCFAllocatorDefault, kSSLClientSide, kSSLStreamType);
+      |                                                                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:223:5: note: 'kSSLStreamType' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  223 |     kSSLStreamType CF_ENUM_DEPRECATED(10_2, 10_15, 2_0, 13_0),
+      |     ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:202:27: warning: 'SSLCreateContext' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  202 |             _sslContext = SSLCreateContext(kCFAllocatorDefault, kSSLClientSide, kSSLStreamType);
+      |                           ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:316:1: note: 'SSLCreateContext' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  316 | SSLCreateContext(CFAllocatorRef __nullable alloc, SSLProtocolSide protocolSide, SSLConnectionType connectionType)
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:204:13: warning: 'SSLSetIOFuncs' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  204 |             SSLSetIOFuncs(
+      |             ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:418:1: note: 'SSLSetIOFuncs' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  418 | SSLSetIOFuncs                           (SSLContextRef          context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:206:13: warning: 'SSLSetConnection' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  206 |             SSLSetConnection(_sslContext, (SSLConnectionRef)(long) _sockfd);
+      |             ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:657:1: note: 'SSLSetConnection' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  657 | SSLSetConnection                        (SSLContextRef                  context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:207:51: warning: 'kTLSProtocol12' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  207 |             SSLSetProtocolVersionMin(_sslContext, kTLSProtocol12);
+      |                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecProtocolTypes.h:162:5: note: 'kTLSProtocol12' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  162 |     kTLSProtocol12 CF_ENUM_DEPRECATED(10_2, 10_15, 5_0, 13_0) = 8,
+      |     ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:207:13: warning: 'SSLSetProtocolVersionMin' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  207 |             SSLSetProtocolVersionMin(_sslContext, kTLSProtocol12);
+      |             ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:458:1: note: 'SSLSetProtocolVersionMin' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  458 | SSLSetProtocolVersionMin  (SSLContextRef      context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:210:17: warning: 'SSLSetPeerDomainName' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  210 |                 SSLSetPeerDomainName(_sslContext, host.c_str(), host.size());
+      |                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:686:1: note: 'SSLSetPeerDomainName' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  686 | SSLSetPeerDomainName            (SSLContextRef          context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:215:50: warning: 'kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  215 |                 SSLSetSessionOption(_sslContext, kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth, option);
+      |                                                  ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:99:2: note: 'kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+   99 |         kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth CF_ENUM_DEPRECATED(10_2, 10_15, 2_0, 13_0) = 0,
+      |         ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:215:17: warning: 'SSLSetSessionOption' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  215 |                 SSLSetSessionOption(_sslContext, kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth, option);
+      |                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:384:1: note: 'SSLSetSessionOption' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+  384 | SSLSetSessionOption                     (SSLContextRef          context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:247:9: warning: 'SSLClose' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  247 |         SSLClose(_sslContext);
+      |         ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:1731:1: note: 'SSLClose' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+ 1731 | SSLClose                                        (SSLContextRef          context)
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:261:22: warning: 'SSLWrite' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  261 |             status = SSLWrite(_sslContext, buf, nbyte, &processed);
+      |                      ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:1670:1: note: 'SSLWrite' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+ 1670 | SSLWrite                                        (SSLContextRef          context,
+      | ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/ixwebsocket/IXSocketAppleSSL.cpp:291:22: warning: 'SSLRead' is deprecated: first deprecated in macOS 10.15 - No longer supported. Use Network.framework. [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
+  291 |             status = SSLRead(_sslContext, buf, nbyte, &processed);
+      |                      ^
+/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Headers/SecureTransport.h:1689:1: note: 'SSLRead' has been explicitly marked deprecated here
+ 1689 | SSLRead                                         (SSLContextRef          context,
+      | ^
+14 warnings generated.
+[40/63] Building CXX object _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/CMakeFiles/ixwebsocket.dir/ixwebsocket/IXWebSocketTransport.cpp.o
+[41/63] Linking CXX static library _deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-build/libixwebsocket.a
+[42/63] Building the pinned html5ever WebScene parser
+   Compiling proc-macro2 v1.0.107
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+   Compiling derive_more-impl v2.1.1
+   Compiling phf v0.13.1
+   Compiling derive_more v2.1.1
+   Compiling cssparser v0.37.0
+   Compiling markup5ever v0.39.0
+   Compiling html5ever v0.39.0
+   Compiling webscene-html-parser v0.1.0 (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/html_parser)
+    Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 12.32s
+[43/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_native_engine.dir/native/webscene_css_parser.cpp.o
+[44/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_native_engine.dir/native/webscene_selector_parser.cpp.o
+[45/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_native_engine.dir/native/webscene_html_parser.cpp.o
+[46/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_html_parser_tests.dir/tests/html_parser_tests.cpp.o
+[47/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_native_engine.dir/native/webscene_native_websocket.cpp.o
+[48/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_html_parser_tests.dir/native/webscene_html_parser.cpp.o
+[49/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_css_parser_tests.dir/tests/css_parser_tests.cpp.o
+[50/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_css_parser_tests.dir/native/webscene_css_parser.cpp.o
+[51/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_selector_parser_tests.dir/tests/selector_parser_tests.cpp.o
+[52/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_selector_parser_tests.dir/native/webscene_selector_parser.cpp.o
+[53/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_native_engine.dir/native/webscene_native_engine.cpp.o
+[54/63] Linking CXX executable webscene_css_parser_tests
+[55/63] Linking CXX executable webscene_selector_parser_tests
+[56/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_native_engine.dir/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp.o
+In file included from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp:1082:
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:167:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  167 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:208:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  208 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:585:32: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  585 |                         node.id});
+      |                                ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:801:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  801 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:813:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  813 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1108:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1108 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1120:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1120 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1167:33: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1167 |             arrow_color, node.id});
+      |                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1172:33: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1172 |             arrow_color, node.id});
+      |                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1226:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1226 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1350:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1350 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{13U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1353:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1353 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{20U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1356:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1356 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{16U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1361:67: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1361 |                 node.layout.width, node.layout.height, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1495:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1495 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{13U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1612:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1612 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{20U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1615:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1615 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{16U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1620:63: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1620 |             node.layout.width, node.layout.height, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                               ^
+18 warnings generated.
+[57/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_html_parser_tests.dir/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp.o
+In file included from /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp:1082:
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:167:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  167 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:208:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  208 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:585:32: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  585 |                         node.id});
+      |                                ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:801:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  801 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:813:20: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+  813 |             node.id});
+      |                    ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1108:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1108 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1120:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1120 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1167:33: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1167 |             arrow_color, node.id});
+      |                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1172:33: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1172 |             arrow_color, node.id});
+      |                                 ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1226:24: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1226 |                 node.id});
+      |                        ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1350:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1350 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{13U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1353:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1353 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{20U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1356:87: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1356 |             commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{16U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                       ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1361:67: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1361 |                 node.layout.width, node.layout.height, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1495:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1495 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{13U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1612:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1612 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{20U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1615:83: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1615 |         commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{16U, 0U, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                                                   ^
+/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc:1620:63: warning: missing field 'radius_top_left' initializer [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
+ 1620 |             node.layout.width, node.layout.height, 0U, node.id});
+      |                                                               ^
+18 warnings generated.
+[58/63] Linking CXX executable webscene_html_parser_tests
+[59/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_native_engine_tests.dir/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp.o
+[60/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_native_engine_tests.dir/tests/native_v8_runtime_tests.cpp.o
+[61/63] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/webscene_native_engine.dir/native/webscene_v8_runtime.cpp.o
+[62/63] Linking CXX shared library libwebscene_native_engine.dylib
+[63/63] Linking CXX executable webscene_native_engine_tests
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-enabled-configure.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-enabled-configure.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87d795857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-enabled-configure.log
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+-- The C compiler identification is AppleClang 21.0.0.21000101
+-- The CXX compiler identification is AppleClang 21.0.0.21000101
+-- Detecting C compiler ABI info
+-- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done
+-- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/cc - skipped
+-- Detecting C compile features
+-- Detecting C compile features - done
+-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
+-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
+-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ - skipped
+-- Detecting CXX compile features
+-- Detecting CXX compile features - done
+-- Found Python3: /opt/homebrew/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/bin/python3.14 (found version "3.14.4") found components: Interpreter
+-- Performing Test CMAKE_HAVE_LIBC_PTHREAD
+-- Performing Test CMAKE_HAVE_LIBC_PTHREAD - Success
+-- Found Threads: TRUE
+-- Verified dawn 2ca8cbfe0f8275aa0f739e7b6b4345a16e2f0378 for osx-arm64: 77 files
+
+-- Verified angle 082d85ba19efba24d3c25108dc1f0cad9cf149f9 for osx-arm64: 1039 files
+
+-- WebScene native engine: generated WebIDL DOM bindings selected
+-- WebScene native engine: cssparser syntax parser selected
+-- WebScene native engine: Servo selector parser selected
+-- WebScene native engine: html5ever parser selected
+-- WebScene native engine: certification telemetry excluded
+-- WebScene native engine: V8 Inspector support enabled
+-- TLS configured to use secure transport
+-- Found ZLIB: /Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/lib/libz.tbd (found version "1.2.12")
+-- WebScene native engine: bootstrap snapshot selected
+-- WebScene native engine: V8 enabled (/Volumes/SSD/repos/HtmlML/artifacts/native-engine-v8-15.3/osx-arm64/v8/out/arm64/Release/obj/libv8_monolith.a)
+-- Configuring done (3.4s)
+-- Generating done (0.0s)
+-- Build files have been written to: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-enabled-tests.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-enabled-tests.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..090b19842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/native-v8-enabled-tests.log
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Test project /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled
+    Start 1: webscene_html_parser_tests
+1/4 Test #1: webscene_html_parser_tests .......   Passed    0.29 sec
+    Start 2: webscene_css_parser_tests
+2/4 Test #2: webscene_css_parser_tests ........   Passed    0.25 sec
+    Start 3: webscene_selector_parser_tests
+3/4 Test #3: webscene_selector_parser_tests ...   Passed    0.25 sec
+    Start 4: webscene_native_engine_tests
+4/4 Test #4: webscene_native_engine_tests .....***Exception: SegFault  1.66 sec
+
+
+75% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 4
+
+Total Test time (real) =   2.46 sec
+
+The following tests FAILED:
+	  4 - webscene_native_engine_tests (SEGFAULT)
+Errors while running CTest
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/result.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/result.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ebb95fe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/result.json
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+{
+  "status": "failed",
+  "repositoryCommit": "f9dd6104888b61470bfebf0ec21ca5ddd4bd81a1",
+  "v8Revision": "f671abbcff8361085f9d0f82d24f2526955b62c4",
+  "sdkOrigin": "Existing local V8 15.3.10 SDK reused read-only; not a clean SDK build",
+  "inputs": {
+    "include/v8-version.h": {
+      "sha256": "44b5fb050d6402890206ff674c12fa23094fad350423c4bac4d86866cc886818",
+      "bytes": 771
+    },
+    "include/v8-inspector.h": {
+      "sha256": "5e52907a091f99fbba67a0d83c3ffca5ce0617b8e6ff99b6d7e29502c26e4efb",
+      "bytes": 18523
+    },
+    "out/arm64/Release/args.gn": {
+      "sha256": "42ce5894df70c577a521240eff6493b3528193d87023449d020425a3f3129dfd",
+      "bytes": 680
+    },
+    "out/arm64/Release/obj/libv8_monolith.a": {
+      "sha256": "2d8316f88a010a4a3ec017158296d973c60de8a5365583867e9feef392956966",
+      "bytes": 99611632
+    },
+    "out/arm64/Release/icudtl.dat": {
+      "sha256": "9f48c7f9c7c94d516a14870707e910ab94d75ae640ff6842c4af53276cd26ebe",
+      "bytes": 10876560
+    }
+  },
+  "results": {
+    "graphicsEnabled": {
+      "build": "passed",
+      "parserTests": 3,
+      "nativeTest": "SIGSEGV",
+      "cmakeSettings": {
+        "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE:STRING": "Release",
+        "CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER:FILEPATH": "/usr/bin/c++",
+        "WEBSCENE_CARGO_EXECUTABLE:FILEPATH": "/Users/danw/.cargo/bin/cargo",
+        "WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ANGLE_VARIANT:STRING": "angle",
+        "WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT:PATH": "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_BUILD_CSS_PARSER_BENCHMARK:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_BUILD_DOM_BINDING_BENCHMARK:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_BUILD_HTML_PARSER_BENCHMARK:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CSS_PARSER:STRING": "cssparser",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_DENSE_LINK:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_DOM_BINDINGS:STRING": "generated",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8_INSPECTOR:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_HTML_PARSER:STRING": "html5ever",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_SELECTOR_PARSER:STRING": "servo",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_THIN_LTO:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_V8_SNAPSHOT:STRING": "bootstrap",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_DIRECT_HANDLE:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE_DEFAULT:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_OUTPUT_ROOT:PATH": "/Volumes/SSD/repos/HtmlML/artifacts/native-engine-v8-15.3/osx-arm64/v8/out/arm64/Release",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_PARTITION_ALLOC:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_POINTER_COMPRESSION:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_POINTER_COMPRESSION_SHARED_CAGE:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_ROOT:PATH": "/Volumes/SSD/repos/HtmlML/artifacts/native-engine-v8-15.3/osx-arm64/v8",
+        "WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ANGLE_VARIANT-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "angle;angle-gl",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CSS_PARSER-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "legacy;cssparser",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_DOM_BINDINGS-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "legacy;generated",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_HTML_PARSER-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "legacy;html5ever",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_SELECTOR_PARSER-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "legacy;servo",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_V8_SNAPSHOT-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "none;bootstrap"
+      }
+    },
+    "graphicsDisabled": {
+      "build": "passed",
+      "parserTests": 3,
+      "nativeTest": "SIGBUS",
+      "cmakeSettings": {
+        "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE:STRING": "Release",
+        "CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER:FILEPATH": "/usr/bin/c++",
+        "WEBSCENE_CARGO_EXECUTABLE:FILEPATH": "/Users/danw/.cargo/bin/cargo",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_BUILD_CSS_PARSER_BENCHMARK:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_BUILD_DOM_BINDING_BENCHMARK:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_BUILD_HTML_PARSER_BENCHMARK:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CSS_PARSER:STRING": "cssparser",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_DENSE_LINK:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_DOM_BINDINGS:STRING": "generated",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8_INSPECTOR:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_HTML_PARSER:STRING": "html5ever",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_SELECTOR_PARSER:STRING": "servo",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_THIN_LTO:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_V8_SNAPSHOT:STRING": "bootstrap",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_DIRECT_HANDLE:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE_DEFAULT:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_OUTPUT_ROOT:PATH": "/Volumes/SSD/repos/HtmlML/artifacts/native-engine-v8-15.3/osx-arm64/v8/out/arm64/Release",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_PARTITION_ALLOC:BOOL": "OFF",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_POINTER_COMPRESSION:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_POINTER_COMPRESSION_SHARED_CAGE:BOOL": "ON",
+        "WEBSCENE_V8_ROOT:PATH": "/Volumes/SSD/repos/HtmlML/artifacts/native-engine-v8-15.3/osx-arm64/v8",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CSS_PARSER-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "legacy;cssparser",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_DOM_BINDINGS-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "legacy;generated",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_HTML_PARSER-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "legacy;html5ever",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_SELECTOR_PARSER-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "legacy;servo",
+        "WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_V8_SNAPSHOT-STRINGS:INTERNAL": "none;bootstrap"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "interpretation": "Both controls fail; graphics linkage is not required to trigger the failure. Root cause remains unresolved."
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/stale-sdk-rejection.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/stale-sdk-rejection.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6e8dce53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/stale-sdk-rejection.log
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+-- WebScene native engine: generated WebIDL DOM bindings selected
+-- WebScene native engine: cssparser syntax parser selected
+-- WebScene native engine: Servo selector parser selected
+-- WebScene native engine: html5ever parser selected
+-- WebScene native engine: certification telemetry excluded
+-- WebScene native engine: V8 Inspector support enabled
+CMake Error at cmake/VerifyV8Inspector.cmake:37 (message):
+  V8 Inspector header/archive ABI mismatch: the header declares the console
+  bridge but the monolith has no V8InspectorImpl::consoleAPICalled
+  implementation.  Rebuild the monolith after applying
+  V8InspectorConsolePatch.txt; do not reuse an older archive.
+Call Stack (most recent call first):
+  CMakeLists.txt:326 (include)
+
+
+-- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred!
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/symbolized-control-crash.txt b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/symbolized-control-crash.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce7fa900e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/symbolized-control-crash.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+webscene_native_engine_tests-2026-09-07-114423.ips
+{'codes': '0x0000000000000002, 0x0000000105c4fc98', 'rawCodes': [2, 4391763096], 'type': 'EXC_BAD_ACCESS', 'signal': 'SIGBUS', 'subtype': 'KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE at 0x0000000105c4fc98'}
+v8_inspector::V8StackTraceId::V8StackTraceId() (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) + 20
+webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::implementation::shutdown_inspector() (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_v8_runtime_inspector.inc:757)
+webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::implementation::~implementation() (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_v8_runtime_lifecycle.inc:98)
+webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::~v8_dom_runtime() (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_v8_runtime.cpp:4067)
+webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::~v8_dom_runtime() (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_v8_runtime.cpp:4067)
+webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::~v8_dom_runtime() (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_v8_runtime.cpp:4067)
+webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::~v8_dom_runtime() (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_v8_runtime.cpp:4067)
+webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::~v8_dom_runtime() (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_v8_runtime.cpp:4067)
+webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::~v8_dom_runtime() (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_v8_runtime.cpp:4067)
+webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::~v8_dom_runtime() (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_v8_runtime.cpp:4067)
+webscene_engine::run(std::__1::stop_token) (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_native_engine_worker.inc:1014)
+webscene_engine::run(std::__1::stop_token) (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_native_engine_worker.inc:1014)
+webscene_engine::run(std::__1::stop_token) (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (webscene_native_engine_worker.inc:1014)
+std::__1::__invoke_result_impl<void, webscene_engine::webscene_engine(unsigned int, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char>>, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context_v3 const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, void (*)(void*, unsigned long long, unsigned long long, float, float), void*, unsigned char (*)(void*, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, float, int, float, float, webscene_text_metrics*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*)::'lambda'(std::__1::stop_token), std::__1::stop_token>::type std::__1::__invoke[abi:nqe210106]<webscene_engine::webscene_engine(unsigned int, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char>>, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context_v3 const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, void (*)(void*, unsigned long long, unsigned long long, float, float), void*, unsigned char (*)(void*, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, float, int, float, float, webscene_text_metrics*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*)::'lambda'(std::__1::stop_token), std::__1::stop_token>(webscene_engine::webscene_engine(unsigned int, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char>>, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context_v3 const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, void (*)(void*, unsigned long long, unsigned long long, float, float), void*, unsigned char (*)(void*, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, float, int, float, float, webscene_text_metrics*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*)::'lambda'(std::__1::stop_token)&&, std::__1::stop_token&&) (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (invoke.h:87)
+std::__1::__invoke_result_impl<void, webscene_engine::webscene_engine(unsigned int, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char>>, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context_v3 const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, void (*)(void*, unsigned long long, unsigned long long, float, float), void*, unsigned char (*)(void*, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, float, int, float, float, webscene_text_metrics*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*)::'lambda'(std::__1::stop_token), std::__1::stop_token>::type std::__1::__invoke[abi:nqe210106]<webscene_engine::webscene_engine(unsigned int, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char>>, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context_v3 const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, void (*)(void*, unsigned long long, unsigned long long, float, float), void*, unsigned char (*)(void*, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, float, int, float, float, webscene_text_metrics*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*)::'lambda'(std::__1::stop_token), std::__1::stop_token>(webscene_engine::webscene_engine(unsigned int, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char>>, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context_v3 const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, void (*)(void*, unsigned long long, unsigned long long, float, float), void*, unsigned char (*)(void*, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, float, int, float, float, webscene_text_metrics*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*)::'lambda'(std::__1::stop_token)&&, std::__1::stop_token&&) (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (invoke.h:87)
+void* std::__1::__thread_proxy[abi:nqe210106]<std::__1::tuple<std::__1::unique_ptr<std::__1::__thread_struct, std::__1::default_delete<std::__1::__thread_struct>>, webscene_engine::webscene_engine(unsigned int, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char>>, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context_v3 const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, void (*)(void*, unsigned long long, unsigned long long, float, float), void*, unsigned char (*)(void*, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, float, int, float, float, webscene_text_metrics*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*)::'lambda'(std::__1::stop_token), std::__1::stop_token>>(void*) (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (thread.h:170)
+void* std::__1::__thread_proxy[abi:nqe210106]<std::__1::tuple<std::__1::unique_ptr<std::__1::__thread_struct, std::__1::default_delete<std::__1::__thread_struct>>, webscene_engine::webscene_engine(unsigned int, std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char>>, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, unsigned long (*)(void*, unsigned int, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, long long, webscene_resource_request_context_v3 const*, char*, unsigned long), void*, void (*)(void*, unsigned long long, unsigned long long, float, float), void*, unsigned char (*)(void*, char const*, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long, float, int, float, float, webscene_text_metrics*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*, void (*)(void*), void*)::'lambda'(std::__1::stop_token), std::__1::stop_token>>(void*) (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib) (thread.h:170)
+_pthread_start libsystem_pthread.dylib
+thread_start libsystem_pthread.dylib
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-args.gn b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-args.gn
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03442d438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-args.gn
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+chrome_pgo_phase = 0
+fatal_linker_warnings = false
+is_cfi = false
+is_component_build = false
+is_debug = false
+symbol_level = 0
+target_cpu = "arm64"
+treat_warnings_as_errors = false
+use_clang_modules = false
+use_custom_libcxx = false
+use_thin_lto = false
+v8_embedder_string = "-WebScene"
+v8_enable_fuzztest = false
+v8_enable_partition_alloc = false
+v8_enable_pointer_compression = true
+v8_enable_pointer_compression_shared_cage = true
+v8_enable_sandbox = false
+v8_enable_static_roots = false
+v8_enable_31bit_smis_on_64bit_arch = false
+v8_enable_temporal_support = false
+v8_enable_webassembly = true
+v8_monolithic = true
+v8_use_external_startup_data = false
+v8_target_cpu = "arm64"
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-matching-sdk-sample.txt b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-matching-sdk-sample.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27f64056e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-matching-sdk-sample.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,722 @@
+Analysis of sampling webscene_native_engine_tests (pid 60853) every 1 millisecond
+Process:         webscene_native_engine_tests [60853]
+Path:            /Volumes/VOLUME/*/webscene_native_engine_tests
+Load Address:    0x102f14000
+Identifier:      webscene_native_engine_tests
+Version:         0
+Code Type:       ARM64
+Platform:        macOS
+Parent Process:  ctest [60848]
+Target Type:     live task
+
+Date/Time:       2026-09-07 11:49:05.557 +0100
+Launch Time:     2026-09-07 11:47:47.245 +0100
+OS Version:      macOS 26.6.2 (25G83)
+Report Version:  7
+Analysis Tool:   /usr/bin/sample
+
+Physical footprint:         8529K
+Physical footprint (peak):  21.5M
+Idle exit:                  untracked
+----
+
+Call graph:
+    813 Thread_359613   DispatchQueue_1: com.apple.main-thread  (serial)
+    + 813 start  (in dyld) + 6992  [0x183ac84e4]
+    +   813 main  (in webscene_native_engine_tests) + 18424  [0x102f1ad00]
+    +     813 (anonymous namespace)::test_component_catalog_mounts_interacts_and_unmounts()  (in webscene_native_engine_tests) + 6384  [0x102f6c38c]
+    +       813 (anonymous namespace)::evaluate(webscene_engine*, std::basic_string_view<char>, std::basic_string_view<char>)  (in webscene_native_engine_tests) + 44  [0x102f74b14]
+    +         813 (anonymous namespace)::invoke_binary(webscene_engine*, std::basic_string_view<char>, std::basic_string_view<char>)  (in webscene_native_engine_tests) + 468  [0x102f74e7c]
+    +           813 (anonymous namespace)::fail(std::basic_string_view<char>)  (in webscene_native_engine_tests) + 68  [0x102fe23c4]
+    +             813 exit  (in libsystem_c.dylib) + 44  [0x183d485dc]
+    +               813 __cxa_finalize_ranges  (in libsystem_c.dylib) + 416  [0x183d487dc]
+    +                 813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x65cd8  [0x105385cd8]
+    +                   813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x264b5c  [0x105584b5c]
+    +                     813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x2649e0  [0x1055849e0]
+    +                       813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x2657b4  [0x1055857b4]
+    +                         813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x2659a4  [0x1055859a4]
+    +                           813 _pthread_join  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 616  [0x183e96114]
+    +                             813 __ulock_wait  (in libsystem_kernel.dylib) + 8  [0x183e51af8]
+    813 Thread_359696: V8 DefaultWorke
+    + 813 thread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 8  [0x183e8ec1c]
+    +   813 _pthread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 136  [0x183e93c58]
+    +     813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x25ecf4  [0x10557ecf4]
+    +       813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x265a44  [0x105585a44]
+    +         813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1b15450  [0x106e35450]
+    +           813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c39c8  [0x1054e39c8]
+    +             813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c3b28  [0x1054e3b28]
+    +               813 _pthread_cond_wait  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 980  [0x183e94128]
+    +                 813 __psynch_cvwait  (in libsystem_kernel.dylib) + 8  [0x183e5350c]
+    813 Thread_359697: V8 DefaultWorke
+    + 813 thread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 8  [0x183e8ec1c]
+    +   813 _pthread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 136  [0x183e93c58]
+    +     813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x25ecf4  [0x10557ecf4]
+    +       813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x265a44  [0x105585a44]
+    +         813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1b15450  [0x106e35450]
+    +           813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c39c8  [0x1054e39c8]
+    +             813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c3b28  [0x1054e3b28]
+    +               813 _pthread_cond_wait  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 980  [0x183e94128]
+    +                 813 __psynch_cvwait  (in libsystem_kernel.dylib) + 8  [0x183e5350c]
+    813 Thread_359698: V8 DefaultWorke
+    + 813 thread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 8  [0x183e8ec1c]
+    +   813 _pthread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 136  [0x183e93c58]
+    +     813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x25ecf4  [0x10557ecf4]
+    +       813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x265a44  [0x105585a44]
+    +         813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1b15450  [0x106e35450]
+    +           813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c39c8  [0x1054e39c8]
+    +             813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c3b28  [0x1054e3b28]
+    +               813 _pthread_cond_wait  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 980  [0x183e94128]
+    +                 813 __psynch_cvwait  (in libsystem_kernel.dylib) + 8  [0x183e5350c]
+    813 Thread_359699: V8 DefaultWorke
+    + 813 thread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 8  [0x183e8ec1c]
+    +   813 _pthread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 136  [0x183e93c58]
+    +     813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x25ecf4  [0x10557ecf4]
+    +       813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x265a44  [0x105585a44]
+    +         813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1b15450  [0x106e35450]
+    +           813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c39c8  [0x1054e39c8]
+    +             813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c3b28  [0x1054e3b28]
+    +               813 _pthread_cond_wait  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 980  [0x183e94128]
+    +                 813 __psynch_cvwait  (in libsystem_kernel.dylib) + 8  [0x183e5350c]
+    813 Thread_359700: V8 DefaultWorke
+    + 813 thread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 8  [0x183e8ec1c]
+    +   813 _pthread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 136  [0x183e93c58]
+    +     813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x25ecf4  [0x10557ecf4]
+    +       813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x265a44  [0x105585a44]
+    +         813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1b15450  [0x106e35450]
+    +           813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c39c8  [0x1054e39c8]
+    +             813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c3b28  [0x1054e3b28]
+    +               813 _pthread_cond_wait  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 980  [0x183e94128]
+    +                 813 __psynch_cvwait  (in libsystem_kernel.dylib) + 8  [0x183e5350c]
+    813 Thread_359701: V8 DefaultWorke
+    + 813 thread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 8  [0x183e8ec1c]
+    +   813 _pthread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 136  [0x183e93c58]
+    +     813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x25ecf4  [0x10557ecf4]
+    +       813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x265a44  [0x105585a44]
+    +         813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1b15450  [0x106e35450]
+    +           813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c39c8  [0x1054e39c8]
+    +             813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c3b28  [0x1054e3b28]
+    +               813 _pthread_cond_wait  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 980  [0x183e94128]
+    +                 813 __psynch_cvwait  (in libsystem_kernel.dylib) + 8  [0x183e5350c]
+    813 Thread_359702: V8 DefaultWorke
+    + 813 thread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 8  [0x183e8ec1c]
+    +   813 _pthread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 136  [0x183e93c58]
+    +     813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x25ecf4  [0x10557ecf4]
+    +       813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x265aac  [0x105585aac]
+    +         813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x263fd4  [0x105583fd4]
+    +           813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x8d7324  [0x105bf7324]
+    +             813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x8d750c  [0x105bf750c]
+    +               813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x8d75d4  [0x105bf75d4]
+    +                 813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x8d834c  [0x105bf834c]
+    +                   813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x8ecb78  [0x105c0cb78]
+    +                     813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc9368  [0x1060e9368]
+    +                       392 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91f4  [0x1060e91f4]
+    +                       238 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91d4  [0x1060e91d4]
+    +                       54 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91fc  [0x1060e91fc]
+    +                       51 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91dc  [0x1060e91dc]
+    +                       34 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91d8  [0x1060e91d8]
+    +                       32 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91f8  [0x1060e91f8]
+    +                       6 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91d0  [0x1060e91d0]
+    +                       3 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91e8  [0x1060e91e8]
+    +                       3 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91ec  [0x1060e91ec]
+    813 Thread_359709
+      813 thread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 8  [0x183e8ec1c]
+        813 _pthread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 136  [0x183e93c58]
+          813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x10940  [0x105330940]
+            813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x10a84  [0x105330a84]
+              813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x11cdc  [0x105331cdc]
+                813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x71b88  [0x105391b88]
+                  813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x72050  [0x105392050]
+                    813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1a2bac  [0x1054c2bac]
+                      813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x2777d4  [0x1055977d4]
+                        813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x397854  [0x1056b7854]
+                          813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x398658  [0x1056b8658]
+                            813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f2f9c  [0x106c12f9c]
+                              813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f32a4  [0x106c132a4]
+                                813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                  813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                    813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                      813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                        813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                          813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                            813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                              813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                                813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                                  813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                                    813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                                      813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+                                                        813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1a53174  [0x106d73174]
+                                                          813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x19aaa2c  [0x106ccaa2c]
+                                                            813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x87ae54  [0x105b9ae54]
+                                                              813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x852d58  [0x105b72d58]
+                                                                813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x852e3c  [0x105b72e3c]
+                                                                  813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x852c74  [0x105b72c74]
+                                                                    813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x8549a8  [0x105b749a8]
+                                                                      813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x854304  [0x105b74304]
+                                                                        813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x81d09c  [0x105b3d09c]
+                                                                          813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x828f90  [0x105b48f90]
+                                                                            813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x821d7c  [0x105b41d7c]
+                                                                              813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x82349c  [0x105b4349c]
+                                                                                813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x81e184  [0x105b3e184]
+                                                                                  813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x81e640  [0x105b3e640]
+                                                                                    813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x825b60  [0x105b45b60]
+                                                                                      813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x8233a8  [0x105b433a8]
+                                                                                        813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x822948  [0x105b42948]
+                                                                                          813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x82b154  [0x105b4b154]
+                                                                                            813 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc9368  [0x1060e9368]
+                                                                                              378 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91f4  [0x1060e91f4]
+                                                                                              227 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91d4  [0x1060e91d4]
+                                                                                              74 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91dc  [0x1060e91dc]
+                                                                                              68 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91fc  [0x1060e91fc]
+                                                                                              27 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91d8  [0x1060e91d8]
+                                                                                              22 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91f8  [0x1060e91f8]
+                                                                                              9 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91d0  [0x1060e91d0]
+                                                                                              4 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91e8  [0x1060e91e8]
+                                                                                              4 ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91ec  [0x1060e91ec]
+
+Total number in stack (recursive counted multiple, when >=5):
+        12       ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x18f6364  [0x106c16364]
+        8       _pthread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 136  [0x183e93c58]
+        8       thread_start  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 8  [0x183e8ec1c]
+        7       ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x25ecf4  [0x10557ecf4]
+        6       ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1b15450  [0x106e35450]
+        6       ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c39c8  [0x1054e39c8]
+        6       ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x1c3b28  [0x1054e3b28]
+        6       ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0x265a44  [0x105585a44]
+        6       __psynch_cvwait  (in libsystem_kernel.dylib) + 0  [0x183e53504]
+        6       _pthread_cond_wait  (in libsystem_pthread.dylib) + 980  [0x183e94128]
+
+Sort by top of stack, same collapsed (when >= 5):
+        __psynch_cvwait  (in libsystem_kernel.dylib)        4878
+        __ulock_wait  (in libsystem_kernel.dylib)        813
+        ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91f4  [0x1060e91f4]        770
+        ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91d4  [0x1060e91d4]        465
+        ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91dc  [0x1060e91dc]        125
+        ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91fc  [0x1060e91fc]        122
+        ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91d8  [0x1060e91d8]        61
+        ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91f8  [0x1060e91f8]        54
+        ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91d0  [0x1060e91d0]        15
+        ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91e8  [0x1060e91e8]        7
+        ???  (in libwebscene_native_engine.dylib)  load address 0x105320000 + 0xdc91ec  [0x1060e91ec]        7
+
+Binary Images:
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+       0x1030d8000 -        0x1030e1adb +libEGL.dylib (0) <4C4C44AF-5555-3144-A120-3E4412E00745> /Volumes/*/libEGL.dylib
+       0x103a88000 -        0x103e557cb +libGLESv2.dylib (0) <4C4C4498-5555-3144-A17E-05A77F85C5AE> /Volumes/*/libGLESv2.dylib
+       0x105320000 -        0x10706d49f +libwebscene_native_engine.dylib (0) <1D887011-C02B-3D9F-84F0-5F0C8E94E935> /Volumes/*/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib
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+       0x183aa8000 -        0x183b5b4ff  dyld (1.0.0 - 1387) <74E52480-C2BD-3C8D-812D-95FE2B74A096> /usr/lib/dyld
+       0x183b5c000 -        0x183b5f228  libsystem_blocks.dylib (96) <E0AC1231-27AA-3A13-8FAC-41D5802B1F3C> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_blocks.dylib
+       0x183b60000 -        0x183bb455f  libxpc.dylib (3102.160.5) <33E44C2D-D65E-37A6-B85F-1A4CF524A050> /usr/lib/system/libxpc.dylib
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-matching-sdk-tests.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-matching-sdk-tests.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aac90df5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-matching-sdk-tests.log
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Test project /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled
+    Start 1: webscene_html_parser_tests
+1/4 Test #1: webscene_html_parser_tests .......   Passed    0.01 sec
+    Start 2: webscene_css_parser_tests
+2/4 Test #2: webscene_css_parser_tests ........   Passed    0.01 sec
+    Start 3: webscene_selector_parser_tests
+3/4 Test #3: webscene_selector_parser_tests ...   Passed    0.01 sec
+    Start 4: webscene_native_engine_tests
+4/4 Test #4: webscene_native_engine_tests .....Subprocess terminated***Exception: 117.81 sec
+webscene_native_engine_tests: binary invocation did not complete
+
+
+75% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 4
+
+Total Test time (real) = 117.85 sec
+
+The following tests FAILED:
+	  4 - webscene_native_engine_tests (Subprocess terminated)
+Errors while running CTest
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-upstream-disabled-tests.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-upstream-disabled-tests.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b8525ba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-upstream-disabled-tests.log
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Test project /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled
+    Start 1: webscene_html_parser_tests
+1/4 Test #1: webscene_html_parser_tests .......   Passed    0.39 sec
+    Start 2: webscene_css_parser_tests
+2/4 Test #2: webscene_css_parser_tests ........   Passed    0.00 sec
+    Start 3: webscene_selector_parser_tests
+3/4 Test #3: webscene_selector_parser_tests ...   Passed    0.00 sec
+    Start 4: webscene_native_engine_tests
+4/4 Test #4: webscene_native_engine_tests .....   Passed   12.52 sec
+
+100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 4
+
+Total Test time (real) =  12.92 sec
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-upstream-enabled-tests.log b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-upstream-enabled-tests.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8b48abb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-07-v8-integration/v8-upstream-enabled-tests.log
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Test project /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled
+    Start 1: webscene_html_parser_tests
+1/4 Test #1: webscene_html_parser_tests .......   Passed    0.33 sec
+    Start 2: webscene_css_parser_tests
+2/4 Test #2: webscene_css_parser_tests ........   Passed    0.01 sec
+    Start 3: webscene_selector_parser_tests
+3/4 Test #3: webscene_selector_parser_tests ...   Passed    0.01 sec
+    Start 4: webscene_native_engine_tests
+4/4 Test #4: webscene_native_engine_tests .....***Timeout  60.02 sec
+webscene_native_engine_tests: binary invocation did not complete
+
+
+75% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 4
+
+Total Test time (real) =  60.37 sec
+
+The following tests FAILED:
+	  4 - webscene_native_engine_tests (Timeout)
+Errors while running CTest
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4ffc381d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Complete-source Chrome reference matrix
+
+The corrected harness completed all 32 hardware-confirmed Chrome runs: courtyard, supplied fixture, seeded 10k and 100k lines, DPR 1/2, dark/light themes, twice each with 180 timed pans. All 16 comparisons have exact before/after PNG matches for composite, WebGPU and 2D overlay layers. All 232 referenced files verify against recorded hashes, including six capture-tool sources.
+
+`reference.json.gz` retains complete metadata, samples and hashes. `summary.json` records measured scope and limits. `harness/` retains the exact source bytes. Full raw images, traces and generated inputs remain in `artifacts/chrome-reference-final-navigation-20260908`; permanent remote retention is still outstanding. Earlier failed or differing archives remain preserved separately.
+
+Reproduce with `node tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs --output artifacts/chrome-reference-new`, then `python3 tests/GraphicsCompatibility/verify-reference-archive.py artifacts/chrome-reference-new`.
+
+Chrome reporter timing is derived from platform presentation feedback for the verified browser revision; it is separate from CPU submission and RAF timing and does not prove physical WebScene presentation. This matrix does not close #23 or epic #22; other platform, baseline, package and conformance gates remain.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/archive.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/archive.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56db36f47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/archive.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "path": "artifacts/chrome-reference-final-navigation-20260908.tar.gz",
+  "bytes": 189531386,
+  "sha256": "247f070c0e2126d2fb59a304c9e591703fd5085b65a5980fb23a88656b96a6db",
+  "verifiedFiles": 287,
+  "verification": "Every archived regular file compared by SHA-256 with capture directory; no extraction performed",
+  "retention": "Local archive only; remote permanent storage outstanding",
+  "command": "COPYFILE_DISABLE=1 tar -czf artifacts/chrome-reference-final-navigation-20260908.tar.gz -C artifacts chrome-reference-final-navigation-20260908"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..498642962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
+import { spawnSync } from "node:child_process";
+import { createServer } from "node:http";
+import { existsSync } from "node:fs";
+import { mkdir, readFile, writeFile } from "node:fs/promises";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
+import { gzipSync } from "node:zlib";
+import { startChrome, stopChrome, evaluate, waitFor, delay } from "./chrome-session.mjs";
+import { lineProject, referenceCases } from "./reference-workloads.mjs";
+import { analyzePresentation, distribution } from "./presentation-trace.mjs";
+
+const here = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const root = path.resolve(here, "../..");
+const sha = bytes => createHash("sha256").update(bytes).digest("hex");
+
+export function hardwareAssessment(system, app) {
+  const descriptions = [system.gpu?.auxAttributes?.glRenderer, app.adapter?.description,
+    ...(system.gpu?.devices ?? []).map(device => device.deviceString)].join(" ");
+  const confirmed = app.secureContext === true && app.backend === "WebGPU"
+    && app.adapter?.isFallbackAdapter === false && system.gpu?.featureStatus?.webgpu === "enabled"
+    && system.gpu?.featureStatus?.gpu_compositing === "enabled"
+    && system.gpu?.devices?.length > 0 && !/swiftshader|llvmpipe|softpipe|software|warp/i.test(descriptions);
+  return { status: confirmed ? "confirmed" : "unavailable", hardwareAccelerated: confirmed,
+    reason: confirmed ? "Non-fallback WebGPU adapter and hardware browser GPU features confirmed"
+      : "Required hardware/non-fallback evidence is missing or reports software" };
+}
+
+function options(argv) {
+  const result = { chrome: process.env.CHROME_BIN, repeat: 2, frames: 180 };
+  for (let index = 0; index < argv.length; index += 2) {
+    const key = argv[index], value = argv[index + 1];
+    if (!value) throw new Error(`Missing value for ${key}`);
+    if (key === "--chrome") result.chrome = value;
+    else if (key === "--output") result.output = path.resolve(value);
+    else if (key === "--case") result.case = value;
+    else if (key === "--repeat") result.repeat = Number(value);
+    else if (key === "--frames") result.frames = Number(value);
+    else throw new Error(`Unknown option ${key}`);
+  }
+  if (!result.output) throw new Error("--output must name a new evidence directory");
+  if (!Number.isInteger(result.repeat) || result.repeat < 1 || result.repeat > 10) throw new Error("Invalid repeat count");
+  if (!Number.isInteger(result.frames) || result.frames < 10 || result.frames > 1800) throw new Error("Invalid frame count");
+  if (result.case && !referenceCases.some(test => test.id === result.case)) throw new Error("Unknown reference case");
+  result.chrome ??= ["/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome",
+    "/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome",
+    "/usr/bin/google-chrome", "/usr/bin/chromium",
+    path.join(process.env.PROGRAMFILES ?? "", "Google/Chrome/Application/chrome.exe")].find(existsSync);
+  if (!result.chrome || !existsSync(result.chrome)) throw new Error("Set --chrome or CHROME_BIN to a hardware-capable Chrome installation");
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function fixtureServer(directory, generated) {
+  const types = { ".html": "text/html", ".js": "text/javascript", ".css": "text/css",
+    ".json": "application/json", ".kcad": "application/json", ".png": "image/png" };
+  const server = createServer(async (request, response) => {
+    try {
+      const pathname = decodeURIComponent(new URL(request.url, "http://localhost").pathname);
+      if (request.method !== "GET") { response.writeHead(405).end(); return; }
+      let content = generated.get(pathname);
+      if (!content) {
+        const filename = path.resolve(directory, "." + (pathname === "/" ? "/index.html" : pathname));
+        if (!filename.startsWith(directory + path.sep)) { response.writeHead(403).end(); return; }
+        content = await readFile(filename);
+      }
+      response.writeHead(200, { "Content-Type": types[path.extname(pathname)] ?? "application/octet-stream",
+        "Cache-Control": "no-store" });
+      response.end(content);
+    } catch { response.writeHead(404).end(); }
+  });
+  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => { server.once("error", reject); server.listen(0, "127.0.0.1", resolve); });
+  return { server, url: `http://127.0.0.1:${server.address().port}` };
+}
+
+async function settled(page) {
+  await evaluate(page, `(async()=>{
+    await new Promise(resolve=>requestAnimationFrame(()=>requestAnimationFrame(resolve)));
+    if(kestrel.renderer.device) await kestrel.renderer.device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+    return true;
+  })()`);
+}
+
+async function settleUi(page) {
+  // A neutral title click blurs the command input through the app's normal handlers.
+  // Merely moving the pointer leaves its startup suggestion menu open on some navigations.
+  const point = await evaluate(page, "(()=>{const r=document.getElementById('title-name').getBoundingClientRect();return {x:r.x+r.width/2,y:r.y+r.height/2};})()");
+  for (const event of [{ type: "mouseMoved", ...point },
+    { type: "mousePressed", ...point, button: "left", buttons: 1, clickCount: 1 },
+    { type: "mouseReleased", ...point, button: "left", buttons: 0, clickCount: 1 }])
+    await page.send("Input.dispatchMouseEvent", event);
+  await waitFor(page, "document.getElementById('command-suggestions').hidden && document.getElementById('file-menu').hidden");
+  await delay(200); // Allow the app's 150 ms blur handler and hover transitions to finish.
+  await settled(page);
+}
+
+export function validateReferenceUi(state) {
+  if (!state || state.tool !== null || state.bannerHidden !== true
+      || state.suggestionsHidden !== true || state.fileMenuHidden !== true) {
+    throw new Error(`Reference UI is not neutral: ${JSON.stringify(state)}`);
+  }
+}
+
+async function referenceUiState(page) {
+  const state = await evaluate(page, `({tool:kestrel.tool?.id ?? null,
+    bannerHidden:document.getElementById('tool-banner').hidden,
+    suggestionsHidden:document.getElementById('command-suggestions').hidden,
+    fileMenuHidden:document.getElementById('file-menu').hidden})`);
+  validateReferenceUi(state);
+  return state;
+}
+
+async function snapshot(page, output, name, clip) {
+  const uiBefore = await referenceUiState(page);
+  const capture = await page.send("Page.captureScreenshot", { format: "png", fromSurface: true,
+    captureBeyondViewport: false, clip: { ...clip, scale: 1 } });
+  const bytes = Buffer.from(capture.data, "base64");
+  await writeFile(path.join(output, name), bytes);
+  const canvasData = await evaluate(page, "({gpu:kestrel.renderer.canvas.toDataURL('image/png'),overlay:kestrel.renderer.overlay.toDataURL('image/png')})");
+  const layers = {};
+  for (const [layer, dataUrl] of Object.entries(canvasData)) {
+    if (!dataUrl.startsWith("data:image/png;base64,")) throw new Error("Canvas PNG serialization failed");
+    const layerBytes = Buffer.from(dataUrl.slice("data:image/png;base64,".length), "base64");
+    const layerName = name.replace(/\.png$/, `-${layer}.png`);
+    await writeFile(path.join(output, layerName), layerBytes);
+    layers[layer] = { file: layerName, sha256: sha(layerBytes), width: layerBytes.readUInt32BE(16), height: layerBytes.readUInt32BE(20) };
+  }
+  const uiAfter = await referenceUiState(page);
+  return { uiBefore, uiAfter, file: name, sha256: sha(bytes), width: bytes.readUInt32BE(16), height: bytes.readUInt32BE(20),
+    layers, purpose: "Diagnostic reference capture outside the timed interaction; not a presentation path" };
+}
+
+async function beginTrace(browser) {
+  let timer;
+  const completion = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Trace completion timed out")), 120_000);
+    browser.on("Tracing.tracingComplete", event => { clearTimeout(timer); resolve(event); });
+  });
+  // Avoid an unhandled rejection if an earlier page command fails; callers still observe rejection.
+  completion.catch(() => {});
+  await browser.send("Tracing.start", { transferMode: "ReturnAsStream", streamFormat: "json",
+    traceConfig: { recordMode: "recordAsMuchAsPossible", includedCategories: ["benchmark", "cc", "gpu", "viz",
+      "blink.user_timing", "devtools.timeline", "disabled-by-default-devtools.timeline.frame"] } });
+  return { completion, cancel: () => clearTimeout(timer) };
+}
+
+async function endTrace(browser, tracing, output, filename, revision) {
+  await browser.send("Tracing.end");
+  const result = await tracing.completion;
+  if (result.dataLossOccurred) throw new Error("Chrome lost trace events");
+  if (!result.stream) throw new Error("Chrome returned no trace stream");
+  const chunks = [];
+  try {
+    while (true) {
+      const chunk = await browser.send("IO.read", { handle: result.stream, size: 1024 * 1024 });
+      chunks.push(Buffer.from(chunk.data, chunk.base64Encoded ? "base64" : "utf8"));
+      if (chunk.eof) break;
+    }
+  } finally { await browser.send("IO.close", { handle: result.stream }); }
+  const raw = Buffer.concat(chunks);
+  const presentationTiming = analyzePresentation(JSON.parse(raw.toString("utf8")), revision);
+  const bytes = gzipSync(raw);
+  await writeFile(path.join(output, filename), bytes);
+  return { file: filename, sha256: sha(bytes), dataLossOccurred: false,
+    presentationTiming };
+}
+
+async function captureCase(chrome, serverUrl, output, test, repetition) {
+  const page = chrome.page, errors = [];
+  page.on("Runtime.exceptionThrown", error => errors.push(error));
+  await page.send("Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride", { ...test.documentViewport, deviceScaleFactor: test.dpr, mobile: false });
+  await page.send("Page.navigate", { url: `${serverUrl}/index.html?reference=${test.id}&repeat=${repetition}` });
+  await page.send("Page.bringToFront");
+  await waitFor(page, "document.documentElement?.dataset.ready==='true' && !!window.kestrel?.backendReady");
+  const projectPath = test.scene.startsWith("lines-") ? `/reference/${test.scene}.kcad` : `/examples/${test.scene}.kcad`;
+  await evaluate(page, `(async()=>{
+    const response=await fetch(${JSON.stringify(projectPath)});
+    if(!response.ok) throw new Error('Project fetch failed');
+    await kestrel.openFile(new File([await response.text()],${JSON.stringify(test.scene + ".kcad")},{type:'application/json'}));
+    kestrel.theme=${JSON.stringify(test.theme)}; kestrel.applyTheme();
+    kestrel.setView(${JSON.stringify(test.view)}); kestrel.setStyle(${JSON.stringify(test.style)});
+    kestrel.settings.grid=true; kestrel.settings.lineweights=false; kestrel.fit(false);
+    return true;
+  })()`);
+  // Let the app's own transient UI expire; do not patch/remove its DOM for stable screenshots.
+  await waitFor(page, "document.querySelectorAll('#toast-stack .toast').length===0");
+  await settleUi(page);
+  const app = await evaluate(page, `(()=>{
+    const r=kestrel.renderer, info=r.adapter?.info, rect=document.getElementById('viewport').getBoundingClientRect();
+    return {backend:r.backend,secureContext:isSecureContext,fallbackReason:r.fallbackReason,
+      adapter:info?{vendor:info.vendor,architecture:info.architecture,device:info.device,description:info.description,isFallbackAdapter:info.isFallbackAdapter}:null,
+      clip:{x:rect.x,y:rect.y,width:rect.width,height:rect.height},
+      documentViewport:{width:innerWidth,height:innerHeight,dpr:devicePixelRatio},
+      canvas:{width:r.canvas.width,height:r.canvas.height},stats:{...r.stats},
+      entities:kestrel.doc.entities.length,camera:kestrel.camera.serialize(),visibility:document.visibilityState,focused:document.hasFocus()};
+  })()`);
+  const system = await chrome.browser.send("SystemInfo.getInfo");
+  const hardware = hardwareAssessment(system, app);
+  if (!hardware.hardwareAccelerated) return { test, repetition, status: "unavailable", hardware, app, system };
+  if (app.documentViewport.width !== test.documentViewport.width || app.documentViewport.height !== test.documentViewport.height
+      || app.documentViewport.dpr !== test.dpr || app.visibility !== "visible") throw new Error("Viewport/DPR/visibility mismatch");
+  const prefix = `${test.id}-run${repetition}`;
+  const before = await snapshot(page, output, `${prefix}-before.png`, app.clip);
+  const tracing = await beginTrace(chrome.browser);
+  let trace, samples, input;
+  try {
+    // Exercise real browser mouse input once, then restore the camera for deterministic timed pans.
+    const x = app.clip.x + app.clip.width / 2, y = app.clip.y + app.clip.height / 2;
+    const events = [{ type: "mouseMoved", x, y }, { type: "mousePressed", x, y, button: "middle", buttons: 4, clickCount: 1 },
+      { type: "mouseMoved", x: x + 40, y: y + 20, button: "middle", buttons: 4 },
+      { type: "mouseReleased", x: x + 40, y: y + 20, button: "middle", buttons: 0, clickCount: 1 }];
+    for (const event of events) await page.send("Input.dispatchMouseEvent", event);
+    await settled(page);
+    input = await evaluate(page, "({target:kestrel.camera.target.slice(),camera:kestrel.camera.serialize()})");
+    input.events = events;
+    input.changedCamera = JSON.stringify(input.target) !== JSON.stringify(app.camera.target);
+    if (!input.changedCamera) throw new Error("Middle-button input did not pan the Kestrel camera");
+    await settleUi(page);
+    await evaluate(page, `kestrel.camera.restore(${JSON.stringify(app.camera)});kestrel.invalidate();true`);
+    await settled(page);
+    samples = await evaluate(page, `new Promise(resolve=>{
+      const app=kestrel, config=${JSON.stringify(test.interaction)}, samples=[];
+      const buffers=Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(app.renderer.buffers).map(([key,value])=>[key,value.buffer]));
+      let previous=null, moved=0;
+      performance.mark('webscene-reference-pan-start');
+      const step=timestamp=>{
+        if(previous!==null) samples.push({rafIntervalMs:timestamp-previous,cpuRenderSubmissionMs:app.renderer.stats.cpuMs});
+        if(moved===config.frames) {
+          performance.mark('webscene-reference-pan-end');
+          resolve({samples,finalCamera:app.camera.serialize(),stats:{...app.renderer.stats},
+            retainedBuffers:Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(buffers).map(([key,value])=>[key,app.renderer.buffers[key]?.buffer===value])),gpuErrors:app.renderer.gpuErrors.slice()});
+          return;
+        }
+        app.camera.pan(config.dxCssPixels,config.dyCssPixels);app.invalidate();moved++;previous=timestamp;
+        requestAnimationFrame(step);
+      }; requestAnimationFrame(step);
+    })`);
+    await settled(page);
+    await delay(100); // Allow platform presentation feedback for the last submitted update to arrive.
+    trace = await endTrace(chrome.browser, tracing, output, `${prefix}-trace.json.gz`, chrome.revision);
+  } finally { tracing.cancel(); }
+  await settled(page);
+  const after = await snapshot(page, output, `${prefix}-after.png`, app.clip);
+  if (samples.gpuErrors.length || errors.length) throw new Error("Kestrel reported browser/GPU errors");
+  samples.cpuRenderSubmissionMilliseconds = distribution(samples.samples.map(sample => sample.cpuRenderSubmissionMs));
+  samples.rafIntervalMilliseconds = distribution(samples.samples.map(sample => sample.rafIntervalMs));
+  return { test, repetition, status: "captured", hardware, app, system, input, before, after, trace, samples,
+    timingScope: "Application CPU render/submission plus rAF intervals; GPU execution and presentation require separate trace analysis" };
+}
+
+export async function main(argv) {
+  const args = options(argv);
+  await mkdir(path.dirname(args.output), { recursive: true });
+  await mkdir(args.output); // Never overwrite evidence, including failed attempts.
+  const evidence = { schemaVersion: 1, status: "running", capturedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+    scope: "Hardware Chrome reference for G01; not WebScene support or full epic qualification",
+    host: { platform: os.platform(), release: os.release(), architecture: os.arch() }, results: [] };
+  let chrome, service;
+  try {
+    const fixtureRoot = path.join(args.output, "fixture-input");
+    const validation = spawnSync(process.env.PYTHON ?? (process.platform === "win32" ? "python" : "python3"),
+      [path.join(here, "prepare-kestrel.py"), "--destination", fixtureRoot], { encoding: "utf8" });
+    if (validation.status !== 0) throw new Error(validation.stderr || validation.stdout);
+    evidence.fixture = JSON.parse(await readFile(path.join(here, "fixtures/kestrel.json"), "utf8"));
+    evidence.repositoryCommit = spawnSync("git", ["rev-parse", "HEAD"], { cwd: root, encoding: "utf8" }).stdout.trim();
+    const harnessArchive = await archiveReferenceHarness(args.output);
+    evidence.harness = harnessArchive.hashes;
+    evidence.harnessFiles = harnessArchive.files;
+    await mkdir(path.join(args.output, "generated-inputs"), { recursive: true });
+    const generated = new Map();
+    evidence.generatedProjects = {};
+    for (const count of [10_000, 100_000]) {
+      const bytes = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(lineProject(count)));
+      generated.set(`/reference/lines-${count}.kcad`, bytes);
+      const file = `generated-inputs/lines-${count}.kcad`;
+      await writeFile(path.join(args.output, file), bytes);
+      evidence.generatedProjects[`lines-${count}`] = { file, sha256: sha(bytes), bytes: bytes.length, count };
+    }
+    service = await fixtureServer(path.join(fixtureRoot, "Kestrel-CAD"), generated);
+    chrome = await startChrome(args.chrome);
+    evidence.browser = await chrome.browser.send("Browser.getVersion");
+    chrome.revision = evidence.browser.revision;
+    evidence.launch = { executable: args.chrome, args: chrome.args, headless: false };
+    await chrome.page.send("Page.addScriptToEvaluateOnNewDocument", { source: "try { localStorage.clear(); } catch {}" });
+    for (const test of referenceCases.filter(test => !args.case || test.id === args.case)) {
+      for (let repetition = 1; repetition <= args.repeat; ++repetition) {
+        const configured = { ...test, interaction: { ...test.interaction, frames: args.frames } };
+        const result = await captureCase(chrome, service.url, args.output, configured, repetition);
+        evidence.results.push(result);
+        await writeFile(path.join(args.output, "reference.json"), JSON.stringify(evidence, null, 2) + "\n");
+        console.log(`${test.id} run ${repetition}: ${result.status}`);
+        if (result.status === "unavailable") break;
+      }
+    }
+    evidence.status = evidence.results.every(result => result.status === "captured") ? "captured" : "unavailable";
+    evidence.repeatability = referenceCases.filter(test => !args.case || test.id === args.case).map(test => {
+      const runs = evidence.results.filter(result => result.test.id === test.id && result.status === "captured");
+      return { case: test.id, runs: runs.length, beforeExactPngMatch: runs.length >= 2 && new Set(runs.map(run => run.before.sha256)).size === 1,
+        afterExactPngMatch: runs.length >= 2 && new Set(runs.map(run => run.after.sha256)).size === 1,
+        layerMatches: Object.fromEntries(["before", "after"].flatMap(phase => ["gpu", "overlay"].map(layer =>
+          [`${phase}-${layer}`, runs.length >= 2 && new Set(runs.map(run => run[phase].layers[layer].sha256)).size === 1]))) };
+    });
+    evidence.remainingVerification = ["Presentation timing is unavailable for unverified Chrome revisions or incomplete traces",
+      "Repeat pixel differences require inspection if hashes differ",
+      "Other target hardware and WebScene comparison remain separate gates"];
+  } catch (error) {
+    evidence.status = "failed"; evidence.error = error.stack ?? String(error);
+    console.error(evidence.error);
+  } finally {
+    if (chrome) { evidence.chromeStderr = chrome.stderr; await stopChrome(chrome); }
+    if (service) await new Promise(resolve => service.server.close(resolve));
+    await writeFile(path.join(args.output, "reference.json"), JSON.stringify(evidence, null, 2) + "\n");
+  }
+  return evidence.status === "captured" ? 0 : evidence.status === "unavailable" ? 77 : 1;
+}
+
+if (process.argv[1] && path.resolve(process.argv[1]) === fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)) {
+  main(process.argv.slice(2)).then(code => { process.exitCode = code; }).catch(error => { console.error(error); process.exitCode = 1; });
+}
+
+// Persist the exact source bytes used to identify a reference capture, including
+// uncommitted harness edits. A repository SHA alone cannot recover those bytes.
+export async function archiveReferenceHarness(output, sourceDirectory = here) {
+  const hashes = {}, files = {};
+  await mkdir(path.join(output, "harness"), { recursive: true });
+  for (const name of ["capture-chrome-reference.mjs", "chrome-session.mjs", "reference-workloads.mjs", "presentation-trace.mjs",
+    "prepare-kestrel.py", "../WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs"]) {
+    const bytes = await readFile(path.join(sourceDirectory, name));
+    const file = path.posix.join("harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility", name);
+    await mkdir(path.dirname(path.join(output, file)), { recursive: true });
+    await writeFile(path.join(output, file), bytes);
+    hashes[name] = sha(bytes);
+    files[name] = { file, sha256: hashes[name], bytes: bytes.length };
+  }
+  return { hashes, files };
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/chrome-session.mjs b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/chrome-session.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d01e6d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/chrome-session.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
+import { mkdtemp, rm } from "node:fs/promises";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { CdpClient } from "../WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs";
+
+export const delay = milliseconds => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, milliseconds));
+
+export async function evaluate(client, expression) {
+  const response = await client.send("Runtime.evaluate", { expression, awaitPromise: true, returnByValue: true }, 60_000);
+  if (response.exceptionDetails) throw new Error(response.exceptionDetails.exception?.description ?? response.exceptionDetails.text);
+  return response.result.value;
+}
+
+export async function startChrome(executable) {
+  const userDataDirectory = await mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "webscene-kestrel-chrome-"));
+  const args = ["--disable-background-networking", "--disable-component-update", "--disable-default-apps",
+    "--disable-extensions", "--disable-sync", "--no-first-run", "--no-default-browser-check",
+    "--remote-debugging-port=0", "--window-size=1960,1200", `--user-data-dir=${userDataDirectory}`, "about:blank"];
+  const child = spawn(executable, args, { stdio: ["ignore", "ignore", "pipe"] });
+  const session = { child, userDataDirectory, args, stderr: "", browser: null, page: null };
+  try {
+    const endpoint = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Chrome DevTools startup timed out")), 30_000);
+      child.stderr.setEncoding("utf8");
+      child.stderr.on("data", chunk => {
+        session.stderr += chunk;
+        const match = session.stderr.match(/DevTools listening on (ws:\/\/[^\s]+)/);
+        if (match) { clearTimeout(timer); resolve(match[1]); }
+      });
+      child.once("error", error => { clearTimeout(timer); reject(error); });
+      child.once("exit", code => { clearTimeout(timer); reject(new Error(`Chrome exited: ${code}`)); });
+    });
+    session.browser = await CdpClient.connect(endpoint);
+    const url = new URL(endpoint);
+    let target;
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 100 && !target; ++attempt) {
+      const targets = await (await fetch(`http://${url.host}/json/list`)).json();
+      target = targets.find(value => value.type === "page" && value.webSocketDebuggerUrl);
+      if (!target) await delay(50);
+    }
+    if (!target) throw new Error("Chrome page target unavailable");
+    session.page = await CdpClient.connect(target.webSocketDebuggerUrl);
+    await session.page.send("Page.enable");
+    await session.page.send("Runtime.enable");
+    await session.page.send("Page.bringToFront");
+    return session;
+  } catch (error) {
+    await stopChrome(session);
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function stopChrome(session) {
+  try { await session.browser?.send("Browser.close", {}, 2_000); }
+  catch { session.child.kill("SIGTERM"); }
+  session.page?.close();
+  session.browser?.close();
+  if (session.child.exitCode === null && session.child.signalCode === null) {
+    await new Promise(resolve => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => { session.child.kill("SIGKILL"); resolve(); }, 2_000);
+      session.child.once("exit", () => { clearTimeout(timer); resolve(); });
+    });
+  }
+  await rm(session.userDataDirectory, { recursive: true, force: true });
+}
+
+export async function waitFor(client, expression) {
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 300; ++attempt) {
+    if (await evaluate(client, expression)) return;
+    await delay(100);
+  }
+  throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for ${expression}`);
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e8780b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Verify the immutable Kestrel input and optionally extract a disposable copy."""
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
+import zipfile
+
+
+def prepare(destination=None):
+    fixtures = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "fixtures"
+    manifest = json.loads((fixtures / "kestrel.json").read_text())
+    archive = fixtures / manifest["archive"]
+    if hashlib.sha256(archive.read_bytes()).hexdigest() != manifest["sha256"]:
+        raise ValueError("Kestrel archive checksum mismatch")
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(archive) as bundle:
+        entries = bundle.infolist()
+        names = [entry.filename for entry in entries]
+        if len(set(names)) != len(names) or set(names) != set(manifest["files"]):
+            raise ValueError("Kestrel archive inventory mismatch")
+        for entry in entries:
+            path = PurePosixPath(entry.filename)
+            if path.is_absolute() or ".." in path.parts or "\\" in entry.filename:
+                raise ValueError("Unsafe archive path")
+            data = bundle.read(entry)
+            if hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest() != manifest["files"][entry.filename]:
+                raise ValueError(f"Kestrel file checksum mismatch: {entry.filename}")
+        if bundle.read("Kestrel-CAD/LICENSE") != (fixtures / manifest["licenseFile"]).read_bytes():
+            raise ValueError("Kestrel license mismatch")
+        if destination is not None:
+            # A fresh destination prevents prior test output or symlinks contaminating the fixture.
+            destination.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=False)
+            for entry in entries:
+                output = destination / entry.filename
+                output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+                output.write_bytes(bundle.read(entry))
+    print(f"Verified {len(names)} immutable Kestrel files; no GPU qualification implied.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--destination", type=Path, help="New directory for a disposable extraction")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    prepare(args.destination)
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/presentation-trace.mjs b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/presentation-trace.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04110e097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/presentation-trace.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// This source contract was inspected at the Chrome revision below. Unknown revisions stay unqualified.
+export const supportedChromeRevision = "@529d9a34b491745086b59458f58a5aae8292adaa";
+const sourceRoot = `https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/${supportedChromeRevision.slice(1)}/cc/metrics/`;
+
+export function distribution(values) {
+  if (!values.length || values.some(value => !Number.isFinite(value))) return null;
+  const sorted = [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  const percentile = fraction => sorted[Math.max(0, Math.ceil(fraction * sorted.length) - 1)];
+  return { count: sorted.length, min: sorted[0], median: percentile(0.5), p95: percentile(0.95),
+    max: sorted.at(-1), mean: sorted.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0) / sorted.length };
+}
+
+export function analyzePresentation(trace, revision) {
+  const unavailable = reason => ({ status: "unavailable", reason });
+  if (revision !== supportedChromeRevision) return unavailable("Chrome revision has not had its presentation trace source contract verified");
+  const events = trace.traceEvents;
+  if (!Array.isArray(events)) return unavailable("Missing trace event array");
+  const starts = events.filter(event => event.name === "webscene-reference-pan-start" && event.ph === "I");
+  const ends = events.filter(event => event.name === "webscene-reference-pan-end" && event.ph === "I");
+  if (starts.length !== 1 || ends.length !== 1 || starts[0].pid !== ends[0].pid || ends[0].ts <= starts[0].ts)
+    return unavailable("Missing or ambiguous interaction markers");
+  const start = starts[0], end = ends[0], active = new Map(), frames = [], reporterStates = {};
+  let ambiguous = false;
+  const reporters = events.filter(event => event.name === "PipelineReporter" && event.pid === start.pid)
+    .sort((a, b) => a.ts - b.ts);
+  for (const event of reporters) {
+    // Trace local IDs are strings. Do not use the 64-bit numeric surface/display IDs: JSON loses precision.
+    const identity = event.id2?.local ?? event.id2?.global;
+    if (!identity) continue;
+    if (event.ph === "b") {
+      if (active.has(identity)) ambiguous = true;
+      active.set(identity, event);
+    } else if (event.ph === "e") {
+      const begin = active.get(identity);
+      active.delete(identity);
+      if (!begin || begin.ts < start.ts || begin.ts > end.ts) continue;
+      const info = begin.args?.frame_reporter;
+      if (!info?.state || event.ts < begin.ts || !Number.isFinite(event.ts)) { ambiguous = true; continue; }
+      reporterStates[info.state] = (reporterStates[info.state] ?? 0) + 1;
+      if (["STATE_PRESENTED_ALL", "STATE_PRESENTED_PARTIAL"].includes(info.state)) {
+        frames.push({ beginMicroseconds: begin.ts, presentedMicroseconds: event.ts,
+          sequence: info.frame_sequence, source: info.frame_source, layerTreeHost: info.layer_tree_host_id,
+          partial: info.state === "STATE_PRESENTED_PARTIAL", missingContent: info.has_missing_content === true });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (ambiguous) return unavailable("Ambiguous or malformed PipelineReporter event pairing");
+  if ([...active.values()].some(event => event.ts >= start.ts && event.ts <= end.ts))
+    return unavailable("Trace ended before all interaction reporters completed");
+  const timestamps = [...new Set(frames.map(frame => frame.presentedMicroseconds))].sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  if (timestamps.length < 2) return unavailable("Fewer than two distinct platform presentation feedback timestamps");
+  const intervals = timestamps.slice(1).map((timestamp, index) => (timestamp - timestamps[index]) / 1000);
+  return { status: "measured", source: "Presented PipelineReporter termination timestamps (platform presentation feedback)",
+    sourceContract: [sourceRoot + "compositor_frame_reporting_controller.cc", sourceRoot + "compositor_frame_reporter.cc"],
+    revision, rendererPid: start.pid, interactionStartMicroseconds: start.ts, interactionEndMicroseconds: end.ts,
+    uniquePresentedFrames: timestamps.length,
+    framesPerSecond: (timestamps.length - 1) * 1e6 / (timestamps.at(-1) - timestamps[0]),
+    intervalMilliseconds: distribution(intervals), partialReporters: frames.filter(frame => frame.partial).length,
+    missingContentReporters: frames.filter(frame => frame.missingContent).length,
+    reporterStates, frames,
+    note: "Reporter state counts include compositor bookkeeping; they are not counts of distinct application frames. Presentation feedback is separate from CPU submission and rAF delivery." };
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-workloads.mjs b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-workloads.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90c7b58f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-workloads.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Synthetic drawing data only. Kestrel application files remain byte-for-byte unchanged.
+export const referenceSeed = 0x22c0ffee;
+
+export function lineProject(count, seed = referenceSeed) {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(count) || count < 1 || count > 200_000) throw new Error("Invalid line count");
+  if (!Number.isInteger(seed) || seed < 0 || seed > 0xffffffff) throw new Error("Invalid uint32 seed");
+  let state = seed >>> 0;
+  const random = () => {
+    state = (Math.imul(state, 1664525) + 1013904223) >>> 0;
+    return (state >>> 8) / 0x1000000;
+  };
+  const quantize = value => Math.round(value * 1024) / 1024;
+  const entities = Array.from({ length: count }, (_, index) => {
+    const x = quantize((random() - 0.5) * 1000);
+    const y = quantize((random() - 0.5) * 1000);
+    const dx = quantize(2 + random() * 18);
+    const dy = quantize((random() - 0.5) * 40);
+    return { id: `reference-line-${index}`, type: "LINE", layer: "0", color: "bylayer",
+      linetype: "ByLayer", points: [[x, y, 0], [quantize(x + dx), quantize(y + dy), 0]] };
+  });
+  return { format: "kestrel-cad", version: 1, name: `Seeded ${count} lines`, units: "mm",
+    currentLayer: "0", layers: [{ id: "0", name: "REFERENCE", color: "#59c8d9", visible: true,
+      locked: false, linetype: "Continuous", lineweight: 0.25 }], entities, camera: null };
+}
+
+export const referenceCases = ["courtyard", "fixture", "lines-10000", "lines-100000"].flatMap(scene =>
+  [1, 2].flatMap(dpr => ["dark", "light"].map(theme => ({
+    id: `${scene}-dpr${dpr}-${theme}`, scene, dpr, theme,
+    style: scene === "fixture" ? "shaded-edges" : "wireframe",
+    view: scene === "fixture" ? "iso" : "top",
+    documentViewport: { width: 1920, height: 1080 }, seed: referenceSeed,
+    interaction: { kind: "camera-pan", frames: 180, dxCssPixels: 0.5, dyCssPixels: 0.25 }
+  })))
+);
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7dcac8aff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/harness/tests/WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+export class CdpClient {
+  constructor(socket) {
+    this.socket = socket;
+    this.nextId = 0;
+    this.pending = new Map();
+    this.listeners = new Map();
+    socket.addEventListener("message", event => this.#receive(JSON.parse(event.data)));
+    socket.addEventListener("close", () => this.#rejectPending(new Error("CDP WebSocket closed.")));
+    socket.addEventListener("error", () => this.#rejectPending(new Error("CDP WebSocket failed.")));
+  }
+
+  static async connect(webSocketUrl) {
+    const socket = new WebSocket(webSocketUrl);
+    await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      socket.addEventListener("open", resolve, { once: true });
+      socket.addEventListener("error", reject, { once: true });
+    });
+    return new CdpClient(socket);
+  }
+
+  send(method, params = {}, timeoutMilliseconds = 20_000) {
+    const id = ++this.nextId;
+    this.socket.send(JSON.stringify({ id, method, params }));
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
+        if (!this.pending.delete(id)) return;
+        reject(new Error(`CDP command '${method}' timed out after ${timeoutMilliseconds} ms.`));
+      }, timeoutMilliseconds);
+      this.pending.set(id, {
+        resolve: value => {
+          clearTimeout(timeout);
+          resolve(value);
+        },
+        reject: error => {
+          clearTimeout(timeout);
+          reject(error);
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  on(method, listener) {
+    const listeners = this.listeners.get(method) ?? [];
+    listeners.push(listener);
+    this.listeners.set(method, listeners);
+  }
+
+  close() {
+    this.#rejectPending(new Error("CDP client closed."));
+    this.socket.close();
+  }
+
+  #rejectPending(error) {
+    for (const continuation of this.pending.values()) continuation.reject(error);
+    this.pending.clear();
+  }
+
+  #receive(message) {
+    if (message.id) {
+      const continuation = this.pending.get(message.id);
+      if (!continuation) return;
+      this.pending.delete(message.id);
+      if (message.error) continuation.reject(new Error(JSON.stringify(message.error)));
+      else continuation.resolve(message.result);
+      return;
+    }
+    for (const listener of this.listeners.get(message.method) ?? []) {
+      Promise.resolve(listener(message.params)).catch(error => {
+        process.stderr.write(
+          `CDP event listener failed for ${message.method}: ${error.stack ?? error}\n`);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/reference.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/reference.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49be48b33
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/reference.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/summary.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/summary.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3d6d355e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-complete/summary.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{
+  "status": "captured",
+  "runs": 32,
+  "pairedCases": 16,
+  "allRepeatedImagesExact": true,
+  "hardwareConfirmedRuns": 32,
+  "verifiedReferencedFiles": 232,
+  "browser": {
+    "protocolVersion": "1.3",
+    "product": "Chrome/152.0.7977.77",
+    "revision": "@529d9a34b491745086b59458f58a5aae8292adaa",
+    "userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/152.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
+    "jsVersion": "15.2.124.19"
+  },
+  "sourceCommit": "dde007e77cae2de36c9c6fe8659e7c8bb5498e56",
+  "reporterCadenceRange": [
+    58.99933134091147,
+    60.33652274215002
+  ],
+  "reporterP95IntervalMillisecondsRange": [
+    16.667,
+    33.333
+  ],
+  "scope": "Chrome platform-feedback-derived reporter cadence; not WebScene presentation or physical scanout qualification",
+  "rawArchiveDirectory": "artifacts/chrome-reference-final-navigation-20260908",
+  "limits": [
+    "Full raw artifact set currently local; permanent remote retention remains outstanding",
+    "Does not qualify WebScene GPU conformance or physical 60fps",
+    "Earlier failed/differing captures remain separate and are not relabelled as passes"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6c989bcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Fresh macOS Chrome reference capture
+
+All 32 runs completed with hardware acceleration confirmed. Archive verification checked all 230 referenced files successfully. All 16 WebGPU before/after layer comparisons match exactly. Fifteen of 16 composited before/after pairs match; three cases have exported 2D-overlay differences. This is captured evidence with unresolved repeatability differences, not complete pixel qualification.
+
+The full local archive is `artifacts/chrome-reference-20260908-current`. This committed subset retains compressed metadata, the four recorded harness source files, and measured overlay differences; it does not include all raw images and traces. Durable full archival remains outstanding. The recorded repository revision identifies additional harness dependencies.
+
+Reproduction: `node tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs --output artifacts/chrome-reference-new`. Integrity: `python3 tests/GraphicsCompatibility/verify-reference-archive.py artifacts/chrome-reference-new`.
+
+The fixture-dpr1-light pair has identical initial/final camera state and clipping geometry with empty GPU error arrays, despite overlay export differences. Their cause is unresolved. Do not attribute them to WebScene: this capture runs unchanged Kestrel in Chrome. Physical WebScene presentation and Windows/Linux qualification remain separate outstanding gates.
+
+## Composite mismatch inspection
+
+The `lines-10000-dpr1-light` before and after composite pairs differ within pixel bounds `(528,636)-(918,743)` (39,344 changed RGB pixels each). Visual inspection of the crops shows an active `ERASE` selection-command banner in run 2, absent in run 1. GPU and overlay layer hashes for this pair still match. Therefore this pair is not a neutral, repeatable composite baseline. The source of command activation is unproven; no renderer defect or external-input cause is asserted.
+
+The capture harness now checks that no tool is active and the tool banner, suggestions and file menu are hidden immediately before and after snapshot capture. It rejects contaminated captures rather than removing application UI or accepting those pixels. This does not explain the other cases' separately exported overlay differences.
+
+The new guard passes a targeted two-run `lines-10000-dpr1-light` capture with 30 timed pans per run, and all composite/GPU/overlay before/after hashes match. Archive integrity verifies 20 referenced files. Metadata: `neutral-ui-check.json.gz`; raw archive: `artifacts/chrome-reference-neutral-ui-check`. Seven harness tests pass. This short check does not replace the full matrix or its 180-pan workload.
+
+## Full-workload overlay recheck
+
+A targeted `fixture-dpr1-light` rerun with the neutral-UI guard and two repetitions of the full 180-pan workload completed successfully. All before/after composite, WebGPU and overlay PNG hashes match between repetitions; all 20 referenced archive files pass integrity verification. Metadata: `overlay-recheck.json.gz`; complete local archive: `artifacts/chrome-reference-overlay-recheck`. This does not establish why the earlier exported overlays differed, and does not replace the full matrix. Inspection of the earlier trace event names did not supply direct evidence of Canvas2D readback/backend switching; that hypothesis remains unproven.
+
+## Complete-source matrix attempt: navigation failure
+
+`artifacts/chrome-reference-complete-sources-20260908` stopped with exit 1 after 31 captured runs. The last navigation exposed a null documentElement before readiness polling, causing a TypeError; the readiness expression now uses optional chaining so polling can wait for the root. This is a harness failure, not a WebScene rendering result. Among completed pairs, `lines-10000-dpr1-light` has before/after composite differences, `lines-10000-dpr2-light` has a before-overlay difference, and `lines-100000-dpr1-light` has a before-composite difference. All completed WebGPU layer pairs match. The matrix is incomplete and not accepted. Exact failed metadata is retained in `complete-sources-failed.json.gz`; raw files and all six source helpers remain in the local archive.
+
+The corrected readiness check passes a targeted two-run `lines-100000-dpr2-light` capture with 180 pans per run. All composite/GPU/overlay before/after hashes match, and the stronger archive verifier validates 22 referenced files including six source helpers. Metadata: `navigation-root-recheck.json.gz`. This targeted run does not complete the failed matrix.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/angle-context-loss.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/angle-context-loss.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1403cead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/angle-context-loss.json
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+{
+  "date": "2026-09-08",
+  "platform": "macOS arm64, Apple M4, ANGLE Metal",
+  "scope": "Native ANGLE context owner; ES2 and ES3 WebGL-compatible contexts",
+  "implementation": [
+    "Require EGL reset notification support and request lose-context-on-reset",
+    "Poll reset status at scope entry and exit; retain sticky loss state and reject reentry",
+    "Restore independent prior context; unbind instead of restoring the same lost context"
+  ],
+  "verification": {
+    "command": "ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R '^webscene_graphics_(angle_(es3_)?context|service)_tests$' --output-on-failure",
+    "result": "3/3 passed, 0.60 seconds after successful build",
+    "cases": [
+      "Injected GL_CHROMIUM_lose_context observed on scope exit",
+      "Lost context reentry rejected without disturbing surviving context",
+      "Nested same-context loss unbinds and outer scope restores independent context",
+      "Surviving context renders and reads expected texture pixels after loss"
+    ]
+  },
+  "limitations": [
+    "Diagnostic context loss, not physical device reset",
+    "Does not implement DOM WebGL context-lost events or restoration",
+    "Windows and Linux unqualified",
+    "Readback used for test verification only, not presentation transport"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/complete-sources-composite-differences.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/complete-sources-composite-differences.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa1b9d5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/complete-sources-composite-differences.json
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+{
+  "scope": "Decoded pixel comparison of the incomplete Chrome matrix, not WebScene output",
+  "comparisons": [
+    {
+      "case": "lines-10000-dpr1-light",
+      "phase": "before",
+      "changedPixels": 237203,
+      "boundsAnyColor": [
+        0,
+        0,
+        1446,
+        743
+      ],
+      "channelExtrema": [
+        [
+          0,
+          8
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          2
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          1
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          0
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "case": "lines-10000-dpr1-light",
+      "phase": "after",
+      "changedPixels": 239136,
+      "boundsAnyColor": [
+        0,
+        0,
+        1446,
+        743
+      ],
+      "channelExtrema": [
+        [
+          0,
+          8
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          1
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          1
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          0
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "case": "lines-100000-dpr1-light",
+      "phase": "before",
+      "changedPixels": 1,
+      "boundsAnyColor": [
+        13,
+        57,
+        14,
+        58
+      ],
+      "channelExtrema": [
+        [
+          0,
+          2
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          1
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          1
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          0
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "case": "lines-100000-dpr1-light",
+      "phase": "after",
+      "changedPixels": 0,
+      "boundsAnyColor": null,
+      "channelExtrema": [
+        [
+          0,
+          0
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          0
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          0
+        ],
+        [
+          0,
+          0
+        ]
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "finding": "Inspected before images show the same visible UI and drawing; differences are color-value changes. Cause unproven; exact repeatability is not established."
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/complete-sources-failed.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/complete-sources-failed.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98a7c7af8
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/complete-sources-failed.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/capture-chrome-reference.mjs b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/capture-chrome-reference.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1f38f4e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/capture-chrome-reference.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
+import { spawnSync } from "node:child_process";
+import { createServer } from "node:http";
+import { existsSync } from "node:fs";
+import { mkdir, readFile, writeFile } from "node:fs/promises";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
+import { gzipSync } from "node:zlib";
+import { startChrome, stopChrome, evaluate, waitFor, delay } from "./chrome-session.mjs";
+import { lineProject, referenceCases } from "./reference-workloads.mjs";
+import { analyzePresentation, distribution } from "./presentation-trace.mjs";
+
+const here = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const root = path.resolve(here, "../..");
+const sha = bytes => createHash("sha256").update(bytes).digest("hex");
+
+export function hardwareAssessment(system, app) {
+  const descriptions = [system.gpu?.auxAttributes?.glRenderer, app.adapter?.description,
+    ...(system.gpu?.devices ?? []).map(device => device.deviceString)].join(" ");
+  const confirmed = app.secureContext === true && app.backend === "WebGPU"
+    && app.adapter?.isFallbackAdapter === false && system.gpu?.featureStatus?.webgpu === "enabled"
+    && system.gpu?.featureStatus?.gpu_compositing === "enabled"
+    && system.gpu?.devices?.length > 0 && !/swiftshader|llvmpipe|softpipe|software|warp/i.test(descriptions);
+  return { status: confirmed ? "confirmed" : "unavailable", hardwareAccelerated: confirmed,
+    reason: confirmed ? "Non-fallback WebGPU adapter and hardware browser GPU features confirmed"
+      : "Required hardware/non-fallback evidence is missing or reports software" };
+}
+
+function options(argv) {
+  const result = { chrome: process.env.CHROME_BIN, repeat: 2, frames: 180 };
+  for (let index = 0; index < argv.length; index += 2) {
+    const key = argv[index], value = argv[index + 1];
+    if (!value) throw new Error(`Missing value for ${key}`);
+    if (key === "--chrome") result.chrome = value;
+    else if (key === "--output") result.output = path.resolve(value);
+    else if (key === "--case") result.case = value;
+    else if (key === "--repeat") result.repeat = Number(value);
+    else if (key === "--frames") result.frames = Number(value);
+    else throw new Error(`Unknown option ${key}`);
+  }
+  if (!result.output) throw new Error("--output must name a new evidence directory");
+  if (!Number.isInteger(result.repeat) || result.repeat < 1 || result.repeat > 10) throw new Error("Invalid repeat count");
+  if (!Number.isInteger(result.frames) || result.frames < 10 || result.frames > 1800) throw new Error("Invalid frame count");
+  if (result.case && !referenceCases.some(test => test.id === result.case)) throw new Error("Unknown reference case");
+  result.chrome ??= ["/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome",
+    "/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome",
+    "/usr/bin/google-chrome", "/usr/bin/chromium",
+    path.join(process.env.PROGRAMFILES ?? "", "Google/Chrome/Application/chrome.exe")].find(existsSync);
+  if (!result.chrome || !existsSync(result.chrome)) throw new Error("Set --chrome or CHROME_BIN to a hardware-capable Chrome installation");
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function fixtureServer(directory, generated) {
+  const types = { ".html": "text/html", ".js": "text/javascript", ".css": "text/css",
+    ".json": "application/json", ".kcad": "application/json", ".png": "image/png" };
+  const server = createServer(async (request, response) => {
+    try {
+      const pathname = decodeURIComponent(new URL(request.url, "http://localhost").pathname);
+      if (request.method !== "GET") { response.writeHead(405).end(); return; }
+      let content = generated.get(pathname);
+      if (!content) {
+        const filename = path.resolve(directory, "." + (pathname === "/" ? "/index.html" : pathname));
+        if (!filename.startsWith(directory + path.sep)) { response.writeHead(403).end(); return; }
+        content = await readFile(filename);
+      }
+      response.writeHead(200, { "Content-Type": types[path.extname(pathname)] ?? "application/octet-stream",
+        "Cache-Control": "no-store" });
+      response.end(content);
+    } catch { response.writeHead(404).end(); }
+  });
+  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => { server.once("error", reject); server.listen(0, "127.0.0.1", resolve); });
+  return { server, url: `http://127.0.0.1:${server.address().port}` };
+}
+
+async function settled(page) {
+  await evaluate(page, `(async()=>{
+    await new Promise(resolve=>requestAnimationFrame(()=>requestAnimationFrame(resolve)));
+    if(kestrel.renderer.device) await kestrel.renderer.device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+    return true;
+  })()`);
+}
+
+async function settleUi(page) {
+  // A neutral title click blurs the command input through the app's normal handlers.
+  // Merely moving the pointer leaves its startup suggestion menu open on some navigations.
+  const point = await evaluate(page, "(()=>{const r=document.getElementById('title-name').getBoundingClientRect();return {x:r.x+r.width/2,y:r.y+r.height/2};})()");
+  for (const event of [{ type: "mouseMoved", ...point },
+    { type: "mousePressed", ...point, button: "left", buttons: 1, clickCount: 1 },
+    { type: "mouseReleased", ...point, button: "left", buttons: 0, clickCount: 1 }])
+    await page.send("Input.dispatchMouseEvent", event);
+  await waitFor(page, "document.getElementById('command-suggestions').hidden && document.getElementById('file-menu').hidden");
+  await delay(200); // Allow the app's 150 ms blur handler and hover transitions to finish.
+  await settled(page);
+}
+
+async function snapshot(page, output, name, clip) {
+  const capture = await page.send("Page.captureScreenshot", { format: "png", fromSurface: true,
+    captureBeyondViewport: false, clip: { ...clip, scale: 1 } });
+  const bytes = Buffer.from(capture.data, "base64");
+  await writeFile(path.join(output, name), bytes);
+  const canvasData = await evaluate(page, "({gpu:kestrel.renderer.canvas.toDataURL('image/png'),overlay:kestrel.renderer.overlay.toDataURL('image/png')})");
+  const layers = {};
+  for (const [layer, dataUrl] of Object.entries(canvasData)) {
+    if (!dataUrl.startsWith("data:image/png;base64,")) throw new Error("Canvas PNG serialization failed");
+    const layerBytes = Buffer.from(dataUrl.slice("data:image/png;base64,".length), "base64");
+    const layerName = name.replace(/\.png$/, `-${layer}.png`);
+    await writeFile(path.join(output, layerName), layerBytes);
+    layers[layer] = { file: layerName, sha256: sha(layerBytes), width: layerBytes.readUInt32BE(16), height: layerBytes.readUInt32BE(20) };
+  }
+  return { file: name, sha256: sha(bytes), width: bytes.readUInt32BE(16), height: bytes.readUInt32BE(20),
+    layers, purpose: "Diagnostic reference capture outside the timed interaction; not a presentation path" };
+}
+
+async function beginTrace(browser) {
+  let timer;
+  const completion = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Trace completion timed out")), 120_000);
+    browser.on("Tracing.tracingComplete", event => { clearTimeout(timer); resolve(event); });
+  });
+  // Avoid an unhandled rejection if an earlier page command fails; callers still observe rejection.
+  completion.catch(() => {});
+  await browser.send("Tracing.start", { transferMode: "ReturnAsStream", streamFormat: "json",
+    traceConfig: { recordMode: "recordAsMuchAsPossible", includedCategories: ["benchmark", "cc", "gpu", "viz",
+      "blink.user_timing", "devtools.timeline", "disabled-by-default-devtools.timeline.frame"] } });
+  return { completion, cancel: () => clearTimeout(timer) };
+}
+
+async function endTrace(browser, tracing, output, filename, revision) {
+  await browser.send("Tracing.end");
+  const result = await tracing.completion;
+  if (result.dataLossOccurred) throw new Error("Chrome lost trace events");
+  if (!result.stream) throw new Error("Chrome returned no trace stream");
+  const chunks = [];
+  try {
+    while (true) {
+      const chunk = await browser.send("IO.read", { handle: result.stream, size: 1024 * 1024 });
+      chunks.push(Buffer.from(chunk.data, chunk.base64Encoded ? "base64" : "utf8"));
+      if (chunk.eof) break;
+    }
+  } finally { await browser.send("IO.close", { handle: result.stream }); }
+  const raw = Buffer.concat(chunks);
+  const presentationTiming = analyzePresentation(JSON.parse(raw.toString("utf8")), revision);
+  const bytes = gzipSync(raw);
+  await writeFile(path.join(output, filename), bytes);
+  return { file: filename, sha256: sha(bytes), dataLossOccurred: false,
+    presentationTiming };
+}
+
+async function captureCase(chrome, serverUrl, output, test, repetition) {
+  const page = chrome.page, errors = [];
+  page.on("Runtime.exceptionThrown", error => errors.push(error));
+  await page.send("Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride", { ...test.documentViewport, deviceScaleFactor: test.dpr, mobile: false });
+  await page.send("Page.navigate", { url: `${serverUrl}/index.html?reference=${test.id}&repeat=${repetition}` });
+  await page.send("Page.bringToFront");
+  await waitFor(page, "document.documentElement.dataset.ready==='true' && !!window.kestrel?.backendReady");
+  const projectPath = test.scene.startsWith("lines-") ? `/reference/${test.scene}.kcad` : `/examples/${test.scene}.kcad`;
+  await evaluate(page, `(async()=>{
+    const response=await fetch(${JSON.stringify(projectPath)});
+    if(!response.ok) throw new Error('Project fetch failed');
+    await kestrel.openFile(new File([await response.text()],${JSON.stringify(test.scene + ".kcad")},{type:'application/json'}));
+    kestrel.theme=${JSON.stringify(test.theme)}; kestrel.applyTheme();
+    kestrel.setView(${JSON.stringify(test.view)}); kestrel.setStyle(${JSON.stringify(test.style)});
+    kestrel.settings.grid=true; kestrel.settings.lineweights=false; kestrel.fit(false);
+    return true;
+  })()`);
+  // Let the app's own transient UI expire; do not patch/remove its DOM for stable screenshots.
+  await waitFor(page, "document.querySelectorAll('#toast-stack .toast').length===0");
+  await settleUi(page);
+  const app = await evaluate(page, `(()=>{
+    const r=kestrel.renderer, info=r.adapter?.info, rect=document.getElementById('viewport').getBoundingClientRect();
+    return {backend:r.backend,secureContext:isSecureContext,fallbackReason:r.fallbackReason,
+      adapter:info?{vendor:info.vendor,architecture:info.architecture,device:info.device,description:info.description,isFallbackAdapter:info.isFallbackAdapter}:null,
+      clip:{x:rect.x,y:rect.y,width:rect.width,height:rect.height},
+      documentViewport:{width:innerWidth,height:innerHeight,dpr:devicePixelRatio},
+      canvas:{width:r.canvas.width,height:r.canvas.height},stats:{...r.stats},
+      entities:kestrel.doc.entities.length,camera:kestrel.camera.serialize(),visibility:document.visibilityState,focused:document.hasFocus()};
+  })()`);
+  const system = await chrome.browser.send("SystemInfo.getInfo");
+  const hardware = hardwareAssessment(system, app);
+  if (!hardware.hardwareAccelerated) return { test, repetition, status: "unavailable", hardware, app, system };
+  if (app.documentViewport.width !== test.documentViewport.width || app.documentViewport.height !== test.documentViewport.height
+      || app.documentViewport.dpr !== test.dpr || app.visibility !== "visible") throw new Error("Viewport/DPR/visibility mismatch");
+  const prefix = `${test.id}-run${repetition}`;
+  const before = await snapshot(page, output, `${prefix}-before.png`, app.clip);
+  const tracing = await beginTrace(chrome.browser);
+  let trace, samples, input;
+  try {
+    // Exercise real browser mouse input once, then restore the camera for deterministic timed pans.
+    const x = app.clip.x + app.clip.width / 2, y = app.clip.y + app.clip.height / 2;
+    const events = [{ type: "mouseMoved", x, y }, { type: "mousePressed", x, y, button: "middle", buttons: 4, clickCount: 1 },
+      { type: "mouseMoved", x: x + 40, y: y + 20, button: "middle", buttons: 4 },
+      { type: "mouseReleased", x: x + 40, y: y + 20, button: "middle", buttons: 0, clickCount: 1 }];
+    for (const event of events) await page.send("Input.dispatchMouseEvent", event);
+    await settled(page);
+    input = await evaluate(page, "({target:kestrel.camera.target.slice(),camera:kestrel.camera.serialize()})");
+    input.events = events;
+    input.changedCamera = JSON.stringify(input.target) !== JSON.stringify(app.camera.target);
+    if (!input.changedCamera) throw new Error("Middle-button input did not pan the Kestrel camera");
+    await settleUi(page);
+    await evaluate(page, `kestrel.camera.restore(${JSON.stringify(app.camera)});kestrel.invalidate();true`);
+    await settled(page);
+    samples = await evaluate(page, `new Promise(resolve=>{
+      const app=kestrel, config=${JSON.stringify(test.interaction)}, samples=[];
+      const buffers=Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(app.renderer.buffers).map(([key,value])=>[key,value.buffer]));
+      let previous=null, moved=0;
+      performance.mark('webscene-reference-pan-start');
+      const step=timestamp=>{
+        if(previous!==null) samples.push({rafIntervalMs:timestamp-previous,cpuRenderSubmissionMs:app.renderer.stats.cpuMs});
+        if(moved===config.frames) {
+          performance.mark('webscene-reference-pan-end');
+          resolve({samples,finalCamera:app.camera.serialize(),stats:{...app.renderer.stats},
+            retainedBuffers:Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(buffers).map(([key,value])=>[key,app.renderer.buffers[key]?.buffer===value])),gpuErrors:app.renderer.gpuErrors.slice()});
+          return;
+        }
+        app.camera.pan(config.dxCssPixels,config.dyCssPixels);app.invalidate();moved++;previous=timestamp;
+        requestAnimationFrame(step);
+      }; requestAnimationFrame(step);
+    })`);
+    await settled(page);
+    await delay(100); // Allow platform presentation feedback for the last submitted update to arrive.
+    trace = await endTrace(chrome.browser, tracing, output, `${prefix}-trace.json.gz`, chrome.revision);
+  } finally { tracing.cancel(); }
+  await settled(page);
+  const after = await snapshot(page, output, `${prefix}-after.png`, app.clip);
+  if (samples.gpuErrors.length || errors.length) throw new Error("Kestrel reported browser/GPU errors");
+  samples.cpuRenderSubmissionMilliseconds = distribution(samples.samples.map(sample => sample.cpuRenderSubmissionMs));
+  samples.rafIntervalMilliseconds = distribution(samples.samples.map(sample => sample.rafIntervalMs));
+  return { test, repetition, status: "captured", hardware, app, system, input, before, after, trace, samples,
+    timingScope: "Application CPU render/submission plus rAF intervals; GPU execution and presentation require separate trace analysis" };
+}
+
+export async function main(argv) {
+  const args = options(argv);
+  await mkdir(path.dirname(args.output), { recursive: true });
+  await mkdir(args.output); // Never overwrite evidence, including failed attempts.
+  const evidence = { schemaVersion: 1, status: "running", capturedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+    scope: "Hardware Chrome reference for G01; not WebScene support or full epic qualification",
+    host: { platform: os.platform(), release: os.release(), architecture: os.arch() }, results: [] };
+  let chrome, service;
+  try {
+    const fixtureRoot = path.join(args.output, "fixture-input");
+    const validation = spawnSync(process.env.PYTHON ?? (process.platform === "win32" ? "python" : "python3"),
+      [path.join(here, "prepare-kestrel.py"), "--destination", fixtureRoot], { encoding: "utf8" });
+    if (validation.status !== 0) throw new Error(validation.stderr || validation.stdout);
+    evidence.fixture = JSON.parse(await readFile(path.join(here, "fixtures/kestrel.json"), "utf8"));
+    evidence.repositoryCommit = spawnSync("git", ["rev-parse", "HEAD"], { cwd: root, encoding: "utf8" }).stdout.trim();
+    const harnessArchive = await archiveReferenceHarness(args.output);
+    evidence.harness = harnessArchive.hashes;
+    evidence.harnessFiles = harnessArchive.files;
+    await mkdir(path.join(args.output, "generated-inputs"), { recursive: true });
+    const generated = new Map();
+    evidence.generatedProjects = {};
+    for (const count of [10_000, 100_000]) {
+      const bytes = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(lineProject(count)));
+      generated.set(`/reference/lines-${count}.kcad`, bytes);
+      const file = `generated-inputs/lines-${count}.kcad`;
+      await writeFile(path.join(args.output, file), bytes);
+      evidence.generatedProjects[`lines-${count}`] = { file, sha256: sha(bytes), bytes: bytes.length, count };
+    }
+    service = await fixtureServer(path.join(fixtureRoot, "Kestrel-CAD"), generated);
+    chrome = await startChrome(args.chrome);
+    evidence.browser = await chrome.browser.send("Browser.getVersion");
+    chrome.revision = evidence.browser.revision;
+    evidence.launch = { executable: args.chrome, args: chrome.args, headless: false };
+    await chrome.page.send("Page.addScriptToEvaluateOnNewDocument", { source: "try { localStorage.clear(); } catch {}" });
+    for (const test of referenceCases.filter(test => !args.case || test.id === args.case)) {
+      for (let repetition = 1; repetition <= args.repeat; ++repetition) {
+        const configured = { ...test, interaction: { ...test.interaction, frames: args.frames } };
+        const result = await captureCase(chrome, service.url, args.output, configured, repetition);
+        evidence.results.push(result);
+        await writeFile(path.join(args.output, "reference.json"), JSON.stringify(evidence, null, 2) + "\n");
+        console.log(`${test.id} run ${repetition}: ${result.status}`);
+        if (result.status === "unavailable") break;
+      }
+    }
+    evidence.status = evidence.results.every(result => result.status === "captured") ? "captured" : "unavailable";
+    evidence.repeatability = referenceCases.filter(test => !args.case || test.id === args.case).map(test => {
+      const runs = evidence.results.filter(result => result.test.id === test.id && result.status === "captured");
+      return { case: test.id, runs: runs.length, beforeExactPngMatch: runs.length >= 2 && new Set(runs.map(run => run.before.sha256)).size === 1,
+        afterExactPngMatch: runs.length >= 2 && new Set(runs.map(run => run.after.sha256)).size === 1,
+        layerMatches: Object.fromEntries(["before", "after"].flatMap(phase => ["gpu", "overlay"].map(layer =>
+          [`${phase}-${layer}`, runs.length >= 2 && new Set(runs.map(run => run[phase].layers[layer].sha256)).size === 1]))) };
+    });
+    evidence.remainingVerification = ["Presentation timing is unavailable for unverified Chrome revisions or incomplete traces",
+      "Repeat pixel differences require inspection if hashes differ",
+      "Other target hardware and WebScene comparison remain separate gates"];
+  } catch (error) {
+    evidence.status = "failed"; evidence.error = error.stack ?? String(error);
+    console.error(evidence.error);
+  } finally {
+    if (chrome) { evidence.chromeStderr = chrome.stderr; await stopChrome(chrome); }
+    if (service) await new Promise(resolve => service.server.close(resolve));
+    await writeFile(path.join(args.output, "reference.json"), JSON.stringify(evidence, null, 2) + "\n");
+  }
+  return evidence.status === "captured" ? 0 : evidence.status === "unavailable" ? 77 : 1;
+}
+
+if (process.argv[1] && path.resolve(process.argv[1]) === fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)) {
+  main(process.argv.slice(2)).then(code => { process.exitCode = code; }).catch(error => { console.error(error); process.exitCode = 1; });
+}
+
+// Persist the exact source bytes used to identify a reference capture, including
+// uncommitted harness edits. A repository SHA alone cannot recover those bytes.
+export async function archiveReferenceHarness(output, sourceDirectory = here) {
+  const hashes = {}, files = {};
+  await mkdir(path.join(output, "harness"), { recursive: true });
+  for (const name of ["capture-chrome-reference.mjs", "chrome-session.mjs", "reference-workloads.mjs", "presentation-trace.mjs"]) {
+    const bytes = await readFile(path.join(sourceDirectory, name));
+    const file = `harness/${name}`;
+    await writeFile(path.join(output, file), bytes);
+    hashes[name] = sha(bytes);
+    files[name] = { file, sha256: hashes[name], bytes: bytes.length };
+  }
+  return { hashes, files };
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/chrome-session.mjs b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/chrome-session.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d01e6d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/chrome-session.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
+import { mkdtemp, rm } from "node:fs/promises";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { CdpClient } from "../WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs";
+
+export const delay = milliseconds => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, milliseconds));
+
+export async function evaluate(client, expression) {
+  const response = await client.send("Runtime.evaluate", { expression, awaitPromise: true, returnByValue: true }, 60_000);
+  if (response.exceptionDetails) throw new Error(response.exceptionDetails.exception?.description ?? response.exceptionDetails.text);
+  return response.result.value;
+}
+
+export async function startChrome(executable) {
+  const userDataDirectory = await mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "webscene-kestrel-chrome-"));
+  const args = ["--disable-background-networking", "--disable-component-update", "--disable-default-apps",
+    "--disable-extensions", "--disable-sync", "--no-first-run", "--no-default-browser-check",
+    "--remote-debugging-port=0", "--window-size=1960,1200", `--user-data-dir=${userDataDirectory}`, "about:blank"];
+  const child = spawn(executable, args, { stdio: ["ignore", "ignore", "pipe"] });
+  const session = { child, userDataDirectory, args, stderr: "", browser: null, page: null };
+  try {
+    const endpoint = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Chrome DevTools startup timed out")), 30_000);
+      child.stderr.setEncoding("utf8");
+      child.stderr.on("data", chunk => {
+        session.stderr += chunk;
+        const match = session.stderr.match(/DevTools listening on (ws:\/\/[^\s]+)/);
+        if (match) { clearTimeout(timer); resolve(match[1]); }
+      });
+      child.once("error", error => { clearTimeout(timer); reject(error); });
+      child.once("exit", code => { clearTimeout(timer); reject(new Error(`Chrome exited: ${code}`)); });
+    });
+    session.browser = await CdpClient.connect(endpoint);
+    const url = new URL(endpoint);
+    let target;
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 100 && !target; ++attempt) {
+      const targets = await (await fetch(`http://${url.host}/json/list`)).json();
+      target = targets.find(value => value.type === "page" && value.webSocketDebuggerUrl);
+      if (!target) await delay(50);
+    }
+    if (!target) throw new Error("Chrome page target unavailable");
+    session.page = await CdpClient.connect(target.webSocketDebuggerUrl);
+    await session.page.send("Page.enable");
+    await session.page.send("Runtime.enable");
+    await session.page.send("Page.bringToFront");
+    return session;
+  } catch (error) {
+    await stopChrome(session);
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function stopChrome(session) {
+  try { await session.browser?.send("Browser.close", {}, 2_000); }
+  catch { session.child.kill("SIGTERM"); }
+  session.page?.close();
+  session.browser?.close();
+  if (session.child.exitCode === null && session.child.signalCode === null) {
+    await new Promise(resolve => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => { session.child.kill("SIGKILL"); resolve(); }, 2_000);
+      session.child.once("exit", () => { clearTimeout(timer); resolve(); });
+    });
+  }
+  await rm(session.userDataDirectory, { recursive: true, force: true });
+}
+
+export async function waitFor(client, expression) {
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 300; ++attempt) {
+    if (await evaluate(client, expression)) return;
+    await delay(100);
+  }
+  throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for ${expression}`);
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/presentation-trace.mjs b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/presentation-trace.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04110e097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/presentation-trace.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// This source contract was inspected at the Chrome revision below. Unknown revisions stay unqualified.
+export const supportedChromeRevision = "@529d9a34b491745086b59458f58a5aae8292adaa";
+const sourceRoot = `https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/${supportedChromeRevision.slice(1)}/cc/metrics/`;
+
+export function distribution(values) {
+  if (!values.length || values.some(value => !Number.isFinite(value))) return null;
+  const sorted = [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  const percentile = fraction => sorted[Math.max(0, Math.ceil(fraction * sorted.length) - 1)];
+  return { count: sorted.length, min: sorted[0], median: percentile(0.5), p95: percentile(0.95),
+    max: sorted.at(-1), mean: sorted.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0) / sorted.length };
+}
+
+export function analyzePresentation(trace, revision) {
+  const unavailable = reason => ({ status: "unavailable", reason });
+  if (revision !== supportedChromeRevision) return unavailable("Chrome revision has not had its presentation trace source contract verified");
+  const events = trace.traceEvents;
+  if (!Array.isArray(events)) return unavailable("Missing trace event array");
+  const starts = events.filter(event => event.name === "webscene-reference-pan-start" && event.ph === "I");
+  const ends = events.filter(event => event.name === "webscene-reference-pan-end" && event.ph === "I");
+  if (starts.length !== 1 || ends.length !== 1 || starts[0].pid !== ends[0].pid || ends[0].ts <= starts[0].ts)
+    return unavailable("Missing or ambiguous interaction markers");
+  const start = starts[0], end = ends[0], active = new Map(), frames = [], reporterStates = {};
+  let ambiguous = false;
+  const reporters = events.filter(event => event.name === "PipelineReporter" && event.pid === start.pid)
+    .sort((a, b) => a.ts - b.ts);
+  for (const event of reporters) {
+    // Trace local IDs are strings. Do not use the 64-bit numeric surface/display IDs: JSON loses precision.
+    const identity = event.id2?.local ?? event.id2?.global;
+    if (!identity) continue;
+    if (event.ph === "b") {
+      if (active.has(identity)) ambiguous = true;
+      active.set(identity, event);
+    } else if (event.ph === "e") {
+      const begin = active.get(identity);
+      active.delete(identity);
+      if (!begin || begin.ts < start.ts || begin.ts > end.ts) continue;
+      const info = begin.args?.frame_reporter;
+      if (!info?.state || event.ts < begin.ts || !Number.isFinite(event.ts)) { ambiguous = true; continue; }
+      reporterStates[info.state] = (reporterStates[info.state] ?? 0) + 1;
+      if (["STATE_PRESENTED_ALL", "STATE_PRESENTED_PARTIAL"].includes(info.state)) {
+        frames.push({ beginMicroseconds: begin.ts, presentedMicroseconds: event.ts,
+          sequence: info.frame_sequence, source: info.frame_source, layerTreeHost: info.layer_tree_host_id,
+          partial: info.state === "STATE_PRESENTED_PARTIAL", missingContent: info.has_missing_content === true });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (ambiguous) return unavailable("Ambiguous or malformed PipelineReporter event pairing");
+  if ([...active.values()].some(event => event.ts >= start.ts && event.ts <= end.ts))
+    return unavailable("Trace ended before all interaction reporters completed");
+  const timestamps = [...new Set(frames.map(frame => frame.presentedMicroseconds))].sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  if (timestamps.length < 2) return unavailable("Fewer than two distinct platform presentation feedback timestamps");
+  const intervals = timestamps.slice(1).map((timestamp, index) => (timestamp - timestamps[index]) / 1000);
+  return { status: "measured", source: "Presented PipelineReporter termination timestamps (platform presentation feedback)",
+    sourceContract: [sourceRoot + "compositor_frame_reporting_controller.cc", sourceRoot + "compositor_frame_reporter.cc"],
+    revision, rendererPid: start.pid, interactionStartMicroseconds: start.ts, interactionEndMicroseconds: end.ts,
+    uniquePresentedFrames: timestamps.length,
+    framesPerSecond: (timestamps.length - 1) * 1e6 / (timestamps.at(-1) - timestamps[0]),
+    intervalMilliseconds: distribution(intervals), partialReporters: frames.filter(frame => frame.partial).length,
+    missingContentReporters: frames.filter(frame => frame.missingContent).length,
+    reporterStates, frames,
+    note: "Reporter state counts include compositor bookkeeping; they are not counts of distinct application frames. Presentation feedback is separate from CPU submission and rAF delivery." };
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/reference-workloads.mjs b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/reference-workloads.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90c7b58f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/harness/reference-workloads.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Synthetic drawing data only. Kestrel application files remain byte-for-byte unchanged.
+export const referenceSeed = 0x22c0ffee;
+
+export function lineProject(count, seed = referenceSeed) {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(count) || count < 1 || count > 200_000) throw new Error("Invalid line count");
+  if (!Number.isInteger(seed) || seed < 0 || seed > 0xffffffff) throw new Error("Invalid uint32 seed");
+  let state = seed >>> 0;
+  const random = () => {
+    state = (Math.imul(state, 1664525) + 1013904223) >>> 0;
+    return (state >>> 8) / 0x1000000;
+  };
+  const quantize = value => Math.round(value * 1024) / 1024;
+  const entities = Array.from({ length: count }, (_, index) => {
+    const x = quantize((random() - 0.5) * 1000);
+    const y = quantize((random() - 0.5) * 1000);
+    const dx = quantize(2 + random() * 18);
+    const dy = quantize((random() - 0.5) * 40);
+    return { id: `reference-line-${index}`, type: "LINE", layer: "0", color: "bylayer",
+      linetype: "ByLayer", points: [[x, y, 0], [quantize(x + dx), quantize(y + dy), 0]] };
+  });
+  return { format: "kestrel-cad", version: 1, name: `Seeded ${count} lines`, units: "mm",
+    currentLayer: "0", layers: [{ id: "0", name: "REFERENCE", color: "#59c8d9", visible: true,
+      locked: false, linetype: "Continuous", lineweight: 0.25 }], entities, camera: null };
+}
+
+export const referenceCases = ["courtyard", "fixture", "lines-10000", "lines-100000"].flatMap(scene =>
+  [1, 2].flatMap(dpr => ["dark", "light"].map(theme => ({
+    id: `${scene}-dpr${dpr}-${theme}`, scene, dpr, theme,
+    style: scene === "fixture" ? "shaded-edges" : "wireframe",
+    view: scene === "fixture" ? "iso" : "top",
+    documentViewport: { width: 1920, height: 1080 }, seed: referenceSeed,
+    interaction: { kind: "camera-pan", frames: 180, dxCssPixels: 0.5, dyCssPixels: 0.25 }
+  })))
+);
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/navigation-root-recheck.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/navigation-root-recheck.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f9ee9025
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/navigation-root-recheck.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/neutral-ui-check.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/neutral-ui-check.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2fb7a04f
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/neutral-ui-check.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/overlay-differences.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/overlay-differences.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f13c00dbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/overlay-differences.json
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+[
+  {
+    "case": "courtyard-dpr2-dark",
+    "phase": "after",
+    "files": [
+      {
+        "file": "courtyard-dpr2-dark-run1-after-overlay.png",
+        "sha256": "0d999736f93b0e3514f6648e1c9804757331edb528ec16c6f95285a894b223f5",
+        "width": 2892,
+        "height": 1486
+      },
+      {
+        "file": "courtyard-dpr2-dark-run2-after-overlay.png",
+        "sha256": "1d6f47f5b6a8302499027cb829b746ccc0f43204683ae9364f88d9d816b25434",
+        "width": 2892,
+        "height": 1486
+      }
+    ],
+    "changedPixels": 684,
+    "differenceBounds": [
+      78,
+      270,
+      2232,
+      1414
+    ],
+    "channelDifferenceExtrema": [
+      [
+        0,
+        170
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        185
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        203
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        217
+      ]
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "case": "fixture-dpr1-dark",
+    "phase": "before",
+    "files": [
+      {
+        "file": "fixture-dpr1-dark-run1-before-overlay.png",
+        "sha256": "e9c126af3eb314fd96255d8b91f5c01a1accd6ef8631b15e12ba42d6f5b8d762",
+        "width": 1446,
+        "height": 743
+      },
+      {
+        "file": "fixture-dpr1-dark-run2-before-overlay.png",
+        "sha256": "beaec590bb09b2c4f5edd73297973a1534bd41ef18365ded14e2c89cb2e8015b",
+        "width": 1446,
+        "height": 743
+      }
+    ],
+    "changedPixels": 245,
+    "differenceBounds": [
+      39,
+      547,
+      1035,
+      717
+    ],
+    "channelDifferenceExtrema": [
+      [
+        0,
+        170
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        185
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        203
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        163
+      ]
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "case": "fixture-dpr1-light",
+    "phase": "before",
+    "files": [
+      {
+        "file": "fixture-dpr1-light-run1-before-overlay.png",
+        "sha256": "da5fbf43053064390a9f4158621f83a2fd892919749eb9e474a40dd52f9ca8c3",
+        "width": 1446,
+        "height": 743
+      },
+      {
+        "file": "fixture-dpr1-light-run2-before-overlay.png",
+        "sha256": "cd2cdeed3eb0c727f3939a764e6d91d2ca138e22c70e71bb4d7f185ef854ddf0",
+        "width": 1446,
+        "height": 743
+      }
+    ],
+    "changedPixels": 247,
+    "differenceBounds": [
+      39,
+      547,
+      1035,
+      717
+    ],
+    "channelDifferenceExtrema": [
+      [
+        0,
+        255
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        255
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        255
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        163
+      ]
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "case": "fixture-dpr1-light",
+    "phase": "after",
+    "files": [
+      {
+        "file": "fixture-dpr1-light-run1-after-overlay.png",
+        "sha256": "c755fe8dec9905c153bc0439f604c500ad8d46b4ab38ac9978837fe422bff239",
+        "width": 1446,
+        "height": 743
+      },
+      {
+        "file": "fixture-dpr1-light-run2-after-overlay.png",
+        "sha256": "a307fe2c09cb38916aa9772328cad64e124aa5219023ed53291a78e18a0bbe79",
+        "width": 1446,
+        "height": 743
+      }
+    ],
+    "changedPixels": 11993,
+    "differenceBounds": [
+      39,
+      273,
+      1205,
+      717
+    ],
+    "channelDifferenceExtrema": [
+      [
+        0,
+        255
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        255
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        255
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        255
+      ]
+    ]
+  }
+]
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/overlay-recheck.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/overlay-recheck.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aef496a86
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/overlay-recheck.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/reference.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/reference.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11ad9d837
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-chrome-metal/reference.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29ce0c372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Dialog opening checkpoint
+
+Native implementation commit: `8f43c5bb`, tested in a detached clean checkout without the main worktree's two uncommitted dialog UA/test edits. All 19 native CTest tests passed in 13.04 seconds. The Release Metal host ran the original checksum-pinned Kestrel archive with `--mesh-kestrel --verify-kestrel`: BOX opened the original dialog and submission increased the object count from 265 to 266, with no history or modal errors and exit status 0.
+
+The final five-subtest `contracts/dialog-opening-lifecycle.html` fixture passes against that clean library and Chrome 152.0.7977.77. Coverage includes generated method shape/branding, opening modes, disconnected modal rejection, cancellation/reentrant detachment, autofocus, focus restoration, and the distinction between removing `open` and removing the dialog. An earlier draft incorrectly expected removing `open` to release modal blocking; Chrome and the HTML cleanup algorithm disproved that assumption. That attempted production change was removed. Earlier failed attempts remain under the local artifact directories and are not counted as passes.
+
+Reference: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/interactive-elements.html#the-dialog-element
+
+Reproduce the native fixture with the subset runner using `--manifest tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-component-profile.json --selection required --test dialog-opening-lifecycle --native-library <clean-library> --output <new-directory>`. Run the same fixture in Chrome using `node tests/WebPlatformSubset/chrome/run-contracts.mjs --path contracts/dialog-opening-lifecycle.html --output <new-directory>` with `CHROME_BIN` set to the installed executable.
+
+This is a Kestrel application-path fix, not full dialog conformance. Dedicated ToggleEvent interface semantics, coalesced asynchronous toggle delivery, popover/close-watcher interoperability and complete focusing/event reentrancy remain unqualified. No physical frame-rate claim is made by these checks.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/chrome-wpt.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/chrome-wpt.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42c8cdb8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/chrome-wpt.json
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+{
+  "schema": "webscene-wpt-contract-chrome-result-v1",
+  "engine": "chrome",
+  "identity": "Google Chrome 152.0.7977.77",
+  "viewport": {
+    "width": 800,
+    "height": 600,
+    "deviceScaleFactor": 1
+  },
+  "origin": "http://127.0.0.1:56732/",
+  "recordedAt": "2026-09-08T14:49:30.633Z",
+  "summary": {
+    "tests": 1,
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "timedOut": 0,
+    "subtests": 5,
+    "subtestsPassed": 5,
+    "subtestsFailed": 0
+  },
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/dialog-opening-lifecycle.html",
+      "status": "PASS",
+      "duration": 58,
+      "message": null,
+      "subtests": [
+        {
+          "name": "show and showModal preserve mode and reject switching while open",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "showModal requires connection; show supports disconnected dialogs",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "beforetoggle can cancel opening or detach the dialog",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "modal focus uses autofocus and close restores background interaction",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Removing open alone retains modal state; detachment releases it",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        }
+      ],
+      "diagnostics": []
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/clean-build.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/clean-build.log.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..253853999
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/clean-build.log.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/kestrel-box.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/kestrel-box.log.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45015b116
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/kestrel-box.log.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/native-tests.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/native-tests.log.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40e76506d
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/native-tests.log.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/native-wpt.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/native-wpt.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdbd49d56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-dialog-opening/native-wpt.json
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+{
+  "schema": "webscene-wpt-subset-result-v3",
+  "profile": "webscene-component-1",
+  "profileSha256": "fa57b9ef6dcafd4fdc06b60232197a33862b69f03cb67693f26bc7c6825c4b79",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "engine": "native",
+  "nativeEngineIdentity": "abi=3;sha256=0d7713fdf473573f0fb029115b11a61f7f874ad0fed3d9876a678797aeec9ba1",
+  "chromiumIdentity": null,
+  "startedAt": "2026-09-08T14:49:44.728732+00:00",
+  "duration": "00:00:00.1390755",
+  "selection": "required",
+  "summary": {
+    "tests": 1,
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "timedOut": 0,
+    "harnessErrors": 0,
+    "subtests": 5,
+    "subtestsPassed": 5,
+    "subtestsFailed": 0
+  },
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/dialog-opening-lifecycle.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "status": "PASS",
+      "duration": "00:00:00.1371428",
+      "message": null,
+      "subtests": [
+        {
+          "name": "show and showModal preserve mode and reject switching while open",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "showModal requires connection; show supports disconnected dialogs",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "beforetoggle can cancel opening or detach the dialog",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "modal focus uses autofocus and close restores background interaction",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Removing open alone retains modal state; detachment releases it",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        }
+      ],
+      "artifacts": null,
+      "chromiumOracle": null
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42b64598a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Same-source non-GPU graphics-toggle measurements
+
+This is a partial measurement for epic #22 / issue #23, not the required pre-epic regression gate. Both Release native builds use the same worktree at `b3930ae9`, including the two existing uncommitted dialog edits recorded in the manifest. Their WebScene CMake options differ only in graphics enablement and the associated SDK settings. One shared Release managed benchmark executable was used throughout.
+
+Twenty fresh processes per variant ran in ten OFF/ON/ON/OFF blocks, each with four engines, ten startup samples, a 1.5-second idle interval, and the existing timer/RAF, console and DOM workloads. The manifest records run order and original output hashes. Compressed sample collections map each filename to its original JSON text, preserving the individual original-file hashes. The exact capture and analysis scripts are included. Write each collection value verbatim to its filename in the variant directory to inspect or reanalyze it; the original full capture remains at the artifact directory named in the scripts.
+
+The analysis resamples whole ABBA blocks 10,000 times to estimate median-ratio intervals. Only an upper interval bound no greater than 1.05 is classified within 5%; crossing that boundary is inconclusive. Timer/RAF elapsed time, populated/workload process RSS and the measured view/lifecycle managed allocations meet that narrow bound. Startup, idle CPU, console and DOM timings remain inconclusive. No metric has a lower interval bound above 1.05. Completed-work counters match exactly across all runs.
+
+Manual sample windows stayed open. Background contention is not controlled, and no physical presentation was measured. Per-engine V8 memory counters report zero in this probe and cannot prove memory equivalence. RSS is a separate process-level observation. This comparison isolates graphics build enablement; it does not compare all changes in the PR against the pre-epic baseline. Neither issue #23 nor the epic's full non-GPU acceptance gate is complete.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/analyze.py b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/analyze.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94ed2a8fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/analyze.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import json,pathlib,random,statistics,hashlib
+root=pathlib.Path('artifacts/graphics-nongpu-abba-20260908')
+m=json.loads((root/'manifest.json').read_text());assert m['status']=='captured'
+for entry in m['order']:
+ assert hashlib.sha256((root/entry['file']).read_bytes()).hexdigest()==entry['sha256']
+samples={name:[json.loads(p.read_text()) for p in sorted((root/name).glob('*.json'))] for name in ['control','candidate']}
+assert all(len(s)==20 for s in samples.values())
+assert all(s['options']==samples['control'][0]['options'] for group in samples.values() for s in group)
+def val(s,path):
+ for key in path.split('.'):s=s[key]
+ return s
+paths=['startup.prewarmMilliseconds','startup.warmContextCreateMilliseconds.mean','startup.firstSceneMilliseconds.mean','idle.processCpuMilliseconds','timerAndAnimationFrame.elapsedMilliseconds','timerAndAnimationFrame.processCpuMilliseconds','consoleHeavy.elapsedMilliseconds','consoleHeavy.processCpuMilliseconds','representativeWorkload.elapsedMilliseconds','representativeWorkload.processCpuMilliseconds','memory.populatedViewsWorkingSetBytes','memory.workloadWorkingSetBytes','managedAllocations.ordinaryViewConstructionBytes','managedAllocations.blankLifecycleBytes.median']
+metrics={}
+for path in paths:
+ a=[val(s,path) for s in samples['control']];b=[val(s,path) for s in samples['candidate']]
+ av,bv=statistics.median(a),statistics.median(b)
+ rng=random.Random(20260908);ratios=[]
+ for _ in range(10000):
+  blocks=[rng.randrange(10) for _ in range(10)]
+  indices=[2*k+j for k in blocks for j in [0,1]]
+  x=statistics.median(a[i] for i in indices);y=statistics.median(b[i] for i in indices)
+  if x>0:ratios.append(y/x)
+ ratios.sort();interval=[ratios[249],ratios[9749]] if len(ratios)==10000 else None
+ status='inconclusive'
+ if interval:status='within-5-percent' if interval[1]<=1.05 else 'regression' if interval[0]>1.05 else 'inconclusive'
+ metrics[path]={'controlMedian':av,'candidateMedian':bv,'ratio':bv/av if av else None,'blockBootstrap95RatioInterval':interval,'classification':status}
+exact={}
+for path in ['timerAndAnimationFrame.timersFired','timerAndAnimationFrame.animationFramesInvoked','consoleHeavy.calls','consoleHeavy.completionSignals','representativeWorkload.completionSignals']:
+ groups={k:sorted(set(val(s,path) for s in v)) for k,v in samples.items()};exact[path]=groups
+ assert len(groups['control'])==1 and groups['control']==groups['candidate'],(path,groups)
+report={'scope':'same-source graphics OFF versus ON','status':'measured; epic baseline gate remains incomplete','method':'20 fresh processes per variant, ten ABBA blocks; 10000 paired block bootstrap resamples of median ratios; 5% boundary. Intervals crossing boundary are inconclusive, not passing.','metrics':metrics,'exactWork':exact,'limitations':['Not pre-epic baseline','Manual application windows remained open; system contention may affect measurements','Probe reports engine/CPU behavior, not physical presentation','Reported V8 heap counters are zero and cannot establish V8 memory equivalence','No Windows/Linux measurement']}
+(root/'comparison.json').write_text(json.dumps(report,indent=2)+'\n')
+for k,v in metrics.items():print(k,round(v['ratio'],3) if v['ratio'] else None,v['classification'])
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/candidate-samples.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/candidate-samples.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14f1ddcea
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/candidate-samples.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/capture.py b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/capture.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47c9e0c12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/capture.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import os,json,subprocess,pathlib,hashlib,datetime
+root=pathlib.Path.cwd();out=root/'artifacts/graphics-nongpu-abba-20260908';out.mkdir(exist_ok=False)
+exe=root/'benchmarks/WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks/bin/Release/net10.0/WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks'
+libs={name:root/f'artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-{kind}/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib' for name,kind in [('control','disabled'),('candidate','enabled')]}
+digest=lambda p:hashlib.sha256(p.read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+manifest={'status':'running','source':subprocess.check_output(['git','rev-parse','HEAD'],text=True).strip(),'dirty':subprocess.check_output(['git','status','--short'],text=True),'started':datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).isoformat(),'executable':str(exe),'executableHash':digest(exe),'libraries':{k:{'path':str(v),'sha256':digest(v)} for k,v in libs.items()},'order':[],'comparison':'Same source graphics OFF versus ON; not pre-epic baseline'}
+(out/'manifest.json').write_text(json.dumps(manifest,indent=2))
+counts={k:0 for k in libs}
+try:
+ for block in range(10):
+  for name in ['control','candidate','candidate','control']:
+   counts[name]+=1;dest=out/name;dest.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+   path=dest/f'{counts[name]:02d}.json'
+   args=[str(exe),'probe','native-inspector-disabled-performance','--contexts','4','--samples','10','--duration-ms','1500']
+   result=subprocess.run(args,env={**os.environ,'WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_PATH':str(libs[name])},capture_output=True,text=True,timeout=90)
+   path.with_suffix('.stderr').write_text(result.stderr)
+   path.write_text(result.stdout)
+   if result.returncode:raise RuntimeError(f'{name} {counts[name]} exited {result.returncode}')
+   data=json.loads(result.stdout)
+   if data['representativeWorkload']['completionSignals']!=4:raise RuntimeError('missing completion')
+   manifest['order'].append({'variant':name,'file':str(path.relative_to(out)),'sha256':digest(path)})
+   (out/'manifest.json').write_text(json.dumps(manifest,indent=2))
+   print(f'{block+1}/10 {name} {counts[name]}',flush=True)
+ for name,path in libs.items():
+  if digest(path)!=manifest['libraries'][name]['sha256']:raise RuntimeError('library changed during experiment')
+ manifest['status']='captured'
+except Exception as e:
+ manifest['status']='failed';manifest['error']=str(e);raise
+finally:
+ manifest['finished']=datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).isoformat()
+ (out/'manifest.json').write_text(json.dumps(manifest,indent=2))
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/comparison.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/comparison.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2051412b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/comparison.json
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+{
+  "scope": "same-source graphics OFF versus ON",
+  "status": "measured; epic baseline gate remains incomplete",
+  "method": "20 fresh processes per variant, ten ABBA blocks; 10000 paired block bootstrap resamples of median ratios; 5% boundary. Intervals crossing boundary are inconclusive, not passing.",
+  "metrics": {
+    "startup.prewarmMilliseconds": {
+      "controlMedian": 1.5623,
+      "candidateMedian": 1.6202,
+      "ratio": 1.0370607437752033,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.9945424013434089,
+        1.0876594669698119
+      ],
+      "classification": "inconclusive"
+    },
+    "startup.warmContextCreateMilliseconds.mean": {
+      "controlMedian": 0.2289,
+      "candidateMedian": 0.22627999999999998,
+      "ratio": 0.9885539536915683,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.9173977207510041,
+        1.0946375022049744
+      ],
+      "classification": "inconclusive"
+    },
+    "startup.firstSceneMilliseconds.mean": {
+      "controlMedian": 1.30496,
+      "candidateMedian": 1.3390849999999999,
+      "ratio": 1.0261502268268758,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.9650302519721223,
+        1.0609214592732052
+      ],
+      "classification": "inconclusive"
+    },
+    "idle.processCpuMilliseconds": {
+      "controlMedian": 6.288,
+      "candidateMedian": 6.598,
+      "ratio": 1.0493002544529262,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.9908787360534246,
+        1.1479917184265012
+      ],
+      "classification": "inconclusive"
+    },
+    "timerAndAnimationFrame.elapsedMilliseconds": {
+      "controlMedian": 719.2196,
+      "candidateMedian": 717.74685,
+      "ratio": 0.9979522944035452,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.9929227306642944,
+        1.0027917712397967
+      ],
+      "classification": "within-5-percent"
+    },
+    "timerAndAnimationFrame.processCpuMilliseconds": {
+      "controlMedian": 41.6725,
+      "candidateMedian": 37.967,
+      "ratio": 0.9110804487371768,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.8371205973056323,
+        1.0721480573879099
+      ],
+      "classification": "inconclusive"
+    },
+    "consoleHeavy.elapsedMilliseconds": {
+      "controlMedian": 3.732,
+      "candidateMedian": 4.0625,
+      "ratio": 1.0885584137191853,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.8388716470849035,
+        1.2217289916556626
+      ],
+      "classification": "inconclusive"
+    },
+    "consoleHeavy.processCpuMilliseconds": {
+      "controlMedian": 12.1935,
+      "candidateMedian": 12.655000000000001,
+      "ratio": 1.0378480337884939,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.8281554511062708,
+        1.25742621465694
+      ],
+      "classification": "inconclusive"
+    },
+    "representativeWorkload.elapsedMilliseconds": {
+      "controlMedian": 79.80445,
+      "candidateMedian": 73.43095,
+      "ratio": 0.9201360325144775,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.8891992852472665,
+        1.0630895391597501
+      ],
+      "classification": "inconclusive"
+    },
+    "representativeWorkload.processCpuMilliseconds": {
+      "controlMedian": 316.45349999999996,
+      "candidateMedian": 291.647,
+      "ratio": 0.921610915979757,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.892301790399539,
+        1.0607639866581497
+      ],
+      "classification": "inconclusive"
+    },
+    "memory.populatedViewsWorkingSetBytes": {
+      "controlMedian": 102719488.0,
+      "candidateMedian": 103718912.0,
+      "ratio": 1.0097296435122418,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        1.008523179862992,
+        1.010369306851719
+      ],
+      "classification": "within-5-percent"
+    },
+    "memory.workloadWorkingSetBytes": {
+      "controlMedian": 148897792.0,
+      "candidateMedian": 149766144.0,
+      "ratio": 1.005831866197183,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        0.9900467747198956,
+        1.017085038151056
+      ],
+      "classification": "within-5-percent"
+    },
+    "managedAllocations.ordinaryViewConstructionBytes": {
+      "controlMedian": 599533.0,
+      "candidateMedian": 599533.0,
+      "ratio": 1.0,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        1.0,
+        1.0
+      ],
+      "classification": "within-5-percent"
+    },
+    "managedAllocations.blankLifecycleBytes.median": {
+      "controlMedian": 2088.0,
+      "candidateMedian": 2088.0,
+      "ratio": 1.0,
+      "blockBootstrap95RatioInterval": [
+        1.0,
+        1.0
+      ],
+      "classification": "within-5-percent"
+    }
+  },
+  "exactWork": {
+    "timerAndAnimationFrame.timersFired": {
+      "control": [
+        800
+      ],
+      "candidate": [
+        800
+      ]
+    },
+    "timerAndAnimationFrame.animationFramesInvoked": {
+      "control": [
+        240
+      ],
+      "candidate": [
+        240
+      ]
+    },
+    "consoleHeavy.calls": {
+      "control": [
+        4000
+      ],
+      "candidate": [
+        4000
+      ]
+    },
+    "consoleHeavy.completionSignals": {
+      "control": [
+        4
+      ],
+      "candidate": [
+        4
+      ]
+    },
+    "representativeWorkload.completionSignals": {
+      "control": [
+        4
+      ],
+      "candidate": [
+        4
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "limitations": [
+    "Not pre-epic baseline",
+    "Manual application windows remained open; system contention may affect measurements",
+    "Probe reports engine/CPU behavior, not physical presentation",
+    "Reported V8 heap counters are zero and cannot establish V8 memory equivalence",
+    "No Windows/Linux measurement"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/control-samples.json.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/control-samples.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d46c3fbbf
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/control-samples.json.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/disabled-cmake-cache.txt.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/disabled-cmake-cache.txt.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b4f9bd71
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/disabled-cmake-cache.txt.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/enabled-cmake-cache.txt.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/enabled-cmake-cache.txt.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b05a2895c
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/enabled-cmake-cache.txt.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/manifest.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dae785f72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+{
+  "status": "captured",
+  "source": "b3930ae9ddbbaaad51aaa79f900a6f4889e526d9",
+  "dirty": " M experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_css_cascade.inc\n M experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_runtime_tests.cpp\n?? out/\n",
+  "started": "2026-09-08T14:29:05.104744+00:00",
+  "executable": "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/benchmarks/WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks/bin/Release/net10.0/WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks",
+  "executableHash": "7ba9e7966f456874d6e99d45f089083fffdbdde8a42452e2a8bb198855b3b6e1",
+  "libraries": {
+    "control": {
+      "path": "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib",
+      "sha256": "f04270ba42bd4977ad730ab6c9bcc1097b5890bb746f037dee29d3727673d02d"
+    },
+    "candidate": {
+      "path": "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib",
+      "sha256": "3f9303f707f7c9ae750069bcd4e10f17da0f9cf4c3c0e42a063fe4f108cfe8ad"
+    }
+  },
+  "order": [
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/01.json",
+      "sha256": "bc44b369b9eb076cad89617275a81e682410f3e57d2fc006ec3d9e9640c368a6"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/01.json",
+      "sha256": "6386d21c53b3d0ff2f90a424b4b67a26ec91e05890b5d261b66a1c6d50f9d51a"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/02.json",
+      "sha256": "c0e97c6f75c0ada4595f63b2285a91530551660cd8f46c62f0d6d27f844f4f11"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/02.json",
+      "sha256": "a38162ab9644b64d3ad961877f05a417826c384bba8fce19af736a00b09bd452"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/03.json",
+      "sha256": "c640386252fce5fb4db424245534b77477f4c87d8637bfbf85d0d0fc569aa9aa"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/03.json",
+      "sha256": "84d4d7088c8dcf9b857b02de3d67d343cb6c45a05ae345426222e4d314e777dc"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/04.json",
+      "sha256": "48795c1157f183719a88e43f7b34e95b18488b210496c259c54a6ad07b51d178"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/04.json",
+      "sha256": "1c9a5f8369e7b0c038e35bb35785e3ce2e7162b25d4697f0c361d83dd99af986"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/05.json",
+      "sha256": "b35b0c2f0f5d4cfb199f5a768eb59ff3dcc008132b3394e58ad28ec136166c2f"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/05.json",
+      "sha256": "e84ec12494f163d65052103a1ca543ce4b7cd9f8c6339381e6be8f31d0b713a8"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/06.json",
+      "sha256": "62d08209da6a54276ba2394e11c92b236be28300e931efdc7840e5f7b92ed2b7"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/06.json",
+      "sha256": "15a076b675fb78b4766bd9ec7c6a3153fb1f0510406103a4c0a7f8eed61def5b"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/07.json",
+      "sha256": "265370e026e2abb1ba6254a8d1c8abb0063a4be23e9fe14c79f176234c6b1c0b"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/07.json",
+      "sha256": "15f5672df5645cb22b1b23794c4849a7715da40ee681069f6fd282e716be3d42"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/08.json",
+      "sha256": "99eed7ce30717b0ac0f4d2908b98861f38a304a8b4d34f7978ef1549ab9a84f9"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/08.json",
+      "sha256": "e3b1bc3344807c5f4602b59e6041fd4eba95abe1a109925995dd0fa91c26af8f"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/09.json",
+      "sha256": "e9971e5d7fccde09332570ce2b8411a68004374c1d967370b2853393044b1a52"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/09.json",
+      "sha256": "c66b85ce9983abc42f0f4c842b75f65c5a1a00a5051c0251cc57f5af7f4908a5"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/10.json",
+      "sha256": "889eb5ccc6420ca75c0f1236a9f3fa4509ac24d360faabe39ad7349e4ee4be9c"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/10.json",
+      "sha256": "3713c5780b64a7630c2a322f7bdcfea4583f4ca5ecb2fda81dfd92ec79eb6997"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/11.json",
+      "sha256": "032bab003119469088a883895d70e6db229cce09449082c22a0e04e40936283b"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/11.json",
+      "sha256": "7f2c2fc799ae1f722866d70378f857b682517d8e915c13e8149d993b75bc4482"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/12.json",
+      "sha256": "b561641c12213d99b19db162e7375b0159a774b8adb10db727d96a45bd30173b"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/12.json",
+      "sha256": "9336a8d62c787c80155233ae7ccd0b246e70a178a07b1e2bae676610faa3d640"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/13.json",
+      "sha256": "6b3abcac440a735b07a61df8402e70ae5265414f7e7d6f28af593b41b402a332"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/13.json",
+      "sha256": "2b8a095599c1d2967e40eb42d7ab36d84922186e38f1751638dc15b3b9b6510f"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/14.json",
+      "sha256": "45e349d54247cb429f3f7f0f0ebfb4f63ed776b4c0b1137297499245862b1754"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/14.json",
+      "sha256": "a99ab0c75cbc2bc6e0da2724a010f8b1a6ffa7950e63139f309e1bba68167ca3"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/15.json",
+      "sha256": "f54ebcbcaa20e5ac76105d851194ec733f6fad77b79603c81aa380ae0941a66f"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/15.json",
+      "sha256": "fcc4c2c231ea8ab0fff3da3208a5d65c0f85e15e4f38b9bce469a69f279681c4"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/16.json",
+      "sha256": "d2a9499610adc07ef8f55abb3391de77cff03e718a050a6d1179da09ea49e5db"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/16.json",
+      "sha256": "c7ece8055d04beeb9bb1f4967bdbdc9b4bfa9890fbf9c4ba689dd2293cbaa34f"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/17.json",
+      "sha256": "707696b83816c904d56ea878636d7691e86b0b7a5a4998a5c41d04c7baa7048d"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/17.json",
+      "sha256": "27baae8b507379061d079da7671588e221c127ec2f97c22208d9541cc47af08c"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/18.json",
+      "sha256": "4164953ed3f3c5466ddecb2d2a279f197892940ec1d14f872f8e80442eac4b02"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/18.json",
+      "sha256": "66940a9edd8b9f0cc14ff34088f34a8859d8d2dabbacd1f832518c32f0fa7f7e"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/19.json",
+      "sha256": "bd0dc615acdbd5c7661db00359ce72a84d9de5018c20774436409e27d5bdc43e"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/19.json",
+      "sha256": "77af0651e11f1a0eebda39c37552979e2a61cd909ef8d451463d0c474031eafd"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "candidate",
+      "file": "candidate/20.json",
+      "sha256": "9f03dbe352c648e98d39bd348573186c733b76ee1894ac1e004bc9a8f2630d80"
+    },
+    {
+      "variant": "control",
+      "file": "control/20.json",
+      "sha256": "b0e6e560b0e25e6a59edae6bfe0a86fa19b060b31940de1839db24c6fc2374e1"
+    }
+  ],
+  "comparison": "Same source graphics OFF versus ON; not pre-epic baseline",
+  "finished": "2026-09-08T14:30:46.292246+00:00"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/system.txt b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/system.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14233bc01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-08-nongpu-graphics-toggle/system.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+ProductName:		macOS
+ProductVersion:		26.6.2
+BuildVersion:		25G83
+Darwin MacMini 25.6.0 Darwin Kernel Version 25.6.0: Fri Jul 31 19:11:03 PDT 2026; root:xnu-12377.161.14~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8132 arm64
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-macos-windows-integration/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-macos-windows-integration/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6f1106e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-macos-windows-integration/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# macOS validation of Windows integration
+
+Validated production revision `755f808837b89e5181a6a4b05f9a7f22558b57b1` in a clean checkout on the existing Apple M4 macOS host, with the pinned macOS Dawn/ANGLE SDKs and graphics enabled. Existing uncommitted dialog UA/test edits in the original worktree were excluded.
+
+- Release native and managed GPU host builds passed.
+- All 19 native CTest suites passed (17.08 seconds).
+- The unmodified Avalonia tests found an exact-pixel failure in `RasterCheckpointPreservesFractionalClearPathTransformAndExport` on both frameworks: alpha 0x91 versus 0x92. The comparison bitmap used the platform default whereas PNG export uses BGRA8888/premultiplied. Matching that surface format fixes the test without tolerances or production changes. After this correction, with the current native library supplied, .NET 8 and .NET 10 each passed 310 tests with 8 skipped.
+- Unchanged original Kestrel ZIP/document checksums were verified by the host. Native Metal WebGPU startup, line edit/undo/redo, four stepped window sizes (980x680, 1440x900, 1100x740, 1280x800; DPR 2), validated pan and left-sidebar drag, and BOX creation passed. Each verification process exited 0. Command-history errors remained zero.
+- The screenshot was taken from a separate live run of this production revision.
+
+Commands from the checkout root:
+
+```sh
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/checkpoint-native --output-on-failure
+WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY="$PWD/artifacts/checkpoint-native/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib" dotnet test tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests -c Release -m:1
+```
+
+For each Kestrel check use `dotnet run --no-build -c Release --project experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe -- --webgpu-metal --kestrel tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-CAD.zip`, with that same native library override, followed by:
+
+- `--edit-kestrel --resize-kestrel --verify-kestrel`
+- `--pan-kestrel --sidebar-kestrel --verify-kestrel`
+- `--mesh-kestrel --verify-kestrel`
+
+Scope: this validates the existing Metal Kestrel path after integrating Windows changes, not full WebGPU/WebGL conformance, physical 60fps, exhaustive app behavior, or all skipped platform tests. Pan telemetry contains an engine ScriptErrors count of 1 despite zero Kestrel command-history errors and successful workload validation; this report does not claim zero engine-wide errors or a new performance baseline. No native user-resize recording or full Chrome comparison was repeated.
+
+## Stabilization follow-up
+
+The previously unexplained engine ScriptErrors counter came from the pan probe's own ResizeObserver: it appended to `p.widths` without initializing that array, and the observer was left connected after cleanup. The probe now initializes the array, disconnects the observer, prints runtime/JavaScript failures, and rejects Kestrel verification when uncaught JavaScript exceptions occurred. Two subsequent pan attempts recorded engine errors 0 before/after but were rejected for unrelated zero-button pointer movements from the desktop. They are not new interaction or performance passes.
+
+The graphics metadata fixture explicitly targets `win-x64`; an additional host-OS-dependent compiler assertion conflicted with that target on macOS/Linux. Removing that duplicate preserves the existing exact `clang-cl.exe` assertion. The tooling suite passes locally (16 passed, one Windows-specific test skipped).
+
+Final original-Kestrel BOX plus four-size resize/startup verification exited 0 with zero uncaught JavaScript exceptions; see `stabilization-box-resize.log.gz`. Production renderer code was unchanged by these probe/test corrections.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-macos-windows-integration/avalonia-tests.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-macos-windows-integration/avalonia-tests.log.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-macos-windows-integration/stabilization-box-resize.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-macos-windows-integration/stabilization-box-resize.log.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-native-aot/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-native-aot/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..326d48867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-native-aot/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# NativeAOT Kestrel on macOS
+
+The initial NativeAOT publish initialized Kestrel/WebGPU but displayed a white window. First-chance exception tracing reported repeated `The macOS IOSurface route requires a current host CGL context`. Reflection over the runtime host type could no longer identify `IMetalDevice` after trimming, so presentation selected the wrong importer.
+
+The shared Metal importer now checks the interface directly and reflects its hidden reference-assembly properties through the statically known interface type. NativeAOT retains those accessors. The attached window screenshot confirms the native executable rendered the UI and original CAD canvas.
+
+Validation on Apple M4/macOS:
+- NativeAOT publish with reflection JSON disabled; native executable, no CoreCLR required.
+- Original immutable Kestrel ZIP, WebGPU active, BOX, LINE, undo/redo and four window sizes; zero document exceptions and successful scene presentations. `--verify-kestrel` now fails if no scene is successfully rendered.
+- `--aot-serialization-probe` verifies checkpoint PNG/state fields and capture/replay resource archive in the actual native executable.
+- Generated JSON contracts replace reflection serialization in canvas checkpoints and resource archives. Presenter/checkpoint diagnostic JSON uses explicit nodes.
+- Avalonia regressions: 310 passed, 8 skipped per net8.0/net10.0. Checkpoint and HTTP capture/replay regressions also pass with reflection JSON disabled on both targets.
+- CI publishes and runs the native serialization probe on macOS and Windows and rejects linker AOT/trim warnings in reachable production source. This headless check does not qualify GPU presentation on hosted runners.
+
+Publish command:
+
+```sh
+dotnet publish experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe -c Release -r osx-arm64 \
+  -p:PublishAot=true -p:JsonSerializerIsReflectionEnabledByDefault=false \
+  -o artifacts/kestrel-aot/publish
+```
+
+The local app bundle additionally contains the graphics-enabled native engine, Dawn/ANGLE and Skia/Avalonia libraries, ICU/snapshot data and original Kestrel archive. Absolute SDK rpaths were removed from bundled libraries; sibling libraries resolve through loader-relative paths. This is a local ad-hoc signed multi-file app bundle, not a notarized release or single binary. JavaScript still runs in V8.
+
+AOT compatibility is a required product constraint. This evidence qualifies the exercised Kestrel paths only. Other generic interop/converter APIs and probe diagnostics still produce compile-time warnings and need a broader audit; no blanket codebase AOT certification is claimed. NuGet graphics integration and removal of ANGLE from the macOS runtime are addressed in the follow-up below; hosted verification remains required.
+
+## Dawn-only macOS and release packaging follow-up
+
+macOS now compiles the native service without ANGLE contexts and links only Dawn. The 16 remaining native tests passed, including actual Metal/Dawn hardware tests locally. The three ANGLE-specific tests still apply on Windows/Linux builds, where ANGLE remains enabled.
+
+The release workflow now supplies the verified graphics SDK to macOS and Windows native package builders. Both it and SDK validation use one shared exact-cache recipe. SDK cache identities now include that shared action, causing one cold rebuild; later exact hits reuse compiled SDKs. Linux release packages retain their existing non-GPU scope.
+
+Hosted package builders explicitly exclude hardware-labelled tests; they compile GPU code and test CPU/package contracts. They do not substitute for the locally recorded hardware evidence. The V8 graphics runtime suite is correctly labelled hardware because it requests actual devices.
+
+A real local macOS NuGet package was packed, its graphics manifest/library hashes validated, then restored into an independent NativeAOT consumer and published. dyld confirmed the engine and Dawn both loaded from that consumer's publish directory. No ANGLE library is in that package. The local test package uses the existing non-PartitionAlloc development SDK; the release workflow retains its pinned PartitionAlloc configuration and still requires CI validation.
+
+The updated Dawn-only app bundle passed BOX and four window sizes with 239 successful scene renders and zero JavaScript exceptions. Release verification now rejects the previous non-graphics macOS package, a missing/corrupt Windows D3D compiler, and accidental ANGLE inclusion on macOS. Graphics tooling tests: 20 passed, one Windows-only skip.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-native-aot/aot-interactions.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-native-aot/aot-interactions.log.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-native-aot/nuget-aot-consumer.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-native-aot/nuget-aot-consumer.log.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-native-aot/reflection-disabled-tests.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-09-native-aot/reflection-disabled-tests.log.gz
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-10-merge-stabilization/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-10-merge-stabilization/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..719e331b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-10-merge-stabilization/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Merge stabilization
+
+Native runtime revision: c65ab896. Kestrel probe rebuilt with generated JSON
+serialization for pan/sidebar diagnostics; reflection serialization disabled.
+Original Kestrel zip remains unchanged. Avalonia 12 sample, macOS arm64.
+
+Combined flags: `--edit-kestrel --exercise-kestrel --pan-kestrel --sidebar-kestrel
+--continuous-resize-kestrel --resize-kestrel --verify-kestrel` with `--webgpu-metal`.
+Native path: staged c65ab896 engine with matching Dawn/ICU/snapshot sidecars.
+
+Result: exit 0. Editing/undo/redo, application exercise, pan, sidebar and both
+resize workloads completed. Selected runtime output:
+
+```text
+Kestrel pan workload validated (physical presentation remains unqualified).
+Kestrel sidebar workload validated (physical presentation remains unqualified).
+Kestrel continuous window resize workload validated (physical presentation and native user drag remain unqualified).
+Kestrel uncaught JavaScript exceptions: 0
+Kestrel successfully rendered scenes: 616
+Kestrel WebGPU startup check passed (interaction qualification remains).
+```
+
+`pan-analysis.json` contains callback/queue timings, not physical scanout evidence.
+The AOT pan/sidebar trace failure was fixed with typed records and generated
+serialization; no reflection fallback was enabled.
+
+Other checks at the same runtime revision:
+- Native CTest 18/18; shared media contracts 9/9; macOS video contract 1/1.
+- Frameforge packaged AOT executable, using bundle libraries/assets: media test
+  passed, nine seek positions, actual RMS and track checks, worker waveform error
+  1.49e-8, 30 scenes; MIME/HEAD/range/416 server verification passed.
+- TradingView live desktop startup readiness passed, wall time 3259ms; this does
+  not qualify interactive TradingView panning or physical 60fps.
+- Graphics Python tooling: 6/6 passed.
+
+Final pushed revision CI/package-consumer results remain the merge gate.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-10-merge-stabilization/pan-analysis.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-10-merge-stabilization/pan-analysis.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7c32ccee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/2026-09-10-merge-stabilization/pan-analysis.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "publicationToAcceptance": {
+    "count": 82,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 11.352354,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 12.516375,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 16.419667
+  },
+  "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+    "count": 82,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 0.9744375000000001,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 1.373416,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 1.720291
+  },
+  "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+    "count": 82,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 12.302521,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 13.486375,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 17.418
+  },
+  "inputToPublishedConsumptionWatermark": {
+    "count": 80,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 11.8970415,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 15.074291,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 29.400167
+  },
+  "unmatchedInputCount": 0,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+    "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+    "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-context-texture-isolation.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-context-texture-isolation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c839985f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-context-texture-isolation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "sourceBaseCommit": "038c0678e5b4667f36f68cdee68861460cbd761f",
+  "scope": "Native ANGLE Metal ES2/ES3 context and texture isolation on macOS",
+  "buildCommand": "cmake --build artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled --target webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests -j2",
+  "testCommand": "ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R '^webscene_graphics_angle_(es3_)?context_tests$' --output-on-failure",
+  "result": {
+    "passed": 2,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.42
+  },
+  "checks": [
+    "Texture name from first context is not a texture in independent second context",
+    "Each context uploads and reads back its own exact RGBA pixel via complete framebuffer",
+    "First texture remains valid and correct after second context and its texture are destroyed",
+    "Nested current-context restoration and execution-thread rejection remain covered"
+  ],
+  "limits": [
+    "Diagnostic one-pixel readback is not production presentation transport",
+    "No WebGL browser API/fallback or context-loss qualification",
+    "Windows/Linux target branches still require hardware runs"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbb647071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# ANGLE service loss reporting
+
+`graphics_service::with_angle_context` throws `angle_context_lost` when activation detects a reset or when a normally returning command has lost its context. The native owner keeps loss sticky. Further commands reject before their callback runs. Independent contexts remain executable, and ordinary scope unwinding restores the previous context.
+
+Native command callbacks are `noexcept`: a caller that submits context operations must translate `angle_context_lost` into its own completion/cancellation result. It must not catch all exceptions and silently treat invalid handles or programming errors as context loss. This service does not dispatch DOM events or recreate a browser context.
+
+The hardware test queues four commands in order: inject loss, use the lost context, use an independent context, use the lost context again. It verifies typed loss for the first command, no callback entry for both later lost-context commands, successful independent execution, FIFO outcome order, and zero resources after teardown. ES2/ES3 owner tests separately cover nested scope restoration and texture isolation. See `result.json` and compressed build/test logs for the exact commands and scope limits.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/build.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/build.log.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..204d757b6
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/result.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/result.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8889d231f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/result.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "date": "2026-09-08",
+  "platform": "macOS arm64 / Apple M4 / ANGLE Metal",
+  "change": "Typed ANGLE loss reported at activation and after graphics-service command execution",
+  "tests": {
+    "build": "cmake --build artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -j2",
+    "test": "ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled --output-on-failure",
+    "result": "19/19 passed, 13.12 seconds",
+    "queue_result": [
+      "loss reported for injecting command",
+      "next command for lost context rejected before callback",
+      "independent context command executes",
+      "subsequent lost-context command rejected before callback"
+    ],
+    "teardown": "zero live contexts and zero queued commands"
+  },
+  "limitations": [
+    "Injected ANGLE context loss; not physical GPU reset",
+    "No browser WebGL events, restoration or conformance claim",
+    "Windows/Linux not tested",
+    "Working tree includes pre-existing uncommitted dialog UA/runtime-test edits, excluded from this commit"
+  ],
+  "logs": {
+    "build.log.gz": "2af44c8ce4a337fd171ebd77490d47af2a6e01ac42365ac338b9de8aa023a615",
+    "tests.log.gz": "c7e79c478a9f58f96c90b7b6506b70ecf5225a5bdcf661c540eac27b7c2d2a52"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/tests.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/tests.log.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31353b166
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/angle-service-loss/tests.log.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/avalonia-host/dawn-graphite-window.png b/docs/graphics/evidence/avalonia-host/dawn-graphite-window.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3849a6612
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/avalonia-host/dawn-graphite-window.png differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/avalonia-host/shared-gl-window.png b/docs/graphics/evidence/avalonia-host/shared-gl-window.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ba3fa4b5
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/avalonia-host/shared-gl-window.png differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/completion-cancellation-stress.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/completion-cancellation-stress.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9bcdf5b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/completion-cancellation-stress.json
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+{
+  "scope": "Native completion mailbox only; not Dawn/ANGLE device loss or complete graphics service qualification",
+  "sourceBaseCommit": "ee3695f8edf64028f58cee80774380d99a1cd2c3",
+  "compiler": "Apple clang version 21.0.0 (clang-2100.1.1.101)\nTarget: arm64-apple-darwin25.6.0\nThread model: posix\nInstalledDir: /Volumes/SSD/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin",
+  "rounds": 1000,
+  "operations": 16000,
+  "capacity": 16,
+  "saturatedReservations": 1000,
+  "endOfEveryRound": {
+    "pending": 0,
+    "ready": 0,
+    "nativePending": 0,
+    "occupied": 0
+  },
+  "validation": [
+    "Exactly-once engine-thread delivery",
+    "Cancelled-owner isolation from successful-owner completions",
+    "Late/duplicate callback rejection",
+    "Safe slot reuse after native callback retirement"
+  ],
+  "commands": [
+    {
+      "build": "clang++ -std=c++20 -g -O1 -fsanitize=address,undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer -pthread -I experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_completion_tests.cpp -o /tmp/webscene-completion-stress-asan",
+      "run": "/tmp/webscene-completion-stress-asan",
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "sanitizerDiagnostics": false
+    },
+    {
+      "build": "clang++ -std=c++20 -g -O1 -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer -pthread -I experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_completion_tests.cpp -o /tmp/webscene-completion-stress-tsan",
+      "run": "/tmp/webscene-completion-stress-tsan",
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "sanitizerDiagnostics": false
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/completion-shutdown-stress.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/completion-shutdown-stress.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9be20b2ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/completion-shutdown-stress.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "scope": "Native completion mailbox shutdown; device_lost callback status is injected, not physical device-loss qualification",
+  "sourceBaseCommit": "ba757275bdc26b152b9ced282c20342595560870",
+  "shutdownRounds": 500,
+  "operations": 8000,
+  "mailboxCapacity": 16,
+  "checks": [
+    "Exactly one cancellation per admitted operation after close",
+    "Admission rejected after close",
+    "Native callbacks retire occupied slots after logical cancellation",
+    "Wake ownership released after callbacks finish",
+    "Duplicate late callbacks rejected"
+  ],
+  "sanitizerRuns": [
+    {
+      "flags": "-fsanitize=address,undefined",
+      "exitCode": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "flags": "-fsanitize=thread",
+      "exitCode": 0
+    }
+  ],
+  "buildTemplate": "clang++ -std=c++20 -g -O1 <sanitizer flags> -fno-omit-frame-pointer -pthread -I experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_completion_tests.cpp -o /tmp/webscene-completion-shutdown-test",
+  "runCommand": "/tmp/webscene-completion-shutdown-test",
+  "cmakeBuild": "cmake --build artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled --target webscene_graphics_completion_tests -j4",
+  "ctest": "ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R '^webscene_graphics_completion_tests$' --output-on-failure",
+  "ctestResult": {
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.31
+  }
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/concurrent-upload-queue.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/concurrent-upload-queue.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f6918fe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/concurrent-upload-queue.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "scope": "Native bounded command/upload queue; not V8 typed-array detachment or GPU execution qualification",
+  "sourceBaseCommit": "5154a48c358fb1b1de50668a8fe4b531f418883d",
+  "producers": 4,
+  "commandsPerProducer": 5000,
+  "capacity": 8,
+  "uploadBytesPerCommand": 32,
+  "totalUploadBytes": 640000,
+  "checks": [
+    "Global admission serials delivered in order",
+    "Per-producer command order preserved",
+    "Source mutation after admission does not affect queued payload",
+    "Payload remains stable across yields during consumer access",
+    "All commands delivered; queue depth returns to zero; high-water does not exceed capacity"
+  ],
+  "sanitizers": [
+    "AddressSanitizer",
+    "UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer",
+    "ThreadSanitizer"
+  ],
+  "sanitizerExitCodes": [
+    0,
+    0
+  ],
+  "buildTemplate": "clang++ -std=c++20 -g -O1 -fsanitize=<address,undefined or thread> -fno-omit-frame-pointer -pthread -I experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_queue_tests.cpp -o /tmp/webscene-upload-queue-test",
+  "runCommand": "/tmp/webscene-upload-queue-test",
+  "ctestCommand": "ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R '^webscene_graphics_queue_tests$' --output-on-failure",
+  "ctest": {
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.37
+  }
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/dawn-event-service-recheck.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/dawn-event-service-recheck.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c492bad39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/dawn-event-service-recheck.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "sourceCommit": "39f62ce45920a6a4e220be13e8bde88e2ecfb097",
+  "sourceSha256": "a9c24f5d03309b41c158ea7781e39ab062a23f11f70a0a479bcda729f2455361",
+  "command": "ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R '^webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests$' --output-on-failure",
+  "buildCommand": "cmake --build artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled --target webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests -j4",
+  "result": {
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.5
+  },
+  "reviewedCoverage": [
+    "Dawn ForceLoss with pending mapping; owner completion becomes device_lost",
+    "Late native map callback cannot deliver the operation twice; occupied and native_pending counters return to zero",
+    "Destroyed device rejects stale service handle; independent device performs upload/map verification",
+    "Completion progress through native service pumping without UI or RAF"
+  ],
+  "limits": [
+    "ForceLoss is a Dawn diagnostic injection, not physical GPU reset",
+    "Independent-device survivor test covers explicit destruction, not forced loss",
+    "Does not establish end-to-end V8 promise and presenter image retirement on loss",
+    "No Windows/Linux hardware or full conformance qualification"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/dawn-forced-loss-isolation.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/dawn-forced-loss-isolation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08ff2b7ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/dawn-forced-loss-isolation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+{
+  "sourceBaseCommit": "e40a675867d22ceb75da35509007c44b7388f9b5",
+  "scope": "Native Dawn service device isolation under diagnostic ForceLoss on macOS",
+  "test": "webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests",
+  "buildCommand": "cmake --build artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled --target webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests -j4",
+  "testCommand": "ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R '^webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests$' --output-on-failure",
+  "result": {
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.52
+  },
+  "checks": [
+    "Independent device adopted before sibling ForceLoss",
+    "Lost sibling pending mapping cancelled once and late callback retired",
+    "Survivor service handle remains usable",
+    "Survivor writes and maps 4096 bytes after loss; all 1024 words match call-time data after source mutation",
+    "Survivor loss signal remains clear",
+    "Survivor destruction returns device count and mailbox occupancy to expected values"
+  ],
+  "developmentFailure": "Initial setup reused a consumed adapter; Dawn rejected RequestDevice. Corrected by requesting a fresh adapter object before the independent device. Earlier failures are not passes.",
+  "limits": [
+    "Dawn ForceLoss injection, not physical GPU reset",
+    "No end-to-end V8/presenter loss qualification",
+    "No cross-platform hardware claim"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/detached-retirement.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/detached-retirement.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..767c575fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/detached-retirement.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "route": "Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh",
+  "renderedFrames": 32,
+  "imports": 2,
+  "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+  "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 8,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "detachedBeforeRetirement": true,
+  "retirementThreadDiffersFromRenderingThread": true,
+  "normalCompositionHandlerConnected": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/frame-texture-expiry.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/frame-texture-expiry.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d67befe01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/frame-texture-expiry.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "route": "Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh",
+  "renderedFrames": 32,
+  "imports": 1,
+  "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+  "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 4,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "expiredTextureSubmissionRejected": true,
+  "javascriptCanvasConnected": false,
+  "verificationCommand": "WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY=\"$PWD/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib\" WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY=\"$PWD/artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled/libwebscene_graphics_iosurface_fixture.dylib\" dotnet run --project experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe -- --ganesh-window --verify-window-pixels"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/mixed-canvas-pixels.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/mixed-canvas-pixels.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f146e89bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/mixed-canvas-pixels.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"route":"Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh","renderedFrames":32,"imports":1,"gpuRetirementCompleted":true,"explicitTransportCopies":0,"diagnosticReadbacks":4,"physicalPresentationVerified":false}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/no-readback.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/no-readback.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9582f390a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/no-readback.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"route":"Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh","renderedFrames":32,"imports":1,"gpuRetirementCompleted":true,"explicitTransportCopies":0,"diagnosticReadbacks":0,"physicalPresentationVerified":false}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/ordered-scene-pixels.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/ordered-scene-pixels.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49f760005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/ordered-scene-pixels.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"route":"Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh","renderedFrames":32,"imports":1,"gpuRetirementCompleted":true,"explicitTransportCopies":0,"diagnosticReadbacks":3,"physicalPresentationVerified":false}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/pixel-check.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/pixel-check.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f753b150f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/pixel-check.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"route":"Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh","renderedFrames":32,"imports":1,"gpuRetirementCompleted":true,"explicitTransportCopies":0,"diagnosticReadbacks":2,"physicalPresentationVerified":false}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/scene-image-replacement.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/scene-image-replacement.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c986802d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/scene-image-replacement.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "route": "Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh",
+  "renderedFrames": 32,
+  "imports": 2,
+  "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+  "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 8,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "replacementAfterFrames": 16,
+  "replacementRetainsSameSourceImage": true,
+  "normalCompositionHandlerConnected": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/submitted-frame-discard.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/submitted-frame-discard.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4335a34d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/submitted-frame-discard.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "route": "Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh",
+  "renderedFrames": 32,
+  "imports": 1,
+  "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+  "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 4,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "uninitializedTextureDiscardPassed": true,
+  "submittedTextureDiscardPassed": true,
+  "discardExposesNoSceneLease": true,
+  "poolReleasedAfterCompletion": true,
+  "javascriptCanvasConnected": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/submitted-frame-handoff.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/submitted-frame-handoff.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df5891885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/ganesh-host/submitted-frame-handoff.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "route": "Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh",
+  "renderedFrames": 32,
+  "imports": 1,
+  "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+  "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 4,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "applicationSubmissionBeforeHandoff": true,
+  "foreignAllocationRejected": true,
+  "expiredTextureSubmissionRejected": true,
+  "javascriptCanvasConnected": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/graphics-disabled-current/build-test.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphics-disabled-current/build-test.log.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..179a3c787
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphics-disabled-current/build-test.log.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/graphics-disabled-current/result.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphics-disabled-current/result.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0236a6056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphics-disabled-current/result.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "sourceCommit": "10fec5a7a77461b3dde9edd112e6343bebe10e18",
+  "workingTreeNote": "Build includes existing uncommitted dialog CSS/test edits; these remain unstaged and were not part of this change.",
+  "settings": {
+    "buildType": "Release",
+    "V8": true,
+    "graphics": false
+  },
+  "buildCommand": "cmake --build artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled -j2",
+  "testCommand": "ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled --output-on-failure",
+  "tests": {
+    "passed": 13,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "seconds": 13.13
+  },
+  "librarySha256": "f04270ba42bd4977ad730ab6c9bcc1097b5890bb746f037dee29d3727673d02d",
+  "linkedLibraries": "artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-disabled/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib:\n\t@rpath/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib (compatibility version 0.0.0, current version 0.0.0)\n\t/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation (compatibility version 150.0.0, current version 5026.5.4)\n\t/usr/lib/libiconv.2.dylib (compatibility version 7.0.0, current version 7.0.0)\n\t/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Versions/C/Foundation (compatibility version 300.0.0, current version 5026.5.4)\n\t/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Versions/A/Security (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 61901.120.67)\n\t/usr/lib/libz.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.2.12)\n\t/usr/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 2100.43.0)\n\t/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1356.0.0)\n",
+  "scope": "Current macOS V8-enabled graphics-disabled build and tests, not clean checkout or non-GPU performance comparison"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/README.md b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15e1df23f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Clean Graphite output build
+
+At WebScene commit f5b8de5, the build entry point completed all 797 Ninja steps
+in a new out/webscene-graphite-clean-01 directory on macOS arm64. The sealed
+Dawn SDK and previously synchronized Skia source/DEPS were reused. This is a
+clean Graphite object build, not a fresh source acquisition or clean Dawn build.
+
+Reproduction command:
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/probes/graphite/build-probe.py --skia artifacts/graphics-src/skia --dawn-sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn --output out/webscene-graphite-clean-01 --jobs 8
+```
+
+build.log.gz records the complete target graph build. probe-build.json records
+the compiler, commands, source input hashes and hashes of libskia.a and both
+probe binaries. No binaries are committed here.
+
+The resulting standalone executable ran with the pinned Dawn SDK on its loader
+path and passed all 68 IOSurface/CGL pixels (pixels.json). The Avalonia probe ran
+with the newly built host dylib directory first on DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, using
+--graphite --verify-markers. It completed 64 changing-marker checks and 64
+host updates, with one device, one Graphite context, two canvas textures and one
+output allocation (host.json). Both commands exited zero.
+
+files.json seals the machine-readable evidence and compressed build log.
+This does not qualify production WebScene integration, physical presentation,
+other operating systems, source dependency acquisition or the full epic.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/build.log.gz b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/build.log.gz
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36aa8ecfe
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/build.log.gz differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/files.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/files.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4cd9e777d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/files.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "build.log.gz": "dee9b32e137e8cb397dc17bb943c076141a03675e9ed3586fe9b78a03092ede8",
+  "host.json": "aacc49aaca2b27453cfeeec72faa26ee966e1ffa4b287025c786fb98f0a564ff",
+  "pixels.json": "38231a8dc54cc818fe7cecc3d79f888e52179b7e787ce7e6fbfcf1d3983d5f7f",
+  "probe-build.json": "534edf4677eadaddd2225c1a40531b1d2f8dc98d3a9158453f5502599166fb57"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/host.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/host.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15ab4810f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/host.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"schemaVersion":1,"probe":"avalonia-gpu-host","avalonia":"11.3.4.0","status":"available","imageTypes":[],"semaphoreTypes":[],"isLost":false,"canCreateSharedOpenGlContext":true,"graphiteSource":true,"graphiteSubmissionsCompleted":64,"hostUpdatesCompleted":64,"diagnosticMarkersVerified":64,"canvasTextureAllocations":2,"outputTextureAllocations":1,"graphiteContextInitializations":1,"dawnDeviceInitializations":1,"sharedTextureUpdateCompleted":true,"visualCommitCompleted":true,"presentationVerified":false}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/pixels.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/pixels.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30b364934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/pixels.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"schemaVersion":1,"probe":"graphite-shared-device","status":"passed","hardwareAccelerated":true,"backend":"metal","adapter":"Apple M4","vendor":"apple","driver":"Metal driver on macOS Version 26.6.2 (Build 25G83)","vendorId":4203,"deviceId":0,"iosurfaceOutput":true,"verifiedPixels":68,"backgroundRGBA":[51,102,153,255],"compositedRGBA":[153,51,77,255],"tolerance":1,"diagnosticReadback":true}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/probe-build.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/probe-build.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc01fa089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/graphite-clean-build/probe-build.json
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 1,
+  "status": "built",
+  "hardwareQualified": false,
+  "skiaRevision": "0f366c36621fc156664662b8ea5426d2f41cefe1",
+  "skiaDawnBuildSha256": "46356c26d35bb14e1481129e5a39634e76dc2a8007b3f1c225777e642b4ad67f",
+  "dawnSdkManifestSha256": "8b4396475c8adc6d8f762fdba161ff6f3910953d37c872c336a4d76c243a07a6",
+  "inputs": {
+    "eng/graphics/probes/graphite/build-probe.py": "0a5fb58d63c0543f3d429d588296c5319d0c63620674546309fa025b4626fc75",
+    "eng/graphics/probes/graphite/graphite_probe.cpp": "496e8070921be6fd09bcb1a1e4bb500b89c7a52b8d1ea5221a447ceae639886b",
+    "eng/graphics/probes/graphite/iosurface_gl_check.h": "e540b17dc60c4795946bc17a0426875ce40798e026aa68e80ba858946c61f1be",
+    "eng/graphics/probes/graphite/spike-args.gn": "077f32087f0584816788b3a919fb44fdcc9fc255115d6c997d63fdb043ee8230",
+    "eng/graphics/probes/graphite/use-external-dawn.py": "8e5e976d040e7ff340a0c02fbea106c3a6f7198f97cdeebeba11d2fea1f8bdd3",
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+      "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn",
+      "--component",
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+      "--skia",
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+      "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn"
+    ],
+    [
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+      "gen",
+      "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/out/webscene-graphite-clean-01",
+      "--root=/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-src/skia",
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+      "skia",
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+      "8"
+    ],
+    [
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+      "-I",
+      "/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include",
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/acceptance-to-draw-timeline.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/acceptance-to-draw-timeline.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2732a93e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/acceptance-to-draw-timeline.json
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/all-host-frame-publication.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/all-host-frame-publication.json
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--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/border-functional-color-after.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/border-functional-color-after.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c47c2a8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/border-functional-color-after.json
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+{
+  "schema": "webscene-wpt-subset-result-v3",
+  "profile": "webscene-component-1",
+  "profileSha256": "c1c75c0be77be83be12e86ca30b9b7f9e228928ddf4b8889f91f004130f75742",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "engine": "native",
+  "nativeEngineIdentity": "abi=3;sha256=6679af609a792823629201d107a75b68e7eb503393cd047251b8cd0a19d412a2",
+  "chromiumIdentity": null,
+  "startedAt": "2026-09-08T08:04:00.933833+00:00",
+  "duration": "00:00:00.1936510",
+  "selection": "candidate",
+  "summary": {
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+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "timedOut": 0,
+    "harnessErrors": 0,
+    "subtests": 1,
+    "subtestsPassed": 1,
+    "subtestsFailed": 0
+  },
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/css-border-functional-color-width.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "status": "PASS",
+      "duration": "00:00:00.1913083",
+      "message": null,
+      "subtests": [
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+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        }
+      ],
+      "artifacts": null,
+      "chromiumOracle": null
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/border-functional-color-before.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/border-functional-color-before.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2edca621d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/border-functional-color-before.json
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+{
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+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
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+  "chromiumIdentity": null,
+  "startedAt": "2026-09-08T08:03:16.213736+00:00",
+  "duration": "00:00:00.2776676",
+  "selection": "candidate",
+  "summary": {
+    "tests": 1,
+    "passed": 0,
+    "failed": 1,
+    "timedOut": 0,
+    "harnessErrors": 0,
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+    "subtestsPassed": 0,
+    "subtestsFailed": 1
+  },
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/css-border-functional-color-width.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "status": "FAIL",
+      "duration": "00:00:00.2742081",
+      "message": "diagnostic: activeElement=",
+      "subtests": [
+        {
+          "name": "Color-mix percentage must not overwrite border width",
+          "status": "FAIL",
+          "message": "assert_equals: expected \u00221px\u0022 but got \u002240px\u0022",
+          "stack": "Error\n    at get_stack (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4802:21)\n    at new AssertionError (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4795:22)\n    at assert (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4779:19)\n    at assert_equals (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1598:9)\n    at assert_wrapper (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1518:30)\n    at Test.\u003Canonymous\u003E (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:4:2)\n    at Test.step (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:2869:25)\n    at test (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:633:30)\n    at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:2:1"
+        }
+      ],
+      "artifacts": null,
+      "chromiumOracle": null
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/bounded-mailbox-drain-trial.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/bounded-mailbox-drain-trial.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06b735e17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/bounded-mailbox-drain-trial.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1933 @@
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/browser-native-sidebar-geometry.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/browser-native-sidebar-geometry.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98288e605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/browser-native-sidebar-geometry.json
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+{
+  "browser": {
+    "viewport": [
+      792,
+      878
+    ],
+    "dpr": 2,
+    "sidebarBefore": 175,
+    "sidebarAfter": 295,
+    "canvasAfter": [
+      994,
+      1082
+    ],
+    "backend": "WebGPU",
+    "errors": 0,
+    "observation": "CUA drag and endpoint screenshot; no intermediate-frame or physical timing capture",
+    "restoredSidebarWidth": 175,
+    "temporaryTabClosed": true
+  },
+  "native": {
+    "initialGeometry": {
+      "x": 173.5,
+      "y": 475.5,
+      "width": 175,
+      "viewport": [
+        792,
+        878
+      ],
+      "dpr": 2,
+      "canvas": [
+        1234,
+        1082
+      ]
+    },
+    "sidebarAfter": 295,
+    "workloadValidated": true,
+    "delta": {
+      "Elapsed": "00:00:01.5265003",
+      "EnqueuedInputs": 123,
+      "DroppedInputs": 0,
+      "ConsumedInputs": 123,
+      "ExecutedScripts": 0,
+      "ScriptErrors": 0,
+      "LayoutPasses": 161,
+      "AppliedAnimationFrames": 61,
+      "CoalescedAnimationFrames": 0,
+      "PublicationAttempts": 242,
+      "BlockedPublications": 0,
+      "PublishedScenes": 11,
+      "AcquiredScenes": 11,
+      "AcknowledgedScenes": 11,
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+      "CompositionRenderCallbacks": 11,
+      "CompositionUnchangedRenderCallbacks": 0
+    }
+  },
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "comparisonLimitations": [
+    "Viewport/DPR/sidebar endpoints now align",
+    "Gesture pacing differs; no performance ratio or flicker classification",
+    "Browser restored locally autosaved workspace; full drawing-state equivalence unverified"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/callback-cadence-audit.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/callback-cadence-audit.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc35fc9e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/callback-cadence-audit.json
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+{
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "ratesAreNotFps": true,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Intervals include settling.",
+    "Runs differ in tracing overhead and background activity.",
+    "Counts do not measure display scanout or identify why callbacks are absent."
+  ],
+  "runs": [
+    {
+      "source": "pan-composition-timeline.json",
+      "intervalSecondsIncludingSettle": 1.8570006000000001,
+      "compositorCallbackRate": 51.696267626407874,
+      "renderedSceneRate": 34.46417841760525,
+      "submittedHostFrameRate": 33.38717284205509,
+      "applicationCallbackRate": 30.694658903179675
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "acceptance-to-draw-timeline.json",
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+      "renderedSceneRate": 8.371371625173092,
+      "submittedHostFrameRate": 13.603478890906274,
+      "applicationCallbackRate": 13.603478890906274
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "unimported-scene-release.json",
+      "intervalSecondsIncludingSettle": 1.8539381000000001,
+      "compositorCallbackRate": 35.06050175030116,
+      "renderedSceneRate": 8.630277353920285,
+      "submittedHostFrameRate": 15.642377703980515,
+      "applicationCallbackRate": 15.642377703980515
+    },
+    {
+      "source": "acquisition-reasons-trace.json",
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+      "renderedSceneRate": 10.79333843786286,
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+      "applicationCallbackRate": 17.809008422473717
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+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/chromium-resize-front-buffer.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/chromium-resize-front-buffer.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e0a3e0cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/chromium-resize-front-buffer.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "sources": [
+    {
+      "name": "gpu_canvas_context",
+      "url": "https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/third_party/blink/renderer/modules/webgpu/gpu_canvas_context.cc",
+      "sha256": "54a6bd062ca84cd860b1a8b909f805501c5ff931177a6227bbbc0cebd7040796"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "swap_buffer_provider",
+      "url": "https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/gpu/webgpu_swap_buffer_provider.cc",
+      "sha256": "fadd272dd6df5bad58dbef192383f51d5fab80d176521ca66d12f518766c18e5"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "texture_layer",
+      "url": "https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/cc/layers/texture_layer.cc",
+      "sha256": "7ecb16da23a7da047e74c8429e6f2025289d9aaf868d179eb8066242b6fc04fa"
+    }
+  ],
+  "observations": [
+    "GPUCanvasContext::Reshape calls ReplaceDrawingBuffer(false) and updates the texture dimensions.",
+    "ReplaceDrawingBuffer(false) discards current drawing storage without neutering the swap buffer provider.",
+    "ExportCurrentSharedImage returns null when there is no current buffer; PrepareTransferableResource then returns false.",
+    "TextureLayer updates its transferable resource only when PrepareTransferableResource returns true."
+  ],
+  "inference": "The existing compositor resource is distinct from the current resized drawing buffer; WebScene should model these separately instead of holding the whole scene.",
+  "qualification": "Source inspection; not a browser pixel or performance test."
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/complete-host-raf-batch.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/complete-host-raf-batch.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea11a430f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/complete-host-raf-batch.json
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+{
+  "change": "Drain complete admitted RAF batch on ordinary host frames",
+  "nativeRegression": "Before: host evaluation observed first callback alone; after: complete callback list, cancellation and next-frame timestamps pass",
+  "nativeSuitesPassed": [
+    "webscene_native_engine_tests",
+    "webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests"
+  ],
+  "wptCandidate": {
+    "documentsPassed": 1,
+    "subtestsPassed": 5,
+    "upstreamQualification": false
+  },
+  "sidebarRuns": [
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+        "WorkerTimeoutWakes": 24,
+        "SceneBuilds": 16,
+        "NoDamageSceneBuilds": 0,
+        "FullCheckpointSceneBuilds": 0,
+        "ArbitraryEvaluationCalls": 1,
+        "GeneratedInvokeCalls": 0,
+        "GeneratedCallbackCalls": 0,
+        "ArbitraryEvaluationSourceBytes": 47,
+        "GeneratedRequestBytes": 0,
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+        "WebTypefaceCacheMisses": 0,
+        "CompositionAnimationFrames": 94,
+        "CompositionRenders": 16,
+        "CompositionAppliedDiffs": 16,
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+        "CompositionFullInvalidations": 0,
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+        "CompositionSkippedEmptyAnimationFrames": 31,
+        "CompositionRenderCallbacks": 16,
+        "CompositionUnchangedRenderCallbacks": 0
+      }
+    }
+  ],
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "performanceConclusion": "Single before/after diagnostic runs; no established speedup. Continuous resize publication deficit remains."
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/completion-invalidation-and-full-capture.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/completion-invalidation-and-full-capture.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c692f6545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/completion-invalidation-and-full-capture.json
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+{
+  "originalSha256": "0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563",
+  "change": "Avoid a second scene-generation invalidation when ordinary completion matches the already captured GPU output.",
+  "tests": {
+    "nativeEngineSeconds": 11.49,
+    "gpuRuntimeBeforeFullCaptureTestSeconds": 0.68,
+    "gpuRuntimeWithFullCaptureTestSeconds": 0.65,
+    "fullCaptureSequence": "Real document/scene builder: complete A; pending B; live C; complete B; complete C. CPU colors and GPU content serials remain paired; acknowledgements use scene ABI v3."
+  },
+  "pan": {
+    "requestedMoves": 80,
+    "deliveredMoves": 73,
+    "coalescedMoves": 7,
+    "allMovesEnteredPan": true,
+    "releasedPan": true,
+    "delta": {
+      "Elapsed": "00:00:01.8640525",
+      "EnqueuedInputs": 144,
+      "DroppedInputs": 0,
+      "ConsumedInputs": 144,
+      "ExecutedScripts": 0,
+      "ScriptErrors": 0,
+      "LayoutPasses": 117,
+      "AppliedAnimationFrames": 62,
+      "CoalescedAnimationFrames": 0,
+      "PublicationAttempts": 117,
+      "BlockedPublications": 0,
+      "PublishedScenes": 62,
+      "AcquiredScenes": 62,
+      "AcknowledgedScenes": 62,
+      "RenderedScenes": 62,
+      "CompositionUiWakes": 0,
+      "RoutedInputEvents": 0,
+      "AcceptedInputEvents": 0,
+      "ResourceRequests": 0,
+      "ResourceHits": 0,
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+      "MicrotaskCheckpoints": 210,
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+      "WorkerSignalledWakes": 208,
+      "WorkerTimeoutWakes": 27,
+      "SceneBuilds": 62,
+      "NoDamageSceneBuilds": 1,
+      "FullCheckpointSceneBuilds": 0,
+      "ArbitraryEvaluationCalls": 0,
+      "GeneratedInvokeCalls": 0,
+      "GeneratedCallbackCalls": 0,
+      "ArbitraryEvaluationSourceBytes": 0,
+      "GeneratedRequestBytes": 0,
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+      "WebTypefaceCacheMisses": 0,
+      "CompositionAnimationFrames": 96,
+      "CompositionRenders": 62,
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+      "CompositionInvalidations": 66,
+      "CompositionFullInvalidations": 0,
+      "CompositionSubmittedAnimationFrames": 62,
+      "CompositionSkippedEmptyAnimationFrames": 34,
+      "CompositionRenderCallbacks": 66,
+      "CompositionUnchangedRenderCallbacks": 0
+    },
+    "elapsedMilliseconds": 1861.9205
+  },
+  "comparison": {
+    "previousFile": "native-right-button-pan.json",
+    "previousNoDamageSceneBuilds": 10,
+    "currentNoDamageSceneBuilds": 1,
+    "previousRenderedScenes": 66,
+    "currentRenderedScenes": 62,
+    "previousBlockedPublications": 9,
+    "currentBlockedPublications": 0
+  },
+  "limitations": [
+    "Single short run per configuration, with differing coalescing and app RAF counts; not a statistically qualified performance improvement.",
+    "A/B/C uses native controlled completion and image leases; no physical GPU stall or presented-frame capture.",
+    "Multi-canvas out-of-order completion, browser baseline, resize and physical smoothness remain unqualified."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/compositor-demand-trace.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/compositor-demand-trace.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1d96b30e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/compositor-demand-trace.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2021 @@
+{
+  "workloadValidated": true,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "limitations": [
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/consumer-retirement-after-draw.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/consumer-retirement-after-draw.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8a48a99e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/consumer-retirement-after-draw.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2350 @@
+{
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+        "ArbitraryEvaluationCalls": 0,
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+        "ArbitraryEvaluationSourceBytes": 0,
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+        "CompositionAnimationFrames": 78,
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+        "CompositionUnchangedRenderCallbacks": 0
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+        "DroppedInputs": 0,
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+        "CompositionSkippedEmptyAnimationFrames": 30,
+        "CompositionRenderCallbacks": 61,
+        "CompositionUnchangedRenderCallbacks": 0
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "validation": {
+    "managedInteropTests": {
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+      "net10Passed": 11,
+      "skipped": 0
+    },
+    "ganesh": {
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+      "renderedFrames": 32,
+      "imports": 2,
+      "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+      "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+      "diagnosticReadbacks": 8,
+      "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+      "detachedBeforeRetirement": false
+    }
+  },
+  "limitations": [
+    "Short individual runs; no statistical or browser performance qualification.",
+    "Fence age measures collection time, not exact GPU completion time.",
+    "Traced and untraced runs have different instrumentation overhead; do not infer a speedup ratio.",
+    "Physical display smoothness, resize timing and all epic acceptance gates remain unqualified."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/continuous-resize-native-counters.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/continuous-resize-native-counters.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c562b4e6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/continuous-resize-native-counters.json
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+{
+  "validated": true,
+  "exitCode": 0,
+  "scriptedUpdates": 80,
+  "baselineResizeFrames": {
+    "StructSize": 136,
+    "Reserved": 0,
+    "SubmittedPairs": 0,
+    "AppliedPairs": 0,
+    "PublishedPairs": 0,
+    "TotalQueueNanoseconds": 0,
+    "LastQueueNanoseconds": 0,
+    "MaximumQueueNanoseconds": 0,
+    "TotalDispatchNanoseconds": 0,
+    "LastDispatchNanoseconds": 0,
+    "MaximumDispatchNanoseconds": 0,
+    "AnimationFrameCallbacks": 0,
+    "TotalAnimationFrameBatchNanoseconds": 0,
+    "LastAnimationFrameBatchNanoseconds": 0,
+    "MaximumAnimationFrameBatchNanoseconds": 0,
+    "TotalToPublicationNanoseconds": 0,
+    "LastToPublicationNanoseconds": 0,
+    "MaximumToPublicationNanoseconds": 0
+  },
+  "afterResizeFrames": {
+    "StructSize": 136,
+    "Reserved": 0,
+    "SubmittedPairs": 44,
+    "AppliedPairs": 44,
+    "PublishedPairs": 44,
+    "TotalQueueNanoseconds": 4890623,
+    "LastQueueNanoseconds": 9459,
+    "MaximumQueueNanoseconds": 2927292,
+    "TotalDispatchNanoseconds": 87236626,
+    "LastDispatchNanoseconds": 1532708,
+    "MaximumDispatchNanoseconds": 7826083,
+    "AnimationFrameCallbacks": 44,
+    "TotalAnimationFrameBatchNanoseconds": 158392208,
+    "LastAnimationFrameBatchNanoseconds": 3774250,
+    "MaximumAnimationFrameBatchNanoseconds": 8730167,
+    "TotalToPublicationNanoseconds": 337478418,
+    "LastToPublicationNanoseconds": 7035834,
+    "MaximumToPublicationNanoseconds": 23807042
+  },
+  "engineDelta": {
+    "PublishedScenes": 44,
+    "LayoutPasses": 132,
+    "CoalescedResizeInputs": 0,
+    "AppliedResizeInputs": 44,
+    "AppliedAnimationFrames": 44
+  },
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "nativeUserDragVerified": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/continuous-window-resize.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/continuous-window-resize.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4aee7e2f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/continuous-window-resize.json
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+{
+  "validated": true,
+  "exitCode": 0,
+  "submittedUpdates": 80,
+  "activeUpdateSpanMilliseconds": 3436.036125,
+  "publishedScenes": 103,
+  "drawnScenes": 56,
+  "distinctPublishedViewportSizes": 41,
+  "maximumDrawCallbackGapMilliseconds": 88.04025,
+  "finalGeometry": {
+    "window": [
+      1280,
+      800
+    ],
+    "canvas": [
+      1612,
+      926
+    ],
+    "css": [
+      806,
+      463
+    ],
+    "ancestors": [
+      {
+        "id": "viewport",
+        "tag": "SECTION",
+        "rect": [
+          222,
+          205,
+          806,
+          463
+        ],
+        "height": "463px",
+        "minHeight": "",
+        "display": "block"
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "workbench",
+        "tag": "MAIN",
+        "rect": [
+          0,
+          205,
+          1280,
+          463
+        ],
+        "height": "463px",
+        "minHeight": "140px",
+        "display": "grid"
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "shell",
+        "tag": "DIV",
+        "rect": [
+          0,
+          0,
+          1280,
+          800
+        ],
+        "height": "800px",
+        "minHeight": "",
+        "display": "flex"
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "",
+        "tag": "BODY",
+        "rect": [
+          0,
+          0,
+          1280,
+          800
+        ],
+        "height": "800px",
+        "minHeight": "",
+        "display": "block"
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "",
+        "tag": "HTML",
+        "rect": [
+          0,
+          0,
+          1280,
+          800
+        ],
+        "height": "800px",
+        "minHeight": "",
+        "display": "block"
+      }
+    ],
+    "dpr": 2,
+    "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+    "errors": 0
+  },
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "nativeUserDragVerified": false,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Scripted window dimensions, not a native user drag.",
+    "Requested 16ms delays did not produce 16ms update cadence; actual update span is recorded.",
+    "Earlier development runs failed because monitoring was disabled and then required ancestor diagnostic data was missing; excluded from qualification."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/cpu-scene-application.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/cpu-scene-application.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06d12fa7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/cpu-scene-application.json
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+{
+  "runs": {
+    "baseline": {
+      "validated": true,
+      "stageCounts": {
+        "frame": 100,
+        "acquire:Success": 51,
+        "apply:images-retained": 51,
+        "apply:cpu-applied": 51,
+        "apply:replaced": 51,
+        "apply:Applied": 51,
+        "acquire:Empty": 2
+      },
+      "stageDurationsMilliseconds": {
+        "apply:images-retained": {
+          "count": 51,
+          "median": 0.009583,
+          "maximum": 0.041291
+        },
+        "apply:cpu-applied": {
+          "count": 51,
+          "median": 16.916167,
+          "maximum": 21.166542
+        },
+        "apply:replaced": {
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+          "median": 0.002666,
+          "maximum": 0.019417
+        },
+        "apply:Applied": {
+          "count": 51,
+          "median": 0.007083,
+          "maximum": 0.028125
+        }
+      },
+      "analysis": {
+        "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+        "publicationToAcceptance": {
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+          "medianMilliseconds": 26.514083,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 31.56925,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 34.658875
+        },
+        "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+          "count": 35,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 0.795042,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 1.106959,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 1.733125
+        },
+        "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+          "count": 35,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 27.293625,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 32.469375,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 35.604375
+        },
+        "inputToPublishedConsumptionWatermark": {
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+          "medianMilliseconds": 14.965792,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 32.548792,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 38.463416
+        },
+        "unmatchedInputCount": 0,
+        "limitations": [
+          "Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+          "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+          "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "sharedShapers": {
+      "validated": true,
+      "stageCounts": {
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+        "acquire:Success": 53,
+        "apply:images-retained": 53,
+        "apply:cpu-applied": 53,
+        "apply:replaced": 53,
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+      "stageDurationsMilliseconds": {
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+        "apply:cpu-applied": {
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+      },
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+          "medianMilliseconds": 25.524625,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 30.575458,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 31.203333
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+        "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": {
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+          "maximumMilliseconds": 1.632625
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+        "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": {
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+          "p95Milliseconds": 31.554666,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 31.92725
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+        "inputToPublishedConsumptionWatermark": {
+          "count": 80,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 14.3288125,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 30.780584,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 38.169583
+        },
+        "unmatchedInputCount": 0,
+        "limitations": [
+          "Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+          "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+          "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "tests": {
+    "net8.0": {
+      "passed": 16,
+      "failed": 0
+    },
+    "net10.0": {
+      "passed": 16,
+      "failed": 0
+    }
+  },
+  "limitations": [
+    "One validated run per variant; not a statistically qualified performance improvement.",
+    "Physical presentation and sustained 60 FPS remain unverified."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/current-graphics-disabled-verification.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/current-graphics-disabled-verification.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b68beb40b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/current-graphics-disabled-verification.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "revision": "62ec2336497463d99846f1bc42ff243de0c78ed7",
+  "rid": "osx-arm64",
+  "configuration": {
+    "buildType": "Release",
+    "v8": true,
+    "graphics": false
+  },
+  "librarySha256": "8c639d87185632fa16a78ec9ac8efd85c44bab26a1d946118302ee05af7ae9c6",
+  "localUncommittedInputs": [
+    "experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_css_cascade.inc",
+    "experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_runtime_tests.cpp"
+  ],
+  "buildExitCode": 0,
+  "nativeTestExitCode": 0,
+  "nativeTestsPassed": 1,
+  "wptCandidateExitCode": 0,
+  "wptCandidateOutput": "RUN  contracts/animation-frame-batch-boundary.html ... PASS (123 ms)\nWPT subset: 1/1 documents passed; 5/5 subtests passed.\nResults: /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/artifacts/wpt-animation-frame-batch-graphics-disabled/results.json\n",
+  "dynamicDependencies": [
+    "\t@rpath/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib (compatibility version 0.0.0, current version 0.0.0)",
+    "\t/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation (compatibility version 150.0.0, current version 5026.5.4)",
+    "\t/usr/lib/libiconv.2.dylib (compatibility version 7.0.0, current version 7.0.0)",
+    "\t/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Versions/C/Foundation (compatibility version 300.0.0, current version 5026.5.4)",
+    "\t/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Versions/A/Security (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 61901.120.67)",
+    "\t/usr/lib/libz.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.2.12)",
+    "\t/usr/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 2100.43.0)",
+    "\t/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1356.0.0)"
+  ],
+  "scope": "Incremental current-worktree macOS graphics-disabled V8 verification; not a clean three-RID package qualification or performance result"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/current-pan-handoff-latency.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/current-pan-handoff-latency.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f066cc03d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/current-pan-handoff-latency.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "publicationToAcceptance": {
+    "count": 35,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 23.542541,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 32.272916,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 34.768667
+  },
+  "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+    "count": 35,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 2.442334,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 3.355375,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 9.497166
+  },
+  "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+    "count": 35,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 27.248666,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 34.689208,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 37.257042
+  },
+  "inputToPublishedConsumptionWatermark": {
+    "count": 80,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 17.371916499999998,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 33.479667,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 47.785375
+  },
+  "unmatchedInputCount": 0,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+    "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+    "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dawn-iosurface-metal-import.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dawn-iosurface-metal-import.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a76261148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dawn-iosurface-metal-import.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "host": "Avalonia.Native.MetalDevice",
+  "metalDeviceAvailable": true,
+  "metalQueueAvailable": true,
+  "skiaGpuContextAvailable": true,
+  "metalTextureWrapperVerified": true,
+  "dawnIOSurfaceImportVerified": true,
+  "producerInteropVerified": false,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "scope": "Dawn completion-certified fixture IOSurface imported on leased Avalonia Metal device and wrapped as valid Skia backend texture; no image sampling",
+  "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+  "consumerReadSubmitted": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dawn-metal-fence-bridge.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dawn-metal-fence-bridge.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc7380399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dawn-metal-fence-bridge.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "test": "webscene_graphics_metal_event_handoff_tests",
+  "result": "passed",
+  "durationSeconds": 0.44,
+  "scope": "Two controlled Metal shared events imported into Dawn SharedFence objects, exported by the bridge and waited on by a separate Metal consumer queue",
+  "checks": [
+    "reject mismatched fence/value count before queue submission",
+    "export every fence as MTLSharedEvent",
+    "consumer remains held by second dependency after first completes",
+    "diagnostic buffer bytes match after both dependencies complete"
+  ],
+  "dawnProducedTextureConsumed": false,
+  "productionPresenterIntegrated": false,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dawn-metal-skia-sampling.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dawn-metal-skia-sampling.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b25ed8605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dawn-metal-skia-sampling.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "host": "Avalonia.Native.MetalDevice",
+  "metalDeviceAvailable": true,
+  "metalQueueAvailable": true,
+  "skiaGpuContextAvailable": true,
+  "metalTextureWrapperVerified": true,
+  "dawnIOSurfaceImportVerified": true,
+  "metalSampledPixelsVerified": true,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 1,
+  "producerInteropVerified": false,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "scope": "Original Dawn completion-certified fixture sampled by Skia into a GPU diagnostic surface using active Avalonia Metal context",
+  "expectedRGBA": [
+    51,
+    102,
+    153,
+    255
+  ],
+  "rgbTolerance": 1,
+  "checkedEveryPixel": true,
+  "cleanup": "Diagnostic synchronous GRContext.Flush before native consumer release",
+  "productionPresenterIntegrated": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/deadline-paced-window-resize.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/deadline-paced-window-resize.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..705b0a0fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/deadline-paced-window-resize.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "validated": true,
+  "exitCode": 0,
+  "activeSpanMilliseconds": 1353.228292,
+  "activeCadence": {
+    "updates": {
+      "count": 80,
+      "medianIntervalMilliseconds": 15.73125,
+      "maximumIntervalMilliseconds": 66.180083
+    },
+    "compositorTicks": {
+      "count": 94,
+      "medianIntervalMilliseconds": 16.240334,
+      "maximumIntervalMilliseconds": 25.734875
+    },
+    "drawCallbacks": {
+      "count": 54,
+      "medianIntervalMilliseconds": 30.004791,
+      "maximumIntervalMilliseconds": 51.366583
+    },
+    "setters": {
+      "medianMilliseconds": 0.020104,
+      "maximumMilliseconds": 0.626709
+    }
+  },
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "nativeUserDragVerified": false,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Single scripted run; callbacks are not physical presentation.",
+    "Deadline pacing changes the input workload, not production rendering.",
+    "Long input outliers remain; no fixed 60Hz delivery guarantee."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/demand-order-experiment.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/demand-order-experiment.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a2747e6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/demand-order-experiment.json
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+{
+  "experiment": "Sample animation demand before observing compositor frame",
+  "disposition": "Reverted; no measured improvement",
+  "runs": {
+    "baseline": {
+      "elapsedMilliseconds": 1919.3152,
+      "counters": {
+        "CompositionAnimationFrames": 107,
+        "CompositionSubmittedAnimationFrames": 53,
+        "CompositionSkippedEmptyAnimationFrames": 54,
+        "RenderedScenes": 33,
+        "PublishedScenes": 54
+      },
+      "timing": {
+        "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+        "publicationToAcceptance": {
+          "count": 33,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 26.548125,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 34.276625,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 35.23975
+        },
+        "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+          "count": 33,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 0.795709,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 1.179542,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 2.415625
+        },
+        "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+          "count": 33,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 27.5425,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 35.215417,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 36.144
+        },
+        "inputToPublishedConsumptionWatermark": {
+          "count": 80,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 14.6361875,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 32.557125,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 44.848708
+        },
+        "unmatchedInputCount": 0,
+        "limitations": [
+          "Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+          "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+          "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "experiment": {
+      "elapsedMilliseconds": 1917.7333,
+      "counters": {
+        "CompositionAnimationFrames": 102,
+        "CompositionSubmittedAnimationFrames": 53,
+        "CompositionSkippedEmptyAnimationFrames": 49,
+        "RenderedScenes": 33,
+        "PublishedScenes": 55
+      },
+      "timing": {
+        "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+        "publicationToAcceptance": {
+          "count": 33,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 27.74775,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 33.9705,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 35.260834
+        },
+        "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+          "count": 33,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 0.82875,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 1.236916,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 2.069917
+        },
+        "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+          "count": 33,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 28.471333,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 34.786584,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 36.177875
+        },
+        "inputToPublishedConsumptionWatermark": {
+          "count": 80,
+          "medianMilliseconds": 15.711333,
+          "p95Milliseconds": 33.017709,
+          "maximumMilliseconds": 45.134584
+        },
+        "unmatchedInputCount": 0,
+        "limitations": [
+          "Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+          "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+          "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "nextInvestigation": "Capture per-compositor-tick mailbox availability and scene acquisition/retirement backpressure; aggregate demand counts cannot establish why individual frames miss."
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/device-lost-startup.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/device-lost-startup.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd61c9688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/device-lost-startup.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "date": "2026-09-08",
+  "originalDocumentSha256": "0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563",
+  "status": {
+    "ready": "true",
+    "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+    "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands.Renderthis.device.queue.writeBuffer is not a function",
+    "errors": 1,
+    "gpu": true
+  },
+  "exitCode": 1,
+  "acceptance": "failed: initial render requires GPUQueue.writeBuffer"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dom-canvas-compilation-split.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dom-canvas-compilation-split.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26133c934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dom-canvas-compilation-split.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "validated": true,
+  "temporaryTimingHooksRemoved": true,
+  "stageDurationsMilliseconds": {
+    "cpu:dom-compiled": {
+      "count": 52,
+      "median": 12.098333,
+      "maximum": 19.496292
+    },
+    "cpu:layers-compiled": {
+      "count": 52,
+      "median": 2.4543755000000003,
+      "maximum": 4.426375
+    }
+  },
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Single validated Kestrel workload; no command-kind attribution or physical FPS qualification."
+  ],
+  "orderedTextRegression": {
+    "net8.0": {
+      "passed": 5,
+      "failed": 0
+    },
+    "net10.0": {
+      "passed": 5,
+      "failed": 0
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dom-text-command-profile.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dom-text-command-profile.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee5f01d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/dom-text-command-profile.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "runs": {
+    "commands": {
+      "validated": true,
+      "compilations": 45,
+      "buckets": {
+        "text": {
+          "totalMilliseconds": 617.165347,
+          "medianMillisecondsPerCompilation": 13.09659
+        },
+        "svg": {
+          "totalMilliseconds": 9.603327,
+          "medianMillisecondsPerCompilation": 0.152826
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "textRoutes": {
+      "validated": true,
+      "compilations": 41,
+      "buckets": {
+        "ordinaryText": {
+          "totalMilliseconds": 438.980528,
+          "medianMillisecondsPerCompilation": 10.018664
+        },
+        "spacedText": {
+          "totalMilliseconds": 156.592934,
+          "medianMillisecondsPerCompilation": 3.517793
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "drawing": {
+      "validated": true,
+      "compilations": 43,
+      "buckets": {
+        "ordinaryTextTotal": {
+          "totalMilliseconds": 442.346195,
+          "medianMillisecondsPerCompilation": 9.59738
+        },
+        "ordinaryTextDrawSubset": {
+          "totalMilliseconds": 17.392991,
+          "medianMillisecondsPerCompilation": 0.274666
+        },
+        "spacedText": {
+          "totalMilliseconds": 158.53589,
+          "medianMillisecondsPerCompilation": 3.333041
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "temporaryInstrumentationRemoved": true,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Includes startup and interaction compilations; not an active-only FPS measure.",
+    "Diagnostic timers/logging may perturb timings.",
+    "Draw subset overlaps ordinary-text total; do not sum these buckets.",
+    "Preparation includes parsing, font resolution, fallback checking, shaping, positioning and metrics; finer attribution remains."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/early-gpu-publication.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/early-gpu-publication.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aef365730
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/early-gpu-publication.json
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{
+  "implementation": "Validated early GPU image publication for consumers advertising producer GPU waits",
+  "nativeTests": {
+    "passed": 3,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "suites": [
+      "webscene_graphics_completion_tests",
+      "webscene_native_engine_tests",
+      "webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests"
+    ]
+  },
+  "originalKestrel": {
+    "startupPassed": true,
+    "panWorkloadValidated": true,
+    "analysis": {
+      "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+      "publicationToAcceptance": {
+        "count": 33,
+        "medianMilliseconds": 26.548125,
+        "p95Milliseconds": 34.276625,
+        "maximumMilliseconds": 35.23975
+      },
+      "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+        "count": 33,
+        "medianMilliseconds": 0.795709,
+        "p95Milliseconds": 1.179542,
+        "maximumMilliseconds": 2.415625
+      },
+      "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+        "count": 33,
+        "medianMilliseconds": 27.5425,
+        "p95Milliseconds": 35.215417,
+        "maximumMilliseconds": 36.144
+      },
+      "inputToPublishedConsumptionWatermark": {
+        "count": 80,
+        "medianMilliseconds": 14.6361875,
+        "p95Milliseconds": 32.557125,
+        "maximumMilliseconds": 44.848708
+      },
+      "unmatchedInputCount": 0,
+      "limitations": [
+        "Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+        "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+        "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "limitations": [
+    "Controlled scene regression verifies capability and validation gates but does not submit GPU reads.",
+    "This run does not prove that a real Dawn image was consumed while its producer work remained pending.",
+    "No physical presentation or 60 FPS qualification; observed handoff latency remains.",
+    "Delayed real-Dawn end-to-end handoff, device loss and continuous resize stress remain required."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/explicit-opengl-resize.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/explicit-opengl-resize.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..337006188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/explicit-opengl-resize.json
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+{
+  "host": "Explicit AvaloniaNativeRenderingMode.OpenGl only",
+  "producer": "Dawn WebGPU",
+  "exitCode": 0,
+  "resizeGeometries": [
+    {
+      "window": [
+        980,
+        680
+      ],
+      "canvas": [
+        1610,
+        750
+      ],
+      "css": [
+        805,
+        375
+      ],
+      "ancestors": [
+        {
+          "id": "viewport",
+          "tag": "SECTION",
+          "rect": [
+            175,
+            196,
+            805,
+            375
+          ],
+          "height": "375px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "workbench",
+          "tag": "MAIN",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            196,
+            980,
+            375
+          ],
+          "height": "375px",
+          "minHeight": "140px",
+          "display": "grid"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "shell",
+          "tag": "DIV",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            980,
+            680
+          ],
+          "height": "680px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "flex"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "BODY",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            980,
+            680
+          ],
+          "height": "680px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "HTML",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            980,
+            680
+          ],
+          "height": "680px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        }
+      ],
+      "dpr": 2,
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "window": [
+        1440,
+        900
+      ],
+      "canvas": [
+        1932,
+        1126
+      ],
+      "css": [
+        966,
+        563
+      ],
+      "ancestors": [
+        {
+          "id": "viewport",
+          "tag": "SECTION",
+          "rect": [
+            222,
+            205,
+            966,
+            563
+          ],
+          "height": "563px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "workbench",
+          "tag": "MAIN",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            205,
+            1440,
+            563
+          ],
+          "height": "563px",
+          "minHeight": "140px",
+          "display": "grid"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "shell",
+          "tag": "DIV",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            1440,
+            900
+          ],
+          "height": "900px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "flex"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "BODY",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            1440,
+            900
+          ],
+          "height": "900px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "HTML",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            1440,
+            900
+          ],
+          "height": "900px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        }
+      ],
+      "dpr": 2,
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "window": [
+        1100,
+        740
+      ],
+      "canvas": [
+        1362,
+        806
+      ],
+      "css": [
+        681,
+        403
+      ],
+      "ancestors": [
+        {
+          "id": "viewport",
+          "tag": "SECTION",
+          "rect": [
+            195,
+            205,
+            681,
+            403
+          ],
+          "height": "403px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "workbench",
+          "tag": "MAIN",
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+    "No native user-drag or visual flicker qualification."
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+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/explicit-opengl-sidebar.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/explicit-opengl-sidebar.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7bdd9d918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/explicit-opengl-sidebar.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4402 @@
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/first-render-and-resize.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/first-render-and-resize.json
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index 000000000..8a623b43b
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/font-cache-continuous-resize.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/font-cache-continuous-resize.json
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index 000000000..39bc3a5a6
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+    "ancestors": [
+      {
+        "id": "viewport",
+        "tag": "SECTION",
+        "rect": [
+          222,
+          205,
+          806,
+          463
+        ],
+        "height": "463px",
+        "minHeight": "",
+        "display": "block"
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "workbench",
+        "tag": "MAIN",
+        "rect": [
+          0,
+          205,
+          1280,
+          463
+        ],
+        "height": "463px",
+        "minHeight": "140px",
+        "display": "grid"
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "shell",
+        "tag": "DIV",
+        "rect": [
+          0,
+          0,
+          1280,
+          800
+        ],
+        "height": "800px",
+        "minHeight": "",
+        "display": "flex"
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "",
+        "tag": "BODY",
+        "rect": [
+          0,
+          0,
+          1280,
+          800
+        ],
+        "height": "800px",
+        "minHeight": "",
+        "display": "block"
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "",
+        "tag": "HTML",
+        "rect": [
+          0,
+          0,
+          1280,
+          800
+        ],
+        "height": "800px",
+        "minHeight": "",
+        "display": "block"
+      }
+    ],
+    "dpr": 2,
+    "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+    "errors": 0
+  },
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "nativeUserDragVerified": false,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Single scripted run, no statistical comparison or physical FPS qualification.",
+    "Includes settling in callback gaps; update loop requests 16ms delays but actual cadence differs.",
+    "Intermediate scene checks establish progress, not the absence of visual flicker."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/fractional-grid-resize-fix.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/fractional-grid-resize-fix.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63b35295f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/fractional-grid-resize-fix.json
@@ -0,0 +1,776 @@
+{
+  "originalSha256": "0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563",
+  "problem": "A flexible track minimum was subtracted before calculating the entire fractional size, leaving 250 CSS pixels unused in Kestrel.",
+  "implementation": "Allocate fractions from available space minus non-flexible tracks and gaps; freeze tracks below their minimum and recompute, keeping the denominator at least one. Share the allocator between axes and route explicit single-column/row templates through track layout.",
+  "specification": "https://drafts.csswg.org/css-grid-2/#algo-find-fr-size",
+  "regressionBefore": {
+    "schema": "webscene-wpt-subset-result-v3",
+    "profile": "webscene-component-1",
+    "profileSha256": "d640b7825f53b56437622cc238f78569a4a0a4c0f15f08937909338064bb471a",
+    "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+    "runtime": "v8",
+    "engine": "native",
+    "nativeEngineIdentity": "abi=3;sha256=78cb8160904fc5a35997770383cabda2542ef619f8ac93197d726532fa62c6d0",
+    "chromiumIdentity": null,
+    "startedAt": "2026-09-08T09:08:41.061542+00:00",
+    "duration": "00:00:00.2337178",
+    "selection": "candidate",
+    "summary": {
+      "tests": 1,
+      "passed": 0,
+      "failed": 1,
+      "timedOut": 0,
+      "harnessErrors": 0,
+      "subtests": 6,
+      "subtestsPassed": 1,
+      "subtestsFailed": 5
+    },
+    "results": [
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/css-grid-flex-track-minimum.html",
+        "type": "testharness",
+        "status": "FAIL",
+        "duration": "00:00:00.2309316",
+        "message": "diagnostic: activeElement=",
+        "subtests": [
+          {
+            "name": "Flexible minimum is part of the final fraction, with fixed tracks and gaps",
+            "status": "FAIL",
+            "message": "assert_approx_equals: track 1 expected 380 +/- 0.01 but got 230",
+            "stack": "Error\n    at get_stack (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4802:21)\n    at new AssertionError (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4795:22)\n    at assert (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4779:19)\n    at assert_approx_equals (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1812:13)\n    at assert_wrapper (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1518:30)\n    at check (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:7:42)\n    at Test.<anonymous> (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:10:10)\n    at Test.step (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:2869:25)\n    at test (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:633:30)\n    at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:10:1"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "A frozen minimum redistributes remaining space",
+            "status": "FAIL",
+            "message": "assert_approx_equals: track 1 expected 100 +/- 0.01 but got 40",
+            "stack": "Error\n    at get_stack (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4802:21)\n    at new AssertionError (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4795:22)\n    at assert (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4779:19)\n    at assert_approx_equals (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1812:13)\n    at assert_wrapper (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1518:30)\n    at check (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:7:42)\n    at Test.<anonymous> (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:11:10)\n    at Test.step (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:2869:25)\n    at test (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:633:30)\n    at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:11:1"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Unequal fractions recompute after minimum freezing",
+            "status": "FAIL",
+            "message": "assert_approx_equals: track 1 expected 300 +/- 0.01 but got 200",
+            "stack": "Error\n    at get_stack (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4802:21)\n    at new AssertionError (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4795:22)\n    at assert (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4779:19)\n    at assert_approx_equals (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1812:13)\n    at assert_wrapper (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1518:30)\n    at check (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:7:42)\n    at Test.<anonymous> (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:12:10)\n    at Test.step (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:2869:25)\n    at test (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:633:30)\n    at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:12:1"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Fractions below one leave their unrequested share unused",
+            "status": "FAIL",
+            "message": "assert_approx_equals: track 0 expected 225 +/- 0.01 but got 800",
+            "stack": "Error\n    at get_stack (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4802:21)\n    at new AssertionError (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4795:22)\n    at assert (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4779:19)\n    at assert_approx_equals (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1812:13)\n    at assert_wrapper (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1518:30)\n    at check (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:7:42)\n    at Test.<anonymous> (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:13:10)\n    at Test.step (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:2869:25)\n    at test (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:633:30)\n    at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:13:1"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Minimum sizes overflow instead of becoming negative",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Block-axis fractional tracks use the same allocation rule",
+            "status": "FAIL",
+            "message": "assert_approx_equals: track 0 expected 250 +/- 0.01 but got 300",
+            "stack": "Error\n    at get_stack (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4802:21)\n    at new AssertionError (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4795:22)\n    at assert (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4779:19)\n    at assert_approx_equals (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1812:13)\n    at assert_wrapper (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1518:30)\n    at check (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:7:42)\n    at Test.<anonymous> (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:15:10)\n    at Test.step (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:2869:25)\n    at test (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:633:30)\n    at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-3.js:15:1"
+          }
+        ],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "candidateGridAfter": {
+    "schema": "webscene-wpt-subset-result-v3",
+    "profile": "webscene-component-1",
+    "profileSha256": "d640b7825f53b56437622cc238f78569a4a0a4c0f15f08937909338064bb471a",
+    "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+    "runtime": "v8",
+    "engine": "native",
+    "nativeEngineIdentity": "abi=3;sha256=c6f3428fc890b23c6df4e0af9f0a15f26d2d6ad3aa083765ecb4376488cc4064",
+    "chromiumIdentity": null,
+    "startedAt": "2026-09-08T09:10:02.582383+00:00",
+    "duration": "00:00:02.2631426",
+    "selection": "candidate",
+    "summary": {
+      "tests": 7,
+      "passed": 7,
+      "failed": 0,
+      "timedOut": 0,
+      "harnessErrors": 0,
+      "subtests": 21,
+      "subtestsPassed": 21,
+      "subtestsFailed": 0
+    },
+    "results": [
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/css-grid-flex-track-minimum.html",
+        "type": "testharness",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:00.6930496",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [
+          {
+            "name": "Flexible minimum is part of the final fraction, with fixed tracks and gaps",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "A frozen minimum redistributes remaining space",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Unequal fractions recompute after minimum freezing",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Fractions below one leave their unrequested share unused",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Minimum sizes overflow instead of becoming negative",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Block-axis fractional tracks use the same allocation rule",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          }
+        ],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      },
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/css-grid-auto-row-shrink.html",
+        "type": "testharness",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:00.1125121",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [
+          {
+            "name": "Scrollable auto row grows and shrinks with definite grid height",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Explicit zero minimum permits row shrinking without losing authored minimum",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Visible overflow retains content-based automatic minimum",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          }
+        ],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      },
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/css-grid-form-layout.html",
+        "type": "contract",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:00.1144459",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [
+          {
+            "name": "one automatic middle track leaves equal fractional form tracks",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "minmax fractional CRUD columns share the available width",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "explicit row spans and column placement retain the authored cells",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          }
+        ],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      },
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/css-grid-column-subgrid-form-row.html",
+        "type": "contract",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:00.1058056",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [
+          {
+            "name": "a spanning column subgrid inherits the parent form tracks",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          }
+        ],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      },
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/css-grid-display-contents-items.html",
+        "type": "contract",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:00.0987575",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [
+          {
+            "name": "display contents rows do not generate grid item boxes",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "a definite grid end line aligns the header with flattened row cells",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "the row descendants occupy one compact parent-grid row",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "all flattened cells remain within the five-track grid",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          }
+        ],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      },
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/grid-auto-row-stretch-dir-radius.html",
+        "type": "reftest",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:01.0399840",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      },
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/implicit-grid-and-compact-flex-controls.html",
+        "type": "contract",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:00.0948501",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [
+          {
+            "name": "column auto-flow creates three equal implicit fractional tracks",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "an inline flex item is blockified and stretches in the cross axis",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "a three-column fractional grid preserves a nested nonshrinking suffix",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "a spaced flex summary keeps its numeric value on one line",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          }
+        ],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "requiredGridAfter": {
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+    "profile": "webscene-component-1",
+    "profileSha256": "d640b7825f53b56437622cc238f78569a4a0a4c0f15f08937909338064bb471a",
+    "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+    "runtime": "v8",
+    "engine": "native",
+    "nativeEngineIdentity": "abi=3;sha256=c6f3428fc890b23c6df4e0af9f0a15f26d2d6ad3aa083765ecb4376488cc4064",
+    "chromiumIdentity": null,
+    "startedAt": "2026-09-08T09:10:22.576568+00:00",
+    "duration": "00:00:01.4257227",
+    "selection": "required",
+    "summary": {
+      "tests": 4,
+      "passed": 4,
+      "failed": 0,
+      "timedOut": 0,
+      "harnessErrors": 0,
+      "subtests": 9,
+      "subtestsPassed": 9,
+      "subtestsFailed": 0
+    },
+    "results": [
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/css-grid-gap-alias-flex.html",
+        "type": "testharness",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:00.1495392",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [
+          {
+            "name": "Grid row/column gap aliases preserve flex spacing and wrapping",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "CSSOM camel-case gridColumnGap sets the column-gap alias",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          }
+        ],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      },
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/responsive-settings-property-grid.html",
+        "type": "testharness",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:00.1219079",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [
+          {
+            "name": "compact 1fr/min-content settings rows use post-track wrapped block contributions",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          }
+        ],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      },
+      {
+        "path": "css/css-grid/alignment/grid-gutters-001.html",
+        "type": "reftest",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:01.0514904",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      },
+      {
+        "path": "contracts/css-grid-placement-cssom.html",
+        "type": "contract",
+        "status": "PASS",
+        "duration": "00:00:00.1000779",
+        "message": null,
+        "subtests": [
+          {
+            "name": "a one-line grid-area expands to four computed placement longhands",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "a four-line stylesheet grid-area preserves placement order",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "grid-row and grid-column expand their omitted ends to auto",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "grid placement longhands retain unitless integer values",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "an explicit placement longhand overrides its shorthand component",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "removing a grid placement shorthand restores auto longhands",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          }
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+        "artifacts": null,
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+    ]
+  },
+  "nativeTests": {
+    "engineSeconds": 11.03,
+    "gpuRuntimeSeconds": 1.79,
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+  "kestrelResize": [
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+  "screenshot": "macos-kestrel-grid-resize-fixed.png",
+  "limitations": [
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+    "No full grid conformance or cross-platform qualification claimed. New contract remains candidate.",
+    "Dynamic CSSOM setup using cssText/property assignment did not establish the intended fixture; the regression uses style attributes. CSSOM coverage remains separate."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/frame-admission-ownership.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/frame-admission-ownership.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef0da4a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/frame-admission-ownership.json
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+{
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+    {
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+      "admitted": true
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+      "admitted": true
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+    {
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+      "admitted": true
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+      "retainedImages": 2,
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+  ],
+  "interpretation": "All blocked signals had three occupied images, zero unfinished producers, two images with retained references and two with outstanding consumer leases. Consumer GPU completion versus delayed fence polling is not distinguished by lease state.",
+  "limitations": [
+    "Instrumented single run; existing interactive demo remained open.",
+    "Not a performance gate, browser comparison, GPU timestamp measurement or physical presentation qualification.",
+    "Earlier admission-only run included extra manual input and is not used for controlled counts."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/gpu-completion-ticket-fixture.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/gpu-completion-ticket-fixture.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..260e39420
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/gpu-completion-ticket-fixture.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "route": "Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh",
+  "renderedFrames": 32,
+  "imports": 2,
+  "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+  "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 8,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "detachedBeforeRetirement": false,
+  "scope": "Submission snapshot retention and existing Ganesh fixture; scene publisher integration remains pending",
+  "nativeRuntimeRegression": "webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests passed (0.58 seconds)"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/gpu-provider-ticket-fixture.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/gpu-provider-ticket-fixture.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6dd6f85e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/gpu-provider-ticket-fixture.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "route": "Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh",
+  "renderedFrames": 32,
+  "imports": 2,
+  "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+  "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 8,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "detachedBeforeRetirement": false,
+  "scope": "Provider capture survives ready-queue drain; discarded work has no capture. Runtime scene integration is pending.",
+  "nativeRuntimeRegression": "webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests passed (0.61 seconds)"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/grid-resize-fix.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/grid-resize-fix.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c02b87a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/grid-resize-fix.json
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+{
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+  "scope": "Single implicit or explicit auto row separates minimum contribution from max-content growth; resolved grid item stretch height is definite. Multi-row intrinsic sizing and full grid conformance remain outside this fix.",
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+            "name": "grid-row and grid-column expand their omitted ends to auto",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "grid placement longhands retain unitless integer values",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "an explicit placement longhand overrides its shorthand component",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "removing a grid placement shorthand restores auto longhands",
+            "status": "PASS",
+            "message": null,
+            "stack": null
+          }
+        ],
+        "artifacts": null,
+        "chromiumOracle": null
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "nativeTests": {
+    "engineSeconds": 10.93,
+    "gpuRuntimeSeconds": 1.81,
+    "passed": true
+  },
+  "limitations": [
+    "CSS/bitmap geometry and zero application errors verified, not physical frame-by-frame resize smoothness.",
+    "New contract remains candidate; no cross-RID qualification or new upstream WPT import claimed.",
+    "Grid fractional column sizing still leaves unused horizontal space; requires a separate regression and fix."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/headless-render-clock-observed.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/headless-render-clock-observed.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a03c83372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/headless-render-clock-observed.json
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+{
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/host-frame-gate-experiment.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/host-frame-gate-experiment.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75141b6bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/host-frame-gate-experiment.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1236 @@
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+  "limitations": [
+    "One scripted property-update run.",
+    "Window notifications are all Layout; this does not qualify native user resize behavior.",
+    "Matching event counts locate reduction before native engine submission but do not identify each property/layout scheduling decision."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/inert-style-harness-blocked.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/inert-style-harness-blocked.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18e58ccd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/inert-style-harness-blocked.json
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+{
+  "schema": "webscene-wpt-subset-result-v3",
+  "profile": "webscene-component-1",
+  "profileSha256": "dadfc76517839844f8e553a19ba5a7e4d18b1cb31424110d9ae3ea1f3a09af0c",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "engine": "native",
+  "nativeEngineIdentity": "abi=3;sha256=cda82f39c6460bf9031162c37217e852d0d2203132ba7c366d77ecc1567d884f",
+  "chromiumIdentity": null,
+  "startedAt": "2026-09-08T07:58:54.758821+00:00",
+  "duration": "00:00:00.4534177",
+  "selection": "candidate",
+  "summary": {
+    "tests": 1,
+    "passed": 0,
+    "failed": 1,
+    "timedOut": 0,
+    "harnessErrors": 0,
+    "subtests": 1,
+    "subtestsPassed": 0,
+    "subtestsFailed": 1
+  },
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/html-script-style-text-is-inert.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "status": "FAIL",
+      "duration": "00:00:00.4489942",
+      "message": "diagnostic: activeElement=",
+      "subtests": [
+        {
+          "name": "Script strings, comments and template contents do not activate stylesheets",
+          "status": "FAIL",
+          "message": "assert_equals: expected \u0022rgb(10, 20, 30)\u0022 but got \u0022rgb(0, 0, 255)\u0022",
+          "stack": "Error\n    at get_stack (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4802:21)\n    at new AssertionError (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4795:22)\n    at assert (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:4779:19)\n    at assert_equals (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1598:9)\n    at assert_wrapper (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:1518:30)\n    at Test.\u003Canonymous\u003E (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-4.js:3:2)\n    at Test.step (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:2869:25)\n    at test (/Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-1.js:633:30)\n    at /Volumes/SSD/repos/worktrees/aa5a/HtmlML/tests/WebPlatformSubset/upstream/webscene-wpt-inline-4.js:2:1"
+        }
+      ],
+      "artifacts": null,
+      "chromiumOracle": null
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/inert-style-native-navigation.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/inert-style-native-navigation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8bae5d7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/inert-style-native-navigation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+{
+  "schema": "webscene-wpt-subset-result-v3",
+  "profile": "native-navigation-style-check",
+  "profileSha256": "fad42122ab4669a1d7c05540b8cdf9b010a77850fdda5e1ee4ad1932b736314f",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "engine": "native",
+  "nativeEngineIdentity": "abi=3;sha256=091e320d69afe0c8bb9dcdb1f2aa7258fa704d308ec61c396b3f0a863bc87808",
+  "chromiumIdentity": null,
+  "startedAt": "2026-09-08T11:22:13.324792+00:00",
+  "duration": "00:00:00.2906659",
+  "selection": "candidate",
+  "summary": {
+    "tests": 1,
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "timedOut": 0,
+    "harnessErrors": 0,
+    "subtests": 1,
+    "subtestsPassed": 1,
+    "subtestsFailed": 0
+  },
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/html-script-style-text-is-inert.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "status": "PASS",
+      "duration": "00:00:00.2880304",
+      "message": null,
+      "subtests": [
+        {
+          "name": "Script strings, comments and template contents do not activate stylesheets",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        }
+      ],
+      "artifacts": null,
+      "chromiumOracle": null
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/inert-style-navigation-graphics-disabled.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/inert-style-navigation-graphics-disabled.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..379efce5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/inert-style-navigation-graphics-disabled.json
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+{
+  "schema": "webscene-wpt-subset-result-v3",
+  "profile": "native-navigation-style-check",
+  "profileSha256": "fad42122ab4669a1d7c05540b8cdf9b010a77850fdda5e1ee4ad1932b736314f",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "engine": "native",
+  "nativeEngineIdentity": "abi=3;sha256=c9cef64d648d9e7c452b1fdd8e25f7b489177f1a5bf749252b78163f2499ba86",
+  "chromiumIdentity": null,
+  "startedAt": "2026-09-08T11:25:04.537731+00:00",
+  "duration": "00:00:01.7196702",
+  "selection": "candidate",
+  "summary": {
+    "tests": 1,
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "timedOut": 0,
+    "harnessErrors": 0,
+    "subtests": 1,
+    "subtestsPassed": 1,
+    "subtestsFailed": 0
+  },
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/html-script-style-text-is-inert.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "status": "PASS",
+      "duration": "00:00:01.7171964",
+      "message": null,
+      "subtests": [
+        {
+          "name": "Script strings, comments and template contents do not activate stylesheets",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        }
+      ],
+      "artifacts": null,
+      "chromiumOracle": null
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/input-sequence-trace-validation.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/input-sequence-trace-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd6829cf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/input-sequence-trace-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2665 @@
+{
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+      "error": "System.InvalidOperationException: Invalid Kestrel pan workload: missing gesture boundary or application error.",
+      "submittedMoveCount": 80,
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/linux-dom-footprint-fix.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/linux-dom-footprint-fix.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c273e668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/linux-dom-footprint-fix.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "scope": "Linux x64 GCC/libstdc++ header compilation under container emulation; not hardware or full package qualification",
+  "compiler": "Ubuntu GCC 13.3.0",
+  "container": "ubuntu:24.04 linux/amd64",
+  "containerManifestDigest": "sha256:33ceb71981b602c1a7443a53469e4dba065f7503eab3078a2d7a57a2ab987517",
+  "before": "Original header fails unchanged 1024-byte static assertion",
+  "afterDomNodeBytes": 1024,
+  "afterCompileAndRunExitCode": 0,
+  "output": "g++ (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04.1) 13.3.0\nCopyright (C) 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\nThis is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO\nwarranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.\n\nIn file included from /probe/before.cpp:1:\n/probe/before.h:2052:24: error: static assertion failed: dom_node exceeded its cross-library 64-bit footprint budget\n 2052 |     sizeof(void*) != 8 || sizeof(dom_node) <= 1024,\n      |     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n1024\n",
+  "macOSVerification": {
+    "build": "passed",
+    "nativeEngineTests": "passed",
+    "graphicsV8RuntimeTests": "passed"
+  },
+  "remainingCIProblem": "CandidateProfileContainsTheEstablishedDiscoveryDenominator rejects the documented inert-style harnessBlocked case"
+}
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/macos-layer-list-border-fixed.png b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/macos-layer-list-border-fixed.png
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/macos-print-style-leak-fixed.png b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/macos-print-style-leak-fixed.png
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index 000000000..4af51b198
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/macos-resized-webgpu.png b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/macos-resized-webgpu.png
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index 000000000..ada5a4caa
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/mailbox-resize-verification.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/mailbox-resize-verification.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f37d9ff4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/mailbox-resize-verification.json
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
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+  "resizeCheckpoints": [
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+      "ancestors": [
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+            196,
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+            375
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+          "height": "375px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "workbench",
+          "tag": "MAIN",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            196,
+            980,
+            375
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+          "height": "375px",
+          "minHeight": "140px",
+          "display": "grid"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "shell",
+          "tag": "DIV",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            980,
+            680
+          ],
+          "height": "680px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "flex"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "BODY",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
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+            680
+          ],
+          "height": "680px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "HTML",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            980,
+            680
+          ],
+          "height": "680px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        }
+      ],
+      "dpr": 2,
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "window": [
+        1440,
+        900
+      ],
+      "canvas": [
+        1932,
+        1126
+      ],
+      "css": [
+        966,
+        563
+      ],
+      "ancestors": [
+        {
+          "id": "viewport",
+          "tag": "SECTION",
+          "rect": [
+            222,
+            205,
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+          "height": "563px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
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+        {
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+          "height": "563px",
+          "minHeight": "140px",
+          "display": "grid"
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+          "tag": "DIV",
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+          "height": "900px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "flex"
+        },
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+          "tag": "BODY",
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+          "height": "900px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "HTML",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
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+          ],
+          "height": "900px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        }
+      ],
+      "dpr": 2,
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "window": [
+        1100,
+        740
+      ],
+      "canvas": [
+        1362,
+        806
+      ],
+      "css": [
+        681,
+        403
+      ],
+      "ancestors": [
+        {
+          "id": "viewport",
+          "tag": "SECTION",
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+            195,
+            205,
+            681,
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+          "height": "403px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "workbench",
+          "tag": "MAIN",
+          "rect": [
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+            403
+          ],
+          "height": "403px",
+          "minHeight": "140px",
+          "display": "grid"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "shell",
+          "tag": "DIV",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            1100,
+            740
+          ],
+          "height": "740px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "flex"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "BODY",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            1100,
+            740
+          ],
+          "height": "740px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "HTML",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            1100,
+            740
+          ],
+          "height": "740px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        }
+      ],
+      "dpr": 2,
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "window": [
+        1280,
+        800
+      ],
+      "canvas": [
+        1612,
+        926
+      ],
+      "css": [
+        806,
+        463
+      ],
+      "ancestors": [
+        {
+          "id": "viewport",
+          "tag": "SECTION",
+          "rect": [
+            222,
+            205,
+            806,
+            463
+          ],
+          "height": "463px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "workbench",
+          "tag": "MAIN",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            205,
+            1280,
+            463
+          ],
+          "height": "463px",
+          "minHeight": "140px",
+          "display": "grid"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "shell",
+          "tag": "DIV",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            1280,
+            800
+          ],
+          "height": "800px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "flex"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "BODY",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            1280,
+            800
+          ],
+          "height": "800px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "",
+          "tag": "HTML",
+          "rect": [
+            0,
+            0,
+            1280,
+            800
+          ],
+          "height": "800px",
+          "minHeight": "",
+          "display": "block"
+        }
+      ],
+      "dpr": 2,
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0
+    }
+  ],
+  "repeatPanWorkloadValidated": true,
+  "repeatPanPublicationToDrawMedianMilliseconds": 34.059666,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Repeat latency does not establish a speedup over the earlier baseline.",
+    "Resize assertions verify settled geometry, not visual smoothness.",
+    "Neither fixture nor pan trace certifies physical presentation."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/managed-metal-producer-waits.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/managed-metal-producer-waits.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45532e9ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/managed-metal-producer-waits.json
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+{
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "publicationToAcceptance": {
+    "count": 32,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 26.233604,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 33.912584,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 34.374666
+  },
+  "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+    "count": 32,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 0.789792,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 1.279542,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 2.492625
+  },
+  "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+    "count": 32,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 27.1083955,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 34.754084,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 35.232083
+  },
+  "inputToPublishedConsumptionWatermark": {
+    "count": 80,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 16.128500000000003,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 34.445833,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 44.239667
+  },
+  "unmatchedInputCount": 0,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+    "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+    "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."
+  ],
+  "scope": "Original Kestrel Metal pan with managed native-event borrowing and wait submission enabled; producer publication still completion-certified",
+  "borrowTests": {
+    "net8.0": "1 passed",
+    "net10.0": "1 passed"
+  },
+  "earlyPublicationEnabled": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/mesh-creation-blockers.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/mesh-creation-blockers.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b9da0031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/mesh-creation-blockers.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "date": "2026-09-08",
+  "originalDocumentSha256": "0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563",
+  "command": "BOX",
+  "dimensions": {
+    "width": 2000,
+    "depth": 1500,
+    "height": 2500
+  },
+  "expectedObjects": 266,
+  "observed": {
+    "objects": 265,
+    "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+    "errors": 1,
+    "modalError": "Constructing FormData from a form is not yet supported",
+    "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands.CommandBOXError$(...).showModal is not a function"
+  },
+  "exitCode": 1,
+  "qualification": "Failed before geometry creation: HTMLDialogElement.showModal and FormData(form) are missing. This does not qualify or disprove GPU mesh rendering."
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-backend-texture-wrapper.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-backend-texture-wrapper.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d0d7e224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-backend-texture-wrapper.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "host": "Avalonia.Native.MetalDevice",
+  "metalDeviceAvailable": true,
+  "metalQueueAvailable": true,
+  "skiaGpuContextAvailable": true,
+  "metalTextureWrapperVerified": true,
+  "producerInteropVerified": false,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-consumer-retirement.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-consumer-retirement.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d479c259
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-consumer-retirement.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "host": "Avalonia.Native.MetalDevice",
+  "metalDeviceAvailable": true,
+  "metalQueueAvailable": true,
+  "skiaGpuContextAvailable": true,
+  "metalTextureWrapperVerified": true,
+  "dawnIOSurfaceImportVerified": true,
+  "metalSampledPixelsVerified": true,
+  "metalConsumerFenceVerified": true,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 1,
+  "producerInteropVerified": false,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "delayedQueueCheckPassed": true,
+  "completionPollNonblocking": true,
+  "completedPollIdempotent": true,
+  "diagnosticPollingOnly": true,
+  "productionPresenterIntegrated": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-event-handoff.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-event-handoff.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d70628024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-event-handoff.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "test": "webscene_graphics_metal_event_handoff_tests",
+  "result": "passed",
+  "durationSeconds": 0.43,
+  "hardware": "local Metal device",
+  "checks": [
+    "consumer submission returns while producer gated",
+    "consumer does not complete before shared event signal",
+    "cross-queue dependent read receives all 4096 expected bytes"
+  ],
+  "diagnosticCopy": true,
+  "productionPixelTransportChanged": false,
+  "dawnExportVerified": false,
+  "avaloniaQueueVerifiedByThisTest": false,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-host-lease.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-host-lease.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6dadc3943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-host-lease.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "host": "Avalonia.Native.MetalDevice",
+  "metalDeviceAvailable": true,
+  "metalQueueAvailable": true,
+  "skiaGpuContextAvailable": true,
+  "producerInteropVerified": false,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "command": "dotnet run --no-build --project experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe -- --metal-host",
+  "exitCode": 0,
+  "scope": "Native-window active drawing lease, Avalonia 11.3.4; handles inspected while platform lease held, released before Skia draw"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-multiple-dependencies.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-multiple-dependencies.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac0d7a11e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-multiple-dependencies.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "test": "webscene_graphics_metal_event_handoff_tests",
+  "result": "passed",
+  "durationSeconds": 0.39,
+  "checks": [
+    "reject null dependency before encoding",
+    "submit waits without CPU completion wait",
+    "first producer completion insufficient while second event unsignaled",
+    "subsequent consumer command buffer reads expected data after both waits"
+  ],
+  "productionConsumerIntegrated": false,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "initialFailure": "Overstrict event.device identity check rejected valid MTLSharedEvent; removed because shared events support cross-device synchronization"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-retirement-owner-fix.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-retirement-owner-fix.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75f247c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/metal-retirement-owner-fix.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "change": "Initiate detached retirement on composition Stop owner; Metal background polls do not flush Skia",
+  "runs": [
+    {
+      "name": "owner",
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "geometryChecks": 4,
+      "startupPassed": true
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "owner-repeat",
+      "exitCode": 0,
+      "geometryChecks": 4,
+      "startupPassed": true
+    }
+  ],
+  "testSummaries": [
+    "Passed!  - Failed:     0, Passed:     7, Skipped:     0, Total:     7, Duration: 144 ms - WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests.dll (net8.0)",
+    "Passed!  - Failed:     0, Passed:     7, Skipped:     0, Total:     7, Duration: 110 ms - WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests.dll (net10.0)"
+  ],
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "continuousResizeQualified": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-command-edits.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-command-edits.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7812b2417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-command-edits.json
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+{
+  "date": "2026-09-08",
+  "originalDocumentSha256": "0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563",
+  "input": "Focus command input via DOM; NativeSceneSurface.SubmitText followed by native keydown/keyup Enter.",
+  "commands": [
+    "LINE 0,0 1000,1000 ENTER",
+    "UNDO",
+    "REDO",
+    "UNDO"
+  ],
+  "baselineObjects": 265,
+  "steps": [
+    {
+      "objects": 266,
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands.CommandLINE 0,0 1000,1000 ENTERLINESpecify first pointLineCreated Line."
+    },
+    {
+      "objects": 265,
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands.CommandLINE 0,0 1000,1000 ENTERLINESpecify first pointLineCreated Line.CommandUNDOUndoLine"
+    },
+    {
+      "objects": 266,
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands.CommandLINE 0,0 1000,1000 ENTERLINESpecify first pointLineCreated Line.CommandUNDOUndoLineCommandREDORedoLine"
+    },
+    {
+      "objects": 265,
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands.CommandLINE 0,0 1000,1000 ENTERLINESpecify first pointLineCreated Line.CommandUNDOUndoLineCommandREDORedoLineCommandUNDOUndoLine"
+    }
+  ],
+  "exitCode": 0,
+  "qualification": "Native host-input document editing smoke test. OS hardware events, pixel comparison after editing, export and other tools remain unqualified."
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-initial-style-diagnostics.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-initial-style-diagnostics.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d0473261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-initial-style-diagnostics.json
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+{
+  "phase": "initial startup, before interactions",
+  "observations": {
+    "theme": "dark",
+    "nodes": [
+      {
+        "id": "explorer-list",
+        "background": "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)",
+        "color": "rgb(220, 228, 237)",
+        "display": "block",
+        "rect": [
+          0,
+          348,
+          221,
+          360
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "viewport",
+        "background": "rgb(18, 28, 41)",
+        "color": "rgb(220, 228, 237)",
+        "display": "block",
+        "rect": [
+          222,
+          205,
+          556,
+          614
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "scene",
+        "background": "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)",
+        "color": "rgb(220, 228, 237)",
+        "display": "block",
+        "rect": [
+          222,
+          205,
+          556,
+          614
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "layers-tab",
+        "background": "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)",
+        "color": "rgb(220, 228, 237)",
+        "display": "flex",
+        "rect": [
+          -1,
+          253,
+          53.50365447998047,
+          34
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "objects-tab",
+        "background": "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)",
+        "color": "rgb(139, 154, 171)",
+        "display": "flex",
+        "rect": [
+          67.50365447998047,
+          253,
+          71.0402603149414,
+          34
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "limitation": "Computed styles do not certify painted pixels or interaction states."
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-pan-callback-timing.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-pan-callback-timing.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7b4f8c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-pan-callback-timing.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1342 @@
+{
+  "originalSha256": "0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563",
+  "method": "Wrap requestAnimationFrame during native right-button probe, preserving request IDs/callback receiver and restoring the original function during cleanup. Measure callback wall time with performance.now; no changes to original HTML.",
+  "callbackTiming": {
+    "samples": 31,
+    "medianMilliseconds": 0.8262919932603836,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 5.304583013057709,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 5.978791996836662,
+    "totalMilliseconds": 35.98129095137119
+  },
+  "performance": {
+    "elapsedMilliseconds": 1855.7641,
+    "baseline": {
+      "ContextId": 1,
+      "Timestamp": 89905035815208,
+      "Engine": {
+        "EnqueuedInputs": 168,
+        "DroppedInputs": 0,
+        "ConsumedInputs": 168,
+        "PublishedScenes": 41,
+        "AcquiredScenes": 41,
+        "ExecutedScripts": 0,
+        "ScriptErrors": 0,
+        "DomNodes": 1372,
+        "LayoutPasses": 64,
+        "IframeNodes": 0,
+        "IframeHtmlBytes": 0,
+        "FrameScriptsExecuted": 10,
+        "FrameScriptErrors": 0,
+        "CanvasNodes": 2,
+        "ComponentReady": 0,
+        "CompilationRequests": 14,
+        "CompilationMemoryHits": 0,
+        "CompilationPersistentHits": 0,
+        "CompilationPersistentMisses": 0,
+        "CompilationCacheRejections": 0,
+        "CompilationCacheBytesRead": 0,
+        "CompilationCacheBytesWritten": 0,
+        "CompilationTimeNanoseconds": 4924293,
+        "InputEventsDispatched": 204,
+        "InputCallbacksInvoked": 36,
+        "BusiestCanvasWidthMilli": 806000,
+        "BusiestCanvasHeightMilli": 463000,
+        "CoalescedResizeInputs": 0,
+        "AppliedResizeInputs": 1,
+        "LastResizeDispatchNanoseconds": 758208,
+        "LastScenePublicationNanoseconds": 1511333,
+        "LastResizeOuterListenersNanoseconds": 0,
+        "LastResizeFrameListenersNanoseconds": 0,
+        "LastResizeLayoutNanoseconds": 0,
+        "LastResizeObserversNanoseconds": 0,
+        "CoalescedPointerMoveInputs": 89,
+        "CoalescedWheelInputs": 0,
+        "AppliedPointerMoveInputs": 40,
+        "AppliedWheelInputs": 1,
+        "AppliedAnimationFrames": 36,
+        "CoalescedAnimationFrames": 0,
+        "LastAnimationAdvanceNanoseconds": 0,
+        "LastLayoutNanoseconds": 1028583,
+        "LastSceneBuildNanoseconds": 356958,
+        "MaximumScenePublicationNanoseconds": 4704708
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+  "limitations": [
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+    "Timing includes instrumentation overhead and callback work, not GPU execution or physical presentation.",
+    "One short run; no browser timing baseline or statistical performance qualification.",
+    "Existing interactive demo remained open; this is investigative evidence, not an isolated benchmark."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-right-button-pan.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-right-button-pan.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1c050894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-right-button-pan.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1388 @@
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-wheel-zoom-diagnostics.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-wheel-zoom-diagnostics.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44f3e7f17
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-wheel-zoom-performance.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/native-wheel-zoom-performance.json
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/non-gpu-headless-resize-failed.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/non-gpu-headless-resize-failed.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..228290cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/non-gpu-headless-resize-failed.json
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
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+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/non-gpu-resize-cleanup-fixed.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/non-gpu-resize-cleanup-fixed.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1790a034d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/non-gpu-resize-cleanup-fixed.json
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
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index 000000000..1e480c70f
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/producer-completion-gate.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/producer-completion-gate.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56f1ce435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/producer-completion-gate.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
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+  "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+  "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 8,
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+  "detachedBeforeRetirement": false,
+  "scope": "Production two-phase completion gate tested with controlled phase ordering; delayed whole-scene capture remains pending.",
+  "tests": [
+    "webscene_graphics_completion_tests passed (0.31s)",
+    "webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests passed (0.60s)"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/rejected-pre-raf-resize-layout.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/rejected-pre-raf-resize-layout.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aba158f76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/rejected-pre-raf-resize-layout.json
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+{
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+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "tests": "native engine and graphics V8 runtime suites passed; these do not establish rendering phase conformance",
+  "source": "https://drafts.csswg.org/resize-observer/#html-event-loop"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/rejected-publication-wake-pan.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/rejected-publication-wake-pan.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..250b6898d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/rejected-publication-wake-pan.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
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+    "medianMilliseconds": 24.120417,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 31.066,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 33.98925
+  },
+  "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": {
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+    "medianMilliseconds": 2.555125,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 3.826541,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 8.019375
+  },
+  "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": {
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+    "medianMilliseconds": 26.675542,
+    "p95Milliseconds": 34.892541,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 37.107875
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+    "p95Milliseconds": 35.039958,
+    "maximumMilliseconds": 47.333125
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+  "unmatchedInputCount": 0,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+    "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+    "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/resize-redraw-boundary.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/resize-redraw-boundary.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a407803d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/resize-redraw-boundary.json
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+{
+  "sourceRecording": {
+    "filename": "Screen Recording 2026-09-08 at 11.06.24.mov",
+    "durationSeconds": 8.266667,
+    "captureRate": 60,
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+  },
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+  "runtimeRegressionPassed": true,
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+          "tag": "BODY",
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+          "height": "680px",
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/resize-redraw-check.mp4 b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/resize-redraw-check.mp4
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57adafc6e
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/resize-redraw-check.mp4 differ
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/retained-dawn-handoff.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/retained-dawn-handoff.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c57fbb25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/retained-dawn-handoff.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "route": "Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh",
+  "renderedFrames": 32,
+  "imports": 2,
+  "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+  "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+  "diagnosticReadbacks": 8,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "detachedBeforeRetirement": false,
+  "retainedEndAccessChecks": [
+    "initialized output",
+    "nonempty fence array",
+    "matching fence/value counts",
+    "each retained fence exports MTLSharedEvent with nonnull event after publishing function returns"
+  ],
+  "nativeSuitesPassed": 2,
+  "asynchronousConsumerEnabled": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/retained-image-sidebar-resize.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/retained-image-sidebar-resize.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..494c3a5c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/retained-image-sidebar-resize.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "validated": true,
+  "finalWidth": 342,
+  "publishedScenes": 49,
+  "drawnScenes": 28,
+  "maximumDrawCallbackGapMilliseconds": 56.618209,
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+    "failed": 0,
+    "seconds": 11.66
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+    "exitCode": 0
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+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "limitations": [
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+    "Sidebar/window probe preceded the configuration-generation guard; final guard covered by native runtime regression.",
+    "Continuous visual resize and device-loss behavior still require qualification."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/retained-metal-presenter.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/retained-metal-presenter.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24030fbea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/retained-metal-presenter.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
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+    "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
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+    "diagnosticReadbacks": 8,
+    "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
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+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/runtime-output-snapshot.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/runtime-output-snapshot.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f96c9c755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/runtime-output-snapshot.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
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+  "handledWheelEvents": 40,
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+      614
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+  "errors": 0,
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+  "nativeSuites": "native engine and GPU V8 tests passed (12.44 seconds)"
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/scheduling-trace-validation.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/scheduling-trace-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8db81d873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/scheduling-trace-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
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+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-bitmap-reset-gate.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-bitmap-reset-gate.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..809a118b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-bitmap-reset-gate.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
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+    "Only has_open_gpu_output reasons were traced; other publication deferral branches were not counted."
+  ]
+}
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..239a17193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-drag-baseline.json
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-publication-deferrals.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-publication-deferrals.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..faa00575a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-publication-deferrals.json
@@ -0,0 +1,871 @@
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+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-publication-gate-diagnosis.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-publication-gate-diagnosis.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09a8469d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-publication-gate-diagnosis.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "scope": "Instrumented original Kestrel native sidebar run including startup; diagnostic attempt counts, not timing or FPS",
+  "counts": {
+    "GPU_GATE resize": 206,
+    "SCENE_GATE 46": 206,
+    "SCENE_GATE 431": 34
+  },
+  "mapping": {
+    "SCENE_GATE 46": "runtime open GPU output",
+    "GPU_GATE resize": "bitmap reset awaiting a waiting RAF task",
+    "SCENE_GATE 431": "captured immutable GPU image not resolved"
+  },
+  "workloadValidated": true,
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "logSha256": "fb1201f5eb188e0f53ac385dd82402d5179adbe5b72797fbb30a3db9b9111cba",
+  "instrumentation": "Temporary fprintf at publication defer/discard branches and runtime open-output reasons; removed after run",
+  "conclusion": "Resize redraw hold dominates attempt counts; no mailbox-full, invalidated binding, or failed producer branches observed. Logging perturbs timing; not a performance comparison."
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-shell-profile.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-shell-profile.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14b2834a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/sidebar-shell-profile.json
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+{
+  "validated": true,
+  "originalWidth": 222,
+  "finalWidth": 342,
+  "activeMoveSpanMilliseconds": 1004.312584,
+  "maximumDrawGapMilliseconds": 512.820917,
+  "delta": {
+    "Elapsed": "00:00:01.5261225",
+    "EnqueuedInputs": 123,
+    "DroppedInputs": 0,
+    "ConsumedInputs": 123,
+    "ExecutedScripts": 0,
+    "ScriptErrors": 0,
+    "LayoutPasses": 157,
+    "AppliedAnimationFrames": 61,
+    "CoalescedAnimationFrames": 0,
+    "PublicationAttempts": 194,
+    "BlockedPublications": 0,
+    "PublishedScenes": 14,
+    "AcquiredScenes": 14,
+    "AcknowledgedScenes": 14,
+    "RenderedScenes": 14,
+    "CompositionUiWakes": 0,
+    "RoutedInputEvents": 0,
+    "AcceptedInputEvents": 0,
+    "ResourceRequests": 0,
+    "ResourceHits": 0,
+    "ResourceMisses": 0,
+    "InteropPoolHits": 1,
+    "InteropPoolMisses": 0,
+    "InteropRequestPoolHits": 0,
+    "InteropRequestPoolMisses": 0,
+    "TimersScheduled": 0,
+    "TimersFired": 0,
+    "TimersCancelled": 0,
+    "LateTimers": 0,
+    "TotalTimerLatenessNanoseconds": 0,
+    "AnimationFramesRequested": 49,
+    "AnimationFramesInvoked": 49,
+    "AnimationFramesCancelled": 0,
+    "MicrotaskCheckpoints": 242,
+    "WorkerWaits": 223,
+    "WorkerSignalledWakes": 196,
+    "WorkerTimeoutWakes": 26,
+    "SceneBuilds": 14,
+    "NoDamageSceneBuilds": 0,
+    "FullCheckpointSceneBuilds": 0,
+    "ArbitraryEvaluationCalls": 1,
+    "GeneratedInvokeCalls": 0,
+    "GeneratedCallbackCalls": 0,
+    "ArbitraryEvaluationSourceBytes": 47,
+    "GeneratedRequestBytes": 0,
+    "WebTypefaceCacheHits": 0,
+    "WebTypefaceCacheMisses": 0,
+    "CompositionAnimationFrames": 91,
+    "CompositionRenders": 14,
+    "CompositionAppliedDiffs": 14,
+    "CompositionInvalidations": 15,
+    "CompositionFullInvalidations": 0,
+    "CompositionSubmittedAnimationFrames": 61,
+    "CompositionSkippedEmptyAnimationFrames": 30,
+    "CompositionRenderCallbacks": 15,
+    "CompositionUnchangedRenderCallbacks": 0
+  },
+  "stages": {
+    "apply:images-retained": {
+      "count": 14,
+      "medianMilliseconds": 0.0159585,
+      "maximumMilliseconds": 0.036375
+    },
+    "apply:cpu-applied": {
+      "count": 14,
+      "medianMilliseconds": 15.572416500000001,
+      "maximumMilliseconds": 22.157375
+    },
+    "apply:replaced": {
+      "count": 14,
+      "medianMilliseconds": 0.002687,
+      "maximumMilliseconds": 0.005959
+    },
+    "apply:Applied": {
+      "count": 14,
+      "medianMilliseconds": 0.0083545,
+      "maximumMilliseconds": 0.030167
+    }
+  },
+  "stageCounts": {
+    "frame": 92,
+    "acquire:Success": 14,
+    "apply:images-retained": 14,
+    "apply:cpu-applied": 14,
+    "apply:replaced": 14,
+    "apply:Applied": 14,
+    "acquire:Empty": 1
+  },
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Single automated sidebar gesture, no physical presentation qualification.",
+    "Native publication deferral reasons are not captured by this trace.",
+    "Earlier failed run ended at width 390 instead of 342; excluded from timing comparison.",
+    "Five-second OS sample mostly captured waiting threads; not active-resize cost evidence."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/split-gpu-overlay-publications.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/split-gpu-overlay-publications.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3d938747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/split-gpu-overlay-publications.json
@@ -0,0 +1,978 @@
+{
+  "method": "Temporary native publish_scene trace during unchanged Kestrel native wheel probe",
+  "limitation": "Producer publication trace; not a captured display frame or timing benchmark. GPU serial and canvas generation are independent counters.",
+  "overlayAdvancedWithSameGpuImage": [
+    [
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+      16
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+    [
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+    [
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+    [
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+    [
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+      "gpu": [
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+          9,
+          31
+        ]
+      ],
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+        [
+          163,
+          31
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "revision": 60,
+      "gpu": [
+        [
+          9,
+          31
+        ]
+      ],
+      "layers": [
+        [
+          163,
+          31
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "revision": 61,
+      "gpu": [
+        [
+          9,
+          31
+        ]
+      ],
+      "layers": [
+        [
+          163,
+          32
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "revision": 62,
+      "gpu": [
+        [
+          9,
+          32
+        ]
+      ],
+      "layers": [
+        [
+          163,
+          33
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "revision": 63,
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+          9,
+          33
+        ]
+      ],
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+        [
+          163,
+          33
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    {
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+        [
+          9,
+          33
+        ]
+      ],
+      "layers": [
+        [
+          163,
+          33
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "revision": 65,
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+        [
+          9,
+          33
+        ]
+      ],
+      "layers": [
+        [
+          163,
+          34
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "revision": 66,
+      "gpu": [
+        [
+          9,
+          34
+        ]
+      ],
+      "layers": [
+        [
+          163,
+          34
+        ]
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/startup.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/startup.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a34fdd86c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/startup.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "application": "Unmodified Kestrel-CAD/Kestrel-CAD.html",
+  "documentSha256": "0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563",
+  "host": "macOS NativeWebSceneView",
+  "navigatorGpuExposed": true,
+  "applicationReady": true,
+  "renderer": "Canvas 2D · Compatibility",
+  "webGpuStartupPassed": false,
+  "exitCode": 1,
+  "fallbackReason": "d.pushErrorScope is not a function",
+  "interactionQualified": false,
+  "resizeQualified": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/system-font-probe-cache.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/system-font-probe-cache.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7c5eff54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/system-font-probe-cache.json
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+{
+  "change": "Bound system font-name existence probes, preserving live web-font registry precedence",
+  "sidebar": {
+    "validated": true,
+    "cpuApplicationMedianMilliseconds": 2.926958,
+    "cpuApplicationMaximumMilliseconds": 12.344041,
+    "drawnScenes": 61,
+    "maximumDrawCallbackGapMilliseconds": 39.091083
+  },
+  "pan": {
+    "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+    "publicationToAcceptance": {
+      "count": 64,
+      "medianMilliseconds": 14.408978999999999,
+      "p95Milliseconds": 16.598875,
+      "maximumMilliseconds": 17.79075
+    },
+    "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+      "count": 64,
+      "medianMilliseconds": 0.9060625,
+      "p95Milliseconds": 1.524167,
+      "maximumMilliseconds": 3.365
+    },
+    "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": {
+      "count": 64,
+      "medianMilliseconds": 15.206479,
+      "p95Milliseconds": 17.412167,
+      "maximumMilliseconds": 18.852459
+    },
+    "inputToPublishedConsumptionWatermark": {
+      "count": 80,
+      "medianMilliseconds": 12.6670835,
+      "p95Milliseconds": 24.210875,
+      "maximumMilliseconds": 30.659
+    },
+    "unmatchedInputCount": 0,
+    "limitations": [
+      "Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+      "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+      "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."
+    ]
+  },
+  "tests": {
+    "net8.0": {
+      "regularPassed": 68,
+      "nativeIntegrationPassed": 2,
+      "failed": 0
+    },
+    "net10.0": {
+      "regularPassed": 68,
+      "nativeIntegrationPassed": 2,
+      "failed": 0
+    }
+  },
+  "limitations": [
+    "One validated pan and sidebar run; no statistical or physical 60 FPS qualification.",
+    "Cache follows existing process system-font resolution policy; live OS font-install notifications are not introduced.",
+    "Initial native integration skip was rerun with the native library and both cases passed on each framework."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/theme-recascade-subset.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/theme-recascade-subset.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d406a6425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/theme-recascade-subset.json
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+{
+  "schema": "webscene-wpt-subset-result-v3",
+  "profile": "webscene-component-1",
+  "profileSha256": "52e16847a409688d6229b2ffd5b99ed14b505b99fd8e56861ffae187aacff57c",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "engine": "native",
+  "nativeEngineIdentity": "abi=3;sha256=3d61bda1b7b46c42159bbeb392e3d9f465e2cf334c971ee63f19a8d418768eef",
+  "chromiumIdentity": null,
+  "startedAt": "2026-09-08T07:46:41.353528+00:00",
+  "duration": "00:00:00.1863388",
+  "selection": "candidate",
+  "summary": {
+    "tests": 1,
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "timedOut": 0,
+    "harnessErrors": 0,
+    "subtests": 2,
+    "subtestsPassed": 2,
+    "subtestsFailed": 0
+  },
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/css-root-theme-interaction-recascade.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "status": "PASS",
+      "duration": "00:00:00.1841078",
+      "message": null,
+      "subtests": [
+        {
+          "name": "Conditional root custom properties track theme and descendant state changes",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Pointer hover resolves the active root theme",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        }
+      ],
+      "artifacts": null,
+      "chromiumOracle": null
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/two-canvas-publication.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/two-canvas-publication.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6835de46f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/two-canvas-publication.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "test": "test_native_gpu_scene_leases",
+  "coverage": [
+    "Production capture/commit with a first-ever pending second canvas",
+    "Second producer completes before first: no partial publication",
+    "First producer completes before second: no partial publication",
+    "Published GPU paint indices map to exact canvas identities/content serials",
+    "Failed second producer rejected while first remains pending",
+    "Same-size bitmap reset of second dependency rejected while first remains pending",
+    "Previous complete scene remains intact"
+  ],
+  "before": {
+    "failure": "Later failed producer not inspected while first dependency pending",
+    "line": 208,
+    "gpuRuntimePassed": false
+  },
+  "after": {
+    "nativeEnginePassed": true,
+    "nativeEngineSeconds": 12.55,
+    "gpuRuntimePassed": true,
+    "gpuRuntimeSeconds": 0.67
+  },
+  "limitations": [
+    "Controlled native snapshots; no physical hardware queue stall.",
+    "No physical presentation or browser performance qualification."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/unimported-scene-release.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/unimported-scene-release.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48cf2703d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/unimported-scene-release.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@
+{
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+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
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+    "imports": 2,
+    "gpuRetirementCompleted": true,
+    "explicitTransportCopies": 0,
+    "diagnosticReadbacks": 8,
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+    "detachedBeforeRetirement": false
+  },
+  "focusedTests": {
+    "net8": 23,
+    "net10": 23,
+    "skipped": 0
+  },
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+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/upstream-hover-subset.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/upstream-hover-subset.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bba2a87d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/upstream-hover-subset.json
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+{
+  "schema": "webscene-wpt-subset-result-v3",
+  "profile": "webscene-component-1",
+  "profileSha256": "52e16847a409688d6229b2ffd5b99ed14b505b99fd8e56861ffae187aacff57c",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "engine": "native",
+  "nativeEngineIdentity": "abi=3;sha256=3d61bda1b7b46c42159bbeb392e3d9f465e2cf334c971ee63f19a8d418768eef",
+  "chromiumIdentity": null,
+  "startedAt": "2026-09-08T07:46:58.046407+00:00",
+  "duration": "00:00:00.2269505",
+  "selection": "required",
+  "summary": {
+    "tests": 1,
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "timedOut": 0,
+    "harnessErrors": 0,
+    "subtests": 2,
+    "subtestsPassed": 2,
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+  },
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "path": "css/selectors/hover-002.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "status": "PASS",
+      "duration": "00:00:00.2252450",
+      "message": null,
+      "subtests": [
+        {
+          "name": "Hover #hovered element should make it go green",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Hover #hoveredContents child should make it go green",
+          "status": "PASS",
+          "message": null,
+          "stack": null
+        }
+      ],
+      "artifacts": null,
+      "chromiumOracle": null
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/validated-pan-workload.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/validated-pan-workload.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6aef225f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/validated-pan-workload.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1352 @@
+{
+  "workloadValidation": "passed; ordered subsequence of 80 injected moves with right-button boundaries",
+  "physicalPresentationVerified": false,
+  "limitations": [
+    "Single investigative run, not sustained-60fps qualification.",
+    "Coordinate matching cannot prove input provenance for identical coordinates.",
+    "Counters include 500ms settling."
+  ],
+  "records": {
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+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/view-transitions.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/view-transitions.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f91ba9ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/view-transitions.json
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+{
+  "date": "2026-09-08",
+  "originalDocumentSha256": "0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563",
+  "input": "DOM change events on original view-select and style-select controls",
+  "steps": [
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+      "style": "shaded-edges",
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands."
+    },
+    {
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+      "style": "shaded",
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands."
+    },
+    {
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+      "style": "xray",
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands."
+    },
+    {
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+      "style": "wireframe",
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands."
+    },
+    {
+      "view": "iso",
+      "style": "shaded-edges",
+      "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands."
+    }
+  ],
+  "visualCheck": "Final isometric viewport differs from top view and remains visibly rendered. Screenshot macos-isometric-webgpu.png.",
+  "qualification": "Scripted view smoke test only; flat floor plan does not qualify shaded mesh, pointer interaction, editing, export, or layout correctness."
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/vsync-current-pan-investigation.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/vsync-current-pan-investigation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b45694424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/vsync-current-pan-investigation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2570 @@
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+    "Both connected displays report 60Hz; this does not prove application frame rate.",
+    "Existing interactive Kestrel window was left open."
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+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/within-frame-resize-hold.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/within-frame-resize-hold.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10a98547f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/within-frame-resize-hold.json
@@ -0,0 +1,853 @@
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diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/write-buffer-startup.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/write-buffer-startup.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39c42c9d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/kestrel/write-buffer-startup.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "date": "2026-09-08",
+  "originalDocumentSha256": "0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563",
+  "status": {
+    "ready": "true",
+    "backend": "WebGPU \u00b7 GPU pipeline",
+    "history": "Kestrel CADPrecision starts here. Open a drawing or choose a tool.RendererWebGPU active \u00b7 4\u00d7 MSAA \u00b7 instanced lines \u00b7 depth-tested meshesReadyL line \u00b7 C circle \u00b7 REC rectangle \u00b7 M move \u00b7 Ctrl+K commands.Renderpass.setBindGroup is not a function",
+    "errors": 1,
+    "gpu": true
+  },
+  "exitCode": 1,
+  "acceptance": "failed: initial render requires setBindGroup"
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/v8-write-buffer-detachment.json b/docs/graphics/evidence/v8-write-buffer-detachment.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35182b117
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/evidence/v8-write-buffer-detachment.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "scope": "V8 GPUQueue.writeBuffer call-time bytes verified by Dawn buffer mapping on macOS",
+  "sourceBaseCommit": "75bf60d693b0dbed3ab5541492881d11da9dcc2f",
+  "testCommand": "ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R '^webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests$' --output-on-failure",
+  "buildCommand": "cmake --build artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled --target webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests -j4",
+  "result": {
+    "passed": 1,
+    "failed": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.75
+  },
+  "checks": [
+    "Typed-array buffer transferred immediately after writeBuffer; transferred bytes overwritten; GPU word remains 0x12345678",
+    "Direct ArrayBuffer transferred immediately after writeBuffer; transferred bytes overwritten; GPU word remains 0x23456789",
+    "SharedArrayBuffer overwritten after writes; GPU words retain original values",
+    "Source byteLength confirms detachment before awaiting GPU mapping"
+  ],
+  "limits": [
+    "Diagnostic buffer mapping is test readback, not presentation transport",
+    "SharedArrayBuffer test uses same-thread mutation; no cross-worker concurrency claim",
+    "No full CTS or cross-platform qualification"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/evidence/webgpu-document/macos-clear.png b/docs/graphics/evidence/webgpu-document/macos-clear.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bee5763e5
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+# GPU canvas lifetime implementation (G03 / issue #25)
+
+Status: in progress. A native image lease ABI is implemented, but GPU canvas
+publication and production GPU presentation are not available yet. G01/G02 qualification and integration gaps remain open.
+
+## Backing state
+
+Every allocated canvas node now owns a stable backing identity. Context modes
+are exclusive: none may become 2D, WebGL 1, WebGL 2 or WebGPU; requesting the same
+mode is allowed, while switching modes is rejected. Existing 2D context creation
+claims this mode. Unsupported browser context factories still return null without
+claiming a mode. GPU factories are future binding work.
+
+Backing state distinguishes bitmap dimensions, allocation generation and content
+serial. Publishing content advances the content serial alone. A same-size bitmap
+reset advances content but permits storage reuse; changed dimensions advance the
+allocation generation as well. Mode and identity survive either reset. The
+metadata owns no image allocation, pixels, native texture pointer or Skia object.
+
+The native state test checks exclusive modes, distinct identities, 1,000 content
+updates without an allocation-generation change, same-size reset, changed-size
+reset and zero-sized bitmaps. This demonstrates metadata behavior, not actual
+GPU allocation/copy counters. Canvas command appends and backing-store resets now publish content changes.
+Initial 2D context creation synchronizes dimensions, and width/height property
+resets update bitmap dimensions. Existing canvas command generations remain
+unchanged while the lease API is implemented. General attribute mutation and
+standards-level dimension normalization still need coverage.
+
+## Remaining G03 integration
+
+- Complete general attribute mutation and dimension-normalization coverage;
+  connect backing versions to the new scene publication path.
+- Extend the new v3 acquisition/capability envelope with GPU image lease
+  records while preserving existing scene-view consumers.
+- Carry opaque allocation identity, generation/content serial, format, alpha,
+  color space, orientation and producer readiness in portable scene metadata.
+- Implement explicit retained resource leases and consumer GPU completion.
+  Scene acknowledgement must not release or recycle leased image storage.
+- Bound active canvas presentation storage to three reusable color images, with
+  backpressure for busy slots and retained old-generation leases on resize.
+- Integrate GPU images into retained paint order, transforms, clips, opacity,
+  isolation and damage; cover old consumers and stale-scene recovery.
+
+Advancing a frame serial must never itself allocate an image or copy pixels.
+GPU completion, scene retention and image reuse are separate lifetime conditions.
+
+## Runtime backing-reset verification
+
+The real V8 fixture draws into a 2D canvas and verifies content advances without
+an allocation-generation change. CSS width changes preserve both bitmap content
+and allocation generation. Resetting the width property to the same bitmap width
+advances content while retaining identity/generation. Changing bitmap width to
+640 advances allocation generation and updates dimensions while preserving 2D
+context ownership. Dimension conversion for backing metadata checks finiteness
+and bounds before integer conversion; it does not claim a redesign of existing
+HTML attribute parsing/getter semantics.
+
+The full 14-test local suite passed after the runtime wiring; the focused V8
+fixture is rerun with the separate CSS-size assertion. These remain metadata and
+2D recording checks, not proof of GPU pool allocation or zero-copy presentation.
+
+## Bounded image lease state machine
+
+`image_lease_pool` now implements the lifetime metadata for exactly three image
+slots and a fixed-capacity ticket table (128 tickets by default). Each retained
+reference and consumer GPU use receives a separate generation-bearing ticket;
+duplicate release/completion cannot decrement another consumer's ownership.
+
+```mermaid
+stateDiagram-v2
+    [*] --> Idle
+    Idle --> Writing: acquire writer
+    Writing --> Submitted: begin producer before backend use
+    Submitted --> Published: publish retained reference
+    Submitted --> Idle: cancel after producer completion
+    Writing --> Idle: cancel before backend use
+    Published --> Published: retain / begin consumer / release / completion
+    Published --> Idle: producer done AND no retained references AND no consumers
+```
+
+Producer completion can arrive before CPU publication. Consumer registration can
+precede producer completion, but the backend must enqueue the appropriate GPU
+wait before sampling. No CPU wait is imposed by the metadata pool. Releasing a
+scene/reference does not finish consumer work. Close stops new writers while
+allowing existing retained images to be redrawn and their tickets completed.
+Publish/retain/consumer admission returns backpressure when ticket storage is
+full; image storage cannot grow beyond three slots.
+
+The native test checks three-slot saturation, a retained reference independent
+of the scene reference, two separate consumer tickets, cross-thread completion,
+stale writer generations, duplicate/wrong-kind completions, close with retained
+redraw, producer completion arriving last or before publication, and ticket-table
+saturation/retry. The focused CTest and Clang ThreadSanitizer run both pass.
+
+This class owns no GPU allocation and performs no pixel copy. Backend image
+objects, versioned scene acquisition, opaque lease ABI, resize metadata and
+presenter fence integration are still to be connected. Integration must keep the
+pool and its native image owner alive until every outstanding ticket has retired;
+the metadata class alone does not implement engine-detachment lifetime transfer.
+
+## Immutable image metadata bound to leases
+
+Each writer now supplies portable image metadata before publication: canvas and
+allocation identities, allocation generation, content serial, dimensions, format,
+alpha mode, color space, orientation and producer timeline/value. Invalid or
+missing metadata is rejected. Publication freezes it for that image use; retained
+and consumer lease tickets resolve the same metadata until released. A consumer
+can still resolve its image after all scene references have been released.
+
+The pool test keeps old-size and resized frames live concurrently, verifies each
+lease retains its own dimensions/generation, and rejects mutation after publication,
+foreign/stale lease lookup, zero dimensions and unknown formats. It passes under
+ThreadSanitizer. These descriptors contain values only; native texture/Skia
+pointers must remain in the backend provider's allocation registry. No native
+image allocation or pixel copy is performed by descriptor publication/lookup.
+
+This is the internal descriptor/lease association. C ABI versioning, native image
+provider lookup, scene acquisition and actual resize allocation/fence integration
+remain outstanding; no physical resize or zero-copy presentation pass is claimed.
+
+## Active allocation aliasing and abandoned producers
+
+Metadata binding now rejects an allocation identity already assigned to another
+busy frame slot, even if its allocation-generation value differs. Re-presenting
+unchanged pixels must retain the existing lease; it must not acquire a second
+writer for the same physical image. The backend provider must also enforce its
+allocation ownership across different pools.
+
+A writer must explicitly begin producer work before backend submission and
+publication. This freezes its metadata. Cancellation while producer work remains
+pending is rejected; an abandoned frame can be cancelled once producer completion
+arrives. Closing the pool does not silently recycle such a frame. Unsubmitted
+writers remain cancellable without a GPU fence. Duplicate producer starts and
+completion before a start are rejected.
+
+The native fixture covers a busy-allocation alias across resized generations,
+failed metadata mutation preserving the original descriptor, cancellation of an
+in-flight producer, completion after close and final slot reclamation. Focused
+CTest and ThreadSanitizer runs pass. These are lifetime protocol checks; physical
+backend submission, memory accounting and scene ABI integration remain pending.
+
+## Separately versioned scene acquisition
+
+The C ABI now provides acquire_latest_scene_v3/acquire_next_scene_v3, explicit
+acquisition statuses, version/size validation and consumer capability negotiation.
+The v3 view currently wraps a borrowed CPU view with the unchanged v2 layout.
+Callers release/acknowledge through the v3 functions; the borrowed CPU view must
+not be released separately. Required scene capabilities are checked against the
+consumer mask. Legacy acquisition refuses scenes requiring capabilities it cannot
+represent. Current producers require zero capabilities; GPU image export is not
+yet advertised or implemented by this envelope.
+
+The native runtime fixture checks unsupported versions, short options, null
+engines, ordered acquisition, legacy acquisition, v3 acknowledgement and retaining
+the CPU view after engine destruction. All 15 local tests passed in 13.37 seconds.
+The built macOS library exports all four new functions. A separate plain-C fixture
+checks options/status sizes and view-field offsets without linking the engine.
+GPU capability rejection with real GPU scenes, GPU lease operations, provider
+lookup, managed consumers and Windows/Linux ABI/package verification remain open.
+
+The plain-C fixture exposed a missing typedef for the existing interop callback
+view; adding the forward typedef restores C compilation without changing layout.
+The independent C layout test now passes.
+
+## Scene view validation
+
+Versioned acknowledgement and release reject short or unknown-version views
+before reading their lease tokens. The runtime fixture supplies incompatible
+copies of a live view, verifies rejection leaves the original lease usable, and
+checks successful latest-versioned acquisition as well as ordered acquisition.
+The focused runtime and plain-C ABI layout tests both pass (0.65 seconds):
+
+```sh
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R 'webscene_graphics_(v8_runtime|scene_abi_layout)_tests' --output-on-failure
+```
+
+These checks validate the ABI envelope; callers must still provide a valid, live
+view returned by the library. They do not make arbitrary or already-freed pointers
+safe to pass. GPU lease export and backend image ownership remain outstanding.
+
+## Owner lifetime across engine disposal
+
+`owned_image_pool` adds move-only producer, retained-image and consumer handles
+that share ownership of the pool and a native provider lifetime anchor. Destroying
+the canvas/engine-facing owner closes writer admission; existing frames can still
+be retained and redrawn. Retained handles release their CPU tickets automatically.
+Producer and consumer handles keep the provider alive until explicit completion;
+destroying an unfinished submitted handle terminates rather than claiming that GPU
+work completed. Unsubmitted producer destruction cancels the writer reservation.
+Completion callbacks must own these handles until the backend signals completion.
+
+The provider's final destructor may run on a completion thread, so a provider with
+thread-affine objects must dispatch their destruction to its native owner thread.
+This is an explicit integration contract, not an implemented Dawn/ANGLE provider.
+The portable descriptors still contain no native pointers.
+
+The native fixture disposes the owner with a producer, retained redraw and GPU
+consumer outstanding, redraws after disposal, releases the final consumer on
+another thread, and verifies the provider is destroyed exactly once, only after
+completion. It also checks unsubmitted cancellation and ticket backpressure.
+Focused CTest and Clang ThreadSanitizer runs pass. Concrete GPU allocations,
+provider resolution, scene attachment and the exported lease ABI remain pending.
+
+## Exported native image lease operations
+
+The v3 C API now exposes scene image count/indexed retain, independent image
+retain/release, fixed-layout metadata lookup, and begin/complete consumer.
+Retaining an image allocates a CPU handle and bounded ticket; it neither allocates
+nor copies pixel storage. Ticket exhaustion returns explicit backpressure. The
+consumer wrapper is allocated before registering use so allocation failure cannot
+abandon a live GPU ticket. Completion consumes the consumer handle. Calls on the
+same handle must be serialized, and freed pointers cannot be reused.
+
+Scene storage now retains shared image references; capability computation includes
+the GPU bit whenever that collection is nonempty. The old view layout remains
+unchanged, and v3 callers access images separately by index. CPU scene memory
+accounting includes the image-reference vector, not provider GPU allocations.
+
+The runtime fixture exercises the exported retain/describe/consumer operations
+with the native lifetime fixture, including backpressure, version rejection, owner
+disposal and final completion on another thread. All three focused runtime, pool
+and C ABI layout tests pass (0.86 seconds). The C fixture checks the 80-byte image
+metadata layout, and `nm -gU` confirms all seven new macOS exports.
+
+No canvas producer populates the scene image collection yet. End-to-end GPU scene
+capability rejection, paint placement, provider lookup, real allocation/fence
+integration, managed consumers and Windows/Linux ABI verification remain open.
+The fixture provider owns no texture; these results prove lease ownership through
+the exported operations, not native GPU presentation or its copy budget.
+
+## Canvas-to-scene image capture
+
+Canvas node state can now accept a native image reference only when its canvas
+identity, allocation generation, content serial and bitmap dimensions match the
+current backing. Scene construction captures connected, visible GPU canvases,
+retains their references and incorporates their image versions in change detection.
+GPU changes currently use conservative full-viewport damage. References are shared
+without copying pixels or allocating another image ticket for each scene.
+
+Bitmap property reset clears the canvas's current image reference. Previously
+captured frames remain immutable and retained. The runtime fixture verifies
+capture, remove/reinsert, resize with an older capture alive, stale-generation
+rejection, and final pool reclamation. The focused V8 test passes in 0.62 seconds.
+Native image producers must update the backing version and request scene
+publication on the engine thread; browser GPU bindings are still outstanding.
+
+This connects native canvas state to the scene image collection. It does not yet
+provide paint operations identifying where each GPU image is sampled, clipping,
+transforms or isolation. Actual native GPU texture production and end-to-end
+ordered-scene GPU fixtures remain incomplete, so G03 remains open.
+
+## GPU paint operation in the native traversal
+
+Scene command kind 256 identifies GPU image sampling at the canvas layout bounds.
+The node ID remains the canvas node ID; the otherwise-unused color field carries
+the scene-local GPU image index. Publication resolves that index before hashing
+and exporting commands. The operation is emitted at canvas content traversal,
+inside the existing transform/clip/opacity command scopes, and invalidated image
+versions produce no sampling operation. Legacy consumers are rejected through
+the GPU scene capability guard.
+
+The V8 fixture checks placement and command ordering between sibling backgrounds,
+including the existing foreground-background command variant, and confirms bitmap
+reset removes the stale operation. It passes in 0.55 seconds. Producer completion
+is recorded before these CPU paint assertions so test failure cannot abandon an
+in-flight producer.
+
+These are command-stream checks. The existing managed renderer separates some
+foreground/background passes; a GPU-aware presenter must implement the unified
+ordered sampling path. No rendered clip/transform/opacity or Skia sampling result
+is claimed, and actual native textures remain to be connected.
+
+## Dawn texture storage
+
+`dawn_canvas_images` now allocates actual Dawn textures behind the three-slot
+lease pool. Only an acquired idle slot may replace its texture. Matching size and
+format reuse that slot's allocation identity; content serial changes alone do
+not create textures. Replacement drops the slot's previous reference before
+creating the next texture. Supported color formats match the portable metadata.
+Device dimension limits and a per-pool color-byte budget are checked before
+allocation. The budget counts width × height × bytes per pixel; driver padding,
+backend heaps and other GPU resources are not included in this logical counter.
+
+The hardware Dawn fixture clears three textures through a real render pass and
+queue submission, records producer completion from OnSubmittedWorkDone, and
+verifies retained frames still block reuse afterward. One hundred subsequent
+metadata-only acquisitions/cancellations keep the creation count at three. Resize
+creates one replacement; an over-budget request creates none. The full focused
+Dawn event test passes on the local Metal hardware adapter in 0.50 seconds.
+
+This allocator is native engine-thread code, not yet called by browser canvas
+bindings. Its frame's native texture is for trusted producer use; native callers
+must not retain unaccounted texture references beyond that use. Provider lifetime
+retains Dawn object references but does not prevent an external Device.Destroy.
+Device-loss handling, provider resolution for presenters, Skia sharing, physical
+memory telemetry and rendered pixel/copy verification remain outstanding.
+
+## Native presenter resolution
+
+A live consumer now exposes its native provider lifetime anchor internally.
+`dawn_canvas_images::resolve` validates the provider type, exact Dawn device,
+allocation identity, generation and content serial before returning the retained
+texture. A storage mutex protects resolution against allocation changes in other
+slots. No native pointer is added to portable scene records or the JS surface.
+Callers must keep the consumer until its GPU fence and may only read the resolved
+texture; resolution itself does not wait for the producer timeline.
+
+The Metal fixture resolves the identical native texture and creates a view on a
+presenter thread after disposing the canvas owner and all CPU scene references.
+A different live Dawn device is rejected. Completion invalidates resolution and
+releases the final provider anchor. The focused hardware test passes in 0.45
+seconds. This proves native object lookup/lifetime, not a consumer draw, shared
+Skia image import, or cross-device synchronization.
+
+After native presenter resolution, a complete graphics-enabled rebuild and CTest
+run passed all 16 tests in 13.86 seconds. The earlier intermittent DOM activation
+failure remains an unresolved historical observation; this pass does not diagnose it.
+
+## Producer-to-consumer pixel evidence on Dawn
+
+The hardware fixture now clears a 64×64 RGBA8 texture, publishes its retained
+image, resolves it through a consumer lease, and submits a diagnostic texture-to-
+buffer copy to the same Dawn queue before processing completion events. Canvas
+owner and scene references are released while the submissions are outstanding.
+Queue completion retires both producer and consumer; MapAsync then allows exact
+verification of all 4,096 pixels as RGBA (64, 128, 191, 255). The focused Dawn
+hardware test passes in 0.48 seconds on Metal.
+
+There is no CPU completion wait between producer and consumer submission. This
+uses the ordering of the same native queue, not cross-device or cross-backend
+synchronization. The readback is deliberately diagnostic and is not a production
+presentation path or evidence of zero-copy Skia composition. Browser bindings,
+Skia import/sampling and synchronization across backend APIs remain unfinished.
+
+## Scene capability and ordered acknowledgement fixture
+
+Acquisition now shares a small core that checks scene capabilities and creates
+the versioned lease. A white-box fixture, compiled only into the graphics runtime
+test executable, supplies retained GPU scenes to this production core and uses
+the exported scene/image operations. No fixture entry point is added to the
+production library or JS surface.
+
+The fixture rejects a consumer with no GPU capability without changing pending
+scenes, accepts a capable consumer, rejects an invalid image index, and retains
+an image plus a consumer independently. A later image-removal scene cannot be
+acknowledged before its base. After both acknowledgements and scene/owner disposal,
+the independent reference remains readable; releasing it still keeps the provider
+alive until consumer completion. Focused runtime CTest passes in 0.61 seconds.
+
+This tests production scene acquisition/acknowledgement code with native fixture
+images. Browser-driven worker publication and rendered Skia integration remain
+outstanding; it is not an end-to-end WebGPU browser test.
+
+## Attribute-driven backing resets
+
+Canvas width/height changes through setAttribute/removeAttribute, null-namespace
+setAttributeNS/removeAttributeNS, attached Attr.value, setAttributeNode,
+removeAttributeNode and toggleAttribute now invoke the same backing reset as
+property assignment. Same-value sets reset content; removing an absent attribute
+or forcing toggleAttribute to its existing state does not. Detached Attr mutation
+does not touch its former canvas. Nonempty namespaces do not invoke this bitmap
+reset hook; the existing attribute namespace representation is not redesigned.
+
+The runtime fixture publishes a retained image before each effective mutation,
+checks bitmap dimensions and generation/content increments, and verifies that the
+canvas drops its current image while an independent reference keeps the old
+metadata. Dimension parsing and complete 2D drawing-state reset conformance still
+need separate verification; these changes address backing lifetime invalidation.
+
+The complete graphics-enabled rebuild and CTest run after attribute reset wiring
+passed all 16 tests in 13.07 seconds. SDK CI was checked once between work and
+remained pending; no hosted or cross-platform qualification pass is inferred.
+
+## Capacity wakeups
+
+Image pools accept the shared engine wake sink. Releasing a retained/consumer
+ticket, cancelling a writer, or completing the last producer that makes an image
+idle signals after unlocking the pool. A producer completion that leaves all
+capacity occupied does not signal. The owned pool and Dawn allocator carry this
+sink through their constructors so future binding admission can retry on engine
+wake instead of polling. The sink contains no engine pointer and remains safe
+when retained by a detached image owner.
+
+The fixture exhausts ticket capacity, releases on another thread, and verifies
+that a late-starting wait observes the latched wake. Its sink reenters the pool's
+read-only occupancy method, verifying notification is outside the mutex. Producer-
+last completion and abandoned writer cancellation are covered. Pool and Dawn
+hardware CTests pass (0.72 seconds), and the pool fixture passes ThreadSanitizer.
+Browser binding admission/retry still needs to supply this sink and preserve its
+pending operation; this change does not create that browser binding.
+
+## Native producer scene notification
+
+Native producers now publish through `native_document::publish_gpu_canvas_image`.
+It validates that the target is a canvas owned by this document, validates the
+image against its backing version, and advances scene generation when replacing
+the current reference. It does not invalidate style/layout. Publishing the same
+reference again performs validation without scheduling redundant scene work.
+Like other native_document mutations, this entry point is engine-thread-only.
+
+Runtime fixtures now use this path and verify scene generation advances while
+layout stays clean, duplicate publication is quiet, and a foreign document rejects
+the canvas. Focused runtime CTest passes in 0.63 seconds. Browser GPU factories
+and their actual queue-to-publication calls still need implementation.
+
+## Shared managed ABI declarations
+
+Avalonia now declares the v3 acquisition, image metadata and lease functions in
+`NativeGpuSceneInterop.cs`; Uno links the same source under its native namespace.
+Managed layout uses fixed-width fields and pointer-sized borrowed views. The
+existing renderer is not switched to GPU capabilities. Consumer completion is
+explicitly separate from CPU disposal/finalization in this low-level API; higher-
+level presenter ownership wrappers remain to be implemented.
+
+Two focused tests pass without skips on both .NET 8 and .NET 10 using the rebuilt
+local native library. They check sizes/offsets and call native acquisition to
+verify null-engine rejection, unsupported version, ordered acquisition, image
+index rejection on a CPU scene, acknowledgement and scene retention after engine
+disposal. These are CPU scene ABI interoperability checks, not managed GPU
+presentation or non-null GPU image marshaling tests.
+
+Uno compiled successfully with zero warnings/errors after restoring its missing
+NuGet assets. This verifies the shared declarations compile in both backends.
+
+## Managed scene ownership
+
+`NativeSceneLeaseV3` now owns the native scene through SafeHandle. Managed
+ownership is allocated before native acquisition; unsuccessful acquisition
+disposes that candidate. Acknowledge and image-count P/Invokes hold the SafeHandle
+for the native call. WithView holds a reference across its callback, keeping the
+borrowed CPU view alive even if another thread disposes the scene concurrently.
+Disposal/finalization releases CPU scene retention only, never GPU completion.
+
+The concurrent-disposal native test destroys the engine, disposes the managed
+scene on another thread while WithView is active, and then reads the borrowed
+CPU ABI version. Duplicate disposal is harmless and later WithView throws. All
+three focused managed tests pass without skips on .NET 8 and .NET 10; Uno builds
+with zero warnings/errors. Actual renderer adoption and managed GPU image/consumer
+ownership are still outstanding.
+
+## Resize budget recovery
+
+Dawn allocation now evicts idle cached textures when they would otherwise block
+a resize within the configured byte budget. Each candidate is reserved through
+the lease pool before eviction; retained, submitted or consumed slots cannot be
+selected. Temporary reservations roll back quietly so an unsuccessful allocation
+does not wake itself into a retry loop. Real external capacity release retains
+its normal wake behavior.
+
+The hardware fixture fills all three slots, retains one image and requests a
+larger frame. The request remains blocked while the retained image makes it
+exceed budget, without generating a wake. After releasing that image, the larger
+frame succeeds by reclaiming idle cache storage, with one new texture and resident
+logical color bytes equal to the requested frame. Pool and Dawn CTests pass in
+0.71 seconds. Driver heap residency remains outside these logical byte counters.
+
+## Dawn submission ownership
+
+`dawn_canvas_images::submit` accepts a frame from that allocator and a recorded
+command buffer. It allocates callback ownership, starts the producer and reserves
+the published lease before submitting. Ticket backpressure cancels the unsubmitted
+frame quietly. Dawn's spontaneous queue-completion callback owns the frame until
+completion, retires the producer, records success/failure atomically and optionally
+signals the engine wake sink. Command validation still belongs to device error
+scopes; queue completion is not a substitute for those errors.
+
+The exact-pixel producer/consumer test now uses this helper. Additional hardware
+checks reject a foreign allocator without consuming its frame, exhaust publication
+tickets without leaving a producer busy or generating a retry wake, and reclaim
+the successful frame after completion. Focused Dawn CTest passes in 0.47 seconds.
+Browser promise/error delivery, lost-device publication policy and cross-backend
+presenter synchronization remain to be integrated.
+
+## GPU paint scopes and default canvas dimensions
+
+The runtime fixture now applies rounded overflow clipping, scale, rotation and
+group opacity to a retained GPU canvas. It checks each scope is active at the GPU
+sampling operation, checks the clip radius/transform/opacity values, verifies
+balanced scope exits and confirms CSS effects preserve bitmap content serial.
+
+This exposed a real intrinsic-layout gap: a canvas with no height attribute had
+a zero-height layout despite its default 150-pixel bitmap height. Canvas intrinsic
+size now supplies the 300/150 defaults when the respective attribute is absent.
+The scope fixture passes after that fix. This is not a full rewrite of replaced-
+element aspect-ratio sizing or invalid dimension parsing. Rendered Skia clipping,
+blending and transform comparisons remain outstanding.
+
+The complete rebuilt native CTest suite passes all 16 tests in 13.21 seconds
+after the intrinsic-size fix and GPU paint-scope assertions.
+
+## GPU checkpoint recovery
+
+Checkpoint reset of acknowledgement state is now shared by the engine request
+path and its white-box fixture. The fixture acquires a GPU scene with a stale
+base, verifies rejection leaves the current base intact, resets pending state,
+and acknowledges a new checkpoint retaining the image. The old acquired scene
+remains readable across reset, but its late acknowledgement cannot replace the
+recovered base. Independent image/consumer leases still determine final provider
+release. The focused runtime test passes in 0.60 seconds.
+
+This exercises native scene/lease recovery; it does not establish rendered
+framework recovery or browser-driven GPU checkpoint publication.
+
+The native engine regression suite also passes against the rebuilt library
+(11.86 seconds) after sharing the checkpoint-reset implementation.
+
+## Retained old/new resize pixel verification
+
+The Dawn pixel fixture now publishes a 32×32 red frame with allocation generation
+2 while a consumer lease still retains the previous 64×64 blue-toned frame. It
+checks distinct allocation identities and the old immutable dimensions, then
+copies both images diagnostically into separate buffer regions before disposing
+the owner. Both consumers retire after the queue fence. Exact verification covers
+all 4,096 old pixels and 1,024 new pixels, including the new image's padded row
+layout. The focused Metal hardware test passes in 0.48 seconds.
+
+This proves old/new image content remains distinct while the old consumer lease
+is outstanding. It does not guarantee physical overlap of GPU execution, and the
+diagnostic copies remain test-only rather than a presentation implementation.
+
+## Managed retained-image ownership
+
+`NativeGpuImageLeaseV3` owns CPU image references with SafeHandle. Scene acquisition
+and image retention allocate their managed owner before entering native code,
+clean up on failure, and use SafeHandle P/Invoke parameters to protect source
+handles during native access. Describe uses the versioned metadata structure.
+Finalization releases retention only; GPU completion remains explicit.
+
+The three managed interop tests pass on .NET 8 and .NET 10, including new invalid
+image-index and disposed-scene checks. Uno builds without warnings/errors.
+Positive managed GPU-image acquisition/retention is not exercised yet because
+the managed fixture currently produces CPU scenes; native GPU image lifetime
+fixtures do not substitute for that missing integration coverage.
+
+### macOS native consumer lookup
+
+The additive webscene_gpu_image_get_iosurface_v3 export accepts an active
+consumer and a size/versioned webscene_gpu_iosurface_view_v3. It returns a
+borrowed IOSurface pointer and its padded allocation size only for the native
+IOSurface lease provider. Portable image metadata remains pointer-free.
+The caller must retain the consumer through native GPU completion; lookup
+does not wait for the producer or begin/end a graphics access interval.
+
+Graphics-disabled and non-macOS implementations return unavailable (zero).
+Valid output views are cleared before failure. Invalid size/version descriptors
+are rejected without writing beyond their declared layout. The opaque consumer
+must itself be a live API handle, as with the existing consumer operations.
+
+The macOS graphics runtime test verifies lookup after canvas and retained-image
+release, invalid views and foreign provider rejection. Provider identification
+uses a native virtual kind tag because the runtime disables RTTI. Both enabled
+and disabled native libraries built; the new symbol was inspected in the enabled
+dylib, and a ctypes load of the disabled dylib verified rejection/cleared output.
+The common image-lease CTest and graphics V8 runtime CTest passed.
+
+This is the native presenter lookup boundary. Producer completion resolution,
+framework import and actual V8 GPU canvas publication remain unfinished.
+
+### Managed IOSurface consumer binding
+
+The shared Avalonia/Uno interop source now declares the additive IOSurface view
+and lookup export. NativeGpuImageConsumerV3 provides explicit acquisition and
+GPU completion ownership. It intentionally has no Dispose/finalizer: collection
+of a managed wrapper cannot prove GPU completion. Presenters must retain it
+until their completion path calls Complete.
+
+Synchronous WithIOSurface imports protect the native consumer from concurrent
+completion. Completion requests prevent new borrows and defer native deletion
+until existing callbacks finish, without holding a monitor during the callback.
+Missing lookup exports on older v3 runtimes report unavailable. Importers still
+must retain their own native objects as required and preserve the consumer
+through actual GPU completion; a successful lookup does not synchronize work.
+
+All four NativeGpuSceneInteropTests passed against the enabled native library
+on net8.0 and net10.0, with no skips. This covers layouts, null lookup clearing and
+existing scene ABI ownership tests. The managed GPU consumer's positive import
+and concurrent completion paths still need an actual GPU scene fixture; they
+are not claimed hardware-qualified by these tests.
+
+### Positive managed IOSurface lifetime fixture
+
+A separate EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL native test library now creates an actual IOSurface
+lease and reports whether its native provider remains alive. It has no install
+rule and adds no test export to the production runtime. Build it explicitly:
+
+```sh
+cmake --build artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled --target webscene_graphics_iosurface_fixture
+```
+
+Set WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY to the enabled native runtime and
+WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY to libwebscene_graphics_iosurface_fixture.dylib,
+then run NativeGpuSceneInteropTests with dotnet test for net8.0 and net10.0.
+
+Both targets passed all five tests without skips. The positive fixture verifies
+managed SafeHandle acquisition, native IOSurface lookup after retained-image
+release, completion on a different thread during the import callback, allocation
+survival until callback return, eventual release, duplicate completion rejection,
+and importer-exception unwinding followed by a successful retry.
+
+The fixture submits no GPU commands. It proves the managed/native ownership
+protocol and race behavior, not Metal/CGL fence completion or rendered pixels.
+
+### macOS asynchronous Dawn producer handoff
+
+`dawn_iosurface_submission` joins the versioned IOSurface pool to Dawn shared
+texture access. It records work synchronously, submits without waiting, ends
+shared access, and keeps the producer, imported texture, device and optional
+callback-state anchor alive through `OnSubmittedWorkDone`. An optional wake only
+signals the engine task queue. A private retained image cannot be transferred
+through `take_ready()` until successful queue completion, validation and EndAccess; transfer
+is permitted once. Queue failure discards publication. Empty/throwing recorders
+end access and release the unsubmitted slot.
+
+The macOS fixture now uses this component for its Dawn clear instead of publishing
+an unrelated logical producer after a standalone GPU wait. Its explicit timed
+wait is diagnostic only. The .NET 8/10 interop tests exercise actual producer
+submission, one-time image transfer, failed recording cleanup, native leases,
+CGL import, GPU copy and consumer fence retirement. A scoped validation result
+and queue completion jointly gate publication. The completion wake is signaled
+once, after both callbacks have arrived, outside the submission mutex. Invalid
+recording (a buffer with no usage flags) is explicitly tested: no scene image is
+published, the pool slot is released, and the failure wake occurs once. The valid
+pixel path also verifies one wake. Empty/throwing recorders balance their scope.
+Queue success alone cannot prove valid rendering. The device owner still handles
+out-of-memory/internal errors and device loss; this scope covers validation.
+
+This component is not yet connected to the JavaScript canvas or retained renderer.
+It currently imports on each submission; import caching by allocation/device and
+long-run resource/performance qualification remain required. Device-loss recovery,
+ANGLE production, delayed-completion stress, and presenter scheduling remain open
+under #27 and the presenter issues. No platform issue is closed by this fixture.
+
+### Ordered paint capability propagation
+
+The native builder now derives required capabilities from the full DOM paint
+stream during its existing hash pass: command 256 requires GPU_IMAGES; command
+257 requires ORDERED_CANVAS. It does so before removing unchanged DOM commands
+from an incremental payload. Therefore a layer-only diff still carries its
+retained paint stream's consumer requirements. Acquisition checks the stored
+mask without rescanning commands.
+
+The native graphics V8 runtime fixture verifies ordered-only scenes reject
+CPU-only and GPU-only consumers, and mixed masks require both bits. Empty
+incremental command payloads retain their required mask. Validation command:
+`ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R '^webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests$' --output-on-failure`
+passes on the macOS arm64 build. The native builder's current DOM producer still
+does not emit GPU/ordered-canvas commands; this change secures the publication
+boundary for that upcoming integration, without advertising a working browser API.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/pr43-milestone-scope.md b/docs/graphics/pr43-milestone-scope.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7941b9cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/pr43-milestone-scope.md
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# PR #43: macOS and Windows WebGPU milestone
+
+The agreed scope is the existing Avalonia native WebGPU rendering path on macOS (Metal) and Windows (Dawn D3D12 with ANGLE/D3D11 interop), running the unchanged Kestrel CAD fixture. This is a bounded milestone within epic #22. Subsequent application work adds AOT-safe resource/DOM compatibility and the macOS-first HTML media/Web Audio milestones (#54/#55). Windows/Linux video hardware parity remains #61/#62; the complete Frameforge editor remains #53.
+
+## Merge acceptance
+
+- Required ordinary CI, existing runtime packaging and package-consumer checks pass on the final revision. Linux baseline checks remain enabled to prevent regressions in existing support; they do not claim Linux GPU parity.
+- macOS and Windows native builds, applicable native/managed regressions and unchanged Kestrel startup, editing/undo/redo, panning, sidebar/window resizing and BOX command have evidence for the integrated production code.
+- Normal GPU presentation retains bounded image ownership and GPU synchronization, without a per-frame CPU pixel transfer. Retained-image resizing is compared against Chrome; a browser difference must be understood before claiming parity.
+- NativeAOT is a product requirement. The Kestrel native executable must render successfully; generated checkpoint/archive serialization is covered by native executable CI probes. Broader unqualified interop APIs remain an explicit audit item, not a blanket AOT support claim.
+- Unexpected runtime errors observed during validation are diagnosed and addressed or explicitly scoped with supporting evidence.
+- Skipped platform tests and callback timing are not presented as complete conformance or physical scanout measurements.
+
+## Deferred epic work
+
+Browser WebGL 1/2 APIs and WebGPU-to-WebGL fallback, Linux GPU parity (#46), Uno GPU qualification, broader WebGPU APIs, workers/OffscreenCanvas, full CTS/WPT conformance, exhaustive loss/recovery and long-run qualification remain later epic work. They are not merge requirements for this milestone. Collapsed select popup support remains #44. These deferrals do not close epic #22 or mark its incomplete children complete.
+
+## Binary packaging
+
+This milestone ships multiple native libraries. V8, miniaudio and the existing static native dependencies are linked into WebScene's native engine. Dawn's shared monolith remains separate. macOS uses Dawn/Metal without ANGLE; Windows also ships ANGLE's EGL/GLES libraries. ANGLE is needed for the current Windows composition path even though browser WebGL fallback is deferred. Host Skia/native assets and runtime data also follow their existing packaging contracts.
+
+A single distributable installer or archive is different from a single native binary. Static integration of all GPU libraries is outside this PR: it needs dependency symbol isolation (including the V8/Dawn Abseil collision), platform linking and package-consumer verification. OS graphics frameworks and drivers remain external.
+
+## Final application smoke checks
+
+Use the exact native runtime revision intended for packaging, including matching
+Dawn, ICU and snapshot sidecars. Keep the original application assets unchanged.
+
+- Kestrel: Native AOT with reflection JSON disabled; startup, edit/undo/redo,
+  pan, sidebar and continuous/stepped window resize. Probe traces must use generated
+  serialization so diagnostics cannot fail only in published builds.
+- Frameforge: package with `experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/package-macos.py`, then
+  run `verify-media.py` with the executable, native library and assets inside that
+  bundle. `--media-demo` is the interactive player; it is separate from the editor.
+- TradingView: live chart readiness through `--startup-profile`; interactive
+  panning/performance remains distinct from this startup check.
+- Final-revision CI must include all native packages and package consumers, not
+  just managed builds or SDK cache validation.
+
+The media contracts qualify the documented subset, not complete browser APIs.
+Physical frame cadence, identical Chrome resize transients and long-duration A/V
+latency must not be inferred from automated callback timestamps.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/webgpu-v8-bindings.md b/docs/graphics/webgpu-v8-bindings.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af1d00e74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/webgpu-v8-bindings.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2377 @@
+# Native V8 WebGPU binding implementation
+
+The binding contract uses the repository's existing @webref/idl 3.82.1 dependency,
+installed with its package lock. `webgpu-v8-contract.json` records the WebGPU IDL
+hash. This is a separate pin from the Dawn implementation. Private Dawn adapter
+selection extensions must not become JavaScript descriptor members.
+
+`v8_webgpu_adapter_options.h` implements GPURequestAdapterOptions dictionary
+conversion for native V8. It supports null/undefined defaults, inherited members,
+lexicographic getter access, JavaScript boolean conversion, valid power-preference
+enums, and DOMString UTF-16 preservation. Getter/coercion exceptions propagate;
+failed conversions leave the native descriptor unchanged. Unknown feature-level
+strings are preserved for discovery to handle according to its algorithm;
+featureLevel is a DOMString, not an enum in this IDL.
+
+The native V8 runtime fixture verifies those cases, including proxies, Symbol
+conversion failure, invalid power preferences, and unpaired UTF-16 surrogates.
+Build and verification:
+
+```sh
+cmake --build artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled --target webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests -j8
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R '^webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests$' --output-on-failure
+```
+
+Both pass against the current macOS arm64 V8 15.3.10/Dawn SDK build. This converter
+is ready for the discovery binding but is not yet called by navigator.gpu.
+Secure-origin exposure, asynchronous adapter/device promises, wrapper identity,
+resources, pipelines and command encoding remain incomplete. No browser WebGPU
+capability is advertised by this change, and no JavaScript triangle has run yet.
+
+## Dawn adapter request mapping
+
+`webgpu_adapter_options.h` separates the converted browser dictionary from V8 and
+maps it to Dawn request options. Core/compatibility levels, power preference and
+forceFallbackAdapter are preserved. Unknown feature-level strings produce no
+request, matching the null-adapter outcome in the
+[WebGPU requestAdapter algorithm](https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/#dom-gpu-requestadapter).
+XR-compatible requests currently produce no request because WebScene has no WebXR
+device integration. Backend selection is a separate host argument; it is never
+read from a JavaScript dictionary or exposed as a browser extension.
+
+The Dawn event test now uses mapped browser defaults for real asynchronous adapter
+discovery, followed by its device/resource/completion tests. Both
+`webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests` and `webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests` pass
+on the macOS arm64 hardware build. Mapping tests also cover fallback/preferences,
+compatibility, unknown levels and unsupported XR. This verifies native selection
+plumbing, not the still-unimplemented navigator.gpu promise/wrapper exposure.
+
+## Asynchronous adapter promise delivery
+
+`v8_webgpu_adapter_request` bridges native Dawn discovery to a V8 promise. It
+reserves the bounded graphics completion mailbox, retains native callback results
+separately from V8 handles, and resolves only during engine-thread delivery for
+the matching operation, owner, isolate and realm. Driver callbacks capture no V8
+handles. Unsupported requests or admission backpressure resolve null; native
+failure/cancellation also resolves null. Destruction abandons native storage so a
+late callback cannot publish an adapter into a discarded binding object.
+
+The runtime fixture now starts real asynchronous Dawn discovery from an active
+V8 graphics callback and observes its JavaScript promise continuation while RAF
+is paused. A separate request is cancelled through the mailbox; its promise
+resolves null without invoking the wrapper factory. The test waits for physical
+native callback retirement as well as logical cancellation. The enabled macOS
+`webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests` passes.
+
+This is the promise-delivery component, not complete navigator.gpu exposure. The
+fixture uses a diagnostic JavaScript wrapper while retaining the real native
+adapter. The standards GPUAdapter object/prototype/feature/limit registry and
+secure-origin navigator integration still need implementation. Navigation-wide
+binding teardown must route through the existing cancellation lifecycle before
+releasing the realm; that full integration remains unqualified.
+
+### Service-owned adapters
+
+Discovery completion now adopts the native adapter into the graphics service's
+bounded, typed generational table. The V8 fixture retains a service handle, not
+an untracked native adapter. Borrowed adapter access is confined to an engine
+execution scope; an asynchronous device request must take its own native
+reference within that scope. Releasing a wrapper handle therefore does not
+invalidate a native reference already retained by an in-flight request.
+
+Adapter destruction and service closure are rejected during borrowed access.
+Finalizers can enqueue value-only adapter release commands, with stale duplicate
+releases harmless. Service closure releases adapters before closing Dawn's event
+service. Hardware tests exercise foreign/stale handles, slot reuse, scope guards,
+null rejection, capacity exhaustion, deferred release and reference survival.
+This remains internal ownership plumbing; public GPUAdapter bindings are pending.
+
+### Wrapper creation failures
+
+Adapter completion consumes its resolver before invoking the wrapper factory.
+The factory may return a `MaybeLocal<Value>`: a caught JavaScript exception rejects
+the adapter promise with that same value, while an empty result without an
+exception or a native `std::exception` rejects with a generic Error. Native error
+text is not exposed. Terminated execution is not converted to an ordinary error.
+Factories remain responsible for rolling back any partially registered resources.
+
+The macOS V8 hardware fixture verifies a throwing native factory and a JavaScript
+exception sentinel, observes both rejections, and rejects duplicate completion.
+Handlers are installed before returning to the graphics pump because spontaneous
+Dawn discovery can complete within that same dispatch batch. The targeted runtime
+CTest passes; this does not qualify the still-pending public GPUAdapter bindings.
+
+### Standards feature mapping
+
+`generate-webgpu-features.mjs` reads the pinned WebGPU IDL and checks its SHA256
+before generating `webgpu_feature_names.h`. All 23 GPUFeatureName values have
+explicit Dawn spellings. Unknown names and native-only shared-texture/fence
+features have no mapping. `npm run check --prefix tools/webidl-v8-bindings` now
+checks this generated catalog as well as the existing DOM bindings.
+
+The native helper can query either an adapter or a device, using HasFeature on
+that exact object. The macOS hardware test checks the full standards mapping
+against actual adapter support, private-feature exclusion, null rejection, and
+the default device's enabled subset. It passes. This is the feature translation
+layer for discovery and device descriptors; GPUSupportedFeatures setlike objects,
+SameObject identity and public capability exposure still require integration.
+
+### GPUBufferDescriptor conversion
+
+`v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h` converts the pinned buffer dictionary atomically.
+It reads inherited label before mappedAtCreation, size and usage, preserves
+property/coercion exceptions, replaces lone label surrogates for USVString, and
+preserves embedded NUL bytes. Required size/usage members are checked before
+native allocation. EnforceRange uses truncation followed by bounds checking:
+GPUSize64 accepts at most 2^53−1 and usage at most 2^32−1. BigInt, Symbol,
+non-finite values and out-of-range integers produce TypeError. These rules follow
+[WebIDL integer conversion](https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#abstract-opdef-converttoint).
+
+The V8 runtime test covers defaults, inherited properties, coercion/getter order,
+USVString encoding, both integer boundaries, invalid inputs, atomic failure and
+exception identity. It passes on the macOS enabled build. Usage combinations,
+mapped alignment and device limits are not dictionary conversion errors: those
+remain native WebGPU validation. The converter is not yet connected to a public
+GPUDevice.createBuffer binding; buffer allocation and JS resource wrappers still
+require integration.
+
+### Native buffer descriptor translation
+
+The converted buffer data now lives in a V8-independent descriptor. Its native
+translator explicitly maps the ten pinned GPUBufferUsage flags instead of casting
+JavaScript flags into Dawn's larger enum. Unknown bits (including Dawn's private
+TexelBuffer bit at 0x400) return an invalid translation. The forthcoming public
+createBuffer binding must route this through WebGPU validation/error-buffer
+semantics; it must not reinterpret it as a WebIDL exception or successful buffer.
+
+Native descriptors borrow label bytes with an explicit length, preserving embedded
+NUL. Translation from temporaries is deleted to prevent an immediately dangling
+label. The hardware test creates a mapped Dawn buffer from a translated descriptor,
+checks size/usage/map state and mapped range, then unmaps and destroys it. It also
+checks all 32 individual usage bits and unknown-bit combinations. Both the Dawn
+hardware and V8 runtime CTests pass on macOS. This does not yet connect JavaScript
+createBuffer to native allocation or qualify the public validation-error path.
+
+### Device-owned buffer handles
+
+Each native Dawn device now owns a bounded generational buffer table (default
+capacity 1024). Internal native-descriptor creation returns a typed handle; scoped
+access rejects a foreign device's table and stale generations. This is an internal
+entry point, not the public createBuffer binding or its error-object policy.
+
+`destroy_buffer` invokes Dawn Destroy while preserving the wrapper handle and
+metadata; repeated destruction remains valid. `release_buffer` removes only the
+wrapper's native reference. The service supplies a value-only deferred release
+command for the existing finalizer release channel. Queued/native users retain
+independent Dawn references; wrapper release does not destroy their buffer and
+does not imply GPU completion. Device teardown clears its remaining buffer table.
+
+The macOS hardware test verifies cross-device rejection, stale/reused handles,
+borrowed-access destruction/release/close guards, asynchronous finalizer delivery,
+mapped-buffer survival after wrapper release, and metadata after repeated Destroy.
+The Dawn hardware and V8 runtime CTests pass. Public buffer wrappers, mapping
+ArrayBuffer detachment, device-loss browser semantics and error scopes still need
+integration and qualification.
+
+### Buffer admission and regression checks
+
+Buffer creation now checks table capacity before invoking Dawn, avoiding native
+allocation churn when wrapper capacity is exhausted. The owner-thread admission
+check treats deferred GPU resources as occupied until completion and excludes
+slots whose generations cannot be reused. It is not a cross-thread reservation;
+no reentrant table mutation is allowed between the check and insertion.
+
+The hardware test configures a one-buffer device table, verifies saturation and
+successful reuse after release. Resource-table tests cover zero capacity and a
+slot remaining unavailable until its completion serial retires. After this change,
+resource, Dawn hardware, graphics service and V8 runtime tests pass:
+
+```sh
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -R '^webscene_graphics_(resource|dawn_event|service|v8_runtime)_tests$' --output-on-failure
+```
+
+Before this admission change, rebuilding the enabled graphics targets and running
+`ctest --test-dir artifacts/graphics-build/native-v8-enabled -L graphics --output-on-failure`
+also passed all five tests, including ANGLE ES2 and ES3 on macOS. These are native
+regression results, not evidence of running an unchanged WebGPU application.
+
+### First native-backed V8 buffer objects
+
+`v8_webgpu_buffers.h` provides an internal realm-owned wrapper factory with native
+size/usage getters and destroy callbacks. Its bounded registry reserves finalizer
+release capacity before exposing a wrapper. Receiver branding, device/buffer
+handles and realm identity are checked; duplicate wrapping of a handle is rejected.
+Registry teardown invalidates live objects before dropping their native entry,
+so retained JavaScript references cannot dereference freed binding state. GC
+callbacks only publish value-only release tickets.
+
+The V8 runtime fixture now requests a real Dawn device asynchronously, creates a
+buffer on the engine, wraps it, and runs JavaScript metadata/brand/repeated-destroy
+assertions. It also checks duplicate ownership, wrong-realm wrapping and retained
+object calls after registry teardown, followed by device retirement before the
+queued wrapper release. The rebuilt macOS runtime CTest passes.
+
+This internal factory is deliberately not installed as a public GPUBuffer
+constructor. Label, mapState, mapAsync/getMappedRange/unmap, mapping detachment,
+public createBuffer/error-object integration and complete WebIDL prototypes remain
+unfinished. Existing fixtures exercise explicit registry teardown; GC reclamation
+and full navigation lifecycle for this specific registry still need qualification.
+
+### Live buffer mapState
+
+The internal buffer prototype now has a branded read-only mapState getter backed
+by Dawn GetMapState. It translates Unmapped, Pending and Mapped to the pinned
+browser strings and rejects unknown native states. The V8 hardware fixture creates
+a mapped-at-creation buffer, observes `mapped` in JavaScript, destroys it and
+observes `unmapped` while size remains available. Wrong-receiver checks include
+this getter. The rebuilt macOS runtime CTest passes. Pending-state behavior still
+needs end-to-end qualification when mapAsync is connected; mapped-range exposure
+and ArrayBuffer detachment remain unfinished.
+
+### Buffer labels
+
+The internal buffer prototype now implements a label getter/setter. Wrapper creation
+accepts the already-converted descriptor label; subsequent writes perform USVString
+conversion, pass explicit-length bytes to Dawn SetLabel and retain the converted
+value for reads. Branding is checked before conversion and receiver state is
+reacquired afterwards, because user conversion code may invalidate binding state.
+
+The rebuilt macOS V8 test passes default-label, embedded NUL/lone-surrogate,
+Symbol rejection, thrown conversion identity, unchanged value after failure,
+wrong-receiver-before-coercion, and reentrant Destroy during ToString assertions.
+Labels remain readable after buffer destruction. Full registry teardown during
+coercion is guarded by reacquisition but is not yet independently exercised; public
+GPUDevice/createBuffer wiring and mapping APIs remain outstanding.
+
+### Buffer wrapper garbage collection qualification
+
+The macOS V8 fixture now retains a buffer through a global JavaScript reference,
+drops that reference, and explicitly triggers collection. Native live-buffer
+counts remain unchanged during GC and reach zero only after the engine pumps its
+release channel. The one-slot wrapper registry rejects overflow without taking
+ownership, then successfully reuses the collected slot. Registry teardown with a
+new live wrapper followed by device retirement also drains its delayed release
+without stale-handle failure. The rebuilt V8 runtime CTest passes.
+
+This closes the previously untested GC-release path for the internal buffer
+registry. It does not prove mapped ArrayBuffer lifetime/detachment, in-flight GPU
+submission behavior for JavaScript buffers, or full navigation integration.
+
+### Mapped ArrayBuffer lifetime primitive
+
+`v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges.h` creates ArrayBuffers directly over an already mapped
+native memory region. Each view privately retains its buffer wrapper; the tracker
+holds weak view handles so it does not make dead mappings permanently reachable.
+Native storage remains owned by the buffer, never by a V8 backing-store deleter.
+A private detach key prevents outside detachment. Engine-side detachment clears
+all reachable views and their private owner references before native unmapping.
+
+The tracker enforces offset/size alignment, mapping bounds and non-overlap; empty
+ranges occupy no bytes. Range reservations last until unmap even if views become
+unreachable. Its owner must detach it before native destruction or unmapping.
+It is not yet connected to the public getMappedRange/unmap entry points.
+
+The rebuilt macOS V8 test checks that ArrayBuffer pointers equal Dawn's mapped
+addresses, JavaScript writes reach native mapped bytes, invalid ranges fail,
+foreign detachment is rejected, and authorized detachment empties typed-array
+views. This proves the tested mapped-memory path without a staging copy; it does
+not qualify mapAsync, device-loss detachment or full public error semantics.
+
+### JavaScript mapped-at-creation buffer operations
+
+The internal buffer prototype now implements getMappedRange and unmap. Wrapping
+a mapped-at-creation buffer attaches a full-range tracker to the wrapper entry.
+getMappedRange applies GPUSize64 conversion and defaults, rechecks mapping state
+after user coercion, and returns a direct mapped ArrayBuffer. Alignment, bounds,
+overlap and absent-mapping errors use the caller-supplied trusted DOMException
+constructor with OperationError. Registry setup must receive that constructor
+from trusted runtime initialization, not discover it during an API call.
+
+unmap and destroy detach all tracked views before invoking Dawn. Registry teardown
+also detaches before invalidating wrapper entries or queuing release. The rebuilt
+macOS V8 fixture exercises JavaScript writes to native memory, omitted sizes,
+WebIDL errors, OperationError cases, repeated unmap, and retained ArrayBuffer and
+typed-array detachment on both unmap and destroy. User numeric coercion that calls
+unmap is revalidated before creating a view.
+
+This is working internal mapped-at-creation behavior, not complete mapping support.
+mapAsync and selected subrange attachment, device-loss/device-destroy detachment,
+full navigation integration and public WebGPU discovery/resource exposure remain
+unfinished. The runtime CTest passes; those missing paths remain unqualified.
+
+### Device-wide mapped-view detachment hook
+
+The buffer registry now supplies detach_device for the binding's device lifecycle.
+It matches the service and complete device handle, detaches matching mappings,
+and leaves wrapper/native device destruction to the caller. Calls are idempotent
+and stale device generations cannot affect a live mapping. It requires the owning
+isolate scope and must run before native device destruction or before JavaScript
+resumes after device-loss delivery.
+
+The rebuilt macOS V8 test creates a mapped buffer and JavaScript range, confirms
+that a stale generation does not detach it, detaches with the live device handle,
+then destroys the native device and disposes the wrapper registry. It passes.
+This establishes the lifecycle hook and explicit ordering, not automatic device-loss
+integration: the public device binding and runtime loss delivery still must call it.
+
+### Reachable mapped views retain native buffers
+
+The macOS V8 lifetime fixture now drops the ordinary buffer reference while
+keeping only its mapped ArrayBuffer reachable. After forced collection and an
+engine pump, the native buffer and wrapper release registration remain live; the
+ArrayBuffer retains its byte length and accepts a JavaScript write. Dropping that
+view and collecting again leaves native storage intact during GC, then the next
+engine pump releases the buffer and registration. The collected registry slot is
+subsequently reused by the existing teardown test. The rebuilt runtime CTest passes.
+
+This verifies the mapped view's private owner edge as well as deferred native
+release. Asynchronous mapping, device loss and application-level WebGPU exposure
+remain outside this test's coverage.
+
+### Asynchronous map promise bridge
+
+`v8_webgpu_map_request.h` reserves a completion slot before issuing Dawn MapAsync.
+Driver callbacks retain only native buffer/mailbox state. The engine owns V8
+resolver and wrapper references; successful delivery attaches the selected mapping
+before resolving undefined. Cancellation unmaps and rejects AbortError immediately,
+then consumes the eventual native completion without attaching memory or resolving
+again. Validation failure status maps to OperationError. Requests are one-shot and
+completion identity/realm are checked; disposal of a still-pending request aborts
+native mapping, while hosts must explicitly cancel before disposal if its promise
+remains observable in a live realm.
+
+The rebuilt macOS V8 fixture maps a real 16-byte subrange at offset 8 and observes
+its promise continuation while RAF is paused. A separate request is cancelled;
+its promise rejects with AbortError and late callback retirement is consumed.
+Duplicate completions are rejected. The runtime CTest passes.
+
+This bridge is not yet installed as GPUBuffer.mapAsync. That binding still needs
+argument conversion, early rejection/validation semantics, pending mapState,
+selected-range attachment, and unmap/destroy/device-loss cancellation wiring.
+Admission saturation and mapping attachment failure policies also remain internal
+behavior requiring qualification against the complete browser binding.
+
+### Internal GPUBuffer.mapAsync integration
+
+The internal buffer prototype now exposes mapAsync and routes native completion
+records through its registry. WebIDL conversion failures return rejected promises;
+pending state is tracked on the content side until the engine handles completion.
+Successful requests attach their selected range before resolving. unmap, destroy
+and the device-detachment hook cancel pending promises, while a separate request
+list keeps canceled native operations identifiable until their callbacks retire.
+An immediate remap therefore cannot be completed by the old canceled operation.
+
+WRITE views reference Dawn mapped memory directly. READ mappings copy the selected
+bytes into mutable CPU storage so JavaScript changes are discarded on unmap; a
+second read verifies the native buffer remained unchanged. This explicit buffer
+read operation does not add pixel readback to ordinary canvas composition.
+Mapping allocation failures reject RangeError and unmap native storage.
+
+The rebuilt macOS runtime test now invokes mapAsync from JavaScript and passes
+pending/mapped/unmapped state, selected WRITE range, cancel-and-immediate-remap,
+READ data and discarded writes, promise-based BigInt conversion rejection, method
+arity, and injected mapping-allocation failure checks. Native callbacks still do
+not enter V8 directly.
+
+This remains an internal factory. Public navigator/device creation, complete
+error-scope/uncaptured-error integration, loss delivery, all invalid-descriptor
+and saturation cases, trusted DOMException-construction reentrancy, and complete
+WebIDL interface exposure remain unfinished or unqualified. No app-level WebGPU
+readiness or conformance claim follows from this test.
+
+### Mapping rejection remains settled if exception construction fails
+
+The map request now clears pending resolver ownership before invoking its exception
+factory, while a local handle retains the wrapper through construction. A thrown
+JavaScript exception becomes the rejection reason instead of leaving a pending
+request. Repeated cancel remains inert, and completions for requests that were
+never started are ignored.
+
+The rebuilt macOS runtime test deliberately supplies a throwing exception factory
+for a canceled native map. It verifies thrown-value identity in the promise
+rejection, cleared pending state, repeat cancellation and late callback retirement.
+The ordinary prototype cancellation/remap tests continue to verify AbortError.
+Broader public error-scope and device-loss integration remains outstanding.
+
+### JavaScript descriptor to owned buffer creation
+
+The buffer registry's create entry point now combines GPUBufferDescriptor
+conversion, native allocation and wrapper registration. It rejects a misaligned
+mapped-at-creation size with RangeError before allocating. Unknown browser usage
+bits enter Dawn's validation/error-buffer path via invalid usage None, never a
+private native usage extension. Wrapper metadata preserves the original browser
+usage, size and label even for error buffers. Metadata getters now read retained
+wrapper values rather than dispatching native calls.
+
+Creation releases its native handle if wrapping fails and propagates an exception
+instead of silently returning no object. The macOS V8 fixture now creates its WRITE
+mapping buffers from JavaScript descriptors via this entry point. It also verifies
+misaligned mapped size without allocation, an invalid-usage error buffer with
+preserved metadata and a usable mapped-at-creation region, actual Dawn validation
+scope delivery, and native handle rollback when release registration is saturated.
+The rebuilt runtime CTest passes and explicitly requires callback retirement.
+
+This is the native entry point for the forthcoming GPUDevice.createBuffer method;
+it does not install a public device object. Full device creation, error-scope/event
+exposure, native allocation failure/admission policy and loss integration still
+require implementation or qualification.
+
+### Internal V8 device objects
+
+`v8_webgpu_devices.h` introduces bounded, branded device wrappers with createBuffer
+and destroy methods. createBuffer calls the descriptor/allocation/wrapper path and
+privately links each returned buffer to its parent device wrapper. destroy first
+cancels/detaches that device's buffer mappings, then invokes native Dawn destruction;
+repeated destruction is inert. Explicit native device table release remains a
+separate teardown step. Registry disposal invalidates device and buffer receivers
+before cancellation can construct JavaScript exceptions, and queues native release.
+
+The rebuilt macOS runtime test now calls device.createBuffer from JavaScript,
+checks descriptors/metadata and receiver/arity errors, writes a mapped view,
+destroys the device twice, and verifies view detachment, retained buffer metadata
+and rejected mapped access. Calls through a retained device object after registry
+disposal also fail safely. The runtime CTest passes.
+
+No global GPUDevice or navigator.gpu is installed by this factory. Adapter requestDevice,
+queue/resources beyond buffers, capabilities, labels, device.lost/error events,
+full WebIDL prototypes and automatic loss/navigation integration remain unfinished.
+The parent-device GC edge and asynchronous completion routing through this new
+device registry still need dedicated qualification.
+
+### Pending map cancellation through the device registry
+
+The macOS runtime fixture now creates a buffer through the internal device object,
+starts mapAsync from JavaScript, and destroys the device while the map is pending.
+It verifies immediate unmapped state and AbortError rejection. Completion routing
+passes through the device registry after the native device handle has been released;
+the late callback retires safely before registry disposal. A retained device object
+is then checked for rejected access after disposal. The rebuilt runtime CTest passes
+and explicitly waits for native retirement rather than treating rejection as GPU
+completion.
+
+This qualifies the tested device-destroy path. Physical device loss, parent-device
+GC retention, public adapter discovery and complete device/queue capabilities remain
+unfinished or require dedicated verification.
+
+### Device labels
+
+Internal device wrappers now retain an initial converted descriptor label and
+implement the label getter/setter. Writes use USVString conversion, preserve
+embedded NUL via explicit byte lengths, recheck the receiver after user coercion,
+and forward the label to Dawn. Failed conversion leaves the prior label intact.
+The rebuilt macOS V8 test passes default, surrogate/NUL, Symbol, throwing-conversion
+and post-destroy label assertions. Public discovery and remaining device/queue
+capabilities are still unfinished.
+
+### Device enabled-feature snapshot
+
+The internal device factory now exposes a SameObject `features` snapshot backed
+by a traced, inaccessible V8 Set. Only the generated standard GPUFeatureName
+mapping is admitted, and contents come from the device's enabled features rather
+than the adapter's available capabilities. The read-only setlike surface includes
+size, has, keys/values/iteration, entries and forEach. Iterators use built-ins
+captured when the factory is initialized in the trusted realm; this factory must
+be constructed before running untrusted scripts. Snapshot objects retain their
+backing data independently of native device ownership and factory lifetime.
+
+The macOS V8 runtime test compares every standard feature against the actual Dawn
+device, checks count, identity, iteration, callback arguments, DOMString coercion,
+receiver checks, mutation rejection and exception propagation, and uses a retained
+snapshot after device registry disposal. This remains an internal binding; public
+navigator.gpu, requestDevice and rendering commands are still required before a
+JavaScript WebGPU app can render.
+
+### Native requestDevice promise delivery
+
+`v8_webgpu_device_request` now connects an already-validated native device
+request to a V8 promise. The Dawn callback captures only synchronized native
+result storage and a completion ticket. The engine thread consumes that result,
+invokes the device wrapper factory, and settles the realm-owned promise. Native
+request failure rejects with an OperationError constructed through the captured
+trusted DOMException constructor; native diagnostics are not leaked to scripts.
+A released bridge abandons its result, and a late callback retains no V8 handles.
+Completions are consumed before invoking wrapper/exception factories. Duplicate
+and wrong-owner completions cannot create another wrapper, and wrong-realm
+completion does not consume the pending request.
+
+The macOS V8 runtime fixture now uses this bridge to create the actual Dawn
+device used by its buffer tests. It verifies promise fulfillment, duplicate and
+wrong-realm handling, and an actual Dawn rejection for an impossible requested
+maxBufferSize, including the OperationError rejection object. This fixture still
+uses a diagnostic result object at the promise factory boundary. Browser device
+descriptor conversion, adapter validity/consumption, public GPUAdapter wiring,
+device-loss promise integration and full teardown/admission qualification remain
+unfinished; this is not public requestDevice exposure.
+
+### Device descriptor WebIDL conversion
+
+The pinned GPUDeviceDescriptor converter now reads inherited label, defaultQueue,
+requiredFeatures and requiredLimits in WebIDL dictionary order. Device and queue
+labels use USVString conversion. Feature sequences accept iterable objects,
+cache the iterator's next method, convert every item through the standard feature
+enum, and retain duplicate entries for subsequent validation. Private native
+feature names are rejected. Required-limit records snapshot all own keys and
+then inspect each property's descriptor before reading its value; getters can
+change later properties. DOMString keys preserve unpaired UTF-16 surrogates,
+undefined values remain distinct from zero, and GPUSize64 uses EnforceRange.
+Conversion commits the output only after all members succeed.
+
+These behaviors follow the WebIDL [sequence conversion](https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#es-sequence)
+and [record conversion](https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#es-record) algorithms.
+The macOS V8 runtime tests verify defaults, getter/proxy order, mutation during
+record conversion, inherited/non-enumerable exclusions, feature iteration and
+coercion, USVString versus DOMString, integer boundaries, exception identity, and
+no partially committed output after failure. The converter does not yet map
+required limits to Dawn or enforce adapter capabilities. Those validation steps
+and the public requestDevice entry point remain required.
+
+### Native required-limit mapping
+
+A generated catalog maps every GPUSupportedLimits attribute in the pinned IDL to
+its typed Dawn member. The four per-vertex/per-fragment storage limits map to
+Dawn's CompatibilityModeLimits chain; the remaining limits map to base Limits.
+The generator verifies the IDL hash, participates in npm generate/check, and
+requires an explicit review for new attribute types. Unknown/native-only names
+are not admitted by the catalog.
+
+`prepare_webgpu_required_limits` validates defined values against the supplied
+adapter limits, including the reversed comparison and power-of-two constraint
+for alignment limits. Unknown names with undefined values are ignored. Missing
+native capability values, narrowing overflow and Dawn's undefined sentinels are
+rejected; none silently becomes an omitted request. Output is committed only
+on success. The caller owns and chains any compatibility structures used for a
+native request. Failure is intended to become requestDevice OperationError;
+public promise wiring remains unfinished.
+
+The macOS runtime tests exercise every catalog member and integer width, missing
+names, limits above adapter capacity, invalid alignments, undefined entries and
+atomic failure. Its real Dawn device request now uses a maxBufferSize requirement
+validated against that actual adapter. The test and npm generation checks pass.
+This does not establish complete adapter capability reporting or compatibility
+mode qualification, nor does it expose public requestDevice.
+
+### Prepared native device requests
+
+The device descriptor data model is now independent of V8.
+`webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor` validates required features against the actual
+adapter before consumed-adapter and required-limit validation. Its result
+classifies unsupported features separately (for TypeError) from operation
+failures (for OperationError). Private native features are rejected even when
+passed directly to the internal helper. Required features are deduplicated into
+a set while preserving first-occurrence order. Adapter compatibility limits are
+queried and chained only when the request includes those defined limits.
+
+The prepared object owns device/queue labels, features, limits and optional
+compatibility-chain storage. It cannot move or copy; its native descriptor is a
+borrowed view used while the owner remains alive. The macOS runtime fixture now
+converts an actual JavaScript device descriptor, prepares it against the real
+adapter, and uses that descriptor for Dawn RequestDevice. Tests verify every
+standard feature against the actual adapter, duplicate removal, consumed-state
+and feature-error precedence, unknown limits, and source-label mutation not
+changing prepared storage. The runtime test passed.
+
+This helper accepts consumed state from its caller; it does not implement the
+public adapter state machine. Public requestDevice still needs that state,
+error-to-promise integration, trusted realm initialization and wrapper lifetime
+ownership. Compatibility mode and full device-loss behavior remain unqualified.
+
+### Checked request promise entry
+
+The internal request bridge's `start_checked` entry combines JavaScript descriptor
+conversion, adapter-state reacquisition, native preparation and asynchronous Dawn
+request submission. Its ownership callback runs after all descriptor getters and
+coercions, allowing the eventual adapter registry to reject invalidated or
+consumed receivers instead of carrying a stale native-entry pointer across user
+code. Conversion exceptions reject the returned promise with the original thrown
+value. Unsupported features reject with TypeError, and limit/consumed failures
+with OperationError. Rejected preparation does not reserve native completion
+storage or call Dawn RequestDevice.
+
+The macOS runtime device fixture now uses this checked entry for successful native
+creation. Tests verify rejected promise types for unknown features and limits,
+getter exception identity, unchanged completion occupancy after rejection, and
+adapter consumed state changed by a descriptor getter. Runtime CTest passes.
+This remains an internal entry: GPUAdapter prototype installation, receiver brand
+handling, real consumed/expired state and public exposure are still pending.
+
+### Adapter wrapper identity and lifetime
+
+The realm-owned adapter registry now wraps generation-checked graphics-service
+adapter handles. It rejects duplicate wrappers within the registry and foreign
+realms, reserves deferred-release storage before exposure, and exposes a stable
+read-only feature snapshot from the native adapter. Weak callbacks publish only
+release commands; registry disposal invalidates native receiver access and queues
+release instead of calling GPU APIs in GC. Retained feature snapshots remain
+usable after wrapper registry disposal.
+
+The macOS runtime fixture verifies feature membership against every standard
+Dawn feature, repeated snapshot identity, duplicate/foreign-realm rejection,
+receiver invalidation after disposal, snapshot survival and actual deferred
+native-handle reclamation. It uses an independent graphics-service fixture
+because the existing buffer test deliberately occupies every release slot.
+Runtime CTest passes. This registry does not yet dispatch requestDevice or install
+navigator.gpu; those remain necessary for public discovery.
+
+### Adapter requestDevice dispatch
+
+Internal adapter wrappers now expose requestDevice with optional-descriptor
+arity. The callback delegates conversion and preparation to the checked request
+bridge, reacquires adapter ownership after user-controlled conversion, and retains
+the adapter wrapper while native completion is pending. Successful completion
+adopts the native device into the graphics service and creates a device wrapper
+through a caller-owned device registry. That registry must outlive the adapter
+registry. Device wrapper registration failure rolls back the adopted handle.
+The original device label survives asynchronous completion. Wrong receivers
+reject with TypeError; a repeated request after admission rejects OperationError.
+
+The macOS runtime fixture discovers a fresh adapter, calls requestDevice from
+JavaScript, waits for its actual native completion, and uses the returned device
+to create, map, write, unmap and destroy a buffer. It checks the label, method
+arity, repeated-request/wrong-receiver rejection types and deferred reclamation
+of both adapter and device handles. Runtime CTest passes. A previously consumed
+native adapter is not reused to simulate fresh discovery.
+
+This is still an internal registry. navigator.gpu exposure, unified prototypes,
+limits/adapterInfo, expired/lost-device semantics and pending-request teardown
+qualification remain unfinished. The registry currently consumes an adapter at
+native request admission; resource-failure/lost-device behavior needs the full
+adapter state machine before public exposure. No WebGPU rendering sample is yet
+claimed to work.
+
+### Pending device-request cancellation
+
+The request bridge now supports explicit owner-realm cancellation. It clears its
+resolver before constructing the rejection, abandons any native result, and
+leaves the native callback responsible for retiring its completion ticket. Late
+completion cannot invoke a device wrapper factory. Adapter registry teardown
+invalidates every receiver before cancelling outstanding requests, then releases
+its request keep-alives and queues native adapter release.
+
+The macOS runtime test cancels an admitted native request with an impossible
+limit, verifies wrong-realm rejection and idempotence, observes a rejected promise,
+and waits for the real native callback to retire without wrapping. Runtime CTest
+passes. This tests cancellation of the native failure path; successful native
+creation racing registry teardown still needs targeted qualification. The host
+teardown policy currently rejects OperationError, while full browser expired/
+lost-device behavior remains separate and unfinished.
+
+### Successful creation racing adapter-registry teardown
+
+The macOS runtime test now discovers a second fresh adapter, starts requestDevice,
+and disposes its registry while the promise is pending, before delivering the
+native completion. It requires an actual successful Dawn device completion rather
+than accepting a native error as evidence. The original cancellation rejection
+remains unchanged, no orphan device is adopted into the graphics service, and
+the completion ticket and adapter handle are reclaimed. Runtime CTest passed.
+This closes the specific successful-completion teardown gap above; it does not
+qualify all browser device-loss or navigation behavior.
+
+### Discovery object connected to adapter/device registries
+
+An internal realm-owned discovery object now exposes requestAdapter and routes
+real Dawn discovery completion into the adapter registry. The host retains the
+controller; service and adapter/device registries outlive it. It rechecks its
+receiver after option conversion, rejects conversion/receiver errors through
+promises, resolves unavailable adapter requests to null, and rolls back native
+adapter adoption if wrapper construction fails. Controller disposal invalidates
+its receiver and cancels pending discovery promises before native callbacks
+retire independently. No navigator property or secure-context claim is installed.
+
+The macOS runtime test exercises discovery through JavaScript, obtains the real
+adapter wrapper, invokes requestDevice, and performs createBuffer/getMappedRange/
+unmap/destroy on the returned native device. It verifies unsupported feature-level
+null results, invalid-option rejection and final native handle reclamation.
+Runtime CTest passes. Public exposure policy, complete GPU prototypes and
+capabilities, canvas configuration and rendering commands remain unfinished.
+
+### Preferred canvas format
+
+The internal GPU discovery object now implements getPreferredCanvasFormat as a
+synchronous, receiver-checked method. The host selects BGRA8Unorm or RGBA8Unorm;
+other formats are rejected during controller construction. The default is
+bgra8unorm, matching the current macOS IOSurface submission path. No adapter
+request, allocation or readback is required to report this preference.
+The macOS runtime test checks default/explicit format selection, method arity,
+wrong-receiver TypeError and invalid host configuration. Runtime CTest passes.
+GPUCanvasContext configuration/current-texture and ordinary presentation wiring
+remain unfinished; this method alone does not enable canvas rendering.
+
+### WGSL language capability snapshot
+
+The internal discovery object now exposes SameObject wgslLanguageFeatures. An
+explicit allowlist of 13 language extensions from the [W3C WGSL specification](https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#language-extensions-sec),
+reviewed 2026-09-07, is filtered against the actual Dawn instance's
+HasWGSLLanguageFeature results. Chromium testing/printing extensions are excluded;
+additional draft/native extension names require a standards review before adding
+them. Enable extensions such as f16 are not language-feature entries.
+
+The read-only set implementation now has distinct GPU and WGSL brands and
+prototype tags while sharing its iteration/coercion implementation. Discovery
+construction belongs in trusted realm initialization, before scripts can modify
+Set built-ins. The macOS runtime test compares every allowlisted feature with
+Dawn, checks count, iteration, identity, prototype tag and private-name exclusion,
+and rejects borrowing GPU feature-set methods onto a WGSL feature object.
+Runtime CTest passed. Shader compilation and public navigator exposure remain
+unfinished; reporting capabilities does not establish shader execution coverage.
+
+### Adapter and device limits snapshots
+
+Internal adapter/device wrappers now expose SameObject limits. The GPUSupportedLimits
+factory builds read-only prototype getters for every pinned catalog entry and
+stores values in traced JavaScript storage, independent of native lifetimes.
+Adapter values come from that adapter; device values come from that device's
+GetLimits result, including compatibility-chain values. An unavailable native
+sentinel aborts snapshot construction instead of being advertised as a capacity.
+
+The macOS runtime test compares every exposed adapter/device value with the
+corresponding native source, verifies stable identity, strict-mode mutation
+rejection, receiver branding and the prototype tag, and reads retained limits
+after device-registry disposal. Runtime CTest passes. This provides capability
+inspection in the internal bindings; public exposure, rendering commands and
+full browser conformance remain unfinished.
+
+### Native adapter-information extraction
+
+A native adapter-information value now owns vendor, architecture, device,
+description and subgroup metadata independently of Dawn's temporary AdapterInfo
+allocation. Identifier fields must satisfy the WebGPU normalized-identifier
+pattern; malformed/unknown values become empty strings rather than exposing
+nonconforming driver names. Subgroup limits use the actual adapter when the
+subgroups feature is supported, or the specified 4/128 defaults otherwise.
+
+Fallback classification is an explicit discovery-policy input. Inspection of the
+pinned Dawn source found that Vulkan's forceFallbackAdapter filter identifies
+SwiftShader via vendor/device IDs, while Metal rejects forced fallback. CPU
+adapter type alone is therefore not used as a fallback test. The macOS runtime
+test verifies copied description, subgroup values and identifier handling against
+a real adapter; CTest passes. JavaScript info/adapterInfo wrappers and propagation
+of authoritative discovery fallback state remain unfinished.
+
+### JavaScript adapter information
+
+Internal adapters now expose SameObject info and devices expose SameObject
+adapterInfo. Both use the originating adapter's metadata, including subgroup
+support, so disabling optional device features does not change adapter information.
+Read-only prototype getters access traced snapshot data that survives registry
+teardown. Private backend type and numeric vendor/device IDs are not exposed.
+
+Fallback classification now mirrors the pinned Dawn source: Vulkan recognizes
+Google SwiftShader (vendor 0x1ae0, device 0xc0de), matching BackendVk.cpp and
+src/dawn/gpu_info.json; Metal, D3D, GL and Null backends reject forced fallback.
+Unknown backend classifications fail explicitly. This supersedes the earlier
+caller-supplied fallback flag. Updating Dawn requires rechecking this mapping.
+
+The macOS runtime test verifies native strings, adapter/device agreement across
+all seven fields, stable identity, read-only/brand behavior, private-field
+exclusion, fallback classification cases and retained information after teardown.
+The expanded allocations also exposed an existing GC test's unrooted probe being
+collected before its explicit GC step; that probe is now rooted until the test
+intentionally drops it. Runtime CTest passed. Hardware Windows/Linux fallback
+qualification, public exposure and rendering remain unfinished.
+
+### Owned native shader modules
+
+Dawn devices now own a bounded shader-module resource table with independent
+capacity, generation-checked handles, scoped borrowing and explicit reference
+release. Capacity is checked before native creation. Device close retires shader
+references alongside buffers; close/release during an active shader borrow is
+rejected. Invalid WGSL still produces Dawn's error shader-module object, with
+validation delivered through the native error scope.
+
+The macOS Dawn event tests verify capacity, stale/reused generations, borrow
+lifetime guards and actual error-scope outcomes for valid and invalid WGSL through
+the owned-module path. Dawn event and V8 runtime CTests both pass. Native shader
+ownership is now ready for the V8 module registry; JavaScript shader descriptors,
+compilation information and rendering pipeline/command bindings remain pending.
+
+### Deferred shader-module release
+
+Graphics-service release commands now carry generation-checked device and shader
+handles without native pointers. Finalizers can publish these commands through
+the existing bounded release channel. The engine resolves and retires the native
+shader reference; stale device/module handles are ignored.
+The macOS Dawn event test publishes releases from another thread, verifies no
+inline native retirement, and verifies a stale release cannot remove a replacement
+module in a reused table slot. Release storage returns to zero after draining.
+Dawn event and V8 runtime CTests pass. V8 shader-module wrappers remain pending.
+
+### Internal V8 shader-module wrappers
+
+A bounded realm-owned shader registry now wraps native device/module handles,
+rejects duplicate ownership, and keeps a private JavaScript edge to the parent
+device wrapper. Label getters retain content-side metadata; setters perform
+USVString conversion, recheck the receiver after coercion and call Dawn SetLabel.
+The prototype has the GPUShaderModule tag. Weak callbacks and registry disposal
+publish deferred module-release commands; disposal invalidates native receivers
+first. Neither path calls GPU APIs from GC.
+
+The macOS runtime test wraps an actual compiled shader, verifies initial label,
+NUL/lone-surrogate conversion, Symbol rejection, throwing coercion, receiver tag/
+brand, duplicate and foreign-realm checks, and deferred rather than inline native
+release on disposal. Runtime CTest passes. Device createShaderModule descriptor
+conversion/dispatch and getCompilationInfo are still pending; the internal
+wrapper is not a complete exposed GPUShaderModule implementation.
+
+
+### Internal device shader creation
+
+The internal GPUDevice prototype now dispatches createShaderModule to Dawn's
+owned shader table and returns a GPUShaderModule wrapper retaining its parent
+device. The descriptor converter reads label, required WGSL code and iterable
+compilation hints in WebIDL order, preserves getter/coercion exceptions, converts
+USVStrings, and commits converted state only after success. Dispatch rechecks the
+device receiver after conversion, passes explicit string lengths to Dawn, and
+releases the native module if wrapper adoption fails.
+
+Compilation hints are converted but not forwarded as optimization hints. The
+converter has a pipeline-layout resolver hook; genuine GPUPipelineLayout wrapper
+recognition remains pending with that interface. The current internal surface
+accepts omitted/auto layouts and exposes no pipeline-layout objects. This is not
+complete public WebGPU exposure or shader compilation diagnostics support.
+
+The macOS V8 runtime test creates a module from JavaScript using real WGSL,
+checks module branding and label updates, required arguments, wrong receivers,
+getter exception identity and native module ownership count. Converter coverage
+includes iterable hints, dictionary order, invalid enums and atomic failure.
+Render pipelines, command submission and normal canvas presentation remain the
+next rendering integration work; this test does not draw an app or triangle.
+
+
+### Owned native render pipelines
+
+Dawn devices now own render pipelines in a separately bounded, generational
+resource table. Creation checks capacity before calling Dawn, borrowed pipeline
+scopes prevent release/device close, and close retires the table. A value-only
+deferred release command carries both device and pipeline generations for future
+V8 wrapper collection.
+
+The macOS Dawn event test compiles vertex/fragment WGSL, creates an owned render
+pipeline, encodes a triangle into an offscreen 4x4 RGBA8 texture, releases the
+table's pipeline reference, and submits the retained command buffer. A completed
+native validation error scope reports no error. It also verifies capacity,
+borrowed-scope guards and stale-handle rejection. Dawn event and V8 runtime tests
+pass. This is native command/lifetime validation, not a pixel assertion, physical
+presentation check or JavaScript render-pipeline implementation. Those remain
+required before claiming app rendering.
+
+
+### Internal render-pipeline wrappers and native interface conversion
+
+Shader modules and render pipelines now share a typed labeled-resource registry.
+Each specialization has a distinct V8 brand and prototype, bounded wrapper
+storage, private parent-device reachability, and deferred generational release.
+The render-pipeline specialization wraps owned Dawn pipeline handles. Checked
+native-reference conversion invokes no JavaScript and retains the native object
+through later descriptor conversion; wrong-interface and forged objects are
+rejected before native access. Native cross-device compatibility remains Dawn's
+validation responsibility.
+
+The macOS V8 runtime test constructs a real render pipeline using a shader
+reference obtained from its wrapper, verifies exact native identity, rejects
+shader/pipeline cross-brand conversion and a plain forged object, checks labels
+and prototype tags, and verifies disposal invalidates wrapper access without
+inline GPU release. Existing JavaScript shader-creation tests still pass through
+the shared implementation. Public createRenderPipeline descriptor dispatch,
+getBindGroupLayout, async pipeline creation and rendering from JavaScript are
+still pending; this internal wrapper is not a complete GPURenderPipeline API.
+
+
+### Programmable pipeline-stage conversion
+
+The shared GPUProgrammableStage converter now reads constants, entryPoint and
+required module in WebIDL order. It retains the native shader reference, keeps
+omitted entry points distinct from empty strings, and converts constants as a
+record of USVString keys to finite doubles. Record conversion snapshots own keys,
+checks current enumerability before each value, propagates exceptions, and
+replaces values when distinct UTF-16 keys normalize to the same USVString. The
+native constant-entry view borrows stable converted key storage and explicitly
+disallows access through a temporary descriptor.
+
+MacOS V8 runtime coverage verifies defaults, shader identity, numeric coercion,
+USVString replacement/NUL handling, normalized-key collisions, proxy property
+order, property deletion during enumeration, invalid values and atomic failure.
+The test passes against real shader wrappers. Derived vertex-buffer and fragment
+color-target conversion plus complete render-pipeline dispatch remain pending.
+
+
+### Render-state dictionaries and pinned enum mappings
+
+Primitive, multisample, blend-component/blend-state and stencil-face converters
+now apply WebIDL member order, defaults, boolean coercion and EnforceRange
+unsigned integers before committing native state. Invalid enums and non-finite/
+out-of-range integers throw TypeError; application getter exceptions propagate.
+Native semantic constraints, such as supported sample counts, remain Dawn's
+validation responsibility.
+
+Eleven render-related enum catalogs are generated from the pinned IDL and an
+explicit native spelling map. Generation rejects changed IDL membership/order;
+compilation verifies the mappings against the pinned Dawn headers. The npm
+check/generate scripts include this catalog. Browser-unknown native enum values
+are excluded. macOS V8 runtime tests cover defaults, conversion order, blend and
+stencil values, numeric truncation/bounds, exception identity and atomic failure.
+Both the runtime test and generator check pass. Vertex layouts, depth/color
+state and complete pipeline dispatch remain pending.
+
+
+### Depth/stencil and color-target conversion
+
+Depth/stencil conversion now preserves omitted depthWriteEnabled/depthCompare,
+converts signed depth bias with EnforceRange, rejects non-finite float values,
+and applies stencil defaults/masks in WebIDL order. Color-target conversion
+requires a standard texture format, owns optional blend state and preserves
+invalid write-mask bits for native validation. Its native view borrows blend
+storage and cannot be obtained from a temporary descriptor.
+
+The macOS V8 runtime test verifies omitted versus explicit depth settings,
+fractional bias truncation, signed bounds, float overflow/infinity rejection,
+stencil updates, target defaults, blend storage identity and atomic failures.
+The runtime test passes. Vertex layouts and final pipeline descriptor assembly/
+dispatch still remain before JavaScript can create a render pipeline.
+
+
+### Vertex-stage and buffer-layout conversion
+
+Vertex-state conversion now extends the shared programmable stage with iterable,
+nullable buffer slots. Buffer layouts own their attribute vectors, preserve
+stride/step mode and expose borrowed native views. Attribute conversion requires
+format, offset and shaderLocation in WebIDL order. GPUSize64 and required
+GPUIndex32 values use EnforceRange before native validation. The sequence helper
+captures iterator/next once, checks iterator results and reads done before value.
+
+The macOS V8 runtime test covers default empty buffers, Set iteration, null and
+undefined slots, instance layouts, native attribute views, required fields,
+integer bounds, exact property access order and atomic conversion failure. It
+passes. Complete render-pipeline descriptor assembly and device dispatch remain
+pending; no JavaScript draw or presentation is claimed by these tests.
+
+
+### Internal createRenderPipeline dispatch
+
+The internal GPUDevice prototype now accepts render-pipeline descriptors and
+calls Dawn's owned render-pipeline creation. Conversion follows inherited label/
+layout then depthStencil, fragment, multisample, primitive and vertex order.
+Fragment targets preserve null slots. Native assembly keeps nested arrays,
+constant keys, entry-point strings and blend pointers alive for the call. It
+rechecks the device after JavaScript conversion and rolls back native ownership
+if wrapper adoption fails. Returned pipeline wrappers retain their parent device.
+
+The exposed internal layout branch is currently auto. Descriptor conversion has
+an explicit-layout resolver hook, but GPUPipelineLayout objects and their creation
+remain unimplemented. Async pipeline creation and getBindGroupLayout also remain
+pending. This is not complete WebGPU or navigator.gpu exposure.
+
+The macOS runtime test now creates a shader module and render pipeline from
+JavaScript, checks labels/branding, rejects invalid calls, and verifies native
+module/pipeline counts. Descriptor tests check property order and native nested
+storage after moving converted data, including null buffer/color slots. The
+bounded eight-ticket fixture drains disposed resources before its next unrelated
+registration; collection still only publishes deferred releases. Runtime CTest
+passes. Drawing commands, textures and normal canvas presentation remain needed
+for a visible JavaScript triangle; this test does not verify rendered pixels.
+
+
+### Owned native textures and views
+
+Dawn devices now own separately bounded texture and texture-view tables with
+full generational handles. Creation checks capacity before native allocation;
+borrowed scopes guard release, destruction and device close. Texture destroy
+invalidates storage while preserving API handles and retained views. Reference
+release does not call Destroy. Deferred commands carry device/resource identity
+for future wrapper collection, and device close retires both tables.
+
+The macOS native draw test now obtains its target from these owned tables. It
+releases table references before drawing through a retained view and verifies
+native validation succeeds. Capacity, stale handles, borrowed-scope guards and
+repeated destroy preserving handles are covered. Dawn event and V8 runtime tests
+pass. JavaScript texture/view descriptor conversion and wrappers remain pending;
+these tests do not establish JavaScript rendering or pixel correctness.
+
+
+### Texture descriptor conversion
+
+GPUTextureDescriptor conversion now handles required extent/format/usage,
+dimension, mip/sample counts, optional binding view dimension and iterable view
+formats in WebIDL order. Extent union conversion retrieves the iterator method
+once; dictionary extents preserve width requirements and height/layer defaults.
+Sequence shape validity is recorded after consuming the sequence, allowing the
+remaining dictionary conversion to finish before native use rejects invalid
+shapes. Native views retain label, format arrays and the binding-dimension chain
+through a scoped call. Unknown browser usage bits become invalid native usage,
+preventing accidental exposure of host-only flags.
+
+MacOS runtime tests cover extent defaults, single iterator acquisition, exact
+property order, binding/view-format storage, late shape validation, range errors
+and atomic failure. Runtime and generator checks pass. Texture/view wrappers and
+createTexture dispatch remain pending.
+
+
+### Texture-view conversion and wrappers
+
+A typed texture-view registry now uses the shared labeled-resource lifetime
+machinery, with its own interface brand and retained native-reference conversion.
+The descriptor converter preserves optional mip/layer counts, format/dimension,
+aspect, base offsets, usage and DOMString swizzle. Nonidentity swizzles use Dawn's
+component-swizzle chain. Explicit UINT_MAX counts cannot silently become native
+unspecified sentinels; these and unknown usage bits produce an invalid native
+dimension for subsequent Dawn validation. Invalid swizzle characters likewise
+remain native validation errors, not WebIDL enum exceptions.
+
+MacOS runtime coverage verifies descriptor defaults, explicit sentinel
+preservation, invalid inputs and DOMString surrogate preservation. A real native
+view is wrapped, retained and disposed; native table removal happens only after
+engine release draining, and cross-interface conversion is rejected. Runtime and
+generator checks pass. Public createTexture/createView dispatch remains pending;
+full native error-scope qualification of translated invalid view descriptors is
+also still required before conformance claims.
+
+
+### Internal JavaScript texture creation and views
+
+GPUDevice.createTexture now converts descriptors, validates extent shape after
+conversion, creates an owned Dawn texture and wraps it with a retained parent
+device. GPUTexture exposes readonly descriptor metadata, mutable label,
+createView and destroy. Metadata remains available after destruction. View
+creation rechecks the receiver after descriptor conversion, creates an owned
+native view, and retains the texture wrapper through the view's private parent
+edge. Wrapper adoption failures release the newly created native reference.
+
+Texture wrappers extend the shared typed resource registry; their views reuse
+its existing deferred release implementation. The registry now records its
+owning factory for specialized callbacks. Native resource destruction remains
+on the engine thread, and collection still publishes only release commands.
+
+The macOS V8 runtime test obtains a device through adapter.requestDevice,
+creates a texture/view in JavaScript, verifies dimensions/format/usage/defaults,
+labels and readonly metadata, rejects wrong receivers and invalid extent shapes,
+and checks metadata after repeated destroy. Runtime CTest passes. Command
+encoding, queue submission and ordinary GPU canvas presentation remain pending;
+this test does not draw from JavaScript or prove pixel output.
+
+
+### Owned native command resources
+
+Dawn devices now own bounded generational tables for command encoders, render
+passes and command buffers. Capacity is checked before create/begin/finish;
+borrowed command scopes prevent release or device close. Deferred release
+commands carry complete device/resource identity. Native WebGPU recording-state
+validation remains Dawn's responsibility rather than being replaced with silent
+host no-ops.
+
+The macOS triangle-command test now uses these tables to begin a render pass,
+set its pipeline, draw, end, finish and submit. It releases the pass and encoder
+before submission, then releases the submitted command-buffer reference. Tests
+verify capacity rejection, borrowed scopes, stale-handle rejection and empty
+tables, alongside the completed native validation scope. Dawn event and V8
+runtime tests pass. JavaScript command methods, queue submission and canvas
+presentation remain pending; this is not evidence of JavaScript pixel output.
+
+
+### Internal JavaScript command encoders and finish
+
+GPUDevice.createCommandEncoder and GPUCommandEncoder.finish now convert their
+optional label dictionaries, recheck receivers after user coercion, invoke the
+owned Dawn command-resource APIs and adopt typed wrappers. Command buffers retain
+an encoder/device reachability chain. Failed wrapper adoption releases the newly
+created native reference. The shared label converter preserves USVString and
+exception semantics; native recording-state validation remains in Dawn.
+
+The macOS V8 runtime test creates and finishes encoders from JavaScript, checks
+brands, labels and defaults, rejects invalid dictionaries/receivers, and verifies
+a throwing finish label getter leaves the encoder usable for a valid finish.
+Runtime CTest passes. These are empty command buffers: JavaScript render-pass
+recording, queue submission and canvas presentation remain pending.
+
+
+### Internal JavaScript render-pass recording
+
+Command encoders now expose beginRenderPass; render-pass wrappers expose
+setPipeline, draw and end. Descriptors convert nullable color attachments,
+texture-or-view references, clear colors, optional depth/stencil state and draw
+limits. Texture shorthand resolves to an implicit native view after conversion.
+GPUColor shape validation happens after dictionary conversion, before native pass
+creation. Draw arguments use GPUSize32 conversion and recheck ownership after
+coercion. Native recording-state validation remains Dawn's responsibility.
+
+Query-set wrappers remain unexposed, so supplied query objects are rejected
+rather than ignored. Occlusion/timestamp support, indexed/indirect draws,
+vertex/index buffers, bind groups and the rest of the render-pass API remain
+required. Explicit depth-slice sentinel values stay invalid when translated to
+Dawn; full native error-scope qualification remains part of conformance work.
+
+The macOS runtime test now creates a texture, shader and pipeline in JavaScript,
+records a triangle pass, ends it and finishes a command buffer. It checks invalid
+clear shapes leave the encoder usable, invalid draw/interface calls reject, and
+labels/brands persist. Descriptor tests cover color conversion, dictionary order,
+nullable attachments, native storage and atomic failure. Runtime and generator
+checks pass. The recorded command buffer is not submitted in this test: queue
+submission, pixel verification and ordinary canvas presentation remain pending.
+
+
+### First verified JavaScript WebGPU pixels (macOS)
+
+The internal device now exposes a SameObject GPUQueue with label and submit.
+Queue submission converts an iterable of genuine command-buffer wrappers before
+calling Dawn, retaining native references through conversion and rechecking the
+queue afterward. The traced queue/device relationship preserves lifetime without
+an independent GPU reference in GC callbacks. Default-queue labels survive
+asynchronous requestDevice completion. Internal device-reference conversion is
+branded and scoped through the owning graphics service.
+
+The macOS V8 runtime test creates a 4x2 RGBA8 texture, WGSL shader module,
+auto-layout render pipeline, command encoder and render pass entirely through
+JavaScript wrappers. It records a full-target red triangle, ends and finishes,
+then submits through device.queue.submit(new Set([commands])). Native diagnostic
+code subsequently copies the target to a mapped readback buffer and checks all
+eight pixels equal RGBA [255,0,0,255]. The mapping must complete successfully
+within five seconds; missing completion or any pixel mismatch fails. This proves
+actual offscreen JavaScript-driven GPU rendering, not only wrapper construction.
+
+The runtime test passes on this macOS host. It also checks queue identity,
+default/mutable labels, invalid receivers/buffers and iterator exception identity.
+Diagnostic texture readback is used only to assert pixels; it is not introduced
+into the composition path. navigator.gpu installation, GPUCanvasContext,
+ordinary scene image consumption and window presentation are still pending.
+Queue completion promises, writes and other APIs also remain incomplete. This
+result does not establish Kestrel readiness or cross-platform qualification.
+
+
+### Canvas configuration conversion
+
+GPUCanvasConfiguration conversion now preserves device identity, required format,
+usage, view formats, alpha mode, color space and tone mapping in WebIDL order.
+PredefinedColorSpace comes from the pinned @webref/idl html.idl, including its
+linear sRGB/P3 values. Requested modes are preserved for subsequent capability
+negotiation; conversion does not claim the current presenter supports every mode.
+The device resolver retains a genuine native GPUDevice and rejects forged
+interfaces. Conversion commits only on success and propagates getter exceptions.
+
+The macOS runtime test covers defaults, full member order, iterable view formats,
+requested HDR/color modes, invalid values and atomic failure. It passes together
+with the existing JavaScript triangle pixel assertion. GPUCanvasContext remains
+unconnected. The existing IOSurface submission helper owns recording/submission
+inside one callback; integration must instead span current-texture acquisition,
+application queue submissions, shared-image end access and versioned publication
+at the frame boundary, without introducing CPU texture readback.
+
+
+### Shared-frame texture expiration
+
+Shared Dawn images can now expire their texture object after EndAccess. Expiry
+is idempotent, refuses active/failed access and prevents later BeginAccess.
+IOSurface submission expires the per-frame texture before marking the image
+ready; queued native work retains the resources it needs. This closes the route
+by which an old canvas texture alias could otherwise submit writes after the
+underlying image allocation becomes eligible for reuse.
+
+The macOS fixture retains an old texture alias, attempts to clear through it
+after frame completion, and requires a native validation error. Creating a view
+alone does not establish invalid submission, so the test records and submits the
+attempted write. The real Ganesh window probe then verifies the original pixels:
+32 rendered frames, one import, completed GPU retirement, zero explicit transport
+copies and four diagnostic readbacks. Physical scanout is not verified. Evidence:
+`evidence/ganesh-host/frame-texture-expiry.json`. This validates native frame
+expiration/presentation; JavaScript GPUCanvasContext remains unconnected.
+
+
+### Handoff after application-owned submission
+
+The IOSurface producer can now publish work already submitted on the device
+queue. This path never resubmits application commands. It verifies device/native
+allocation identity, ends shared access, expires the frame texture, requires
+initialized contents, and waits for queue completion plus its own handoff
+validation scope before exposing a versioned image. Its error scope covers only
+host handoff operations, not application recording or the application's scope
+stack. Publication backpressure still retains the producer through completion.
+
+The macOS fixture now records and submits independently, then invokes this
+handoff. It rejects a foreign allocation before consuming its frame, rejects
+reopening an expired texture, and verifies an expired alias cannot submit writes.
+The real Ganesh window pixel probe passes: 32 frames, one import, completed GPU
+retirement, zero explicit transport copies and four diagnostic readbacks.
+Evidence is in `evidence/ganesh-host/submitted-frame-handoff.json`; physical
+scanout is not verified. This supplies a native canvas frame-boundary primitive.
+JavaScript GPUCanvasContext, host device-feature provisioning and ordinary scene
+consumption remain integration work, not completed by this native fixture.
+
+
+### Imported canvas texture adoption
+
+The native device texture table now accepts an already-created/imported texture
+through a host-only adoption method. It verifies the supplied source device,
+rejects null textures and checks capacity before retaining the object. The host
+importer is responsible for supplying the texture's true source device; this is
+not a JavaScript API. Adoption preserves exact native identity and performs no
+texture allocation or pixel transfer.
+
+The macOS Dawn test verifies missing-source rejection, identity preservation,
+capacity handling, view creation and repeated destruction of an adopted texture.
+Dawn event and V8 runtime tests pass, including the JavaScript offscreen pixel
+test. GPUCanvasContext must still connect this boundary to its current texture
+and shared-frame publication lifecycle.
+
+
+### V8 adoption of imported canvas textures
+
+The internal device bridge can now adopt an imported native texture directly
+into its V8 texture registry. It validates the device brand, checks descriptor
+metadata against native dimensions/format/usage/mips/samples, adopts the native
+reference and rolls back table ownership if wrapping fails. The wrapper retains
+its device and uses the ordinary texture/view implementation. No second texture
+allocation or pixel transfer occurs during adoption.
+
+The macOS runtime test rejects mismatched metadata, verifies exact native
+identity, and accesses metadata/createView from JavaScript on an adopted texture.
+Runtime CTest passes, including the offscreen triangle pixel assertion. The host
+canvas controller still needs to provide/cache this wrapper from getCurrentTexture
+and connect frame expiration/publication to ordinary scene consumption.
+
+
+### Canvas texture descriptor construction
+
+Canvas-specific content validation now restricts the base format to bgra8unorm,
+rgba8unorm or rgba16float and rejects TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT usage. The canvas
+texture descriptor builder copies bitmap width/height, format, usage and view
+formats, preserving zero dimensions and explicit usage rather than adding render
+or host-only flags. Other texture members retain standard defaults.
+
+MacOS runtime tests cover all three base formats, rejected sRGB base formats,
+transient usage, zero dimensions and unchanged explicit usage/defaults. Runtime
+CTest passes. Required-format feature checks must precede this validation;
+native texture validation and presenter capability negotiation still follow.
+These helpers do not expose GPUCanvasContext or establish presenter support for
+all required canvas color/HDR modes.
+
+### Internal GPUCanvasContext and rendered current texture
+
+The host-owned V8 canvas context now implements configure, unconfigure,
+getConfiguration, getCurrentTexture and the canvas getter. It retains the
+configured device, returns fresh configuration snapshots and caches one texture
+wrapper until the host expires the frame, resizes the bitmap or unconfigures.
+Host acquisition feeds the existing native-texture adoption bridge, with no pixel
+transfer in the context. The controller cannot be copied or moved because V8
+receivers carry its address; released receivers are invalidated.
+
+The macOS runtime fixture supplies a diagnostic native-texture allocator. Its
+JavaScript triangle now targets getCurrentTexture, submits through GPUQueue and
+verifies all eight RGBA pixels using explicit diagnostic readback. Coverage also
+checks unconfigured InvalidStateError, snapshot isolation, current-texture
+identity, one acquisition per frame, retirement, resized dimensions and released
+receiver rejection.
+
+This is an internal context milestone, not public canvas integration. Ordinary
+HTMLCanvasElement.getContext, shared IOSurface acquisition/publication and normal
+scene consumption remain unconnected. Presenter feature/color validation,
+invalid-texture and allocation-failure semantics, and host retirement failure
+handling still need qualification before exposing this as a complete API.
+
+### Submitted-frame discard retirement
+
+The IOSurface submission handoff accepts an explicit non-presenting retirement
+for canvas resize/unconfigure. This path ends shared access and expires the
+WebGPU texture, keeps the producer allocation alive through queue completion,
+and then cancels the pool reservation without creating a scene lease. Its
+terminal status is `discarded`; initialization is required for presentation but
+not for a discarded image. Validation and completion failures remain failures.
+
+The native Metal fixture exercises both an uninitialized texture and a texture
+with an application-submitted clear. Both reach discarded status, produce no
+scene image, wake once and leave no occupied pool slot after completion. The
+Ganesh window pixel probe still reports 32 frames, one import, completed GPU
+retirement, zero explicit transport copies and four diagnostic readbacks.
+Evidence: `evidence/ganesh-host/submitted-frame-discard.json`. This establishes
+native discard behavior; the JavaScript canvas host is not connected to it yet.
+
+### Reusable IOSurface canvas texture import
+
+`import_dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture` provides the native acquisition operation
+for the upcoming canvas host. It imports the reserved pool frame using the
+caller's texture descriptor, rejects mismatched bitmap dimensions/base format,
+and retains the IOSurface independently through the shared-image owner. It does
+not allocate another pixel store, copy pixels or submit commands. BeginAccess
+and completion-based retirement remain explicit caller responsibilities.
+
+Both the native recording helper and application-submission fixture now use this
+operation. The macOS fixture verifies descriptor mismatch rejection, requested
+usage and allocation identity, then exercises presentation and discard. The
+Ganesh window pixel test passes with 32 frames, one import, zero explicit
+transport copies and four diagnostic readbacks. This importer currently targets
+the negotiated BGRA8 pool; it does not establish RGBA16/HDR support or connect
+ordinary JavaScript canvas acquisition by itself.
+
+### Native canvas frame provider
+
+`dawn_iosurface_canvas_host` now combines the IOSurface pool, descriptor-preserving
+import and submitted-frame retirement. It permits one active current texture,
+reserves one of three pending retirement slots before acquisition, rejects foreign
+texture retirement and exposes completed retained images through `take_ready`.
+Failed/discarded/consumed retirements are pruned on the engine thread. The caller
+must retire the active texture before destroying the provider; pending GPU work
+retains its allocation independently. Scene publication must still filter canvas
+generations and content serials when consuming completed images.
+
+The Metal fixture verifies duplicate acquisition and foreign retirement
+rejection, discarded-frame cleanup, then renders and returns the provider's own
+image to the Ganesh window probe. The probe passes with 32 frames, one import,
+completed GPU retirement, zero explicit transport copies and four diagnostic
+readbacks, including presentation after provider destruction. Ordinary V8 canvas
+host callbacks and scene scheduling still need to be connected to this provider.
+
+### V8 canvas to IOSurface provider bridge
+
+`make_iosurface_webgpu_canvas_host` connects the V8 canvas controller's validate,
+acquire and retire callbacks to the native IOSurface provider. The document
+supplies canvas/generation/content and producer timeline identities; the bridge
+adds bitmap dimensions, alpha mode, color space and orientation. Current
+negotiation is BGRA8, sRGB and standard tone mapping, with native IOSurface and
+MTLSharedEvent capabilities required on the device. Acquisition uses the original
+canvas texture descriptor and retirement hands already-submitted work to the
+provider without resubmission or pixel transport.
+
+A new macOS V8 runtime test requests a fresh Metal adapter/device with those
+private native features, wraps the device, configures the internal canvas and
+clears its current texture from JavaScript through GPUQueue.submit. The resulting
+retained IOSurface image preserves canvas 123, generation 7, content serial 1 and
+4x2 bitmap dimensions. After producer completion, explicit diagnostic IOSurface
+inspection verifies all eight opaque red pixels; this CPU inspection is test-only.
+The private sharing feature names remain absent from the JavaScript feature set.
+Unconfigure/consumer completion leave the provider idle with no occupied image.
+Runtime CTest passes after rebuilding the target.
+
+The test deliberately provisions private device features internally. Ordinary
+requestDevice still needs host capability provisioning, and HTMLCanvasElement
+getContext, automatic frame expiration and normal scene publication remain
+unconnected. This evidence is a JavaScript-to-shared-image milestone, not a
+normal WebScene application or Kestrel pass.
+
+### Host sharing capabilities on JavaScript device requests
+
+The adapter registry accepts an internal canvas-interop policy, defaulting to
+none. With IOSurface selected, native device preparation appends the two required
+sharing capabilities only after browser feature/limit/consumed validation. Missing
+host capabilities reject preparation; JavaScript cannot select this policy or
+request the native features through requiredFeatures. The existing browser
+feature snapshots continue filtering native-only capabilities.
+
+The shared-canvas runtime test now obtains its device through JavaScript
+adapter.requestDevice() with this host policy, instead of making a raw native
+device request. It verifies both native features are enabled, their names remain
+hidden in JavaScript, and an explicit private-feature request rejects TypeError
+without consuming the adapter. The subsequent normal request renders the shared
+canvas and all eight diagnostic pixels pass. Runtime CTest passes after rebuild.
+The ordinary runtime still needs to install the registry with the negotiated host
+policy together with navigator.gpu, getContext and scene/frame scheduling.
+
+### Realm ownership and completion routing
+
+`v8_webgpu_realm` owns discovery, adapter and device registries in dependency
+order, routes completion records to the owning registry, and destroys them in
+reverse dependency order. It carries host interop/backend/preferred-format
+selection into the registries. It does not install globals or decide secure
+context exposure; canvas controllers must retire before this owner is destroyed,
+and the graphics service must outlive it.
+
+The IOSurface runtime fixture now begins with JavaScript GPU.requestAdapter(),
+then adapter.requestDevice(), and uses getPreferredCanvasFormat() to configure
+its internal canvas. No raw native adapter/device request remains in this test.
+It verifies the shared-image pixels and checks that a retained discovery wrapper
+rejects calls after realm destruction. Rebuilt runtime CTest passes. This provides
+the ownership and dispatch unit for runtime installation; navigator exposure and
+normal DOM canvas/frame scheduling are still outstanding.
+
+### Runtime Navigator installation entry point
+
+`v8_dom_runtime::install_webgpu` is a host-only opt-in before application scripts.
+It requires the host's secure-context decision and negotiated interop policy,
+installs a stable navigator.gpu getter, and routes realm completions through the
+runtime's existing graphics task pump. A denied decision returns false without
+initializing graphics. Runtime ownership retires the realm before its graphics
+service and enters the owning isolate during direct destruction.
+
+Navigation explicitly removes the installed GPU property because this runtime
+retains its Navigator object across loads. The next document requires another
+host installation decision. Explicit shutdown invalidates retained GPU receivers.
+Tests cover denied exposure, stable identity, actual JavaScript adapter/device
+creation through the ordinary runtime task pump, navigation/removal/reinstall,
+shutdown and direct destruction with a live realm. Rebuilt runtime CTest passes;
+the V8-disabled native library also builds successfully.
+
+This is an integration entry point, not automatic enablement in desktop hosts.
+The host's origin/secure-context computation and full Navigator/WebIDL semantics
+still need qualification. HTMLCanvasElement.getContext, automatic GPU frame
+expiration and normal scene presentation are still pending; installing discovery
+alone does not make Kestrel runnable.
+
+### DOM WebGPU canvas binding on the opted-in macOS path
+
+HTMLCanvasElement.getContext("webgpu") now creates the shared IOSurface context
+when the main runtime realm has WebGPU installed with IOSurface interop. It
+returns the same context for repeated calls, preserves the canvas object, and
+locks canvas mode against Canvas 2D. Unconfigure does not release that mode.
+Bitmap dimension setters/attribute resets resize the context and retire its
+current texture, including already-submitted work. The bridge uses the document
+canvas identity/generation/content serial and a runtime producer timeline.
+The trusted DOMException constructor is retained at installation rather than
+looked up again during application calls.
+
+The runtime test obtains a normal DOM canvas, configures it with the device from
+navigator.gpu, submits a clear, then resizes and verifies a replacement texture's
+dimensions. It checks both directions of 2D/WebGPU exclusion and mode retention
+after unconfigure. Rebuilt runtime CTest passes. Canvas controllers retire before
+the realm during navigation and destruction.
+
+This initial integration retains canvas controllers until document retirement
+and uses a 64 MiB per-canvas pool cap. Detached-canvas collection, aggregate
+resource budgeting, subframe exposure and failure semantics remain qualification
+work. Automatic frame expiration/scene publication and normal presenter
+consumption are not connected yet, so this is not a visible application pass.
+
+### Rendering opportunities and completed scene publication
+
+An acquired current texture now contributes to host frame demand even without
+requestAnimationFrame. At a signaled rendering opportunity, the runtime expires
+current textures after the last due RAF callback and hands already-submitted work
+to the provider. Completed provider retirements participate in task readiness;
+the normal task pump publishes matching canvas/generation/content versions into
+the document. Stale versions are dropped before publication. No GPU completion
+wait or pixel readback is introduced in this production path.
+
+Configure/unconfigure invalidate the document's displayed image and advance its
+content version so an older pending completion cannot restore it. Published
+unchanged content requests no further frame. Navigation clears pending rendering
+opportunity state along with canvas controllers.
+
+The macOS runtime test draws through a real DOM canvas without RAF, signals a
+host rendering opportunity and obtains the resulting document scene image. A
+post-completion diagnostic IOSurface read verifies all 16 opaque red pixels in
+the 8x2 image. It verifies automatic current-texture expiration, zero idle frame
+demand, image removal on unconfigure and current-texture identity across two RAF
+callbacks in one rendering opportunity. Runtime CTest passes after rebuild; the
+V8-disabled native library also builds. Normal desktop host enablement and
+managed v3 scene consumption remain outstanding, so this is document scene
+publication evidence rather than a visible WebGPU application qualification.
+
+### Managed scene image ownership for Ganesh
+
+`NativeMacOSGpuSceneImages` captures indexed GPU image leases from a v3 scene
+(or retains a supplied list), rolling back earlier captures if a later one fails.
+It validates the negotiated image metadata, prepares every import before replay,
+and retains completed imports across admission retries and unchanged renders.
+Drawing resolves scene image indices; retirement releases unused CPU leases and
+keeps imported resources until their host GPU fences complete. Callers must keep
+the owner through successful TryComplete; it deliberately does not equate
+managed disposal/finalization with GPU completion.
+
+The Ganesh window probe now uses this owner and passes its four destination-pixel
+checks across 32 frames with one import, completed retirement and zero explicit
+transport copies. A native managed integration test verifies rollback when a
+later source has been disposed: one passed, zero skipped on macOS/net10.0.
+The probe builds with zero warnings. Normal scene acquisition, old/new scene
+replacement and shutdown scheduling still need to adopt this owner in the
+production composition handler; this does not yet enable ordinary GPU scenes.
+
+### Bounded managed image-group replacement
+
+`NativeMacOSGpuScenePresenter` holds one current image group and at most two
+retiring groups. Replacement transfers ownership only when a retirement slot is
+available; otherwise the caller retains the candidate. Preparation drains old
+groups under the host graphics lease, prepares the current group and preserves
+its imports across unchanged draws. Shutdown stops admission and requires host
+graphics callbacks until every group has completed retirement. Unimported rejected
+candidates can now use DiscardUnprepared to release CPU leases without a graphics
+context; imported groups must use fence-based retirement.
+
+The Ganesh window probe replaces its image group after 16 frames and checks four
+destination pixels both before and after replacement. It retains the same source
+image into the replacement group; this tests ownership replacement, not distinct
+new image contents or cross-scene import deduplication. The run completes 32
+frames, two imports, eight diagnostic readbacks, zero explicit transport copies
+and successful retirement of both groups. Evidence is recorded in
+`evidence/ganesh-host/scene-image-replacement.json`. Two native managed tests pass
+with zero skips for capture rollback and unimported-candidate release. Probe
+build has zero warnings. Production composition-handler acquisition/replacement
+and shutdown scheduling still need to call this owner.
+
+### Transactional v3 scene application
+
+The managed GPU presenter can now apply a v3 scene while holding its SafeHandle
+view: it validates version/capabilities and CPU scene shape, retains all indexed
+images, verifies GPU command indices, applies the renderer diff, commits image
+bindings and only then acknowledges the native scene. Admission backpressure
+leaves the renderer and caller's scene lease unchanged. Rejected candidates
+release their unimported leases. A presenter with no imported groups can stop
+synchronously via TryDiscardUnprepared; imported groups still require host
+context retirement.
+
+A managed/native test applies and acknowledges an actual engine bootstrap v3
+scene, then verifies synchronous unimported cleanup and stopped admission. It
+passes on macOS/net10.0 with one pass and zero skips. This bootstrap scene has no
+GPU images; actual image import/draw/retirement remains covered separately by the
+window probe and native image tests. The normal composition handler is not opted
+in yet: its current Stop path removes the visual without guaranteeing later GPU
+retirement callbacks. That lifecycle must be connected before enabling GPU scene
+admission there.
+
+### Retirement after visual detach
+
+The pinned Avalonia 11.3.4 implementation establishes the locking contract needed
+for detached cleanup: [native CGL MakeCurrent](https://github.com/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia/blob/11.3.4/native/Avalonia.Native/src/OSX/cgl.mm)
+locks/restores the native context, and [Skia DrawingContextImpl](https://github.com/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia/blob/11.3.4/src/Skia/Avalonia.Skia/DrawingContextImpl.cs)
+holds the GRContext monitor while drawing. Its platform API lease flushes Skia
+before raw GL access and resets the state cache afterward. The public host
+IGlContext.EnsureCurrent operation reaches that native context lock.
+
+Retained images and image groups now support retirement without a visual drawing
+lease. After exclusive ownership transfers away from the rendering path, cleanup
+acquires EnsureCurrent, then the GRContext monitor in Avalonia's order, releases
+SKImage references, flushes pending reads, inserts/polls the GL fence with zero
+GPU-wait timeout, and resets Skia's state cache. Context mismatch/loss fails while
+retaining consumer ownership; it never fabricates GPU completion. The host must
+keep its graphics context alive until cleanup completes. Concurrent framework
+context destruction and device-loss recovery remain qualification work.
+
+The window probe's --detach-before-retirement mode removes its control from the
+window after 32 frames, suppresses subsequent draw callbacks, and retires on a
+worker that is asserted different from the rendering thread. It passes with two
+imports, eight diagnostic destination-pixel checks, zero explicit transport
+copies and completed GPU retirement. Evidence is
+`evidence/ganesh-host/detached-retirement.json`; probe build has zero warnings.
+Production stop must still transfer ownership to this path before normal GPU
+scene admission is enabled.
+
+### Opt-in composition-handler GPU path
+
+NativeSceneCompositionHandler now has explicit macOS GPU admission (default
+false). The admitted branch acquires ordered v3 scenes with image/ordered-canvas
+capabilities, applies transactional image bindings, prepares imports under the
+Skia lease and supplies indexed GPU drawing during retained replay. Admission
+backpressure keeps the publication edge available while rendering drains old
+retirements. GPU-only work can request full invalidation when CPU damage is empty.
+The legacy CPU acquisition path remains the default.
+
+Stop removes the handler's presenter reference and transfers exclusive ownership
+to NativeMacOSGpuRetirement. That service roots the owner independently of the
+removed visual, polls detached retirement on a worker, and removes the root only
+on completion. Failure/15-second timeout is traced and leaves resources retained
+for diagnosis rather than fabricating completion. Framework context lifetime,
+failed-owner recovery and final application shutdown coordination still require
+qualification; the service is not a claim of complete device-loss handling.
+
+The detach window probe now uses this service and verifies its retained count
+returns to zero after completion: 32 frames, two imports, eight diagnostic pixel
+checks and zero explicit transport copies. Three native ownership/application
+tests and 21 damage/mailbox policy tests pass with zero skips on macOS/net10.0;
+probe build has zero warnings. These tests do not yet drive the admitted handler
+with a normal GPU-producing engine. Desktop negotiation/engine enablement,
+ordinary full-path rendering, captures/frozen scenes and Uno remain outstanding.
+
+### Per-document native host admission (2026-09-08)
+
+The optional tail of `webscene_engine_options` now accepts a WebGPU policy
+callback. On graphics-enabled macOS the runtime evaluates it for the initial
+about:blank document and each successfully resolved main-document navigation,
+before application scripts. IOSurface admission is an explicit host assertion
+that the document is trusted/secure and the scene consumer supports GPU images.
+Unknown values deny admission. Older options sizes retain their previous
+stylesheet callback boundary and do not read the new fields.
+
+The runtime regression verifies denial on the initial document, admission
+visible to inline scripts, preservation after a failed resource load, and
+removal before scripts in a subsequently denied document. The graphics-enabled
+runtime test passed; the graphics-disabled native engine also built. This does
+not yet validate the C callback through a GPU-producing engine, managed callback
+lifetime, ordinary desktop host negotiation, redirects, or full origin isolation.
+The existing navigation implementation reuses the global realm; this hook is
+not a substitute for browser security-context conformance.
+
+The managed `NativeWebSceneApi.EngineCreate` now accepts an optional document
+admission delegate and marshals the native policy tail. Its existing resource
+bridge roots the delegate until native engine destruction; the static reverse
+P/Invoke delegate is also rooted. Exceptions deny admission, and non-macOS
+bridges cannot approve this IOSurface route. A native integration test passed
+with no skips, verifying the initial URL, runtime-worker invocation, successful
+admission, and safe teardown when the policy throws. The GPU host probe builds.
+The normal surface still needs producer/consumer negotiation before enabling
+this option; the callback test does not establish end-to-end window rendering.
+
+### Ordinary WebScene document window (2026-09-08)
+
+The opt-in NativeWebSceneView constructor now connects its host admission
+delegate and GPU composition consumer. The --webgpu-document host probe loads
+HTML through that view, requests an adapter/device, clears a 256x128 canvas, and
+submits it. The macOS window visibly displays the green canvas; screenshot:
+evidence/webgpu-document/macos-clear.png. Runtime diagnostics confirmed GPU
+exposure, submission, and RAF execution. Temporary tracing confirmed one
+scene image imported and drawn at 256x128; tracing was removed.
+
+This exposed and fixed ordinary task pumping failing to end GPU rendering
+opportunities (only the resize-specialized pump previously did so). The native
+runtime pixel-publication regression now uses the ordinary task pump and passes.
+Explicit CSS display:block and dimensions are currently needed by this demo:
+default inline canvas layout emitted a zero-sized GPU paint rectangle and is
+still an open defect. This screenshot proves a clear pass in the ordinary view,
+not Kestrel, full WebGPU support, calibrated color correctness, or lifecycle
+qualification. The demo's admission callback approves only its generated local
+document; it is an explicit trusted test host.
+
+Follow-up: the zero-sized inline canvas defect is fixed. The flattened text-run
+layout path now rejects replaced elements, preserving their intrinsic boxes
+through general inline layout. A regression verifies a canvas nested in a span,
+256x128 attribute dimensions, and 300x150 defaults after removing attributes.
+The native runtime suite passes. The demo no longer supplies CSS dimensions
+or display:block; the window again visibly renders the green canvas, captured
+in evidence/webgpu-document/macos-intrinsic-canvas.png. The managed probe builds
+with zero warnings/errors. Broader replaced-element layout conformance remains
+separate from these focused canvas checks.
+
+### Shader triangle in ordinary view (2026-09-08)
+
+The --webgpu-document demo now draws a 400x240 interpolated-color triangle.
+Its JavaScript creates a WGSL shader module and an automatic-layout render
+pipeline, sets that pipeline on a render pass, and draws three vertices before
+queue submission. The normal macOS NativeWebSceneView visibly renders the
+triangle (evidence/webgpu-document/macos-triangle.png). Runtime evaluation
+reports GPU exposure, submission, and RAF completion without a demo error.
+The managed probe builds with no warnings/errors. This is visual end-to-end
+evidence for the basic shader/draw route; it does not qualify exact color
+management, continuous frame replacement, or full WebGPU conformance.
+
+### Resize and repeated-frame probes (2026-09-08)
+
+The document demo now updates its canvas backing size from innerWidth/innerHeight
+on window resize and schedules a redraw. --resize-webgpu drives 640x360,
+280x180, 520x320, then 400x240 at 500ms intervals. The observed run submitted
+five frames, ended with a 400x240 backing store, reported no demo error, and
+visibly displayed the final triangle (macos-resize-final.png). This verifies
+discrete resizing and final output, not smooth live dragging, Retina backing
+resolution, or resize during sustained rendering.
+
+--stress-webgpu requests 120 RAF-driven frames and currently FAILS: one run
+stopped at three frames with canvas texture acquisition unavailable; another
+stopped at fifty with texture-view wrapper capacity exhausted. Temporary scene
+tracing also found many zero-image scenes between completed GPU images.
+Current generation/content-serial filtering excludes the previous completed
+image as soon as the next texture is acquired; retaining the last completed
+image until replacement needs an explicit invalidation/serial contract.
+These failures remain open; the stress mode is separate from the default demo.
+No continuous-rendering or smooth-resize acceptance is claimed.
+
+### Completed image retention (2026-09-08)
+
+Canvas backing now records the earliest content serial allowed after a bitmap
+reset. Acquiring a newer frame advances the current serial without invalidating
+an older completed image. Scene capture and painting accept completed images
+within this interval; publication rejects regressions. Configure/unconfigure
+advance the reset floor, including same-size resets, so delayed completions
+cannot resurrect invalidated content. The runtime regression verifies next-frame
+acquisition retains eligibility and unconfigure rejects the old image; the
+runtime suite passes. Image-pool and wrapper-capacity stress failures remain
+unresolved and must still be retested/fixed.
+
+Unchanged Kestrel-CAD from the supplied archive remains the application acceptance
+test. The clear/triangle/resize probes are diagnostic fixtures and must not be
+counted as Kestrel compatibility or epic completion.
+
+### Wrapper release pressure recovery (2026-09-08)
+
+Labeled GPU-resource wrapping now makes one V8 reclamation attempt when the
+bounded release-ticket pool is full, then drains only releases whose accepted
+command-prefix barrier is already satisfied and retries reservation. This
+does not dispatch queued commands or JS completions. Weak callbacks still only
+publish tickets; native GPU releases occur afterward on the runtime owner.
+Reachable wrappers remain rooted and capacity remains bounded.
+
+The runtime regression creates 300 unreachable texture views across evaluation
+scopes while retaining another view, then verifies the retained view's label
+still works. The complete runtime suite passes. This is a pressure fallback,
+not a performance-qualified GC scheduling policy; latency and native-memory
+accounting still need qualification. The normal-window stress rerun still
+failed after three frames with canvas texture acquisition unavailable, so
+continuous rendering remains unqualified independently of this ticket fix.
+
+### RAF canvas-capacity admission (2026-09-08)
+
+The runtime now defers releasing a new RAF batch when a configured GPU canvas
+has no current texture and its bounded provider cannot acquire an image.
+Already-acquired textures still receive their end-of-frame opportunity. Pending
+callbacks keep their waiting deadline and are reconsidered at a later host
+frame; this adds no GPU wait, readback, or storage. Provider readiness accounts
+for both the three image slots and submission retirement slots.
+
+Native runtime tests pass. After rebuilding, --webgpu-document --stress-webgpu
+--resize-webgpu completed 124 submissions without a demo error and ended at
+400x240 after the four-size sequence. Extra submissions come from resize redraws.
+The probe now waits up to ten seconds for stress completion/error before reporting.
+This verifies producer progress through combined rendering and discrete resizing,
+not display of every submitted frame or live-drag timing. Non-RAF acquisition
+under pressure, multi-canvas fairness, device loss, Retina resolution, and
+smooth-presentation qualification remain open.
+
+### Original Kestrel startup acceptance baseline (2026-09-08)
+
+Run the host probe with --webgpu-document --kestrel /path/to/Kestrel-CAD.zip
+--verify-kestrel, with WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY pointing to the graphics
+runtime. The harness extracts the standalone HTML unchanged, reports its SHA256,
+loads it through the normal GPU-enabled NativeWebSceneView, inspects the app's
+own readiness/backend label and history, disposes the view, and returns failure
+unless Kestrel reports WebGPU startup. Without --verify-kestrel the window stays
+open for investigation. This startup check does not replace interaction,
+geometry, export, resize, or performance acceptance.
+
+The supplied original document starts but selects Canvas 2D compatibility:
+"d.pushErrorScope is not a function". The real startup check returned exit 1.
+The failure baseline and original hash are in evidence/kestrel/startup.json.
+GPUDevice error scopes are the first observed WebGPU initialization blocker.
+
+### GPUDevice.pushErrorScope (2026-09-08)
+
+The device binding now implements pushErrorScope with required-argument checks,
+WebIDL string conversion, exact validation/out-of-memory/internal filters,
+receiver revalidation after conversion, and Dawn PushErrorScope forwarding.
+Tests cover method arity, invalid filters and receivers, one conversion call,
+exception propagation, and a JavaScript-pushed scope capturing a Dawn-injected
+validation error retrieved through native PopErrorScope. The runtime suite passes.
+The asynchronous JavaScript popErrorScope API and WebGPU error object types
+remain unimplemented; this is not complete error-scope support.
+
+Unchanged Kestrel startup was rerun and still returned exit 1, now reporting
+"shader.getCompilationInfo is not a function" as its Canvas 2D fallback reason.
+The original document hash is unchanged. This is the next observed startup gap.
+
+### Owned shader diagnostic snapshots (2026-09-08)
+
+webgpu_compilation_info copies Dawn callback messages and source positions into
+owned storage with message-count and aggregate-text budgets. It rejects excess
+data instead of silently reporting an incomplete successful result. Tests verify
+copy independence, explicit-length and NUL-terminated text, both budgets, and
+a real invalid WGSL module delivering an error through Dawn GetCompilationInfo.
+The native runtime suite passes.
+
+This is the native data-lifetime component for getCompilationInfo, not the
+JavaScript API. Promise/mailbox routing, cancellation/realm teardown,
+GPUCompilationInfo/GPUCompilationMessage objects, and UTF-16 position mapping
+remain required. Kestrel's missing getCompilationInfo failure remains open.
+
+Diagnostic coordinate follow-up: the pinned Dawn CompilationMessages.cpp already
+attaches DawnCompilationMessageUtf16 to every diagnostic. Owned snapshots now
+preserve those UTF-16 coordinates separately from base byte offsets, with bounded
+extension traversal and duplicate rejection. A real invalid WGSL shader containing
+a supplementary Unicode character before the error verifies that the captured
+byte and UTF-16 offsets differ correctly. The runtime suite passes. This avoids
+reimplementing source mapping in WebScene; V8 delivery must use the UTF-16 fields
+and must not silently substitute byte offsets if the extension is unavailable.
+
+### Asynchronous getCompilationInfo delivery (2026-09-08)
+
+GPUShaderModule.getCompilationInfo now returns a fresh promise, retains its
+shader during the request, copies Dawn diagnostics in a native-only callback,
+and settles through the existing completion mailbox on the runtime thread.
+Requests are bounded; teardown cancels their mailbox owner and rejects pending
+promises. Results expose diagnostic text/type and UTF-16 source positions with
+a frozen messages array. Tests cover valid and invalid WGSL, concurrent requests,
+fresh promises, receiver rejection, and delivery through ordinary task pumping;
+the runtime suite passes.
+
+Full WebIDL object branding/prototype placement, specified failure exception
+types, exhaustive allocation failure and teardown-race tests remain required.
+These result objects currently use read-only own properties, not the final
+GPUCompilationInfo/GPUCompilationMessage interface prototypes. This is functional
+delivery, not a full conformance claim.
+
+The unchanged Kestrel check still exits 1, now with "GPUBufferUsage is not defined".
+Its shader diagnostic step completes and initialization advances to buffer setup.
+
+### WebGPU flag namespaces (2026-09-08)
+
+Host-approved installation now exposes GPUBufferUsage, GPUTextureUsage,
+GPUMapMode, GPUShaderStage, and GPUColorWrite. Namespace constants are enumerable,
+non-writable and non-configurable; namespace globals are non-enumerable and
+carry their toStringTag. Navigation retirement removes their global bindings.
+Values follow the WebGPU draft: https://www.w3.org/TR/2026/CRD-webgpu-20260820/
+Tests verify every defined value/property descriptor, tags, and navigation
+removal; the native runtime suite passes. Worker exposure and full namespace
+WebIDL harness qualification remain part of the broader conformance work.
+
+Unchanged Kestrel was rerun and exits 1 with "d.createBindGroupLayout is not a
+function". Buffer setup now advances to explicit binding-layout creation.
+
+### Explicit layout native ownership (2026-09-08)
+
+Dawn devices now own bounded bind-group-layout and pipeline-layout tables with
+guarded access, close protection, native-reference conversion, distinct internal
+V8 brands, and deferred release commands. Tests create a uniform-buffer binding
+layout, use it to create a pipeline layout, release the original binding handle,
+and retain the native pipeline layout. They also verify scope guards, wrong-brand
+rejection, and deferred wrapper release. The runtime suite passes. Resource-count
+assertions now compare against their actual pre-script baseline rather than
+assuming earlier queued releases have not run.
+
+JavaScript createBindGroupLayout/createPipelineLayout descriptor conversion and
+exposure remain unimplemented; Kestrel's observed binding-layout failure remains
+open. The two tables currently use the existing pipeline-capacity setting.
+
+### createBindGroupLayout (2026-09-08)
+
+GPUDevice now exposes createBindGroupLayout with owned descriptor conversion,
+iterable entries, required binding/visibility fields, the five binding variants,
+native default values, and call-scoped external-texture chains. Binding enum
+tables are generated and checked against the pinned WebIDL. Semantic validation
+of incompatible/multiple entries remains with Dawn after conversion.
+
+Tests cover native wrapper identity/labels, missing and invalid fields, Set
+iteration, every variant/default, external chains, and nested getter order.
+The native runtime suite and generated-binding check pass. This does not claim
+external-texture resource support or exhaustive bind-group-layout conformance.
+
+Unchanged Kestrel startup still exits 1, now reporting "d.createBindGroup is not
+a function". Its layout creation step advances successfully to resource binding.
+
+### Bind-group ownership foundation (2026-09-08)
+
+Added bounded native bind-group handles, access guards, deferred release and a
+distinct GPUBindGroup wrapper brand. The runtime suite passes with a uniform
+buffer binding, release of the original buffer/layout handles, guarded device
+closure, brand rejection and deferred wrapper retirement. This establishes
+resource ownership; JavaScript createBindGroup conversion/exposure is still
+pending, so Kestrel remains a failing acceptance test at that API.
+
+The unchanged original Kestrel archive remains mandatory acceptance evidence.
+Triangle and synthetic resize probes do not replace successful Kestrel WebGPU
+startup, app interaction and resize verification.
+
+### createBindGroup (2026-09-08)
+
+GPUDevice exposes createBindGroup with iterable entries, ordered dictionary
+conversion, retained native resources and a device-retaining GPUBindGroup
+wrapper. Binding resources currently support GPUBuffer, GPUBufferBinding,
+GPUTextureView and GPUTexture (default view). Brand inspection does not invoke
+JavaScript or use exceptions for normal union dispatch. Sampler and external
+texture resource APIs remain outstanding; this is not complete union support.
+
+Tests cover labels, arity, receiver rejection, getter order and exceptions,
+required fields, wrong layout/resource brands, invalid offsets, direct buffers,
+texture views and textures. Native ownership/deferred retirement coverage is
+recorded above. Semantic resource/layout validation remains in Dawn.
+
+The unchanged Kestrel document (SHA256
+0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563)
+now gets past createBindGroup and reports “d.createPipelineLayout is not a
+function”. Its startup probe still exits 1 with Canvas 2D compatibility fallback.
+
+### Explicit pipeline layouts (2026-09-08)
+
+GPUDevice exposes createPipelineLayout with an owned label, iterable nullable
+bind-group layouts and immediateSize conversion. Native layout references are
+retained across later getters. Render-pipeline descriptors and shader compilation
+hints now recognize the distinct GPUPipelineLayout wrapper. Tests cover getter
+order, labels, arity, missing/wrong layout values, invalid sizes, throwing getters,
+nullable entries and explicit render-pipeline creation. The native runtime suite
+passes. These checks do not establish complete validation or conformance.
+
+Unchanged Kestrel now advances to “d.popErrorScope is not a function”. Its
+startup verification still exits 1 with Canvas 2D fallback; asynchronous error
+scope delivery is next. Validation errors collected in its pushed scope have
+not yet been exposed by the JavaScript API, so advancing through the creation
+calls alone does not prove its pipelines are valid.
+
+### Error scope completion (2026-09-08)
+
+GPUDevice.popErrorScope now returns a fresh promise and uses the native
+completion mailbox to settle it on the engine thread. Callback-owned messages
+are copied with a 1 MiB limit; pending requests are bounded and retain their
+device wrapper. Clean scopes resolve null, native validation/out-of-memory/
+internal errors become their GPUError subclasses, and failed pops reject with
+OperationError. Realm teardown cancels pending delivery. GPUError has a branded
+message getter and nonconstructible base; subclasses provide DOMString
+constructors and inheritance. Their globals are removed on policy retirement.
+
+Tests exercise empty-stack rejection, wrong receivers, concurrent nested scopes,
+a real invalid Dawn buffer descriptor, clean completion, constructors, message
+branding and inheritance. The runtime suite passes. The larger fixture also
+needed unique completion IDs: fixed numeric IDs collided with generated request
+IDs after this addition and dispatched to a retired fixture request. It now
+allocates its IDs through new_owner_token. Temporary crash diagnostics were
+removed after verifying that root cause.
+
+Unchanged Kestrel advances through popErrorScope to “d.addEventListener is not a
+function”. Startup still exits 1 with Canvas 2D fallback. GPUDevice EventTarget,
+uncaptured error events and device-loss delivery remain outstanding. Exhaustive
+teardown races, allocation-failure behavior and WebIDL/CTS conformance remain
+qualification work; passing these tests does not close those requirements.
+
+### GPUDevice EventTarget integration (2026-09-08)
+
+The normal generated-DOM runtime passes its native EventTarget template into
+the GPUDevice factory. Device wrappers inherit that template and prototype,
+while a private target identity connects them to the existing listener registry.
+This avoids duplicating event dispatch and keeps the GPU ownership fields
+separate from DOM node identity. Standalone dispatch skips DOM-node unwrapping;
+the generated identity helper also checks internal-field value types before
+reading them. The generator source and checked-in output were updated together.
+
+GPU runtime tests cover EventTarget inheritance, target/currentTarget/this,
+duplicate registration, removal, once and isolation from window listeners.
+The runtime suite and generated-binding checks pass. Native uncaptured-error
+events, onuncapturederror and comprehensive listener lifetime/DOM conformance
+qualification are still outstanding. Internal factories without a host
+EventTarget template retain their previous restricted surface.
+
+The unchanged Kestrel startup test now gets through addEventListener and fails
+on d.lost.then: the device-loss promise is not exposed yet. The probe reports
+Canvas 2D compatibility and exits 1. This remains a failed real-app acceptance
+test, not a completed WebGPU application run.
+
+The broader native-engine suite initially failed its detached-DOM GC deadline
+(before=622, after=657). A rebuilt prior-commit baseline passed; rebuilding the
+current changes and rerunning both native-engine and GPU runtime suites also
+passed (12.44 seconds combined). No GC assertion was weakened. The initial
+failure remains unresolved intermittent evidence, not a proven GC fix.
+
+### Device-loss promise and dormant completions (2026-09-08)
+
+Browser device requests now configure Dawn's loss callback and pass its owned
+signal into the adopted device. The signal captures reason and bounded message
+bytes on the native callback thread, handles loss before subscription, and
+publishes at most once. GPUDevice.lost returns a stable promise; engine-thread
+delivery resolves it with a branded GPUDeviceLostInfo (destroyed or unknown
+reason and message). Explicit destruction is covered by a real Dawn test.
+
+Lifetime callbacks reserve dormant completion slots: they remain bounded and
+wake the engine on publication but do not cause periodic event polling. Normal
+operations retain polling behavior. Tests cover dormant publication/cancellation,
+early and late loss subscriptions, owned diagnostic data, duplicate suppression,
+promise/result identity, destruction, and interface branding. Completion, graphics
+service and GPU runtime suites pass. Existing teardown fixtures now identify
+their own completion and preserve the baseline slots of live device subscriptions.
+
+Unchanged Kestrel selects WebGPU and reaches rendering, which fails with
+“this.device.queue.writeBuffer is not a function”. The previous startup verifier
+only checked the backend label and incorrectly accepted that run. It now also
+rejects errors logged by the original application's command history. The rebuilt
+probe reports one error and exits 1; this is still a failed acceptance test.
+
+Remaining qualification includes native unexpected-loss rendering recovery,
+loss under memory pressure, listener/GC lifetime, allocation-failure settlement,
+and complete standards coverage. Internal devices adopted without a configured
+loss signal are not qualified for device.lost delivery. Native uncaptured-error
+events are also still outstanding.
+
+### GPUQueue.writeBuffer (2026-09-08)
+
+writeBuffer now converts destination/source offsets in argument order, supports
+ArrayBuffer, DataView, typed arrays and shared buffer sources, and preserves
+typed-array element units versus byte units. Source bounds/alignment failures
+throw OperationError; numeric/interface conversion failures throw TypeError.
+Dawn handles destination alignment, usage, mapping and bounds validation.
+Conversion and range handling follow the [WebGPU queue API](https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/#dom-gpuqueue-writebuffer)
+and were compared with the pinned Dawn node binding.
+
+Normal fixed ArrayBuffer sources are passed directly to Dawn's synchronous
+WriteBuffer snapshot; no additional browser-side staging copy is introduced.
+Shared sources use an atomic-byte snapshot before that call. Data is rechecked
+after coercion, rejecting detached and resizable backing stores. This is buffer
+upload functionality and does not add pixel readback to canvas composition.
+
+GPU runtime tests verify actual bytes through MAP_READ after typed subarray,
+DataView, raw/shared buffer writes and immediate source mutation. They also
+cover invalid ranges, conversion exceptions, native validation, and detachment
+during offset coercion. Full concurrent shared-memory stress, allocation-budget
+qualification and standards conformance remain outstanding.
+
+Unchanged Kestrel now advances to “pass.setBindGroup is not a function”. The
+probe still reports one application render error and exits 1. WebGPU backend
+selection alone remains insufficient for Kestrel acceptance.
+
+### Render-pass bindings and first original Kestrel render (2026-09-08)
+
+GPURenderPassEncoder now exposes setBindGroup (iterable offsets and the shared
+Uint32Array range overload) and setVertexBuffer. Conversion retains native
+resources across getters, enforces numeric ranges, snapshots dynamic offsets,
+and rechecks backing stores after coercion. Typed ranges reject out-of-bounds
+access with RangeError; nullable bindings and default vertex ranges are passed
+to Dawn. Native layout, usage and command-state validation remains in Dawn.
+
+The existing diagnostic pixel test now gets vertex positions from a buffer at
+a nonzero byte offset and red fragment color from a uniform binding at dynamic
+offset 256. It exercises Set iteration, typed subranges and shared offsets, and
+checks the rendered red pixels. Invalid interfaces, numeric/range conversion and
+iterator exceptions are also covered. The GPU runtime suite passes.
+
+The unchanged Kestrel document now passes its startup/initial-render check with
+WebGPU selected and zero logged application errors. The actual floor plan was
+visually inspected in NativeWebSceneView; screenshots are in
+[evidence/kestrel/macos-first-webgpu.png](evidence/kestrel/macos-first-webgpu.png)
+and [evidence/kestrel/macos-resized-webgpu.png](evidence/kestrel/macos-resized-webgpu.png).
+The host now opens Kestrel at 1280x800. The --resize-kestrel probe option samples
+980x680, 1440x900, 1100x740 and 1280x800 with 750 ms settling intervals. All four
+reported WebGPU and zero application errors; canvas backing dimensions matched
+2x the reported CSS dimensions. The final floor plan remained visible.
+
+This is initial real-app rendering evidence, not full Kestrel acceptance. The
+screenshots show UI layout/clipping defects and missing/incorrect toolbar and
+layer presentation. Canvas height also remained at 614 CSS pixels during the
+later shrink steps; complete resize/layout behavior needs investigation. Live
+drag smoothness, interaction, editing, export, all render paths, native uncaptured
+errors, WebGL fallback and cross-platform qualification remain open. Measurements
+and original-document hash are recorded in first-render-and-resize.json.
+
+### Original Kestrel view transitions (2026-09-08)
+
+The --exercise-kestrel probe option dispatches change events through the original
+view and visual-style controls. It samples iso/shaded-edges, front/shaded,
+iso/xray, top/wireframe and iso/shaded-edges, with 750 ms between changes.
+All five stages reported WebGPU and zero application errors. A separate run
+with --verify-kestrel passed the startup/error-history gate. The final isometric
+viewport was visually inspected and is visibly different from the top view.
+Evidence is in view-transitions.json and macos-isometric-webgpu.png. The original
+archive document is still extracted without modifications.
+
+This extends real-app evidence beyond startup but is a scripted DOM-event smoke
+test. It does not prove native pointer delivery, editing, export, shaded mesh
+rendering (the sample drawing is flat), or correct UI layout. The existing
+clipping/toolbar/layer presentation defects remain visible.
+
+### Original Kestrel native-input editing (2026-09-08)
+
+The --edit-kestrel probe option focuses the original command field, sends text
+through NativeSceneSurface.SubmitText, and queues native Enter down/up events.
+It creates a line, undoes it, redoes it, and undoes it again. Each step asserts
+its expected object count relative to the initial document. Observed counts
+were 265 → 266 → 265 → 266 → 265; every stage reported WebGPU and zero logged
+errors, and --verify-kestrel exited 0. The probe build passed. Measurements and
+command history are in evidence/kestrel/native-command-edits.json.
+
+An earlier attempt using new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {key:'Enter'}) correctly
+failed the count assertion: KeyboardEvent is currently aliased to Event and
+does not preserve key initialization. That standards gap remains open; using
+the native host input route is not a fix for synthetic KeyboardEvent. The
+passing test does not qualify OS hardware event delivery, rendered-pixel
+differences after each edit, export, or the remaining editing tools.
+
+### Original Kestrel solid-creation blockers (2026-09-08)
+
+The --mesh-kestrel probe submits BOX through native text/key input, fills the
+original primitive form with a 2000x1500x2500 box, submits it, and asserts that
+the document gained one object. It currently fails: the original application
+logs that showModal is not a function, and form submission reports that
+constructing FormData from a form is unsupported. The object count remains
+265 rather than 266 and the probe exits 1. Its managed build passes.
+
+Both blockers were traced to current runtime code: no native dialog showModal
+is exposed, and both main/frame FormData constructors explicitly reject form
+arguments. These must be addressed as real browser-stack dependencies for full
+Kestrel acceptance; the probe does not patch the app or inject geometry through
+its internals. GPU solid rendering is not yet assessed by this failed workflow.
+Evidence is in evidence/kestrel/mesh-creation-blockers.json.
+
+### Form-backed FormData dependency (2026-09-08)
+
+The main and frame FormData constructors now collect basic successful form
+controls, preserving document order and duplicate names. Collection uses form
+ownership (including external associated controls), disabled-state matching
+(including fieldset/legend handling), checkbox/radio checked state, selected
+non-disabled options, textarea values and optional submitters. Constructed
+entries snapshot values. Invalid form/submitter interfaces are rejected.
+
+Tests cover duplicate names, disabled fieldsets with first-legend exemption,
+checked and unchecked boxes, multiple-select option filtering, associated
+controls outside the form, textareas, submitter inclusion and snapshot behavior.
+Both native-engine and GPU runtime suites passed (12.85 seconds combined), and
+the managed probe build passed. File controls remain explicitly unsupported;
+FormDataEvent delivery, custom form-associated elements, dirname and full
+standards conformance remain outstanding. This is partial FormData support.
+
+The mesh probe now requires the original dialog's open state before filling or
+submitting it. Its latest run exits 1 at the missing showModal method, preserving
+the real UI prerequisite rather than submitting a hidden form. Kestrel solid
+creation/rendering is still unqualified. Dialog/top-layer support is the next
+identified browser-stack dependency.
+
+### Closed dialog layout dependency (2026-09-08)
+
+Closed dialog elements now default to display:none, with author display styles
+still able to override the default. Adding or removing the open attribute
+triggers style recascade so opening creates a layout box and closing removes
+it. A runtime regression checks computed display and geometry before opening,
+after opening and after closing, plus an explicit author display override.
+The native-engine and GPU runtime suites passed (12.55 seconds combined).
+This is a layout prerequisite only: showModal/close, modal top-layer painting,
+focus and inert input behavior remain outstanding, and the original Kestrel
+solid-creation workflow remains unqualified.
+
+### Native dialog interface dependency (2026-09-08)
+
+HTML dialog nodes now use a generated HTMLDialogElement interface inheriting
+HTMLElement. The open property reflects its boolean attribute, including
+recascade on assignment. Native, lazily allocated dialog state stores
+returnValue independently of attributes and JS wrappers; cloning starts with
+the default empty return value. DOMString conversion preserves NUL and lone
+surrogates and propagates conversion failures without changing the old value.
+The generated DOM interfaces now expose the standard configurable, non-writable,
+non-enumerable Symbol.toStringTag on their prototypes.
+
+Regression coverage checks interface inheritance/tag descriptors, receiver
+brands, open reflection and geometry, returnValue independence, conversion
+failure, string roundtrip and clone behavior. Native-engine and GPU runtime
+suites passed (12.82 seconds combined); generated binding consistency passed.
+The unchanged Kestrel SHA256 remains
+0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563.
+The real mesh probe starts with WebGPU active and zero startup errors, then
+exits 1 at the missing showModal method with modal.open false. No geometry was
+injected and no hidden form submitted. Modal top-layer rendering, focus/inert
+input, show/close/cancel events and complete dialog semantics remain pending.
+The API/state distinction follows the
+[HTML dialog specification](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/interactive-elements.html#the-dialog-element).
+
+### Dialog closing lifecycle dependency (2026-09-08)
+
+The generated dialog interface now exposes close and requestClose. Closing an
+open dialog removes its open attribute, detaches any existing Attr wrapper,
+updates returnValue only when supplied and queues a non-bubbling,
+non-cancelable close event. Closing an already closed dialog does nothing.
+requestClose dispatches a non-bubbling cancelable cancel event and leaves the
+dialog open if the event is prevented. Both methods validate their receiver
+and optional DOMString argument, including conversion failure on closed dialogs.
+
+Queued close events retain their target wrapper until dispatch and are cleared
+on runtime/frame teardown. They participate in the ordinary runtime task pump;
+handler failures report a dialog-specific error. Regression tests exercise
+cancellation, asynchronous dispatch, event flags, duplicate-close suppression,
+return values, omitted arguments, receiver/conversion validation and detached
+Attr state. Native-engine and GPU runtime suites passed (12.72 seconds combined)
+and generated binding consistency passed.
+
+This remains partial dialog support: show/showModal, modal top-layer layout and
+painting, focus restoration, inert background input, Escape/close-watcher
+integration, beforetoggle/toggle events and complete reentrancy/conformance
+coverage are outstanding. Kestrel's original BOX workflow remains blocked at
+showModal; these closing primitives do not establish a working modal workflow.
+
+### Inert input foundation for modal dialogs (2026-09-08)
+
+HTMLElement.inert now reflects the boolean attribute. Native document hit
+testing rejects inert elements and their composed-tree descendants, including
+fixed-position descendants tested separately from normal flow. Runtime focus
+selection excludes these nodes for programmatic focus and Tab navigation.
+Native text dispatch stops editing a control that has become inert, including
+the retained target of a preceding keydown. The shared native is_inert query
+walks composed ancestors, so shadow content inherits the host's inert state.
+
+Tests cover reflection without falsely reflecting inherited state, ordinary
+and shadow focus rejection, fixed-position input/button hit rejection,
+restoration after attribute removal and native text/Tab input. Both native
+suites passed (12.78 seconds); the additional Tab regression passed in the
+GPU runtime suite (0.68 seconds). Generated bindings are consistent.
+The unchanged original Kestrel edit probe also exited 0: LINE, UNDO, REDO,
+UNDO produced object counts 266,265,266,265 with WebGPU active and zero logged
+errors at each step. This is command-state regression evidence, not new
+presented-pixel or modal qualification.
+
+The implementation is an input prerequisite, not complete inert conformance.
+Modal escape from ancestor inertness will be connected to top-layer state;
+accessibility, find-in-page, selection, immediate focus fixup on mutation and
+pointer-capture transitions remain unqualified. showModal and the original
+BOX workflow remain outstanding. See the
+[HTML inert subtree requirements](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/interaction.html#inert-subtrees).
+
+### Native modal ordering and lifetime foundation (2026-09-08)
+
+The native document now owns ordered modal registrations identified by native
+scope/dialog IDs. Registration validates ownership, dialog identity and scope
+connectivity; duplicate registration preserves ordering. Removing the top
+registration restores the preceding modal in the same scope. The inert query
+uses each applicable scope's active modal to block background nodes while
+allowing the modal subtree to escape ancestor inert attributes. An inert
+attribute on the modal itself still applies, and a nested scope cannot escape
+an outer modal that blocks its embedding subtree. Documents without modal
+registrations retain the attribute-only inert query path.
+
+Parser removal, removal of all children and runtime detach handling remove
+registrations for the affected subtree. Native deletion removes invalid IDs,
+and document clear removes all registrations. Regression coverage verifies
+ordering, duplicate registration, restoration, explicit modal inertness,
+nested scopes, ownership/type rejection, detach/reattach, deletion and clear.
+Both native-engine and GPU runtime suites passed (12.97 seconds combined).
+
+This is internal state infrastructure only. No showModal method has been
+exposed and the original Kestrel BOX workflow remains unqualified. Native
+modal paint ordering, out-of-flow layout, hit-test routing into the active
+modal, backdrop, focus entry/restoration and event integration must use this
+state before modal opening is exposed. Cross-frame visual/input behavior and
+full conformance/performance remain unqualified.
+
+### Native modal paint and hit ordering (2026-09-08)
+
+Hit testing now enters an active modal before rejecting its blocked scope as
+inert. This routes controls inside the modal above ordinary/fixed background
+controls, while hits outside its bounds currently return no target. Nested
+scope traversal uses the same routing. Explicit inertness of the modal still
+rejects input, and removing the top registration restores the previous modal's
+hit targets.
+
+Scene building omits registered modal roots from normal DOM and fixed-layer
+passes, then emits them once in registration order. Modal content participates
+in the foreground paint layer used with retained canvases. Ancestor visibility
+inheritance is retained; ordinary ancestor stacking/clip commands do not wrap
+the modal's separate paint pass. Empty modal stacks have an early return on
+the hot lookup path.
+
+Native regression fixtures lay out overlapping controls and verify routing
+above a background with z-index 1000000, blocked background hits, explicit
+inertness and restoration. Serialized scene checks assert exactly one background
+command per modal and background < first modal < second modal in both ordered
+canvas and legacy scene modes. Both native suites passed (12.82 seconds).
+These are native geometry/command-order assertions, not a presented-pixel proof.
+Modal out-of-flow layout/default styles, backdrop, focus entry/restoration,
+showModal and complete events remain pending; Kestrel BOX remains unqualified.
+Cross-frame clipping and modal pointer-capture behavior remain unqualified.
+
+### Positioned auto margins for centered dialogs (2026-09-08)
+
+Both ordinary and grid out-of-flow layout paths now distribute available space
+to auto margins when both opposing insets are specified, after size constraints
+are applied. Equal auto margins center the box; a single auto start margin
+absorbs remaining space after the authored end margin. Oversized boxes preserve
+negative vertical margins; horizontal overflow follows the modeled LTR rule.
+This supports the positioning behavior needed by dialog defaults without
+encoding centering as a Kestrel-specific offset.
+
+Native layout tests cover fixed boxes in block and grid parents at three
+viewport sizes, a single auto margin and oversized geometry. Both native
+suites passed (12.81 seconds). The unchanged Kestrel resize probe exited 0 with
+WebGPU active and zero logged errors at all four sizes. Its canvas metrics
+remain 1110x1006, 1432x1228, 862x1228 and 1112x1228 at DPR 2. In particular,
+canvas CSS height still remains 614 after shrinking from the large window:
+this regression run does not resolve or qualify the outstanding app resize
+layout issue. Modal defaults, focus, showModal and BOX remain pending. RTL,
+vertical writing modes and full positioned-layout conformance remain unqualified.
+The sizing rules are based on
+[CSS positioned layout](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-position-3/#abspos-margins)
+and the existing horizontal LTR model.
+
+
+### White UI investigation: theme and hover reduction (2026-09-08)
+
+Added the local candidate contract `css-root-theme-interaction-recascade.html`
+to exercise Kestrel's dark defaults, conditional light root variables, descendant
+class and focus changes, and testdriver pointer hover while switching themes.
+Both subtests pass against the current macOS native V8 library. The unchanged
+pinned upstream `css/selectors/hover-002.html` also passes both subtests.
+Machine-readable results are in `evidence/kestrel/theme-recascade-subset.json`
+and `evidence/kestrel/upstream-hover-subset.json`.
+
+This rules out the reduced computed-style theme scenario as a reproduction; it
+is not evidence that the reported white painted regions or canvas flicker are
+fixed. Full Kestrel painting, GPU image presentation, and resize remain under
+investigation. The new contract is local coverage, not an upstream WPT import,
+and remains candidate pending broader qualification.
+
+
+### Native wheel zoom diagnostic (2026-09-08)
+
+The original-document probe now accepts `--zoom-kestrel`. It sends forty wheel
+inputs through `NativeSceneSurface.SubmitWheel` at the viewport center, twenty
+in each direction, and observes resize notifications and bitmap attribute
+mutations without changing the source document or replacing application code.
+Observers are disconnected after the run. The macOS run handled all forty events
+(default prevented by the application's viewport handler), reported zero app
+errors, one initial 556x614 resize notification, and no canvas width/height
+mutations. This does not reproduce the hypothesized repeated bitmap reset during
+zoom. Evidence: `evidence/kestrel/native-wheel-zoom-diagnostics.json`.
+
+Build and run with the existing ordinary-view probe commands, adding
+`--zoom-kestrel --verify-kestrel`. The startup verifier remains a startup gate;
+these diagnostics do not certify camera transformations, frame timing, or
+flicker-free presentation. GPU presentation and overlay painting still require
+investigation and captured-frame evidence.
+
+
+### Initial full-document computed-style inspection (2026-09-08)
+
+`--inspect-kestrel-styles` records the real document's root theme, computed
+background/text colors, and geometry for the explorer, viewport, canvas, and
+explorer tabs. The macOS original-document run reports dark theme, transparent
+explorer/canvas backgrounds, dark viewport RGB(18,28,41), and light text. Thus the
+initial computed values inspected do not show a light-theme substitution.
+`evidence/kestrel/native-initial-style-diagnostics.json` records the result.
+This is before interaction, does not inspect every element, and does not prove
+painted pixels agree with computed styles. No visual defect is declared fixed.
+
+
+### Fix print-preview styles leaking from script text (2026-09-08)
+
+The navigation loader scanned raw HTML for `<style>` substrings. Kestrel embeds
+print-preview HTML inside JavaScript; its `svg { background:white }` and fixed
+button positioning incorrectly became document styles. Inline stylesheet
+collection now walks the HTML parser's tree, excluding comments, raw script text
+and template contents. Top-level navigation reuses the existing parsed tree;
+iframe stylesheet preloading currently uses a separate temporary parse (an
+avoidable navigation-time cost to consolidate later, not a per-frame cost).
+
+The native navigation regression covers script strings, comments and templates.
+Both native suites passed in 13.14 seconds. The original Kestrel screenshot
+`evidence/kestrel/macos-print-style-leak-fixed.png` verifies restored toolbar and
+button placement and transparent icon backgrounds. The white explorer list,
+resize defects and GPU pan/zoom smoothness are still unresolved.
+
+The local WPT-style contract `html-script-style-text-is-inert.html` is explicitly
+harnessBlocked: the subset adapter itself regex-extracts comment/template styles
+instead of using the real navigation loader. Its failing result is retained in
+`evidence/kestrel/inert-style-harness-blocked.json`; it is not a conformance pass.
+
+
+### Fix functional border color tokenization (2026-09-08)
+
+Kestrel's layer rows use `border-bottom:1px solid color-mix(in srgb,
+var(--line-soft) 40%,transparent)`. The border shorthand parser split function
+arguments on whitespace and treated `40%` as a new width, losing the color and
+painting a large currentColor border over each row. It now uses balanced
+parenthesis-aware whitespace components, preserving the complete color function.
+
+The local WPT-style candidate `css-border-functional-color-width.html` failed
+before the fix (expected 1px, observed 40px) and passes after it. Result files
+`border-functional-color-before.json` and `border-functional-color-after.json`
+are retained under `evidence/kestrel/`. Both native suites pass (12.06 seconds).
+The fresh unchanged-app screenshot `macos-layer-list-border-fixed.png` confirms
+readable dark layer rows. This is local candidate coverage, not full border/CSS
+conformance or cross-RID qualification. GPU pan/zoom latency and flicker remain
+unqualified and are not claimed fixed by this CSS change.
+
+
+### Zoom performance counters after CSS fixes (2026-09-08)
+
+`--zoom-kestrel` now captures native performance snapshots before input and after
+settling, using IncludeFields so native interop counters are serialized. The
+macOS 40-wheel run consumed every queued input with no drops or script errors.
+Over 1.743 seconds (including a 500ms settle), it invoked 34 application RAF
+callbacks, built/rendered 63 scenes and encountered 18 blocked publication
+attempts. Nineteen scene builds had no damage. Full snapshots and deltas are in
+`evidence/kestrel/native-wheel-zoom-performance.json`.
+
+These counters identify extra publication/render work as an investigation lead;
+they do not establish GPU execution duration, input-to-photon latency, or the
+cause of flickering. Native wheel events and compositor frame inputs both appear
+in total input counts. The next check is whether 2D overlay changes and completed
+GPU images from an application frame are exposed as separate scene revisions.
+
+
+### Confirmed separate GPU/overlay publications (2026-09-08)
+
+A temporary native publication trace during unchanged Kestrel wheel zoom records
+GPU image content serials and retained 2D layer generations in each revision.
+Revision 16 advances overlay 163 from generation 6 to 7 while retaining GPU image
+9 serial 6. Revision 17 advances the overlay again while GPU catches up only to
+serial 7; revision 18 changes GPU serial to 8 with overlay unchanged. Counters
+belong to independent namespaces; the evidence is their transition order, not an
+assumption that their numbers must equal. Full data is retained in
+`evidence/kestrel/split-gpu-overlay-publications.json`. The temporary trace code
+was removed after capture.
+
+This confirms producer scenes can mix the new overlay and earlier geometry.
+It is a concrete flicker mechanism to eliminate, not proof of which revisions
+reached the physical display. The required fix must retain a coherent CPU/2D
+scene with its associated GPU image versions until producer completion, then
+publish them together without CPU pixel copies or synchronous GPU waits. Preserve
+the previous complete frame under backpressure and add a delayed-producer
+regression; merely reducing render callbacks cannot establish coherence.
+
+The writeBuffer regression additionally verifies immediate post-call transfer/detachment of typed-array and raw ArrayBuffer sources, overwrites the transferred storage, and checks the original GPU words through diagnostic mapping. Shared-buffer mutation is also verified after both writes. See `evidence/v8-write-buffer-detachment.json`; cross-worker shared-memory stress remains outstanding.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/webgpu-v8-contract.json b/docs/graphics/webgpu-v8-contract.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c669ab95b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/webgpu-v8-contract.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "package": "@webref/idl",
+  "version": "3.82.1",
+  "file": "webgpu.idl",
+  "sha256": "009934b7965059a9ac5a855b3d809e6f18841ab1021605c84751b6e6aa7f978d",
+  "source": "https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/",
+  "implementedConverters": [
+    "GPURequestAdapterOptions",
+    "GPUBufferDescriptor",
+    "GPUDeviceDescriptor",
+    "GPUQueueDescriptor"
+  ],
+  "browserExposureEnabled": false
+}
diff --git a/docs/graphics/windows-canvas-checkpoints.md b/docs/graphics/windows-canvas-checkpoints.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2b5b933a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/windows-canvas-checkpoints.md
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# Bounded Canvas2D history on the Windows GPU host
+
+The optional incremental Canvas2D backing now checkpoints eligible canvases after
+32,768 retained commands. This fixes the growing annotation history in the
+immutable Kestrel fixture at fractional DPR without rounding its clear rectangle
+or modifying the application.
+
+## Ownership and publication
+
+The renderer captures the current bitmap and replay state under its owning GPU
+lease. On Windows ANGLE it transfers the immutable snapshot to a pending readback
+and inserts a GL fence after flushing Skia work. Later render callbacks poll that
+fence with zero timeout. Once ready, readback runs before submitting new frame
+draws. Reset, generation change or context replacement discards the pending
+snapshot. Hosts without this fence path retain synchronous capture.
+A periodic readback produces an independent CPU image; PNG encoding and
+JSON serialization run on a background task. Only one encoding task is retained
+per renderer. That task never accesses the native engine or GPU context.
+
+On a subsequent render, the composition owner submits the result through
+`webscene_engine_submit_canvas_checkpoint_v3`. The native engine copies the
+payload into a one-entry queue (maximum 32 MiB). Submission success means queued,
+not committed. The worker validates the canvas identity, generation and prefix
+length, then replaces that prefix with a raster/state checkpoint command. It
+preserves later commands, rebuilds their string indices, and advances the canvas
+generation. A reset or an already-applied checkpoint causes stale work to be
+discarded. All existing scene leases continue to own their immutable old data.
+
+The generation change causes the managed renderer to release its old CPU picture
+forest. CPU rendering/export and reconstruction of GPU backing use the raster
+checkpoint plus the remaining commands. Superseded generation string-cache
+entries are removed as well.
+
+Scene payloads still replace the current command window; this change does not
+introduce append-only transport. Because the old prefix is retired, that window
+no longer grows with elapsed drawing time on the eligible path. The 32,768-command
+threshold is a trigger, not an exact hard maximum: commands can arrive while the
+checkpoint is being encoded and applied. Native backpressure and the one-entry
+checkpoint queue bound in-flight work; the long-run probe checks the observed
+retained window stays below twice the trigger.
+
+The scene-storage cache is back to its original 64 MiB budget. Enlarging that
+cache is no longer needed to accommodate Kestrel's ever-growing history.
+
+## Protocol
+
+V3 capability bit 3, `WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_CANVAS_CHECKPOINTS`, is required
+when a scene contains command kind 58. Its resource is UTF-8 JSON, version 1:
+
+* `Png`: base64 PNG of the complete bitmap, preserving alpha.
+* `Matrix`: nine row-major Skia matrix components.
+* `State`: paint, stroke, dash, text, compositing and smoothing state.
+* `Path`: exact float path verbs/points and conic weights, not SVG text conversion.
+* `FillType`: current path fill rule.
+
+Path segments contain ten floats: verb, four point pairs, and conic weight. Verb
+values are Move=0, Line=1, Quad=2, Conic=3, Cubic=4, Close=5. Each verb uses its
+corresponding points from the raw path iterator; unused point slots are ignored.
+Bitmap dimensions and resource version are validated on replay. Rendering the
+checkpoint replaces bitmap pixels before restoring matrix/path/paint state.
+
+Legacy V2 acquisition rejects scenes requiring this capability. V3 consumers
+must explicitly advertise support. The submit API is a trusted-host recovery
+interface; it does not accept application JavaScript checkpoint payloads.
+
+## Scope and costs
+
+This path remains enabled by `WEBSCENE_INCREMENTAL_CANVAS_GPU=1`. Unsupported
+continuations (active save stacks, clips, external image dependencies and
+canvas-to-canvas dependencies) retain their existing behavior. Native code also
+refuses to rebase a canvas referenced by a recorded `drawImage(canvas)` operation,
+whose generation/index semantics need separate work. Intrinsically growing
+application path state is not eliminated by rasterizing old pixels.
+
+Normal WebGPU presentation and ordinary Canvas2D GPU backing updates remain GPU
+operations. Checkpoint creation does perform a periodic GPU readback for durable
+CPU recovery/export storage. Its largest observed capture time was 15.72 ms in
+the monitor-off test; active-display frame pacing still needs measurement.
+PNG encoding is off the render thread, but the readback itself is synchronous.
+The Windows fence path avoids initiating that copy while the snapshot's recorded
+GPU work is unfinished. It does not make the GPU-to-CPU pixel copy asynchronous.
+
+## Deferred readback validation
+
+The fence update passes the two 48-frame GPU pixel comparisons and an additional
+test that defers snapshot readback across render callbacks after later drawing
+and surface disposal. The original snapshot pixels survive. Managed .NET 10
+regressions pass (306 tests, eight platform skips); Uno compilation is checked.
+The full pipeline run pacing-fenced-checkpoint-final.log exercised 17 deferred
+readbacks with peak history 33,985 and maximum checkpoint operation 7.58 ms.
+That run used display-clock fallback and failed strict input validation, so it
+does not qualify active-display performance or prove improvement over prior runs.
+The --verify-checkpoint-fence probe option requires repeated deferred readbacks,
+preventing a synchronous fallback from silently passing that path's smoke check.
+The final smoke run test-fenced-checkpoint-pan-final.log passed input and bounded
+history validation, with five deferred readbacks, peak history 33,973 and maximum
+checkpoint operation 2.87 ms. It also used display fallback, so this is a
+correctness result, not a frame-rate comparison. The final .NET 8 and .NET 10
+suites each passed 306 tests with eight platform skips; Uno built without warnings.
+
+The subsequent active-display run pacing-fenced-display-active.log passed input,
+bounded-history and deferred-readback checks: 3,890 real vsync ticks, zero
+fallbacks, 17 deferred readbacks, peak history 34,810 and maximum checkpoint
+operation 9.93 ms. The instrumented draw-callback rate was 50.85 Hz over the
+60-second pan (excluding its first second). A separate 20-second run with
+performance telemetry disabled also passed input validation and had zero
+fallbacks; its trimmed unique RAF rate was 54.15 Hz, median interval 16.67 ms,
+p95 33.35 ms and maximum 34.79 ms. Neither measurement proves physical display
+cadence or a causal improvement over the earlier build. Consistent 60 Hz remains
+unqualified even though checkpoint ownership and history retirement pass.
+
+## Validation
+
+`pacing-checkpoint-bounded-long.log` runs 120 circular pan cycles over 160.5 seconds
+using the immutable fixture and `--verify-canvas-history`:
+
+| Metric | Result |
+| --- | ---: |
+| Checkpoint submissions | 48 |
+| Peak retained commands | 34,341 |
+| Final retained commands | 6,844 |
+| Final native canvas storage | 1,705,228 bytes |
+| Final scene storage (including capacity) | 4,194,997 bytes |
+| Last publication time | 3.27 ms |
+
+The earlier one-minute run without checkpoint retirement retained 997,662
+commands and about 84 MB of native canvas storage. Different clocks/input rates
+mean these runs must not be used as a frame-rate comparison.
+
+The display was unavailable for the long test: zero real vsync ticks, 5,481
+fallback ticks, status `0xC01E0006`. This validates repeated compaction and workload
+correctness, not 60 Hz presentation.
+
+Validation also covers 306 managed tests on each of .NET 8 and .NET 10 (eight
+platform skips each), 18 native CTest targets, and two 48-frame GPU pixel
+comparisons. The checkpoint comparison includes repeated rebasing and recreation
+after discarding retained GPU pictures. Pixel tolerance is one channel value,
+matching the existing GPU comparison. CPU export and continued path/transform
+state have a managed regression test. Native tests cover stale generations,
+resource preservation and legacy-consumer rejection. Uno compilation is checked;
+no Uno or macOS hardware qualification is implied.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/windows-canvas-history-diagnosis.md b/docs/graphics/windows-canvas-history-diagnosis.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7828b6fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/windows-canvas-history-diagnosis.md
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# Windows Kestrel canvas history diagnosis
+
+This records the pre-fix diagnosis. The eligible Windows GPU path now retires
+history through [raster checkpoints](windows-canvas-checkpoints.md), with a
+160-second bounded-history qualification. Physical 60 Hz timing remains pending.
+
+## Finding
+
+The growing history belongs to Kestrel's Canvas2D annotation overlay, even while
+the main scene uses WebGPU. WebScene retains commands as the authoritative canvas
+content and only discards them on a proven full overwrite or bitmap reset. A
+fractional clear prevents that optimization. Preserving the remaining pixels is
+correct; retaining and republishing every historical command indefinitely is an
+architectural limitation, not a requirement of canvas semantics.
+
+This analysis inspected the current source and existing qualified traces. It did
+not change rendering behavior or collect a new physical-presentation measurement.
+
+## Exact trigger
+
+The immutable fixture's `Kestrel-CAD/src/renderer.js:116-119` rounds CSS dimensions,
+then separately rounds their product with DPR to allocate the bitmap. Lines
+376-379 set the Canvas2D transform to DPR and clear using CSS dimensions.
+
+At the default 1280-pixel window and 175% scale:
+
+* CSS overlay: 806 by 463.
+* Bitmap: round(806 × 1.75) by round(463 × 1.75) = 1411 by 810.
+* Transformed clear: 1410.5 by 810.25.
+* The clear does not fully cover the last pixel column.
+
+`canvas_clear_rect` in `webscene_v8_runtime_canvas.inc` therefore does not call
+`canvas_compact_full_overwrite`. Each subsequent annotation draw appends another
+frame to the same canvas generation. The width-1282 control produces an exactly
+aligned 1414-pixel clear and stays around 320 commands, supporting this diagnosis.
+
+The recorded Chromium GPU edge experiment (`edge-clear-control.log`) preserves
+alpha 128 after clearing 9.5 pixels of an initially opaque 10-pixel canvas, and
+alpha 64 after clearing 9.75. Silently rounding the engine's clear outward would
+change pixels. A client-side identity-transform clear of the whole bitmap could
+express Kestrel's apparent full-clear intent, but would not fix WebScene's handling
+of legitimate partial clears, trails, or accumulating drawing applications.
+
+## Where history remains
+
+1. **Native canvas state:** `canvas_node_data.commands` and its string table retain
+   the generation's complete command stream. No raster checkpoint retires an old
+   prefix after its pixels have been produced.
+2. **Publication:** `native_document::build_canvas_display_lists` still copies all
+   commands with `canvas_commands.insert`. Publication now compacts changed layers
+   in place and transfers that allocation, avoiding a second copy, but the first
+   full-history copy remains. It happens before unchanged-layer filtering.
+3. **Protocol:** `WEBSCENE_CANVAS_LAYER_UNCHANGED_PREFIX` proves prefix identity;
+   it does not encode an append-only payload. The scene still contains complete
+   replacement commands. Older consumers may safely ignore the hint.
+4. **Managed CPU representation:** `NativeCanvasBacking.cs` preserves `CpuHistory`
+   for CPU rendering/export and GPU-context fallback. Its balanced picture forest
+   avoids deep chains and repeated compilation, but merging pictures retains their
+   contents. Memory and full CPU replay still grow with drawing history.
+5. **GPU representation:** `MaterializeCanvasBacking` records the previous raster
+   image plus new commands into a new image. This removes full-history GPU replay
+   on the supported path, but does not retire native commands or the CPU forest.
+
+For a roughly constant number of commands per frame, retained history is O(N)
+after N frames. Copying it every publication makes cumulative copying O(N²).
+Prefix hashing and dependency caching reduce other scans; they do not change this.
+
+## Evidence and limits
+
+The latest one-minute circular trace, `pacing-pool-budget-minute.log`, reports:
+
+| Measurement at end of run | Value |
+| --- | ---: |
+| Retained Canvas2D layers | 1 |
+| Retained Canvas2D commands | 997,662 |
+| Command data, at 80 bytes per ABI command | 79,812,960 bytes |
+| Native canvas storage metric | 84,011,596 bytes |
+| Latest scene storage metric | 94,726,905 bytes |
+| Last native publication | 8.32 ms |
+| Maximum native publication | 15.26 ms |
+| Host frame callbacks | 60.00/s |
+| Completed draw callbacks | 56.00/s |
+| Fallback clock ticks | 0 |
+| Blocked publications | 0 |
+
+The storage metrics include reserved vector capacity; they are not exact logical
+payload sizes or total process memory. The command count gives the separate
+79.8 MB logical command figure. A single RGBA bitmap at 1411 × 810 requires
+4,571,640 bytes before alignment, buffering and driver overhead.
+
+The 64 MiB free-scene cache rejected sufficiently large buffers. Raising its
+aggregate budget to 256 MiB improved the one-minute average from 52.13 to 56.00
+draws/s and reduced the last publication from 18.97 to 8.32 ms. These are sequential
+diagnostic runs, not a controlled statistical benchmark. The increased cache
+delays allocation churn; continued growth will eventually exceed it too.
+
+This establishes a substantial CPU/memory bottleneck, not proof that every missed
+frame has the same cause. JavaScript, layout, scheduling and drawing also consume
+the 16.67 ms frame budget. Draw callbacks do not establish physical scanout.
+
+## Chromium comparison and recommended correction
+
+Chromium's pinned [`CanvasResourceProvider::FlushCanvas`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/c2523189e37e70b1b649d84896d4792ce53a080f/third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/canvas_resource_provider.cc)
+releases the current recording, rasterizes it into backing storage, and normally
+does not retain that recording; printing has special preservation behavior.
+The bitmap preserves partial-clear results without needing all earlier commands.
+
+WebScene needs the equivalent lifecycle:
+
+1. Publish bounded command batches identified by canvas generation and sequence,
+   rather than complete history. Introduce explicit consumer capability negotiation;
+   do not reinterpret the existing replacement payload or prefix hint.
+2. Apply batches in order to authoritative raster backing. Acknowledge a batch
+   only when its resulting content and resource lifetimes are secured.
+3. Retire consumed command prefixes and their resources once no in-flight user
+   needs them. Bound producer backlog and pending publications explicitly.
+4. Preserve raster checkpoints plus only an unconsumed tail for recovery/export.
+   PNG export can read a raster snapshot on demand. Any requirement for vector
+   export needs a separate explicit policy; keeping all commands for every canvas
+   should not be the ordinary display path.
+5. Specify recovery for missing bases, resize/reset, context loss, CPU consumers,
+   and canvas-to-canvas dependencies. A managed GPU snapshot alone is not currently
+   an authoritative checkpoint that the native producer can recover from.
+
+Incremental publication alone improves bandwidth but leaves native and CPU-picture
+memory growth. Raster checkpoints alone leave redundant publication if full lists
+are still sent. The durable fix must address both ownership and transport.
+
+Qualification should include several minutes of fractional-clear drawing with
+plateauing retained command/resource memory, unchanged edge pixels, continued
+export correctness, reset/context recovery, and stable frame-time distributions.
+Use physical presentation measurements separately to certify 60 Hz output.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/windows-chromium-pan-comparison.md b/docs/graphics/windows-chromium-pan-comparison.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..949583594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/windows-chromium-pan-comparison.md
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+# Chromium comparison and remaining WebScene work
+
+The same unmodified Kestrel fixture runs at approximately 60 application RAF
+callbacks/sec in Chrome on this machine. Kestrel's spatial-index work alone does
+not establish a sub-60 Hz limit. The next optimization work should stay in
+WebScene's frame pipeline, consistent with the user's requested scope.
+
+## Workload and evidence
+
+Chrome for Testing 153.0.8010.36, revision
+507c6ee3e2f3b2ca0e660547e5b9ea4820c67f4c, V8 15.3.76.10, was downloaded from the
+official Chrome for Testing distribution. No existing browser installation or
+profile was modified. Extracted fixture files were byte-compared with the ZIP:
+zero mismatches. ZIP SHA256 is
+1e9a272449923ea1d2a24b4ce7f1a1f424d0a6c9a979ef155e2a67c1424d9f7d.
+
+The workload uses the default 265-entity drawing, a 1280x800 CSS document at DPR
+1.75, 806x463 canvas layout and 1411x810 bitmap, and 15 circular pan cycles of
+80 steps with radius 40 CSS pixels and 60 Hz input deadlines. Chrome uses CDP
+mouse injection; WebScene uses its native input queue. These paths have different
+delivery/coalescing costs, so this is not a perfectly isolated renderer A/B test.
+
+Chrome reports WebGPU active, GPU compositing and WebGPU enabled, and an ANGLE
+NVIDIA GTX 1660 Ti D3D11 renderer. The app does not expose adapter information in
+the queried renderer field; per-device WebGPU fallback status was not captured.
+
+| Run | Application rate | Validation |
+| --- | ---: | --- |
+| Chrome, method timing wrappers | 59.94 RAF/sec | ordered drag input passed |
+| Chrome, RAF/event tracing only, fresh visible window | 59.94 RAF/sec | input passed; camera movement and panning checked at three points |
+| WebScene, previous active-display light run | 54.15 RAF/sec | input passed, zero vsync fallbacks |
+
+Chrome input delivery measured 59.93 and 59.90 Hz respectively. RAF rates exclude
+the first second and final half-second of recorded timestamps. All figures are
+application callbacks, not physical scanout. The initial second-navigation run
+was abandoned; a later hidden-page run failed validation and was discarded.
+The final visible run explicitly checks visibility and changing camera targets.
+
+Artifacts under artifacts/windows-kestrel:
+
+* compare-chrome-pan.mjs: repeatable benchmark, --light disables method wrappers.
+* chrome-pan-methods.json: first valid method-level trace.
+* chrome-pan-light-visible.json: valid fresh-window run with camera checks.
+* bottleneck-methods.log: earlier WebScene method-level trace.
+* pacing-fenced-display-no-telemetry.log: latest WebScene light trace.
+
+## Measured costs
+
+| Inclusive application method | Chrome median / p95 ms | WebScene median / p95 ms |
+| --- | ---: | ---: |
+| ensureIndex | 7.0 / 8.8 | 5.65 / 12.06 |
+| pointerMove | 7.2 / 9.1 | 6.00 / 12.38 |
+| RAF callback | 0.80 median | 1.49 median |
+
+These runs were not simultaneous and use different V8 builds and clock
+resolution. Method wrappers have overhead and nested times must not be added.
+Chrome's median index cost is not lower; WebScene has a larger measured tail.
+The most recent preceding pointer event's document-listener timestamp to RAF
+start has median 0.10 ms / p95 0.20 ms in Chrome, versus 1.58 / 2.58 ms in
+WebScene. That is an interval between observable callbacks, not an isolated
+scheduler measurement: native work, microtasks and style/layout can contribute.
+
+## Chromium source findings
+
+1. **Clock phase and interval.** Chromium's compositor-clock path obtains the
+   completed frame ID and statistics after waiting, deriving phase and period
+   from those statistics. WebScene's diagnostic timer currently uses wake time
+   and does not fetch those statistics. Chromium also conditionally disables
+   DXGI vblank virtualization when this path is enabled. The
+   [January 2026 change](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/6f50085ee81fb259aca44cd2c4704bf28955da17)
+   specifically addresses pacing regressions. This is a candidate, not proof of
+   the cause here: WebScene already measures a stable 60 Hz wake rate. Test phase
+   alignment and input-to-RAF delay before assuming this fixes throughput.
+2. **Readback completion is asynchronous to the caller.** Chromium's
+   [raster implementation](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/gpu/command_buffer/client/raster_implementation.cc)
+   queues ARGB readback through shared memory and a completion query, then drains
+   callbacks in request order. Its source explicitly says the GPU-service
+   readback implementation used by that path is synchronous. This is not a
+   universal nonblocking GPU-copy primitive to transplant. WebScene's fence now
+   defers waiting for prior GPU work, but its pixel copy still runs on the
+   composition owner. Further work requires staging/readback ownership or a
+   separate suitable execution path, not merely another completion fence.
+3. **History retirement does not inherently require PNG.** The
+   [canvas resource provider](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/fba1706eb1819925eaf9791a13b5cd04fa6a2134/third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/canvas_resource_provider.cc)
+   releases recorded commands into raster backing and normally drops the retained
+   recording afterward. WebScene additionally maintains portable CPU recovery and
+   export checkpoints. A GPU-resident checkpoint could avoid periodic readback on
+   the render path, but needs an explicit recovery/export design first.
+
+Source review used Chromium main and the linked pinned canvas/clock revisions;
+it does not prove which feature flags the measured Chrome binary enabled.
+
+Recommended sequence: instrument WebScene input completion, style/layout, RAF
+start and publication within one frame; experimentally compare compositor-clock
+statistics-based phase against the current wake-time approach; then move remaining
+checkpoint pixel transfer off the composition critical path. Keep the fixture and
+Kestrel snapping behavior unchanged, and retain existing pixel/recovery tests.
+
+## Experimental clock phase and worker readback (September 9)
+
+The probe now supports `--compositor-clock-statistics`, sampling completed-frame
+start time and period after the compositor wait and publishing that phase to
+WebScene's frame callback. It also disables DXGI vblank virtualization when this
+option is selected. Live-resize expiry still uses current wall-clock QPC.
+
+`WEBSCENE_ASYNC_CANVAS_READBACK=1` enables an experimental GLES pixel-pack buffer:
+queue a staging copy and readback, poll its fence without waiting, then map and
+copy on a worker before encoding. The worker must acquire Avalonia's graphics
+context lock; this does not eliminate contention or the pixel copy. The default
+remains the previous deferred-fence path. Neither experiment changes Kestrel.
+
+Same-build, 20-second camera-validated circular pans, active display, 60 Hz input:
+
+| Mode | Draw callbacks/second |
+| --- | ---: |
+| Existing copy path | 54.78 |
+| Compositor statistics only | 54.83 |
+| Worker readback only | 53.72 |
+| Both experiments | 55.25 |
+
+All used the compositor clock without fallback. These single runs are diagnostic,
+not a statistically established ranking or physical presentation measurement.
+Logs are `artifacts/windows-kestrel/pacing-copy-baseline.log`,
+`pacing-clock-only.log`, `pacing-pbo-only.log`, and `pacing-pbo-clock-both.log`.
+
+With `WEBSCENE_TRACE_CANVAS_CHECKPOINTS=1`, nine checkpoints occurred per run.
+Baseline completion cost 3.90–7.47 ms on the compositor thread. Worker-mode
+completion cost 0.018–0.362 ms, but queueing cost 1.93–9.48 ms and worker transfer
+including context-lock acquisition cost 6.49–22.51 ms. Thus copy work explains
+periodic pressure, but moving it did not establish a throughput improvement.
+The remaining approximately five missed draw callbacks per second cannot be
+attributed solely to nine checkpoint completions in twenty seconds.
+
+The GPU probe verifies transferred RGBA/alpha, row orientation and immutable
+snapshot contents after the source surface changes. Existing GPU backing and
+checkpoint recovery comparisons also pass. Both experiments remain opt-in pending
+evidence of a benefit; removing portable checkpoints entirely would require a
+separate recovery/export design. Next isolate input completion through RAF and
+publication, where the earlier Chrome comparison showed additional WebScene delay.
+
+## Input admission and pipeline trace
+
+`WEBSCENE_TRACE_FRAME_PIPELINE=1` now records worker input/frame dispatch,
+animation batches, scene publication outcomes, runtime events and layout checks.
+Each engine/runtime owns a bounded 65,536-entry ring; it is allocated only when
+enabled and printed at shutdown, avoiding per-frame console I/O. The records use
+steady-clock nanoseconds. `eng/graphics/analyze-frame-pipeline.py` merges records
+by timestamp and restricts analysis to the probe's panning interval after warmup.
+Layout can be nested inside event work; do not add overlapping durations.
+
+The trace exposed a concrete admission error: a queued pointer sample was assigned
+the compositor boundary observed when the worker dequeued it. If a previous input
+handler crossed a boundary, an already eligible sample could be delayed another
+refresh. The private queue now carries the boundary observed at enqueue, without
+changing the public input ABI. A last-dispatch boundary prevents continuous input
+from running twice in one interval; button/key/wheel and script ordering barriers
+continue to flush pending input as before.
+
+In `pacing-input-admission.log`, approximately 60 pointer updates and animation
+batches per second ran during the measured interval. Input-end to animation-start
+was 0.021 ms median and 0.032 ms p95, compared with 0.023/6.247 ms in the preceding
+detailed trace. The latter includes animation batches without a fresh pointer
+dispatch, so it is not purely scheduler execution overhead. Median input dispatch
+was 7.73 ms, including about 1.24 ms of layout checks and 6.23 ms of event dispatch;
+these categories can overlap. Animation batches cost 1.46 ms and publication
+2.09 ms median. Publication did not defer during this measured interval.
+
+With pipeline tracing and probe performance telemetry disabled,
+`pacing-input-admission-light.log` validated the circular pan and measured
+59.994 actual animation callback starts/second after trimming one second from
+each end. Median callback gap was 16.674 ms and maximum 28.503 ms. The compositor
+reported 1,467 vsync ticks and zero fallback ticks. This confirms approximately
+60 Hz animation cadence in this run, not uniform frame times or physical scanout.
+The instrumented draw callback rate remained 56.02 Hz; publication-to-draw latency
+was 8.86 ms median and 12.32 ms p95. Renderer/presentation timing remains unresolved.
+
+Validation: all 18 native CTest suites passed, including a regression that queues
+a second pointer during a slow handler, advances the clock before completion,
+and requires dispatch without an additional clock edge or script barrier.
+Managed net10 tests passed (306 passed, 8 platform skips). The original Kestrel
+ZIP remains unchanged (SHA256
+`1e9a272449923ea1d2a24b4ce7f1a1f424d0a6c9a979ef155e2a67c1424d9f7d`).
+
+## Publication deadlines and ordered pacing
+
+The missing draw slots commonly coincided with a new publication arriving
+0.5–2 ms after the compositor's acquisition attempt. The previous scene had
+already been applied, so acquisition correctly returned empty. This was not a
+slow acquisition call. Publication tracing now separates layout, DOM construction,
+metadata and canvas-list construction. In `pacing-publication-detail.log`, layout
+cost 1.20 ms median, DOM construction 0.64 ms and canvas-list construction 0.13 ms.
+Most frames also forced 1.26 ms of layout during input solely to resolve the cursor.
+
+Frame-paced Windows pointer moves now defer that final cursor lookup until
+publication layout and ResizeObserver delivery finish. JavaScript geometry reads
+remain synchronous, as do unpaced pointer updates. A native regression verifies
+that a cursor changed again by RAF is resolved from the final publication state.
+The measured input layout cost fell to approximately zero and median input
+dispatch fell from 7.65 to 6.43 ms. A 58.20 Hz instrumented draw run followed,
+but a draw-only repeat was 56.57 Hz; do not treat the first run as a stable rate.
+
+`WEBSCENE_TRACE_DRAW_CALLBACKS=1` records only bounded draw-completion timestamps
+without enabling the full performance census. It still measures OnRender
+completion, not DXGI presentation or scanout.
+
+`WEBSCENE_SINGLE_SCENE_PER_FRAME=1` is an opt-in pacing mode. It applies one ordered
+scene per compositor frame instead of consuming a second queued scene and drawing
+only the newest. This preserves cadence through small producer timing variations
+at the cost of approximately one refresh of additional publication-to-draw latency.
+An initial three-image test reached 59.95 draw callbacks/sec but only 52.76 RAF/sec;
+that was producer backpressure, not a successful 60 Hz canvas result.
+
+Windows D3D12 canvas storage now has four bounded slots, still constrained by the
+existing byte budget. The extra slot lets queued drawing coexist with producer
+and GPU retirement work. The generic pool defaults to three slots, preserving
+other providers. The allocator, lease pool, pending submissions and idle-storage
+eviction all account for the fourth slot. A regression fills four slots, rejects
+a fifth, and ensures GPU consumer completion is required before reuse.
+
+With four slots and single-scene pacing:
+
+| Run | Draw callbacks/sec | Actual RAF starts/sec | Median publication-to-draw |
+| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| 20 seconds | 59.99 | 59.99 | 26.50 ms |
+| 60 seconds | 59.96 | 59.98 | 26.42 ms |
+
+Both original-fixture circular pans validated. The longer run submitted 32
+checkpoints and peaked at 35,375 retained commands. Median draw gap was 16.71 ms,
+maximum 32.46 ms: this is approximately 60 Hz, not perfectly uniform frame timing.
+Physical presentation remains unqualified. Logs:
+`pacing-single-four-images.log` and `pacing-single-four-long.log` under
+`artifacts/windows-kestrel`. The compositor-clock statistics and worker pixel-copy
+experiments were disabled. Single-scene pacing stays opt-in because of its latency
+tradeoff; the evaluation window is titled **Kestrel in WebScene — steady frame pacing**.
+
+Final validation: all 18 native CTest suites passed on the final full run;
+managed net8 and net10 each passed 306 tests with eight platform skips. A
+checkpoint resource test initially raced an intermediate checkpoint-only scene;
+it now waits for the appended command before checking resource preservation.
+Repeated native testing also encountered one idle detached-DOM collection deadline
+failure; that test was not relaxed and passed on the final full rerun. This
+intermittent result remains a validation limitation, not a demonstrated rendering
+failure. Logs: `test-checkpoint-test-barrier.log` and
+`test-steady-final-native-repeat.log`. The evaluation build has tracing disabled.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/windows-divider-comparison.md b/docs/graphics/windows-divider-comparison.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23f8d987a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/windows-divider-comparison.md
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Left versus right Kestrel divider diagnosis
+
+Measured after merging origin/main c2ceb39 with the Windows Kestrel work.
+
+Both probes inject five identical 120px out-and-back sidebar expansions over ten
+seconds at 60 Hz. ResizeObserver verifies panel width changes without synchronous
+measurement inside the pointer listener. The fixture is unchanged.
+
+| Metric | Left | Right |
+|---|---:|---:|
+| Injected input rate | 60.00 Hz | 60.00 Hz |
+| Published scene rate | 59.76 Hz | 52.25 Hz |
+| Draw callback rate | 59.78 Hz | 52.19 Hz |
+| Median input processing | 0.60 ms | 8.63 ms |
+| Full-subtree recascade events in measured window | 0 | 469 |
+| Median full-subtree recascade | n/a | 8.39 ms |
+
+These are application callback measurements, not physical scanout.
+
+The left-width variable is consumed by grid-template-columns. The right-width
+variable is also consumed by the notification container:
+
+    #toast-stack { right: calc(var(--right-width) + 16px); }
+
+recascade_dimension_custom_property accepts widths, heights, min/max dimensions
+and grid-track dimensions. The additional right declaration fails that predicate,
+so the entire update falls back to recascade_connected_subtree_now. This happens
+even while the toast stack is empty. Publication cost is similar on both sides;
+the distinguishing cost is CPU CSS recalculation.
+
+The earlier isolated benchmark lacked a positional consumer. Its speedup remains
+valid for its workload, but did not establish a fix for the actual right divider.
+The prior claim that grid-template-columns was the only consumer was incorrect.
+
+Next implementation should extend the safe geometry-property coverage to positional
+offsets, preserving explicit inheritance and other conservative fallback checks,
+and add a fixture representing both the grid and the toast offset. Validate both
+actual dividers afterward. No production fix is included in this diagnosis.
+
+Evidence: artifacts/windows-kestrel/divider-left.log and divider-right.log.
+The left matched workload uses --sidebar-kestrel --sidebar-cycles; the right uses
+--properties-kestrel. Both use the merged native runtime and the same GPU settings.
+
+## Positional-offset fix
+
+The fast path now accepts physical left/right/top/bottom offsets as well as
+dimensions. Its explicit-inheritance and other conservative fallback checks apply
+to the expanded property set. The regression fixture combines a variable grid
+track with all four calc-based offsets and checks setProperty, removeProperty,
+and the empty setter. All 15 focused compatibility checks pass, including the
+previous inherited-dimension regressions.
+
+The expanded 1,000-item benchmark now includes the fixed toast position and checks
+its geometry on every update. Three alternating runs of the same Windows native
+configuration measured median-of-medians 22.69 ms before versus 3.49 ms after,
+about 85% less synchronous style/layout time. Raw results are in
+artifacts/windows-kestrel/positional-benchmark.json.
+
+The attempted post-fix live comparison is invalid: the display changed to an
+822px CSS viewport, which hides the properties panel. The workload correctly
+failed its resize validation; its reported callback rate is not a resize result.
+Vsync was also unavailable. Live 60 Hz resizing therefore remains unverified.
+The probe now rejects hidden sidebars before submitting a gesture.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/windows-dxgi-bridge.md b/docs/graphics/windows-dxgi-bridge.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ad72c1bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/windows-dxgi-bridge.md
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+# Windows GPU image bridge (G04 / issue #26)
+
+Current implementation and Windows hardware evidence are recorded in
+[Windows Kestrel](windows-kestrel.md). The sections below preserve the earlier
+foundation checkpoints and their then-outstanding work. Epic qualification remains
+open; the newer Avalonia WebGPU result does not qualify Uno or browser WebGL.
+
+## Capability selection
+
+`dxgi_bridge_contract.h` selects a candidate synchronization path from native
+endpoint capabilities. Adapter LUIDs must be known and equal. Color format and
+alpha masks must overlap for the requested image. Shared images are single-sample;
+MSAA input returns `needs_resolve` so the producer keeps private depth/MSAA storage
+and resolves explicitly. Shared fences are preferred when both endpoints support
+them. The initial keyed-mutex policy accepts D3D11-to-D3D11 only; D3D12 keyed-mutex
+combinations remain unsupported until a dedicated bridge is implemented/proven.
+
+These are policy results, not proof that a handle can be imported or accessed.
+Real endpoints must populate capabilities from their native devices. No software
+pixel-copy fallback is selected by this policy. The portable test covers LUID
+mismatch/unknown identity, format/alpha rejection, multisampling, fence preference
+and keyed-mutex separation; it passes locally in 0.32 seconds.
+
+## Handle and Dawn API basis
+
+Microsoft distinguishes NT shared handles from legacy DXGI shared handles. NT
+handles created by `IDXGIResource1::CreateSharedHandle` can be duplicated and must
+be closed when no longer needed. The bridge will retain its own duplicated handle
+and leave caller-owned handles untouched. It will not apply NT-handle cleanup to
+legacy `GetSharedHandle` values. See [CreateSharedHandle](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dxgi1_2/nf-dxgi1_2-idxgiresource1-createsharedhandle)
+and [GetSharedHandle](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dxgi/nf-dxgi-idxgiresource-getsharedhandle).
+
+The pinned Dawn headers expose `SharedTextureMemoryDXGISharedHandleDescriptor`
+(including `useKeyedMutex`), shared-fence DXGI descriptors, and BeginAccess/EndAccess
+fence arrays and values. Import, access, submission and consumer completion must
+remain distinct lifetime stages. EndAccess output ownership and synchronization
+must be implemented against this pinned SDK, not inferred from a different Dawn
+revision or from the same-device Metal test path.
+
+## Next implementation and verification
+
+- Own/duplicate NT texture and fence handles with explicit cleanup.
+- Query native adapter LUID and format/usage support; import color allocations.
+- Implement and test Dawn BeginAccess/EndAccess plus each supported native consumer
+  wait/signal protocol. Reject unsupported pairings explicitly.
+- Integrate ANGLE D3D11 production and typed probe-consumer access through leases.
+- Exercise distinct colors/frame serials, alpha/channel order, resize, delayed
+  consumers, device removal, import failure and repeated resource/handle teardown.
+- Record Windows GPU/driver/LUID manifests and copy/residency counters. No Windows
+  hardware pass or zero-copy Windows rendering result has been obtained yet.
+
+## NT handle ownership implementation
+
+`nt_handle.h` implements move-only adoption, duplication, release and idempotent
+reset. The Windows adapter uses DuplicateHandle with non-inheritable, same-access
+semantics and closes only its owned handles. Legacy DXGI shared-handle values must
+not enter this NT-handle wrapper. The Dawn texture importer now uses this wrapper; native fence import remains outstanding.
+
+Portable ownership tests cover moves, replacement, duplicate failure, explicit
+transfer and preservation of the borrowed source. CTest passes locally in 0.32
+seconds, and AddressSanitizer/UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer also pass. A Windows-only
+branch creates and duplicates an NT event, closes the original, then signals/waits
+through the duplicate. That native branch has not run on this macOS host.
+
+The SDK probe build now includes this test, and the hosted SDK workflow runs it
+as a non-GPU test. Pending hosted execution is not a Windows handle test pass,
+and neither event-handle tests nor compilation prove DXGI texture/fence sharing.
+
+## Dawn DXGI import implementation
+
+`dawn_dxgi_image` now implements the Windows import path: reject unsupported
+endpoint pairings, require enabled Dawn DXGI texture/fence features, duplicate the
+borrowed NT handle, import SharedTextureMemory and validate dimensions, format,
+array depth and requested usage. The duplicate outlives the imported texture and
+memory objects. Failures return explicit statuses and unwind owned references.
+Texture access is restricted to an explicit BeginAccess/EndAccess interval, as
+described below. Adapter capabilities are currently supplied by native callers; real
+LUID/format queries still need to be wired in. Unknown API values are rejected by
+the capability contract.
+
+The common Dawn descriptor/property code compiles with the pinned SDK on macOS,
+the explicit non-Windows rejection test passes within the hardware suite (0.48
+seconds), and the policy test passes (0.30 seconds). The SDK Dawn probe includes
+the importer header so hosted Windows builds compile its Windows branch. A fresh
+local Dawn probe build also passes. None of these results proves Windows import:
+the Windows branch, duplicated DXGI resource handles, property-failure paths and
+GPU access require Windows compilation and hardware execution still outstanding.
+
+## Dawn access handoff implementation
+
+The thread-confined importer now validates incoming fence/value arrays, begins
+exclusive access, exposes its texture only during access, and returns Dawn's
+EndAccess state to the caller. A successful handoff does not prove GPU completion:
+the next consumer must wait on all returned fences and values. Dropping an active
+access is a programming error; confirmed device loss permits explicit abandonment.
+
+The pinned Dawn SharedResourceMemory implementation can end access before fence
+export fails. Accordingly, a failed EndAccess permanently invalidates this owner
+and clears the outgoing handoff rather than allowing a retry with stale fences.
+Native fence import/export and consumer wait/signal integration remain outstanding.
+
+The Dawn hardware test passes locally (0.45 seconds), including negative checks
+for access on an unopened importer, and the standalone Dawn probe builds. These
+checks compile the common access API but do not exercise a successful DXGI access
+interval. Windows GPU execution, synchronization, device-removal and handle-leak
+qualification are still required before this bridge can be considered working.
+
+## Owned fence export
+
+`dawn_dxgi_fences.h` converts an EndAccess fence set into owned NT handles and
+64-bit signal values. The pinned Dawn D3D `SharedFence::ExportInfoImpl` returns
+`mHandle.Get()`, a borrowed handle; the bridge duplicates it and never closes that
+borrowed value. Export checks the native fence type before requesting DXGI data.
+All handles are staged privately and published together. Type/duplication failure
+closes earlier duplicates and clears output, so a caller cannot use a partial wait
+set. Zero fences is valid and does not synthesize a CPU completion signal.
+
+The Windows `end_owned` entry point preserves initialized state and returns these
+owned waits. Export failure makes the image owner terminal, because handing off
+an image without its producer waits would permit a race. Consumers must still
+open the native fences and enqueue GPU waits at the recorded values; this change
+does not implement that consumer or the incoming fence import path.
+
+Injected ownership tests verify distinct duplicates, exact 64-bit values, rollback
+on the second duplication/export failure, cleared replacement output and invalid
+array sizes. They run inside the Dawn test (0.30 seconds, passed); the standalone
+Dawn probe builds too. These synthetic exports do not establish Windows handle or
+GPU synchronization behavior. Windows compilation and hardware execution remain
+mandatory outstanding evidence.
+
+## Incoming fence import
+
+`import_dxgi_fences` now imports a complete borrowed NT-handle/value array before
+publishing it to the caller. It checks matching counts, invalid handle sentinels,
+the enabled Dawn DXGI fence feature and the imported fence's exported native type
+(non-null Dawn error objects do not count as success). Partial imports unwind and
+leave empty output. Signal values retain their full 64-bit precision.
+
+`begin_shared_fences` connects the imported set to the image's BeginAccess call.
+Pinned Dawn D3D11/D3D12 SharedFence::Create duplicates/opens incoming handles, and
+SharedResourceMemory::BeginAccess stores references to its pending fences. Thus
+callers retain their borrowed handles through import, while the temporary import
+vectors may be released after BeginAccess. Native BeginAccess failure now makes
+the wrapper terminal: Dawn may change its access state before backend setup fails.
+
+The Dawn test passes (0.37 seconds), covering invalid device, mismatched arrays,
+null handles and disabled features; the standalone probe builds. Positive DXGI
+import and native GPU waits are not exercised on macOS. The Windows producer and
+probe consumer, native adapter queries, fence signaling, device-loss behavior and
+hardware/copy/leak qualification remain outstanding. No Windows pass is claimed.
+
+## Native adapter identity
+
+`dxgi_device_identity.h` queries an actual D3D11 device through IDXGIDevice,
+IDXGIAdapter and its descriptor, or an actual D3D12 device through GetAdapterLuid.
+Both reject removed devices. Query failures clear identity; endpoint initialization
+also clears stale format/synchronization flags. This supplies the identity portion
+of capability negotiation but does not infer format support or sharing success.
+
+LUIDs are compared only within the current machine/boot, consistent with
+[Microsoft's GetAdapterLuid contract](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/d3d12/nf-d3d12-id3d12device-getadapterluid).
+Do not persist them as durable GPU identities or substitute vendor/device IDs.
+
+The hosted non-GPU test target includes both overloads and null-device/stale-state
+checks. Its portable ownership tests pass locally (0.31 seconds); the Windows-only
+query code remains uncompiled and unexecuted on this macOS host. Actual producer
+and presenter devices still need to be connected to these queries and validated
+against Windows hardware manifests.
+
+## Native format capability queries
+
+Endpoint identification now also queries the five portable color formats through
+[D3D11 CheckFormatSupport](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/d3d11/nf-d3d11-id3d11device-checkformatsupport)
+or [D3D12 format support](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/d3d12/ns-d3d12-d3d12_feature_data_format_support).
+A candidate requires 2D texture, render-target and shader-sampling support. The
+query publishes its bitmask only after all calls and the device-removal check
+succeed; failures clear the result and invalidate endpoint identity. Alpha and
+synchronization fields remain unset until their separate qualification.
+
+This is a conservative candidate filter, not proof of shared allocation/import or
+sRGB view compatibility. Windows test branches cover format mapping and clearing
+stale masks on invalid input. The portable test target passes locally (0.20 seconds),
+but those Windows branches and real format queries remain unverified on this host.
+
+## D3D12 shared color allocation
+
+`d3d12_shared_color` creates a committed default-heap, single-sample color texture
+with a shared heap and an owned, unnamed, non-inheritable NT handle. It validates
+native adapter/format support and checks GetResourceAllocationInfo's byte size
+against a caller-supplied available budget before allocation. Failed creation
+unwinds the native resource; successful output owns both resource and handle.
+An existing output is rejected rather than implicitly discarding a potentially
+in-flight allocation. Depth and MSAA resources are not shared by this allocator.
+
+The resource starts in COMMON state; access transitions and synchronization belong
+to Dawn shared-texture access and the native consumer protocol. A lease provider
+must retain this allocation through producer and consumer completion. It does not
+perform a device-idle wait or CPU pixel transfer, and is not yet connected to the
+production lease pool. The budget value is allocation size, not a measured driver
+residency counter.
+
+API basis: Microsoft's [committed resource contract](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/d3d12/nf-d3d12-id3d12device-createcommittedresource)
+and [shared handle contract](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/d3d12/nf-d3d12-id3d12device-createsharedhandle).
+The hosted test target includes the allocator and a null-device rejection check.
+Portable tests pass locally (0.20 seconds); the Windows branch still requires
+compilation, successful allocation/import, budget/failure tests and GPU qualification.
+
+## D3D12 lease-provider integration
+
+`d3d12_canvas_images` anchors four shared-color slots in `owned_image_pool`,
+within the existing allocation byte budget. Other providers retain the default
+three-slot configuration. The fourth Windows slot allows an ordered queued
+scene to coexist with current drawing, GPU retirement and producer work.
+Writers reserve idle slots, freeze validated image metadata and reuse matching
+allocations. Changed dimensions/formats replace only an idle allocation. Aggregate
+allocation bytes are bounded, and retained scenes/consumers keep the storage alive
+after canvas closure. Typed native lookup checks provider, allocation generation,
+content serial and adapter identity; it returns a borrowed allocation valid only
+while the consumer remains alive. Producer and consumer GPU completion still must
+be reported explicitly by the submission/fence path.
+
+The new provider is not yet wired to Dawn submission or presenter waits. Unlike
+the existing Dawn allocator, it does not yet evict other idle cached slots to admit
+a larger allocation; this can conservatively return memory pressure until those
+caches are replaced. Hardware tests must cover this before performance acceptance.
+
+The portable NT ownership target passes (0.20 seconds) and the existing image-lease
+test passes (0.01 seconds). The Windows target includes the provider and validates
+null-device rejection, but Windows compilation and successful provider allocation,
+retention, resize, lookup and GPU completion remain unverified locally.
+
+## Idle-cache reclamation under allocation pressure
+
+The D3D12 pool now retries out-of-memory allocation after reserving and clearing
+other idle cache slots. Reservations remain held across retries to prevent repeatedly
+selecting the same empty slot. Busy allocations cannot be selected, and cancellations
+are quiet so reclamation does not wake its own retry loop. Exceptional unwinding
+releases the storage mutex before reservation destruction can signal capacity.
+This supersedes the idle-cache limitation noted above.
+
+A new portable lease test retains only an outstanding GPU consumer, reserves both
+other slots, proves neither aliases the protected slot, then verifies reuse only
+after explicit consumer completion. The image-lease suite passes (0.28 seconds).
+This verifies the reservation invariant; Windows native allocation pressure and
+successful resize after cache reclamation remain required hardware tests.
+
+## Native D3D12 consumer waits
+
+`d3d12_fence_waits` opens an entire borrowed NT fence/value set against the consumer
+queue's actual device before submitting any wait. It verifies the expected adapter
+LUID and retains the queue and opened fences. Failed imports unwind without touching
+the queue. Enqueue preserves each signal value and is single-use: a failure can
+leave earlier waits queued, so the caller must not submit sampling or retry the batch.
+The owner must survive through consumer GPU completion.
+
+This uses [ID3D12CommandQueue::Wait](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/d3d12/nf-d3d12-id3d12commandqueue-wait),
+which enqueues a GPU wait without blocking the calling CPU. It is not a completion
+notification. Consumer command submission, completion-fence signaling and lease
+retirement still need integration; no global device-idle wait is introduced here.
+
+The hosted native test includes the implementation and unopened/null-queue checks.
+Portable tests pass locally (0.35 seconds). Windows compilation, successful fence
+opening, delayed producer ordering and failed-enqueue behavior remain unverified.
+The latest SDK run was pending when checked; that is not a Windows pass.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/windows-frame-rate-verification.md b/docs/graphics/windows-frame-rate-verification.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..404c15690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/windows-frame-rate-verification.md
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Windows frame-rate measurement qualification
+
+The `pacing-checkpoint-active-retry.log` result of 28.6 Hz measures completed
+WebScene OnRender callbacks, not physical presentation. Independent application
+diagnostics recorded 1,555 unique JavaScript requestAnimationFrame timestamps,
+about 25.9 Hz, in that same run. The approximately 60 Hz composition scheduling
+counter records opportunities to produce frames, not new canvas images.
+
+Follow-up controlled pan measurements using the bounded-history evaluation build:
+
+| Log under artifacts/windows-kestrel | Input Hz | Draw callbacks/sec | Unique RAF timestamps/sec | Workload valid |
+| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- |
+| pacing-measurement-60hz.log | 60 | 27.0 | 23.7 | yes |
+| pacing-measurement-120hz.log | 120 | 52.0 | 50.5 | yes |
+| pacing-measurement-no-telemetry.log | 60 | unavailable | 53.4 | yes |
+
+All three used real compositor-clock ticks with zero fallbacks. The draw rate
+excludes the first input second; RAF rates use the interval between first and
+last recorded unique RAF timestamps. These are different sample windows, so
+small differences between columns must not be interpreted as dropped frames.
+The no-telemetry run disables the performance snapshot instrumentation but keeps
+the JavaScript RAF and input validation probes. It is not an uninstrumented run.
+
+A further 60 Hz repeat reached 52.3 draw callbacks/sec but failed input validation
+and is excluded from comparisons. Run-to-run variation prevents attribution of
+the improvement to input rate or instrumentation alone. None of these results
+establish physical presentation cadence, nor do they measure the user's separate
+manual evaluation session.
+
+PresentMon 2.5.1 could not start its ETW session: access denied. The current
+process has a medium-integrity token and no Performance Log Users membership.
+Do not substitute desktop-wide DWM refresh counts for application presentation.
+`artifacts/windows-kestrel/capture-kestrel-presentation.ps1` prepares a process-ID
+filtered PresentMon capture and a 60-second, 60 Hz synthetic pan. It requires an
+Administrator PowerShell and writes presentation-capture.csv plus matching probe
+logs. After capture, align QPC times with the injected-pan interval, validate input
+and vsync, and analyze displayed versus dropped frames for the app's swap chain.
+An ETW display event is still not an optical measurement of physical scanout.
+
+## PresentMon capture follow-up
+
+The elevated process-filtered capture printed Started/Stopped recording but
+created no CSV. Its application RAF trace measured 59.62 Hz after excluding the
+first second and final half-second, with 16.67 ms median intervals. Two unexpected
+startup mouse moves invalidated its strict workload check.
+
+The subsequent all-process capture produced presentation-capture-all.csv.
+The recorded probe PID was 15004. There are zero rows for that PID: the CSV has
+3,681 dwm.exe rows, 58 ChatGPT.exe rows, and seven WindowsTerminal.exe rows.
+Consequently the missing filtered CSV is consistent with no captured app
+presentation events, rather than evidence that the app did not render. DWM rows
+cannot be used as the WebScene frame rate. The exact reason the app's presentation
+path has no PresentMon rows remains unverified.
+
+The all-process run passed input validation and had 3,876 real vsync ticks and
+zero fallbacks. In the same trimmed RAF window its rate was 56.11 Hz, median gap
+16.67 ms, 95th-percentile gap 33.34 ms, maximum gap 50.01 ms, and 226 of 3,280
+intervals exceeded 25 ms. The preceding filtered run had 22 of 3,489 intervals
+exceeding 25 ms. This confirms worse application pacing during the broader
+capture, but is not a controlled demonstration that ETW overhead caused it.
+Physical application presentation remains unqualified; do not request repeated
+PresentMon captures with the same settings expecting app-specific evidence.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/windows-kestrel-bottlenecks.md b/docs/graphics/windows-kestrel-bottlenecks.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d00403865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/windows-kestrel-bottlenecks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Remaining Kestrel panning costs
+
+Follow-up: windows-chromium-pan-comparison.md shows Chrome sustaining about
+59.94 RAF callbacks/sec despite comparable index work. The original ranking
+below identifies measured costs, not proof that the application is the limiting
+factor. Further optimization should focus on WebScene's frame pipeline.
+
+The bounded-history fix removes the demonstrated growth problem, but sustained
+60 Hz application rendering is not yet consistent. A focused 20-second run,
+`artifacts/windows-kestrel/bottleneck-methods.log`, passed input validation with
+1,478 real compositor-clock ticks and zero fallback ticks. At 60 Hz synthetic
+input it completed 54.77 draw callbacks/sec. These are not display-present events.
+Method wrappers add overhead; measurements locate expensive work rather than
+establish uninstrumented performance. The fixture is unchanged.
+
+| Operation | Median ms | 95th percentile ms | Maximum ms |
+| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| Kestrel pointerMove | 6.00 | 12.38 | 30.56 |
+| Kestrel ensureIndex | 5.65 | 12.06 | 29.41 |
+| Kestrel snapPoint | 5.69 | 12.10 | 29.71 |
+| Application RAF callback | 1.49 | 2.38 | 5.48 |
+| Retained canvas preparation | 0.20 | 0.40 | 2.17 |
+
+Method times are inclusive and nested: do not add pointerMove, snapPoint and
+ensureIndex. Preparation samples cover the retained scheduling ring's tail.
+Pointer dispatch averaged 8.76 ms over the workload, including native dispatch
+work beyond the wrapped application handler.
+
+## Priorities
+
+1. Investigate spatial-index work first. In the fixture's src/app.js,
+   pointerMove calls snapPoint before handling pan/orbit; snapPoint calls
+   ensureIndex when object snapping is enabled, and ensureIndex calls index.build.
+   This dominates the measured JavaScript handler. Establish what rebuilds and
+   why, and compare identical application code in Chromium before attributing
+   the cost to WebScene or altering Kestrel behavior. An application optimization
+   must preserve snapping semantics; do not patch the compatibility fixture to
+   improve reported WebScene results.
+2. Reduce periodic checkpoint stalls. This run submitted nine checkpoints with
+   a maximum synchronous capture duration of 12.39 ms. An earlier slower valid
+   run recorded 31.59 ms. GPU readback is synchronous under the composition owner;
+   PNG encoding already runs in the background. This is a concrete remaining
+   WebScene cost, but current samples do not establish which frame gaps coincide
+   with captures. Timestamp captures before assigning individual dropped frames
+   to them. Any asynchronous replacement must retain image ownership, ordered
+   tail replay, export and recovery correctness.
+3. Keep frame-pipeline latency separate from CPU cost. Publication-to-draw had
+   median 8.84 ms and p95 18.38 ms; it includes boundary waiting and cannot be added
+   as if it were CPU execution time. No GPU execution-time measurement was made.
+
+Retained preparation and typical DOM geometry lookup are not the leading costs
+in this run. There is no new evidence identifying font caching as the current
+bottleneck. The measured peak history remained 34,791 commands. This does not
+qualify unsupported checkpoint paths or production-default vsync integration.
+
+The analysis helper is artifacts/windows-kestrel/analyze-bottlenecks.py.
+Presentation measurement limitations and run-to-run variation are documented in
+windows-frame-rate-verification.md. Near-60 Hz runs show the path can be smooth;
+they do not eliminate the measured spikes or prove consistent 60 Hz presentation.
+
+## Follow-up scope and implementation
+
+The user requested changes remain within WebScene. Kestrel and its compatibility
+fixture are unchanged. Inspection confirms SpatialIndex.build keys its cache by
+camera revision, so panning invalidates it; skipping rebuilds would require a
+separate application change with snapping correctness validation.
+
+WebScene now defers Windows checkpoint readback behind a zero-timeout-polled GPU
+fence, retaining the immutable image until completion and reading it before new
+frame draws. See windows-canvas-checkpoints.md for validation and remaining
+synchronous-copy limitations. A frame-rate improvement is not yet established.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/windows-kestrel.md b/docs/graphics/windows-kestrel.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d98feb18a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/windows-kestrel.md
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# Windows Avalonia WebGPU implementation and local evidence
+
+This implements the Windows Avalonia path from #45, using PR #43's retained
+scene/publication behavior. It is a platform checkpoint for epic #22, not closure
+of its conformance, Uno, WebGL, or distribution gates.
+
+## Image path
+
+The producer explicitly requests Dawn D3D12 on the selected hardware DXGI adapter.
+For the measured approximately 60 Hz evaluation mode, also set
+`WEBSCENE_SINGLE_SCENE_PER_FRAME=1` alongside incremental canvas GPU rendering
+and asynchronous preparation. This preserves one ordered scene per compositor
+frame and adds approximately one refresh of queue latency. It remains opt-in;
+see [the pacing measurements](windows-chromium-pan-comparison.md) for results and
+presentation limitations.
+
+Each canvas owns a D3D12 allocator and a bounded four-image pool. BGRA8 sRGB color
+allocations have render-target and simultaneous-access flags and are exported as
+owned NT handles. Dawn imports these through SharedTextureMemory, brackets each
+frame with BeginAccess/EndAccess, and exports all producer fence/value pairs.
+Private MSAA/depth attachments stay in the application/Dawn renderer.
+
+`platform_webgpu_canvas.h` selects the platform provider while retaining the
+existing macOS rendering-opportunity, exact scene snapshot, generation, resize,
+validation and queue-completion logic. Windows uses the DXGI scene snapshot;
+macOS continues to use the IOSurface implementation.
+
+The Avalonia consumer obtains the actual ANGLE D3D11 device from its active Skia
+platform lease. It verifies the adapter LUID and native D3D11 device/context fence
+interfaces, imports the texture, opens every producer fence, and enqueues the
+waits before drawing. EGL wraps that D3D11 texture for Skia. Drawing occurs in the
+ordinary scene paint order, so DOM content, clips and opacity use the existing
+renderer. No presentation pixel readback/upload or CPU GPU-completion wait is
+introduced by this path.
+
+Retirement submits Skia/ANGLE's final reads and signals a D3D11 fence on the
+composition owner. The bridge and image consumer remain retained until that fence
+completes. Detached retirement seals graphics work before transferring polling
+to the background worker. Timeout or device loss retains the owner for diagnosis;
+it does not certify completion or reuse the allocation.
+
+The common managed presenter/image-group/retirement classes now use platform
+neutral names. The macOS image importers remain separate.
+
+## Reference behavior
+
+The implementation follows the existing macOS files and Chromium's separation of
+producer access, shared-image dependencies and consumer retirement. Chromium was
+inspected at revision `0c3eb92c416a23d3a55a33a22cc2a65073105063`:
+
+- [D3D image backing](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/0c3eb92c416a23d3a55a33a22cc2a65073105063/gpu/command_buffer/service/shared_image/d3d_image_backing.cc): stage fence imports before enqueueing waits and track completed access separately.
+- [GPU canvas context](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/0c3eb92c416a23d3a55a33a22cc2a65073105063/third_party/blink/renderer/modules/webgpu/gpu_canvas_context.cc): reshape replaces drawing-buffer resources without treating the canvas as unconfigured.
+- [WebGPU swap-buffer provider](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/0c3eb92c416a23d3a55a33a22cc2a65073105063/third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/gpu/webgpu_swap_buffer_provider.cc).
+
+Avalonia's actual 11.3.4 EGL/D3D11 sources were used to identify the public platform
+lease and texture-wrapping APIs. Its advertised keyed-mutex import route is not
+assumed to support Dawn's D3D12 fence handoff.
+
+## Local verification (2026-09-08)
+
+Host: Windows 11 build 26200, x64, NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1660 Ti,
+driver `32.0.15.9186`, adapter LUID low `65215`, high `0`.
+Managed SDK: .NET 10.0.103. V8: verified inspector-enabled `15.3.10`, pointer
+compression/shared cage enabled, PartitionAlloc and ThinLTO disabled.
+Dawn and ANGLE retain the revisions in `eng/graphics/dependencies.lock.json`.
+
+- Five hardware/handle probes pass: Dawn D3D12, ANGLE D3D11 ES2/ES3, NT handle
+  ownership, and the new Dawn-to-D3D11 shared-pixel probe. The latter checks all
+  68 pixels, channel order, mismatched adapter rejection, unsealed completion
+  rejection and consumer retention. Its CPU readback is diagnostic only.
+- All 18 graphics-enabled native tests pass, including asynchronous mapping,
+  device loss isolation, retained/resized image pixels and V8 runtime coverage.
+- A clean graphics-disabled native build passes all 12 tests.
+- The Avalonia managed suite passes 277 tests with 15 platform-dependent skips.
+- All 15 graphics build/packaging Python tests pass.
+- The original Kestrel archive verifies all 54 immutable files. The document hash
+  remains `0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563`.
+- Unchanged Kestrel reports WebGPU with 4x MSAA and zero application errors. Its
+  courtyard drawing was visually inspected, and native mouse-wheel zoom changed
+  the rendered drawing. Native-input panning, sidebar changes, discrete and
+  continuous resize, and command editing/undo/redo pass the existing workloads.
+  Verification runs await view disposal before shutting down.
+
+Logs and manifests are under `artifacts/windows-kestrel/`, including
+`native-probes.json`, `test-all-probes.log`, `test-native-integrated.log`,
+`test-native-disabled.log`, `test-results/windows-integration.trx`, and
+`kestrel-{integrated-startup,pan,sidebar-resize,continuous-resize,edit}.log`.
+`pan-analysis.json` measures callback timing, not physical presentation latency.
+These local artifacts are deliberately not committed as platform certification.
+
+## Reproduce
+
+Build the pinned graphics SDKs as described in `eng/graphics/README.md`. Windows
+needs the exact shader compiler and license from `windows-runtime.json`; the
+builder verifies and stages them beside Dawn. A short source/build root avoids
+upstream path-length restrictions. The tested compiler build used Visual Studio
+18.4 and SDK 10.0.28000.2526; the local ANGLE SDK override used installed
+10.0.26100.7705 debugger helpers for symbol tooling. SDK manifests record source
+graphs, compiler versions, flags, licenses and binary hashes.
+
+```powershell
+./scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.ps1 -Rid win-x64 `
+  -V8Root <verified-v8-root> -BuildDirectory C:/graphics/native `
+  -GraphicsSdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/win-x64
+dotnet build experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe -c Release
+$env:WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY='C:/graphics/native/Release/webscene_native_engine.dll'
+dotnet experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/bin/Release/net10.0/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe.dll `
+  --webgpu-document --kestrel tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-CAD.zip `
+  --verify-kestrel
+```
+
+Add `--pan-kestrel`, `--sidebar-kestrel --resize-kestrel`,
+`--continuous-resize-kestrel`, or `--edit-kestrel` in separate runs. Omit
+`--verify-kestrel` to leave the application open for inspection.
+
+## Remaining qualification
+
+### Font preparation and frame-clock investigation (2026-09-08)
+
+PR #43 already contains `5547397` (system-font-name probe caching), following
+`859afac` (text preparation attribution). The macOS history and measurements are
+in `coherent-gpu-scene-publication.md`, under “Cache repeated system font-name
+probes”: CPU application fell from approximately 15.6 ms to 2.93 ms in the
+recorded single run. The existing 256-entry lookup cache checks document/global
+web fonts first, so a cached system-family miss cannot hide a subsequently loaded
+web font. That implementation is present on this branch.
+
+Windows sampled-thread profiling also identified repeated `SKShaper.Shape`
+calls during DOM and Canvas2D preparation. `NativeTextShaping` now caches
+origin-relative glyph runs by actual typeface object identity, text, size,
+horizontal scale and encoding. Weak face references avoid owning document font
+resources; identity is checked after hash lookup. Admission is bounded by 2048
+entries and 4 MiB of estimated run storage. Draw position, alignment, spacing and
+rasterization remain outside the cache. Replaced fonts cannot reuse an old face's
+glyphs. The native-enabled net10 text/font subset passes 124 tests with two
+platform-specific skips, including uncached-versus-cached pixel equality at two
+baselines. See `test-pacing-fonts-net10.log` and its TRX under local artifacts.
+
+The initial cache trial's median CPU application was 5.92 ms, versus approximately
+16.82 ms in the earlier Windows pan log. These are exploratory, unmatched runs,
+not a controlled performance comparison or proof of 60 fps.
+
+Chromium reference revision `0c3eb92c416a23d3a55a33a22cc2a65073105063`:
+
+- [`shape_cache.h`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/0c3eb92c416a23d3a55a33a22cc2a65073105063/third_party/blink/renderer/platform/fonts/shaping/shape_cache.h)
+  bounds repeated shaping and invalidates when its font version changes.
+- [`vsync_thread_win_dcomp.cc`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/0c3eb92c416a23d3a55a33a22cc2a65073105063/ui/gl/vsync_thread_win_dcomp.cc)
+  waits on the Windows compositor clock.
+- [`vsync_thread_win.cc`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/0c3eb92c416a23d3a55a33a22cc2a65073105063/ui/gl/vsync_thread_win.cc)
+  guards waits that return early during display sleep or occlusion.
+
+Avalonia 11.3.4's default WinUI timer follows commit completion. Its alternative
+LowLatencyDxgiSwapChain mode spun rapidly while the monitor was off; that trial
+was rejected. Windows returned `0xc01e0006`
+(`STATUS_GRAPHICS_PRESENT_OCCLUDED`) from `DCompositionWaitForCompositorClock`.
+The user confirmed the monitor was switched off. Cadence measured in that state
+must not be interpreted as active-display performance.
+
+The **diagnostic-only** `--webgpu-vsync` probe installs Avalonia's existing render
+loop with a Windows 11 compositor-clock timer. Avalonia 11.3.4 has no public loop
+injection API, so this probe opts into private APIs and reflects the pinned loop
+registration before platform initialization. This is not enabled in the backend
+or the normal `--webgpu-document` host. Occluded/early waits back off and emit
+separately counted fallback ticks to keep startup and disposal live. The probe
+prints real/fallback tick counts on exit. The clock has its own thread, separate
+from rendering, with one pending notification carrying the latest timestamp.
+Active-display tests now receive approximately 60 compositor callbacks per second.
+Completed D3D11 retirement fences are polled before admitting the next RAF, so
+already-free producer storage does not unnecessarily defer it by one display
+interval. This is a nonblocking completion poll, not a GPU wait.
+
+The input worker now keeps pointer moves out of frame/wheel coalescing prefixes
+when a compositor clock is active. An already-observed frame event also cannot
+prematurely release a newer retained pointer sample. Button, wheel and keyboard
+events remain ordering barriers. The native `raf-aligned-mouse-moves` regression
+includes the delayed-frame case and verifies that the next boundary delivers the
+retained position exactly once.
+
+Additional preparation caches retain bounded text blobs, reuse immutable paints
+within a replay, pool up to 64 shapers per renderer, and reuse unchanged DOM
+pictures after exact command/string/viewport/font-version comparisons. The text
+blob key includes autohinting and the resolved font rasterization profile. Font
+registration invalidates renderer caches. The optional environment setting
+`WEBSCENE_ASYNC_CANVAS_PREPARATION=1` prepares immutable Canvas2D pictures ahead
+of drawing; it does not acknowledge publication or change the visible scene.
+It remains experimental and off by default: lower application time did not
+establish 60 fps overall.
+
+### Active-display measurements and remaining Canvas2D bottleneck
+
+Measurements below use the same immutable fixture on the GTX 1660 Ti at 175%
+display scale, six 80-move pan cycles, and 120 Hz synthetic pointer input. The
+first second and the final settling interval are excluded. Rates count completed
+draw callbacks, not physical presentation. These short runs are diagnostic,
+not a statistical benchmark.
+
+| Run | Window width | Draw callbacks/s | Host frame callbacks/s |
+| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| Corrected input ordering, three-image pool | 1282 | 58.38 | 60.00 |
+| Same build, default window size | 1280 | 42.94 | 43.90 |
+| Default size, optional asynchronous preparation | 1280 | 47.97 | 50.68 |
+
+Local logs are `pacing-pointer-clean.log`, `pacing-pointer-default.log` and
+`pacing-pointer-async.log` under `artifacts/windows-kestrel`. The minimal WebGPU
+triangle reached approximately 60 RAF/draw callbacks per second after pre-frame
+retirement polling. A separate headed Chromium/Edge control using real pointer
+input reached approximately 60 application RAF callbacks per second on the same
+GPU; neither result certifies physical scanout.
+
+Kestrel rounds its CSS canvas size, multiplies by DPR, then rounds the bitmap
+size again. At the default width, its 806 CSS-pixel clear spans 1410.5 pixels in
+a 1411-pixel bitmap. That clear does not geometrically cover the backing store,
+so the native display list retains previous drawing commands. It grew from
+roughly 300 to over 40,000 commands during a pan. At window width 1282, the
+808-pixel clear exactly covers the 1414-pixel backing width and native full-clear
+compaction keeps roughly 320 commands. Width 1282 is a diagnostic control,
+not a general fix or the default evaluation size.
+
+Chromium GPU canvas readback confirms that a half-pixel clear edge retains
+partial alpha. The CPU `willReadFrequently` path can behave differently, so
+reusing one context across repeated readbacks is not a reliable GPU control.
+Rounding the clear up to discard the retained border would be incorrect.
+Extra image-pool slots and early read-fence signaling did not establish 60 fps
+and were removed. The optional `WEBSCENE_INCREMENTAL_CANVAS_GPU=1` implementation
+now retains a GPU Canvas2D backing and compiles only appended commands when the
+previous replay state can safely resume. Fractional clear edges are preserved.
+Clips, unbalanced saves, canvas dependencies and external SVG images use full
+replay. Generation, dimensions, scale and font-registration changes invalidate
+the continuation. CPU rendering/export retains a separate, balanced picture
+history and does not depend on reading the GPU backing.
+
+Native publications still contain complete replacement payloads. The optional
+`WEBSCENE_CANVAS_LAYER_UNCHANGED_PREFIX` flag certifies an unchanged prefix against
+the acknowledged base revision; older consumers can ignore it. Native command
+hashing resumes from that base, and a three-entry scene-storage pool retains at
+most 64 MiB of reusable vector capacity. Explicit low-memory notifications clear
+the pool and publication scratch buffers. Eligible canvases now retire old
+commands using [raster checkpoints](windows-canvas-checkpoints.md); payloads
+contain a bounded current window rather than the entire drawing history.
+
+With both GPU backing and asynchronous preparation enabled, 24-cycle, 16-second
+runs at the default width now measured 58.46 drawn callbacks/s for out-and-back
+panning and 58.33 for circular panning. Host frame callbacks remained 60.00/s
+with zero fallback clock ticks. Logs are `pacing-version-prefix-sustained.log`
+and `pacing-circular-sustained.log`. The circular control avoids repeated points
+at direction reversals, and still misses frames. Smooth 60 fps at arbitrary
+sizes is **not complete**. Both features remain opt-in.
+
+A subsequent 90-cycle, one-minute circular run exposed history-dependent
+degradation: 44.92 drawn callbacks/s while the host clock remained 60.00/s
+(`pacing-backing-minute.log`). Transferring the already-built command allocation
+into the publication, instead of copying it again, improved this to 49.55/s
+(`pacing-transfer-minute.log`). Dependency discovery now also caches the
+`drawImage(canvas)` graph within each canvas generation and scans only appended
+commands. Reset invalidation and transitive detached dependencies have a native
+regression check. These longer runs take precedence over the short-run figures
+when assessing sustained performance.
+
+Removing the managed full-history dependency scans measured 52.13/s. Raising
+the bounded scene-storage cache from 64 to 256 MiB then measured 56.00/s over
+one minute, with ten-second segments between 54.99 and 57.80/s. Final native
+publication time fell from 18.97 to 8.32 ms. See
+`pacing-managed-prefix-minute.log` and `pacing-pool-budget-minute.log`.
+This prevents cache rejection once a reusable buffer exceeds 64 MiB, but does
+not bound the underlying command history. A larger cache is not a replacement
+for incremental publication; indefinite panning and physical 60 Hz presentation
+remain unqualified.
+
+Use `scripts/test-windows-kestrel.ps1 -VSync` for the compositor-clock workload
+suite. For a longer pacing trace, add `--pan-long --pan-input-120hz
+--pan-high-resolution-input` to the probe. The latter is a Windows high-resolution
+waitable timer for **synthetic input only**; display scheduling remains driven by
+the compositor clock. Logs record both requested input frequency and whether
+high-resolution input pacing was enabled.
+
+The checkpoint build passes all 18 native CTest targets and 306 managed
+Avalonia tests on each of .NET 8 and .NET 10 (eight platform-specific skips). All seven compositor-clock
+Kestrel workloads pass with both optional features enabled, including awaited
+shutdown. The GPU pixel probe compares two sets of 48 frames, including repeated
+checkpoints and recovery after discarding retained GPU pictures. Periodic
+checkpoint capture also reads back pixels for CPU recovery storage; it is not
+part of the WebGPU presentation bridge. See `test-checkpoint-native-all.log`,
+`test-checkpoint-managed-all.log`, `test-checkpoint-managed-net8.log`,
+`test-checkpoint-gpu-final.log`, and `checkpoint-qualification/results.json`.
+The shared Uno renderer also compiles successfully; this is not a hardware
+qualification of its presenter.
+The separate evaluation copy runs from
+`artifacts/windows-kestrel/evaluation-bounded-history` with its own native runtime
+directory and the title “Kestrel in WebScene — bounded canvas history”. Earlier
+evaluation processes and their document state are preserved.
+
+Only win-x64 on this adapter/driver is covered. The current producer selects DXGI
+adapter zero and rejects a different host LUID; hybrid GPU selection, monitor/DPR
+transitions and win-arm64 require further work. Hardware removal, prolonged
+stress/leak counters, physical presentation timing and native live-resize frame
+capture are not certified by these workload logs. A static visual inspection does
+not establish absence of resize flicker.
+
+Uno composition, WebGL browser API/fallback behavior, full CTS/WPT coverage and
+macOS regression hardware runs remain separate epic gates. Native ANGLE probes
+alone do not qualify browser WebGL. Unsupported color formats/tone mapping fail
+explicitly; there is no CPU fallback presenter.
diff --git a/docs/graphics/windows-properties-resize-profile.md b/docs/graphics/windows-properties-resize-profile.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b62d3ee21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/graphics/windows-properties-resize-profile.md
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Windows properties-divider profiling
+
+Measured 2026-09-09 using the unchanged Kestrel fixture and Windows WebGPU runtime.
+The probe option --properties-kestrel injects 600 left-button moves over ten seconds,
+five back-and-forth drags of the right properties divider, paced at 60 Hz. ResizeObserver
+notifications verify that the panel actually changes size; the final width returns to
+its starting value. No fixture files were edited.
+
+## Findings
+
+The dominant measured cost is root-subtree CSS recalculation. Kestrel's divider handler
+calls document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--right-width', ...). In WebScene,
+the custom-property setter schedules recascade_connected_subtree; the event batch
+flush executes recascade_connected_subtree_now and apply_css_rules_subtree on the root.
+
+The direct recascade trace measured 8.49 ms median, 9.86 ms p95, within total input
+handling of 8.68 ms median. It runs approximately once per processed drag update.
+This is CPU style processing, independent of the GPU presentation backend.
+
+Other sequential median stages: animation callback 4.13 ms; publication 5.51 ms.
+Publication includes layout (1.11 ms) and DOM scene construction (0.63 ms);
+these nested durations must not be added to publication again. Further subdivision
+of the remaining publication cost is still needed. The combined worker stages exceed
+the 16.67 ms budget. This trace does not establish pixel copies as the cause.
+
+## Pacing comparison
+
+Clean ten-second runs, first second excluded from rate calculations:
+
+| Setting | Injected moves/s | Published scenes/s | Draw callbacks/s | Draw gap p95 |
+|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
+| SINGLE_SCENE_PER_FRAME=1 | 60.00 | 51.13 | 51.08 | 34.12 ms |
+| SINGLE_SCENE_PER_FRAME=0 | 60.00 | 51.86 | 51.86 | 33.68 ms |
+
+Median publication-to-draw delay was 10.35 vs 9.90 ms. This small difference does not
+implicate the new pacing option as the dominant resize bottleneck. No historical
+bisect has established when this resize behavior changed. Draw callbacks are not
+physical scanout measurements.
+
+Evidence: artifacts/windows-kestrel/properties-clean-single.log,
+properties-clean-coalesce.log, and properties-cascade.log. The earlier properties-single.log
+and properties-coalesce.log are discarded: an injected offsetWidth read forced
+extra synchronous layout. The clean probes use ResizeObserver instead.
+
+## Next optimization
+
+Track custom-property dependencies so changing a root variable can avoid re-matching
+and rebuilding styles for unaffected descendants. Preserve inheritance, variable
+fallbacks, dependent variables, and synchronous computed-style/geometry reads.
+This investigation adds diagnostics only; it does not implement that optimization.
+Kestrel and the isolated font-cache PR remain unchanged.
diff --git a/docs/media/video-presentation-timing.md b/docs/media/video-presentation-timing.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..503b511d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/media/video-presentation-timing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# Video presentation timing and remaining qualification
+
+Research, implementation and qualification: 2026-09-10. Scheduling measurements
+below describe selected frames, not independently measured physical scanout.
+
+## Initial audit (before this change)
+
+`media_platform.js.inc::tick` runs on JS RAF, reads the playback clock, then calls
+native `seek`. `media_session` keeps the latest request and publishes a completed
+frame. The macOS reader keeps one decoded lease and reads forward until its PTS
+reaches the requested time. `drain_media` publishes completed frames immediately
+through the retained GPU image pool. This is not a presentation-deadline selector.
+Repeated requests can also re-publish the same decoded sample.
+
+`playback_control::time` derives media time from a steady-clock epoch. The audio
+graph has a sample counter, but video scheduling does not use an output-device
+clock with measured latency. That distinction matters for physical A/V sync.
+
+The existing retained image pool and GPU completion lifetime are useful: preserve
+them. Native video overlays, CPU readback and a second independent swapchain would
+break the intended scene integration and are not part of this design.
+
+## Cadence and tearing are separate
+
+For exact rates, 24fps on 120Hz repeats each frame five refreshes; 60fps on 120Hz
+repeats twice; 30fps on 60Hz repeats twice. 24fps on fixed 60Hz needs alternating
+2/3-refresh holds. Its resulting judder cannot be eliminated by scheduling alone.
+An appropriate display rate can eliminate that mismatch; interpolation is a
+separate feature that changes imagery and is outside this work.
+
+Fractional rates (24000/1001, 30000/1001, 60000/1001), variable refresh and variable
+frame rate require timestamp-based selection and bounded drift correction. Do not
+round everything to 24/30/60 or globally slow the UI to the video frame rate.
+
+Tearing means parts of different frames appear in one scanout. Preventing it
+requires complete immutable images, producer completion, atomic scene selection
+and compositor-synchronized presentation. Cadence selection alone cannot prove it.
+A 60fps desktop recording can resample the compositor output; it is insufficient
+to distinguish all physical scanout artifacts from capture artifacts.
+
+## Implemented in this change
+
+- Persistent decoder now fills a queue of up to four complete frames, constrained
+  to 128 MiB of queued BGRA storage (at least one frame for oversized sources).
+  Queue consumption, source replacement and explicit seek are synchronized;
+  obsolete requests cannot publish. Sustained overload coalesces a catch-up seek.
+- Normal playback no longer calls native seek from JS RAF. The native host frame
+  opportunity selects by PTS coverage, retains the current image across repeats,
+  and does not publish merely because a decode completed.
+- Active media keeps host frame demand asserted while JS callbacks are admitted.
+  The previous transient zero-demand window skipped otherwise available refreshes.
+- Host timestamps map into the steady-clock domain. The median of recent refresh
+  intervals supplies a midpoint for coverage selection, avoiding decisions on a
+  jittery frame boundary. This is an estimated presentation interval, not DAC or
+  physical scanout feedback.
+- Device-rendered audio sample position anchors the media clock when available;
+  stale/revision-mismatched feedback falls back to steady time. The device callback
+  uses atomic feedback without allocation or locks. Actual DAC latency remains a
+  qualification gap, so this is not a claim of sample-accurate physical A/V sync.
+- The existing immutable IOSurface/image lease path remains intact: no CPU
+  readback or video overlay. GPU image drawing now requests bilinear sampling on
+  macOS and Windows, replacing nearest-neighbour enlargement. No mip chain or
+  per-frame CPU resize is generated. Production Avalonia 11 and sample-only
+  Avalonia 12 use their respective Skia sampling APIs.
+- Responsive video height, auto block height and scroll extents follow decoded
+  aspect ratio. Explicit CSS height remains authoritative.
+
+## Local qualification
+
+- Native scheduler simulations cover ten minutes for each pairing of 24, 30, 60,
+  24000/1001 and 60000/1001 fps with 60, 120 and 60000/1001 Hz. VFR, obsolete
+  frame dropping, starvation holds, audio clock anchoring and pause reset are tested.
+- Real decoder regression verifies bounded decode-ahead, no publication on decode
+  completion, timestamp selection and seek invalidation.
+- AOT host trace with Big Buck Bunny on the current 60Hz setup includes 3,599
+  consecutive one-refresh intervals over 59.98 seconds. An uninterrupted Sintel
+  segment records 88 two-refresh and 88 three-refresh holds over 7.33 seconds.
+  A subsequent run after the bilinear/AOT rebuild recorded four dropped decoded
+  frames and one repeat over about 54 seconds while development/tests were also
+  running. Smooth segments are not a guarantee of zero misses under load.
+  Startup, manual seeks/source switches and loop boundaries are excluded from
+  those steady-state segments. These are scheduler traces, not display feedback.
+- `WEBSCENE_MEDIA_TRACE=1` logs selected PTS, mapped media time, selection/drop/
+  repeat counters and reader restarts. Repeated unchanged images do not produce
+  another selection line. The diagnostic is opt-in.
+- All 18 native tests and the required macOS video contract pass. Managed sampling tests cover
+  layout grow/shrink/scroll range, source replacement, opacity and Retina scaling.
+  The Skia 3 branch also passes a standalone three-case pixel check and the
+  Avalonia 12 Native AOT build. Running the complete existing xUnit project with
+  the sample-only Avalonia 12 flag exposes an xUnit v2/v3 dependency conflict;
+  that matrix is not claimed as passing. A 120Hz physical display and measured
+  speaker-to-screen latency remain unqualified.
+
+## Reproducing the sample comparison
+
+Run `experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/prepare-video-cadence-samples.py --output
+artifacts/media-cadence-samples` with Python 3, ffmpeg and ffprobe installed.
+It obtains official Blender/Microsoft sources and writes codec/rate/hash metadata.
+Copy the three generated MP4s into the AOT host's `Assets/assets` directory and
+`media-cadence-demo.html` to its `media-demo.html`; launch with `--media-demo`.
+
+Sintel is an original 1080p 24fps H.264/AAC trailer. BBB preserves its original
+1080p 60fps H.264 frames for a 60-second excerpt; MP3 audio is converted to AAC.
+The HEVC source is remuxed from hev1 to hvc1 without re-encoding. Compare each
+**same file** at the same viewport size/display mode in Chrome and QuickTime.
+
+## Pipeline design and further qualification
+
+1. **Decode ahead independently of JS RAF.** Add bounded sequential frame delivery
+   with PTS, duration, generation and immutable GPU lease. Start with a small queue
+   constrained by both bytes and buffered duration; account for 4K surface costs.
+   Seek flushes/reset generations; normal playback must not be implemented as a
+   seek on every display callback. Decode and resource IO remain off render threads.
+2. **Publish host presentation opportunities.** Carry a monotonic sequence,
+   predicted presentation time, refresh interval and timing quality through the
+   existing Avalonia/Uno vsync boundary. Never create a competing display loop.
+   For macOS, evaluate the host's Metal display-link target presentation timestamp;
+   keep the cross-platform interface usable by Windows/Linux timing providers.
+   Where the host exposes only an estimated timestamp, label that limitation.
+3. **Map the audio clock to host time.** Track played sample position, queued device
+   latency, pause/rate changes and device resets. Use audio as master when audible
+   playback exists; use a monotonic clock for silent media. Do not derive the video
+   deadline from when a JS callback happened to run.
+4. **Select a frame for each presentation interval.** Prefer stable cadence when
+   source/display rates allow it; otherwise choose using timestamp coverage and
+   drift bounds. Retain the last complete frame on decode starvation. Drop only
+   obsolete frames, recording the reason. Reset on seek/discontinuity; use
+   hysteresis for refresh changes. Inform the selector when a selected frame was
+   superseded before submission, so selection counts do not masquerade as display.
+5. **Commit with the scene.** Choose one immutable lease per video for the scene's
+   presentation opportunity. Retain through GPU consumer completion, including
+   resize/source replacement. Coalesce redundant PTS publications. Never mutate an
+   image still in use; preserve ordinary clipping, scrolling, opacity and stacking.
+6. **Instrument and qualify.** Record source PTS, chosen deadline, decode readiness,
+   scene revision, GPU completion, actual presentation feedback when available,
+   repeat/drop reason, audio position/latency and queue occupancy. Distinguish
+   decode drops, scene supersession and missed display deadlines.
+
+## Acceptance and tests
+
+- Pure scheduler tests at 24/30/60 against 60/120Hz: expected integer/2:3 holds,
+  monotonic PTS, no unintended skips under ideal delivery and bounded drift.
+- Fractional and VFR fixtures, injected decode stalls, deadline jitter, refresh
+  transitions, pause/seek/rate changes, looping and end-of-stream.
+- At least ten minutes of synthetic clock simulation to detect accumulated drift;
+  bounded queues under overload; no allocations/IO in the device callback.
+- Contrasting numbered/barcoded frames validate one complete frame per submitted
+  scene and GPU lease lifetime through delayed completion/resize/disposal.
+- Timestamped flash/click measurements include actual audio output latency and
+  presentation feedback, not just decoded timestamps.
+- Compare Chrome and WebScene on the same monitor/mode and original sample.
+  For physical tearing/cadence claims, use suitable high-speed external capture or
+  trustworthy presentation instrumentation; document capture limitations.
+- Re-run Native AOT tests and DOM layout/media contracts. Keep video cadence
+  scheduling native; DOM event dispatch remains on the JS realm thread.
+
+## References
+
+- [Chromium VideoRendererAlgorithm](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/HEAD/media/filters/video_renderer_algorithm.h): selects frames for a presentation interval and accounts for unusable or unrendered frames.
+- [Chromium cadence estimator, pinned historical design](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/30f71a78/media/filters/video_cadence_estimator.h): rational hold patterns, drift limits and cadence-change hysteresis.
+- [Chromium media overview](https://www.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/video/): pipeline/thread boundaries; the page explicitly notes historical material, so current implementation must be checked before porting behavior.
+- [Apple CAMetalDisplayLink targetPresentationTimestamp](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/quartzcore/cametaldisplaylink/update/targetpresentationtimestamp) and [preferredFrameRateRange](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/quartzcore/cametaldisplaylink/preferredframeraterange): platform timing inputs to evaluate through the existing host.
+- [Microsoft clear HEVC/AAC test content](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/playready/advanced/testcontent/playready-3x-test-content): Tears of Steel 4K/24fps HEVC, stereo AAC. Local sample was remuxed from hev1 to hvc1 without re-encoding after the original packaging was rejected by the macOS decoder. This is not broad HEVC/container conformance.
+
+- [Skia sampling defaults](https://api.skia.org/SkSamplingOptions_8h_source.html): default nearest sampling versus explicit linear filtering.
diff --git a/docs/validation/css-variable-resize.md b/docs/validation/css-variable-resize.md
index d50cf4e05..4184e46a4 100644
--- a/docs/validation/css-variable-resize.md
+++ b/docs/validation/css-variable-resize.md
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 ## History and diagnosis
 
-The properties divider changes a root CSS variable, --right-width. Its only
-stylesheet consumer is Kestrel's grid-template-columns declaration. The old CSSOM
+The properties divider changes a root CSS variable, --right-width. Its consumers include
+Kestrel's grid-template-columns declaration and the toast stack's right offset. The old CSSOM
 setter nevertheless recascades the entire root subtree on every processed update.
 
 That behavior is already present in main at 1154c70043d6ac71d599e019490ea493898961e8.
@@ -98,3 +98,8 @@ PowerShell focused test command:
 
 No Kestrel fixture, WebGPU implementation, frame-pacing code, or font-cache change
 is included. The optimization is in the shared native CSS runtime.
+
+The current benchmark additionally checks a positional toast offset. The table
+above records the earlier dimension-only workload; results for the expanded
+workload and Windows positional fix are recorded in
+[windows-divider-comparison.md](../graphics/windows-divider-comparison.md).
diff --git a/eng/graphics/DawnSymbolBoundary.cmake b/eng/graphics/DawnSymbolBoundary.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8f392390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/DawnSymbolBoundary.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Loaded through CMAKE_PROJECT_Dawn_INCLUDE. Keep Dawn's bundled dependencies
+# out of V8's symbol namespace without modifying the pinned upstream source.
+function(webscene_isolate_dawn)
+    if(NOT TARGET webgpu_dawn OR NOT DAWN_BUILD_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY STREQUAL "SHARED")
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "WebScene requires the shared Dawn monolith")
+    endif()
+    foreach(property COMPILE_DEFINITIONS INTERFACE_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS)
+        get_target_property(definitions webgpu_dawn_objects ${property})
+        if(definitions)
+            list(REMOVE_ITEM definitions DAWN_NATIVE_SHARED_LIBRARY)
+            set_property(TARGET webgpu_dawn_objects PROPERTY ${property} "${definitions}")
+        endif()
+    endforeach()
+    if(APPLE)
+        file(WRITE "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/webscene-dawn.exports" "_wgpu*\n")
+        target_link_options(webgpu_dawn PRIVATE "LINKER:-exported_symbols_list,${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/webscene-dawn.exports")
+    elseif(UNIX)
+        file(WRITE "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/webscene-dawn.exports" "{ global: wgpu*; local: *; };\n")
+        target_link_options(webgpu_dawn PRIVATE "LINKER:--version-script=${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/webscene-dawn.exports")
+    endif()
+    # Windows exports only functions decorated by WGPU_SHARED_LIBRARY;
+    # removing DAWN_NATIVE_SHARED_LIBRARY above excludes the C++ native API.
+endfunction()
+cmake_language(DEFER CALL webscene_isolate_dawn)
diff --git a/eng/graphics/GraphicsDependencies.cmake b/eng/graphics/GraphicsDependencies.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..099308df0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/GraphicsDependencies.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# Import only SDKs produced together with the checked-in graphics dependency lock.
+find_package(Python3 REQUIRED COMPONENTS Interpreter)
+find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
+
+if(WIN32 AND CMAKE_SIZEOF_VOID_P EQUAL 8 AND NOT CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR MATCHES "ARM64|aarch64|arm64")
+    set(WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_RID win-x64)
+elseif(APPLE AND CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR MATCHES "arm64|aarch64")
+    set(WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_RID osx-arm64)
+elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Linux" AND CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR MATCHES "x86_64|AMD64")
+    set(WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_RID linux-x64)
+else()
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "No graphics dependency profile for this architecture/platform")
+endif()
+
+set(WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT "" CACHE PATH "Directory containing dawn/ and angle/ SDKs for this RID")
+set(WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ANGLE_VARIANT "angle" CACHE STRING "ANGLE SDK: angle or separately built angle-gl")
+set_property(CACHE WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ANGLE_VARIANT PROPERTY STRINGS angle angle-gl)
+if(NOT WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ANGLE_VARIANT MATCHES "^angle(-gl)?$")
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Unknown ANGLE SDK variant")
+endif()
+if(NOT WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Set WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT to the output RID directory from eng/graphics/build.py")
+endif()
+
+foreach(component IN LISTS WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_COMPONENTS)
+    set(sdk "${WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT}/${component}")
+    if(component STREQUAL "angle")
+        set(sdk "${WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT}/${WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ANGLE_VARIANT}")
+    endif()
+    execute_process(
+        COMMAND "${Python3_EXECUTABLE}" "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/verify-sdk.py"
+            "${sdk}" --component "${component}" --rid "${WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_RID}"
+        RESULT_VARIABLE verification_result
+        OUTPUT_VARIABLE verification_output ERROR_VARIABLE verification_error)
+    if(NOT verification_result EQUAL 0)
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "${verification_output}${verification_error}")
+    endif()
+    message(STATUS "${verification_output}")
+    if(component STREQUAL "dawn")
+        find_package(Dawn CONFIG REQUIRED PATHS "${sdk}/lib/cmake/Dawn" NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
+        if(WIN32)
+            target_compile_definitions(dawn::webgpu_dawn INTERFACE NOMINMAX WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
+        endif()
+        # CMake's cache may retain Dawn_DIR from an unrelated install. Reject that too.
+        file(REAL_PATH "${Dawn_DIR}" resolved_dawn)
+        file(REAL_PATH "${sdk}/lib/cmake/Dawn" expected_dawn)
+        if(NOT resolved_dawn STREQUAL expected_dawn)
+            message(FATAL_ERROR "Dawn_DIR points outside the verified SDK; clear the stale cache")
+        endif()
+    elseif(component STREQUAL "angle")
+        foreach(library EGL GLESv2)
+            add_library(webscene_angle_${library} SHARED IMPORTED GLOBAL)
+            set_target_properties(webscene_angle_${library} PROPERTIES
+                INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES "${sdk}/include")
+            if(WIN32)
+                target_compile_definitions(webscene_angle_${library} INTERFACE NOMINMAX WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
+                set_target_properties(webscene_angle_${library} PROPERTIES
+                    IMPORTED_LOCATION "${sdk}/lib/lib${library}.dll"
+                    IMPORTED_IMPLIB "${sdk}/lib/lib${library}.lib")
+            else()
+                set_target_properties(webscene_angle_${library} PROPERTIES
+                    IMPORTED_LOCATION "${sdk}/lib/lib${library}${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}")
+            endif()
+        endforeach()
+    else()
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "Unknown graphics component: ${component}")
+    endif()
+endforeach()
diff --git a/eng/graphics/README.md b/eng/graphics/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3b774c8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# Native graphics prerequisites (G01)
+
+Implements part of [#23](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/WebScene/issues/23), the first sub-issue of [epic #22](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/WebScene/issues/22). Browser bindings, GPU canvas leases and production presentation are later issues. Enabling these build prerequisites does not expose WebGPU/WebGL APIs or advertise backend capabilities.
+
+## Dependency and ABI boundary
+
+`dependencies.lock.json` pins Dawn (including Tint and generated WebGPU headers), ANGLE, depot_tools, WebGPU CTS, Khronos WebGL and WPT to exact commits. Dawn's own pinned `DEPS` supplies its transitive source revisions; ANGLE uses its pinned `DEPS` through gclient with depot_tools self-update disabled. The installed package records the transitive Git revision graph, exact CMake/GN settings, tool identities, source licenses/notices and hashes of every installed header/library. There is no ProGPU or renderer replacement dependency.
+
+Dawn uses a shared `webgpu_dawn` monolith exporting only WebGPU C entry points. Static co-linkage with V8 exposed conflicting unversioned Abseil symbols and caused native runtime hangs; the shared boundary keeps those implementations private. `DawnSymbolBoundary.cmake` applies the export policy without patching upstream sources, and the builder checks actual binary exports before sealing the SDK. ANGLE uses shared EGL/GLESv2 with static internal dependencies and C ABI entry points. Windows release builds use static CRT for Dawn, matching the existing native engine/V8; ANGLE's non-component Chromium configuration controls its runtime. Windows build/link and runtime dependency validation (including D3D shader compiler packaging) remain hardware-runner gates. Never exchange CRT-owned allocations between these libraries.
+
+`GraphicsDependencies.cmake` verifies the SDK before importing it, including revision, RID, lock, settings, complete installed file inventory and content hashes. CMake cannot silently choose another `Dawn_DIR`. A dependency roll requires rebuilding headers and libraries together. Package manifests prove integrity and provenance, not API conformance or hardware execution.
+
+Dependency checkouts explicitly set both `core.autocrlf=false` and `core.eol=lf`: upstream `text=auto` attributes otherwise permit Windows-native CRLF license bytes. The optional Dawn C++ module wrapper is disabled; WebScene uses generated C/C++ headers and does not require compiler module scanning. This avoids a hosted GCC configuration that passed the language feature test but lacked CMake import-graph discovery support.
+
+The macOS package step rewrites ANGLE's working-directory-relative install names to `@rpath`, normalizes inter-library references to `@loader_path`, and applies ad-hoc signatures after rewriting. Probes and opt-in native builds copy ANGLE libraries beside the consumer and carry relative runtime search paths. Production distribution/signing remains a later package gate.
+
+## Build and run
+
+Use a native host for the selected RID. Requirements: Python 3.11+, Git, CMake 3.22+, Ninja and the platform development SDK. Windows needs an x64 Visual Studio development environment and Windows SDK. macOS needs Xcode and its Metal Toolchain (`xcodebuild -downloadComponent MetalToolchain` if absent). Linux needs the Vulkan driver/loader and the development prerequisites from the pinned ANGLE build documentation. The builder does not install system packages or GPU drivers.
+
+From the repository root, on macOS ARM64 (substitute `win-x64` or `linux-x64` on those hosts):
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/build.py dawn --rid osx-arm64 --jobs 6
+python3 eng/graphics/build.py angle --rid osx-arm64 --jobs 6
+cmake -S eng/graphics/probes -B artifacts/graphics-probes -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DWEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT="$PWD/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64"
+cmake --build artifacts/graphics-probes --parallel 6
+python3 eng/graphics/run-probes.py --rid osx-arm64 --sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64 --probes artifacts/graphics-probes --output artifacts/graphics-evidence/native-probes.json
+```
+
+Use `python` and an absolute path in PowerShell. `--sources`, `--build` and `--sdk` permit task-specific dependency caches. Sources are fetched at the lock, not the default branch. Tracked local source modifications are rejected. Both checkout and transitive gclient checkouts use LF line endings.
+
+On Windows, use a short source/build root (for example `C:/graphics`) because some
+upstream tools still have path-length limits. Git long paths are enabled by the
+builder. Dawn also stages the exact `d3dcompiler_47.dll` and redistributable license
+pinned in `windows-runtime.json`; supply the matching SDK with `--windows-sdk`
+or `WINDOWSSDKDIR`. These files are verified and deployed beside Dawn, including
+the native runtime and hardware probes. A different compiler on `PATH` is not a
+supported substitute.
+
+Both Dawn and ANGLE honor `--build`. To verify clean compilation while retaining the verified source checkout, select new `--build` and `--sdk` directories. ANGLE's GN output may live outside its source checkout; no existing build objects need to be deleted or reused.
+
+Each probe clears an RGBA texture and verifies all 68 pixels, including padded texture-copy rows for Dawn. ANGLE runs both ES 2 and ES 3 with WebGL compatibility and robust resource initialization. It requests the selected native hardware backend; Linux Vulkan additionally inspects the physical device type. Results distinguish `passed`, `failed` and `unavailable` (process codes 0, 1 and 77). The evidence runner rejects inconsistent process/JSON results, software/unknown hardware, missing adapter information and incomplete pixel checks. Declared Avalonia/Uno/Skia versions are repository target metadata; these native probes do not exercise framework composition.
+
+**Readback is confined to these diagnostic executables.** No per-frame CPU readback/upload path, managed draw-call bridge or GPU canvas ownership implementation is introduced.
+
+For a separately built GL option, use `build.py angle --angle-gl`, configure `WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ANGLE_VARIANT=angle-gl` and `WEBSCENE_ANGLE_PROBE_BACKEND=gl` in a separate probe build. That probe can check pixels, but presently reports hardware qualification unavailable until native GL adapter classification is implemented. It cannot substitute for the three selected backend gates.
+
+## Opt-in native engine integration
+
+Normal native builds retain `WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS=OFF` and do not require graphics SDKs. To validate linkage without building V8:
+
+```sh
+cmake -S experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe -B artifacts/native-graphics -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8=OFF -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS=ON -DWEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT="$PWD/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64"
+cmake --build artifacts/native-graphics --parallel 6
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/native-graphics --output-on-failure
+```
+
+This checks the existing parser tests and native library linkage. V8-enabled native runtime builds, wrappers and NuGet distribution still require their own integration/qualification. Creating a GPU device remains an explicit probe action; no device is created by these CMake changes.
+
+The runtime wrappers accept `--graphics-sdk /absolute/path/to/graphics-sdk/<rid>` (Bash) or `-GraphicsSdk` (PowerShell). Omission explicitly configures graphics OFF; enabled builds use a separate build-directory suffix. Before packing, `stage-runtime.py` verifies both SDK manifests and checks that the libraries beside the native engine match them. It stages Dawn/ANGLE libraries, the full SDK manifests, and license bytes with a map from original paths to short content-hash filenames. The generated package targets copy all graphics dependencies on build and publish and reject missing assets. This packages native prerequisites; it does not advertise WebGPU/WebGL browser support. Windows/Linux package and driver/compiler dependency qualification remain required.
+
+After building the native engine in separate `artifacts/graphics-build/native-enabled` and `native-disabled` directories (toggle `WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS`), reproduce the SDK boundary and macOS loader checks with:
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/check-sdk-integrity.py --sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn --rid osx-arm64 --output artifacts/graphics-evidence/sdk-integrity.json
+python3 eng/graphics/check-macos-relocation.py --sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64 --probes artifacts/graphics-probes --native-enabled artifacts/graphics-build/native-enabled --native-disabled artifacts/graphics-build/native-disabled --output artifacts/graphics-evidence/relocation.json
+```
+
+The SDK check mutates disposable copies to reject a wrong revision, RID, lock, build settings, generated header, unexpected header, library and cached foreign `Dawn_DIR`. The macOS check runs relocated binaries with an unrelated current directory and checks dyld's actual ANGLE load paths; use a Python installation that permits `DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES` (the local verification used Homebrew Python).
+
+## Fixture, suites and coverage
+
+The unchanged Kestrel archive and license are committed under `tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures`; see that directory's README for checksum verification and disposable extraction. Its historical GPU results and screenshots are not qualification evidence.
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/sync-suites.py webgpu-cts
+python3 eng/graphics/sync-suites.py webgl-cts
+python3 eng/graphics/sync-suites.py wpt
+```
+
+These commands acquire full immutable upstream checkouts with their licenses. Acquisition reports explicitly say `conformanceStatus: not-run`. `coverage.json` tracks core API families, optional features, source and worker dependencies, downstream issue ownership and harness gaps. It is a family-level inventory; member-level CTS/WPT mappings and individual optional-feature coverage remain work for the corresponding binding/conformance issues.
+
+## Hardware evidence and outstanding acceptance
+
+`.github/workflows/graphics-sdk-build.yml` builds the pinned Dawn/ANGLE SDKs and links their diagnostic probes on hosted Windows and Linux runners. It deliberately does not run GPU probes or count successful compilation as hardware qualification. Verified installed SDKs are cached with `actions/cache/restore` and `actions/cache/save`, separately for each component and RID. Exact keys include the hosted runner image version and hashes of the dependency lock, build recipe, symbol/export policy, Windows SDK installer and workflow. Test-only and application changes reuse the same SDK. No prefix fallback is allowed; changed build inputs cause a rebuild. Every hit still passes full SDK inventory/settings/checksum verification and fresh consumer compile/link checks. Only verified SDKs are saved, immediately before consumer probes, so later probe failures do not discard successful dependency builds. The source and intermediate build trees are not cached.
+
+The first run for each key must build it. Caches can also miss after eviction or runner image updates. A push to `main` seeds default-branch caches for subsequent PRs. Dispatch with `clean=true` to bypass restoration for a deliberate source rebuild. Bump the cache generation (`v1`) if an existing immutable entry needs replacing. Four component/platform jobs may run concurrently; actual runner availability still controls start times. This cache covers the hosted graphics SDK workflow; native runtime packaging retains its separate V8 cache.
+
+Its SDK artifacts are retained for 14 days for inspection. The separate dedicated-runner workflow below owns hardware execution.
+
+`.github/workflows/graphics-prerequisites.yml` is manually dispatched on dedicated `self-hosted`, `webscene-gpu`, `<rid>` runners. An administrator must enroll suitable hardware and provision the platform tools, an interactive desktop and Chrome (`CHROME_BIN` may specify its executable). Windows initialization selects the installed x64 Visual C++ developer environment for subsequent Ninja builds. The workflow is an enrollment contract, not proof of available runners; this account could not enumerate repository runners (HTTP 403). It preserves evidence on failure and treats unavailable hardware as non-success. It also uploads the full Chrome reference PNG/trace set with 90-day artifact retention; copy accepted baselines to permanent project storage before expiration. Ordinary CI checks fixture integrity and evidence-validation behavior only.
+
+Current local macOS evidence covers both native backend probes, graphics-enabled/disabled V8-free parser builds, native/probe relocation, SDK mismatch rejection and 32 repeated hardware-Chrome courtyard/fixture/seeded 10k/100k reference runs. Remaining #23 gates include Windows/Linux builds and hardware runs, native V8 runtime/package integration, independently qualified GL where needed, complete durable reference artifact storage, and the complete non-GPU baseline. Unchanged Kestrel now passes scoped macOS WebScene WebGPU startup, pan, sidebar and resize probes; see `docs/graphics/coherent-gpu-scene-publication.md` for exact evidence and limitations. These application checks do not establish complete WebGPU/WebGL API support, full conformance or physical 60fps qualification. Keep #23 open until all its acceptance evidence is complete. At the user's direction, #24 implementation proceeds while #23 CI and hardware qualification remain outstanding; this does not waive either issue's acceptance gates.
+
+Upstream build references: [Dawn CMake at the pin](https://github.com/google/dawn/blob/2ca8cbfe0f8275aa0f739e7b6b4345a16e2f0378/docs/quickstart-cmake.md), [ANGLE setup at the pin](https://github.com/google/angle/blob/082d85ba19efba24d3c25108dc1f0cad9cf149f9/doc/DevSetup.md). The exact checked-out source and generated headers take precedence over examples from other revisions.
+
+### Windows SDK prerequisite
+
+The pinned ANGLE toolchain requires Windows SDK headers/libraries `10.0.28000.0`, including x86 tools used during GN configuration. Hosted ANGLE CI explicitly runs `eng/graphics/install-windows-sdk.ps1` before initializing Visual C++. This pins the Microsoft `10.0.28000.2526` installer, verifies its SHA-256 and Authenticode signature, installs without restarting, and checks the required x86/x64 headers, libraries and resource compiler. Developers and dedicated runner administrators may explicitly run that script from PowerShell 7 with installation privileges; `build.py` does not install system software automatically.
+
+Installer provenance: [Microsoft SDK downloads](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/apps/windows-sdk/downloads) and [Microsoft WinGet manifest](https://github.com/microsoft/winget-pkgs/blob/master/manifests/m/Microsoft/WindowsSDK/10/0/28000/10.0.28000.2526/Microsoft.WindowsSDK.10.0.28000.installer.yaml). Downloaded installer bytes matched the published SHA-256 locally. Windows installation and subsequent ANGLE compilation still require CI verification.
diff --git a/eng/graphics/analyze-frame-pipeline.py b/eng/graphics/analyze-frame-pipeline.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62efebc8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/analyze-frame-pipeline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import json, pathlib, sys, statistics, collections
+for name in sys.argv[1:]:
+    lines=pathlib.Path(name).read_text().splitlines()
+    timeline=json.loads(next(l.split(': ',1)[1] for l in lines if l.startswith(('Kestrel pan composition timeline:', 'Kestrel sidebar timeline:'))))
+    f=timeline['timestampFrequency']
+    lo=(timeline['submittedMoves'][0]['submittedAt']/f+1)*1e9
+    hi=timeline['submittedMoves'][-1]['submittedAt']/f*1e9
+    records=[json.loads(l.split(': ',1)[1]) for l in lines if l.startswith('Frame pipeline:')]
+    records=sorted((r for r in records if lo<=r['ns']<=hi), key=lambda r:r['ns'])
+    durations=collections.defaultdict(list); counts=collections.Counter(r['stage'] for r in records)
+    starts=collections.defaultdict(list); last={}; by_input=collections.defaultdict(lambda:collections.defaultdict(float))
+    for r in records:
+        s=r['stage']; t=r['ns']
+        if s.endswith('-start'): starts[s[:-6]].append(t)
+        if s.endswith('-end') or s in ['publish-deferred','publish-discarded']:
+            base=s.rsplit('-',1)[0]
+            if starts[base]:
+                elapsed=(t-starts[base].pop())/1e6
+                durations[s].append(elapsed)
+                by_input[r['sequence']][s]+=elapsed
+        if s=='raf-start' and 'input-end' in last: durations['input-to-raf'].append((t-last['input-end'])/1e6)
+        if s=='publish-start' and 'raf-end' in last: durations['raf-to-publish'].append((t-last['raf-end'])/1e6)
+        last[s]=t
+    print(name, 'counts',dict(counts))
+    for k,vs in durations.items():
+        vs.sort();print(k,dict(n=len(vs),median=round(statistics.median(vs),4),p95=round(vs[int((len(vs)-1)*.95)],4),max=round(vs[-1],4)))
+    for key in ['layout-end','event-end']:
+        vs=sorted(v[key] for v in by_input.values() if 'input-end' in v)
+        if vs: print(key+' per input', 'median',statistics.median(vs),'p95',vs[int((len(vs)-1)*.95)])
diff --git a/eng/graphics/build.py b/eng/graphics/build.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed8fc8856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/build.py
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Build a pinned Dawn or ANGLE SDK; requires Git, CMake, Ninja and platform SDKs."""
+import argparse
+from dawn_exports import inspect_exports
+import hashlib
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import platform
+import shutil
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import urllib.request
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+LOCK_PATH = Path(__file__).with_name("dependencies.lock.json")
+LOCK = json.loads(LOCK_PATH.read_text())
+
+
+def sha(path):
+    digest = hashlib.sha256()
+    with path.open("rb") as stream:
+        for chunk in iter(lambda: stream.read(1024 * 1024), b""):
+            digest.update(chunk)
+    return digest.hexdigest()
+
+
+def run(args, cwd=None, env=None):
+    print("+", subprocess.list2cmdline([str(a) for a in args]), flush=True)
+    subprocess.run([str(a) for a in args], cwd=cwd, env=env, check=True)
+
+
+def capture(args, cwd=None, env=None):
+    print("+", subprocess.list2cmdline([str(a) for a in args]), flush=True)
+    return subprocess.check_output([str(a) for a in args], cwd=cwd, env=env, text=True).strip()
+
+
+def host_rid():
+    cpu = {"arm64": "arm64", "aarch64": "arm64", "amd64": "x64", "x86_64": "x64"}.get(platform.machine().lower())
+    os_name = {"Darwin": "osx", "Windows": "win", "Linux": "linux"}.get(platform.system())
+    return f"{os_name}-{cpu}"
+
+
+def checkout(name, directory):
+    source = LOCK["sources"][name]
+    if not directory.exists():
+        directory.mkdir(parents=True)
+        run(["git", "init", directory])
+        run(["git", "-C", directory, "remote", "add", "origin", source["repository"]])
+    run(["git", "-C", directory, "config", "core.autocrlf", "false"])
+    run(["git", "-C", directory, "config", "core.eol", "lf"])
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        run(["git", "-C", directory, "config", "core.longpaths", "true"])
+    if capture(["git", "-C", directory, "remote", "get-url", "origin"]) != source["repository"]:
+        raise ValueError(f"Wrong source remote: {directory}")
+    current = subprocess.run(["git", "-C", str(directory), "rev-parse", "HEAD"], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    if current.returncode != 0 or current.stdout.strip() != source["revision"]:
+        if capture(["git", "-C", directory, "status", "--porcelain", "--untracked-files=no"]):
+            raise ValueError(f"Refusing to overwrite source edits: {directory}")
+        run(["git", "-C", directory, "fetch", "--depth", "1", "origin", source["revision"]])
+        run(["git", "-C", directory, "checkout", "--detach", source["revision"]])
+    verify_source(name, directory)
+
+
+def verify_source(name, directory, env=None):
+    source = LOCK["sources"][name]
+    if capture(["git", "-C", directory, "rev-parse", "HEAD"], env=env) != source["revision"]:
+        raise ValueError(f"Revision mismatch: {name}")
+    if capture(["git", "-C", directory, "diff", "HEAD", "--stat"], env=env):
+        raise ValueError(f"Tracked source modifications: {name}")
+    if "licenseSha256" in source and sha(directory / source["licenseFile"]) != source["licenseSha256"]:
+        raise ValueError(f"License checksum mismatch: {name}")
+
+
+def copy_licenses(source, destination):
+    # Preserve upstream and transitive notices instead of attributing all linked code to one license.
+    for current, directories, files in os.walk(source):
+        directories[:] = [d for d in directories if d not in {".git", "out", "node_modules", "__pycache__"}]
+        for name in files:
+            if name.upper().startswith(("LICENSE", "COPYING", "NOTICE", "COPYRIGHT")):
+                path = Path(current) / name
+                if path.is_file():
+                    output = destination / path.relative_to(source)
+                    output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+                    shutil.copy2(path, output)
+
+
+def remove_sdk(sdk):
+    # CIPD license files can be read-only. Only retry that specific failure
+    # inside this generated SDK; preserve all other filesystem errors.
+    root = sdk.resolve()
+
+    def retry_readonly(function, path, exception_info):
+        error = exception_info[1]
+        target = Path(path).resolve()
+        if not target.is_relative_to(root) or not isinstance(error, PermissionError):
+            raise error
+        if target.stat().st_mode & stat.S_IWRITE:
+            raise error
+        target.chmod(target.stat().st_mode | stat.S_IWRITE)
+        function(path)
+
+    shutil.rmtree(root, onerror=retry_readonly)
+
+
+def source_graph(source, env=None):
+    """Check dependency bytes under the same Git policy used to check them out."""
+    source_graph = {}
+    for current, directories, files in os.walk(source):
+        if ".git" in directories or ".git" in files:
+            directory = Path(current)
+            changes = capture(["git", "-C", directory, "diff", "HEAD", "--stat"], env=env)
+            if changes:
+                raise ValueError(f"Modified transitive dependency: {directory}\n{changes}")
+            source_graph[directory.relative_to(source).as_posix()] = capture(
+                ["git", "-C", directory, "rev-parse", "HEAD"], env=env)
+        directories[:] = [d for d in directories if d not in {".git", "out", "node_modules", "__pycache__"}]
+    return source_graph
+
+
+def seal(component, source, sdk, rid, settings, tools, env=None):
+    verify_source(component, source, env=env)
+    graph = source_graph(source, env=env)
+    copy_licenses(source, sdk / "licenses")
+    (sdk / "build-info/source-graph.json").write_text(json.dumps(graph, indent=2) + "\n")
+    files = {p.relative_to(sdk).as_posix(): sha(p) for p in sorted(sdk.rglob("*"))
+             if p.is_file() and p.name != "webscene-graphics-package.json"}
+    manifest = {
+        "schemaVersion": 1, "component": component, "rid": rid,
+        "revision": LOCK["sources"][component]["revision"], "lockSha256": sha(LOCK_PATH),
+        "settings": settings, "tools": tools, "files": files,
+        "buildScriptSha256": sha(Path(__file__).resolve()),
+        "qualification": "built; requires hardware probe and platform acceptance evidence",
+    }
+    (sdk / "webscene-graphics-package.json").write_text(json.dumps(manifest, indent=2) + "\n")
+
+
+def dawn(args):
+    source = args.sources / "dawn"
+    checkout("dawn", source)
+    output = args.build / f"dawn-{args.rid}"
+    sdk = args.sdk / args.rid / "dawn"
+    settings = dict(LOCK["dawnCmake"])
+    settings["DAWN_ENABLE_" + LOCK["profiles"][args.rid]["dawnBackend"].upper()] = "ON"
+    if args.rid.startswith("win-"):
+        settings["CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY"] = "MultiThreaded"
+        settings["ABSL_MSVC_STATIC_RUNTIME"] = "ON"
+    if args.rid.startswith("osx-"):
+        settings["CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES"] = "arm64"
+    symbol_policy = Path(__file__).with_name("DawnSymbolBoundary.cmake").resolve()
+    run(["cmake", "-S", source, "-B", output, "-G", "Ninja",
+         f"-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX={sdk}", f"-DCMAKE_PROJECT_Dawn_INCLUDE={symbol_policy}",
+         "-DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS="] + [f"-D{k}={v}" for k, v in settings.items()])
+    run(["cmake", "--build", output, "--parallel", args.jobs])
+    # Old installed headers/libraries must not survive a dependency roll.
+    if sdk.exists():
+        remove_sdk(sdk)
+    run(["cmake", "--install", output])
+    sdk.joinpath("build-info").mkdir()
+    shutil.copy2(symbol_policy, sdk / "build-info/DawnSymbolBoundary.cmake")
+    binary = sdk / {"win-x64": "bin/webgpu_dawn.dll", "osx-arm64": "lib/libwebgpu_dawn.dylib",
+                    "linux-x64": "lib/libwebgpu_dawn.so"}[args.rid]
+    (sdk / "build-info/exports.json").write_text(json.dumps(inspect_exports(binary, args.rid), indent=2) + "\n")
+    shutil.copy2(output / "CMakeCache.txt", sdk / "build-info/CMakeCache.txt")
+    for name in ["CMakeCCompiler.cmake", "CMakeCXXCompiler.cmake", "CMakeSystem.cmake"]:
+        metadata = max(output.glob("CMakeFiles/*/" + name), key=lambda p: p.stat().st_mtime)
+        shutil.copy2(metadata, sdk / "build-info" / name)
+    shutil.copy2(source / "DEPS", sdk / "build-info/DEPS")
+    if args.rid == "win-x64":
+        stage_windows_runtime(args, sdk)
+    seal("dawn", source, sdk, args.rid, settings,
+         {"cmake": capture(["cmake", "--version"]), "ninja": capture(["ninja", "--version"]),
+         "python": sys.version, "host": platform.platform()})
+
+
+def stage_windows_runtime(args, sdk):
+    pin_path = Path(__file__).with_name("windows-runtime.json")
+    pin = json.loads(pin_path.read_text())
+    root = Path(getattr(args, "windows_sdk", None) or os.environ.get("WINDOWSSDKDIR")
+                or r"C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10")
+    compiler = root / pin["compiler"]
+    if not compiler.is_file() or sha(compiler) != pin["sha256"]:
+        raise ValueError(f"Windows runtime requires SDK {pin['release']} compiler at {compiler}")
+    shutil.copy2(compiler, sdk / "bin/d3dcompiler_47.dll")
+    license_dir = sdk / "licenses/windows-sdk"
+    license_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    license_path = license_dir / "LICENSE.rtf"
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(pin["licenseUrl"], timeout=60) as response:
+        license_path.write_bytes(response.read())
+    if sha(license_path) != pin["licenseSha256"]:
+        raise ValueError("Windows SDK license checksum mismatch")
+    shutil.copy2(pin_path, sdk / "build-info/windows-runtime.json")
+
+
+def angle(args):
+    depot = args.sources / "depot_tools"
+    checkout("depot-tools", depot)
+    workspace = args.sources / "angle-workspace"
+    source = workspace / "angle"
+    checkout("angle", source)
+    solution = [{"name": "angle", "url": LOCK["sources"]["angle"]["repository"],
+                 "managed": False, "custom_deps": {}, "custom_vars": LOCK["angleCustomVars"]}]
+    (workspace / ".gclient").write_text("solutions = " + repr(solution) + "\n")
+    env = dict(os.environ, DEPOT_TOOLS_UPDATE="0", DEPOT_TOOLS_WIN_TOOLCHAIN="0")
+    # Apply LF policy to gclient's transitive Git checkouts without changing user configuration.
+    env.update(angle_git_environment())
+    env["PATH"] = str(depot) + os.pathsep + env["PATH"]
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        # Self-updates stay disabled to preserve the pin, but gclient's Windows
+        # Git wrapper is generated by the separate pinned bootstrap script.
+        run([depot / "bootstrap/win_tools.bat"], cwd=depot, env=env)
+        if not (depot / "git.bat").is_file():
+            raise ValueError("depot_tools bootstrap did not generate git.bat")
+    gclient = depot / ("gclient.bat" if os.name == "nt" else "gclient")
+    run([gclient, "sync", "--shallow", "--no-history", "--revision",
+         "angle@" + LOCK["sources"]["angle"]["revision"]], cwd=workspace, env=env)
+    verify_source("angle", source, env=env)
+    # Fail before compiling if synchronization produced inconsistent sources.
+    source_graph(source, env=env)
+    profile = LOCK["profiles"][args.rid]
+    settings = dict(LOCK["angleGn"], target_cpu=profile["cpu"])
+    settings["angle_enable_" + profile["angleBackend"].lower()] = True
+    if args.angle_gl:
+        settings["angle_enable_gl"] = True
+    output = args.build / ("angle-" + args.rid + ("-gl" if args.angle_gl else ""))
+    output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    (output / "args.gn").write_text("\n".join(k + " = " + json.dumps(v) for k, v in settings.items()) + "\n")
+    gn_os = {"win": "win", "osx": "mac", "linux": "linux64"}[args.rid.split("-")[0]]
+    gn = source / "buildtools" / gn_os / ("gn.exe" if os.name == "nt" else "gn")
+    run([gn, "gen", output, "--fail-on-unused-args"], cwd=source, env=env)
+    run(["ninja", "-C", output, "-j", args.jobs, "libEGL", "libGLESv2"], cwd=source, env=env)
+    sdk = args.sdk / args.rid / ("angle-gl" if args.angle_gl else "angle")
+    if sdk.exists():
+        remove_sdk(sdk)
+    shutil.copytree(source / "include", sdk / "include")
+    if args.rid.startswith("linux-"):
+        vulkan_headers = source / "third_party/vulkan-headers/src/include"
+        for directory in ["vulkan", "vk_video"]:
+            # ANGLE already ships include/vulkan/vulkan_fuchsia_ext.h.
+            shutil.copytree(vulkan_headers / directory, sdk / "include" / directory, dirs_exist_ok=True)
+    (sdk / "lib").mkdir()
+    suffixes = {"win": [".dll", ".lib"], "osx": [".dylib"], "linux": [".so"]}[args.rid.split("-")[0]]
+    for library in ["libEGL", "libGLESv2"]:
+        for suffix in suffixes:
+            # Chromium GN names Windows import libraries *.dll.lib. Normalize
+            # the staged SDK name to the stable *.lib consumer contract.
+            source_suffix = ".dll.lib" if suffix == ".lib" else suffix
+            shutil.copy2(output / (library + source_suffix), sdk / "lib" / (library + suffix))
+    if args.rid.startswith("osx-"):
+        # GN emits ./lib*.dylib IDs. Those resolve against process cwd rather than SDK location.
+        # Normalize only packaged copies and sign after modification; source/build outputs stay intact.
+        for library in ["libEGL", "libGLESv2"]:
+            path = sdk / "lib" / (library + ".dylib")
+            run(["install_name_tool", "-id", "@rpath/" + path.name, path])
+            for dependency in ["libEGL.dylib", "libGLESv2.dylib"]:
+                run(["install_name_tool", "-change", "./" + dependency,
+                     "@loader_path/" + dependency, path])
+            run(["codesign", "--force", "--sign", "-", path])
+    (sdk / "build-info").mkdir()
+    shutil.copy2(output / "args.gn", sdk / "build-info/args.gn")
+    # GN evaluates the build configuration when listing arguments too. Keep the
+    # same toolchain selection as generation, particularly the local Windows SDK.
+    (sdk / "build-info/resolved-args.gn").write_text(capture([gn, "args", output, "--list", "--short"], source, env=env) + "\n")
+    shutil.copy2(source / "DEPS", sdk / "build-info/DEPS")
+    clang = source / "third_party/llvm-build/Release+Asserts/bin" / ("clang-cl.exe" if args.rid.startswith("win-") else "clang")
+    seal("angle", source, sdk, args.rid, settings,
+         {"gn": capture([gn, "--version"], env=env), "ninja": capture(["ninja", "--version"], env=env),
+          "clang": capture([clang, "--version"], env=env), "clangSha256": sha(clang),
+          "depotTools": LOCK["sources"]["depot-tools"]["revision"], "host": platform.platform()}, env=env)
+
+
+def angle_git_environment():
+    # Rust's ICU snapshots exceed MAX_PATH under the CI workspace. Use the same
+    # policy for gclient checkout and later verification; otherwise Git reports
+    # these tracked files as deleted even when they exist on disk.
+    return dict(GIT_CONFIG_COUNT="3",
+                GIT_CONFIG_KEY_0="core.autocrlf", GIT_CONFIG_VALUE_0="false",
+                GIT_CONFIG_KEY_1="core.eol", GIT_CONFIG_VALUE_1="lf",
+                GIT_CONFIG_KEY_2="core.longpaths", GIT_CONFIG_VALUE_2="true")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("component", choices=["dawn", "angle"])
+    parser.add_argument("--rid", choices=list(LOCK["profiles"]), default=host_rid())
+    parser.add_argument("--sources", type=Path, default=ROOT / "artifacts/graphics-src")
+    parser.add_argument("--build", type=Path, default=ROOT / "artifacts/graphics-build")
+    parser.add_argument("--sdk", type=Path, default=ROOT / "artifacts/graphics-sdk")
+    parser.add_argument("--jobs", type=int, default=min(8, os.cpu_count() or 1))
+    parser.add_argument("--angle-gl", action="store_true", help="Separate ANGLE SDK with an explicit GL backend option")
+    parser.add_argument("--windows-sdk", type=Path, help="Pinned Windows SDK root (otherwise WINDOWSSDKDIR)")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if args.rid != host_rid():
+        parser.error("These baseline builds require a native host of the requested RID; cross compilation is not qualification.")
+    if args.jobs < 1 or (args.angle_gl and args.component != "angle"):
+        parser.error("Jobs must be positive; --angle-gl applies only to ANGLE.")
+    for key in ["sources", "build", "sdk"]:
+        setattr(args, key, getattr(args, key).resolve())
+    try:
+        {"dawn": dawn, "angle": angle}[args.component](args)
+    except (ValueError, OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError) as error:
+        print(f"Graphics build failed: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/eng/graphics/check-macos-relocation.py b/eng/graphics/check-macos-relocation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0f69ba53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/check-macos-relocation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Check actual macOS loader paths for relocated native libraries and GPU probes."""
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import platform
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+
+def check(args):
+    if platform.system() != "Darwin":
+        raise RuntimeError("This check uses dyld loader tracing and must run on macOS")
+    checks = []
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="webscene-relocation-") as temporary:
+        destination = Path(temporary)
+        env = dict(os.environ, DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES="1")
+
+        def run(command, directory, expected_libraries):
+            process = subprocess.run(command, cwd="/", env=env, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=90)
+            passed = process.returncode == 0
+            for library in ["libEGL.dylib", "libGLESv2.dylib", "libwebgpu_dawn.dylib"]:
+                if library in expected_libraries:
+                    passed &= str(directory / library) in process.stderr
+                else:
+                    passed &= library not in process.stderr
+            checks.append({"command": command, "passed": passed, "exitCode": process.returncode,
+                           "stdout": process.stdout, "loaderTrace": process.stderr})
+
+        libraries = ["libEGL.dylib", "libGLESv2.dylib"]
+        for library in libraries:
+            shutil.copy2(args.sdk / "angle/lib" / library, destination / library)
+        shutil.copy2(args.sdk / "dawn/lib/libwebgpu_dawn.dylib", destination / "libwebgpu_dawn.dylib")
+        for name, arguments in [("webscene_dawn_probe", ["metal"]),
+                                ("webscene_angle_probe", ["metal", "2"]),
+                                ("webscene_angle_probe", ["metal", "3"])]:
+            shutil.copy2(args.probes / name, destination / name)
+            run([str(destination / name), *arguments], destination, libraries if "angle" in name else ["libwebgpu_dawn.dylib"])
+        libraries.append("libwebgpu_dawn.dylib")
+        for mode, source in [("enabled", args.native_enabled), ("disabled", args.native_disabled)]:
+            directory = destination / ("native-" + mode)
+            directory.mkdir()
+            library = directory / "libwebscene_native_engine.dylib"
+            shutil.copy2(source / library.name, library)
+            if mode == "enabled":
+                for name in libraries:
+                    component = "dawn" if name == "libwebgpu_dawn.dylib" else "angle"
+                    shutil.copy2(args.sdk / component / "lib" / name, directory / name)
+            # sys.executable must be a non-SIP-restricted Python so dyld trace variables are honored.
+            code = "import ctypes; library=ctypes.CDLL(" + repr(str(library)) + "); print(library.webscene_engine_get_abi_version())"
+            run([sys.executable, "-c", code], directory, libraries if mode == "enabled" else [])
+    passed = all(result["passed"] for result in checks)
+    args.output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    args.output.write_text(json.dumps({"scope": "macOS relocation and native load only",
+                                      "status": "passed" if passed else "failed", "checks": checks}, indent=2) + "\n")
+    print(f"macOS relocation: {'passed' if passed else 'failed'} ({len(checks)} checks)")
+    return 0 if passed else 1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--sdk", required=True, type=Path)
+    parser.add_argument("--probes", required=True, type=Path)
+    parser.add_argument("--native-enabled", required=True, type=Path)
+    parser.add_argument("--native-disabled", required=True, type=Path)
+    parser.add_argument("--output", required=True, type=Path)
+    sys.exit(check(parser.parse_args()))
diff --git a/eng/graphics/check-sdk-integrity.py b/eng/graphics/check-sdk-integrity.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0171e527c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/check-sdk-integrity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Exercise relocation and mismatch rejection against a real built Dawn SDK copy."""
+import argparse
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+
+
+def check(args):
+    checks = []
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="webscene-sdk-integrity-") as temporary:
+        sdk = Path(temporary) / "dawn"
+        shutil.copytree(args.sdk.resolve(), sdk)
+
+        def verify(expected, label):
+            process = subprocess.run([sys.executable, str(HERE / "verify-sdk.py"), str(sdk),
+                                      "--component", "dawn", "--rid", args.rid],
+                                     cwd=temporary, capture_output=True, text=True)
+            matches = (process.returncode == 0) == expected
+            checks.append({"test": label, "passed": matches, "expectedSuccess": expected,
+                           "exitCode": process.returncode, "stdout": process.stdout, "stderr": process.stderr})
+
+        verify(True, "relocated SDK integrity")
+        for dawn_directory, expected in [(sdk / "lib/cmake/Dawn", True),
+                                         (args.sdk.resolve() / "lib/cmake/Dawn", False)]:
+            command = ["cmake", "-S", str(HERE / "probes"), "-B", str(Path(temporary) / "build"),
+                       "-G", "Ninja", "-DWEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_COMPONENTS=dawn",
+                       "-DWEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT=" + str(sdk.parent),
+                       "-DDawn_DIR=" + str(dawn_directory)]
+            process = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True)
+            checks.append({"test": "relocated CMake import" if expected else "foreign cached Dawn_DIR rejection",
+                           "passed": (process.returncode == 0) == expected, "expectedSuccess": expected,
+                           "exitCode": process.returncode, "stdout": process.stdout, "stderr": process.stderr})
+        manifest = sdk / "webscene-graphics-package.json"
+        original_manifest = manifest.read_text()
+        for field, value in [("revision", "0" * 40), ("rid", "wrong-rid"), ("lockSha256", "0" * 64)]:
+            data = json.loads(original_manifest)
+            data[field] = value
+            manifest.write_text(json.dumps(data))
+            verify(False, field + " mismatch rejection")
+        data = json.loads(original_manifest)
+        data["settings"]["DAWN_ENABLE_NULL"] = "ON"
+        manifest.write_text(json.dumps(data))
+        verify(False, "wrong build settings rejection")
+        manifest.write_text(original_manifest)
+        header = sdk / "include/dawn/webgpu.h"
+        original_header = header.read_bytes()
+        header.write_bytes(original_header + b"\n// mismatched generated header\n")
+        verify(False, "mismatched generated WebGPU header rejection")
+        header.write_bytes(original_header)
+        extra = sdk / "include/dawn/untracked-extension.h"
+        extra.write_text("// unexpected header\n")
+        verify(False, "unexpected installed header rejection")
+        extra.unlink()
+        library = sdk / ({"win-x64": "bin/webgpu_dawn.dll", "osx-arm64": "lib/libwebgpu_dawn.dylib",
+                          "linux-x64": "lib/libwebgpu_dawn.so"}[args.rid])
+        with library.open("ab") as stream:
+            stream.write(b"mismatched library")
+        verify(False, "mismatched native library rejection")
+    passed = all(result["passed"] for result in checks)
+    args.output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    args.output.write_text(json.dumps({"scope": "SDK input integrity only; not graphics execution",
+                                      "status": "passed" if passed else "failed", "checks": checks}, indent=2) + "\n")
+    print(f"SDK integrity checks: {'passed' if passed else 'failed'} ({len(checks)} checks)")
+    return 0 if passed else 1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--sdk", required=True, type=Path, help="Built dawn/ SDK directory")
+    parser.add_argument("--rid", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--output", required=True, type=Path)
+    sys.exit(check(parser.parse_args()))
diff --git a/eng/graphics/coverage.json b/eng/graphics/coverage.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..164c159e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/coverage.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 1,
+  "scope": "Epic #22 desktop WebGPU and WebGL implementation inventory; prerequisite probes are not browser API support",
+  "defaultBrowserImplementationStatus": "not-implemented",
+  "families": [
+    {"name":"WebGPU discovery and device model","classification":"core","interfaces":["GPU","GPUAdapter","GPUAdapterInfo","GPUSupportedFeatures","GPUSupportedLimits","GPUDevice","GPUQueue"],"issue":31,"harness":"Secure-context and V8 promise/exposure integration required"},
+    {"name":"WebGPU resources and bindings","classification":"core","interfaces":["GPUBuffer","GPUTexture","GPUTextureView","GPUSampler","GPUBindGroupLayout","GPUBindGroup","GPUPipelineLayout"],"issue":31,"harness":"WebGPU CTS browser bindings and resource validation required"},
+    {"name":"WebGPU shaders and render pipelines","classification":"core","interfaces":["GPUShaderModule","GPUCompilationInfo","GPUCompilationMessage","GPURenderPipeline","GPUCommandEncoder","GPURenderPassEncoder","GPUCommandBuffer"],"issue":32,"harness":"WGSL compilation, offscreen pixel oracle and render-pass validation required"},
+    {"name":"WebGPU canvas","classification":"core","interfaces":["GPUCanvasContext"],"issue":32,"harness":"HTML canvas configuration and retained GPU image composition required"},
+    {"name":"WebGPU asynchronous behavior","classification":"core","interfaces":["GPUDeviceLostInfo","GPUError","GPUValidationError","GPUOutOfMemoryError","GPUInternalError","GPUUncapturedErrorEvent"],"operations":["mapAsync","getMappedRange","unmap","onSubmittedWorkDone","pushErrorScope","popErrorScope","copyBufferToBuffer","copyBufferToTexture","copyTextureToBuffer","copyTextureToTexture"],"issue":33,"harness":"Promise/task ordering, mapped backing-store lifetime and induced device loss required"},
+    {"name":"WebGPU remaining command surface","classification":"core","interfaces":["GPUComputePipeline","GPUComputePassEncoder","GPURenderBundleEncoder","GPURenderBundle","GPUQuerySet"],"operations":["createComputePipelineAsync","createRenderPipelineAsync","dispatchWorkgroups","dispatchWorkgroupsIndirect","drawIndirect","drawIndexedIndirect","resolveQuerySet"],"issue":38,"harness":"Compute, indirect execution, bundles and query CTS required"},
+    {"name":"Adapter-dependent WebGPU features and limits","classification":"optional","sourceOfTruth":"Pinned WebGPU CTS and browser WebIDL/spec; enumerate individually during G09/G16 implementation","issue":38,"harness":"Supported/unsupported feature negotiation, validation and limit boundaries required; native extensions are not automatically browser features"},
+    {"name":"WebGL 1","classification":"core","interfaces":["WebGLRenderingContext","WebGLActiveInfo","WebGLBuffer","WebGLFramebuffer","WebGLProgram","WebGLRenderbuffer","WebGLShader","WebGLShaderPrecisionFormat","WebGLTexture","WebGLUniformLocation","WebGLContextEvent"],"issue":36,"harness":"Khronos WebGL 1 runner, GLSL ES validation, typed-array overloads, context loss and browser state validation required"},
+    {"name":"WebGL 2","classification":"core","interfaces":["WebGL2RenderingContext","WebGLQuery","WebGLSampler","WebGLSync","WebGLTransformFeedback","WebGLVertexArrayObject"],"issue":37,"harness":"Khronos WebGL 2 runner, ES3 command/resource surface and WebGPU-to-WebGL application fallback fixture required"},
+    {"name":"WebGL extensions","classification":"optional","sourceOfTruth":"Pinned Khronos WebGL extension specifications and tests; per-adapter filtering required","issue":37,"harness":"WebGL extension exposure must not mirror the unrestricted ANGLE ES extension list"},
+    {"name":"Canvas snapshots and serialization","classification":"source-dependency","operations":["drawImage","toBlob","toDataURL","convertToBlob","createImageBitmap"],"issue":34,"harness":"Call-time image capture, real PNG/Blob bytes, alpha/color conversion and origin-clean checks required"},
+    {"name":"Worker execution and transferable canvases","classification":"worker-dependency","interfaces":["WorkerNavigator","OffscreenCanvas","ImageBitmap","ImageBitmapRenderingContext"],"operations":["transferControlToOffscreen","transferToImageBitmap","transferFromImageBitmap"],"issue":39,"harness":"Worker event loop, structured clone/transfer, GPU ownership and resize ordering required"},
+    {"name":"Image and video upload/import","classification":"source-dependency","interfaces":["GPUExternalTexture","HTMLImageElement","HTMLVideoElement","VideoFrame","ImageData"],"operations":["copyExternalImageToTexture","importExternalTexture","texImage2D","texSubImage2D","texImage3D","texSubImage3D"],"issue":40,"harness":"Source decoding, video lifetime, orientation/color space, premultiplication and security tests required"}
+  ],
+  "gates": {
+    "webgpuCTS":"not-run",
+    "webglCTS":"not-run",
+    "canvasAndWorkerWPT":"not-run",
+    "unchangedKestrel":"not-run",
+    "presentationCopyCounters":"not-implemented"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/eng/graphics/dawn_exports.py b/eng/graphics/dawn_exports.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f0f961da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/dawn_exports.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Verify the shared Dawn boundary from the built binary, not build intentions."""
+import re
+import subprocess
+
+
+def inspect_exports(library, rid):
+    if rid.startswith("win-"):
+        command = ["dumpbin", "/exports", str(library)]
+    else:
+        command = ["nm", "-g", "-U", str(library)] if rid.startswith("osx-") else [
+            "nm", "-D", "--defined-only", str(library)]
+    result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=120, check=True)
+    symbols = []
+    for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
+        if rid.startswith("win-"):
+            match = re.match(r"\s*\d+\s+[0-9A-F]+\s+[0-9A-F]+\s+(\S+)", line)
+        else:
+            match = re.match(r"\s*[0-9a-fA-F]+\s+\S\s+(\S+)$", line)
+        if match:
+            symbol = match.group(1)
+            symbols.append(symbol[1:] if rid.startswith("osx-") and symbol.startswith("_") else symbol)
+    unexpected = [name for name in symbols if not re.fullmatch(r"wgpu[A-Z][A-Za-z0-9]*", name)]
+    if unexpected or not {"wgpuCreateInstance", "wgpuGetProcAddress"} <= set(symbols):
+        raise ValueError(f"Dawn C export boundary failed: unexpected={unexpected[:20]}, exports={len(symbols)}")
+    return {"status": "passed", "command": command, "exports": sorted(symbols)}
diff --git a/eng/graphics/dependencies.lock.json b/eng/graphics/dependencies.lock.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..988db6d6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/dependencies.lock.json
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 1,
+  "sources": {
+    "dawn": {
+      "repository": "https://github.com/google/dawn.git",
+      "revision": "2ca8cbfe0f8275aa0f739e7b6b4345a16e2f0378",
+      "date": "2026-09-07T08:41:32Z",
+      "licenseFile": "LICENSE",
+      "licenseSha256": "0493f897193af1796d5054659f45ec7d4c5af648fa67a99f01d30e55cc805abc",
+      "headerPolicy": "Generate WebGPU C/C++ and Dawn extension headers from this exact checkout; distribute and verify with the installed monolithic library."
+    },
+    "angle": {
+      "repository": "https://github.com/google/angle.git",
+      "revision": "082d85ba19efba24d3c25108dc1f0cad9cf149f9",
+      "date": "2026-09-07T08:45:10Z",
+      "licenseFile": "LICENSE",
+      "licenseSha256": "bf4da21bd20bcfb5b60b7ecc67fa864a79be049e21d6178076887f178dd6c71a"
+    },
+    "webgpu-cts": {
+      "repository": "https://github.com/gpuweb/cts.git",
+      "revision": "de0f06a6e1ab4b4399359007e5b67fe07eecf163",
+      "date": "2026-09-01T01:23:30Z"
+    },
+    "webgl-cts": {
+      "repository": "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/WebGL.git",
+      "revision": "3b7a7538e880ab7ee7383b73fbfefb6a35179e7c",
+      "date": "2026-09-05T01:54:06Z"
+    },
+    "wpt": {
+      "repository": "https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt.git",
+      "revision": "f2666d25c2aa2e1a33cf553c0386c65482dbcdc9",
+      "date": "2026-09-07T08:37:10Z"
+    },
+    "depot-tools": {
+      "repository": "https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/tools/depot_tools.git",
+      "revision": "69a652ea05e450f84620f56957a801923186fda5"
+    }
+  },
+  "profiles": {
+    "win-x64": {
+      "dawnBackend": "D3D12",
+      "angleBackend": "D3D11",
+      "cpu": "x64"
+    },
+    "osx-arm64": {
+      "dawnBackend": "Metal",
+      "angleBackend": "Metal",
+      "cpu": "arm64"
+    },
+    "linux-x64": {
+      "dawnBackend": "Vulkan",
+      "angleBackend": "Vulkan",
+      "cpu": "x64"
+    }
+  },
+  "dawnCmake": {
+    "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Release",
+    "BUILD_SHARED_LIBS": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_FETCH_DEPENDENCIES": "ON",
+    "DAWN_ENABLE_INSTALL": "ON",
+    "DAWN_BUILD_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY": "SHARED",
+    "DAWN_BUILD_SAMPLES": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_BUILD_TESTS": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_BUILD_PROTOBUF": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_BUILD_BENCHMARKS": "OFF",
+    "TINT_BUILD_TESTS": "OFF",
+    "TINT_BUILD_CMD_TOOLS": "OFF",
+    "TINT_BUILD_GLSL_VALIDATOR": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_USE_GLFW": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_ENABLE_D3D11": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_ENABLE_D3D12": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_ENABLE_METAL": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_ENABLE_VULKAN": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_ENABLE_DESKTOP_GL": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_ENABLE_OPENGLES": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_ENABLE_NULL": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_ENABLE_SWIFTSHADER": "OFF",
+    "DAWN_SUPPORTS_CXX_MODULES": "OFF"
+  },
+  "angleGn": {
+    "is_debug": false,
+    "is_component_build": false,
+    "symbol_level": 1,
+    "angle_build_tests": false,
+    "angle_enable_d3d11": false,
+    "angle_enable_metal": false,
+    "angle_enable_vulkan": false,
+    "angle_enable_gl": false,
+    "angle_enable_wgpu": false,
+    "angle_enable_null": false,
+    "angle_enable_swiftshader": false,
+    "use_remoteexec": false
+  },
+  "angleCustomVars": {
+    "checkout_angle_dawn_deps": false,
+    "checkout_angle_cl_deps": false,
+    "checkout_angle_restricted_traces": false
+  },
+  "linkage": {
+    "dawn": "Shared monolithic webgpu_dawn with WebGPU C exports only; private bundled dependencies must not collide with V8.",
+    "angle": "Shared EGL/GLESv2 with static internal dependencies; C ABI only.",
+    "windowsCrt": "Static /MT release, matching the native engine/V8; no cross-library ownership of CRT allocations."
+  },
+  "qualification": "Pins and settings are candidates until actual builds/probes pass on each RID. No software adapter counts as hardware."
+}
diff --git a/eng/graphics/install-windows-sdk.ps1 b/eng/graphics/install-windows-sdk.ps1
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d476f013d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/install-windows-sdk.ps1
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Install the SDK required by the pinned ANGLE Chromium build toolchain.
+# Explicitly invoked by hosted CI; never run implicitly on developer machines.
+$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+if (!$IsWindows) { throw 'Windows SDK installation requires Windows.' }
+$sdkVersion = '10.0.28000.0'
+$release = '10.0.28000.2526'
+# Microsoft distribution; checksum from Microsoft's winget-pkgs installer manifest.
+$url = 'https://download.microsoft.com/download/06fc99ac-527e-451e-a536-8866695a2e7e/KIT_BUNDLE_WINDOWSSDK_MEDIACREATION/winsdksetup.exe'
+$expectedHash = '02988EA51EAB2A2DB53E19735E51C97A6D221ADA74B9174FA0868870B9403BA0'
+$installer = Join-Path ([IO.Path]::GetTempPath()) "webscene-winsdk-$release.exe"
+Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $url -OutFile $installer
+if ((Get-FileHash $installer -Algorithm SHA256).Hash -ne $expectedHash) {
+    throw 'Windows SDK installer checksum mismatch.'
+}
+$signature = Get-AuthenticodeSignature $installer
+if ($signature.Status -ne 'Valid' -or $signature.SignerCertificate.Subject -notmatch 'O=Microsoft Corporation') {
+    throw 'Windows SDK installer does not have a valid Microsoft signature.'
+}
+$process = Start-Process -FilePath $installer -ArgumentList '/q', '/norestart' -WindowStyle Hidden -Wait -PassThru
+if ($process.ExitCode -notin @(0, 3010)) { throw "SDK installation failed: $($process.ExitCode)" }
+$sdkRoot = Join-Path ${env:ProgramFiles(x86)} 'Windows Kits/10'
+foreach ($relative in @(
+    "Include/$sdkVersion/um/Windows.h",
+    "Include/$sdkVersion/shared/sdkddkver.h",
+    "Include/$sdkVersion/ucrt/stdio.h",
+    "Lib/$sdkVersion/um/x86/kernel32.lib",
+    "Lib/$sdkVersion/um/x64/kernel32.lib",
+    "Lib/$sdkVersion/ucrt/x86/ucrt.lib",
+    "Lib/$sdkVersion/ucrt/x64/ucrt.lib",
+    "bin/$sdkVersion/x64/rc.exe"
+)) {
+    if (!(Test-Path (Join-Path $sdkRoot $relative))) { throw "SDK installation missing $relative" }
+}
+Write-Host "Verified Windows SDK $release installer $expectedHash; headers/libraries $sdkVersion at $sdkRoot"
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/CMakeLists.txt b/eng/graphics/probes/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7bd5d33d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
+project(WebSceneGraphicsProbes LANGUAGES C CXX)
+include(CTest)
+
+if(MSVC)
+    set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>")
+endif()
+
+set(WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_COMPONENTS "dawn;angle" CACHE STRING "SDK components to probe")
+include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../GraphicsDependencies.cmake")
+
+if("angle" IN_LIST WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_COMPONENTS)
+    add_executable(webscene_angle_probe angle_probe.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_angle_probe PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_angle_probe PRIVATE webscene_angle_EGL webscene_angle_GLESv2)
+    foreach(library EGL GLESv2)
+        add_custom_command(TARGET webscene_angle_probe POST_BUILD
+            COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+                "$<TARGET_FILE:webscene_angle_${library}>" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_angle_probe>")
+    endforeach()
+    if(WIN32)
+        set(angle_backend d3d11)
+    elseif(APPLE)
+        set(angle_backend metal)
+        set_target_properties(webscene_angle_probe PROPERTIES BUILD_RPATH "@loader_path")
+    else()
+        set(angle_backend vulkan)
+        set_target_properties(webscene_angle_probe PROPERTIES BUILD_RPATH "$ORIGIN")
+    endif()
+    set(WEBSCENE_ANGLE_PROBE_BACKEND "${angle_backend}" CACHE STRING "Explicit ANGLE probe backend")
+    foreach(es_major 2 3)
+        add_test(NAME angle_es${es_major}_hardware_clear_readback
+            COMMAND webscene_angle_probe ${WEBSCENE_ANGLE_PROBE_BACKEND} ${es_major})
+        set_tests_properties(angle_es${es_major}_hardware_clear_readback PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 90 SKIP_RETURN_CODE 77)
+    endforeach()
+endif()
+
+if("dawn" IN_LIST WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_COMPONENTS)
+    add_executable(webscene_dawn_probe dawn_probe.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_dawn_probe PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_dawn_probe PRIVATE dawn::webgpu_dawn)
+    add_custom_command(TARGET webscene_dawn_probe POST_BUILD
+        COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+            "$<TARGET_FILE:dawn::webgpu_dawn>" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_dawn_probe>")
+    if(APPLE)
+        set_target_properties(webscene_dawn_probe PROPERTIES BUILD_RPATH "@loader_path")
+    elseif(UNIX)
+        set_target_properties(webscene_dawn_probe PROPERTIES BUILD_RPATH "$ORIGIN")
+    endif()
+    if(WIN32)
+        set(probe_backend d3d12)
+        add_custom_command(TARGET webscene_dawn_probe POST_BUILD
+            COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+                "${WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT}/dawn/bin/d3dcompiler_47.dll" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_dawn_probe>")
+        add_executable(webscene_windows_sharing_probe windows_sharing_probe.cpp)
+        target_compile_features(webscene_windows_sharing_probe PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+        target_link_libraries(webscene_windows_sharing_probe PRIVATE dawn::webgpu_dawn d3d11 d3d12 dxgi)
+        add_custom_command(TARGET webscene_windows_sharing_probe POST_BUILD
+            COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+                "$<TARGET_FILE:dawn::webgpu_dawn>" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_windows_sharing_probe>"
+            COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+                "${WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT}/dawn/bin/d3dcompiler_47.dll" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_windows_sharing_probe>")
+        add_test(NAME windows_dawn_d3d11_shared_pixels COMMAND webscene_windows_sharing_probe)
+        set_tests_properties(windows_dawn_d3d11_shared_pixels PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 90)
+    elseif(APPLE)
+        set(probe_backend metal)
+    else()
+        set(probe_backend vulkan)
+    endif()
+    add_test(NAME dawn_hardware_clear_readback COMMAND webscene_dawn_probe ${probe_backend})
+    set_tests_properties(dawn_hardware_clear_readback PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 90 SKIP_RETURN_CODE 77)
+endif()
+
+if(BUILD_TESTING)
+    add_executable(webscene_nt_handle_tests "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_nt_handle_tests.cpp")
+    target_compile_features(webscene_nt_handle_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_nt_handle_tests PRIVATE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native")
+    add_test(NAME webscene_nt_handle_tests COMMAND webscene_nt_handle_tests)
+endif()
+
+if(BUILD_TESTING AND APPLE)
+    add_executable(webscene_iosurface_color_tests
+        "../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_iosurface_color_tests.cpp")
+    target_compile_features(webscene_iosurface_color_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_iosurface_color_tests PRIVATE
+        "../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native")
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_iosurface_color_tests PRIVATE
+        "-framework CoreFoundation" "-framework IOSurface" "-framework CoreVideo")
+    add_test(NAME webscene_iosurface_color_tests COMMAND webscene_iosurface_color_tests)
+endif()
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/angle_probe.cpp b/eng/graphics/probes/angle_probe.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f52ec423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/angle_probe.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+// Diagnostic WebGL-compatible ES context probe, never a presentation implementation.
+#include <EGL/egl.h>
+#include <EGL/eglext.h>
+#include <EGL/eglext_angle.h>
+#include <GLES2/gl2.h>
+#if defined(__linux__)
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace {
+std::string json(std::string_view value) {
+    constexpr char hex[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+    std::string result = "\"";
+    for (unsigned char c : value) {
+        if (c == '"' || c == '\\') { result += '\\'; result += c; }
+        else if (c < 32) { result += "\\u00"; result += hex[c >> 4]; result += hex[c & 15]; }
+        else result += c;
+    }
+    return result + '"';
+}
+std::string text(const char* value) { return value ? value : ""; }
+std::string glText(GLenum name) { return text(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(glGetString(name))); }
+
+int finish(std::string_view status, std::string_view reason, int code) {
+    std::cout << "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"angle\",\"status\":" << json(status)
+              << ",\"reason\":" << json(reason) << ",\"eglError\":" << eglGetError() << "}\n";
+    return code;
+}
+
+bool hasExtension(std::string_view extensions, std::string_view name) {
+    const auto padded = " " + std::string(extensions) + " ";
+    return padded.find(" " + std::string(name) + " ") != std::string::npos;
+}
+
+struct Context {
+    EGLDisplay display = EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
+    EGLContext context = EGL_NO_CONTEXT;
+    EGLSurface surface = EGL_NO_SURFACE;
+    GLuint texture = 0, framebuffer = 0;
+    ~Context() {
+        if (framebuffer) glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &framebuffer);
+        if (texture) glDeleteTextures(1, &texture);
+        if (display != EGL_NO_DISPLAY) {
+            eglMakeCurrent(display, EGL_NO_SURFACE, EGL_NO_SURFACE, EGL_NO_CONTEXT);
+            if (context != EGL_NO_CONTEXT) eglDestroyContext(display, context);
+            if (surface != EGL_NO_SURFACE) eglDestroySurface(display, surface);
+            eglTerminate(display);
+        }
+    }
+};
+} // namespace
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc != 3) return finish("failed", "Specify d3d11, metal, vulkan or gl, then ES major 2 or 3", 1);
+    const std::string backend = argv[1];
+    const std::string version = argv[2];
+    if (version != "2" && version != "3") return finish("failed", "Invalid ES version", 1);
+    const EGLint major = version == "2" ? 2 : 3;
+    EGLint type = 0;
+    if (backend == "d3d11") type = EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_D3D11_ANGLE;
+    else if (backend == "metal") type = EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_METAL_ANGLE;
+    else if (backend == "vulkan") type = EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_VULKAN_ANGLE;
+    else if (backend == "gl") type = EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_OPENGL_ANGLE;
+    else return finish("failed", "Invalid backend", 1);
+    auto platformDisplay = reinterpret_cast<PFNEGLGETPLATFORMDISPLAYEXTPROC>(eglGetProcAddress("eglGetPlatformDisplayEXT"));
+    if (!platformDisplay) return finish("failed", "ANGLE platform entry point missing", 1);
+    const EGLint displayAttributes[] = {
+        EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_ANGLE, type,
+        EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_DEVICE_TYPE_ANGLE, EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_DEVICE_TYPE_HARDWARE_ANGLE,
+        EGL_NONE};
+    Context state;
+    state.display = platformDisplay(EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_ANGLE, nullptr, displayAttributes);
+    EGLint eglMajor = 0, eglMinor = 0;
+    if (state.display == EGL_NO_DISPLAY || !eglInitialize(state.display, &eglMajor, &eglMinor))
+        return finish("unavailable", "Requested ANGLE hardware backend could not initialize", 77);
+    const auto extensions = text(eglQueryString(state.display, EGL_EXTENSIONS));
+    if (!hasExtension(extensions, "EGL_ANGLE_create_context_webgl_compatibility") ||
+        !hasExtension(extensions, "EGL_ANGLE_robust_resource_initialization"))
+        return finish("failed", "Required WebGL compatibility/robust initialization extensions missing", 1);
+    if (!eglBindAPI(EGL_OPENGL_ES_API)) return finish("failed", "Cannot bind OpenGL ES", 1);
+    const EGLint configAttributes[] = {
+        EGL_SURFACE_TYPE, EGL_PBUFFER_BIT,
+        EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE, major == 2 ? EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT : EGL_OPENGL_ES3_BIT,
+        EGL_RED_SIZE, 8, EGL_GREEN_SIZE, 8, EGL_BLUE_SIZE, 8, EGL_ALPHA_SIZE, 8,
+        EGL_NONE};
+    EGLConfig config{};
+    EGLint count = 0;
+    if (!eglChooseConfig(state.display, configAttributes, &config, 1, &count) || count != 1)
+        return finish("failed", "No RGBA8 pbuffer configuration for requested ES version", 1);
+    constexpr EGLint width = 17, height = 4;
+    const EGLint surfaceAttributes[] = {EGL_WIDTH, width, EGL_HEIGHT, height, EGL_NONE};
+    state.surface = eglCreatePbufferSurface(state.display, config, surfaceAttributes);
+    const EGLint contextAttributes[] = {
+        EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION, major,
+        EGL_CONTEXT_WEBGL_COMPATIBILITY_ANGLE, EGL_TRUE,
+        EGL_ROBUST_RESOURCE_INITIALIZATION_ANGLE, EGL_TRUE, EGL_NONE};
+    state.context = eglCreateContext(state.display, config, EGL_NO_CONTEXT, contextAttributes);
+    if (state.surface == EGL_NO_SURFACE || state.context == EGL_NO_CONTEXT ||
+        !eglMakeCurrent(state.display, state.surface, state.surface, state.context))
+        return finish("failed", "Cannot create/make current WebGL-compatible ES context", 1);
+
+    const auto renderer = glText(GL_RENDERER);
+    const auto vendor = glText(GL_VENDOR);
+    const auto driver = glText(GL_VERSION);
+    bool hardware = backend == "metal" || backend == "d3d11";
+    std::string hardwareEvidence = hardware ? "Explicit ANGLE hardware device on native Metal/D3D11 backend" : "";
+#if defined(__linux__)
+    if (backend == "vulkan") {
+        auto queryDisplay = reinterpret_cast<PFNEGLQUERYDISPLAYATTRIBEXTPROC>(eglGetProcAddress("eglQueryDisplayAttribEXT"));
+        auto queryDevice = reinterpret_cast<PFNEGLQUERYDEVICEATTRIBEXTPROC>(eglGetProcAddress("eglQueryDeviceAttribEXT"));
+        EGLAttrib device = 0, physical = 0, instance = 0, getProc = 0;
+        if (queryDisplay && queryDevice && queryDisplay(state.display, EGL_DEVICE_EXT, &device) &&
+            queryDevice(reinterpret_cast<EGLDeviceEXT>(device), EGL_VULKAN_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_ANGLE, &physical) &&
+            queryDevice(reinterpret_cast<EGLDeviceEXT>(device), EGL_VULKAN_INSTANCE_ANGLE, &instance) &&
+            queryDevice(reinterpret_cast<EGLDeviceEXT>(device), EGL_VULKAN_GET_INSTANCE_PROC_ADDR, &getProc)) {
+            auto getInstanceProc = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr>(getProc);
+            auto properties = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties>(
+                getInstanceProc(reinterpret_cast<VkInstance>(instance), "vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties"));
+            if (properties) {
+                VkPhysicalDeviceProperties info{};
+                properties(reinterpret_cast<VkPhysicalDevice>(physical), &info);
+                hardware = info.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU ||
+                           info.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_INTEGRATED_GPU;
+                hardwareEvidence = std::string(info.deviceName) + "; Vulkan deviceType=" +
+                    std::to_string(info.deviceType) + "; driverVersion=" + std::to_string(info.driverVersion);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    glGenTextures(1, &state.texture);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, state.texture);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, nullptr);
+    glGenFramebuffers(1, &state.framebuffer);
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, state.framebuffer);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, state.texture, 0);
+    if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
+        return finish("failed", "Texture framebuffer incomplete", 1);
+    glDisable(GL_DITHER);
+    glClearColor(0.2f, 0.4f, 0.6f, 1.0f);
+    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+    std::array<GLubyte, width * height * 4> pixels{};
+    glReadPixels(0, 0, width, height, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels.data());
+    if (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) return finish("failed", "Resource, clear or readback generated GL error", 1);
+    constexpr std::array<int, 4> expected{51, 102, 153, 255};
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < pixels.size(); ++i)
+        if (std::abs(int(pixels[i]) - expected[i % 4]) > 1)
+            return finish("failed", "Readback differs from expected clear color", 1);
+    // GL needs independent native adapter classification before it can qualify hardware.
+    std::cout << "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"angle\",\"status\":" << json(hardware ? "passed" : "unavailable")
+              << ",\"hardwareAccelerated\":" << (hardware ? "true" : "false")
+              << ",\"backend\":" << json(backend) << ",\"esMajor\":" << major
+              << ",\"adapter\":" << json(renderer) << ",\"vendor\":" << json(vendor)
+              << ",\"driver\":" << json(driver) << ",\"hardwareEvidence\":" << json(hardwareEvidence)
+              << ",\"verifiedPixels\":" << width * height
+              << ",\"webglCompatibleContext\":true,\"robustResourceInitialization\":true"
+              << ",\"diagnosticReadback\":true,\"expectedRGBA\":[51,102,153,255],\"tolerance\":1}\n";
+    return hardware ? 0 : 77;
+}
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/dawn_probe.cpp b/eng/graphics/probes/dawn_probe.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9d58154f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/dawn_probe.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+#include "../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_image.h"
+// Diagnostic readback only. This executable is not a canvas presentation path.
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace {
+std::string text(wgpu::StringView value) {
+    if (!value.data) return {};
+    return value.length == WGPU_STRLEN ? std::string(value.data)
+                                       : std::string(value.data, value.length);
+}
+
+std::string json(std::string_view value) {
+    constexpr char hex[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+    std::string result = "\"";
+    for (unsigned char c : value) {
+        if (c == '"' || c == '\\') { result += '\\'; result += c; }
+        else if (c < 32) { result += "\\u00"; result += hex[c >> 4]; result += hex[c & 15]; }
+        else result += c;
+    }
+    return result + '"';
+}
+
+int finish(std::string_view status, std::string_view reason, int code) {
+    std::cout << "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"dawn\",\"status\":" << json(status)
+              << ",\"reason\":" << json(reason) << "}\n";
+    return code;
+}
+
+bool wait(const wgpu::Instance& instance, wgpu::Future future) {
+    return instance.WaitAny(future, 30'000'000'000ULL) == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success;
+}
+} // namespace
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc != 2) return finish("failed", "Specify d3d12, metal or vulkan", 1);
+    const std::string backend = argv[1];
+    wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions options{};
+    if (backend == "d3d12") options.backendType = wgpu::BackendType::D3D12;
+    else if (backend == "metal") options.backendType = wgpu::BackendType::Metal;
+    else if (backend == "vulkan") options.backendType = wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan;
+    else return finish("failed", "Unsupported backend", 1);
+    options.forceFallbackAdapter = false;
+
+    std::atomic<bool> error{false}; // Outlives the instance and every device callback.
+    constexpr auto timedWait = wgpu::InstanceFeatureName::TimedWaitAny;
+    wgpu::InstanceDescriptor instanceDescriptor{};
+    instanceDescriptor.requiredFeatureCount = 1;
+    instanceDescriptor.requiredFeatures = &timedWait;
+    auto instance = wgpu::CreateInstance(&instanceDescriptor);
+    if (!instance) return finish("failed", "Instance creation failed", 1);
+
+    struct AdapterResult { wgpu::Adapter adapter; std::string message; };
+    auto adapterResult = std::make_shared<AdapterResult>();
+    auto adapterFuture = instance.RequestAdapter(&options, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+        [adapterResult](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status, wgpu::Adapter adapter, wgpu::StringView message) {
+            if (status == wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success) adapterResult->adapter = std::move(adapter);
+            adapterResult->message = text(message);
+        });
+    if (!wait(instance, adapterFuture)) return finish("failed", "Adapter request timed out", 1);
+    if (!adapterResult->adapter) return finish("unavailable", adapterResult->message, 77);
+    const auto& adapter = adapterResult->adapter;
+    wgpu::AdapterInfo info{};
+    if (adapter.GetInfo(&info) != wgpu::Status::Success)
+        return finish("failed", "Cannot inspect adapter", 1);
+    if (info.backendType != options.backendType ||
+        (info.adapterType != wgpu::AdapterType::DiscreteGPU &&
+         info.adapterType != wgpu::AdapterType::IntegratedGPU))
+        return finish("unavailable", "Selected adapter is not confirmed hardware on the requested backend", 77);
+
+    struct DeviceResult { wgpu::Device device; std::string message; };
+    auto deviceResult = std::make_shared<DeviceResult>();
+    wgpu::DeviceDescriptor deviceDescriptor{};
+    deviceDescriptor.SetUncapturedErrorCallback(
+        [](const wgpu::Device&, wgpu::ErrorType, wgpu::StringView, std::atomic<bool>* state) {
+            state->store(true);
+        }, &error);
+    auto deviceFuture = adapter.RequestDevice(&deviceDescriptor, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+        [deviceResult](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus status, wgpu::Device device, wgpu::StringView message) {
+            if (status == wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success) deviceResult->device = std::move(device);
+            deviceResult->message = text(message);
+        });
+    if (!wait(instance, deviceFuture)) return finish("failed", "Device request timed out", 1);
+    if (!deviceResult->device) return finish("failed", deviceResult->message, 1);
+    const auto& device = deviceResult->device;
+
+    // Non-row-aligned width exercises the texture-copy layout, not just the first pixel.
+    constexpr uint32_t width = 17, height = 4, rowBytes = 256;
+    constexpr size_t bufferSize = rowBytes * height;
+    wgpu::TextureDescriptor textureDescriptor{};
+    textureDescriptor.size = {width, height, 1};
+    textureDescriptor.format = wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;
+    textureDescriptor.usage = wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment | wgpu::TextureUsage::CopySrc;
+    auto texture = device.CreateTexture(&textureDescriptor);
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor bufferDescriptor{};
+    bufferDescriptor.size = bufferSize;
+    bufferDescriptor.usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::MapRead | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
+    auto buffer = device.CreateBuffer(&bufferDescriptor);
+    wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment color{};
+    color.view = texture.CreateView();
+    color.loadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
+    color.storeOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Store;
+    color.clearValue = {0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0};
+    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor passDescriptor{};
+    passDescriptor.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
+    passDescriptor.colorAttachments = &color;
+    auto encoder = device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    auto pass = encoder.BeginRenderPass(&passDescriptor);
+    pass.End();
+    wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo source{};
+    source.texture = texture;
+    wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo destination{};
+    destination.buffer = buffer;
+    destination.layout.bytesPerRow = rowBytes;
+    destination.layout.rowsPerImage = height;
+    const wgpu::Extent3D extent{width, height, 1};
+    encoder.CopyTextureToBuffer(&source, &destination, &extent);
+    auto commands = encoder.Finish();
+    device.GetQueue().Submit(1, &commands);
+
+    auto mapped = std::make_shared<bool>(false);
+    auto mapFuture = buffer.MapAsync(wgpu::MapMode::Read, 0, bufferSize,
+        wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+        [mapped](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status, wgpu::StringView) {
+            *mapped = status == wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success;
+        });
+    if (!wait(instance, mapFuture) || !*mapped || error.load())
+        return finish("failed", "GPU clear/copy/map failed or timed out", 1);
+    auto pixels = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(buffer.GetConstMappedRange(0, bufferSize));
+    if (!pixels) return finish("failed", "Mapped range is null", 1);
+    constexpr std::array<int, 4> expected{51, 102, 153, 255};
+    bool valid = true;
+    for (uint32_t y = 0; y < height; ++y)
+        for (uint32_t x = 0; x < width; ++x)
+            for (uint32_t c = 0; c < 4; ++c)
+                valid &= std::abs(int(pixels[y * rowBytes + x * 4 + c]) - expected[c]) <= 1;
+    buffer.Unmap();
+    if (!valid) return finish("failed", "Readback pixels differ from the clear color", 1);
+    std::cout << "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"dawn\",\"status\":\"passed\","
+              << "\"hardwareAccelerated\":true,\"backend\":" << json(backend)
+              << ",\"adapter\":" << json(text(info.device))
+              << ",\"vendor\":" << json(text(info.vendor))
+              << ",\"driver\":" << json(text(info.description))
+              << ",\"vendorId\":" << info.vendorID << ",\"deviceId\":" << info.deviceID
+              << ",\"verifiedPixels\":" << width * height
+              << ",\"expectedRGBA\":[51,102,153,255],\"tolerance\":1,\"diagnosticReadback\":true}\n";
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/README.md b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0ddcb9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+# Shared-device Graphite spike
+
+## Current build entry point
+
+After acquiring the pinned Skia checkout and its DEPS as described below, and
+building the sealed WebScene Dawn SDK:
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/probes/graphite/build-probe.py \
+  --skia artifacts/graphics-src/skia \
+  --dawn-sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn \
+  --output out/webscene-graphite --jobs 8
+```
+
+This macOS arm64 diagnostic entry point validates the complete Dawn SDK inventory,
+applies only the reviewed external-Dawn patch to the pinned Skia checkout, rejects
+other tracked Skia changes, generates/builds Graphite, and links the standalone
+and Avalonia-host probe binaries. It emits `probe-build.json` with commands,
+compiler identity, input hashes and hashes of both binaries and libskia.a.
+A failed rebuild removes the previous success manifest. It does not fetch source,
+qualify hardware, audit all transitive dependency working trees or package a
+production renderer. Skia's minimal feature flags remain experimental.
+
+Validated locally using the existing Skia build cache: SDK verification (79 files),
+GN generation, Ninja and both links passed. The resulting host probe passed 64
+changing-marker checks and 64 Avalonia updates with two source textures and one
+output texture. This is not evidence of a fresh clean Graphite build.
+
+## Investigation history
+
+Experimental source pin: Skia `0f366c36621fc156664662b8ea5426d2f41cefe1`.
+WebScene Dawn SDK pin: `2ca8cbfe0f8275aa0f739e7b6b4345a16e2f0378`.
+Skia's own DEPS instead pins Dawn `f45d1eb98a88b29d2ec38171613525cd5e54c0c0`.
+Do not silently substitute that runtime or pass objects between the two builds.
+
+The first compatibility check is compile-only:
+
+```sh
+clang++ -std=c++20 -fsyntax-only \
+  -I artifacts/graphics-src/skia \
+  -I artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include \
+  eng/graphics/probes/graphite/dawn_header_check.cpp
+```
+
+Passed on macOS arm64 with the revisions above. This verifies declarations for
+supplying the existing Dawn device/queue and wrapping a WGPUTexture. It does not
+compile Graphite's implementation, verify ABI compatibility, link Skia, compose
+pixels, or prove host presentation.
+
+Skia's `third_party/dawn/BUILD.gn` normally builds a static `dawn_combined` library.
+The next build step must isolate Graphite's dependency on the existing Dawn shared
+runtime, including any internal Dawn/Tint dependencies. Determine whether the
+selected Skia revision supports that arrangement before changing production SDK
+pins. Then run the composition and lifetime tests in
+`docs/graphics/cross-platform-reuse-review.md`.
+
+Implementation compatibility check:
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/probes/graphite/check-backend.py \
+  --skia artifacts/graphics-src/skia \
+  --dawn-include artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include
+```
+
+All 15 Dawn backend `.cpp` files passed syntax compilation on macOS arm64 at the
+pins above with SK_GRAPHITE and SK_DAWN enabled. This strengthens the header-only
+result but still does not link Skia, verify its full build configuration, or execute
+GPU composition. The source scan found no direct `dawn::native` or Tint includes
+in that backend directory; Skia's separate developer shader tools do depend on Tint.
+Full dependency synchronization was started for the isolated build.
+
+## Isolated macOS build
+
+```sh
+python3 eng/graphics/probes/graphite/use-external-dawn.py \
+  --skia artifacts/graphics-src/skia \
+  --dawn-sdk artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn
+artifacts/graphics-src/skia/bin/gn gen out/webscene-graphite \
+  --root=artifacts/graphics-src/skia \
+  --args="$(cat eng/graphics/probes/graphite/spike-args.gn)"
+ninja -C out/webscene-graphite skia -j 8
+```
+
+The patch verifies the source pin and refuses unrelated edits. It redirects
+Dawn headers/link metadata to the existing shared SDK and removes the dependency
+on Skia's `dawn_cmake` action. The initial configuration deliberately excludes
+optional codecs, text libraries, PDF and tools; those exclusions are for the
+composition experiment and are not production capability decisions.
+
+Result: all 797 build steps completed, producing `out/webscene-graphite/libskia.a`.
+A static archive does not resolve its external symbols. Executable linkage to the
+single Dawn dylib and an actual GPU composition test are the next required checks.
+No runtime ABI, pixel correctness or host-presentation pass is claimed yet.
+
+## Shared-device rendering probe
+
+```sh
+clang++ -std=c++20 -O2 -DSK_GRAPHITE -DSK_DAWN \
+  -I artifacts/graphics-src/skia -I artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/include \
+  eng/graphics/probes/graphite/graphite_probe.cpp out/webscene-graphite/libskia.a \
+  -L artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/lib -lwebgpu_dawn \
+  -framework CoreFoundation -framework CoreGraphics -framework CoreText \
+  -framework Foundation -framework ImageIO -framework Metal -framework QuartzCore \
+  -o out/webscene-graphite/graphite_probe
+DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH="$PWD/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/lib" \
+  out/webscene-graphite/graphite_probe metal
+otool -L out/webscene-graphite/graphite_probe
+```
+
+Passed on Apple M4 / Metal, macOS 26.6.2 (25G83): Graphite wraps a Dawn-created
+17x4 texture using the same device/queue, records a SkCanvas clear and submits it.
+A subsequent Dawn diagnostic copy/map verifies all 68 pixels as RGBA 51,102,153,255
+(tolerance 1). The executable links the existing `libwebgpu_dawn.dylib`; no second
+Dawn library is linked. Readback is confined to this diagnostic executable.
+
+This proves context creation, texture wrapping, submission and pixel correctness
+for this clear operation. It does not yet prove sampling a retained canvas image,
+clip/opacity/transform composition, resize lifetime, JavaScript WebGPU, or the
+Avalonia/Uno host presentation boundary. Those remain the next integration tests.
+
+## GPU image composition
+
+The probe now produces a separate red image with a Dawn render pass, then samples
+that texture through Graphite on the same device/queue. SkCanvas applies a clip
+(2,1)-(8,3), a translation and 50% paint opacity over the existing background.
+All 68 pixels pass on Apple M4: 12 clipped pixels match RGBA 153,51,77,255 and the
+remaining pixels match 51,102,153,255 (tolerance 1). Producer-to-compositor ordering
+uses queue submission order, with no intervening CPU wait or pixel upload. Only
+the final diagnostic verification copies pixels to a mapped buffer.
+
+This supersedes the clear-only scope above. The translation is exercised but a
+uniform source cannot independently establish transform positioning correctness.
+The probe still retains objects directly, not through WebScene's versioned image
+lease pool. Patterned transforms, retained-image resize/disposal and actual host
+presentation remain outstanding before claiming integrated canvas composition.
+
+## WebScene lease lifetime integration
+
+The source image now comes from `dawn_canvas_images::acquire/submit`, and Graphite
+resolves it through an `owned_image_pool::consumer`. Before resolution, the probe
+allocates a differently sized generation, verifies that it cannot alias the retained
+image, cancels that unsubmitted replacement, then disposes the canvas owner and
+retained scene reference. The consumer still renders the old pixels correctly.
+It completes only after the diagnostic map (ordered after Graphite on the same
+queue) establishes completion of GPU sampling. The full 68-pixel test passes on M4.
+
+This replaces the direct-owner lifetime in the earlier probe. It tests preservation
+across an allocated/cancelled resize, not presentation of a submitted replacement.
+Actual scene-v3 acquisition, framework presentation and JS canvas bindings remain
+outside this standalone native test.
+
+## Submitted resize generations
+
+The resize replacement is now submitted and cleared green through Dawn, rather
+than cancelled. Both old and new images are retained by consumers after the canvas
+and scene references are disposed, then sampled in the same Graphite recording.
+The old generation remains red with 50% opacity in its 12-pixel clip; the resized
+9x4 generation appears green in a separate 10-pixel clip. All 68 pixels pass on M4,
+including the remaining background. Both consumer leases retire only after the
+ordered diagnostic readback completes. This supersedes the cancelled-resize scope
+above; it still does not exercise the application host or JavaScript bindings.
+
+## IOSurface output boundary
+
+On macOS, add `-framework IOSurface -framework CoreVideo` to the link command and
+run `graphite_probe metal iosurface`. This enables Dawn IOSurface/shared-event
+features, creates an RGBA IOSurface, imports it through SharedTextureMemory and
+uses its texture as Graphite's output target. BeginAccess precedes rendering;
+EndAccess follows the queued diagnostic copy. All 68 composition pixels pass on
+M4, including old and resized source generations. The default private-texture
+mode remains available.
+
+This is the first actual shareable output allocation for the host bridge. It does
+not import into CGL/OpenGL or implement host waits on the exported Metal fences.
+No IOSurface CPU mapping or pixel upload is used; final readback remains diagnostic.
+The native implementation follows the pinned Dawn IOSurface white-box test's
+allocation/import pattern. This experimental mode is not a production allocator.
+
+## CGL consumer verification
+
+The IOSurface mode now uses BGRA storage and also imports the completed surface
+into an accelerated CGL 3.2 context using a rectangle texture. Link additionally
+with `-framework OpenGL` and define `GL_SILENCE_DEPRECATION`. The initial RGBA/byte
+CGL tuple failed with error 10008; BGRA with UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8_REV imports. Both
+Dawn and GL diagnostic reads verify all 68 pixels after explicit channel-order
+normalization. This supersedes the earlier RGBA output choice.
+
+Passed on M4. CGL receives the IOSurface itself, not a CPU-uploaded bitmap. However,
+the test deliberately starts CGL after the Dawn diagnostic map establishes producer
+completion, and GL also reads back for verification. Thus it proves cross-API pixel
+compatibility only, not asynchronous steady-state synchronization or Avalonia host
+integration. Rectangle-to-host-2D texture handling and completion handoff remain.
+
+## Rectangle-to-2D compatibility copy
+
+The CGL consumer now blits its IOSurface-backed rectangle texture into a separate
+GL_TEXTURE_2D framebuffer before diagnostic verification. All 68 pixels still pass
+on M4. The destination allocation uses null initial data; glBlitFramebuffer performs
+the transfer on the GPU. This is one explicit GPU-local copy, not zero-copy, and
+must be counted if the actual Avalonia host adapter uses this route.
+
+The destination is currently created by the standalone probe, not supplied by
+Avalonia's shared context. Producer readiness still uses the diagnostic completion
+wait. Host context integration, asynchronous fences and sustained performance
+qualification remain outstanding.
+
+## Connected Avalonia diagnostic host
+
+Build the same source as a dylib by adding `-dynamiclib
+-DWEBSCENE_GRAPHITE_HOST_PROBE -Dmain=graphite_probe_main` to the executable build
+command and outputting `out/webscene-graphite/libwebscene_graphite_host_probe.dylib`.
+Include all frameworks above. Run:
+
+```sh
+DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH="$PWD/out/webscene-graphite:$PWD/artifacts/graphics-sdk/osx-arm64/dawn/lib" \
+  dotnet run --project experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe -- --graphite --inspect
+```
+
+The managed host creates a 17x4 composition texture and calls the diagnostic native
+entry point with that texture current in its shared CGL context. Native Dawn/Graphite
+renders the retained generations into IOSurface; CGL blits into the host-owned 2D
+texture and checks its pixels. Avalonia imports and displays it. The window capture
+`docs/graphics/evidence/avalonia-host/dawn-graphite-window.png` shows the blended red
+and green regions on blue background. Filtering of the enlarged tiny texture is
+expected. This connects the previously separate probes on M4.
+
+This remains diagnostic: native work blocks for map/readback verification, GPU
+copies occur, resources are recreated per call, and there are no JS WebGPU bindings.
+Do not use the exported probe entry point as a production API. Async readiness,
+lease retirement through host completion, pooling and actual WebScene scene updates
+remain required. No Kestrel or end-to-end WebScene WebGPU pass is claimed.
+
+## Host transfer without diagnostic pixel traffic
+
+The in-process host entry point now skips readback-buffer allocation, texture-to-
+buffer copy, map and glReadPixels. It awaits Dawn queue completion without a pixel
+transfer, performs the IOSurface-to-host GPU blit, and uses glFinish for GL lifetime
+safety. The host import/update/visual commit succeeds on M4 with diagnosticReadback
+false and verifiedPixels zero. The standalone mode still performs all 68-pixel
+checks and passes, so execution success is not mislabeled as pixel verification.
+
+This supersedes the host's readback-dependent readiness above. It remains a
+synchronous prototype: queue waiting and glFinish must be replaced by asynchronous
+readiness and consumer retirement before performance acceptance. There is still
+one explicit GPU-local blit, plus any host snapshot work; this is not zero-copy.
+
+## Nonblocking GL consumer completion
+
+Normal host blits now insert GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE and flush, retaining
+IOSurface and temporary GL objects in one thread-local pending transfer. The host
+polls with glClientWaitSync(timeout=0) under the owning context, yielding between
+checks. Successful signal retires retained objects before the Avalonia update.
+A second pending transfer is rejected. The connected M4 host test passes without
+normal-path glFinish and without readback. glFinish remains only for error/timeout
+cleanup. Failure/device-loss cleanup still needs dedicated qualification.
+
+Dawn producer readiness still blocks, and this is a single-transfer diagnostic
+bridge, not the persistent production scheduler. The later engine implementation
+must use its wake/completion mechanisms instead of a polling UI prototype.
+
+Pending host transfers now retain their CGL context as well as IOSurface/GL
+resources. The native entry point rejects overlapping work before constructing a
+new Dawn/Graphite frame and rejects a missing current context. The managed probe
+attempts a second submission while the first fence is pending, verifies rejection,
+then checks that polling after retirement rejects duplicate completion. The full
+host update/commit test passes on M4. These checks do not qualify context-loss
+recovery or replace the remaining synchronous Dawn producer wait.
+
+## Deferred Dawn producer delivery
+
+The host submission now returns after registering AllowSpontaneous queue completion.
+A pending owner retains Graphite context/recorder/recording, output IOSurface and
+both source consumers. Host polling checks the completion flag without waiting;
+once ready, it performs the CGL blit on the owning context, retires source consumers
+and then polls GL completion. Overlap rejection covers both pending stages. An
+explicit timeout drain can still wait, but normal producer and consumer completion
+do not block. The M4 host import/update/commit test passes, and standalone diagnostic
+verification still passes all 68 pixels.
+
+This supersedes the normal producer wait noted above. Adapter/device initialization
+still uses synchronous request waits and is recreated per invocation. Pending state
+is single-transfer and thread-local; cancellation, allocation-failure and device-loss
+paths need further qualification. Production requires persistent engine-owned state,
+bounded pooling and completion wakes rather than this diagnostic polling interface.
+
+### Persistent Dawn runtime across host submissions (2026-09-07)
+
+The host diagnostic now retains its Dawn instance, hardware adapter and device
+on its calling thread. Initialization occurs once; an uncaptured device error
+makes later submissions fail instead of silently rebuilding the device.
+Callback state outlives device destruction. Standalone invocations retain their
+own runtime and pixel-verification path.
+
+The Avalonia probe submits eight sequential native compositions before importing
+the final texture into its compositor. Every submission rejects overlap, polls
+producer and GL completion, and rejects duplicate completion. It checks exactly
+one successful Dawn device initialization. This verifies repeated native
+submission and resource retirement, not eight displayed frames.
+
+Local Apple M4 / Metal validation:
+- Host run exited 0: graphiteSubmissionsCompleted=8,
+  dawnDeviceInitializations=1, sharedTextureUpdateCompleted=true,
+  visualCommitCompleted=true, presentationVerified=false.
+- Standalone IOSurface/CGL diagnostic exited 0 with all 68 pixels verified.
+
+Graphite contexts, recordings, canvas pools and output allocations are still
+created per submission. The probe has no device-loss recovery, throughput
+qualification, browser bindings or production WebScene presenter integration.
+This evidence closes no epic sub-issue.
+
+### Persistent Graphite context (2026-09-07)
+
+The retained Dawn runtime now also owns one Graphite context. Frame closures
+retain that context while producer work is pending. Completion polling services
+Graphite's completion queue on its owner thread and waits until
+hasUnfinishedGpuWork() is false before successful delivery. This avoids relying
+on context destruction to retire each submission.
+
+The host diagnostic now runs 64 sequential submissions and asserts one Dawn
+device and one Graphite context initialization. Local Apple M4 / Metal run exited
+0 with graphiteSubmissionsCompleted=64, graphiteContextInitializations=1,
+dawnDeviceInitializations=1, sharedTextureUpdateCompleted=true and
+visualCommitCompleted=true. The standalone IOSurface/CGL test still passed all
+68 pixels. Only the final texture is imported into Avalonia; this does not
+verify 64 displayed frames or establish a throughput/memory benchmark.
+
+Recorder, recording, canvas-pool and output-texture allocation reuse remain
+unfinished. No browser API or production presenter is added by this change.
+
+### Repeated Avalonia handoffs (2026-09-07)
+
+The host diagnostic now imports the shared GL texture once and attaches its
+drawing surface before the submission loop. Each of the 64 native submissions
+awaits producer/GL completion, awaits CompositionDrawingSurface.UpdateAsync,
+and awaits a compositor commit before the next write. The imported image and
+surface remain alive throughout; detach/commit occurs before disposal.
+
+On Apple M4 the run exited 0 with graphiteSubmissionsCompleted=64 and
+hostUpdatesCompleted=64, one Dawn device and one Graphite context. The plain GL
+baseline also exited 0 with one host update and zero native initializations.
+This supersedes the earlier final-texture-only handoff test. The image content
+is unchanged across submissions, so this tests repeated consumption/lifetime
+and API completion, not detection of stale frames or a count of physical
+display presentations. No pixel readback was added to the host path.
+
+### Reuse the fixed-size output allocation (2026-09-07)
+
+The diagnostic runtime retains its 17x4 IOSurface, Dawn shared-memory import and
+output texture. Each submission begins a new access interval and clears the
+whole output; EndAccess and existing producer/CGL completion checks still gate
+the next submission. The managed test also waits for Avalonia consumption before
+overwriting its separate borrowed GL destination.
+
+Apple M4 validation exited 0 with 64 native submissions, 64 host updates and
+outputTextureAllocations=1 (also one device and one Graphite context).
+Standalone diagnostic verification passed all 68 pixels. This is fixed-size,
+serialized reuse; it does not qualify resizing, device loss or overlapping
+presentation. Canvas source pools, recorders and CGL import objects are still
+allocated per submission. No CPU pixel transfer was introduced.
+
+The prerequisite review still leaves #23 open: the latest hosted CI was pending
+at this check, and required cross-platform hardware evidence remains incomplete.
+
+### Detect stale output during reuse (2026-09-07)
+
+Host submissions now paint their caller-supplied frame serial into the otherwise
+unused pixel at (16,0). The optional --verify-markers host argument calls a
+diagnostic CGL readback after native completion and before Avalonia consumption.
+It checks that pixel against the independently supplied expected serial and also
+requires an intentionally wrong expected serial to fail. The verifier preserves
+read-framebuffer and pixel-pack state. Normal --graphite runs never call it.
+
+Apple M4 validation passed both modes:
+- --graphite --verify-markers: 64 matching markers, 64 wrong-marker rejections,
+  64 host updates, one output allocation, one device and one Graphite context.
+- --graphite: 64 host updates with diagnosticMarkersVerified=0.
+
+The marker tests changing content at the native-to-host texture boundary. It
+does not read Avalonia's final compositor output or prove physical presentation.
+The previous claim that all host submissions use identical content is superseded.
+The diagnostic export/signature is private to this probe, not the native engine ABI.
+
+### Reuse the source canvas pool (2026-09-07)
+
+The host runtime now retains its bounded dawn_canvas_images pool. Submissions
+advance allocation-generation/content metadata, retain the old 17x4 image while
+producing its 9x4 replacement, and complete both consumers before reuse.
+Delivery additionally waits for both producer callback statuses, avoiding a
+race between aggregate queue completion and individual producer retirement.
+Standalone mode still destroys the canvas owner before resolving the consumers,
+preserving that separate ownership test.
+
+Apple M4 host runs with and without --verify-markers both passed 64 native and
+64 Avalonia updates with exactly two source allocations and one output allocation.
+The final pool busy count was asserted zero. Marker mode verified all 64 changing
+markers and rejected all deliberately wrong expectations; normal mode performed
+no marker readbacks. Standalone IOSurface/CGL verification passed all 68 pixels.
+
+This removes source-pool recreation from this serialized diagnostic workload.
+Recorders, command/recording objects and CGL imports remain per-submission.
+It does not qualify production scheduling, resize of the host target, memory
+pressure, device loss or actual browser APIs.
+
+### Quiescent teardown and reinitialization (2026-09-07)
+
+The private host API now has explicit shutdown. It rejects an absent CGL context,
+an active entry point, pending producer/GL work or busy canvas leases. Quiescent
+shutdown moves the whole runtime into a retiring owner, keeping error callback
+storage alive through native device release, and destroys Graphite before the
+remaining native resources. Replacement callback storage is allocated before
+ownership changes; exceptions return failure through the C ABI.
+
+The managed probe requires shutdown rejection immediately after every accepted
+submission. After update 32 it tears down the native runtime; update 33 initializes
+a fresh one. Final detach is followed by another native shutdown while the CGL
+context remains valid. The JSON allocation counters describe the last runtime
+cycle, identified by nativeCounterScope; they are not lifetime totals.
+
+Apple M4 runs passed with 64 updates and nativeShutdownsCompleted=2, both with
+64 optional marker checks and with zero diagnostic marker checks. The second
+cycle reused two source textures and one output with one device/context.
+This qualifies orderly quiescent teardown in the diagnostic; forced device loss,
+failed drain and application shutdown during outstanding work remain unqualified.
+
+### Native IOSurface allocation owner
+
+The allocation/CF ownership code now lives in the native graphics layer's
+iosurface_color.h. The probe retains its typed owner through an aliasing shared
+reference while importing the same IOSurface into Dawn. Allocation rejects zero
+or unrepresentable dimensions and handles failed CF allocation without leaking
+the dictionary or surface. Ownership is explicitly separate from GPU completion.
+
+On Apple M4 this path passed 64 marker-checked host updates, two orderly runtime
+shutdown cycles and the standalone 68-pixel IOSurface/CGL test. This is extraction
+of the proven allocation boundary for macOS integration, not a completed scene
+import hook. Format negotiation, allocation budgets and the ANGLE producer path
+remain required before general runtime use.
+
+### Budget padded IOSurface allocations
+
+The native allocation API now requires an available-byte budget. It aligns row
+storage using IOSurface's API, requests a page-rounded allocation, rejects
+overflow/insufficient budgets before creation, and checks the resulting reported
+allocation size. The diagnostic output has an explicit 1 MiB ceiling.
+This is a conservative page-rounded policy, not a claim that unpadded pixel
+bytes equal resident GPU memory.
+
+The macOS CTest webscene_iosurface_color_tests passed zero/oversized dimensions,
+insufficient pixel-only budget, one-byte-under-budget rejection and exact-budget
+allocation. The requested 17x4 surface reported 16,384 bytes on Apple M4.
+The rebuilt host probe also passed 64 changing markers and two shutdown cycles.
+This bounds one allocation; a complete per-engine aggregate residency policy
+and pressure handling remain integration work.
+
+### Shared Dawn import/access component
+
+The probe now uses native graphics/dawn_shared_image.h for shared-memory texture
+creation and BeginAccess/EndAccess state. This component is platform-neutral:
+platform code supplies the Dawn import descriptor and native allocation owner.
+It requires an explicit single-sample, single-layer 2D descriptor and verifies
+the imported format, dimensions and usage before creating the texture. Real Dawn
+access failures make the object unusable for further access; duplicate access
+transitions are rejected before calling Dawn.
+
+The first run rejected the probe's unspecified dimension, which Dawn previously
+defaulted to 2D. The probe now supplies that dimension explicitly. The subsequent
+standalone test passed 68 pixels, and the host passed 64 changing-marker updates
+and two runtime shutdown cycles. Every submission additionally rejects overlapping
+BeginAccess and duplicate EndAccess. Owner lifetime remains separate from GPU
+completion; the async producer closure retains the shared-image component.
+
+Only macOS IOSurface use is hardware-tested here. This is a native reusable
+component, not yet a scene-import ABI or a claim that Windows/Linux interop passes.
+
+### IOSurface storage behind versioned leases
+
+Native iosurface_canvas_images now places IOSurface allocations behind the
+existing owned_image_pool contract, with three slots, padded-byte budgeting,
+generation-aware consumer lookup and owner-thread allocation. Consumers can
+resolve a borrowed typed IOSurface owner after canvas/scene ownership ends.
+The interface does not imply producer readiness or consumer GPU completion.
+
+The macOS native CTest passed two differently sized generations retained after
+canvas-owner disposal, a fourth allocation refused while three producer slots
+are occupied, and zero busy slots after cancellation. These are native storage
+and lease checks, not GPU fence tests. The pool currently returns backpressure
+when the selected slot cannot fit the budget; eviction of other idle cached
+slots remains future pressure-policy work.
+
+This pool is the native storage component for the upcoming scene import hook.
+It has not yet replaced the probe's source pool or been wired into V8 canvases.
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/build-probe.py b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/build-probe.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..988c08c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/build-probe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Build the experimental macOS Graphite probes against the sealed Dawn SDK."""
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import platform
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+ROOT = HERE.parents[3]
+
+
+def sha(path):
+    digest = hashlib.sha256()
+    with path.open("rb") as stream:
+        for chunk in iter(lambda: stream.read(1024 * 1024), b""):
+            digest.update(chunk)
+    return digest.hexdigest()
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--skia", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--dawn-sdk", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--jobs", type=int, default=8)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if platform.system() != "Darwin" or platform.machine() != "arm64":
+        parser.error("This diagnostic build currently supports macOS arm64 only")
+    if args.jobs < 1:
+        parser.error("--jobs must be positive")
+    skia, sdk, output = (p.resolve() for p in (args.skia, args.dawn_sdk, args.output))
+    output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    manifest = output / "probe-build.json"
+    manifest.unlink(missing_ok=True)  # A failed rebuild must not leave a success manifest.
+    commands = []
+
+    def run(command):
+        command = [str(part) for part in command]
+        commands.append(command)
+        subprocess.run(command, cwd=ROOT, check=True)
+
+    run([sys.executable, ROOT / "eng/graphics/verify-sdk.py", sdk,
+         "--component", "dawn", "--rid", "osx-arm64"])
+    # Checks the experimental Skia pin and refuses unrelated local build changes.
+    run([sys.executable, HERE / "use-external-dawn.py", "--skia", skia, "--dawn-sdk", sdk])
+    changes = subprocess.check_output(
+        ["git", "-C", str(skia), "status", "--porcelain", "--untracked-files=no"], text=True)
+    if changes.strip() != "M third_party/dawn/BUILD.gn":
+        raise RuntimeError("Unexpected tracked Skia changes; use a checkout with only the reviewed Dawn patch")
+    run([skia / "bin/gn", "gen", output, "--root=" + str(skia),
+         "--args=" + (HERE / "spike-args.gn").read_text()])
+    run(["ninja", "-C", output, "skia", "-j", args.jobs])
+    common = ["clang++", "-std=c++20", "-O2", "-DGL_SILENCE_DEPRECATION",
+              "-DSK_GRAPHITE", "-DSK_DAWN", "-I", skia, "-I", sdk / "include",
+              HERE / "graphite_probe.cpp", output / "libskia.a",
+              "-L", sdk / "lib", "-lwebgpu_dawn"]
+    for framework in ("CoreFoundation", "CoreGraphics", "CoreText", "Foundation",
+                      "ImageIO", "Metal", "QuartzCore", "IOSurface", "CoreVideo", "OpenGL"):
+        common += ["-framework", framework]
+    products = ["graphite_probe", "libwebscene_graphite_host_probe.dylib"]
+    run(common + ["-o", output / products[0]])
+    run(common + ["-DWEBSCENE_GRAPHITE_HOST_PROBE", "-Dmain=graphite_probe_main",
+                  "-dynamiclib", "-o", output / products[1]])
+    inputs = [HERE / name for name in ("build-probe.py", "use-external-dawn.py",
+              "spike-args.gn", "graphite_probe.cpp", "iosurface_gl_check.h")]
+    inputs += list((ROOT / "experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics").glob("*.h"))
+    manifest.write_text(json.dumps({
+        "schemaVersion": 1, "status": "built", "hardwareQualified": False,
+        "skiaRevision": subprocess.check_output(
+            ["git", "-C", str(skia), "rev-parse", "HEAD"], text=True).strip(),
+        "skiaDawnBuildSha256": sha(skia / "third_party/dawn/BUILD.gn"),
+        "dawnSdkManifestSha256": sha(sdk / "webscene-graphics-package.json"),
+        "inputs": {str(p.relative_to(ROOT)): sha(p) for p in sorted(inputs)},
+        "products": {name: sha(output / name) for name in products + ["libskia.a"]},
+        "commands": commands,
+        "compiler": subprocess.check_output(["clang++", "--version"], text=True),
+    }, indent=2) + "\n")
+    print(manifest)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/check-backend.py b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/check-backend.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..331213e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/check-backend.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Compile-only Graphite/Dawn compatibility check; no linking or GPU validation."""
+import argparse
+import pathlib
+import subprocess
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+parser.add_argument('--skia', required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+parser.add_argument('--dawn-include', required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+parser.add_argument('--cxx', default='clang++')
+args = parser.parse_args()
+sources = sorted((args.skia / 'src/gpu/graphite/dawn').glob('*.cpp'))
+if not sources:
+    parser.error('No Graphite Dawn implementation sources found')
+failed = False
+for source in sources:
+    result = subprocess.run([args.cxx, '-std=c++20', '-fsyntax-only', '-DSK_GRAPHITE',
+                             '-DSK_DAWN', '-I', str(args.skia), '-I', str(args.dawn_include),
+                             str(source)], check=False)
+    print(f'{source.name}: {"PASS" if result.returncode == 0 else "FAIL"}', flush=True)
+    failed |= result.returncode != 0
+raise SystemExit(1 if failed else 0)
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/dawn_header_check.cpp b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/dawn_header_check.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04f0dbaef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/dawn_header_check.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Compile-only compatibility check. This does not establish runtime ABI or GPU correctness.
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/dawn/DawnBackendContext.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/dawn/DawnGraphiteTypes.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/BackendTexture.h"
+
+void check_shared_device_headers(const wgpu::Instance& instance,const wgpu::Device& device,
+    const wgpu::Texture& texture) {
+    skgpu::graphite::DawnBackendContext context;
+    context.fInstance=instance;
+    context.fDevice=device;
+    context.fQueue=device.GetQueue();
+    auto backend=skgpu::graphite::BackendTextures::MakeDawn(texture.Get());
+    (void)backend;
+}
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/graphite_probe.cpp b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/graphite_probe.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b53559d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/graphite_probe.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+#include <IOSurface/IOSurface.h>
+#include "../../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/iosurface_color.h"
+#include "iosurface_gl_check.h"
+#endif
+#include "../../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_canvas_images.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/dawn/DawnBackendContext.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/dawn/DawnGraphiteTypes.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/BackendTexture.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/Context.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/ContextOptions.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/Recorder.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/Recording.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/Surface.h"
+#include "include/core/SkSurface.h"
+#include "include/core/SkCanvas.h"
+#include "include/core/SkPaint.h"
+#include "include/core/SkImage.h"
+#include "include/gpu/graphite/Image.h"
+// Diagnostic readback only. This executable is not a canvas presentation path.
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include "../../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_shared_image.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <functional>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace {
+std::string text(wgpu::StringView value) {
+    if (!value.data) return {};
+    return value.length == WGPU_STRLEN ? std::string(value.data)
+                                       : std::string(value.data, value.length);
+}
+
+std::string json(std::string_view value) {
+    constexpr char hex[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+    std::string result = "\"";
+    for (unsigned char c : value) {
+        if (c == '"' || c == '\\') { result += '\\'; result += c; }
+        else if (c < 32) { result += "\\u00"; result += hex[c >> 4]; result += hex[c & 15]; }
+        else result += c;
+    }
+    return result + '"';
+}
+
+int finish(std::string_view status, std::string_view reason, int code) {
+    std::cout << "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"graphite-shared-device\",\"status\":" << json(status)
+              << ",\"reason\":" << json(reason) << "}\n";
+    return code;
+}
+
+bool wait(const wgpu::Instance& instance, wgpu::Future future) {
+    return instance.WaitAny(future, 30'000'000'000ULL) == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success;
+}
+} // namespace
+
+struct DawnRuntime {
+    // Declare callback storage first so it outlives device destruction.
+    std::shared_ptr<std::atomic<bool>> error=std::make_shared<std::atomic<bool>>(false);
+    wgpu::Instance instance;
+    wgpu::Adapter adapter;
+    wgpu::Device device;
+    std::shared_ptr<skgpu::graphite::Context> graphite;
+    std::shared_ptr<void> outputSurface;
+    std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::dawn_shared_image> outputImage;
+    std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::dawn_canvas_images> canvasPool;
+    unsigned outputAllocations=0;
+    unsigned initializations=0;
+    unsigned graphiteInitializations=0;
+};
+static thread_local DawnRuntime hostRuntime;
+static thread_local unsigned hostDestinationTexture=0;
+static thread_local unsigned hostFrameSerial=0;
+static thread_local std::function<int(bool)> pendingProducer;
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc < 2 || argc > 3) return finish("failed", "Specify d3d12, metal or vulkan", 1);
+    const std::string backend = argv[1];
+    const bool sharedOutput=argc==3 && std::string(argv[2])=="iosurface";
+    wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions options{};
+    if (backend == "d3d12") options.backendType = wgpu::BackendType::D3D12;
+    else if (backend == "metal") options.backendType = wgpu::BackendType::Metal;
+    else if (backend == "vulkan") options.backendType = wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan;
+    else return finish("failed", "Unsupported backend", 1);
+    options.forceFallbackAdapter = false;
+
+    DawnRuntime standaloneRuntime;
+    auto& runtime=hostDestinationTexture ? hostRuntime : standaloneRuntime;
+    auto error=runtime.error;
+    if (error->load()) return finish("failed","Dawn runtime has an uncaptured error",1);
+    auto& instance=runtime.instance;
+    auto& adapter=runtime.adapter;
+    auto& device=runtime.device;
+    if (!instance) {
+        constexpr auto timedWait = wgpu::InstanceFeatureName::TimedWaitAny;
+        wgpu::InstanceDescriptor instanceDescriptor{};
+        instanceDescriptor.requiredFeatureCount = 1;
+        instanceDescriptor.requiredFeatures = &timedWait;
+        instance = wgpu::CreateInstance(&instanceDescriptor);
+        if (!instance) return finish("failed", "Instance creation failed", 1);
+    }
+    if (!adapter) {
+        struct AdapterResult { wgpu::Adapter adapter; std::string message; };
+        auto adapterResult = std::make_shared<AdapterResult>();
+        auto adapterFuture = instance.RequestAdapter(&options, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+            [adapterResult](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status, wgpu::Adapter adapter, wgpu::StringView message) {
+                if (status == wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success) adapterResult->adapter = std::move(adapter);
+                adapterResult->message = text(message);
+            });
+        if (!wait(instance, adapterFuture)) return finish("failed", "Adapter request timed out", 1);
+        if (!adapterResult->adapter) return finish("unavailable", adapterResult->message, 77);
+        adapter = adapterResult->adapter;
+    }
+    wgpu::AdapterInfo info{};
+    if (adapter.GetInfo(&info) != wgpu::Status::Success)
+        return finish("failed", "Cannot inspect adapter", 1);
+    if (info.backendType != options.backendType ||
+        (info.adapterType != wgpu::AdapterType::DiscreteGPU &&
+         info.adapterType != wgpu::AdapterType::IntegratedGPU))
+        return finish("unavailable", "Selected adapter is not confirmed hardware on the requested backend", 77);
+
+    if (!device) {
+        struct DeviceResult { wgpu::Device device; std::string message; };
+        auto deviceResult = std::make_shared<DeviceResult>();
+        wgpu::DeviceDescriptor deviceDescriptor{};
+        const std::array sharedFeatures{wgpu::FeatureName::SharedTextureMemoryIOSurface,
+            wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceMTLSharedEvent};
+        if (sharedOutput) {
+            for (auto feature:sharedFeatures) if (!adapter.HasFeature(feature))
+                return finish("unavailable","IOSurface sharing features unavailable",77);
+            deviceDescriptor.requiredFeatureCount=sharedFeatures.size();
+            deviceDescriptor.requiredFeatures=sharedFeatures.data();
+        }
+        deviceDescriptor.SetUncapturedErrorCallback(
+            [](const wgpu::Device&, wgpu::ErrorType, wgpu::StringView, std::atomic<bool>* state) {
+                state->store(true);
+            }, error.get());
+        auto deviceFuture = adapter.RequestDevice(&deviceDescriptor, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+            [deviceResult](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus status, wgpu::Device device, wgpu::StringView message) {
+                if (status == wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success) deviceResult->device = std::move(device);
+                deviceResult->message = text(message);
+            });
+        if (!wait(instance, deviceFuture)) return finish("failed", "Device request timed out", 1);
+        if (!deviceResult->device) return finish("failed", deviceResult->message, 1);
+        device = deviceResult->device;
+        ++runtime.initializations;
+    }
+
+    // Non-row-aligned width exercises the texture-copy layout, not just the first pixel.
+    constexpr uint32_t width = 17, height = 4, rowBytes = 256;
+    constexpr size_t bufferSize = rowBytes * height;
+    wgpu::TextureDescriptor textureDescriptor{};
+    textureDescriptor.dimension=wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D;
+    textureDescriptor.size = {width, height, 1};
+    textureDescriptor.format = sharedOutput ? wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm : wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;
+    textureDescriptor.usage = wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment | wgpu::TextureUsage::CopySrc | wgpu::TextureUsage::TextureBinding;
+    std::shared_ptr<void> sharedSurface;
+    std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::dawn_shared_image> sharedImage;
+    wgpu::Texture texture;
+    if (sharedOutput) {
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        if (runtime.outputImage) {
+            sharedSurface=runtime.outputSurface;
+            sharedImage=runtime.outputImage;
+            texture=sharedImage->texture();
+        } else {
+            auto owner=webscene::graphics::iosurface_color::create_bgra8(width,height,1024*1024);
+            if (!owner) return finish("failed","IOSurface allocation failed",1);
+            auto ioSurface=owner->borrowed_handle();
+            wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryIOSurfaceDescriptor io{}; io.ioSurface=ioSurface;
+            wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryDescriptor descriptor{}; descriptor.nextInChain=&io;
+            sharedSurface=std::shared_ptr<void>(owner,ioSurface);
+            sharedImage=webscene::graphics::dawn_shared_image::import(device,descriptor,textureDescriptor,sharedSurface);
+            if (!sharedImage) return finish("failed","IOSurface import/properties unsupported",1);
+            texture=sharedImage->texture();
+            runtime.outputSurface=sharedSurface;
+            runtime.outputImage=sharedImage;
+            ++runtime.outputAllocations;
+        }
+        // The host entry point rejects reuse until producer and CGL work retire.
+        // Every submission fully clears the output, so prior contents are discarded.
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryBeginAccessDescriptor access{}; access.initialized=false;
+        if (!sharedImage->begin(access))
+            return finish("failed","IOSurface BeginAccess failed",1);
+        if (sharedImage->begin(access)) return finish("failed","Overlapping access accepted",1);
+#else
+        return finish("unavailable","IOSurface requires macOS",77);
+#endif
+    } else texture=device.CreateTexture(&textureDescriptor);
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor bufferDescriptor{};
+    bufferDescriptor.size = bufferSize;
+    bufferDescriptor.usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::MapRead | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
+    const bool verifyPixels=hostDestinationTexture==0;
+    wgpu::Buffer buffer;
+    if (verifyPixels) buffer=device.CreateBuffer(&bufferDescriptor);
+    skgpu::graphite::DawnBackendContext backendContext;
+    backendContext.fInstance=instance; backendContext.fDevice=device;
+    backendContext.fQueue=device.GetQueue();
+    if (!runtime.graphite) {
+        runtime.graphite=skgpu::graphite::ContextFactory::MakeDawn(backendContext,{});
+        if (!runtime.graphite) return finish("failed","Graphite context creation failed",1);
+        ++runtime.graphiteInitializations;
+    }
+    auto graphite=runtime.graphite;
+    // Native WebGPU producer writes a separate image, then Graphite samples it
+    // on the same queue. No CPU wait or pixel upload sits between the submissions.
+    using namespace webscene::graphics;
+    if (hostDestinationTexture && !runtime.canvasPool)
+        runtime.canvasPool=std::make_shared<dawn_canvas_images>(device,3*width*height*4);
+    auto canvasOwner=hostDestinationTexture ? runtime.canvasPool :
+        std::make_shared<dawn_canvas_images>(device,3*width*height*4);
+    const uint64_t generation=hostDestinationTexture ? uint64_t(hostFrameSerial)*2+1 : 1;
+    auto frame=canvasOwner->acquire(image_metadata{700,0,generation,generation,701,generation,width,height});
+    if (!frame) return finish("failed","Canvas allocation failed",1);
+    auto produced=frame->texture;
+    auto producerEncoder=device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment attachment{};
+    attachment.view=produced.CreateView(); attachment.loadOp=wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
+    attachment.storeOp=wgpu::StoreOp::Store; attachment.clearValue={1,0,0,1};
+    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor producerPass{};
+    producerPass.colorAttachmentCount=1; producerPass.colorAttachments=&attachment;
+    auto render=producerEncoder.BeginRenderPass(&producerPass); render.End();
+    auto producerCommands=producerEncoder.Finish();
+    auto submitted=canvasOwner->submit(std::move(*frame),producerCommands); frame.reset();
+    if (!submitted) return finish("failed","Canvas submission backpressure",1);
+    auto consumer=submitted->image.begin_consumer();
+    if (!consumer) return finish("failed","Canvas consumer backpressure",1);
+    auto resized=canvasOwner->acquire(image_metadata{700,0,generation+1,generation+1,701,generation+1,9,height});
+    if (!resized || resized->metadata.allocation==consumer->describe().allocation
+        || consumer->describe().width!=width)
+        return finish("failed","Resize changed the retained allocation",1);
+    auto resizeEncoder=device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    attachment.view=resized->texture.CreateView(); attachment.clearValue={0,1,0,1};
+    auto resizePass=resizeEncoder.BeginRenderPass(&producerPass); resizePass.End();
+    auto resizeCommands=resizeEncoder.Finish();
+    auto replacement=canvasOwner->submit(std::move(*resized),resizeCommands); resized.reset();
+    if (!replacement) return finish("failed","Replacement submission failed",1);
+    auto replacementConsumer=replacement->image.begin_consumer();
+    if (!replacementConsumer) return finish("failed","Replacement consumer failed",1);
+    auto producerStatus=submitted->status, replacementStatus=replacement->status;
+    replacement.reset();
+    submitted.reset(); canvasOwner.reset();
+    produced=nullptr; attachment.view=nullptr;
+    // Resolve after scene ownership ends; standalone also destroys the canvas owner.
+    auto retainedTexture=dawn_canvas_images::resolve(*consumer,device);
+    auto replacementTexture=dawn_canvas_images::resolve(*replacementConsumer,device);
+    auto recorder=graphite->makeRecorder();
+    auto backendTexture=skgpu::graphite::BackendTextures::MakeDawn(texture.Get());
+    auto surface=SkSurfaces::WrapBackendTexture(recorder.get(),backendTexture,nullptr,nullptr);
+    if (!surface) return finish("failed","Graphite texture wrapping failed",1);
+    surface->getCanvas()->clear(SkColorSetARGB(255,51,102,153));
+    auto image=SkImages::WrapTexture(recorder.get(),
+        skgpu::graphite::BackendTextures::MakeDawn(retainedTexture.Get()),kPremul_SkAlphaType,nullptr,
+        skgpu::Origin::kTopLeft,SkImages::GenerateMipmapsFromBase::kNo);
+    if (!image) return finish("failed","Graphite source image wrapping failed",1);
+    auto canvas=surface->getCanvas();
+    canvas->save(); canvas->clipRect(SkRect::MakeLTRB(2,1,8,3)); canvas->translate(1,0);
+    SkPaint paint; paint.setAlphaf(0.5f);
+    canvas->drawImage(image,0,0,SkSamplingOptions(),&paint); canvas->restore();
+    auto replacementImage=SkImages::WrapTexture(recorder.get(),
+        skgpu::graphite::BackendTextures::MakeDawn(replacementTexture.Get()),kPremul_SkAlphaType,nullptr,
+        skgpu::Origin::kTopLeft,SkImages::GenerateMipmapsFromBase::kNo);
+    if (!replacementImage) return finish("failed","Replacement image wrapping failed",1);
+    canvas->save(); canvas->clipRect(SkRect::MakeLTRB(10,1,15,3));
+    canvas->drawImage(replacementImage,9,0); canvas->restore();
+    if (hostDestinationTexture) {
+        SkPaint marker;
+        marker.setColor(SkColorSetARGB(255,hostFrameSerial & 255,(hostFrameSerial >> 8) & 255,0));
+        canvas->drawRect(SkRect::MakeLTRB(16,0,17,1),marker);
+    }
+    auto recording=recorder->snap();
+    skgpu::graphite::InsertRecordingInfo insert; insert.fRecording=recording.get();
+    if (!graphite->insertRecording(insert) || !graphite->submit())
+        return finish("failed","Graphite submission failed",1);
+    auto encoder=device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo source{};
+    source.texture = texture;
+    wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo destination{};
+    destination.buffer = buffer;
+    destination.layout.bytesPerRow = rowBytes;
+    destination.layout.rowsPerImage = height;
+    const wgpu::Extent3D extent{width, height, 1};
+    if (verifyPixels) encoder.CopyTextureToBuffer(&source, &destination, &extent);
+    auto commands = encoder.Finish();
+    device.GetQueue().Submit(1, &commands);
+
+    wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState handoff;
+    if (sharedOutput && !sharedImage->end(handoff))
+        return finish("failed","IOSurface EndAccess failed",1);
+    if (sharedOutput && sharedImage->end(handoff))
+        return finish("failed","Duplicate EndAccess accepted",1);
+    const uint8_t* pixels=nullptr;
+    bool valid=true;
+    if (!verifyPixels) {
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        auto completed=std::make_shared<std::atomic<int>>(0);
+        auto future=device.GetQueue().OnSubmittedWorkDone(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [completed](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+                completed->store(status==wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success ? 1 : -1,std::memory_order_release);
+            });
+        // Keep every source lease and Graphite object alive while native GPU
+        // work is outstanding. Delivery runs later on the host's CGL thread.
+        auto deliver=[completed,future,instance,device,error,sharedSurface,sharedImage,producerStatus,replacementStatus,
+            target=hostDestinationTexture,context=CGLGetCurrentContext(),
+            graphite=std::move(graphite),recorder=std::move(recorder),recording=std::move(recording),
+            surface=std::move(surface),texture=std::move(texture),image=std::move(image),
+            replacementImage=std::move(replacementImage),retainedTexture=std::move(retainedTexture),
+            replacementTexture=std::move(replacementTexture),consumer=std::move(consumer),
+            replacementConsumer=std::move(replacementConsumer)](bool drain) mutable -> int {
+            if (CGLGetCurrentContext()!=context) return 0; // Never retire on a foreign context.
+            if (drain && completed->load(std::memory_order_acquire)==0) wait(instance,future);
+            const auto status=completed->load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+            if (!status) return 0;
+            if (producerStatus->load(std::memory_order_acquire)==dawn_canvas_images::submission_status::pending ||
+                replacementStatus->load(std::memory_order_acquire)==dawn_canvas_images::submission_status::pending) return 0;
+            // Service Graphite's completion queue on its owning thread so a
+            // persistent context can release completed command buffers/resources.
+            graphite->checkAsyncWorkCompletion();
+            if (status==1 && graphite->hasUnfinishedGpuWork()) return 0;
+            bool delivered=status==1 && !error->load() &&
+                producerStatus->load()==dawn_canvas_images::submission_status::success &&
+                replacementStatus->load()==dawn_canvas_images::submission_status::success;
+            if (delivered) delivered=check_iosurface_gl(static_cast<IOSurfaceRef>(sharedSurface.get()),
+                width,height,nullptr,rowBytes,target);
+            consumer->complete(); consumer.reset();
+            replacementConsumer->complete(); replacementConsumer.reset();
+            return delivered ? 1 : -1;
+        };
+        auto owner=std::make_shared<decltype(deliver)>(std::move(deliver));
+        pendingProducer=[owner](bool drain) { return (*owner)(drain); };
+        return 0;
+#else
+        return finish("unavailable","Host delivery requires macOS",77);
+#endif
+    } else {
+    auto mapped = std::make_shared<bool>(false);
+    auto mapFuture = buffer.MapAsync(wgpu::MapMode::Read, 0, bufferSize,
+        wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+        [mapped](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status, wgpu::StringView) {
+            *mapped = status == wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success;
+        });
+    if (!wait(instance, mapFuture) || !*mapped || error->load())
+        return finish("failed", "GPU clear/copy/map failed or timed out", 1);
+    pixels = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(buffer.GetConstMappedRange(0, bufferSize));
+    if (!pixels) return finish("failed", "Mapped range is null", 1);
+    constexpr std::array<int, 4> expected{51, 102, 153, 255};
+
+    for (uint32_t y = 0; y < height; ++y)
+        for (uint32_t x = 0; x < width; ++x)
+            for (uint32_t c = 0; c < 4; ++c) {
+                constexpr std::array<int,4> blended{153,51,77,255};
+                constexpr std::array<int,4> green{0,255,0,255};
+                const auto& wanted=(x>=10 && x<15 && y>=1 && y<3) ? green
+                    : (x>=2 && x<8 && y>=1 && y<3) ? blended : expected;
+                valid &= std::abs(int(pixels[y * rowBytes + x * 4 + (sharedOutput && c<3 ? 2-c : c)]) - wanted[c]) <= 1;
+            }
+    }
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    if (sharedOutput) valid &= check_iosurface_gl(static_cast<IOSurfaceRef>(sharedSurface.get()),width,height,pixels,rowBytes,hostDestinationTexture);
+#endif
+    if (verifyPixels) buffer.Unmap();
+    // The mapped readback follows Graphite submission on the same queue, proving
+    // this consumer's GPU sampling is complete before its lease is retired.
+    image.reset(); retainedTexture=nullptr;
+    consumer->complete(); consumer.reset();
+    replacementImage.reset(); replacementTexture=nullptr;
+    replacementConsumer->complete(); replacementConsumer.reset();
+    if (!valid) return finish("failed", "Readback pixels differ from clipped image composition", 1);
+    std::cout << "{\"schemaVersion\":1,\"probe\":\"graphite-shared-device\",\"status\":\"passed\","
+              << "\"hardwareAccelerated\":true,\"backend\":" << json(backend)
+              << ",\"adapter\":" << json(text(info.device))
+              << ",\"vendor\":" << json(text(info.vendor))
+              << ",\"driver\":" << json(text(info.description))
+              << ",\"vendorId\":" << info.vendorID << ",\"deviceId\":" << info.deviceID
+              << ",\"iosurfaceOutput\":" << (sharedOutput ? "true" : "false")
+              << ",\"verifiedPixels\":" << (verifyPixels ? width * height : 0)
+              << ",\"backgroundRGBA\":[51,102,153,255],\"compositedRGBA\":[153,51,77,255],\"tolerance\":1,\"diagnosticReadback\":" << (verifyPixels ? "true" : "false") << "}\n";
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(WEBSCENE_GRAPHITE_HOST_PROBE)
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) unsigned webscene_graphite_host_initializations() {
+    return hostRuntime.initializations;
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) unsigned webscene_graphite_host_context_initializations() {
+    return hostRuntime.graphiteInitializations;
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) unsigned webscene_graphite_host_output_allocations() {
+    return hostRuntime.outputAllocations;
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) unsigned webscene_graphite_host_canvas_allocations() {
+    return hostRuntime.canvasPool ? static_cast<unsigned>(hostRuntime.canvasPool->created_images()) : 0;
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) unsigned webscene_graphite_host_canvas_busy() {
+    return hostRuntime.canvasPool ? static_cast<unsigned>(hostRuntime.canvasPool->busy_images()) : 0;
+}
+// Only quiescent teardown is allowed; never drop references to outstanding work.
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) int webscene_graphite_host_shutdown() {
+    if (!CGLGetCurrentContext() || hostDestinationTexture || pendingProducer || host_blit.fence ||
+        (hostRuntime.canvasPool && hostRuntime.canvasPool->busy_images())) return 1;
+    // Moving the entire runtime keeps callback storage alive through device release.
+    try {
+        DawnRuntime fresh; // Allocate replacement callback state before changing ownership.
+        DawnRuntime retiring=std::move(hostRuntime);
+        hostRuntime=std::move(fresh);
+        retiring.graphite.reset();
+        hostFrameSerial=0;
+        return 0;
+    } catch (...) { return 1; }
+}
+// Explicit diagnostic readback, never called by normal presentation.
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) int webscene_graphite_host_verify_marker(unsigned texture,unsigned serial) {
+    if (!CGLGetCurrentContext() || pendingProducer || host_blit.fence) return 1;
+    GLint previous=0,packBuffer=0,pack[5]{};
+    const GLenum names[]={GL_PACK_ALIGNMENT,GL_PACK_ROW_LENGTH,GL_PACK_SKIP_PIXELS,GL_PACK_SKIP_ROWS,GL_PACK_SWAP_BYTES};
+    glGetIntegerv(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING,&previous);
+    glGetIntegerv(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_BINDING,&packBuffer);
+    for (int i=0;i<5;++i) glGetIntegerv(names[i],&pack[i]);
+    glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER,0);
+    for (int i=0;i<5;++i) glPixelStorei(names[i],i==0 ? 1 : 0);
+    GLuint framebuffer=0; glGenFramebuffers(1,&framebuffer);
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER,framebuffer);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER,GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture,0);
+    std::array<unsigned char,4> pixel{};
+    bool valid=glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)==GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE;
+    if (valid) glReadPixels(16,0,1,1,GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,pixel.data());
+    valid=valid && glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR && pixel[0]==(serial & 255) &&
+        pixel[1]==((serial >> 8) & 255) && pixel[2]==0 && pixel[3]==255;
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER,previous);
+    glDeleteFramebuffers(1,&framebuffer);
+    glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER,packBuffer);
+    for (int i=0;i<5;++i) glPixelStorei(names[i],pack[i]);
+    return valid ? 0 : 1;
+}
+// Diagnostic bridge only: caller supplies a current CGL context and a 17x4 2D
+// texture. Defers producer delivery and GL retirement; not a production API.
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) int webscene_graphite_host_poll(int drain) {
+    if (pendingProducer) {
+        const auto status=pendingProducer(drain!=0);
+        if (!status) return 0;
+        pendingProducer={};
+        if (status<0) return -1;
+    }
+    return poll_host_blit(drain!=0);
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) int webscene_graphite_host_probe(unsigned texture,unsigned serial) {
+    if (!texture || hostDestinationTexture || pendingProducer || host_blit.fence || !CGLGetCurrentContext()) return 1;
+    hostDestinationTexture=texture;
+    hostFrameSerial=serial;
+    char name[]="graphite-probe",backend[]="metal",mode[]="iosurface";
+    char* args[]={name,backend,mode};
+    int result=1;
+    try { result=main(3,args); } catch (...) { result=1; }
+    hostDestinationTexture=0;
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/iosurface_gl_check.h b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/iosurface_gl_check.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c39ba57e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/iosurface_gl_check.h
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#pragma once
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+#ifndef GL_SILENCE_DEPRECATION
+#define GL_SILENCE_DEPRECATION
+#endif
+#include <OpenGL/OpenGL.h>
+#include <OpenGL/gl3.h>
+#include <OpenGL/CGLIOSurface.h>
+#include <IOSurface/IOSurface.h>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cstdio>
+struct pending_host_blit {
+    CGLContextObj context{};
+    IOSurfaceRef surface{};
+    GLsync fence{};
+    GLuint texture{},framebuffer{},destinationFramebuffer{};
+};
+inline thread_local pending_host_blit host_blit;
+// 0 pending, 1 complete, -1 invalid/failure. Must run on the owning context.
+inline int poll_host_blit(bool drain=false) {
+    if (!host_blit.fence || CGLGetCurrentContext()!=host_blit.context) return -1;
+    if (drain) glFinish(); // Explicit error/timeout teardown only.
+    auto status=glClientWaitSync(host_blit.fence,0,0);
+    if (status==GL_TIMEOUT_EXPIRED) return 0;
+    if (status!=GL_ALREADY_SIGNALED && status!=GL_CONDITION_SATISFIED) return -1;
+    glDeleteSync(host_blit.fence);
+    glDeleteFramebuffers(1,&host_blit.framebuffer);
+    glDeleteFramebuffers(1,&host_blit.destinationFramebuffer);
+    glDeleteTextures(1,&host_blit.texture);
+    CFRelease(host_blit.surface); CGLReleaseContext(host_blit.context); host_blit={};
+    return 1;
+}
+// Diagnostic-only CPU readback. Caller must establish producer GPU completion.
+inline bool check_iosurface_gl(IOSurfaceRef surface,unsigned width,unsigned height,
+    const uint8_t* expected,unsigned expected_stride,GLuint hostTexture=0) {
+    if (hostTexture && host_blit.fence) return false;
+    auto previous=CGLGetCurrentContext();
+    CGLContextObj context=previous;
+    if (!hostTexture) {
+    CGLPixelFormatAttribute attributes[]={kCGLPFAAccelerated,kCGLPFAOpenGLProfile,
+        static_cast<CGLPixelFormatAttribute>(kCGLOGLPVersion_3_2_Core),static_cast<CGLPixelFormatAttribute>(0)};
+    CGLPixelFormatObj format=nullptr; GLint count=0;
+    if (CGLChoosePixelFormat(attributes,&format,&count)!=kCGLNoError || !format) return false;
+    context=nullptr;
+    const auto created=CGLCreateContext(format,nullptr,&context); CGLDestroyPixelFormat(format);
+    if (created!=kCGLNoError || !context) return false;
+    }
+    if (!context) return false;
+    if (CGLSetCurrentContext(context)!=kCGLNoError) { if (!hostTexture) CGLDestroyContext(context); return false; }
+    GLuint texture=0,framebuffer=0,destination=0,destinationFramebuffer=0;
+    glGenTextures(1,&texture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE,texture);
+    const auto imported=CGLTexImageIOSurface2D(context,GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE,GL_RGBA8,
+        width,height,GL_BGRA,GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8_REV,surface,0);
+    bool valid=imported==kCGLNoError;
+    if (!valid) std::fprintf(stderr,"IOSurface CGL import error %d\n",int(imported));
+    if (valid) {
+        glGenFramebuffers(1,&framebuffer); glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,framebuffer);
+        glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE,texture,0);
+        auto fb=glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER);
+        valid=fb==GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE;
+        if (!valid) std::fprintf(stderr,"CGL framebuffer status %u\n",fb);
+        if (valid) {
+            // Avalonia's composition texture is GL_TEXTURE_2D. This explicit
+            // GPU-local copy avoids uploading pixels to adapt the texture target.
+            destination=hostTexture;
+            if (!destination) {
+                glGenTextures(1,&destination); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D,destination);
+                glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,GL_RGBA8,width,height,0,GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,nullptr);
+            }
+            glGenFramebuffers(1,&destinationFramebuffer);
+            glBindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER,destinationFramebuffer);
+            glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER,GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,GL_TEXTURE_2D,destination,0);
+            valid=glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)==GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE;
+            if (valid) {
+                glBindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER,framebuffer);
+                glBlitFramebuffer(0,0,width,height,0,0,width,height,GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT,GL_NEAREST);
+                valid=glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR;
+            }
+            glBindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER,destinationFramebuffer);
+            if (expected) {
+            std::vector<uint8_t> pixels(width*height*4);
+            glReadPixels(0,0,width,height,GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,pixels.data());
+            auto error=glGetError(); valid &= error==GL_NO_ERROR;
+            if (!valid) std::fprintf(stderr,"CGL read error %u\n",error);
+            for (unsigned y=0;y<height;++y) for (unsigned x=0;x<width*4;++x)
+                valid &= std::abs(int(pixels[y*width*4+x])-int(expected[y*expected_stride+(x/4)*4+(x%4<3 ? 2-x%4 : x%4)]))<=1;
+            } else {
+                if (valid && hostTexture) {
+                    auto fence=glFenceSync(GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE,0);
+                    if (!fence) { glFinish(); valid=false; }
+                    else {
+                        CFRetain(surface); CGLRetainContext(context);
+                        host_blit={context,surface,fence,texture,framebuffer,destinationFramebuffer};
+                        texture=framebuffer=destinationFramebuffer=0;
+                        glFlush();
+                    }
+                } else glFinish(); // Failure cleanup, never normal host submission.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    glDeleteFramebuffers(1,&destinationFramebuffer); if (!hostTexture) glDeleteTextures(1,&destination);
+    glDeleteFramebuffers(1,&framebuffer); glDeleteTextures(1,&texture);
+    CGLSetCurrentContext(previous); if (!hostTexture) CGLDestroyContext(context);
+    return valid;
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/spike-args.gn b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/spike-args.gn
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73e18e96a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/spike-args.gn
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+is_debug = false
+is_official_build = true
+skia_enable_graphite = true
+skia_use_dawn = true
+skia_enable_ganesh = false
+skia_enable_tools = false
+skia_use_icu = false
+skia_use_harfbuzz = false
+skia_use_freetype = false
+skia_use_fontconfig = false
+skia_use_libavif = false
+skia_use_libjxl_decode = false
+skia_use_dng_sdk = false
+skia_use_piex = false
+skia_use_libjpeg_turbo_decode = false
+skia_use_libjpeg_turbo_encode = false
+skia_use_libpng_decode = false
+skia_use_libpng_encode = false
+skia_use_libwebp_decode = false
+skia_use_libwebp_encode = false
+skia_use_zlib = false
+skia_enable_pdf = false
+skia_use_expat = false
+skia_use_rust_png_decode = false
+skia_use_rust_png_encode = false
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/use-external-dawn.py b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/use-external-dawn.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03b2016b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/graphite/use-external-dawn.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Patch only the pinned experimental Skia checkout to link WebScene's Dawn SDK."""
+import argparse
+import pathlib
+import subprocess
+p = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+p.add_argument('--skia', required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+p.add_argument('--dawn-sdk', required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+a = p.parse_args()
+revision = subprocess.check_output(['git', '-C', str(a.skia), 'rev-parse', 'HEAD'], text=True).strip()
+if revision != '0f366c36621fc156664662b8ea5426d2f41cefe1':
+    p.error('Unexpected Skia revision; review the build integration before patching')
+sdk = a.dawn_sdk.resolve()
+if not (sdk / 'lib/libwebgpu_dawn.dylib').is_file():
+    p.error('This initial spike requires the macOS Dawn SDK')
+path = a.skia / 'third_party/dawn/BUILD.gn'
+original = subprocess.check_output(['git', '-C', str(a.skia), 'show', 'HEAD:third_party/dawn/BUILD.gn'], text=True)
+start = original.index('config("dawn_api_config")')
+end = original.index('\nsanitizer_args', start)
+replacement = f'''config("dawn_api_config") {{
+  include_dirs = [ "{sdk}/include" ]
+  libs = [ "{sdk}/lib/libwebgpu_dawn.dylib" ]
+}}
+'''
+patched = (original[:start] + replacement + original[end:]).replace(
+    '  public_deps = [ ":dawn_cmake" ]',
+    '  # External shared Dawn SDK; do not build a second runtime.')
+if path.read_text() not in (original, patched):
+    p.error('Refusing to replace unrelated changes in Skia BUILD.gn')
+path.write_text(patched)
diff --git a/eng/graphics/probes/windows_sharing_probe.cpp b/eng/graphics/probes/windows_sharing_probe.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f82ad9d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/probes/windows_sharing_probe.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Diagnostic readback belongs only to this hardware test, never presentation.
+#include "../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_canvas_host.h"
+#include "../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_scene_snapshot.h"
+#include "../../../experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d11_scene_consumer.h"
+#include <chrono>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <thread>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+using Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr;
+static void check(bool value,const char* message) {if(!value)throw std::runtime_error(message);}
+int main() {
+    try {
+        auto instance=wgpu::CreateInstance();check(bool(instance),"Dawn instance unavailable");
+        struct luid_options:wgpu::ChainedStruct{LUID adapterLUID; } luid;
+        luid.sType=wgpu::SType::RequestAdapterOptionsLUID;luid.adapterLUID=windows_gpu_adapter_luid();
+        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions request;request.backendType=wgpu::BackendType::D3D12;request.nextInChain=&luid;
+        wgpu::Adapter adapter;std::atomic<bool> discovered=false;
+        instance.RequestAdapter(&request,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [&](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus,wgpu::Adapter value,wgpu::StringView){adapter=std::move(value);discovered=true;});
+        const auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+        while(!discovered&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+        check(discovered&&adapter,"Dawn D3D12 hardware adapter unavailable");
+        const wgpu::FeatureName features[]={wgpu::FeatureName::SharedTextureMemoryDXGISharedHandle,wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceDXGISharedHandle};
+        wgpu::DeviceDescriptor descriptor;descriptor.requiredFeatureCount=2;descriptor.requiredFeatures=features;
+        descriptor.SetUncapturedErrorCallback([](const wgpu::Device&,wgpu::ErrorType,wgpu::StringView message){std::cerr<<std::string(message.data,message.length)<<'\n';});
+        wgpu::Device device;std::atomic<bool> created=false;
+        adapter.RequestDevice(&descriptor,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [&](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus,wgpu::Device value,wgpu::StringView message){device=std::move(value);if(!device)std::cerr<<std::string(message.data,message.length)<<'\n';created=true;});
+        while(!created&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+        check(created&&device,"Dawn shared-texture device unavailable");
+        auto dxgi=windows_gpu_adapter();ComPtr<ID3D11Device> host;ComPtr<ID3D11DeviceContext> context;
+        check(SUCCEEDED(D3D11CreateDevice(dxgi.Get(),D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN,nullptr,D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT,
+            nullptr,0,D3D11_SDK_VERSION,&host,nullptr,&context)),"D3D11 hardware device unavailable");
+        dawn_dxgi_canvas_host provider(64*1024*1024);
+        image_metadata metadata;metadata.canvas=1;metadata.allocation_generation=1;metadata.content_serial=1;
+        metadata.producer_timeline=1;metadata.producer_value=1;metadata.width=17;metadata.height=4;
+        metadata.format=image_format::bgra8_unorm;metadata.alpha=image_alpha::opaque;metadata.color_space=image_color_space::srgb;
+        wgpu::TextureDescriptor textureDesc;textureDesc.size={17,4,1};textureDesc.format=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm;
+        textureDesc.usage=wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment|wgpu::TextureUsage::TextureBinding;
+        auto texture=provider.acquire(metadata,device,textureDesc);check(bool(texture),"Dawn shared allocation import failed");
+        auto encoder=device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+        wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment color;color.view=texture.CreateView();color.loadOp=wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
+        color.storeOp=wgpu::StoreOp::Store;color.clearValue={64.0/255.0,128.0/255.0,192.0/255.0,1};
+        wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor passDesc;passDesc.colorAttachmentCount=1;passDesc.colorAttachments=&color;
+        auto pass=encoder.BeginRenderPass(&passDesc);pass.End();auto commands=encoder.Finish();device.GetQueue().Submit(1,&commands);
+        provider.retire(texture,true);auto ticket=provider.capture_latest_submission();check(bool(ticket),"Submission capture failed");
+        dawn_dxgi_scene_snapshot snapshot(std::move(ticket));std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> image;
+        while(!(image=snapshot.resolve_with_gpu_waits())&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+        check(bool(image),"Producer handoff failed");
+        auto consumed=image->value.begin_consumer();check(bool(consumed),"Image consumer admission failed");
+        webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3 consumer(std::move(*consumed),image->dependencies);
+        std::unique_ptr<d3d11_scene_consumer> bridge;
+        auto status=d3d11_scene_consumer::create(&consumer,host.Get(),bridge);
+        if(FAILED(status)){consumer.value.complete();std::cerr<<"import HRESULT 0x"<<std::hex<<status<<'\n';throw std::runtime_error("D3D11 shared resource/fence import failed");}
+        const bool unsealed_pending=bridge->poll()==E_PENDING;
+        const bool consumer_retained=provider.inspect_occupancy().consumer_pending==1;
+        adapter_luid wrong_adapter;check(SUCCEEDED(query_adapter_luid(host.Get(),wrong_adapter)),"Host LUID unavailable");
+        wrong_adapter.low^=1;
+        bool rejected_foreign_adapter=false;
+        try {d3d12_canvas_images::resolve(consumer.value,wrong_adapter);}
+        catch(const std::invalid_argument&) {rejected_foreign_adapter=true;}
+        D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC stagingDesc;bridge->texture()->GetDesc(&stagingDesc);
+        stagingDesc.Usage=D3D11_USAGE_STAGING;stagingDesc.BindFlags=0;stagingDesc.MiscFlags=0;stagingDesc.CPUAccessFlags=D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_READ;
+        ComPtr<ID3D11Texture2D> staging;check(SUCCEEDED(host->CreateTexture2D(&stagingDesc,nullptr,&staging)),"Diagnostic staging allocation failed");
+        context->CopyResource(staging.Get(),bridge->texture());check(SUCCEEDED(bridge->seal()),"Consumer signal failed");
+        while((status=bridge->poll())==S_FALSE&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+        check(status==S_OK,"Consumer completion failed");
+        D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE pixels{};check(SUCCEEDED(context->Map(staging.Get(),0,D3D11_MAP_READ,0,&pixels)),"Diagnostic map failed");
+        bool correct=true;
+        {auto p=static_cast<unsigned char*>(pixels.pData);std::cerr<<"First BGRA pixel: "<<unsigned(p[0])<<','<<unsigned(p[1])<<','<<unsigned(p[2])<<','<<unsigned(p[3])<<"; pitch "<<pixels.RowPitch<<'\n';}
+        for(unsigned y=0;y<4;++y)for(unsigned x=0;x<17;++x){auto p=static_cast<unsigned char*>(pixels.pData)+y*pixels.RowPitch+x*4;
+            correct &= p[0]==192 && p[1]==128 && p[2]==64 && p[3]==255;}
+        context->Unmap(staging.Get(),0);bridge.reset();consumer.value.complete();check(correct,"Shared pixels differ");
+        check(unsealed_pending,"Unsealed reads must not report completion");
+        check(consumer_retained&&provider.inspect_occupancy().consumer_pending==0,"Consumer ownership was not retained until completion");
+        check(rejected_foreign_adapter,"Cross-adapter image was accepted");
+        std::cout<<"{\"probe\":\"windows-dawn-d3d11-sharing\",\"status\":\"passed\",\"pixelsVerified\":68,\"producerBackend\":\"D3D12\",\"consumerBackend\":\"D3D11\",\"adapterLuidLow\":"<<luid.adapterLUID.LowPart
+            <<",\"adapterLuidHigh\":"<<luid.adapterLUID.HighPart<<",\"presentationCpuCopyBytes\":0,\"diagnosticReadbackBytes\":272}\n";
+        return 0;
+    }catch(const std::exception& error){std::cerr<<error.what()<<'\n';return 1;}
+}
diff --git a/eng/graphics/run-probes.py b/eng/graphics/run-probes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2128277ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/run-probes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Capture hardware probe evidence. Missing hardware is exit 77, never a pass."""
+import argparse
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+import hashlib
+import importlib.util
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import platform
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+ROOT = HERE.parents[1]
+
+
+def sha(path):
+    return hashlib.sha256(path.read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+
+
+def inspect_process(component, backend, major, returncode, stdout):
+    try:
+        lines = [line for line in stdout.splitlines() if line.strip()]
+        result = json.loads(lines[-1])
+    except (IndexError, ValueError):
+        return {"status": "failed", "reason": "Probe did not emit a JSON result"}
+    if not isinstance(result, dict) or result.get("probe") != component or result.get("schemaVersion") != 1:
+        return {"status": "failed", "reason": "Unexpected probe/schema identity"}
+    if returncode == 77 and result.get("status") == "unavailable":
+        return result
+    if returncode != 0 or result.get("status") != "passed":
+        return {"status": "failed", "reason": "Probe failure or inconsistent exit status", "reported": result}
+    valid = (result.get("hardwareAccelerated") is True and result.get("backend") == backend
+             and result.get("verifiedPixels") == 68 and result.get("diagnosticReadback") is True
+             and result.get("expectedRGBA") == [51, 102, 153, 255] and result.get("tolerance") == 1
+             and bool(result.get("adapter")) and bool(result.get("driver")))
+    if component == "angle":
+        valid = (valid and result.get("esMajor") == major and result.get("webglCompatibleContext") is True
+                 and result.get("robustResourceInitialization") is True)
+    return result if valid else {"status": "failed", "reason": "Incomplete hardware/pixel evidence", "reported": result}
+
+
+def capture(command, cwd=None):
+    result = subprocess.run(command, cwd=cwd, capture_output=True, text=True)
+    return {"exitCode": result.returncode, "stdout": result.stdout.strip(), "stderr": result.stderr.strip()}
+
+
+def run(args):
+    lock = json.loads((HERE / "dependencies.lock.json").read_text())
+    profile = lock["profiles"][args.rid]
+    verifier_spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("graphics_verify_sdk", HERE / "verify-sdk.py")
+    verifier = importlib.util.module_from_spec(verifier_spec)
+    verifier_spec.loader.exec_module(verifier)
+    packages = {}
+    for component in ["dawn", "angle"]:
+        packages[component] = verifier.verify(args.sdk / component, component, args.rid)
+    library_suffix = {"win": ".dll", "osx": ".dylib", "linux": ".so"}[args.rid.split("-")[0]]
+    for name in ["libEGL", "libGLESv2"]:
+        library = args.probes / (name + library_suffix)
+        if not library.is_file() or sha(library) != packages["angle"]["files"]["lib/" + library.name]:
+            raise ValueError(f"Adjacent probe library does not match the verified SDK: {library}; rebuild the probes")
+    dawn_name = ("webgpu_dawn" if args.rid.startswith("win-") else "libwebgpu_dawn") + library_suffix
+    dawn_path = ("bin/" if args.rid.startswith("win-") else "lib/") + dawn_name
+    if not (args.probes / dawn_name).is_file() or sha(args.probes / dawn_name) != packages["dawn"]["files"][dawn_path]:
+        raise ValueError("Adjacent Dawn probe library does not match the verified SDK; rebuild the probes")
+    cases = [("dawn", profile["dawnBackend"].lower(), None),
+             ("angle", profile["angleBackend"].lower(), 2), ("angle", profile["angleBackend"].lower(), 3)]
+    results = []
+    for component, backend, major in cases:
+        executable = args.probes / ("webscene_" + component + "_probe" + (".exe" if args.rid.startswith("win-") else ""))
+        command = [str(executable), backend] + ([str(major)] if major else [])
+        entry = {"command": command, "component": component, "esMajor": major}
+        if not executable.is_file():
+            entry["result"] = {"status": "failed", "reason": "Probe executable is missing"}
+        else:
+            entry["binarySha256"] = sha(executable)
+            try:
+                process = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=90)
+                entry.update(exitCode=process.returncode, stdout=process.stdout, stderr=process.stderr)
+                entry["result"] = inspect_process(component, backend, major, process.returncode, process.stdout)
+            except (OSError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as error:
+                entry["result"] = {"status": "failed", "reason": str(error)}
+        results.append(entry)
+    statuses = {entry["result"]["status"] for entry in results}
+    status = "failed" if "failed" in statuses else "unavailable" if "unavailable" in statuses else "passed"
+    versions = {"Avalonia": ET.parse(ROOT / "Directory.Build.props").findtext(".//AvaloniaVersion")}
+    versions.update({node.attrib["Include"]: node.attrib["Version"]
+                     for node in ET.parse(ROOT / "Directory.Packages.props").iter("PackageVersion")
+                     if node.attrib.get("Include") in {"SkiaSharp", "Uno.WinUI"}})
+    versions["Uno.SkiaSharp"] = next(node.attrib["VersionOverride"]
+        for node in ET.parse(ROOT / "src/WebScene.Backend.Uno/WebScene.Backend.Uno.csproj").iter("PackageReference")
+        if node.attrib.get("Include") == "SkiaSharp")
+    evidence = {"schemaVersion": 1, "scope": "G01 native resource/clear/readback only; not browser API, presentation or epic qualification",
+                "status": status, "capturedAtUtc": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(), "rid": args.rid,
+                "host": {"os": platform.platform(), "machine": platform.machine()}, "declaredFrameworkVersions": versions,
+                "repository": capture(["git", "rev-parse", "HEAD"], ROOT),
+                "worktree": capture(["git", "status", "--porcelain"], ROOT),
+                "inputs": {p.relative_to(ROOT).as_posix(): sha(p) for p in HERE.rglob("*")
+                           if p.is_file() and "__pycache__" not in p.parts},
+                "packages": packages, "probes": results}
+    args.output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    args.output.write_text(json.dumps(evidence, indent=2) + "\n")
+    print(f"Native graphics probes: {status}; evidence: {args.output}")
+    return {"passed": 0, "failed": 1, "unavailable": 77}[status]
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--sdk", type=Path, required=True, help="RID directory containing dawn/ and angle/")
+    parser.add_argument("--probes", type=Path, required=True, help="Directory containing the built executables")
+    parser.add_argument("--rid", choices=["win-x64", "osx-arm64", "linux-x64"], required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, required=True)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    args.sdk, args.probes = args.sdk.resolve(), args.probes.resolve()
+    try:
+        sys.exit(run(args))
+    except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError) as error:
+        print(f"Cannot record graphics evidence: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/eng/graphics/stage-runtime.py b/eng/graphics/stage-runtime.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59b61c9d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/stage-runtime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Stage verified native graphics assets and NuGet build imports (no GPU execution)."""
+import argparse
+import importlib.util
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import shutil
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("graphics_sdk", HERE / "verify-sdk.py")
+sdk_verifier = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(sdk_verifier)
+
+
+def stage(sdk, native, output, rid):
+    if output.exists():
+        raise ValueError("Graphics staging requires a new directory")
+    packages = {component: sdk_verifier.verify(sdk / component, component, rid)
+                for component in (["dawn"] if rid == "osx-arm64" else ["dawn", "angle"])}
+    suffix = {"win-x64": ".dll", "osx-arm64": ".dylib", "linux-x64": ".so"}[rid]
+    libraries = [("dawn", ("bin/webgpu_dawn" if rid == "win-x64" else "lib/libwebgpu_dawn") + suffix)]
+    if rid != "osx-arm64":
+        libraries.extend([("angle", "lib/libEGL" + suffix), ("angle", "lib/libGLESv2" + suffix)])
+    if rid == "win-x64":
+        libraries.append(("dawn", "bin/d3dcompiler_47.dll"))
+    for component, relative in libraries:
+        adjacent = native / Path(relative).name
+        if not adjacent.is_file() or sdk_verifier.sha(adjacent) != packages[component]["files"][relative]:
+            raise ValueError(f"Native runtime has a missing/mismatched adjacent graphics library: {adjacent}")
+    output.mkdir(parents=True)
+    manifest = {"schemaVersion": 1, "rid": rid, "scope": "native graphics dependencies; browser APIs not qualified",
+                "components": {c: {"revision": p["revision"], "lockSha256": p["lockSha256"]}
+                               for c, p in packages.items()}, "libraries": {}}
+    for component, relative in libraries:
+        name = Path(relative).name
+        shutil.copy2(sdk / component / relative, output / name)
+        manifest["libraries"][name] = packages[component]["files"][relative]
+    manifest["licenses"] = {}
+    for component in packages:
+        destination = output / "licenses" / component
+        destination.mkdir(parents=True)
+        for source in sorted((sdk / component / "licenses").rglob("*")):
+            if not source.is_file():
+                continue
+            digest = sdk_verifier.sha(source)
+            relative = f"licenses/{component}/{digest}.txt"
+            if not (output / relative).exists():
+                shutil.copy2(source, output / relative)
+            manifest["licenses"][component + "/" + source.relative_to(sdk / component / "licenses").as_posix()] = relative
+        shutil.copy2(sdk / component / "webscene-graphics-package.json", output / f"{component}-sdk.json")
+    (output / "webscene-graphics-runtime.json").write_text(json.dumps(manifest, indent=2) + "\n")
+
+    # Consumers must copy these even without an explicit RuntimeIdentifier,
+    # matching the existing native runtime package's output/publish behavior.
+    target = ET.Element("Project")
+    items = ET.SubElement(target, "ItemGroup")
+    assets = list(manifest["libraries"]) + ["webscene-graphics-runtime.json"]
+    for name in assets:
+        item = ET.SubElement(items, "Content", Include=f"$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)../../runtimes/{rid}/native/{name}",
+                             Link=name, CopyToOutputDirectory="PreserveNewest", CopyToPublishDirectory="Always",
+                             ExcludeFromSingleFile="true")
+        ET.SubElement(item, "WebSceneGraphicsAsset").text = "true"
+    validate = ET.SubElement(target, "Target", Name="ValidateWebSceneGraphicsAssets", BeforeTargets="PrepareForBuild")
+    for name in assets:
+        asset = f"$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)../../runtimes/{rid}/native/{name}"
+        ET.SubElement(validate, "Error", Condition=f"!Exists('{asset}')", Text=f"Native graphics package is missing {name}.")
+    ET.indent(target)
+    ET.ElementTree(target).write(output / "WebScene.NativeEngine.Graphics.targets", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)
+
+    props = ET.Element("Project")
+    items = ET.SubElement(props, "ItemGroup")
+    for name in assets:
+        ET.SubElement(items, "None", Include=f"$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory){name}", Pack="true",
+                      PackagePath=f"runtimes/{rid}/native/{name}")
+    for component in packages:
+        ET.SubElement(items, "None", Include=f"$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory){component}-sdk.json", Pack="true",
+                      PackagePath=f"graphics/{component}-sdk.json")
+    for license_path in sorted((output / "licenses").rglob("*.txt")):
+        relative = license_path.relative_to(output).as_posix()
+        ET.SubElement(items, "None", Include="$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)" + relative, Pack="true",
+                      PackagePath="licenses/graphics/" + relative.removeprefix("licenses/"))
+    ET.SubElement(items, "None", Include="$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)WebScene.NativeEngine.Graphics.targets", Pack="true",
+                  PackagePath="buildTransitive/graphics/WebScene.NativeEngine.Graphics.targets")
+    ET.indent(props)
+    ET.ElementTree(props).write(output / "GraphicsPackage.props", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)
+    return manifest
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--sdk", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--native", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--rid", choices=["win-x64", "osx-arm64", "linux-x64"], required=True)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    stage(args.sdk.resolve(), args.native.resolve(), args.output.resolve(), args.rid)
diff --git a/eng/graphics/sync-suites.py b/eng/graphics/sync-suites.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbe5ea34d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/sync-suites.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Acquire official conformance inputs at locked commits; does not run or certify them."""
+import argparse
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+from build import LOCK, ROOT, capture, checkout, verify_source
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("suite", choices=["webgpu-cts", "webgl-cts", "wpt"])
+    parser.add_argument("--destination", type=Path, default=ROOT / "artifacts/graphics-suites")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    source = args.destination.resolve() / args.suite
+    try:
+        checkout(args.suite, source)
+        verify_source(args.suite, source)
+        report = {"schemaVersion": 1, "suite": args.suite,
+                  "repository": LOCK["sources"][args.suite]["repository"],
+                  "revision": capture(["git", "-C", source, "rev-parse", "HEAD"]),
+                  "trackedFiles": len(capture(["git", "-C", source, "ls-files"]).splitlines()),
+                  "status": "acquired", "conformanceStatus": "not-run"}
+        (args.destination.resolve() / (args.suite + ".json")).write_text(json.dumps(report, indent=2) + "\n")
+        print(json.dumps(report))
+    except (ValueError, OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError) as error:
+        print(f"Suite acquisition failed: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/eng/graphics/tests/test_angle_environment.py b/eng/graphics/tests/test_angle_environment.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1995f2da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/tests/test_angle_environment.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+"""Exercise SDK metadata capture without building the upstream compiler tree."""
+from contextlib import ExitStack
+import importlib.util
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+import unittest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).parents[1]
+sys.path.insert(0, str(HERE))
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("graphics_build_environment", HERE / "build.py")
+builder = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(builder)
+
+
+class AngleEnvironmentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_capture_passes_explicit_environment_to_child_process(self):
+        env = dict(os.environ, WEBSCENE_SDK_TEST_VALUE="local-toolchain")
+        result = builder.capture([sys.executable, "-c",
+                                  "import os; print(os.environ['WEBSCENE_SDK_TEST_VALUE'])"], env=env)
+        self.assertEqual(result, "local-toolchain")
+
+    def test_windows_metadata_uses_generation_environment(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory, ExitStack() as stack:
+            root = Path(directory)
+            args = SimpleNamespace(sources=root / "sources", build=root / "build",
+                                   sdk=root / "sdk", rid="win-x64", jobs=2, angle_gl=False)
+            depot = args.sources / "depot_tools"
+            depot.mkdir(parents=True)
+            (depot / "git.bat").touch()
+            source = args.sources / "angle-workspace/angle"
+            source.mkdir(parents=True)
+            sdk = args.sdk / args.rid / "angle"
+            sdk.mkdir(parents=True)
+            for name in ("checkout", "verify_source", "seal"):
+                stack.enter_context(patch.object(builder, name))
+            for name in ("copytree", "copy2", "rmtree"):
+                stack.enter_context(patch.object(builder.shutil, name))
+            stack.enter_context(patch.object(builder, "sha", return_value="test-hash"))
+            run = stack.enter_context(patch.object(builder, "run"))
+            capture = stack.enter_context(patch.object(builder, "capture", return_value="metadata"))
+            # Exercise the one-token Windows bootstrap command on every host,
+            # so command selection cannot accidentally assume an argument exists.
+            run([depot / "bootstrap/win_tools.bat"], cwd=depot)
+            # Simulate a caller configured to use Chromium's downloaded toolchain.
+            stack.enter_context(patch.dict(os.environ, DEPOT_TOOLS_WIN_TOOLCHAIN="1"))
+            builder.angle(args)
+            generation = next(call for call in run.call_args_list if call.args[0][1:2] == ["gen"])
+            metadata = next(call for call in capture.call_args_list if call.args[0][1:2] == ["args"])
+            self.assertIs(metadata.kwargs["env"], generation.kwargs["env"])
+            self.assertEqual(metadata.kwargs["env"]["DEPOT_TOOLS_WIN_TOOLCHAIN"], "0")
+            self.assertEqual(metadata.kwargs["env"]["DEPOT_TOOLS_UPDATE"], "0")
+            sync = next(call for call in run.call_args_list if call.args[0][1:2] == ["sync"])
+            self.assertIs(sync.kwargs["env"], generation.kwargs["env"])
+            for key, value in builder.angle_git_environment().items():
+                self.assertEqual(sync.kwargs["env"][key], value)
+            self.assertTrue(metadata.kwargs["env"]["PATH"].startswith(str(depot) + os.pathsep))
+            self.assertEqual((sdk / "build-info/resolved-args.gn").read_text(), "metadata\n")
+            compiler_queries = [call for call in capture.call_args_list
+                                if "llvm-build" in str(call.args[0][0])]
+            self.assertEqual(len(compiler_queries), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(compiler_queries[0].args[0][0].name, "clang-cl.exe")
+            self.assertEqual(os.environ["DEPOT_TOOLS_WIN_TOOLCHAIN"], "1")
diff --git a/eng/graphics/tests/test_checkout.py b/eng/graphics/tests/test_checkout.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8afbc6b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/tests/test_checkout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import hashlib
+import importlib.util
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).parents[1]
+sys.path.insert(0, str(HERE))
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("graphics_build", HERE / "build.py")
+builder = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(builder)
+
+
+class CheckoutTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_text_attributes_keep_pinned_bytes_despite_global_crlf(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
+            root = Path(directory)
+            config = root / "gitconfig"
+            config.write_text("[core]\n eol = crlf\n autocrlf = false\n")
+            with patch.dict(os.environ, {"GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL": str(config), "GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM": "1"}):
+                source = root / "source"
+                source.mkdir()
+                def git(*args):
+                    return subprocess.check_output(["git", "-C", str(source), *args], stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, text=True).strip()
+                git("init")
+                (source / ".gitattributes").write_bytes(b"* text=auto\n")
+                license_bytes = b"Pinned license\nSecond line\n"
+                (source / "LICENSE").write_bytes(license_bytes)
+                git("add", ".")
+                git("-c", "user.name=SDK Test", "-c", "user.email=sdk-test@example.invalid", "commit", "-m", "fixture")
+                lock = {"sources": {"fixture": {"repository": str(source), "revision": git("rev-parse", "HEAD"),
+                        "licenseFile": "LICENSE", "licenseSha256": hashlib.sha256(license_bytes).hexdigest()}}}
+                with patch.object(builder, "LOCK", lock):
+                    builder.checkout("fixture", root / "checkout")
+                self.assertEqual((root / "checkout/LICENSE").read_bytes(), license_bytes)
diff --git a/eng/graphics/tests/test_dawn_exports.py b/eng/graphics/tests/test_dawn_exports.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e61d72ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/tests/test_dawn_exports.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import importlib.util
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import unittest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("dawn_exports", Path(__file__).parents[1] / "dawn_exports.py")
+exports = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(exports)
+
+
+class DawnExportTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def inspect(self, text, rid):
+        with patch.object(exports.subprocess, "run", return_value=subprocess.CompletedProcess([], 0, text, "")):
+            return exports.inspect_exports(Path("candidate"), rid)
+
+    def test_native_symbol_formats(self):
+        for rid, text in [
+            ("osx-arm64", "00001000 T _wgpuCreateInstance\n00001010 T _wgpuGetProcAddress\n"),
+            ("linux-x64", "00001000 T wgpuCreateInstance\n00001010 T wgpuGetProcAddress\n"),
+            ("win-x64", "  1  0 00001000 wgpuCreateInstance\n  2  1 00001010 wgpuGetProcAddress\n")]:
+            with self.subTest(rid=rid):
+                self.assertEqual(self.inspect(text, rid)["status"], "passed")
+
+    def test_bundled_dependency_export_is_rejected(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            self.inspect("1000 T wgpuCreateInstance\n1010 T wgpuGetProcAddress\n1020 T AbslInternalSpinLockDelay\n", "linux-x64")
+
+    def test_unrecognized_or_partial_output_is_not_a_pass(self):
+        for text in ["", "unexpected symbol tool output", "1000 T _wgpuCreateInstance\n"]:
+            with self.subTest(text=text), self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                self.inspect(text, "osx-arm64")
diff --git a/eng/graphics/tests/test_evidence.py b/eng/graphics/tests/test_evidence.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07b4ec11b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/tests/test_evidence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import importlib.util
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import unittest
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("graphics_run_probes", HERE / "run-probes.py")
+runner = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(runner)
+
+
+class HardwareEvidenceTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        # Synthetic validator input only; these records are never hardware qualification output.
+        self.result = {"schemaVersion": 1, "probe": "angle", "status": "passed",
+                       "hardwareAccelerated": True, "backend": "metal", "esMajor": 3,
+                       "adapter": "synthetic adapter", "driver": "synthetic driver", "verifiedPixels": 68,
+                       "expectedRGBA": [51, 102, 153, 255], "tolerance": 1,
+                       "diagnosticReadback": True, "webglCompatibleContext": True,
+                       "robustResourceInitialization": True}
+
+    def inspect(self, code=0):
+        return runner.inspect_process("angle", "metal", 3, code, json.dumps(self.result))["status"]
+
+    def test_complete_success_record(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.inspect(), "passed")
+
+    def test_missing_or_software_hardware_is_not_a_pass(self):
+        for value in [False, None, "true", 1]:
+            with self.subTest(value=value):
+                self.result["hardwareAccelerated"] = value
+                self.assertEqual(self.inspect(), "failed")
+
+    def test_wrong_backend_or_context_is_not_a_pass(self):
+        for key, value in [("backend", "vulkan"), ("esMajor", 2), ("probe", "dawn"),
+                           ("webglCompatibleContext", False), ("robustResourceInitialization", False)]:
+            original = self.result[key]
+            with self.subTest(key=key):
+                self.result[key] = value
+                self.assertEqual(self.inspect(), "failed")
+                self.result[key] = original
+
+    def test_pixels_and_identity_are_required(self):
+        for key in ["verifiedPixels", "adapter", "driver", "expectedRGBA", "tolerance"]:
+            original = self.result.pop(key)
+            with self.subTest(key=key):
+                self.assertEqual(self.inspect(), "failed")
+                self.result[key] = original
+
+    def test_skipped_ctest_cannot_be_reported_as_pass(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.inspect(77), "failed")
+        self.result["status"] = "unavailable"
+        self.assertEqual(self.inspect(77), "unavailable")
+        self.assertEqual(self.inspect(0), "failed")
+
+    def test_crash_or_missing_json_is_failed(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.inspect(-6), "failed")
+        for output in ["", "some logging", "{incomplete}", "[]", "null", "42"]:
+            self.assertEqual(runner.inspect_process("angle", "metal", 3, 0, output)["status"], "failed")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/eng/graphics/tests/test_runtime_packaging.py b/eng/graphics/tests/test_runtime_packaging.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..959afd8ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/tests/test_runtime_packaging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import hashlib
+import importlib.util
+import io
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import unittest
+import zipfile
+
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("release_packages", Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3] / "scripts/verify-release-packages.py")
+release = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(release)
+
+class RuntimePackagingTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def package(self, rid, omit=None, corrupt=None, extra_angle=False):
+        libraries = ["libwebgpu_dawn.dylib"] if rid == "osx-arm64" else ["webgpu_dawn.dll", "libEGL.dll", "libGLESv2.dll", "d3dcompiler_47.dll"]
+        data = io.BytesIO()
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(data, "w") as z:
+            prefix = f"runtimes/{rid}/native/"
+            manifest = {"rid": rid, "libraries": {n: hashlib.sha256(n.encode()).hexdigest() for n in libraries}, "components": {n: {} for n in (["dawn"] if rid == "osx-arm64" else ["dawn", "angle"])}}
+            z.writestr(prefix + "webscene-graphics-runtime.json", json.dumps(manifest))
+            z.writestr("buildTransitive/graphics/WebScene.NativeEngine.Graphics.targets", "<Project/>")
+            for name in libraries:
+                if name != omit: z.writestr(prefix + name, b"corrupt" if name == corrupt else name.encode())
+            if extra_angle: z.writestr(prefix + "libEGL.dylib", b"unexpected")
+        data.seek(0)
+        return zipfile.ZipFile(data)
+
+    def test_platform_dependency_sets(self):
+        for rid in ("osx-arm64", "win-x64"):
+            with self.package(rid) as z: release.validate_graphics_runtime(z, rid)
+
+    def test_missing_or_corrupt_windows_compiler_is_rejected(self):
+        for kw in ({"omit": "d3dcompiler_47.dll"}, {"corrupt": "d3dcompiler_47.dll"}):
+            with self.package("win-x64", **kw) as z, self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+                release.validate_graphics_runtime(z, "win-x64")
+
+    def test_macos_angle_is_rejected(self):
+        with self.package("osx-arm64", extra_angle=True) as z, self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            release.validate_graphics_runtime(z, "osx-arm64")
+
+    def test_previous_non_graphics_macos_package_is_rejected(self):
+        data = io.BytesIO()
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(data, "w"): pass
+        data.seek(0)
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(data) as z, self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            release.validate_graphics_runtime(z, "osx-arm64")
diff --git a/eng/graphics/tests/test_source_graph.py b/eng/graphics/tests/test_source_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17c41954e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/tests/test_source_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import importlib.util
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).parents[1]
+sys.path.insert(0, str(HERE))
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('graphics_source_graph', HERE / 'build.py')
+builder = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(builder)
+
+
+class SourceGraphTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_long_dependency_paths_remain_verifiable_and_edits_are_rejected(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
+            source = Path(directory) / 'source'
+            dependency = source / 'third_party' / 'rust'
+            dependency.mkdir(parents=True)
+            env = dict(os.environ, **builder.angle_git_environment())
+
+            def git(*args):
+                return subprocess.check_output(['git', '-C', str(dependency), *args],
+                                               env=env, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, text=True).strip()
+
+            git('init')
+            # Force the repository's default off so the build policy must win.
+            git('config', 'core.longpaths', 'false')
+            relative = ('chromium_crates_io/vendor/icu_calendar-v2/src/tests/snapshots/'
+                        'icu_calendar__tests__date_arithmetic_snapshot__test_date_until_snapshot__'
+                        'date_until_snapshot_Ethiopian (Amete Alem).snap')
+            snapshot = dependency / relative
+            while len(str(snapshot)) <= 260:
+                relative = 'nested/' + relative
+                snapshot = dependency / relative
+            if os.name == 'nt':
+                # Python's runtime may lack the OS long-path opt-in. Git must
+                # still handle its ordinary (unprefixed) checkout path itself.
+                snapshot = Path('\\\\?\\' + str(snapshot))
+            snapshot.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
+            try:
+                original = b'Pinned snapshot\n'
+                snapshot.write_bytes(original)
+                git('add', '.')
+                git('-c', 'user.name=SDK Test', '-c', 'user.email=sdk-test@example.invalid',
+                    'commit', '-m', 'long path fixture')
+                revision = git('rev-parse', 'HEAD')
+                snapshot.unlink()
+                git('checkout', 'HEAD', '--', relative)
+                self.assertEqual(snapshot.read_bytes(), original)
+                if os.name == 'nt':
+                    self.assertIn('1 file changed', git('-c', 'core.longpaths=false', 'diff', 'HEAD', '--stat'))
+                self.assertEqual(builder.source_graph(source, env=env), {'third_party/rust': revision})
+                snapshot.write_bytes(original + b'Actual source edit\n')
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'Modified transitive dependency:'):
+                    builder.source_graph(source, env=env)
+            finally:
+                snapshot.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+    def test_sealing_preserves_checkout_policy_and_rejects_real_edits(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
+            source = Path(directory) / 'source'
+            dependency = source / 'third_party' / 'fixture'
+            dependency.mkdir(parents=True)
+            # Deliberately make the caller's Git unusable. The supplied build
+            # environment must reach every dependency verification command.
+            env = dict(os.environ, GIT_CONFIG_COUNT='2',
+                       GIT_CONFIG_KEY_0='core.autocrlf', GIT_CONFIG_VALUE_0='false',
+                       GIT_CONFIG_KEY_1='core.eol', GIT_CONFIG_VALUE_1='lf')
+            def git(*args):
+                return subprocess.check_output(['git', '-C', str(dependency), *args],
+                                               env=env, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, text=True).strip()
+            git('init')
+            original = b'Upstream CRLF bytes\r\nSecond line\r\n'
+            (dependency / 'LICENSE').write_bytes(original)
+            git('add', '.')
+            git('-c', 'user.name=SDK Test', '-c', 'user.email=sdk-test@example.invalid',
+                'commit', '-m', 'fixture')
+            revision = git('rev-parse', 'HEAD')
+            from unittest.mock import patch
+            with patch.dict(os.environ, {'GIT_CONFIG_COUNT': 'invalid'}):
+                self.assertEqual(builder.source_graph(source, env=env),
+                                 {'third_party/fixture': revision})
+                self.assertEqual((dependency / 'LICENSE').read_bytes(), original)
+                (dependency / 'LICENSE').write_bytes(original + b'Actual source edit\r\n')
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, r'Modified transitive dependency:[\s\S]*LICENSE'):
+                    builder.source_graph(source, env=env)
diff --git a/eng/graphics/tests/test_windows_runtime.py b/eng/graphics/tests/test_windows_runtime.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da42a8c8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/tests/test_windows_runtime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+"""Runtime packaging must not fall back to a developer PATH compiler."""
+import importlib.util
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import stat
+from pathlib import Path
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+import unittest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).parents[1]
+sys.path.insert(0, str(HERE))
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("graphics_windows_runtime", HERE / "build.py")
+builder = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(builder)
+
+
+class WindowsRuntimeTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt", "Windows read-only file semantics")
+    def test_rebuilding_sdk_removes_readonly_generated_licenses(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp:
+            sdk = Path(temp) / "sdk"
+            sdk.mkdir()
+            license_file = sdk / "LICENSE"
+            license_file.write_text("notice")
+            license_file.chmod(stat.S_IREAD)
+            builder.remove_sdk(sdk)
+            self.assertFalse(sdk.exists())
+
+    def test_wrong_compiler_is_rejected_before_any_network_or_staging(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp:
+            root = Path(temp)
+            compiler = root / json.loads((HERE / "windows-runtime.json").read_text())["compiler"]
+            compiler.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
+            compiler.write_bytes(b"foreign compiler")
+            with patch.object(builder.urllib.request, "urlopen") as download:
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "Windows runtime requires SDK"):
+                    builder.stage_windows_runtime(SimpleNamespace(windows_sdk=root), root / "sdk")
+                download.assert_not_called()
+            self.assertFalse((root / "sdk").exists())
+
+    def test_wrong_license_does_not_silently_accept_changed_terms(self):
+        pin = json.loads((HERE / "windows-runtime.json").read_text())
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp:
+            root = Path(temp)
+            compiler = root / pin["compiler"]
+            compiler.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
+            compiler.write_bytes(b"fixture")
+            sdk = root / "sdk"
+            (sdk / "bin").mkdir(parents=True)
+            with patch.object(builder, "sha", side_effect=[pin["sha256"], "wrong-license"]), \
+                    patch.object(builder.urllib.request, "urlopen", return_value=io.BytesIO(b"changed")):
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "license checksum mismatch"):
+                    builder.stage_windows_runtime(SimpleNamespace(windows_sdk=root), sdk)
+            self.assertFalse((sdk / "webscene-graphics-package.json").exists())
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/eng/graphics/verify-sdk.py b/eng/graphics/verify-sdk.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f9be81ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/verify-sdk.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Reject stale or mixed graphics SDKs before compiling WebScene against them."""
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
+import sys
+
+LOCK_PATH = Path(__file__).with_name("dependencies.lock.json")
+
+
+def sha(path):
+    digest = hashlib.sha256()
+    with path.open("rb") as stream:
+        for chunk in iter(lambda: stream.read(1024 * 1024), b""):
+            digest.update(chunk)
+    return digest.hexdigest()
+
+
+def verify(sdk, component, rid):
+    lock = json.loads(LOCK_PATH.read_text())
+    manifest_path = sdk / "webscene-graphics-package.json"
+    manifest = json.loads(manifest_path.read_text())
+    expected = {"schemaVersion": 1, "component": component, "rid": rid,
+                "revision": lock["sources"][component]["revision"], "lockSha256": sha(LOCK_PATH)}
+    for key, value in expected.items():
+        if manifest.get(key) != value:
+            raise ValueError(f"{component}: {key} mismatch; rebuild using the current dependency lock")
+    profile = lock["profiles"][rid]
+    if component == "dawn":
+        settings = dict(lock["dawnCmake"])
+        settings["DAWN_ENABLE_" + profile["dawnBackend"].upper()] = "ON"
+        if rid.startswith("win-"):
+            settings["CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY"] = "MultiThreaded"
+            settings["ABSL_MSVC_STATIC_RUNTIME"] = "ON"
+        if rid.startswith("osx-"):
+            settings["CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES"] = "arm64"
+    else:
+        settings = dict(lock["angleGn"], target_cpu=profile["cpu"])
+        settings["angle_enable_" + profile["angleBackend"].lower()] = True
+        if sdk.name == "angle-gl":
+            settings["angle_enable_gl"] = True
+    if manifest.get("settings") != settings:
+        raise ValueError(f"{component}: build settings mismatch")
+    files = manifest["files"]
+    actual = {p.relative_to(sdk).as_posix() for p in sdk.rglob("*")
+              if p.is_file() and p != manifest_path}
+    if actual != set(files):
+        raise ValueError(f"{component}: installed file inventory mismatch")
+    for name, digest in files.items():
+        path = PurePosixPath(name)
+        if path.is_absolute() or ".." in path.parts or "\\" in name:
+            raise ValueError(f"{component}: unsafe file path")
+        if sha(sdk / name) != digest:
+            raise ValueError(f"{component}: checksum mismatch: {name}")
+    suffix = {"win": ".dll", "osx": ".dylib", "linux": ".so"}[rid.split("-")[0]]
+    required = ({"include/dawn/webgpu.h", "include/dawn/webgpu_cpp.h", "include/webgpu/webgpu.h",
+                 ("bin/webgpu_dawn" if rid.startswith("win-") else "lib/libwebgpu_dawn") + suffix,
+                 "build-info/DawnSymbolBoundary.cmake", "build-info/exports.json"}
+                if component == "dawn" else
+                {"include/EGL/egl.h", "include/EGL/eglext_angle.h", "include/GLES2/gl2.h", "include/GLES3/gl3.h"})
+    if component == "angle":
+        dynamic_suffix = {"win": ".dll", "osx": ".dylib", "linux": ".so"}[rid.split("-")[0]]
+        required |= {"lib/libEGL" + dynamic_suffix, "lib/libGLESv2" + dynamic_suffix}
+        if rid.startswith("win-"):
+            required |= {"lib/libEGL.lib", "lib/libGLESv2.lib"}
+    else:
+        if rid.startswith("win-"):
+            required.add("lib/webgpu_dawn.lib")
+            required |= {"bin/d3dcompiler_47.dll", "build-info/windows-runtime.json", "licenses/windows-sdk/LICENSE.rtf"}
+            pin = json.loads(LOCK_PATH.with_name("windows-runtime.json").read_text())
+            if (files.get("bin/d3dcompiler_47.dll") != pin["sha256"]
+                    or files.get("licenses/windows-sdk/LICENSE.rtf") != pin["licenseSha256"]
+                    or files.get("build-info/windows-runtime.json") != sha(LOCK_PATH.with_name("windows-runtime.json"))):
+                raise ValueError("dawn: pinned Windows shader compiler or license mismatch")
+        if sha(sdk / "build-info/DawnSymbolBoundary.cmake") != sha(LOCK_PATH.with_name("DawnSymbolBoundary.cmake")):
+            raise ValueError("dawn: symbol isolation policy mismatch; rebuild the SDK")
+    if not required <= set(files):
+        raise ValueError(f"{component}: required headers/libraries missing: {sorted(required - set(files))}")
+    print(f"Verified {component} {manifest['revision']} for {rid}: {len(files)} files")
+    return manifest
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("sdk", type=Path, help="One component directory from build.py")
+    parser.add_argument("--component", choices=["dawn", "angle"], required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--rid", required=True)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    try:
+        verify(args.sdk.resolve(), args.component, args.rid)
+    except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError, TypeError) as error:
+        print(f"Graphics SDK verification failed: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/eng/graphics/windows-runtime.json b/eng/graphics/windows-runtime.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e425e17cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eng/graphics/windows-runtime.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "sdkVersion": "10.0.28000.0",
+  "release": "10.0.28000.2526",
+  "compiler": "Redist/D3D/x64/d3dcompiler_47.dll",
+  "sha256": "7b06a9669b48608ab576659f4f5ee4ec94c82e5b3109fa7290f5fbab84d544ec",
+  "licenseUrl": "https://aka.ms/WinSDKLicenseURL",
+  "licenseSha256": "dd07eb178e00c6bba4148457fc00ff77cd4887eb521d504186fe59c9ec8bbe62"
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/AureonAcceptance.cs b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/AureonAcceptance.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d7204a11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/AureonAcceptance.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+internal static class AureonAcceptance
+{
+    private static async Task Wait(NativeWebSceneView view, string expression, string name)
+    {
+        var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(40);
+        while (DateTime.UtcNow < deadline)
+        {
+            if (await view.EvaluateTextAsync(expression) == "true") return;
+            await Task.Delay(100);
+        }
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Timed out: " + name);
+    }
+
+    public static async Task Run(NativeWebSceneView view, Window window)
+    {
+        await Wait(view, "aureon.gpuReady&&!aureon.building&&aureon.builtRevision===aureon.revision&&aureon.compiled.triangles.length>0&&!aureon.renderer.busy&&aureon.renderer.lastDuration>0", "initial raster and BVH");
+        var count = int.Parse(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("aureon.doc.objects.length"));
+        await view.EvaluateTextAsync("aureon.addPrimitive('box');true");
+        await Wait(view, $"aureon.doc.objects.length==={count + 1}&&!aureon.building&&aureon.builtRevision===aureon.revision", "box creation");
+        await view.EvaluateTextAsync("aureon.run('undo');true");
+        await Wait(view, $"aureon.doc.objects.length==={count}&&!aureon.building&&aureon.builtRevision===aureon.revision", "undo");
+        await view.EvaluateTextAsync("aureon.run('redo');true");
+        await Wait(view, $"aureon.doc.objects.length==={count + 1}&&!aureon.building&&aureon.builtRevision===aureon.revision", "redo");
+        await view.EvaluateTextAsync("aureon.run('undo');true");
+        await Wait(view, $"aureon.doc.objects.length==={count}&&!aureon.building&&aureon.builtRevision===aureon.revision", "restore scene");
+        Console.WriteLine("Aureon original editor: add box, undo, redo and BVH rebuilds passed.");
+
+        foreach (var (width, height) in new[] { (980, 680), (1400, 900), (1280, 820) })
+        {
+            window.Width = width; window.Height = height;
+            await Wait(view, $"innerWidth==={width}&&innerHeight==={height}&&!aureon.renderer.busy&&aureon.renderer.lastDuration>0", "viewport resize");
+            await Task.Delay(200);
+        }
+        Console.WriteLine("Aureon viewport resizing passed; physical presentation cadence is separate.");
+
+        await view.EvaluateTextAsync("globalThis.__originalSamples=aureon.doc.settings.samples;aureon.doc.settings.samples=4;aureon.toggleRender(true);true");
+        await Wait(view, "aureon.renderer.samples>=4&&!aureon.renderer.busy", "four progressive compute samples");
+        await view.EvaluateTextAsync("""
+            globalThis.__hdrCheck=null;
+            aureon.renderer.readHDR().then(({data,width,height})=>{
+                let finite=true,min=Infinity,max=-Infinity;
+                for(let i=0;i<data.length;i++){finite&&=Number.isFinite(data[i]);if(i%4!==3){min=Math.min(min,data[i]);max=Math.max(max,data[i]);}}
+                globalThis.__hdrCheck={finite,min,max,width,height};
+            }).catch(e=>globalThis.__hdrCheck={error:String(e)});
+            true
+            """);
+        await Wait(view, "!!globalThis.__hdrCheck", "HDR GPU readback");
+        Console.WriteLine("Aureon original compute/HDR result: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("globalThis.__hdrCheck"));
+        if (await view.EvaluateTextAsync("__hdrCheck.finite===true&&__hdrCheck.max>__hdrCheck.min&&__hdrCheck.width>0&&__hdrCheck.height>0") != "true")
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Original path tracer did not produce finite, non-uniform HDR pixels.");
+        await view.EvaluateTextAsync("aureon.toggleRender(false);aureon.doc.settings.samples=__originalSamples;true");
+        await Wait(view, "aureon.renderer.mode==='raster'&&!aureon.renderer.busy&&aureon.renderer.lastDuration>0", "return to modeling");
+        if (await view.EvaluateTextAsync("aureon.renderer.errors.length===0&&!aureon.renderer.lost") != "true")
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("GPU validation errors or device loss occurred.");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/IMPLEMENTATION.md b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/IMPLEMENTATION.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a6d37afd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/IMPLEMENTATION.md
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Aureon compatibility implementation
+
+The target is the original Aureon Studio commit
+b2b01a55893bd6372a6d00759922025de51846a5 in a macOS Native AOT host.
+Production WebScene defaults remain Avalonia 11; sample host uses the existing
+Avalonia 12 opt-in. No synchronous worker substitutes or simulated GPU output.
+
+Implementation order:
+1. JavaScript modules: URL resolution, module identity/cache, cycles, live bindings,
+   import.meta.url, dynamic import, errors and navigation disposal. Add native
+   regression tests using real resource loaders, including negative cases.
+2. Secure contexts: accurately report trustworthy origins without granting GPU
+   admission to untrusted documents. Test localhost, loopback, HTTPS and negatives.
+3. Dedicated module workers: separate isolate/background execution, structured
+   cloning and ArrayBuffer transfer, ordered messages, error reporting and shutdown.
+   Test responsiveness, buffer ownership, termination and document teardown.
+4. WebGPU compute resources/commands: descriptors, ownership and lifetime, validation,
+   bind groups, dispatch and copies; test real Dawn buffer results and invalid use.
+5. Async pipelines: native Dawn completion delivery through the existing wake path,
+   promise/error semantics and cancellation. Test success/failure/device loss.
+6. Original Aureon acceptance: raster geometry, geometry rebuild/edit/undo,
+   progressive compute output, resize, orbit, save/open, AOT regression and bundle.
+
+Do not interpret shell painting, API presence, or successful compilation alone as
+application success. Record remaining gaps and measure physical presentation
+separately from scripted workloads.
+
+## Implemented and exercised
+
+The ordered work now reaches the original raster editor and progressive path
+tracer. Further gaps found during acceptance were implemented: structuredClone,
+samplers, getBindGroupLayout, GPUQueue.onSubmittedWorkDone, buffer/texture copy
+commands and SVGElement.style. Generated DOM and GPU enum catalogs are updated
+with their generator inputs.
+
+Native tests exercise module cycles/live bindings/import identity, clone/transfer
+atomicity, background worker replies and infinite-loop termination, secure-origin
+positive/negative cases, real compute output, texture transfer bytes and failed
+async pipeline validation. Project-owned WPT contracts exercise module workers,
+cloning and SVG style/namespace behavior.
+
+The AOT acceptance uses original application methods for edit/undo/rebuild,
+resizing, four progressive compute samples and HDR readback. The initial passing
+HDR result was 1185x554, finite=true, RGB range 0..13.836970329284668.
+See README for intentionally unqualified APIs and optional recovery/export gaps.
+
+## macOS qualification — 2026-09-09
+
+- Native CTest: 16/16 suites passed, including real Metal/Dawn compute and
+  worker-created transferred buffers surviving worker termination. ArrayBuffer
+  allocators use V8 shared ownership so transferred backing stores can outlive
+  their originating isolate.
+- Project WPT contract profile: 2/2 documents, 14/14 subtests passed.
+- Avalonia 11 backend regressions: 310 passed, 8 skipped on each of net8.0 and
+  net10.0 (before the final allocator lifetime fix; native tests rerun afterward).
+- DOM/enum generation check: passed.
+- macOS arm64 Native AOT publish: passed production AOT/trim warning gate.
+- Final bundle, without asset/native-library environment overrides: original
+  edit/undo/redo/BVH rebuild, resize, four progressive samples and HDR readback
+  passed; 341 rendered scenes, zero JS/console errors, one explicitly reported
+  IndexedDB recovery warning; process exited successfully after disposal.
+- Bundle deep/strict code signature verification passed (local ad-hoc signing).
+
+The standalone check caught and corrected a stale bootstrap snapshot in staging.
+The shipped engine and both snapshot files now come from the same native build.
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/Program.cs b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/Program.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dcfe101c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/Program.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+using System.Net;
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.Controls.ApplicationLifetimes;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+internal static class Program
+{
+    [STAThread]
+    public static int Main(string[] args) => AppBuilder.Configure<StudioApp>()
+        .UsePlatformDetect()
+        .With(new AvaloniaNativePlatformOptions { RenderingMode = [AvaloniaNativeRenderingMode.Metal] })
+        .StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args);
+}
+internal sealed class StudioApp : Application
+{
+    private AssetServer? _server;
+    public override void OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted()
+    {
+        if (ApplicationLifetime is IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
+        {
+            var root = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AUREON_ASSETS")
+                ?? Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "Assets");
+            _server = new AssetServer(root);
+            var view = new NativeWebSceneView(true, url => url.StartsWith(_server.Origin, StringComparison.Ordinal));
+            long errors = 0, recoveryWarnings = 0;
+            view.JavaScriptException += e => { Interlocked.Increment(ref errors); Console.Error.WriteLine($"JavaScript: {e.Message}\n{e.Stack}"); };
+            view.RuntimeFailed += e => Console.Error.WriteLine($"Runtime: {e.Message}\n{e.Stack}");
+            view.ResourceFailed += e => Console.Error.WriteLine($"Resource: {e.Url}: {e.Message}");
+            view.ConsoleMessage += e => {
+                if (e.Level == "error")
+                {
+                    if (e.Message == "Recovery storage is unavailable. Save a scene file to keep your work.")
+                        Interlocked.Increment(ref recoveryWarnings);
+                    else Interlocked.Increment(ref errors);
+                }
+                Console.WriteLine($"Console {e.Level}: {e.Message}");
+            };
+            var window = new Window { Title = "Aureon Studio in WebScene", Width = 1280, Height = 820, Content = view };
+            desktop.MainWindow = window;
+            desktop.Exit += (_, _) => _server.Dispose();
+            window.Opened += async (_, _) =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    await view.LoadAsync(_server.Origin + "index.html",
+                        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")
+                        ?? Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "libwebscene_native_engine.dylib"));
+                    await Task.Delay(5000);
+                    Console.WriteLine("Aureon status: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("""
+                        JSON.stringify({
+                          ready:globalThis.aureon?.ready===true,gpuReady:globalThis.aureon?.gpuReady===true,
+                          error:globalThis.aureon?.renderer?.initializationError?.message,
+                          worker:typeof Worker,secureContextType:typeof isSecureContext,
+                          gpu:!!navigator.gpu,
+                          backend:document.getElementById('render-backend')?.textContent
+                        })
+                        """));
+                    await view.EvaluateTextAsync("""
+                        (async()=>{const a=await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter();const d=await a.requestDevice();
+                        const r=JSON.stringify({compute:typeof d.createComputePipeline,
+                          computeAsync:typeof d.createComputePipelineAsync,
+                          renderAsync:typeof d.createRenderPipelineAsync,
+                          computePass:typeof d.createCommandEncoder().beginComputePass});
+                        d.destroy();globalThis.__aureonGpuCapabilities=r;})()
+                        """);
+                    await Task.Delay(500);
+                    Console.WriteLine("GPU API: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("globalThis.__aureonGpuCapabilities"));
+                    if (Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--verify"))
+                    {
+                        await AureonAcceptance.Run(view, window);
+                        using var timeout = new CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+                        await view.FlushRuntimeDiagnosticsAsync(timeout.Token);
+                        var ready = await view.EvaluateTextAsync("globalThis.aureon?.gpuReady===true&&globalThis.aureon?.builtRevision>=0");
+                        if (Interlocked.Read(ref errors) != 0) ready = "false";
+                        Console.WriteLine($"Aureon unsupported IndexedDB recovery warnings: {Interlocked.Read(ref recoveryWarnings)}");
+                        Console.WriteLine($"Aureon JavaScript/console errors: {Interlocked.Read(ref errors)}");
+                        Console.WriteLine($"Successfully rendered WebScene scenes: {view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot().Surface.RenderedScenes}");
+                        await view.DisposeAsync();
+                        desktop.Shutdown(ready == "true" ? 0 : 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    Console.Error.WriteLine(e);
+                    if (Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--verify")) desktop.Shutdown(1);
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        base.OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted();
+    }
+}
+internal sealed class AssetServer : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly HttpListener _listener = new();
+    private readonly string _root;
+    public string Origin { get; }
+    public AssetServer(string root)
+    {
+        _root = Path.GetFullPath(root) + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar;
+        if (!File.Exists(Path.Combine(_root, "index.html"))) throw new FileNotFoundException("Aureon assets are missing.", root);
+        // Bind only loopback; random ports let independent app instances coexist.
+        for (var attempt = 0; ; attempt++)
+        {
+            Origin = $"http://127.0.0.1:{Random.Shared.Next(20000, 60000)}/";
+            _listener.Prefixes.Clear();
+            _listener.Prefixes.Add(Origin);
+            try { _listener.Start(); break; }
+            catch (HttpListenerException) when (attempt < 20) { }
+        }
+        _ = Serve();
+    }
+    private async Task Serve()
+    {
+        while (_listener.IsListening)
+        {
+            HttpListenerContext context;
+            try { context = await _listener.GetContextAsync(); }
+            catch (Exception) when (!_listener.IsListening) { break; }
+            _ = Respond(context);
+        }
+    }
+    private async Task Respond(HttpListenerContext context)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var relative = Uri.UnescapeDataString(context.Request.Url!.AbsolutePath).TrimStart('/');
+            var path = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(_root, relative.Length == 0 ? "index.html" : relative));
+            if (!path.StartsWith(_root, StringComparison.Ordinal) || !File.Exists(path))
+            { context.Response.StatusCode = 404; return; }
+            context.Response.ContentType = Path.GetExtension(path) switch
+            {
+                ".html" => "text/html; charset=utf-8",
+                ".js" => "text/javascript; charset=utf-8",
+                ".css" => "text/css; charset=utf-8",
+                ".json" or ".aureon" => "application/json",
+                ".wgsl" => "text/plain; charset=utf-8",
+                ".svg" => "image/svg+xml",
+                _ => "application/octet-stream"
+            };
+            var bytes = await File.ReadAllBytesAsync(path);
+            context.Response.ContentLength64 = bytes.Length;
+            await context.Response.OutputStream.WriteAsync(bytes);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) { Console.Error.WriteLine($"Asset server: {e.Message}"); }
+        finally { context.Response.Close(); }
+    }
+    public void Dispose() { _listener.Stop(); _listener.Close(); }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/README.md b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b1d7a666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# Aureon Studio Native AOT host
+
+This sample runs the original Aureon Studio browser assets through WebScene's
+native V8/Dawn/Skia stack. It includes a loopback-only static asset server, so
+Node.js and an installed .NET runtime are not required by the published app.
+The process is named AureonStudio.
+
+Source: https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/AureonStudio
+commit `b2b01a55893bd6372a6d00759922025de51846a5`.
+No application JavaScript or WGSL is patched.
+
+## Build and verify
+
+```sh
+dotnet publish experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio -c Release -r osx-arm64 \
+  -p:PublishAot=true -p:WebSceneAvalonia12Sample=true \
+  -o artifacts/aureon-aot/publish
+AUREON_ASSETS="$PWD/artifacts/AureonStudio" \
+WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY="$PWD/artifacts/checkpoint-native/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib" \
+  artifacts/aureon-aot/publish/AureonStudio --verify
+```
+
+Use an upstream checkout at the pinned commit for AUREON_ASSETS. The native engine
+must include the graphics SDK and these runtime changes. Omitting --verify leaves
+the app open for interactive use.
+
+Verification requires a populated raster scene and completed BVH, adds a box,
+checks undo/redo and rebuilds, resizes the window, renders four progressive
+path-traced samples, and reads back finite, non-uniform HDR values from the
+original renderer. It fails for JS/GPU errors. The application-reported IndexedDB
+recovery warning is counted separately and printed explicitly.
+
+Avalonia 12 is confined to the opt-in sample configuration; production defaults
+remain v11. The executable is Native AOT; JavaScript still runs in V8.
+
+## Packaging
+
+```sh
+python3 experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/package-macos.py \
+  --publish artifacts/aureon-aot/publish --source artifacts/AureonStudio \
+  --runtime artifacts/aureon-runtime \
+  --output /absolute/output/AureonStudio-WebScene-AOT.app
+```
+
+The runtime directory must contain the rebuilt engine, matching Dawn dylib, ICU
+data, bootstrap snapshot and graphics manifest. Copy both snapshot files from
+the same native build as the engine: generated DOM bindings are part of their
+compatibility fingerprint. The script creates an app and ZIP,
+records the source revision, removes absolute development rpaths, and signs the
+bundle locally. It does not notarize the app. Run the packaged executable with
+--verify again to qualify dependency resolution.
+
+## Scope and limits
+
+Implemented for this workload: native JS modules/import.meta/dynamic imports,
+dedicated background module workers, V8 structured clone/ArrayBuffer transfer,
+secure-origin reporting, compute pipelines/passes/dispatch, native asynchronous
+pipelines, samplers, automatic pipeline layouts, queue completion promises and
+buffer/texture transfers. Ordinary GPU display continues through the existing
+mailbox and shared-texture path; CPU readback is for export/verification only.
+
+Regression coverage lives in the native graphics runtime tests and
+tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-aureon-runtime-profile.json. These are bounded
+contracts, not a claim of full Web Platform conformance. Worker MessagePort/shared
+memory transfer, import attributes/import maps, and comprehensive worker
+credentials/CORS behavior are not qualified.
+
+Aureon's automatic recovery requires IndexedDB, which remains unsupported.
+Save a scene file to retain edits. PNG export also depends on OffscreenCanvas
+and is not qualified by the HDR test. Native file picker workflows, all production
+tools/scene examples, physical 60fps and Windows/Linux parity need further
+qualification. The macOS raster/editing/compute acceptance is the current scope.
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/WebScene.AureonStudio.csproj b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/WebScene.AureonStudio.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81ffa845c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/WebScene.AureonStudio.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <AssemblyName>AureonStudio</AssemblyName>
+    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup><PackageReference Include="Avalonia.Desktop" /></ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup><ProjectReference Include="../../src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.csproj" /></ItemGroup>
+</Project>
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/package-macos.py b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/package-macos.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95ede80a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.AureonStudio/package-macos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Package the Aureon AOT host and its pinned, unmodified browser assets."""
+import argparse
+import json
+import pathlib
+import plistlib
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+
+p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+p.add_argument("--publish", required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+p.add_argument("--source", required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+p.add_argument("--runtime", required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+p.add_argument("--output", required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+a = p.parse_args()
+if a.output.exists():
+    raise SystemExit("Output already exists; choose a fresh path.")
+mac = a.output / "Contents/MacOS"
+mac.mkdir(parents=True)
+for name in ["AureonStudio", "libAvaloniaNative.dylib", "libSkiaSharp.dylib", "libHarfBuzzSharp.dylib"]:
+    shutil.copy2(a.publish / name, mac / name)
+for name in ["libwebscene_native_engine.dylib", "libwebgpu_dawn.dylib", "icudtl.dat",
+             "webscene_bootstrap_snapshot.bin", "webscene_bootstrap_snapshot.meta",
+             "webscene-graphics-runtime.json"]:
+    shutil.copy2(a.runtime / name, mac / name)
+assets = mac / "Assets"
+assets.mkdir()
+for name in ["index.html", "styles.css", "worker.html", "src", "examples", "LICENSE"]:
+    source = a.source / name
+    if source.is_dir():
+        shutil.copytree(source, assets / name)
+    else:
+        shutil.copy2(source, assets / name)
+commit = subprocess.check_output(["git", "-C", str(a.source), "rev-parse", "HEAD"], text=True).strip()
+(mac / "BUILD-STATUS.json").write_text(json.dumps({
+    "application": "Aureon Studio", "sourceCommit": commit,
+    "status": "Native AOT sample with raster and compute support; run --verify for acceptance.",
+    "limitations": ["IndexedDB automatic recovery is unavailable.", "Physical 60fps and the complete application feature set are not certified."],
+    "runtime": "WebScene Native AOT, Avalonia 12.1.1, macOS arm64"
+}, indent=2) + "\n")
+(a.output / "Contents/Info.plist").write_bytes(plistlib.dumps({
+    "CFBundleExecutable": "AureonStudio",
+    "CFBundleIdentifier": "org.webscene.aureonstudio.aot",
+    "CFBundleName": "Aureon Studio",
+    "CFBundleDisplayName": "Aureon Studio",
+    "CFBundlePackageType": "APPL",
+    "CFBundleVersion": "1",
+    "NSHighResolutionCapable": True,
+}))
+# Remove development SDK search paths. Every shipped native dependency must
+# resolve from this bundle; keep loader-relative rpaths.
+for binary in [mac / "AureonStudio", *mac.glob("*.dylib")]:
+    lines = subprocess.check_output(["otool", "-l", str(binary)], text=True).splitlines()
+    rpaths = []
+    for index, line in enumerate(lines):
+        if line.strip() == "cmd LC_RPATH":
+            rpaths.append(lines[index + 2].strip().split(" (offset", 1)[0].removeprefix("path "))
+    for rpath in rpaths:
+        if rpath.startswith("/"):
+            subprocess.run(["install_name_tool", "-delete_rpath", rpath, str(binary)], check=True)
+    if "@loader_path" not in rpaths:
+        subprocess.run(["install_name_tool", "-add_rpath", "@loader_path", str(binary)], check=True)
+subprocess.run(["codesign", "--force", "--deep", "--sign", "-", str(a.output)], check=True)
+subprocess.run(["ditto", "-c", "-k", "--sequesterRsrc", "--keepParent",
+                str(a.output), str(a.output.with_suffix(".zip"))], check=True)
+print(a.output.with_suffix(".zip"))
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/Program.cs b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/Program.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2db9b4682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/Program.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+using System.Net;
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.Controls.ApplicationLifetimes;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+internal static class Program
+{
+    [STAThread]
+    public static int Main(string[] args) => AppBuilder.Configure<StudioApp>()
+        .UsePlatformDetect()
+        .With(new AvaloniaNativePlatformOptions { RenderingMode = [AvaloniaNativeRenderingMode.Metal] })
+        .StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args);
+}
+internal sealed class StudioApp : Application
+{
+    private AssetServer? _server;
+    public override void OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted()
+    {
+        if (ApplicationLifetime is IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
+        {
+            var root = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("FRAMEFORGE_ASSETS")
+                ?? Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "Assets");
+            _server = new AssetServer(root);
+            Console.WriteLine("Asset origin: " + _server.Origin);
+            var view = new NativeWebSceneView(true, url => url.StartsWith(_server.Origin, StringComparison.Ordinal));
+            long errors = 0;
+            view.JavaScriptException += e => { Interlocked.Increment(ref errors); Console.Error.WriteLine($"JavaScript: {e.Message}\n{e.Stack}"); };
+            view.RuntimeFailed += e => Console.Error.WriteLine($"Runtime: {e.Message}\n{e.Stack}");
+            view.ResourceFailed += e => Console.Error.WriteLine($"Resource: {e.Url}: {e.Message}");
+            view.ConsoleMessage += e => {
+                if (e.Level == "error") Interlocked.Increment(ref errors);
+                Console.WriteLine($"Console {e.Level}: {e.Message}");
+            };
+            var window = new Window { Title = "Frameforge in WebScene", Width = 1280, Height = 820, Content = view };
+            desktop.MainWindow = window;
+            desktop.Exit += (_, _) => _server.Dispose();
+            window.Opened += async (_, _) =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var mediaVerify = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--media-verify");
+                    var mediaDemo = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--media-demo");
+                    if (mediaDemo) window.Title = "Video in WebScene";
+                    await view.LoadAsync(_server.Origin + (mediaVerify ? "__webscene-media-verify.html" : mediaDemo ? "__webscene-media-demo.html" : "index.html"),
+                        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")
+                        ?? Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? "webscene_native_engine.dll" : OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? "libwebscene_native_engine.dylib" : "libwebscene_native_engine.so"));
+                    if (mediaDemo) return;
+                    if (mediaVerify)
+                    {
+                        for (var i = 0; i < 120; i++)
+                        {
+                            if (await view.EvaluateTextAsync("globalThis.mediaVerification?.complete===true") == "true") break;
+                            await Task.Delay(500);
+                        }
+                        Console.WriteLine("Media verification: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("JSON.stringify(globalThis.mediaVerification)"));
+                        var passed = await view.EvaluateTextAsync("globalThis.mediaVerification?.passed===true");
+                        Console.WriteLine($"Rendered scenes: {view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot().Surface.RenderedScenes}");
+                        await view.DisposeAsync();
+                        desktop.Shutdown(passed == "true" && Interlocked.Read(ref errors) == 0 ? 0 : 1);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    await Task.Delay(5000);
+                    await view.EvaluateTextAsync("globalThis.frameforge?.ready?.catch(e=>{globalThis.__frameforgeStartupError=String(e.stack||e.message||e);})");
+                    if (Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--verify")) await Task.Delay(15000);
+                    Console.WriteLine("Frameforge status: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("JSON.stringify({app:!!globalThis.frameforge,booted:globalThis.frameforge?.booted===true,error:globalThis.__frameforgeStartupError,renderer:globalThis.frameforge?.renderer?.kind,clips:globalThis.frameforge?.editor?.project?.clips?.length,media:typeof HTMLVideoElement,audio:typeof AudioContext,externalTexture:typeof globalThis.frameforge?.renderer?.device?.importExternalTexture})"));
+                    if (Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--verify"))
+                    {
+                        Console.WriteLine($"JavaScript/console errors: {Interlocked.Read(ref errors)}");
+                        Console.WriteLine($"Rendered scenes: {view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot().Surface.RenderedScenes}");
+                        var supported = await view.EvaluateTextAsync("globalThis.frameforge?.booted===true&&typeof HTMLVideoElement==='function'&&typeof AudioContext==='function'&&typeof globalThis.frameforge?.renderer?.device?.importExternalTexture==='function'");
+                        await view.DisposeAsync();
+                        desktop.Shutdown(Interlocked.Read(ref errors) == 0 && supported == "true" ? 0 : 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    Console.Error.WriteLine(e);
+                    if (Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--verify")) desktop.Shutdown(1);
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        base.OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted();
+    }
+}
+internal sealed class AssetServer : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly HttpListener _listener = new();
+    private readonly string _root;
+    public string Origin { get; }
+    public AssetServer(string root)
+    {
+        _root = Path.GetFullPath(root) + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar;
+        if (!File.Exists(Path.Combine(_root, "index.html"))) throw new FileNotFoundException("Frameforge assets are missing.", root);
+        // Bind only loopback; random ports let independent app instances coexist.
+        for (var attempt = 0; ; attempt++)
+        {
+            Origin = $"http://127.0.0.1:{Random.Shared.Next(20000, 60000)}/";
+            _listener.Prefixes.Clear();
+            _listener.Prefixes.Add(Origin);
+            try { _listener.Start(); break; }
+            catch (HttpListenerException) when (attempt < 20) { }
+        }
+        _ = Serve();
+    }
+    private async Task Serve()
+    {
+        while (_listener.IsListening)
+        {
+            HttpListenerContext context;
+            try { context = await _listener.GetContextAsync(); }
+            catch (Exception) when (!_listener.IsListening) { break; }
+            _ = Respond(context);
+        }
+    }
+    private async Task Respond(HttpListenerContext context)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var relative = Uri.UnescapeDataString(context.Request.Url!.AbsolutePath).TrimStart('/');
+            if (relative is "__webscene-media-verify.html" or "__webscene-media-demo.html")
+            {
+                context.Response.ContentType = "text/html; charset=utf-8";
+                var bytes = await File.ReadAllBytesAsync(Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, relative == "__webscene-media-demo.html" ? "media-demo.html" : "media-verify.html"));
+                context.Response.ContentLength64 = bytes.Length;
+                await context.Response.OutputStream.WriteAsync(bytes);
+                return;
+            }
+            var path = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(_root, relative.Length == 0 ? "index.html" : relative));
+            if (!path.StartsWith(_root, StringComparison.Ordinal) || !File.Exists(path))
+            { context.Response.StatusCode = 404; return; }
+            context.Response.ContentType = Path.GetExtension(path) switch
+            {
+                ".html" => "text/html; charset=utf-8",
+                ".js" => "text/javascript; charset=utf-8",
+                ".css" => "text/css; charset=utf-8",
+                ".json" or ".aureon" => "application/json",
+                ".wgsl" => "text/plain; charset=utf-8",
+                ".svg" => "image/svg+xml",
+                ".mp4" or ".m4v" => "video/mp4",
+                ".mov" => "video/quicktime",
+                ".wav" => "audio/wav",
+                ".mp3" => "audio/mpeg",
+                ".jpg" or ".jpeg" => "image/jpeg",
+                ".png" => "image/png",
+                _ => "application/octet-stream"
+            };
+            if (context.Request.HttpMethod is not ("GET" or "HEAD"))
+            { context.Response.StatusCode = 405; return; }
+            await using var input = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read,
+                65536, FileOptions.Asynchronous | FileOptions.SequentialScan);
+            long start = 0, end = input.Length - 1;
+            context.Response.Headers["Accept-Ranges"] = "bytes";
+            var range = context.Request.Headers["Range"];
+            if (range is not null)
+            {
+                var valid = range.StartsWith("bytes=", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+                var parts = valid ? range[6..].Split('-') : [];
+                valid &= parts.Length == 2;
+                if (valid && parts[0].Length == 0)
+                {
+                    valid = long.TryParse(parts[1], out var suffix) && suffix > 0;
+                    if (valid) start = Math.Max(0, input.Length - suffix);
+                }
+                else if (valid)
+                {
+                    valid = long.TryParse(parts[0], out start) && start >= 0;
+                    if (parts[1].Length != 0)
+                    {
+                        valid &= long.TryParse(parts[1], out var requestedEnd);
+                        end = Math.Min(end, requestedEnd);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!valid || start > end || start >= input.Length)
+                {
+                    context.Response.StatusCode = 416;
+                    context.Response.Headers["Content-Range"] = $"bytes */{input.Length}";
+                    return;
+                }
+                context.Response.StatusCode = 206;
+                context.Response.Headers["Content-Range"] = $"bytes {start}-{end}/{input.Length}";
+            }
+            var remaining = Math.Max(0, end - start + 1);
+            context.Response.ContentLength64 = remaining;
+            if (context.Request.HttpMethod == "HEAD") return;
+            input.Position = start;
+            var buffer = new byte[65536];
+            while (remaining > 0)
+            {
+                var count = await input.ReadAsync(buffer.AsMemory(0, (int)Math.Min(buffer.Length, remaining)));
+                if (count == 0) throw new EndOfStreamException("Media file changed during response.");
+                await context.Response.OutputStream.WriteAsync(buffer.AsMemory(0, count));
+                remaining -= count;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) { Console.Error.WriteLine($"Asset server: {e.Message}"); }
+        finally { context.Response.Close(); }
+    }
+    public void Dispose() { _listener.Stop(); _listener.Close(); }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/README.md b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c5101b64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Frameforge Native AOT compatibility preview
+
+Runs unmodified Frameforge assets at upstream commit
+`f414cd44896b659a5c6da2e4fc596a2ded055f2a` using WebScene and the sample-only
+Avalonia 12 opt-in. Production WebScene retains Avalonia 11 defaults.
+
+This is not a working video editor yet. The WebGPU compositor initializes and
+loads the seven-clip demo project. Native HTML media decoding, retained video
+composition and Web Audio now pass the separate `--media-verify` AOT contract.
+GPUDevice.importExternalTexture and GPUQueue.copyExternalImageToTexture remain
+tracked in #40. IndexedDB persistence and
+MediaRecorder export are also unavailable. Do not interpret successful AOT
+compilation or a painted shell as playback acceptance.
+
+## Build
+
+```sh
+git clone https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/Frameforge.git artifacts/Frameforge
+git -C artifacts/Frameforge checkout f414cd44896b659a5c6da2e4fc596a2ded055f2a
+dotnet publish experiments/WebScene.Frameforge -c Release -r osx-arm64 \
+  -p:PublishAot=true -p:WebSceneAvalonia12Sample=true \
+  -o artifacts/frameforge-aot/publish
+python3 experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/package-macos.py \
+  --publish artifacts/frameforge-aot/publish --source artifacts/Frameforge \
+  --runtime /absolute/path/to/matching/native/runtime \
+  --output /absolute/output/Frameforge-WebScene-AOT.app
+```
+
+Use a matching native engine, Dawn, ICU and generated snapshot pair in runtime.
+The app includes its assets and a loopback server; no .NET or Node installation
+is needed. The executable/process name is Frameforge. Packaging uses local
+ad-hoc signing, not notarization.
+
+`Contents/MacOS/Frameforge --verify` logs original startup status and fails when
+required media capabilities are absent. It currently fails as expected. The AOT
+publish passes the reachable production trim/AOT warning check.
+
+For media/audio acceptance, publish with `-p:JsonSerializerIsReflectionEnabledByDefault=false`
+and run:
+
+```sh
+python3 experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/verify-media.py \
+  --executable artifacts/frameforge-aot/publish/Frameforge \
+  --native-library /absolute/path/to/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib \
+  --assets artifacts/Frameforge
+```
+
+This verifies actual MIME/HEAD/range responses plus unchanged MediaEngine cut
+preparation, playback/pause, native meter/track behavior and worker waveforms.
+[Media design and coverage](../WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/README.md)
+describes bounds and platform scope. Windows/Linux parity is #61/#62; full editor
+rendering, persistent storage, recording and release qualification remain in #53.
+No application shims simulate these APIs.
+
+### Interactive video sample
+
+Run the published executable with `--media-demo` to keep an interactive native
+video window open. It plays the original MP4 assets, with play/pause, seeking,
+mute and clip switching. Resize the window to inspect retained video composition.
+Use the same `FRAMEFORGE_ASSETS` and `WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY` environment
+variables as the media verification harness. This sample does not require the
+full editor or external video WebGPU APIs.
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/WebScene.Frameforge.csproj b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/WebScene.Frameforge.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..218393eac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/WebScene.Frameforge.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <AssemblyName>Frameforge</AssemblyName>
+    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup><None Update="media-demo.html" CopyToOutputDirectory="PreserveNewest" CopyToPublishDirectory="PreserveNewest" /><None Update="media-verify.html" CopyToOutputDirectory="PreserveNewest" CopyToPublishDirectory="PreserveNewest" /></ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup><PackageReference Include="Avalonia.Desktop" /></ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup><ProjectReference Include="../../src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.csproj" /></ItemGroup>
+</Project>
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/media-cadence-demo.html b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/media-cadence-demo.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..264e06fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/media-cadence-demo.html
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Video in WebScene</title>
+<style>
+body{margin:0;padding:24px;background:#142132;color:#eef5ff;font:16px sans-serif}
+h1{font-size:24px}#screen{width:100%;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;background:#080d14}
+video{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}button{padding:12px;margin:8px 8px 8px 0;background:#294661;color:white;border:0;border-radius:6px}
+#status{margin:12px 0;color:#b6ccdf}
+</style>
+<h1>Video cadence in WebScene</h1>
+<p>Compare 60fps motion, a 24fps film trailer and 4K HEVC, all with audio.</p>
+<div><button data-clip="big-buck-bunny-60fps">Big Buck Bunny · 60fps</button><button data-clip="sintel-trailer-24fps">Sintel trailer · 24fps</button><button data-clip="tears-of-steel">Tears of Steel · 24fps HEVC</button></div>
+<div id="screen"><video id="movie" playsinline loop preload="auto"></video></div>
+<div><button id="play">Play</button><button id="pause">Pause</button><button id="back">Back 2s</button><button id="forward">Forward 2s</button><button id="mute">Mute</button></div>
+<p>Blender Foundation · Big Buck Bunny / Sintel / Tears of Steel. HEVC sample provided by Microsoft.</p>
+<p id="status">Loading…</p>
+<script>
+const movie=document.getElementById('movie'),status=document.getElementById('status');
+function report(error){status.textContent=String(error.message||error);console.error(String(error));}
+async function play(){try{await movie.play();}catch(error){report(error);}}
+document.getElementById('play').onclick=play;
+document.getElementById('pause').onclick=()=>movie.pause();
+document.getElementById('back').onclick=()=>{movie.currentTime=Math.max(0,movie.currentTime-2);};
+document.getElementById('forward').onclick=()=>{if(Number.isFinite(movie.duration))movie.currentTime=Math.min(movie.duration,movie.currentTime+2);};
+document.getElementById('mute').onclick=()=>{movie.muted=!movie.muted;document.getElementById('mute').textContent=movie.muted?'Unmute':'Mute';};
+for(const button of document.querySelectorAll('[data-clip]'))button.onclick=()=>{movie.src='assets/'+button.getAttribute('data-clip')+'.mp4';play();};
+movie.addEventListener('error',()=>report(movie.error?.message||'Video failed to load'));
+setInterval(()=>{if(!movie.error)status.textContent=(movie.paused?'Paused':'Playing')+' · '+movie.currentTime.toFixed(1)+' / '+(Number.isFinite(movie.duration)?movie.duration.toFixed(1):'…')+' seconds · '+movie.videoWidth+' × '+movie.videoHeight;},250);
+movie.volume=.5;movie.src='assets/big-buck-bunny-60fps.mp4';play();
+</script>
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/media-demo.html b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/media-demo.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc869e94b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/media-demo.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Video in WebScene</title>
+<style>
+body{margin:0;padding:24px;background:#142132;color:#eef5ff;font:16px sans-serif}
+h1{font-size:24px}#screen{width:100%;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;background:#080d14}
+video{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}button{padding:12px;margin:8px 8px 8px 0;background:#294661;color:white;border:0;border-radius:6px}
+#status{margin:12px 0;color:#b6ccdf}
+</style>
+<h1>Video in WebScene</h1>
+<p>Native MP4 playback. Resize the window, pause or seek to check composition.</p>
+<div id="screen"><video id="movie" playsinline loop preload="auto"></video></div>
+<div><button id="play">Play</button><button id="pause">Pause</button><button id="back">Back 2s</button><button id="forward">Forward 2s</button><button id="mute">Mute</button></div>
+<div><button data-clip="blue-marble">Blue marble</button><button data-clip="earthrise">Earthrise</button><button data-clip="horizon">Horizon</button><button data-clip="orbit">Orbit</button></div>
+<p id="status">Loading…</p>
+<script>
+const movie=document.getElementById('movie'),status=document.getElementById('status');
+function report(error){status.textContent=String(error.message||error);console.error(String(error));}
+async function play(){try{await movie.play();}catch(error){report(error);}}
+document.getElementById('play').onclick=play;
+document.getElementById('pause').onclick=()=>movie.pause();
+document.getElementById('back').onclick=()=>{movie.currentTime=Math.max(0,movie.currentTime-2);};
+document.getElementById('forward').onclick=()=>{if(Number.isFinite(movie.duration))movie.currentTime=Math.min(movie.duration,movie.currentTime+2);};
+document.getElementById('mute').onclick=()=>{movie.muted=!movie.muted;document.getElementById('mute').textContent=movie.muted?'Unmute':'Mute';};
+for(const button of document.querySelectorAll('[data-clip]'))button.onclick=()=>{movie.src='assets/'+button.getAttribute('data-clip')+'.mp4';play();};
+movie.addEventListener('error',()=>report(movie.error?.message||'Video failed to load'));
+setInterval(()=>{if(!movie.error)status.textContent=(movie.paused?'Paused':'Playing')+' · '+movie.currentTime.toFixed(1)+' / '+(Number.isFinite(movie.duration)?movie.duration.toFixed(1):'…')+' seconds · '+movie.videoWidth+' × '+movie.videoHeight;},250);
+movie.src='assets/blue-marble.mp4';play();
+</script>
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/media-verify.html b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/media-verify.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef80e3035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/media-verify.html
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8"><title>Frameforge native media verification</title>
+<style>body{background:#142132;color:white;font:16px sans-serif;padding:24px}video{width:640px;height:360px;border-radius:16px}#video{width:640px;height:360px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;opacity:.9}#status{white-space:pre-wrap}</style>
+<h1>Frameforge native media verification</h1><div id="video"></div><pre id="status">Loading original media engine…</pre>
+<script type="module">
+import {MediaEngine} from './src/media.js';
+import {createDemo,renderPlan} from './src/core.js';
+const status=document.getElementById('status');const evidence={revision:'f414cd44896b659a5c6da2e4fc596a2ded055f2a',complete:false,passed:false,steps:[]};globalThis.mediaVerification=evidence;
+const check=(value,message)=>{if(!value)throw Error(message);evidence.steps.push(message);status.textContent=JSON.stringify(evidence,null,2);};
+const wait=ms=>new Promise(resolve=>setTimeout(resolve,ms));
+const engine=new MediaEngine({get:async()=>null});
+try {
+ const project=createDemo();await engine.setProject(project);
+ for(const frame of [0,143,144,287,288,431,432,560,0]){
+  await engine.prepare(renderPlan(project,frame),project);
+  check([...engine.entries.values()].filter(e=>e.el.readyState>=2).length>0,'Prepared original cut '+frame);
+ }
+ const first=engine.entries.get('demo-0');document.getElementById('video').appendChild(first.el);
+ await engine.ensureAudio();const plan=renderPlan(project,48);await engine.prepare(plan,project);engine.sync(plan,project,48,true);await wait(250);
+ check(first.el.currentTime>2.1&&!first.el.paused,'Original transport advances on native playback clock');
+ check(engine.meter()>0.0001,'Original RMS meter reads decoded native mix');
+ engine.setVolume(.2);engine.setMute(true);await wait(50);engine.setMute(false);engine.pauseAll();
+ const paused=first.el.currentTime;await wait(60);check(Math.abs(first.el.currentTime-paused)<.001,'Pause freezes media clock');
+ const track=engine.destination.stream.getAudioTracks()[0],clone=track.clone();clone.stop();check(track.readyState==='live','Recording track clone stop leaves monitor source live');
+ const asset={...project.assets.find(a=>a.id==='score'),id:'waveform-verification'};
+ const peaks=await engine.waveform(asset);check(peaks instanceof Float32Array&&peaks.length===1024,'Original waveform worker receives transferred PCM');
+ const buffer=await engine.audio.decodeAudioData(await(await fetch(asset.path)).arrayBuffer());
+ let maximumError=0;const channels=Array.from({length:buffer.numberOfChannels},(_,i)=>buffer.getChannelData(i));
+ for(let b=0;b<512;b++){let lo=0,hi=0;for(let i=Math.floor(b*buffer.length/512);i<Math.floor((b+1)*buffer.length/512);i++){let value=channels.reduce((sum,c)=>sum+c[i],0)/channels.length;lo=Math.min(lo,value);hi=Math.max(hi,value);}maximumError=Math.max(maximumError,Math.abs(peaks[b*2]-lo),Math.abs(peaks[b*2+1]-hi));}
+ evidence.waveformMaximumError=maximumError;check(maximumError<1e-6,'Waveform matches independent PCM reduction');
+ evidence.passed=true;
+} catch(error){evidence.error=String(error.stack||error);console.error(evidence.error);}
+finally{engine.dispose();evidence.complete=true;status.textContent=JSON.stringify(evidence,null,2);}
+</script>
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/package-macos.py b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/package-macos.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67742fac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/package-macos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Package the Frameforge AOT host and its pinned, unmodified browser assets."""
+import argparse
+import json
+import pathlib
+import plistlib
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+
+p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+p.add_argument("--publish", required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+p.add_argument("--source", required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+p.add_argument("--runtime", required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+p.add_argument("--output", required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
+a = p.parse_args()
+if a.output.exists():
+    raise SystemExit("Output already exists; choose a fresh path.")
+mac = a.output / "Contents/MacOS"
+mac.mkdir(parents=True)
+for name in ["media-demo.html", "media-verify.html", "Frameforge", "libAvaloniaNative.dylib", "libSkiaSharp.dylib", "libHarfBuzzSharp.dylib"]:
+    shutil.copy2(a.publish / name, mac / name)
+for name in ["libwebscene_native_engine.dylib", "libwebgpu_dawn.dylib", "icudtl.dat",
+             "webscene_bootstrap_snapshot.bin", "webscene_bootstrap_snapshot.meta",
+             "webscene-graphics-runtime.json", "webscene-miniaudio-LICENSE"]:
+    shutil.copy2(a.runtime / name, mac / name)
+assets = mac / "Assets"
+assets.mkdir()
+for name in ["index.html", "styles.css", "src", "assets", "LICENSE", "THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md"]:
+    source = a.source / name
+    if source.is_dir():
+        shutil.copytree(source, assets / name)
+    else:
+        shutil.copy2(source, assets / name)
+commit = subprocess.check_output(["git", "-C", str(a.source), "rev-parse", "HEAD"], text=True).strip()
+(mac / "BUILD-STATUS.json").write_text(json.dumps({
+    "application": "Frameforge", "sourceCommit": commit,
+    "status": "Native AOT compatibility build; video editing is not qualified.",
+    "limitations": ["GPU external image/video textures and recording remain unqualified; HTML media and Web Audio have a separate --media-verify contract.", "IndexedDB persistence is unavailable."],
+    "runtime": "WebScene Native AOT, Avalonia 12.1.1, macOS arm64"
+}, indent=2) + "\n")
+(a.output / "Contents/Info.plist").write_bytes(plistlib.dumps({
+    "CFBundleExecutable": "Frameforge",
+    "CFBundleIdentifier": "org.webscene.frameforge.aot",
+    "CFBundleName": "Frameforge",
+    "CFBundleDisplayName": "Frameforge",
+    "CFBundlePackageType": "APPL",
+    "CFBundleVersion": "1",
+    "NSHighResolutionCapable": True,
+}))
+# Remove development SDK search paths. Every shipped native dependency must
+# resolve from this bundle; keep loader-relative rpaths.
+for binary in [mac / "Frameforge", *mac.glob("*.dylib")]:
+    lines = subprocess.check_output(["otool", "-l", str(binary)], text=True).splitlines()
+    rpaths = []
+    for index, line in enumerate(lines):
+        if line.strip() == "cmd LC_RPATH":
+            rpaths.append(lines[index + 2].strip().split(" (offset", 1)[0].removeprefix("path "))
+    for rpath in rpaths:
+        if rpath.startswith("/"):
+            subprocess.run(["install_name_tool", "-delete_rpath", rpath, str(binary)], check=True)
+    if "@loader_path" not in rpaths:
+        subprocess.run(["install_name_tool", "-add_rpath", "@loader_path", str(binary)], check=True)
+subprocess.run(["codesign", "--force", "--deep", "--sign", "-", str(a.output)], check=True)
+subprocess.run(["ditto", "-c", "-k", "--sequesterRsrc", "--keepParent",
+                str(a.output), str(a.output.with_suffix(".zip"))], check=True)
+print(a.output.with_suffix(".zip"))
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/prepare-video-cadence-samples.py b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/prepare-video-cadence-samples.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d877771f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/prepare-video-cadence-samples.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Prepare reproducible manual video-cadence fixtures (requires ffmpeg/ffprobe).
+
+Run with --output PATH, then copy the resulting MP4s to the demo's Assets/assets.
+Use media-cadence-demo.html as media-demo.html in the existing AOT media host.
+Original movie frames are preserved; only BBB audio is converted from MP3 to AAC.
+"""
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import urllib.request
+import zipfile
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+parser.add_argument('--output', type=Path, required=True)
+args = parser.parse_args()
+args.output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+urls = {
+    'sintel-trailer-24fps.mp4': 'https://download.blender.org/durian/trailer/sintel_trailer-1080p.mp4',
+    'bbb-60fps-original.zip': 'https://download.blender.org/demo/movies/BBB/bbb_sunflower_1080p_60fps_normal.mp4.zip',
+    'tears-of-steel-original.mp4': 'https://test.playready.microsoft.com/media/profficialsite/tearsofsteel_4k_60s_24fps.12000kbps.3840x2160.h265-8b.2ch.128kbps.aac.mp4',
+}
+for name, url in urls.items():
+    target = args.output / name
+    if not target.exists():
+        partial = target.with_suffix(target.suffix + '.partial')
+        urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, partial)
+        partial.replace(target)
+original = args.output / 'bbb_sunflower_1080p_60fps_normal.mp4'
+if not original.exists():
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(args.output / 'bbb-60fps-original.zip') as archive:
+        # Extract one known member, not arbitrary archive paths.
+        with archive.open(original.name) as source, original.open('wb') as target:
+            import shutil
+            shutil.copyfileobj(source, target)
+for output, source, options in [
+    ('big-buck-bunny-60fps.mp4', original, ['-t', '60', '-c:v', 'copy', '-c:a', 'aac', '-b:a', '192k']),
+    ('tears-of-steel.mp4', args.output / 'tears-of-steel-original.mp4', ['-c', 'copy', '-tag:v', 'hvc1']),
+]:
+    target = args.output / output
+    if not target.exists():
+        subprocess.run(['ffmpeg', '-v', 'error', '-i', str(source), '-map', '0:v:0', '-map', '0:a:0',
+                        *options, '-movflags', '+faststart', str(target)], check=True)
+manifest = {'sources': urls, 'attribution': 'Blender Foundation: Big Buck Bunny, Sintel, Tears of Steel', 'files': {}}
+for name in ['big-buck-bunny-60fps.mp4', 'sintel-trailer-24fps.mp4', 'tears-of-steel.mp4']:
+    path = args.output / name
+    info = json.loads(subprocess.check_output(['ffprobe', '-v', 'error', '-show_streams', '-show_format', '-of', 'json', str(path)]))
+    digest = hashlib.sha256()
+    with path.open('rb') as data:
+        for chunk in iter(lambda: data.read(1024 * 1024), b''):
+            digest.update(chunk)
+    manifest['files'][name] = {'sha256': digest.hexdigest(), 'probe': info}
+(args.output / 'cadence-samples.json').write_text(json.dumps(manifest, indent=2) + '\n')
+print(args.output.resolve())
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/verify-media.py b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/verify-media.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28fb7e1c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.Frameforge/verify-media.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Run the AOT media contract and verify actual asset-server byte ranges."""
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import urllib.request
+import urllib.error
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+parser.add_argument("--executable", type=Path, required=True)
+parser.add_argument("--native-library", type=Path, required=True)
+parser.add_argument("--assets", type=Path, required=True)
+args = parser.parse_args()
+env = dict(os.environ, FRAMEFORGE_ASSETS=str(args.assets.resolve()),
+           WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY=str(args.native_library.resolve()))
+process = subprocess.Popen([str(args.executable.resolve()), "--media-verify"], env=env,
+                           stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, text=True)
+try:
+    first = process.stdout.readline().strip()
+    assert first.startswith("Asset origin: "), first
+    origin = first.removeprefix("Asset origin: ")
+    expected = (args.assets / "assets/weightless.wav").read_bytes()
+    url = origin + "assets/weightless.wav"
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(urllib.request.Request(url, method="HEAD"), timeout=5) as response:
+        assert response.status == 200 and response.read() == b""
+        assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(expected)
+        assert response.headers["Accept-Ranges"] == "bytes"
+        assert response.headers["Content-Type"].startswith("audio/")
+    for value, start, end in [("bytes=0-31", 0, 31), ("bytes=-17", len(expected)-17, len(expected)-1),
+                              (f"bytes={len(expected)-19}-", len(expected)-19, len(expected)-1)]:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(urllib.request.Request(url, headers={"Range": value}), timeout=5) as response:
+            assert response.status == 206
+            assert response.headers["Content-Range"] == f"bytes {start}-{end}/{len(expected)}"
+            assert response.read() == expected[start:end+1]
+    try:
+        urllib.request.urlopen(urllib.request.Request(url, headers={"Range": f"bytes={len(expected)}-"}), timeout=5)
+        raise AssertionError("Out-of-range request succeeded")
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as error:
+        assert error.code == 416 and error.headers["Content-Range"] == f"bytes */{len(expected)}"
+    output, _ = process.communicate(timeout=90)
+    print("Asset server: MIME, HEAD, closed/open/suffix ranges, exact bytes and 416 passed")
+    print(output)
+    assert "Runtime: " not in output and "Resource: " not in output, output
+    assert process.returncode == 0, f"AOT media test exit code {process.returncode}"
+    line = next(line for line in output.splitlines() if line.startswith("Media verification: "))
+    result = json.loads(line.removeprefix("Media verification: "))
+    if isinstance(result, str):
+        result = json.loads(result)
+    assert result["complete"] and result["passed"], result
+finally:
+    if process.poll() is None:
+        process.kill()
+    process.wait()
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/AotSerializationProbe.cs b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/AotSerializationProbe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3170eba4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/AotSerializationProbe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+using System.Text.Json;
+using SkiaSharp;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+using WebScene.Core;
+
+// Runs in the published NativeAOT executable; no window, browser or GPU required.
+internal static class AotSerializationProbe
+{
+    internal static int Run()
+    {
+        if (System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeFeature.IsDynamicCodeSupported
+            || JsonSerializer.IsReflectionEnabledByDefault)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("This check requires NativeAOT with reflection JSON disabled.");
+        using var surface = SKSurface.Create(new SKImageInfo(2, 2));
+        surface.Canvas.Clear(SKColors.CornflowerBlue);
+        using var image = surface.Snapshot();
+        using var png = image.Encode(SKEncodedImageFormat.Png, 100);
+        var state = NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.CanvasState.Default;
+        state.GlobalAlpha = .375;
+        state.LineDash = [2, 5];
+        var checkpoint = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.RasterCheckpoint
+        {
+            Png = Convert.ToBase64String(png.ToArray()), State = state,
+            Matrix = [1, 0, .25f, 0, 1, .5f, 0, 0, 1], Path = [[0, 1, 2]]
+        };
+        var bytes = JsonSerializer.SerializeToUtf8Bytes(checkpoint, CanvasCheckpointJsonContext.Default.RasterCheckpoint);
+        var restored = JsonSerializer.Deserialize(bytes, CanvasCheckpointJsonContext.Default.RasterCheckpoint)!;
+        using var decoded = SKBitmap.Decode(Convert.FromBase64String(restored.Png));
+        if (restored.State.GlobalAlpha != .375 || !restored.State.LineDash.SequenceEqual(new double[] { 2, 5 })
+            || restored.State.FillStyle != state.FillStyle || restored.Matrix[2] != .25f
+            || restored.Path[0][2] != 2 || decoded.GetPixel(0, 0) != SKColors.CornflowerBlue)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("AOT canvas checkpoint lost pixels or replay state.");
+        var directory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "webscene-aot-archive-" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"));
+        try
+        {
+            var address = new Uri("https://example.test/aot.html");
+            var original = new WebSceneTextResource("aot", "<p>AOT ✓</p>", "aot.html", null) { EntityTag = "v1" };
+            var archive = AvaloniaResourceArchive.CreateCapture(directory);
+            archive.CaptureText(address, WebSceneResourceKind.Markup, default, original);
+            archive.Flush();
+            var replay = AvaloniaResourceArchive.OpenReplay(directory).ReplayText(address, WebSceneResourceKind.Markup, default);
+            if (replay != original) throw new InvalidOperationException("AOT resource archive round trip failed.");
+        }
+        finally { if (Directory.Exists(directory)) Directory.Delete(directory, recursive: true); }
+        Console.WriteLine("NativeAOT checkpoint pixels/state and resource archive round trips passed.");
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/CanvasBackingProbe.cs b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/CanvasBackingProbe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b6d55da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/CanvasBackingProbe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.Controls.ApplicationLifetimes;
+using Avalonia.Media;
+using Avalonia.Rendering.SceneGraph;
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using Avalonia.Threading;
+using SkiaSharp;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+internal sealed class CanvasBackingProbeApp : Application
+{
+    public override void OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted()
+    {
+        if (ApplicationLifetime is IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
+        {
+            var control = new CanvasBackingProbeControl();
+            desktop.MainWindow = new Window { Width = 240, Height = 160,
+                Title = "Canvas2D GPU backing verification", Content = control };
+            desktop.MainWindow.Opened += async (_, _) =>
+            {
+                try { await control.Completed.Task.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(20)); desktop.Shutdown(0); }
+                catch (Exception error) { Console.Error.WriteLine(error); desktop.Shutdown(1); }
+            };
+        }
+        base.OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted();
+    }
+}
+
+internal sealed class CanvasBackingProbeControl : Control, ICustomDrawOperation
+{
+    private NativeCanvasCheckpointFence? _fence;
+    private SKImage? _fenceImage;
+    private NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer? _transfer;
+    private Task<SKImage>? _workerImage;
+    private SKImage? _transferReference;
+    private System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch? _fenceDeadline;
+    internal readonly TaskCompletionSource Completed = new(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+    public override void Render(DrawingContext context) => context.Custom(this);
+    Rect ICustomDrawOperation.Bounds => new(0, 0, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
+    public bool HitTest(Point point) => false;
+    public bool Equals(ICustomDrawOperation? other) => false;
+    public void Dispose() { }
+    public void Render(ImmediateDrawingContext context)
+    {
+        if (Completed.Task.IsCompleted) return;
+        try
+        {
+            var feature = context.TryGetFeature(typeof(ISkiaSharpApiLeaseFeature)) as ISkiaSharpApiLeaseFeature
+                ?? throw new NotSupportedException("No Skia graphics lease");
+            using var lease = feature.Lease();
+            if (_workerImage is not null)
+            {
+                if (!_workerImage.IsCompleted)
+                {
+                    Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(InvalidateVisual);
+                    return;
+                }
+                using var pixels = SKBitmap.FromImage(_workerImage.GetAwaiter().GetResult());
+                using var expected = SKBitmap.FromImage(_transferReference!);
+                if (pixels.Bytes.Zip(expected.Bytes).Any(pair => Math.Abs(pair.First - pair.Second) > 1))
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Worker checkpoint transfer changed pixels or orientation.");
+                _workerImage.Result.Dispose(); _transferReference!.Dispose();
+                Console.WriteLine("Worker checkpoint transfer preserved RGBA pixels and row orientation.");
+                Completed.TrySetResult();
+                return;
+            }
+            if (_transfer is not null)
+            {
+                if (!_transfer.IsReady())
+                {
+                    if (_fenceDeadline!.Elapsed > TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5))
+                        throw new TimeoutException("Checkpoint transfer did not complete");
+                    Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(InvalidateVisual);
+                    return;
+                }
+                var transfer = _transfer; _transfer = null;
+                _workerImage = Task.Run(() => { using (transfer) return transfer.ReadOnWorker(); });
+                Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(InvalidateVisual);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (_fence is not null)
+            {
+                if (!_fence.IsReady())
+                {
+                    if (_fenceDeadline!.Elapsed > TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5))
+                        throw new TimeoutException("Checkpoint GPU fence did not complete");
+                    Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(InvalidateVisual);
+                    return;
+                }
+                _fence.Dispose(); _fence = null;
+                using (var raster = _fenceImage!.ToRasterImage(true))
+                using (var pixels = SKBitmap.FromImage(raster))
+                    if (pixels.GetPixel(0, 0) != SKColors.Red)
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Deferred checkpoint snapshot changed after later drawing.");
+                _fenceImage.Dispose(); _fenceImage = null;
+                Console.WriteLine("Canvas checkpoint GPU fence completed; deferred snapshot preserved pixels.");
+                using var surface = SKSurface.Create(lease.GrContext, false,
+                    new SKImageInfo(17, 13, SKColorType.Rgba8888, SKAlphaType.Premul))!;
+                surface.Canvas.Clear(SKColors.Transparent);
+                using (var paint = new SKPaint { Color = new SKColor(230, 50, 10, 123) })
+                    surface.Canvas.DrawRect(0, 0, 17, 5, paint);
+                using (var paint = new SKPaint { Color = SKColors.Blue })
+                    surface.Canvas.DrawRect(0, 9, 17, 4, paint);
+                using var snapshot = surface.Snapshot();
+                _transferReference = snapshot.ToRasterImage(true);
+                _transfer = NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer.Create(snapshot, lease)
+                    ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Checkpoint pixel-buffer transfer unavailable");
+                surface.Canvas.Clear(SKColors.Green);
+                _fenceDeadline!.Restart();
+                Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(InvalidateVisual);
+                return;
+            }
+            Verify(lease.GrContext ?? throw new NotSupportedException("No GPU context"));
+            Verify(lease.GrContext!, checkpoints: true);
+            if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+            {
+                using var surface = SKSurface.Create(lease.GrContext, false,
+                    new SKImageInfo(16, 16, SKColorType.Rgba8888, SKAlphaType.Premul))!;
+                surface.Canvas.Clear(SKColors.Red);
+                _fenceImage = surface.Snapshot();
+                _fence = NativeCanvasCheckpointFence.Create(lease)
+                    ?? throw new NotSupportedException("No checkpoint GPU fence");
+                surface.Canvas.Clear(SKColors.Blue);
+                _fenceDeadline = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew();
+                Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(InvalidateVisual);
+                return;
+            }
+            Completed.TrySetResult();
+        }
+        catch (Exception error) { Completed.TrySetException(error); }
+    }
+
+    private static unsafe void Verify(GRContext context, bool checkpoints = false)
+    {
+        var incremental = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer { UseIncrementalCanvasBacking = true };
+        var reference = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer { UseIncrementalCanvasBacking = checkpoints };
+        var info = new SKImageInfo(35, 18, SKColorType.Rgba8888, SKAlphaType.Premul);
+        using var actual = SKSurface.Create(context, false, info)!;
+        using var expected = SKSurface.Create(context, false, info)!;
+        using var actualPixels = new SKBitmap(info);
+        using var expectedPixels = new SKBitmap(info);
+        var commands = new List<NativeCanvasCommand>();
+        var compared = 0;
+        byte[] checkpointBytes = [];
+        var checkpointAt = 0;
+        ulong generation = 1;
+        try
+        {
+            for (var frame = 0; frame < 48; ++frame)
+            {
+                // The backing width is 35; this clear stops at 34.5 pixels.
+                // A mark in that edge must survive with partial coverage.
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 4, V0 = 1.75, V3 = 1.75 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 24, V2 = 34.5 / 1.75, V3 = 18 / 1.75 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 1 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 6, V0 = frame % 4 * 0.25, V1 = 0.5 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 22, V0 = 2, V1 = 2, V2 = 7, V3 = 4 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 2 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 9 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 11, V0 = 1, V1 = 1 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 12, V0 = 18, V1 = 8 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 20 });
+                if (frame == 0) commands.Add(new() { Kind = 22, V0 = 19, V2 = 1, V3 = 10 });
+                var storage = commands.ToArray();
+                fixed (NativeCanvasCommand* data = storage)
+                {
+                    var layer = new NativeCanvasLayer { NodeId = 7, Flags = 1, Generation = 1,
+                        CommandCount = (uint)storage.Length, Width = 20, Height = 18 / 1.75f,
+                        BitmapWidth = 35, BitmapHeight = 18 };
+                    var scene = new NativeSceneView { StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeSceneView), AbiVersion = 2,
+                        CanvasLayers = &layer, CanvasCommands = data, CanvasCommandCount = (uint)storage.Length,
+                        Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = (ulong)frame + 1, BaseRevision = (ulong)frame,
+                            Flags = frame == 0 ? 1u : 0u, CanvasLayerCount = 1,
+                            ViewportWidth = 20, ViewportHeight = 18 / 1.75f } };
+                    if (!reference.ApplyDiff(&scene)) throw new Exception("Reference diff rejected");
+                    if (checkpointBytes.Length == 0)
+                    {
+                        if (!incremental.ApplyDiff(&scene)) throw new Exception("Diff rejected");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        NativeCanvasCommand[] compacted = [new() { Kind=58 },..storage[checkpointAt..]];
+                        fixed (NativeCanvasCommand* compactData=compacted)
+                        fixed (byte* resourceBytes=checkpointBytes)
+                        {
+                            var resource=new NativeSceneString { ByteLength=(uint)checkpointBytes.Length };
+                            layer.CommandCount=(uint)compacted.Length;layer.Generation=generation;layer.StringCount=1;
+                            scene.CanvasCommands=compactData;scene.CanvasCommandCount=layer.CommandCount;
+                            scene.Strings=&resource;scene.StringCount=1;scene.StringBytes=resourceBytes;scene.StringByteCount=resource.ByteLength;
+                            if(!incremental.ApplyDiff(&scene))throw new Exception("Checkpoint diff rejected");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    foreach (var pair in new[] { (incremental, actual), (reference, expected) })
+                    {
+                        var canvas = pair.Item2.Canvas;
+                        canvas.ResetMatrix(); canvas.Clear(SKColors.Transparent); canvas.Scale(1.75f);
+                        pair.Item1.RenderRetained(canvas, 20, 18 / 1.75f, null, canvasGpuContext: context);
+                    }
+                }
+                if(checkpoints && frame==47)
+                {
+                    // Drop all retained GPU pictures and rebuild from an independent
+                    // raster checkpoint, as required after renderer/context replacement.
+                    var recovery=incremental.EncodeRetainedCanvasCheckpoint(7);
+                    incremental.Reset();
+                    fixed(byte* bytes=recovery)
+                    {
+                        var resource=new NativeSceneString { ByteLength=(uint)recovery.Length };
+                        var command=new NativeCanvasCommand { Kind=58 };
+                        var layer=new NativeCanvasLayer { NodeId=7,Flags=1,Generation=99,CommandCount=1,StringCount=1,
+                            Width=20,Height=18/1.75f,BitmapWidth=35,BitmapHeight=18 };
+                        var scene=new NativeSceneView { StructSize=(uint)sizeof(NativeSceneView),AbiVersion=2,
+                            CanvasLayers=&layer,CanvasCommands=&command,CanvasCommandCount=1,Strings=&resource,
+                            StringCount=1,StringBytes=bytes,StringByteCount=resource.ByteLength,
+                            Header=new SceneHeader { Revision=99,Flags=1,CanvasLayerCount=1,ViewportWidth=20,ViewportHeight=18/1.75f } };
+                        if(!incremental.ApplyDiff(&scene))throw new Exception("Checkpoint recovery rejected");
+                        actual.Canvas.ResetMatrix();actual.Canvas.Clear(SKColors.Transparent);actual.Canvas.Scale(1.75f);
+                        incremental.RenderRetained(actual.Canvas,20,18/1.75f,null,canvasGpuContext:context);
+                    }
+                }
+                // Compare actual GPU pixels; normal presentation remains GPU-only.
+                if (!actual.ReadPixels(info, actualPixels.GetPixels(), actualPixels.RowBytes, 0, 0)
+                    || !expected.ReadPixels(info, expectedPixels.GetPixels(), expectedPixels.RowBytes, 0, 0))
+                    throw new Exception("Diagnostic readback failed");
+                var a = actualPixels.Pixels; var b = expectedPixels.Pixels;
+                for (var pixel = 0; pixel < a.Length; ++pixel)
+                    if (Math.Abs(a[pixel].Alpha - b[pixel].Alpha) > 1
+                        || Math.Abs(a[pixel].Red - b[pixel].Red) > 1
+                        || Math.Abs(a[pixel].Green - b[pixel].Green) > 1
+                        || Math.Abs(a[pixel].Blue - b[pixel].Blue) > 1)
+                        throw new Exception($"GPU backing differs at frame {frame}, pixel {pixel}: {a[pixel]} / {b[pixel]}");
+                compared++;
+                if(checkpoints && frame%12==11 && frame<47)
+                {
+                    checkpointBytes=incremental.EncodeRetainedCanvasCheckpoint(7);
+                    checkpointAt=commands.Count;++generation;
+                }
+            }
+            if (incremental.ResumedCanvasCompilations != (checkpoints ? 44 : 47)) throw new Exception("Append-only compilation was not reused");
+            Console.WriteLine($"Canvas GPU backing verified: {compared} frames, fractional clears and transforms; checkpoints={checkpoints}.");
+        }
+        finally { incremental.Reset(); reference.Reset(); }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/GaneshWindowProbe.cs b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/GaneshWindowProbe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5dd882295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/GaneshWindowProbe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.Controls.ApplicationLifetimes;
+using Avalonia.Media;
+using Avalonia.OpenGL;
+using Avalonia.Rendering.SceneGraph;
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using Avalonia.Threading;
+using SkiaSharp;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Diagnostic window using the production-source import and retirement components.
+// The fixture's producer wait runs before opening the window, never in Render.
+internal sealed class GaneshWindowProbeApp : Application
+{
+    public override void OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted()
+    {
+        if (ApplicationLifetime is IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
+        {
+            var control = new GaneshImageControl();
+            desktop.MainWindow = new Window { Width = 400, Height = 220,
+                Title = "WebScene direct Dawn / Ganesh", Content = control };
+            desktop.MainWindow.Opened += async (_, _) =>
+            {
+                var timer = new DispatcherTimer { Interval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(16) };
+                timer.Tick += (_, _) => control.InvalidateVisual();
+                timer.Start();
+                var exit = 0;
+                try { await control.Completed.Task.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15)); }
+                catch (Exception error) { Console.Error.WriteLine(error); exit = 1; }
+                timer.Stop();
+                Console.WriteLine(JsonSerializer.Serialize(new { route = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--ganesh-metal") ? "Dawn-IOSurface-Metal-Ganesh" : "Dawn-IOSurface-CGL-Ganesh",
+                    renderedFrames = control.Frames, imports = control.Imports,
+                    gpuRetirementCompleted = control.Completed.Task.IsCompletedSuccessfully,
+                    explicitTransportCopies = 0, diagnosticReadbacks = control.VerifiedPixels,
+                    physicalPresentationVerified = false, detachedBeforeRetirement = control.DetachedBeforeRetirement }));
+                desktop.Shutdown(exit);
+            };
+        }
+        base.OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted();
+    }
+}
+internal sealed class GaneshImageControl : Control, ICustomDrawOperation
+{
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate byte CreateImage(out NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 image);
+    internal readonly TaskCompletionSource Completed = new(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+    private readonly NativeCanvasSceneRenderer _renderer = new();
+    private NativeGpuImageLeaseV3? _source;
+    private NativeGpuScenePresenter? _retained;
+    private NativeGpuSceneImages? _replacement;
+    internal int Frames, Imports, VerifiedPixels;
+    internal bool DetachedBeforeRetirement;
+    private int _retirementStarted;
+    private readonly bool _detachBeforeRetirement = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--detach-before-retirement");
+    private readonly bool _verifyPixels = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--verify-window-pixels");
+    public unsafe GaneshImageControl()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY is required"));
+        var fixture = NativeLibrary.Load(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY")
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY is required"));
+        var create = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<CreateImage>(
+            NativeLibrary.GetExport(fixture, "webscene_test_create_dawn_iosurface"));
+        if (create(out var image) == 0) throw new InvalidOperationException("Dawn fixture creation failed");
+        _source = image;
+        var commands = stackalloc SceneCommand[] {
+            new() { Kind = 1, Width = 400, Height = 220, Rgba = 0x191970ff },
+            new() { Kind = 12, X = 30, Y = 25, Width = 320, Height = 140 },
+            new() { Kind = 30, Rgba = 192 },
+            new() { Kind = 256, X = 10, Y = 10, Width = 360, Height = 175, Rgba = 0 },
+            new() { Kind = 31 }, new() { Kind = 13 },
+            new() { Kind = 257, NodeId = 7 },
+            new() { Kind = 9, X = 310, Y = 140, Width = 30, Height = 10, Rgba = 0xffff00ff }
+        };
+        var canvasCommand = new NativeCanvasCommand { Kind = 22, V2 = 20, V3 = 20 };
+        var layer = new NativeCanvasLayer { NodeId = 7, Flags = 1, CommandCount = 1,
+            X = 250, Y = 100, Width = 20, Height = 20, BitmapWidth = 20, BitmapHeight = 20, Generation = 1 };
+        var scene = new NativeSceneView { Commands = commands, CanvasLayers = &layer,
+            CanvasCommands = &canvasCommand, CanvasCommandCount = 1,
+            Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = 1, Flags = 3, CommandCount = 8,
+                CanvasLayerCount = 1, ViewportWidth = 400, ViewportHeight = 220 } };
+        if (!_renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, orderedGpuImages: true)) throw new InvalidOperationException("Ordered scene rejected");
+    }
+    public override void Render(DrawingContext context) => context.Custom(this);
+    Rect ICustomDrawOperation.Bounds => new(0, 0, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
+    public bool HitTest(Point point) => false;
+    public bool Equals(ICustomDrawOperation? other) => false;
+    public void Dispose() { } // Retained owner spans draw-operation replacement; GPU fence retires it.
+    public void Render(ImmediateDrawingContext context)
+    {
+        if (Completed.Task.IsCompleted || Volatile.Read(ref _retirementStarted) != 0) return;
+        try
+        {
+            var feature = context.TryGetFeature(typeof(ISkiaSharpApiLeaseFeature)) as ISkiaSharpApiLeaseFeature
+                ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Host has no Skia API lease");
+            using var lease = feature.Lease();
+            if (_retained is null)
+            {
+                var status = NativeGpuSceneImages.Retain(new[] { _source! }, out var first);
+                if (status == NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Backpressure) return;
+                if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success || first is null) throw new InvalidOperationException($"Scene image capture failed: {status}");
+                _retained = new NativeGpuScenePresenter();
+                if (!_retained.TryReplace(first)) throw new InvalidOperationException("Initial scene rejected");
+                status = NativeGpuSceneImages.Retain(new[] { _source! }, out _replacement);
+                if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success || _replacement is null) throw new InvalidOperationException("Replacement capture failed");
+                _source!.Dispose(); _source = null;
+            }
+            if (_retained.IsStopping)
+            {
+                if (_retained.TryComplete(lease)) { _renderer.Reset(); Completed.TrySetResult(); }
+                return;
+            }
+            if (Frames == 16 && _replacement is not null)
+            {
+                if (!_retained.TryReplace(_replacement)) return;
+                _replacement = null;
+            }
+            if (!_retained.TryPrepare(lease)) return;
+            Imports = _retained.ImportedCount;
+            var canvas = lease.SkCanvas;
+            _renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 400, 220, null,
+                (index, destination) =>
+                {
+                    if (index != 0) throw new InvalidOperationException("Unknown scene GPU image slot");
+                    _retained.Draw(lease, index, destination);
+                });
+            if (_verifyPixels && (Frames == 0 || Frames == 16))
+            {
+                var surface = lease.SkSurface ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Host has no diagnostic surface");
+                // Read four destination pixels, solely when explicitly requested.
+                using var pixel = new SKBitmap(new SKImageInfo(1, 1, SKColorType.Rgba8888, SKAlphaType.Premul));
+                foreach (var sample in new[] { (X: 60f, Y: 50f, R: 45, G: 83, B: 143),
+                    (X: 15f, Y: 15f, R: 25, G: 25, B: 112),
+                    (X: 320f, Y: 145f, R: 255, G: 255, B: 0),
+                    (X: 255f, Y: 105f, R: 0, G: 0, B: 0) })
+                {
+                    var point = canvas.TotalMatrix.MapPoint(sample.X, sample.Y);
+                    if (!surface.ReadPixels(pixel.Info, pixel.GetPixels(), pixel.RowBytes, (int)point.X, (int)point.Y))
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Host diagnostic pixel read failed");
+                    var actual = pixel.GetPixel(0, 0);
+                    if (Math.Abs(actual.Red - sample.R) > 1 || Math.Abs(actual.Green - sample.G) > 1 ||
+                        Math.Abs(actual.Blue - sample.B) > 1 || actual.Alpha != 255)
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException($"Host pixel mismatch at {point}: {actual}");
+                    ++VerifiedPixels;
+                }
+            }
+            if (++Frames == 32)
+            {
+                _retained.BeginShutdown();
+                if (_detachBeforeRetirement)
+                {
+                    Interlocked.Exchange(ref _retirementStarted, 1);
+                    var retiring = _retained;
+                    var renderingThread = Environment.CurrentManagedThreadId;
+                    Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(() =>
+                    {
+                        if (TopLevel.GetTopLevel(this) is not Window window)
+                        { Completed.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException("Probe window unavailable for detach")); return; }
+                        window.Content = null;
+                        DetachedBeforeRetirement = true;
+                        _ = Task.Run(async () =>
+                        {
+                            try
+                            {
+                                if (Environment.CurrentManagedThreadId == renderingThread) throw new InvalidOperationException("Detached probe must retire on a different thread");
+                                await NativeGpuRetirement.Start(retiring).WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+                                if (NativeGpuRetirement.RetainedCount != 0) throw new InvalidOperationException("Completed retirement retained its owner");
+                                _renderer.Reset();Completed.TrySetResult();
+                            }
+                            catch (Exception error) { Completed.TrySetException(error); }
+                        });
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception error) { Completed.TrySetException(error); }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.cs b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b05c11e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+internal static class KestrelDragWorkloadValidator
+{
+    internal static (double X, double Y) PanOffset(int step, bool circular)
+    {
+        var phase = (step - 1) % 80 + 1;
+        if (circular) return (40 * (1 - Math.Cos(phase * Math.PI / 40)), 40 * Math.Sin(phase * Math.PI / 40));
+        var distance = phase <= 40 ? phase * 4 : (80 - phase) * 4;
+        return (distance, distance / 4.0);
+    }
+
+    internal static void Validate(string diagnostics, double x, double y, bool sidebar = false, int panCycles = 1, bool circular = false)
+    {
+        if (panCycles is < 1 or > 120) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(panCycles));
+        using var parsed = System.Text.Json.JsonDocument.Parse(diagnostics);
+        var root = parsed.RootElement;
+        var events = root.GetProperty("events").EnumerateArray().ToArray();
+        if (root.GetProperty("errors").GetInt32() != 0 || root.GetProperty("panning").GetBoolean()
+            || events.Length < 3 || events[0].GetProperty("type").GetString() != "pointerdown"
+            || events[^1].GetProperty("type").GetString() != "pointerup")
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid Kestrel drag workload: missing gesture boundary or application error.");
+        static bool At(System.Text.Json.JsonElement e, double px, double py) =>
+            Math.Abs(e.GetProperty("x").GetDouble() - px) < 0.1
+            && Math.Abs(e.GetProperty("y").GetDouble() - py) < 0.1;
+        if (!At(events[0], x, y) || !At(events[^1], sidebar ? x + 120 : x, y)
+            || events[0].GetProperty("button").GetInt32() != (sidebar ? 0 : 2)
+            || events[^1].GetProperty("button").GetInt32() != (sidebar ? 0 : 2))
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid Kestrel drag workload: unexpected gesture boundary.");
+        // Coalescing may omit moves, but delivered moves must remain an ordered
+        // subsequence of the injected path. This detects extra routed input;
+        // it does not prove the provenance of identical-coordinate input.
+        var nextStep = 1;
+        foreach (var e in events.Skip(1).Take(events.Length - 2))
+        {
+            if (e.GetProperty("type").GetString() != "pointermove"
+                || e.GetProperty("buttons").GetInt32() != (sidebar ? 1 : 2))
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid Kestrel drag workload: unexpected pointer event.");
+            var matched = false;
+            while (nextStep <= (sidebar ? 60 : 80 * panCycles))
+            {
+                var step = nextStep++;
+                var offset = sidebar ? (X: step * 2.0, Y: 0.0) : PanOffset(step, circular);
+                if (!At(e, x + offset.X, y + offset.Y)) continue;
+                matched = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!matched)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid Kestrel drag workload: moves differ from injected path; discard performance comparison.");
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/MetalHostProbe.cs b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/MetalHostProbe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c3653008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/MetalHostProbe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.Controls.ApplicationLifetimes;
+using Avalonia.Media;
+using Avalonia.Rendering.SceneGraph;
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+internal sealed class MetalHostProbeApp : Application
+{
+    public override void OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted()
+    {
+        if (ApplicationLifetime is IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
+        {
+            var probe = new MetalHostProbeControl();
+            desktop.MainWindow = new Window { Width=320, Height=180,
+                Title="WebScene Metal host qualification", Content=probe };
+            desktop.MainWindow.Opened += async (_, _) => {
+                var exit=0;
+                try { Console.WriteLine(await probe.Completed.Task.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(20))); }
+                catch(Exception error) { Console.Error.WriteLine(error); exit=1; }
+                desktop.Shutdown(exit);
+            };
+        }
+        base.OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted();
+    }
+}
+internal sealed class MetalHostProbeControl : Control, ICustomDrawOperation
+{
+    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint="objc_getClass")]
+    private static extern IntPtr GetClass(string name);
+    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint="sel_registerName")]
+    private static extern IntPtr Selector(string name);
+    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")]
+    private static extern IntPtr TextureDescriptor(IntPtr receiver,IntPtr selector,ulong format,ulong width,ulong height,[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)] bool mipmapped);
+    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")]
+    private static extern IntPtr SendObject(IntPtr receiver,IntPtr selector,IntPtr argument);
+    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")]
+    private static extern void SendVoid(IntPtr receiver,IntPtr selector);
+    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")]
+    private static extern IntPtr SendNoArg(IntPtr receiver,IntPtr selector);
+    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")]
+    private static extern void WaitEvent(IntPtr receiver,IntPtr selector,IntPtr sharedEvent,ulong value);
+    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")]
+    private static extern void SignalEvent(IntPtr receiver,IntPtr selector,ulong value);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate byte CreateFixture(out NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 image);
+    private NativeGpuImageLeaseV3? _fixture;
+    public MetalHostProbeControl()
+    {
+        if (!Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--metal-fixture")) return;
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Native library is required"));
+        var library=NativeLibrary.Load(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY")
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Fixture library is required"));
+        var create=Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<CreateFixture>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library,"webscene_test_create_dawn_iosurface"));
+        if(create(out var fixture)==0) throw new InvalidOperationException("Dawn fixture failed");
+        _fixture=fixture;
+    }
+    public TaskCompletionSource<string> Completed { get; } = new(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+    public override void Render(DrawingContext context) => context.Custom(this);
+    Rect ICustomDrawOperation.Bounds => new(0,0,Bounds.Width,Bounds.Height);
+    public bool HitTest(Point point) => false;
+    public bool Equals(ICustomDrawOperation? other) => ReferenceEquals(this,other);
+    public void Dispose() { }
+    public void Render(ImmediateDrawingContext context)
+    {
+        if(Completed.Task.IsCompleted) return;
+        try {
+            var feature=context.TryGetFeature(typeof(ISkiaSharpApiLeaseFeature)) as ISkiaSharpApiLeaseFeature
+                ?? throw new NotSupportedException("No Skia drawing lease");
+            using var lease=feature.Lease();
+            string hostName;
+            IntPtr metalDevice, metalQueue;
+            using (var platform=lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi()
+                ?? throw new NotSupportedException("No platform graphics lease"))
+            {
+                var host=platform.Context;
+                // Avalonia marks this interface PrivateApi and omits it from reference assemblies.
+                // Probe the pinned runtime interface while its owning lease is held.
+                var metal=host.GetType().GetInterface("Avalonia.Metal.IMetalDevice")
+                    ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Host is not Metal: "+host.GetType().FullName);
+                var device=(IntPtr)metal.GetProperty("Device")!.GetValue(host)!;
+                var queue=(IntPtr)metal.GetProperty("CommandQueue")!.GetValue(host)!;
+                if(device==IntPtr.Zero || queue==IntPtr.Zero || lease.GrContext is null)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Incomplete Metal/Skia host");
+                var descriptor=TextureDescriptor(GetClass("MTLTextureDescriptor"),
+                    Selector("texture2DDescriptorWithPixelFormat:width:height:mipmapped:"),80,16,16,false);
+                var texture=SendObject(device,Selector("newTextureWithDescriptor:"),descriptor);
+                if(texture==IntPtr.Zero) throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal texture allocation failed");
+                try {
+                    using var wrapped=NativeMetalBackendTexture.Create(16,16,texture);
+                    if(!wrapped.IsValid || wrapped.Width!=16 || wrapped.Height!=16)
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal backend wrapper invalid");
+                } finally { SendVoid(texture,Selector("release")); }
+                metalDevice=device; metalQueue=queue;
+                hostName=host.GetType().FullName!;
+            }
+            if (_fixture is not null) VerifyFixturePixels(lease,metalDevice,metalQueue);
+            lease.SkCanvas.Clear(SkiaSharp.SKColors.Teal);
+            Completed.TrySetResult(JsonSerializer.Serialize(new {
+                host=hostName, metalDeviceAvailable=true,
+                metalQueueAvailable=true, skiaGpuContextAvailable=true, metalTextureWrapperVerified=true,
+                dawnIOSurfaceImportVerified=Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--metal-fixture"),
+                metalSampledPixelsVerified=Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--metal-fixture"),
+                metalConsumerFenceVerified=Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--metal-fixture"),
+                diagnosticReadbacks=Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--metal-fixture")?1:0,
+                producerInteropVerified=false, physicalPresentationVerified=false }));
+        } catch(Exception error) { Completed.TrySetException(error); }
+    }
+    private void VerifyFixturePixels(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease,IntPtr device,IntPtr queue)
+    {
+        if(NativeGpuImageConsumerV3.Acquire(_fixture!,out var consumer)!=NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success || consumer is null)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Fixture consumer acquisition failed");
+        NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture? imported=null;
+        try {
+            using(var platform=lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi()
+                ?? throw new NotSupportedException("No Metal platform lease"))
+                imported=NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture.Import(device,consumer);
+            using var backend=NativeMetalBackendTexture.Create(imported.Width,imported.Height,imported.Handle);
+            using var image=SkiaSharp.SKImage.FromTexture(lease.GrContext,backend,SkiaSharp.GRSurfaceOrigin.TopLeft,
+                SkiaSharp.SKColorType.Bgra8888,SkiaSharp.SKAlphaType.Premul)
+                ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal image wrapping failed");
+            var info=new SkiaSharp.SKImageInfo(imported.Width,imported.Height,SkiaSharp.SKColorType.Bgra8888,SkiaSharp.SKAlphaType.Premul);
+            using var target=SkiaSharp.SKSurface.Create(lease.GrContext,false,info)
+                ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal diagnostic surface creation failed");
+            target.Canvas.Clear(SkiaSharp.SKColors.Magenta);
+            target.Canvas.DrawImage(image,0,0);
+            using var pixels=new SkiaSharp.SKBitmap(info);
+            if(!target.ReadPixels(info,pixels.GetPixels(),pixels.RowBytes,0,0))
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal diagnostic readback failed");
+            for(var y=0;y<info.Height;y++) for(var x=0;x<info.Width;x++) {
+                var color=pixels.GetPixel(x,y);
+                if(Math.Abs(color.Red-51)>1 || Math.Abs(color.Green-102)>1 || Math.Abs(color.Blue-153)>1 || color.Alpha!=255)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"Metal sampled pixel mismatch at {x},{y}: {color}");
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lease.GrContext!.Flush(true,false);
+            NativeMetalConsumerFence fence;
+            using(var platform=lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi()
+                ?? throw new NotSupportedException("No Metal platform lease for retirement"))
+            {
+                var delayed=SendNoArg(device,Selector("newSharedEvent"));
+                if(delayed==IntPtr.Zero) throw new InvalidOperationException("Diagnostic event allocation failed");
+                try {
+                    var work=SendNoArg(queue,Selector("commandBuffer"));
+                    WaitEvent(work,Selector("encodeWaitForEvent:value:"),delayed,1);
+                    SendVoid(work,Selector("commit"));
+                    fence=NativeMetalConsumerFence.Insert(queue);
+                    System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(30);
+                    if(fence.TryComplete()) throw new InvalidOperationException("Retirement overtook delayed GPU work");
+                } finally {
+                    SignalEvent(delayed,Selector("setSignaledValue:"),1);
+                    SendVoid(delayed,Selector("release"));
+                }
+            }
+            // Bounded diagnostic polling only. Production must revisit on a later
+            // compositor opportunity while retaining the image and consumer.
+            var deadline=System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            while(!fence.TryComplete()) {
+                if(deadline.Elapsed>TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5))
+                    throw new TimeoutException("Metal consumer retirement remained pending; ownership retained");
+                System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(1);
+            }
+            if(!fence.TryComplete()) throw new InvalidOperationException("Completed fence regressed");
+            imported?.Dispose(); consumer.Complete(); _fixture!.Dispose(); _fixture=null;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/Program.cs b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/Program.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..236ec9cbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/Program.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.OpenGL;
+using Avalonia.Controls.ApplicationLifetimes;
+using Avalonia.Rendering.Composition;
+
+internal static class Program
+{
+    static Program()
+    {
+        if (Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TRACE_AOT_EXCEPTIONS") == "1")
+            AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FirstChanceException += (_, e) => Console.Error.WriteLine(e.Exception);
+    }
+
+    [DllImport("webscene_graphite_host_probe", EntryPoint="webscene_graphite_host_probe")]
+    internal static extern int RenderGraphite(uint texture, uint serial);
+    [DllImport("webscene_graphite_host_probe", EntryPoint="webscene_graphite_host_poll")]
+    internal static extern int PollGraphite(int drain);
+    [DllImport("webscene_graphite_host_probe", EntryPoint="webscene_graphite_host_initializations")]
+    internal static extern uint GraphiteInitializations();
+    [DllImport("webscene_graphite_host_probe", EntryPoint="webscene_graphite_host_context_initializations")]
+    internal static extern uint GraphiteContextInitializations();
+    [DllImport("webscene_graphite_host_probe", EntryPoint="webscene_graphite_host_output_allocations")]
+    internal static extern uint GraphiteOutputAllocations();
+    [DllImport("webscene_graphite_host_probe", EntryPoint="webscene_graphite_host_verify_marker")]
+    internal static extern int VerifyGraphiteMarker(uint texture, uint serial);
+    [DllImport("webscene_graphite_host_probe", EntryPoint="webscene_graphite_host_canvas_allocations")]
+    internal static extern uint GraphiteCanvasAllocations();
+    [DllImport("webscene_graphite_host_probe", EntryPoint="webscene_graphite_host_canvas_busy")]
+    internal static extern uint GraphiteCanvasBusy();
+    [DllImport("webscene_graphite_host_probe", EntryPoint="webscene_graphite_host_shutdown")]
+    internal static extern int ShutdownGraphite();
+    [STAThread]
+    public static int Main(string[] args) => args.Contains("--aot-serialization-probe")
+        ? AotSerializationProbe.Run()
+        : args.Contains("--canvas-backing-probe")
+        ? AppBuilder.Configure<CanvasBackingProbeApp>().UsePlatformDetect().StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args)
+        : args.Contains("--metal-host")
+        ? AppBuilder.Configure<MetalHostProbeApp>().UsePlatformDetect()
+            .With(new AvaloniaNativePlatformOptions { RenderingMode = new[] { AvaloniaNativeRenderingMode.Metal } })
+            .StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args)
+        : args.Contains("--ganesh-metal")
+        ? AppBuilder.Configure<GaneshWindowProbeApp>().UsePlatformDetect()
+            .With(new AvaloniaNativePlatformOptions { RenderingMode = new[] { AvaloniaNativeRenderingMode.Metal } })
+            .StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args)
+        : args.Contains("--webgpu-metal")
+        ? AppBuilder.Configure<WebGpuDocumentProbeApp>().UsePlatformDetect()
+            .With(new AvaloniaNativePlatformOptions { RenderingMode = new[] { AvaloniaNativeRenderingMode.Metal } })
+            .StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args)
+        : args.Contains("--webgpu-opengl")
+        ? AppBuilder.Configure<WebGpuDocumentProbeApp>().UsePlatformDetect()
+            .With(new AvaloniaNativePlatformOptions { RenderingMode = new[] { AvaloniaNativeRenderingMode.OpenGl } })
+            .StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args)
+        : args.Contains("--webgpu-vsync")
+        ? WindowsVSyncProbe.Configure(AppBuilder.Configure<WebGpuDocumentProbeApp>().UsePlatformDetect())
+            .StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args)
+        : args.Contains("--webgpu-document")
+        ? AppBuilder.Configure<WebGpuDocumentProbeApp>().UsePlatformDetect().StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args)
+        : args.Contains("--ganesh-window")
+        ? AppBuilder.Configure<GaneshWindowProbeApp>().UsePlatformDetect().StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args)
+        : AppBuilder.Configure<ProbeApp>().UsePlatformDetect().StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args);
+}
+internal sealed class ProbeApp : Application
+{
+    public override void OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted()
+    {
+        if (ApplicationLifetime is IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
+        {
+            var window = new Window { Width = 320, Height = 120, Title = "WebScene GPU host capability probe" };
+            desktop.MainWindow = window;
+            window.Opened += async (_, _) =>
+            {
+                var exit = 0;
+                try
+                {
+                    var visual = ElementComposition.GetElementVisual(window)
+                        ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("No composition visual");
+                    var interop = await visual.Compositor.TryGetCompositionGpuInterop().AsTask().WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+                    var sharing = await visual.Compositor.TryGetRenderInterfaceFeature(typeof(IOpenGlTextureSharingRenderInterfaceContextFeature))
+                        as IOpenGlTextureSharingRenderInterfaceContextFeature;
+                    bool graphiteSource = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--graphite");
+                    bool sharedTextureUpdateCompleted = false;
+                    bool visualCommitCompleted = false;
+                    int graphiteSubmissionsCompleted = 0;
+                    int hostUpdatesCompleted = 0;
+                    int nativeShutdownsCompleted = 0;
+                    uint canvasTextureAllocations=0, outputTextureAllocations=0, graphiteContextInitializations=0, dawnDeviceInitializations=0;
+                    int diagnosticMarkersVerified = 0;
+                    bool verifyMarkers = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--verify-markers");
+                    if (interop is not null && sharing?.CanCreateSharedContext == true)
+                    {
+                        using var glContext = sharing.CreateSharedContext()
+                            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Shared context creation failed");
+                        using var texture = sharing.CreateSharedTextureForComposition(glContext, graphiteSource ? new PixelSize(17,4) : new PixelSize(32,32));
+                        using (glContext.EnsureCurrent())
+                        {
+                            var gl = glContext.GlInterface;
+                            var framebuffer = gl.GenFramebuffer();
+                            try
+                            {
+                                gl.BindFramebuffer(GlConsts.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, framebuffer);
+                                gl.FramebufferTexture2D(GlConsts.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GlConsts.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+                                    GlConsts.GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture.TextureId, 0);
+                                if (gl.CheckFramebufferStatus(GlConsts.GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GlConsts.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
+                                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Shared framebuffer incomplete");
+                                gl.Viewport(0,0,32,32);
+                                gl.ClearColor(0.2f,0.4f,0.6f,1);
+                                gl.Clear(GlConsts.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); gl.Flush();
+                            }
+                            finally { gl.BindFramebuffer(GlConsts.GL_FRAMEBUFFER,0); gl.DeleteFramebuffer(framebuffer); }
+                        }
+                        using var surface = visual.Compositor.CreateDrawingSurface();
+                        await using var imported = interop.ImportImage(texture);
+                        await imported.ImportCompleted.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+                        var surfaceVisual = visual.Compositor.CreateSurfaceVisual();
+                        surfaceVisual.Size = new System.Numerics.Vector2(128,128);
+                        surfaceVisual.Surface = surface;
+                        ElementComposition.SetElementChildVisual(window, surfaceVisual);
+                        try
+                        {
+                            if (graphiteSource) {
+                              for (int submission=0; submission<64; submission++) {
+                                using (glContext.EnsureCurrent()) {
+                                    if (Program.RenderGraphite((uint)texture.TextureId,(uint)submission+1) != 0)
+                                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Dawn/Graphite host texture verification failed");
+                                    if (Program.RenderGraphite((uint)texture.TextureId,(uint)submission+1) == 0)
+                                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Overlapping host submission was accepted");
+                                    if (Program.ShutdownGraphite() == 0)
+                                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Shutdown accepted outstanding native work");
+                                }
+                                var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(30);
+                                while (true) {
+                                    int completion;
+                                    using (glContext.EnsureCurrent()) completion = Program.PollGraphite(0);
+                                    if (completion == 1) {
+                                        using (glContext.EnsureCurrent()) {
+                                            if (Program.PollGraphite(0) != -1)
+                                                throw new InvalidOperationException("Duplicate completion was accepted");
+                                        }
+                                        graphiteSubmissionsCompleted++;
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                    if (completion < 0 || DateTime.UtcNow >= deadline) {
+                                        using (glContext.EnsureCurrent()) Program.PollGraphite(1);
+                                        throw new InvalidOperationException("GL completion failed or timed out");
+                                    }
+                                    await Task.Delay(1);
+                                }
+                                if (verifyMarkers) {
+                                    using (glContext.EnsureCurrent()) {
+                                        if (Program.VerifyGraphiteMarker((uint)texture.TextureId,(uint)submission+1) != 0)
+                                            throw new InvalidOperationException("Stale or incorrect host texture marker");
+                                        if (Program.VerifyGraphiteMarker((uint)texture.TextureId,(uint)submission+2) == 0)
+                                            throw new InvalidOperationException("Incorrect expected marker was accepted");
+                                    }
+                                    diagnosticMarkersVerified++;
+                                }
+                                // Await host consumption before overwriting the borrowed GL texture.
+                                await surface.UpdateAsync(imported).WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+                                hostUpdatesCompleted++;
+                                await visual.Compositor.RequestCommitAsync().WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+                                if (submission == 31) {
+                                    using (glContext.EnsureCurrent()) {
+                                        if (Program.ShutdownGraphite() != 0 || Program.GraphiteInitializations() != 0 ||
+                                            Program.GraphiteCanvasAllocations() != 0 || Program.GraphiteOutputAllocations() != 0)
+                                            throw new InvalidOperationException("Quiescent native shutdown failed");
+                                    }
+                                    nativeShutdownsCompleted++;
+                                }
+                              }
+                              if (Program.GraphiteInitializations() != 1)
+                                  throw new InvalidOperationException("Dawn device was recreated between submissions");
+                              if (Program.GraphiteContextInitializations() != 1)
+                                  throw new InvalidOperationException("Graphite context was recreated between submissions");
+                              if (Program.GraphiteOutputAllocations() != 1)
+                                  throw new InvalidOperationException("Output texture was recreated between submissions");
+                              if (Program.GraphiteCanvasAllocations() != 2 || Program.GraphiteCanvasBusy() != 0)
+                                  throw new InvalidOperationException("Canvas pool did not reuse and retire its two source textures");
+                            }
+                            if (!graphiteSource) {
+                                await surface.UpdateAsync(imported).WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+                                hostUpdatesCompleted++;
+                            }
+                            sharedTextureUpdateCompleted = hostUpdatesCompleted == (graphiteSource ? 64 : 1);
+                            await visual.Compositor.RequestCommitAsync().WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+                            visualCommitCompleted = true;
+                            if (Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--inspect"))
+                            {
+                                Console.WriteLine("Shared surface attached; inspection window is open for 30 seconds.");
+                                await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        finally
+                        {
+                            ElementComposition.SetElementChildVisual(window, null);
+                            await visual.Compositor.RequestCommitAsync().WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+                            surfaceVisual.Surface = null;
+                            if (graphiteSource) {
+                                canvasTextureAllocations=Program.GraphiteCanvasAllocations();
+                                outputTextureAllocations=Program.GraphiteOutputAllocations();
+                                graphiteContextInitializations=Program.GraphiteContextInitializations();
+                                dawnDeviceInitializations=Program.GraphiteInitializations();
+                                using (glContext.EnsureCurrent()) {
+                                    if (Program.ShutdownGraphite() != 0)
+                                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Final native shutdown refused outstanding work");
+                                }
+                                nativeShutdownsCompleted++;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Console.WriteLine(JsonSerializer.Serialize(new
+                    {
+                        schemaVersion = 1,
+                        probe = "avalonia-gpu-host",
+                        avalonia = typeof(Application).Assembly.GetName().Version?.ToString(),
+                        status = interop is null ? "unavailable" : "available",
+                        imageTypes = interop?.SupportedImageHandleTypes.Select(t => new
+                        { type = t, synchronization = interop.GetSynchronizationCapabilities(t).ToString() }).ToArray(),
+                        semaphoreTypes = interop?.SupportedSemaphoreTypes.ToArray(),
+                        isLost = interop?.IsLost,
+                        canCreateSharedOpenGlContext = sharing?.CanCreateSharedContext ?? false,
+                        graphiteSource,
+                        graphiteSubmissionsCompleted,
+                        hostUpdatesCompleted,
+                        diagnosticMarkersVerified,
+                        nativeShutdownsCompleted,
+                        nativeCounterScope = "last-runtime-cycle",
+                        canvasTextureAllocations,
+                        outputTextureAllocations,
+                        graphiteContextInitializations,
+                        dawnDeviceInitializations,
+                        sharedTextureUpdateCompleted,
+                        visualCommitCompleted,
+                        presentationVerified = false
+                    }));
+                    if (interop is null) exit = 77;
+                }
+                catch (Exception error)
+                {
+                    Console.Error.WriteLine(error); exit = 1;
+                }
+                Avalonia.Threading.Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(() => desktop.Shutdown(exit));
+            };
+        }
+        base.OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/README.md b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba4a78062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# Avalonia GPU host capability probe
+
+Run `dotnet run --project experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe` from the repository
+root in a graphical desktop session. The probe briefly opens a window, queries the
+actual compositor's GPU interop service, prints JSON and closes. Exit 0 means the
+query completed with an interop object, not that any import or presentation works.
+Exit 77 means no interop object; exit 1 means the query failed.
+
+Observed on Apple M4, macOS 26.6.2, default Avalonia 11.3.4 platform selection:
+interop available, device not lost, imageTypes empty, semaphoreTypes empty.
+Therefore no external-handle route can be selected from this capability result.
+Shared-context APIs or another explicitly supported host backend require separate
+investigation. This does not contradict the standalone Dawn/Graphite GPU test.
+
+The probe additionally queries Avalonia's public OpenGL texture-sharing feature.
+On this host `canCreateSharedOpenGlContext` is true, despite the empty external
+handle lists. This is the next candidate to exercise; no shared texture has yet
+been drawn or presented by this capability probe.
+
+The probe now exercises the shared-context route when available: create a 32x32
+composition texture, attach it to an FBO, check completeness, clear via OpenGL,
+flush, import and await CompositionDrawingSurface.UpdateAsync. On the M4 host it
+reports `sharedTextureUpdateCompleted=true` and exits successfully. Imported image
+disposal is awaited before texture/context teardown. The surface is not attached
+to a visual and its snapshot pixels are not inspected, so `presentationVerified`
+remains false. This is not yet a Dawn-to-host bridge test.
+
+The updated surface is now attached to the window as a 128x128 composition surface
+visual. The probe awaits RequestCommitAsync before detaching, then awaits a second
+commit before teardown. M4 reports `visualCommitCompleted=true`. This proves the
+visual changes were applied on the render thread, not that pixels were displayed;
+`presentationVerified` remains false until an independent pixel observation exists.
+
+Use `-- --inspect` to keep the attached visual alive for 30 seconds. A targeted
+macOS window capture during this mode visibly confirms the blue shared-GL surface
+on the left and untouched white background on the right. Evidence is stored at
+`docs/graphics/evidence/avalonia-host/shared-gl-window.png`. This is visual evidence
+for GL-to-Avalonia display, not a colorimetric pixel test or Dawn-to-host integration.
+The runtime JSON keeps presentationVerified=false because the program itself does
+not perform the independent window observation.
+
+## Kestrel on Avalonia 12 (sample only)
+
+WebScene's default build and published packages remain on Avalonia 11.3.4.
+For the Kestrel host, opt into Avalonia 12.1.1 and its matching Skia dependencies
+across the project-reference graph:
+
+```sh
+dotnet publish experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe -c Release -r osx-arm64 \
+  -p:PublishAot=true -p:WebSceneAvalonia12Sample=true \
+  -o artifacts/kestrel-aot-avalonia12/publish
+artifacts/kestrel-aot-avalonia12/publish/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe --aot-serialization-probe
+WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY="$PWD/artifacts/checkpoint-native/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib" \
+  artifacts/kestrel-aot-avalonia12/publish/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe \
+  --webgpu-metal --kestrel tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-CAD.zip \
+  --continuous-resize-kestrel --resize-kestrel --verify-kestrel
+```
+
+The native engine path must refer to a graphics-enabled macOS build with its
+Dawn runtime dependencies available. Omit the workload/verification switches
+to leave Kestrel open for manual use.
+
+Avalonia 12 includes the upstream Metal transactional presentation fix
+([PR 21588](https://github.com/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia/pull/21588)).
+This configuration does not patch Avalonia Native or change WebScene's
+GPU mailbox/texture sharing. Packaging with this opt-in property is rejected.
+The private Avalonia 11 Windows compositor-clock diagnostic is unavailable
+in this configuration; the sample otherwise uses Avalonia's default render loop.
+
+The continuous resize trace uses generated JSON metadata so it works in Native
+AOT. Its geometry/intermediate-frame assertions do not establish physical
+presentation cadence or native mouse-drag smoothness. Also check live edge/corner
+resizing, sidebar resizing, pan/zoom, and display-scale transitions manually.
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/ResizeTrace.cs b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/ResizeTrace.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d9dde3d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/ResizeTrace.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Typed diagnostics keep the resize workload usable in a reflection-free AOT host.
+internal sealed record ResizeSizeSample(long timestamp, double width, double height,
+    long requestedAt = 0, string? reason = null);
+internal sealed record ResizeTrace(long traceStarted, long inputEnded, long timestampFrequency,
+    List<ResizeSizeSample> submittedSizes, List<ResizeSizeSample> nativeWindowResizes,
+    List<ResizeSizeSample> surfaceSizeChanges, NativeResizeSubmissionSample[] nativeSubmissions,
+    string diagnostics, NativeWebScenePerformanceSnapshot baseline, NativeWebScenePerformanceSnapshot after,
+    NativeScenePublicationSample[] publications, NativeSceneRenderSample[] renderedScenes,
+    NativeSceneSchedulingSample[] scheduling,
+    bool physicalPresentationVerified = false, bool nativeUserDragVerified = false);
+internal sealed record PointerMoveTrace(ulong sequence, long submittedAt, int step, double x, double y);
+internal sealed record PerformanceTrace(NativeWebScenePerformanceSnapshot baseline,
+    NativeWebScenePerformanceSnapshot after, NativeWebSceneWorkDelta delta, double elapsedMilliseconds = 0);
+internal sealed record PanTrace(long timestampFrequency, int panInputHz, string panPath,
+    bool highResolutionInput, int panCycles, long traceStarted, List<PointerMoveTrace> submittedMoves,
+    NativeScenePublicationSample[] publications, NativeSceneRenderSample[] renderedScenes,
+    NativeSceneSchedulingSample[] scheduling, long[] drawCallbackCompletions,
+    bool physicalPresentationVerified = false);
+internal sealed record SidebarTrace(long traceStarted, long timestampFrequency, bool properties,
+    double originalWidth, double width, System.Text.Json.JsonElement initialGeometry,
+    NativeWebScenePerformanceSnapshot baseline, NativeWebScenePerformanceSnapshot after,
+    NativeWebSceneWorkDelta delta, List<PointerMoveTrace> submittedMoves,
+    NativeScenePublicationSample[] publications, NativeSceneRenderSample[] renderedScenes,
+    NativeSceneSchedulingSample[] scheduling, bool physicalPresentationVerified = false);
+internal sealed record DrawTrace(long frequency, long[] timestamps, bool physicalPresentationVerified = false);
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(PerformanceTrace))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(PanTrace))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(SidebarTrace))]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(DrawTrace))]
+[JsonSourceGenerationOptions(IncludeFields = true)]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(ResizeTrace))]
+internal partial class ResizeTraceJsonContext : JsonSerializerContext;
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WebGpuDocumentProbe.cs b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WebGpuDocumentProbe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98c96c606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WebGpuDocumentProbe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+using System.IO.Compression;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.Controls.ApplicationLifetimes;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Exercises the ordinary document/view/composition path, without a native fixture.
+internal sealed class WebGpuDocumentProbeApp : Application
+{
+    public override void OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted()
+    {
+        if (ApplicationLifetime is IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
+        {
+            var path = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"webscene-webgpu-{Guid.NewGuid():N}.html");
+            File.WriteAllText(path, """
+                <!doctype html><html><body style="margin:0;background:white">
+                <canvas id="gpu" width="400" height="240"></canvas>
+                <script>
+                (async()=>{
+                  const adapter=await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter();
+                  if(!adapter)throw new Error('No GPU adapter');
+                  const device=await adapter.requestDevice();
+                  const context=document.getElementById('gpu').getContext('webgpu');
+                  context.configure({device,format:navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat()});
+                  const module=device.createShaderModule({code:`
+                    struct VertexOutput {
+                      @builtin(position) position:vec4f,
+                      @location(0) color:vec3f
+                    }
+                    @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) index:u32)->VertexOutput {
+                      let positions=array<vec2f,3>(vec2f(0,0.8),vec2f(-0.8,-0.8),vec2f(0.8,-0.8));
+                      let colors=array<vec3f,3>(vec3f(1,0.2,0.1),vec3f(0.1,1,0.3),vec3f(0.2,0.3,1));
+                      var output:VertexOutput;
+                      output.position=vec4f(positions[index],0,1);
+                      output.color=colors[index];
+                      return output;
+                    }
+                    @fragment fn fs(input:VertexOutput)->@location(0) vec4f {
+                      return vec4f(input.color,1);
+                    }
+                  `});
+                  const pipeline=device.createRenderPipeline({
+                    layout:'auto',vertex:{module,entryPoint:'vs'},
+                    fragment:{module,entryPoint:'fs',targets:[{format:navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat()}]}
+                  });
+                  globalThis.webGpuDemoFrames=0;
+                  globalThis.webGpuDemoFrameTimes=[];
+                  const draw=()=>{
+                    try {
+                      webGpuDemoFrameTimes.push(performance.now());
+                      const encoder=device.createCommandEncoder();
+                      const pass=encoder.beginRenderPass({colorAttachments:[{
+                        view:context.getCurrentTexture().createView(),
+                        clearValue:{r:webGpuDemoFrames%2 ? 0.15 : 0.03,g:0.04,b:0.07,a:1},
+                        loadOp:'clear',storeOp:'store'
+                      }]});
+                      pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
+                      pass.draw(3);
+                      pass.end();
+                      device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+                      globalThis.webGpuDemoSubmitted=true;
+                      ++globalThis.webGpuDemoFrames;
+                      if(webGpuDemoFrames<__FRAME_LIMIT__)requestAnimationFrame(draw);
+                    } catch(e) { globalThis.webGpuDemoError=String(e);console.error(e); }
+                  };
+                  const resize=()=>{
+                    const canvas=document.getElementById('gpu');
+                    canvas.width=Math.max(1,Math.floor(innerWidth));
+                    canvas.height=Math.max(1,Math.floor(innerHeight));
+                    requestAnimationFrame(draw);
+                  };
+                  addEventListener('resize',resize);
+                  resize();
+                })().catch(e=>{globalThis.webGpuDemoError=String(e);console.error(e)});
+                </script></body></html>
+                """.Replace("__FRAME_LIMIT__", Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--stress-webgpu") ? "120" : "1"));
+            var arguments = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs();
+            var kestrelIndex = Array.IndexOf(arguments, "--kestrel");
+            var kestrel = kestrelIndex >= 0;
+            if (kestrel)
+            {
+                if (kestrelIndex + 1 >= arguments.Length) throw new ArgumentException("--kestrel requires the original archive path");
+                using var archive = ZipFile.OpenRead(arguments[kestrelIndex + 1]);
+                var entry = archive.GetEntry("Kestrel-CAD/Kestrel-CAD.html")
+                    ?? throw new InvalidDataException("Original standalone Kestrel document is missing");
+                using (var input = entry.Open())
+                using (var output = File.Create(path)) input.CopyTo(output);
+                Console.WriteLine("Kestrel original document SHA256: " + Convert.ToHexString(SHA256.HashData(File.ReadAllBytes(path))).ToLowerInvariant());
+            }
+            var uri = new Uri(path).AbsoluteUri;
+            var view = new NativeWebSceneView(true, url => url == uri || url == path);
+            long documentExceptions = 0;
+            view.JavaScriptException += error =>
+            {
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref documentExceptions);
+                Console.Error.WriteLine("WebGPU document JavaScript exception: " + $"{error.Message}\n{error.Stack}");
+            };
+            view.RuntimeFailed += error => Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                "WebGPU document runtime failure: " + $"{error.Message}\n{error.Stack}");
+            if (arguments.Contains("--verify-webgpu")) view.EnablePerformanceMonitoring();
+            desktop.MainWindow = new Window
+            {
+                Width = ReadDocumentDimension(arguments, "--document-width", kestrel ? 1280 : 400),
+                Height = ReadDocumentDimension(arguments, "--document-height", kestrel ? 800 : 240),
+                Title = kestrel ? arguments.Contains("--webgpu-vsync")
+                    ? Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_SINGLE_SCENE_PER_FRAME") == "1"
+                        ? "Kestrel in WebScene — steady frame pacing"
+                        : Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_INCREMENTAL_CANVAS_GPU") == "1"
+                        ? "Kestrel in WebScene — bounded canvas history"
+                        : "Kestrel in WebScene — vsync + input pacing"
+                    : "Kestrel in WebScene" : "WebScene WebGPU document", Content = view
+            };
+            desktop.MainWindow.Opened += async (_, _) =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    await view.LoadAsync(uri, Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")
+                        ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Set WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY"));
+                    Console.WriteLine("WebGPU document loaded through NativeWebSceneView.");
+                    if (kestrel)
+                    {
+                        await Task.Delay(3000);
+                        Console.WriteLine(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("({ready:document.documentElement.dataset.ready,backend:document.getElementById('engine-label')?.textContent,history:document.getElementById('command-history')?.textContent,errors:document.querySelectorAll('#command-history .history-error').length,gpu:!!navigator.gpu})"));
+                        if (arguments.Contains("--inspect-kestrel-styles"))
+                        {
+                            Console.WriteLine("Kestrel style diagnostics: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("""
+                                (()=>({theme:document.documentElement.getAttribute('data-theme'),nodes:
+                                  Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#explorer-list,#explorer-list *,#viewport,#scene,#layers-tab,#objects-tab')).slice(0,40).map(n=>{
+                                    const s=getComputedStyle(n),r=n.getBoundingClientRect();
+                                    return {id:n.id,tag:n.tagName,classes:n.className,background:s.backgroundColor,color:s.color,display:s.display,rect:[r.x,r.y,r.width,r.height]};
+                                  })}))()
+                                """));
+                        }
+                        if (arguments.Contains("--mesh-kestrel"))
+                        {
+                            var baseline = int.Parse(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("Number(document.getElementById('object-count').textContent)"));
+                            await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const c=document.getElementById('command-input');c.value='';c.focus();})()");
+                            var surface = (NativeSceneSurface)view.Content!;
+                            if (surface.SubmitText("BOX") == 0 || surface.SubmitKey(7, 13) == 0 || surface.SubmitKey(8, 13) == 0)
+                                throw new InvalidOperationException("Kestrel box command was not accepted.");
+                            await Task.Delay(750);
+                            if (await view.EvaluateTextAsync("document.getElementById('modal').open===true") != "true")
+                            {
+                                Console.WriteLine("Kestrel modal failure: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("({open:document.getElementById('modal').open,history:document.getElementById('command-history').textContent})"));
+                                throw new InvalidOperationException("Kestrel's original primitive dialog did not open.");
+                            }
+                            await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const f=document.getElementById('modal-form');for(const [name,value] of Object.entries({x:0,y:0,z:0,width:2000,depth:1500,height:2500}))f.querySelector('[name='+name+']').value=String(value);f.dispatchEvent(new Event('submit',{bubbles:true,cancelable:true}));})()");
+                            await Task.Delay(1000);
+                            Console.WriteLine("Kestrel mesh: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("({objects:Number(document.getElementById('object-count').textContent),backend:document.getElementById('engine-label').textContent,errors:document.querySelectorAll('#command-history .history-error').length,modalError:document.getElementById('modal-error').textContent,history:document.getElementById('command-history').textContent})"));
+                            var count = int.Parse(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("Number(document.getElementById('object-count').textContent)"));
+                            if (count != baseline + 1)
+                                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Kestrel box creation expected {baseline + 1} objects, got {count}.");
+                        }
+                        if (arguments.Contains("--edit-kestrel"))
+                        {
+                            var baseline = int.Parse(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("Number(document.getElementById('object-count').textContent)"));
+                            foreach (var step in new[] { ("LINE 0,0 1000,1000 ENTER", 1), ("UNDO", 0), ("REDO", 1), ("UNDO", 0) })
+                            {
+                                await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const c=document.getElementById('command-input');c.value='';c.focus();})()");
+                                var surface = (NativeSceneSurface)view.Content!;
+                                if (surface.SubmitText(step.Item1) == 0 || surface.SubmitKey(7, 13) == 0 || surface.SubmitKey(8, 13) == 0)
+                                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Kestrel native command input was not accepted.");
+                                await Task.Delay(750);
+                                Console.WriteLine("Kestrel edit: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("({objects:Number(document.getElementById('object-count').textContent),backend:document.getElementById('engine-label').textContent,errors:document.querySelectorAll('#command-history .history-error').length,history:document.getElementById('command-history').textContent})"));
+                                var count = int.Parse(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("Number(document.getElementById('object-count').textContent)"));
+                                if (count != baseline + step.Item2)
+                                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"Kestrel command {step.Item1} expected {baseline + step.Item2} objects, got {count}.");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (arguments.Contains("--exercise-kestrel"))
+                        {
+                            foreach (var step in new[] { ("iso", "shaded-edges"), ("front", "shaded"), ("iso", "xray"), ("top", "wireframe"), ("iso", "shaded-edges") })
+                            {
+                                await view.EvaluateTextAsync($"(()=>{{const v=document.getElementById('view-select'),s=document.getElementById('style-select');v.value='{step.Item1}';v.dispatchEvent(new Event('change',{{bubbles:true}}));s.value='{step.Item2}';s.dispatchEvent(new Event('change',{{bubbles:true}}));}})()");
+                                await Task.Delay(750);
+                                Console.WriteLine("Kestrel view: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("({view:document.getElementById('view-select').value,style:document.getElementById('style-select').value,backend:document.getElementById('engine-label').textContent,errors:document.querySelectorAll('#command-history .history-error').length,history:document.getElementById('command-history').textContent})"));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (arguments.Contains("--zoom-kestrel"))
+                        {
+                            // Observe the unchanged application's own resize behavior. Drive wheel
+                            // through the host input queue, not synthetic JS events or camera calls.
+                            await view.EvaluateTextAsync("""
+                                (()=>{
+                                  const viewport=document.getElementById('viewport'),canvas=document.getElementById('scene');
+                                  const probe=globalThis.kestrelZoomProbe={resizes:[],bitmapMutations:[],wheelEvents:0,handledWheelEvents:0};
+                                  probe.wheel=e=>{++probe.wheelEvents;if(e.defaultPrevented)++probe.handledWheelEvents;};
+                                  document.addEventListener('wheel',probe.wheel);
+                                  probe.resize=new ResizeObserver(entries=>{for(const e of entries)probe.resizes.push([e.contentRect.width,e.contentRect.height]);});
+                                  probe.mutations=new MutationObserver(entries=>{for(const e of entries)probe.bitmapMutations.push([e.attributeName,canvas.width,canvas.height]);});
+                                  probe.resize.observe(viewport);
+                                  probe.mutations.observe(canvas,{attributes:true,attributeFilter:['width','height']});
+                                })()
+                                """);
+                            try
+                            {
+                                await Task.Delay(250); // Let the required initial resize notification settle.
+                                using var center = System.Text.Json.JsonDocument.Parse(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const r=document.getElementById('viewport').getBoundingClientRect();return [r.x+r.width/2,r.y+r.height/2]})()"));
+                                var x = center.RootElement[0].GetDouble();
+                                var y = center.RootElement[1].GetDouble();
+                                var surface = (NativeSceneSurface)view.Content!;
+                                var performanceBaseline = view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot();
+                                surface.SubmitPointerMove(x, y);
+                                for (var step = 0; step < 40; ++step)
+                                {
+                                    if (surface.SubmitWheel(x, y, step < 20 ? -25 : 25) == 0)
+                                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Kestrel zoom input was rejected.");
+                                    await Task.Delay(30);
+                                }
+                                await Task.Delay(500);
+                                var performanceAfter = view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot();
+                                Console.WriteLine("Kestrel zoom performance: " + System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(new PerformanceTrace(performanceBaseline, performanceAfter, performanceAfter.Since(performanceBaseline)), ResizeTraceJsonContext.Default.PerformanceTrace));
+                                Console.WriteLine("Kestrel zoom diagnostics: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const p=globalThis.kestrelZoomProbe,c=document.getElementById('scene');return {wheelEvents:p.wheelEvents,handledWheelEvents:p.handledWheelEvents,resizes:p.resizes,bitmapMutations:p.bitmapMutations,canvas:[c.width,c.height],backend:document.getElementById('engine-label').textContent,errors:document.querySelectorAll('#command-history .history-error').length}})()"));
+                            }
+                            finally
+                            {
+                                await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const p=globalThis.kestrelZoomProbe;p.resize.disconnect();p.mutations.disconnect();document.removeEventListener('wheel',p.wheel);delete globalThis.kestrelZoomProbe;})()");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (arguments.Contains("--pan-kestrel"))
+                        {
+                            if (arguments.Contains("--trace-kestrel-methods"))
+                                await view.EvaluateTextAsync("""
+                                    (()=>{
+                                      const p=globalThis.kestrelMethodProbe={samples:{},restore:[]};
+                                      const wrap=(owner,name)=>{const original=owner[name];if(typeof original!=='function')return;
+                                        p.restore.push(()=>owner[name]=original);
+                                        owner[name]=function(...args){const start=performance.now();try{return original.apply(this,args);}
+                                          finally{(p.samples[name]??=[]).push(performance.now()-start);}};};
+                                      for(const name of ['pointerMove','eventPoint','snapPoint','ensureIndex','invalidate'])wrap(Kestrel.App.prototype,name);
+                                      wrap(Element.prototype,'closest');wrap(Element.prototype,'getBoundingClientRect');
+                                    })()
+                                    """);
+                            await view.EvaluateTextAsync("""
+                                (()=>{
+                                  const p=globalThis.kestrelPanProbe={events:[],captures:[],frames:[],widths:[]};
+                                  p.originalRaf=window.requestAnimationFrame;
+                                  p.raf=callback=>p.originalRaf.call(window,function(timestamp){
+                                    const start=performance.now();
+                                    try{return callback.call(this,timestamp);}
+                                    finally{p.frames.push({timestamp,start,duration:performance.now()-start});}
+                                  });
+                                  window.requestAnimationFrame=p.raf;
+                                  p.resize=new ResizeObserver(es=>p.widths.push(es[0].contentRect.width));p.resize.observe(document.getElementById(globalThis.propertiesProbe?'properties':'explorer'));p.event=e=>p.events.push({type:e.type,x:e.clientX,y:e.clientY,button:e.button,buttons:e.buttons,time:performance.now(),panning:document.getElementById('viewport').classList.contains('panning')});
+                                  p.capture=e=>p.captures.push(e.type);
+                                  for(const name of ['pointerdown','pointermove','pointerup'])document.addEventListener(name,p.event);
+                                  for(const name of ['gotpointercapture','lostpointercapture'])document.addEventListener(name,p.capture);
+                                })()
+                                """);
+                            var surface = (NativeSceneSurface)view.Content!;
+                            double x = 0, y = 0;
+                            var pressed = false;
+                            try
+                            {
+                                await Task.Delay(250);
+                                using var center = System.Text.Json.JsonDocument.Parse(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const r=document.getElementById('viewport').getBoundingClientRect();return [r.x+r.width/2,r.y+r.height/2]})()"));
+                                x = center.RootElement[0].GetDouble();
+                                y = center.RootElement[1].GetDouble();
+                                await view.EvaluateTextAsync("globalThis.kestrelPanProbe.events=[];globalThis.kestrelPanProbe.frames=[]");
+                                var baseline = arguments.Contains("--pan-no-telemetry") ? null : view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot();
+                                var traceStarted = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                                var started = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew();
+                                var panCycles = ReadDocumentDimension(arguments, "--pan-cycles", arguments.Contains("--pan-long") ? 6 : 1);
+                                var submittedMoves = new List<PointerMoveTrace>(80 * panCycles);
+                                var panInputHz = arguments.Contains("--pan-input-120hz") ? 120 : 60;
+                                var circularPan = arguments.Contains("--pan-circular");
+                                using var inputPacer = arguments.Contains("--pan-high-resolution-input")
+                                    ? new WindowsInputPacer() : null;
+                                if (surface.SubmitPointerButton(2, x, y, 2, true) == 0)
+                                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Kestrel pan press was rejected.");
+                                pressed = true;
+                                    for (var step = 1; step <= 80 * panCycles; ++step)
+                                    {
+                                        var offset = KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.PanOffset(step, circularPan);
+                                        // Kind 1 routes a move with the right-button bit through the native queue.
+                                        var submittedAt = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                                        var sequence = surface.SubmitPointerButton(1, x + offset.X, y + offset.Y, 2, true);
+                                        if (sequence == 0)
+                                            throw new InvalidOperationException("Kestrel pan move was rejected.");
+                                        submittedMoves.Add(new PointerMoveTrace(sequence, submittedAt, step, x + offset.X, y + offset.Y));
+                                        // Include submission work in the 60Hz input budget,
+                                        // as the continuous-resize workload already does.
+                                        var deadline = traceStarted + step * System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency / panInputHz;
+                                        var remaining = deadline - System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                                        if (inputPacer is not null)
+                                            await inputPacer.WaitUntilAsync(deadline);
+                                        else if (remaining > 0)
+                                            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds((double)remaining / System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency));
+                                        else
+                                            await Task.Yield();
+                                    }
+                                    if (surface.SubmitPointerButton(3, x, y, 2, false) == 0)
+                                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Kestrel pan release was rejected.");
+                                    pressed = false;
+                                    await Task.Delay(500);
+                                    if (baseline is not null)
+                                    {
+                                        var after = view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot();
+                                        if (arguments.Contains("--verify-checkpoint-fence")
+                                            && after.RendererMemory.CanvasCheckpointDeferredReadbacks < 2)
+                                            throw new InvalidOperationException("Deferred checkpoint readback was not exercised.");
+                                        if (arguments.Contains("--verify-checkpoint-transfer")
+                                            && after.RendererMemory.CanvasCheckpointWorkerReadbacks < 2)
+                                            throw new InvalidOperationException("Worker checkpoint transfer was not exercised.");
+                                        if (arguments.Contains("--verify-canvas-history"))
+                                        {
+                                            var memory = after.RendererMemory;
+                                            if (memory.CanvasCheckpointSubmissions < 2
+                                                || memory.MaximumRetainedCanvasCommands >= 2 * NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.CanvasCheckpointInterval)
+                                                throw new InvalidOperationException("Canvas checkpoint history did not stay bounded.");
+                                            Console.WriteLine($"Canvas history bounded: checkpoints={memory.CanvasCheckpointSubmissions}, peakCommands={memory.MaximumRetainedCanvasCommands}, retainedCommands={memory.RetainedCommandCount}.");
+                                        }
+                                        Console.WriteLine("Kestrel pan performance: " + System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(new PerformanceTrace(baseline, after, after.Since(baseline), started.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds), ResizeTraceJsonContext.Default.PerformanceTrace));
+                                    }
+                                    if (arguments.Contains("--trace-kestrel-methods"))
+                                        Console.WriteLine("Kestrel method samples: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("globalThis.kestrelMethodProbe.samples"));
+                                    var panDiagnostics = await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const p=globalThis.kestrelPanProbe;return {events:p.events,captures:p.captures,frames:p.frames,panning:document.getElementById('viewport').classList.contains('panning'),backend:document.getElementById('engine-label').textContent,errors:document.querySelectorAll('#command-history .history-error').length}})()");
+                                    Console.WriteLine("Kestrel pan diagnostics: " + panDiagnostics);
+                                    Console.WriteLine("Kestrel pan composition timeline: " + System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(new PanTrace(
+                                        System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency, panInputHz,
+                                        circularPan ? "circle" : "out-and-back", inputPacer is not null,
+                                        panCycles, traceStarted, submittedMoves,
+                                        surface.PublishedScenes.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray(),
+                                        surface.RenderedScenes.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray(),
+                                        surface.SchedulingSamples.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray(),
+                                        surface.PresentationTimestamps.Where(timestamp => timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray()),
+                                        ResizeTraceJsonContext.Default.PanTrace));
+                                    KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.Validate(panDiagnostics, x, y, panCycles: panCycles, circular: circularPan);
+                                    Console.WriteLine("Kestrel pan workload validated (physical presentation remains unqualified).");
+                            }
+                            finally
+                            {
+                                if (pressed) surface.SubmitPointerButton(3, x, y, 2, false);
+                                await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const p=globalThis.kestrelPanProbe;p.resize.disconnect();if(window.requestAnimationFrame===p.raf)window.requestAnimationFrame=p.originalRaf;for(const n of ['pointerdown','pointermove','pointerup'])document.removeEventListener(n,p.event);for(const n of ['gotpointercapture','lostpointercapture'])document.removeEventListener(n,p.capture);delete globalThis.kestrelPanProbe;})()");
+                                if (arguments.Contains("--trace-kestrel-methods"))
+                                    await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{for(const restore of kestrelMethodProbe.restore)restore();delete globalThis.kestrelMethodProbe;})()");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (arguments.Contains("--sidebar-kestrel") || arguments.Contains("--properties-kestrel"))
+                        {
+                            var surface = (NativeSceneSurface)view.Content!;
+                            var properties = arguments.Contains("--properties-kestrel");
+                            var repeated = properties || arguments.Contains("--sidebar-cycles");
+                            await view.EvaluateTextAsync(properties ? "globalThis.propertiesProbe=true" : "globalThis.propertiesProbe=false");
+                            using var setup = System.Text.Json.JsonDocument.Parse(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const r=document.querySelector('.'+(globalThis.propertiesProbe?'right':'left')+'-resizer').getBoundingClientRect();return {x:r.x+r.width/2,y:r.y+r.height/2,width:document.getElementById(globalThis.propertiesProbe?'properties':'explorer').offsetWidth,viewport:[innerWidth,innerHeight],dpr:devicePixelRatio,canvas:[document.getElementById('scene').width,document.getElementById('scene').height]}})()"));
+                            var x = setup.RootElement.GetProperty("x").GetDouble();
+                            var y = setup.RootElement.GetProperty("y").GetDouble();
+                            var originalWidth = setup.RootElement.GetProperty("width").GetDouble();
+                            if (originalWidth <= 0) throw new InvalidOperationException("The requested sidebar is hidden at the current viewport width; discard this resize workload.");
+                            await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const p=globalThis.kestrelSidebarProbe={events:[],widths:[]};p.resize=new ResizeObserver(es=>p.widths.push(es[0].contentRect.width));p.resize.observe(document.getElementById(globalThis.propertiesProbe?'properties':'explorer'));p.event=e=>p.events.push({type:e.type,x:e.clientX,y:e.clientY,button:e.button,buttons:e.buttons});for(const n of ['pointerdown','pointermove','pointerup'])document.addEventListener(n,p.event);})()");
+                            var submittedMoves = new List<PointerMoveTrace>(60);
+                            var baseline = view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot();
+                            var traceStarted = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                            using var pacer = OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? new WindowsInputPacer() : null;
+                            var pressed = false;
+                            try
+                            {
+                                if (surface.SubmitPointerButton(2, x, y, 0, true) == 0)
+                                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Sidebar press rejected.");
+                                pressed = true;
+                                for (var step = 1; step <= (repeated ? 600 : 60); ++step)
+                                {
+                                    var offset = repeated ? (properties ? -120.0 : 120.0) * (1 - Math.Abs((step % 120) - 60) / 60.0) : step * 2.0;
+                                    var submittedAt = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                                    var sequence = surface.SubmitPointerButton(1, x + offset, y, 0, true);
+                                    if (sequence == 0)
+                                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Sidebar move rejected.");
+                                    submittedMoves.Add(new PointerMoveTrace(sequence, submittedAt, step, x + offset, y));
+                                    var deadline = traceStarted + step * System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency / 60;
+                                    if (pacer is not null) await pacer.WaitUntilAsync(deadline);
+                                    else { var remaining = deadline - System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp(); if (remaining > 0) await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds((double)remaining / System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency)); }
+                                }
+                                if (surface.SubmitPointerButton(3, x + (repeated ? 0 : 120), y, 0, false) == 0)
+                                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Sidebar release rejected.");
+                                pressed = false;
+                                await Task.Delay(500);
+                                var width = double.Parse(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("document.getElementById(globalThis.propertiesProbe?'properties':'explorer').offsetWidth"), System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                                var after = view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot();
+                                var diagnostics = await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{return {events:globalThis.kestrelSidebarProbe.events,widths:globalThis.kestrelSidebarProbe.widths,panning:document.getElementById('viewport').classList.contains('panning'),errors:document.querySelectorAll('#command-history .history-error').length}})()");
+                                Console.WriteLine("Kestrel sidebar diagnostics: " + diagnostics);
+                                Console.WriteLine("Kestrel sidebar timeline: " + System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(new SidebarTrace(
+                                    traceStarted, System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency, properties, originalWidth,
+                                    width, setup.RootElement, baseline, after, after.Since(baseline), submittedMoves,
+                                    surface.PublishedScenes.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray(),
+                                    surface.RenderedScenes.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray(),
+                                    surface.SchedulingSamples.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray()),
+                                    ResizeTraceJsonContext.Default.SidebarTrace));
+                                // Preserve failure diagnostics before rejecting an interrupted gesture.
+                                if (Math.Abs(width - (repeated ? originalWidth : Math.Clamp(originalWidth + 120, 170, 390))) > 1)
+                                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"Sidebar drag failed: width {originalWidth} became {width}.");
+                                if (!repeated) KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.Validate(diagnostics, x, y, sidebar: true);
+                                else { using var result = System.Text.Json.JsonDocument.Parse(diagnostics); if (result.RootElement.GetProperty("errors").GetInt32() != 0 || result.RootElement.GetProperty("panning").GetBoolean()) throw new InvalidOperationException("Properties workload reported an application error or panning."); if (result.RootElement.GetProperty("widths").EnumerateArray().Max(e => e.GetDouble()) - result.RootElement.GetProperty("widths").EnumerateArray().Min(e => e.GetDouble()) < 50) throw new InvalidOperationException("Properties divider did not resize."); }
+                                Console.WriteLine("Kestrel sidebar workload validated (physical presentation remains unqualified).");
+                            }
+                            finally
+                            {
+                                if (pressed) surface.SubmitPointerButton(3, x + (repeated ? 0 : 120), y, 0, false);
+                                await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const p=globalThis.kestrelSidebarProbe;p.resize.disconnect();for(const n of ['pointerdown','pointermove','pointerup'])document.removeEventListener(n,p.event);delete globalThis.kestrelSidebarProbe;})()");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (arguments.Contains("--continuous-resize-kestrel"))
+                        {
+                            var surface = (NativeSceneSurface)view.Content!;
+                            var baseline = view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot();
+                            var initialWidth = desktop.MainWindow.Width;
+                            var initialHeight = desktop.MainWindow.Height;
+                            var traceStarted = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                            var submittedSizes = new List<ResizeSizeSample>(80);
+                            var nativeWindowResizes = new List<ResizeSizeSample>();
+                            var surfaceSizeChanges = new List<ResizeSizeSample>();
+                            EventHandler<WindowResizedEventArgs> onNativeResize = (_, e) => {
+                                if (nativeWindowResizes.Count < 4096) nativeWindowResizes.Add(new ResizeSizeSample(System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp(), e.ClientSize.Width, e.ClientSize.Height, reason: e.Reason.ToString()));
+                            };
+                            EventHandler<SizeChangedEventArgs> onSurfaceResize = (_, e) => {
+                                if (surfaceSizeChanges.Count < 4096) surfaceSizeChanges.Add(new ResizeSizeSample(System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp(), e.NewSize.Width, e.NewSize.Height));
+                            };
+                            desktop.MainWindow.Resized += onNativeResize;
+                            surface.SizeChanged += onSurfaceResize;
+                            long inputEnded;
+                            try
+                            {
+                            for (var step = 1; step <= 80; ++step)
+                            {
+                                var offset = step <= 40 ? step : 80 - step;
+                                var width = initialWidth + offset * 3;
+                                var height = initialHeight + offset * 2;
+                                var requestedAt = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                                desktop.MainWindow.Width = width;
+                                desktop.MainWindow.Height = height;
+                                var timestamp = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                                submittedSizes.Add(new ResizeSizeSample(timestamp, width, height, requestedAt));
+                                // Include synchronous resize work in the 60Hz budget.
+                                // Adding a fresh 16ms sleep after it halves input cadence
+                                // when the native setter already takes one display slot.
+                                var deadline = traceStarted + step * System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency / 60;
+                                var remaining = deadline - System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                                if (remaining > 0)
+                                    await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds((double)remaining / System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency));
+                                else
+                                    await Task.Yield(); // Keep late runs responsive; never busy-wait.
+
+                            }
+                            inputEnded = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                            await Task.Delay(750);
+                            }
+                            finally
+                            {
+                                desktop.MainWindow.Resized -= onNativeResize;
+                                surface.SizeChanged -= onSurfaceResize;
+                            }
+                            var diagnostics = await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const c=document.getElementById('scene'),r=c.getBoundingClientRect();const ancestors=[];for(let n=c.parentElement;n;n=n.parentElement){const b=n.getBoundingClientRect(),s=getComputedStyle(n);ancestors.push({id:n.id,tag:n.tagName,rect:[b.x,b.y,b.width,b.height],height:s.height,minHeight:s.minHeight,display:s.display,flex:s.flex,gridTemplateRows:s.gridTemplateRows});}return {window:[innerWidth,innerHeight],canvas:[c.width,c.height],css:[r.width,r.height],ancestors,dpr:devicePixelRatio,backend:document.getElementById('engine-label').textContent,errors:document.querySelectorAll('#command-history .history-error').length}})()");
+                            var published = surface.PublishedScenes.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray();
+                            var drawn = surface.RenderedScenes.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray();
+                            Console.WriteLine("Kestrel continuous window resize: " + System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(
+                                new ResizeTrace(traceStarted, inputEnded, System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency,
+                                    submittedSizes, nativeWindowResizes, surfaceSizeChanges,
+                                    surface.SubmittedResizes.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray(),
+                                    diagnostics, baseline, view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot(), published, drawn,
+                                    surface.SchedulingSamples.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp >= traceStarted).ToArray()),
+                                ResizeTraceJsonContext.Default.ResizeTrace));
+                            ValidateResizeGeometry(diagnostics);
+                            using var geometry = System.Text.Json.JsonDocument.Parse(diagnostics);
+                            var finalWindow = geometry.RootElement.GetProperty("window");
+                            if (Math.Abs(finalWindow[0].GetDouble() - initialWidth) > 1 ||
+                                Math.Abs(finalWindow[1].GetDouble() - initialHeight) > 1)
+                                throw new InvalidOperationException("Continuous resize did not restore the initial viewport.");
+                            if (published.Where(sample => sample.Timestamp <= inputEnded)
+                                .Select(sample => (sample.ViewportWidth, sample.ViewportHeight)).Distinct().Count() < 3)
+                                throw new InvalidOperationException("Continuous resize did not publish intermediate viewport sizes.");
+                            if (drawn.Count(sample => sample.Timestamp <= inputEnded) < 3)
+                                throw new InvalidOperationException("Continuous resize did not draw intermediate scenes.");
+                            Console.WriteLine("Kestrel continuous window resize workload validated (physical presentation and native user drag remain unqualified).");
+                        }
+                        if (arguments.Contains("--resize-kestrel"))
+                        {
+                            if (arguments.Contains("--capture-resize-kestrel"))
+                                await Task.Delay(5000); // Allow a window-scoped recorder to attach.
+                            foreach (var size in new[] { (980, 680), (1440, 900), (1100, 740), (1280, 800) })
+                            {
+                                desktop.MainWindow.Width = size.Item1;
+                                desktop.MainWindow.Height = size.Item2;
+                                await Task.Delay(750);
+                                var resizeDiagnostics = await view.EvaluateTextAsync("(()=>{const c=document.getElementById('scene'),r=c.getBoundingClientRect();const ancestors=[];for(let n=c.parentElement;n;n=n.parentElement){const b=n.getBoundingClientRect(),s=getComputedStyle(n);ancestors.push({id:n.id,tag:n.tagName,rect:[b.x,b.y,b.width,b.height],height:s.height,minHeight:s.minHeight,display:s.display,flex:s.flex,gridTemplateRows:s.gridTemplateRows});}return {window:[innerWidth,innerHeight],canvas:[c.width,c.height],css:[r.width,r.height],ancestors,dpr:devicePixelRatio,backend:document.getElementById('engine-label').textContent,errors:document.querySelectorAll('#command-history .history-error').length}})()");
+                                Console.WriteLine("Kestrel resize: " + resizeDiagnostics);
+                                ValidateResizeGeometry(resizeDiagnostics);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (arguments.Contains("--verify-kestrel"))
+                        {
+                            var webGpuReady = await view.EvaluateTextAsync("document.documentElement.dataset.ready==='true'&&document.getElementById('engine-label').textContent.startsWith('WebGPU')&&document.querySelectorAll('#command-history .history-error').length===0");
+                            using var diagnosticTimeout = new CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+                            await view.FlushRuntimeDiagnosticsAsync(diagnosticTimeout.Token);
+                            Console.WriteLine($"Kestrel uncaught JavaScript exceptions: {Interlocked.Read(ref documentExceptions)}");
+                            if (Interlocked.Read(ref documentExceptions) != 0) webGpuReady = "false";
+                            var renderedScenes = view.CapturePerformanceSnapshot().Surface.RenderedScenes;
+                            Console.WriteLine($"Kestrel successfully rendered scenes: {renderedScenes}");
+                            if (renderedScenes == 0) webGpuReady = "false";
+                            Console.WriteLine(webGpuReady == "true" ? "Kestrel WebGPU startup check passed (interaction qualification remains)." : "FAIL: Kestrel WebGPU startup or initial rendering reported an error.");
+                            await view.DisposeAsync();
+                            desktop.Shutdown(webGpuReady == "true" ? 0 : 1);
+                        }
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--resize-webgpu"))
+                    {
+                        foreach (var size in new[] { (640, 360), (280, 180), (520, 320), (400, 240) })
+                        {
+                            desktop.MainWindow.Width = size.Item1;
+                            desktop.MainWindow.Height = size.Item2;
+                            await Task.Delay(500);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--stress-webgpu"))
+                    {
+                        var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(10);
+                        while (await view.EvaluateTextAsync("webGpuDemoFrames>=120||!!globalThis.webGpuDemoError") != "true"
+                            && DateTime.UtcNow < deadline)
+                            await Task.Delay(100);
+                    }
+                    else await Task.Delay(1000);
+                    Console.WriteLine(await view.EvaluateTextAsync("({submitted:globalThis.webGpuDemoSubmitted,error:globalThis.webGpuDemoError,gpu:!!navigator.gpu,frames:globalThis.webGpuDemoFrames,width:document.getElementById('gpu').width,height:document.getElementById('gpu').height})"));
+                    Console.WriteLine(view.SceneDiagnostics);
+                    if (arguments.Contains("--verify-webgpu"))
+                    {
+                        if (await view.EvaluateTextAsync("webGpuDemoFrames>=120&&!globalThis.webGpuDemoError") != "true")
+                            throw new InvalidOperationException("WebGPU stress workload did not complete 120 frames.");
+                        Console.WriteLine("WebGPU frame times: " + await view.EvaluateTextAsync("webGpuDemoFrameTimes"));
+                        var surface = (NativeSceneSurface)view.Content!;
+                        Console.WriteLine("WebGPU draw times: " + System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(new DrawTrace(
+                            System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency, surface.PresentationTimestamps),
+                            ResizeTraceJsonContext.Default.DrawTrace));
+                        await view.DisposeAsync();
+                        desktop.Shutdown(0);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception error) { Console.Error.WriteLine(error); desktop.Shutdown(1); }
+            };
+            desktop.Exit += (_, _) => File.Delete(path);
+        }
+        base.OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted();
+    }
+
+    private static void ValidateResizeGeometry(string diagnostics)
+    {
+        using var parsed = System.Text.Json.JsonDocument.Parse(diagnostics);
+        var root = parsed.RootElement;
+        var css = root.GetProperty("css");
+        var bitmap = root.GetProperty("canvas");
+        var dpr = root.GetProperty("dpr").GetDouble();
+        if (root.GetProperty("errors").GetInt32() != 0 || !double.IsFinite(dpr) || dpr <= 0)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Kestrel resize reported an application error or invalid scale.");
+        for (var axis = 0; axis < 2; ++axis)
+        {
+            var size = css[axis].GetDouble();
+            if (!double.IsFinite(size) || size <= 0
+                || Math.Abs(bitmap[axis].GetDouble() - size * dpr) > 1)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Kestrel canvas bitmap does not match its resized CSS dimensions and DPR.");
+        }
+        var ancestors = root.GetProperty("ancestors").EnumerateArray().ToArray();
+        var viewport = ancestors.Single(node => node.GetProperty("id").GetString() == "viewport").GetProperty("rect");
+        var workbench = ancestors.Single(node => node.GetProperty("id").GetString() == "workbench").GetProperty("rect");
+        if (Math.Abs(viewport[3].GetDouble() - workbench[3].GetDouble()) > 1)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Kestrel viewport no longer tracks the resized workbench height.");
+    }
+
+    private static int ReadDocumentDimension(string[] arguments, string option, int fallback)
+    {
+        var index = Array.IndexOf(arguments, option);
+        if (index < 0) return fallback;
+        if (index + 1 >= arguments.Length || !int.TryParse(arguments[index + 1], out var value) || value <= 0)
+            throw new ArgumentException($"{option} requires a positive integer.");
+        return value;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe.csproj b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe.csproj
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6ad5c9ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe.csproj
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
+    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
+    <AvaloniaAccessUnstablePrivateApis>true</AvaloniaAccessUnstablePrivateApis>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup><PackageReference Include="Avalonia.Desktop" /></ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup><ProjectReference Include="../../src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.csproj" /></ItemGroup>
+</Project>
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WindowsInputPacer.cs b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WindowsInputPacer.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..940a3f6b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WindowsInputPacer.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
+
+// Synthetic input cadence only. Display/render scheduling uses the compositor
+// clock; it must never depend on this workload timer.
+internal sealed class WindowsInputPacer : IDisposable
+{
+    private sealed class TimerWaitHandle : WaitHandle
+    {
+        public TimerWaitHandle(IntPtr handle) => SafeWaitHandle = new SafeWaitHandle(handle, ownsHandle: true);
+    }
+    private readonly TimerWaitHandle _wait;
+
+    public WindowsInputPacer()
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows()) throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("High-resolution input pacing requires Windows.");
+        var timer = CreateWaitableTimerEx(IntPtr.Zero, null, 2, 0x1f0003);
+        if (timer == IntPtr.Zero) throw new Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error());
+        _wait = new TimerWaitHandle(timer);
+    }
+
+    public Task WaitUntilAsync(long deadline) => Task.Run(() =>
+    {
+        var remaining = deadline - Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+        if (remaining <= 0) return;
+        var due = -(long)Math.Ceiling(remaining * 10_000_000.0 / Stopwatch.Frequency);
+        if (!SetWaitableTimer(_wait.SafeWaitHandle, in due, 0, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero, false))
+            throw new Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error());
+        _wait.WaitOne();
+    });
+
+    public void Dispose() => _wait.Dispose();
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", EntryPoint = "CreateWaitableTimerExW", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern IntPtr CreateWaitableTimerEx(IntPtr attributes, string? name, uint flags, uint access);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool SetWaitableTimer(SafeWaitHandle timer, in long dueTime, int period,
+        IntPtr completion, IntPtr argument, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)] bool resume);
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WindowsVSyncProbe.cs b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WindowsVSyncProbe.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2696aa37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/WindowsVSyncProbe.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+#if WEBSCENE_AVALONIA12
+// This private Avalonia 11 render-loop diagnostic is not part of the v12 sample.
+internal static class WindowsVSyncProbe
+{
+    public static Avalonia.AppBuilder Configure(Avalonia.AppBuilder builder)
+        => throw new PlatformNotSupportedException(
+            "The compositor-clock diagnostic requires the default Avalonia 11 configuration.");
+}
+#else
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Rendering;
+using Avalonia.Rendering.Composition;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Diagnostic host: Avalonia 11.3.4 does not expose render-loop injection.
+// Install the existing loop before platform initialization, without changing
+// its rendering behavior or touching a running loop's subscriptions.
+internal sealed class WindowsVSyncProbe : IRenderTimer
+{
+    private readonly Stopwatch _clock = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+    private readonly object _gate = new();
+    private Action<TimeSpan>? _tick;
+    private bool _started;
+    private long _vsyncTicks;
+    private long _fallbackTicks;
+    private uint _lastResult;
+    private readonly AutoResetEvent _ready = new(false);
+    private long _latestTick;
+    private long _latestPhase;
+    private readonly bool _statistics = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--compositor-clock-statistics");
+    private long _statisticsTicks, _statisticsFailures;
+    private ulong _lastPeriod;
+    private readonly bool _trace = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs().Contains("--trace-vsync");
+    private readonly List<(long Start, long End)> _renders = [];
+    public bool RunsInBackground => true;
+    public event Action<TimeSpan>? Tick
+    {
+        add
+        {
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                _tick += value;
+                if (!_started)
+                {
+                    _started = true;
+                    new Thread(Render) { IsBackground = true, Name = "WebScene vsync renderer" }.Start();
+                    new Thread(Run) { IsBackground = true, Name = "WebScene compositor clock" }.Start();
+                }
+                Monitor.PulseAll(_gate);
+            }
+        }
+        remove { lock (_gate) _tick -= value; }
+    }
+
+    public static AppBuilder Configure(AppBuilder builder)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindowsVersionAtLeast(10, 0, 22000))
+            throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("This diagnostic requires the Windows 11 compositor clock.");
+        var initialize = builder.RenderingSubsystemInitializer!;
+        return builder.UseRenderingSubsystem(() =>
+        {
+            initialize();
+            var assembly = typeof(Compositor).Assembly;
+            var loopType = assembly.GetType("Avalonia.Rendering.RenderLoop", true)!;
+            var loopInterface = assembly.GetType("Avalonia.Rendering.IRenderLoop", true)!;
+            var loop = Activator.CreateInstance(loopType, new WindowsVSyncProbe())!;
+            var registration = typeof(AvaloniaLocator).GetMethod("Bind")!
+                .MakeGenericMethod(loopInterface).Invoke(AvaloniaLocator.CurrentMutable, null)!;
+            registration.GetType().GetMethod("ToConstant")!.MakeGenericMethod(loopType)
+                .Invoke(registration, [loop]);
+        }, builder.RenderingSubsystemName ?? "Skia");
+    }
+
+    private void Run()
+    {
+        if (_statistics)
+        {
+            try { Console.WriteLine($"DXGI vblank virtualization disable: 0x{DXGIDisableVBlankVirtualization():x8}"); }
+            catch (EntryPointNotFoundException) { Console.WriteLine("DXGI vblank virtualization control unavailable."); }
+        }
+        AppDomain.CurrentDomain.ProcessExit += (_, _) => Console.WriteLine(
+            $"Windows compositor clock: vsyncTicks={_vsyncTicks}, fallbackTicks={_fallbackTicks}, lastStatus=0x{_lastResult:x8}, statisticsTicks={_statisticsTicks}, statisticsFailures={_statisticsFailures}, periodQpc={_lastPeriod}, phaseApplications={NativeCompositorFrameClock.AppliedTimestamps}");
+        if (_trace) AppDomain.CurrentDomain.ProcessExit += (_, _) =>
+        {
+            lock (_renders) Console.WriteLine("Windows render intervals: " + System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(
+                _renders.Select(sample => new { sample.Start, sample.End })));
+        };
+        while (true)
+        {
+            lock (_gate) while (_tick is null) Monitor.Wait(_gate);
+            var start = _clock.Elapsed;
+            var result = DCompositionWaitForCompositorClock(0, IntPtr.Zero, 100);
+            _lastResult = result;
+            // Chromium also guards early returns during desktop occlusion.
+            // Keep application startup/disposal live when the display is off,
+            // but explicitly count these synthetic ticks separately from vsync.
+            if (result != 0 || _clock.Elapsed - start < TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1))
+            {
+                if (_fallbackTicks == 0)
+                    Console.WriteLine($"Windows compositor clock unavailable: status=0x{result:x8}; fallback ticks are not vsync.");
+                Thread.Sleep(17);
+                _fallbackTicks++;
+            }
+            else _vsyncTicks++;
+            var phase = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+            if (_statistics && result == 0)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    if (DCompositionGetFrameId(2, out var id) == 0
+                        && DCompositionGetStatistics(id, out var stats, 0, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero) == 0
+                        && stats.Period > 0 && stats.Start > 0 && stats.Start <= (ulong)phase)
+                    {
+                        phase = checked((long)stats.Start);
+                        _lastPeriod = stats.Period;
+                        _statisticsTicks++;
+                    }
+                    else _statisticsFailures++;
+                }
+                catch (EntryPointNotFoundException) { _statisticsFailures++; }
+            }
+            Interlocked.Exchange(ref _latestPhase, Math.Max(Interlocked.Read(ref _latestPhase), phase));
+            Interlocked.Exchange(ref _latestTick, _clock.Elapsed.Ticks);
+            _ready.Set();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void Render()
+    {
+        // Sampling the display clock must not wait for scene preparation.
+        // One pending signal retains the latest tick and bounds backlog.
+        while (true)
+        {
+            _ready.WaitOne();
+            Action<TimeSpan>? tick;
+            lock (_gate) tick = _tick;
+            var start = _trace ? Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() : 0;
+            var previousPhase = NativeCompositorFrameClock.CurrentTimestamp;
+            try
+            {
+                if (_statistics) NativeCompositorFrameClock.CurrentTimestamp = Interlocked.Read(ref _latestPhase);
+                tick?.Invoke(TimeSpan.FromTicks(Interlocked.Read(ref _latestTick)));
+            }
+            finally { NativeCompositorFrameClock.CurrentTimestamp = previousPhase; }
+            if (_trace) lock (_renders)
+            {
+                if (_renders.Count < 4096) _renders.Add((start, Stopwatch.GetTimestamp()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [DllImport("dcomp.dll", ExactSpelling = true)]
+    private static extern uint DCompositionWaitForCompositorClock(uint count, IntPtr handles, uint timeout);
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] private struct FrameStats { public ulong Start, Target, Period; }
+    [DllImport("dcomp.dll", ExactSpelling = true)] private static extern int DCompositionGetFrameId(uint kind, out ulong id);
+    [DllImport("dcomp.dll", ExactSpelling = true)] private static extern int DCompositionGetStatistics(ulong id, out FrameStats stats, uint count, IntPtr targets, IntPtr actualCount);
+    [DllImport("dxgi.dll", ExactSpelling = true)] private static extern int DXGIDisableVBlankVirtualization();
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/CMakeLists.txt b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/CMakeLists.txt
index 07bcb8d7a..9766101d4 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -4,6 +4,51 @@ project(WebSceneNativeEngineProbe LANGUAGES C CXX)
 include(CTest)
 include(FetchContent)
 
+if(BUILD_TESTING)
+    add_executable(webscene_graphics_scene_abi_layout_tests tests/graphics_scene_abi_layout_tests.c)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_scene_abi_layout_tests PRIVATE c_std_11)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_scene_abi_layout_tests PRIVATE native)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_scene_abi_layout_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_scene_abi_layout_tests)
+    add_executable(webscene_graphics_canvas_backing_tests tests/graphics_canvas_backing_tests.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_canvas_backing_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_canvas_backing_tests PRIVATE native)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_canvas_backing_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_canvas_backing_tests)
+    find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
+    add_executable(webscene_graphics_image_lease_tests tests/graphics_image_lease_tests.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_image_lease_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_image_lease_tests PRIVATE native)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_image_lease_tests PRIVATE Threads::Threads)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_image_lease_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_image_lease_tests)
+    add_executable(webscene_nt_handle_tests tests/graphics_nt_handle_tests.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_nt_handle_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_nt_handle_tests PRIVATE native)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_nt_handle_tests COMMAND webscene_nt_handle_tests)
+    add_executable(webscene_graphics_dxgi_contract_tests tests/graphics_dxgi_contract_tests.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_dxgi_contract_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_dxgi_contract_tests PRIVATE native)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_dxgi_contract_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_dxgi_contract_tests)
+    add_executable(webscene_graphics_resource_tests tests/graphics_resource_tests.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_resource_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_resource_tests PRIVATE native)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_resource_tests PRIVATE Threads::Threads)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_resource_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_resource_tests)
+    add_executable(webscene_graphics_queue_tests tests/graphics_queue_tests.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_queue_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_queue_tests PRIVATE native)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_queue_tests PRIVATE Threads::Threads)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_queue_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_queue_tests)
+    add_executable(webscene_graphics_completion_tests tests/graphics_completion_tests.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_completion_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_completion_tests PRIVATE native)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_completion_tests PRIVATE Threads::Threads)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_completion_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_completion_tests)
+    add_executable(webscene_graphics_wake_tests tests/graphics_wake_tests.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_wake_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_wake_tests PRIVATE native)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_wake_tests PRIVATE Threads::Threads)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_wake_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_wake_tests)
+endif()
+
 # CMake 3.24 made extracted archive timestamps deterministic through CMP0135.
 # Use the policy when available while remaining compatible with the Ubuntu
 # 22.04 runner's CMake 3.22, which does not recognize
@@ -27,6 +72,7 @@ if(MSVC)
 endif()
 
 add_library(webscene_native_engine SHARED
+    native/graphics/windows_gpu_interop.cpp
     native/webscene_native_engine.cpp
     native/webscene_native_dom.cpp)
 
@@ -34,6 +80,97 @@ target_compile_features(webscene_native_engine PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
 target_compile_definitions(webscene_native_engine PRIVATE WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_BUILD)
 target_include_directories(webscene_native_engine PUBLIC native)
 
+option(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA "Build native HTML media and Web Audio services" ON)
+if(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+    add_subdirectory(native/media)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_native_engine PRIVATE webscene_media)
+    target_compile_definitions(webscene_native_engine PRIVATE WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA=1)
+endif()
+
+
+option(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS "Link pinned native GPU dependencies for this platform" OFF)
+if(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    set(WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_COMPONENTS dawn)
+    set(webscene_graphics_libraries dawn::webgpu_dawn)
+    # The native macOS presenter shares Metal textures directly with Skia.
+    # Windows requires ANGLE for the D3D11/EGL composition bridge.
+    if(APPLE)
+        add_compile_definitions(WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ENABLE_ANGLE=0)
+    else()
+        list(APPEND WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_COMPONENTS angle)
+        list(APPEND webscene_graphics_libraries webscene_angle_EGL webscene_angle_GLESv2)
+    endif()
+    include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../eng/graphics/GraphicsDependencies.cmake")
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_native_engine PRIVATE
+        ${webscene_graphics_libraries})
+    target_compile_definitions(webscene_native_engine PRIVATE WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS=1)
+    if(WIN32)
+        target_link_libraries(webscene_native_engine PRIVATE d3d12 d3d11 dxgi)
+    endif()
+    if(APPLE)
+        target_link_libraries(webscene_native_engine PRIVATE
+            "-framework CoreFoundation" "-framework IOSurface" "-framework CoreVideo")
+    endif()
+    if(BUILD_TESTING)
+        add_executable(webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests tests/graphics_dawn_event_tests.cpp)
+        target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+        target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests PRIVATE native)
+        target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests PRIVATE ${webscene_graphics_libraries} Threads::Threads)
+        add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests)
+        set_tests_properties(webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests PROPERTIES LABELS "graphics;hardware" TIMEOUT 40)
+        foreach(library IN LISTS webscene_graphics_libraries)
+            add_custom_command(TARGET webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests POST_BUILD
+                COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+                    "$<TARGET_FILE:${library}>" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_graphics_dawn_event_tests>")
+        endforeach()
+        if(NOT APPLE)
+            add_executable(webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests tests/graphics_angle_context_tests.cpp)
+            target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+            target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests PRIVATE native)
+            target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests PRIVATE webscene_angle_EGL webscene_angle_GLESv2 Threads::Threads)
+            add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests 2)
+            add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_angle_es3_context_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests 3)
+            set_tests_properties(webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests webscene_graphics_angle_es3_context_tests PROPERTIES LABELS "graphics;hardware" TIMEOUT 40)
+            add_executable(webscene_graphics_service_tests tests/graphics_service_tests.cpp)
+            target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_service_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+            target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_service_tests PRIVATE native)
+            target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_service_tests PRIVATE ${webscene_graphics_libraries} Threads::Threads)
+            add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_service_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_service_tests)
+            set_tests_properties(webscene_graphics_service_tests PROPERTIES LABELS "graphics;hardware" TIMEOUT 40)
+            foreach(library ${webscene_graphics_libraries})
+                add_custom_command(TARGET webscene_graphics_service_tests POST_BUILD
+                    COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+                        "$<TARGET_FILE:${library}>" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_graphics_service_tests>")
+            endforeach()
+            foreach(library EGL GLESv2)
+                add_custom_command(TARGET webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests POST_BUILD
+                    COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+                        "$<TARGET_FILE:webscene_angle_${library}>" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_graphics_angle_context_tests>")
+            endforeach()
+        endif()
+    endif()
+    add_custom_command(TARGET webscene_native_engine POST_BUILD
+        COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+            "$<TARGET_FILE:dawn::webgpu_dawn>" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_native_engine>")
+    if(WIN32)
+        add_custom_command(TARGET webscene_native_engine POST_BUILD
+            COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+                "${WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT}/dawn/bin/d3dcompiler_47.dll" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_native_engine>")
+    endif()
+    if(APPLE)
+        set_target_properties(webscene_native_engine PROPERTIES BUILD_RPATH "@loader_path")
+    elseif(UNIX)
+        set_target_properties(webscene_native_engine PROPERTIES BUILD_RPATH "$ORIGIN")
+    endif()
+    if(NOT APPLE)
+        foreach(library EGL GLESv2)
+            add_custom_command(TARGET webscene_native_engine POST_BUILD
+                COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy_if_different
+                    "$<TARGET_FILE:webscene_angle_${library}>" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:webscene_native_engine>")
+        endforeach()
+    endif()
+endif()
+
 option(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8 "Link the engine directly to the pinned V8 monolith" OFF)
 option(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8_INSPECTOR
     "Compile V8 Inspector state, hooks, queues, and worker dispatch into the runtime"
@@ -373,6 +510,9 @@ if(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8)
     if(NOT EXISTS "${WEBSCENE_V8_ICU_DATA}")
         message(FATAL_ERROR "WebScene native engine: ICU data not found at ${WEBSCENE_V8_ICU_DATA}")
     endif()
+    if(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8_INSPECTOR)
+        include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/cmake/VerifyV8Inspector.cmake")
+    endif()
 
     # WebSocket I/O is a native implementation detail. IXWebSocket supplies a
     # portable RFC 6455 client while the WebScene adapter below owns all V8
@@ -915,7 +1055,7 @@ if(MSVC)
     # conformance switch is enabled. V8 checks __cplusplus directly when
     # enforcing its C++20 embedder requirement.
     target_compile_options(webscene_native_engine PRIVATE
-        /W4 /permissive- /GR- /wd4996 /std:c++20 /Zc:__cplusplus)
+        /W4 /permissive- /GR- /wd4996 /std:c++20 /Zc:__cplusplus /bigobj)
     target_compile_definitions(webscene_native_engine PRIVATE NOMINMAX)
     if(TARGET webscene_native_engine_tests)
         set_property(TARGET webscene_native_engine_tests PROPERTY
@@ -1009,3 +1149,48 @@ if(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_DENSE_LINK)
         endif()
     endif()
 endif()
+
+# White-box runtime coverage without adding test hooks to the production C ABI.
+# Compile the same source/configuration graph into a separate executable.
+if(BUILD_TESTING AND WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS AND WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8)
+    get_target_property(graphics_runtime_sources webscene_native_engine SOURCES)
+    add_executable(webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests
+        tests/graphics_v8_runtime_tests.cpp ${graphics_runtime_sources})
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests PRIVATE
+        "$<TARGET_PROPERTY:webscene_native_engine,INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES>")
+    target_compile_definitions(webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests PRIVATE
+        WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SCENE_TESTS=1
+        "$<TARGET_PROPERTY:webscene_native_engine,COMPILE_DEFINITIONS>")
+    target_compile_options(webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests PRIVATE
+        "$<TARGET_PROPERTY:webscene_native_engine,COMPILE_OPTIONS>")
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests PRIVATE
+        "$<TARGET_PROPERTY:webscene_native_engine,LINK_LIBRARIES>" Threads::Threads)
+    # Preserve toolchain/LTO options, excluding the production ABI export lists.
+    target_link_options(webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests PRIVATE
+        "$<FILTER:$<TARGET_PROPERTY:webscene_native_engine,LINK_OPTIONS>,EXCLUDE,exported_symbols_list|version-script>")
+    get_target_property(graphics_runtime_ipo webscene_native_engine INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION)
+    if(graphics_runtime_ipo)
+        set_property(TARGET webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests PROPERTY INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION TRUE)
+    endif()
+    add_dependencies(webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests webscene_native_engine)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests)
+    set_tests_properties(webscene_graphics_v8_runtime_tests PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 30 LABELS "graphics;runtime;hardware")
+endif()
+
+if(BUILD_TESTING AND APPLE AND WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    enable_language(OBJCXX)
+    add_executable(webscene_graphics_metal_event_handoff_tests tests/graphics_metal_event_handoff.mm)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_metal_event_handoff_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_compile_options(webscene_graphics_metal_event_handoff_tests PRIVATE -fobjc-arc)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_metal_event_handoff_tests PRIVATE dawn::webgpu_dawn "-framework Foundation" "-framework Metal")
+    add_test(NAME webscene_graphics_metal_event_handoff_tests COMMAND webscene_graphics_metal_event_handoff_tests)
+    set_tests_properties(webscene_graphics_metal_event_handoff_tests PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 15 LABELS "graphics;hardware;metal")
+    # Private managed-interop fixture, deliberately excluded from install/package targets.
+    add_library(webscene_graphics_iosurface_fixture SHARED EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL tests/graphics_iosurface_fixture.cpp)
+    target_compile_features(webscene_graphics_iosurface_fixture PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    target_compile_options(webscene_graphics_iosurface_fixture PRIVATE -fno-rtti)
+    target_include_directories(webscene_graphics_iosurface_fixture PRIVATE native)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_graphics_iosurface_fixture PRIVATE dawn::webgpu_dawn
+        "-framework CoreFoundation" "-framework IOSurface" "-framework CoreVideo" "-framework OpenGL")
+endif()
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/cmake/VerifyV8Inspector.cmake b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/cmake/VerifyV8Inspector.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f561ce42f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/cmake/VerifyV8Inspector.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# A patched header paired with an older archive changes V8Inspector's vtable
+# layout. Header-only validation accepts that pair, but later virtual calls
+# dispatch to unrelated functions. Require the patch's compiled implementation.
+file(READ "${WEBSCENE_V8_ROOT}/include/v8-inspector.h" inspector_header)
+if(NOT inspector_header MATCHES "virtual void consoleAPICalled")
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "V8 Inspector requires WebScene's console bridge patch in both headers and monolith. Rebuild the V8 SDK.")
+endif()
+set(inspector_llvm_nm "${WEBSCENE_V8_ROOT}/third_party/llvm-build/Release+Asserts/bin/llvm-nm")
+if(WIN32)
+    string(APPEND inspector_llvm_nm ".exe")
+endif()
+if(EXISTS "${inspector_llvm_nm}")
+    # Match the archive's LLVM version, including ThinLTO bitcode members.
+    set(inspector_symbol_tool "${inspector_llvm_nm}")
+    set(inspector_symbol_args -g --defined-only)
+elseif(MSVC)
+    get_filename_component(inspector_linker_directory "${CMAKE_LINKER}" DIRECTORY)
+    find_program(inspector_symbol_tool NAMES dumpbin HINTS "${inspector_linker_directory}" REQUIRED)
+    set(inspector_symbol_args /symbols)
+elseif(APPLE)
+    set(inspector_symbol_tool "${CMAKE_NM}")
+    set(inspector_symbol_args -g -U)
+else()
+    set(inspector_symbol_tool "${CMAKE_NM}")
+    set(inspector_symbol_args -g --defined-only)
+endif()
+execute_process(
+    COMMAND "${inspector_symbol_tool}" ${inspector_symbol_args} "${WEBSCENE_V8_MONOLITH}"
+    RESULT_VARIABLE inspector_symbols_status
+    OUTPUT_VARIABLE inspector_symbols
+    ERROR_VARIABLE inspector_symbols_error
+    TIMEOUT 120)
+if(NOT inspector_symbols_status STREQUAL "0")
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot verify the V8 Inspector archive ABI: ${inspector_symbols_error}")
+endif()
+# Itanium and MSVC put the class/method names in opposite orders. On MSVC,
+# exclude UNDEF records: a reference does not prove the implementation exists.
+# Anchor each attempt at a line boundary. dumpbin emits a very large symbol
+# table on Windows; an unanchored leading wildcard rescans each long line.
+string(REGEX MATCHALL "(^|\n)[^\n]*V8InspectorImpl[^\n]*" inspector_symbol_lines "${inspector_symbols}")
+set(inspector_bridge_found OFF)
+foreach(symbol_line IN LISTS inspector_symbol_lines)
+    if(symbol_line MATCHES "consoleAPICalled" AND NOT symbol_line MATCHES "UNDEF")
+        set(inspector_bridge_found ON)
+    endif()
+endforeach()
+if(NOT inspector_bridge_found)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "V8 Inspector header/archive ABI mismatch: the header declares the console bridge but the monolith has no V8InspectorImpl::consoleAPICalled implementation. Rebuild the monolith after applying V8InspectorConsolePatch.txt; do not reuse an older archive.")
+endif()
+unset(inspector_symbols)
+unset(inspector_symbol_lines)
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/generated/webscene_dom_bindings.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/generated/webscene_dom_bindings.inc
index 203b3fb8c..81527bc51 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/generated/webscene_dom_bindings.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/generated/webscene_dom_bindings.inc
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Generated by tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate.mjs. Do not edit.
-// Exposure manifest SHA-256: 9c41098f8ed9eb686b70b5a75b3368bd8eb2c897704e658c5fb2a976b10e511c
+// Exposure manifest SHA-256: 65954cdff2f92cf111e965bd3fcf2617570cd74a3ec7a728e2dee2e4a20c27fb
 // Inputs: @webref/idl 3.82.1, webidl2 24.5.0.
 
 enum class generated_dom_interface : uint8_t {
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@ enum class generated_dom_interface : uint8_t {
     DocumentFragment,
     ShadowRoot,
     Element,
+    SVGElement,
     HTMLElement,
     HTMLTableCellElement,
+    HTMLDialogElement,
     HTMLFormElement,
     HTMLSelectElement,
     HTMLScriptElement,
@@ -92,12 +94,18 @@ static bool generated_dom_receiver_is(
     case generated_dom_interface::Element:
         return !self->element_template.IsEmpty()
             && self->element_template.Get(isolate)->HasInstance(receiver);
+    case generated_dom_interface::SVGElement:
+        return !self->svg_element_template.IsEmpty()
+            && self->svg_element_template.Get(isolate)->HasInstance(receiver);
     case generated_dom_interface::HTMLElement:
         return !self->html_element_template.IsEmpty()
             && self->html_element_template.Get(isolate)->HasInstance(receiver);
     case generated_dom_interface::HTMLTableCellElement:
         return !self->html_table_cell_element_template.IsEmpty()
             && self->html_table_cell_element_template.Get(isolate)->HasInstance(receiver);
+    case generated_dom_interface::HTMLDialogElement:
+        return !self->html_dialog_element_template.IsEmpty()
+            && self->html_dialog_element_template.Get(isolate)->HasInstance(receiver);
     case generated_dom_interface::HTMLFormElement:
         return !self->html_form_element_template.IsEmpty()
             && self->html_form_element_template.Get(isolate)->HasInstance(receiver);
@@ -121,9 +129,15 @@ static std::optional<uint32_t> generated_standalone_event_target_id(
     v8::Isolate* isolate,
     v8::Local<v8::Object> receiver)
 {
+    if (receiver.IsEmpty()) return std::nullopt;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> identity;
+    auto key = v8::Private::ForApi(isolate, js_string(isolate, "WebScene.EventTarget.identity"));
+    if (receiver->GetPrivate(isolate->GetCurrentContext(), key).ToLocal(&identity) && identity->IsUint32())
+        return identity.As<v8::Uint32>()->Value();
     if (receiver.IsEmpty() || receiver->InternalFieldCount() < 2) {
         return std::nullopt;
     }
+    if (!receiver->GetInternalField(1)->IsValue()) return std::nullopt;
     auto value = receiver->GetInternalField(1).As<v8::Value>();
     if (!value->IsUint32()) return std::nullopt;
     return value->Uint32Value(isolate->GetCurrentContext()).FromMaybe(0U);
@@ -863,6 +877,17 @@ static void generated_Element_shadowRoot_get(
     get_shadow_root(info.Data().As<v8::Name>(), info);
 }
 
+static void generated_SVGElement_style_get(
+    v8::Local<v8::Name>,
+    const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
+{
+    if (!generated_dom_receiver_is(info.GetIsolate(), info.Holder(), generated_dom_interface::SVGElement)) {
+        throw_generated_illegal_invocation(info.GetIsolate());
+        return;
+    }
+    get_style(info.Data().As<v8::Name>(), info);
+}
+
 static void generated_HTMLElement_style_get(
     v8::Local<v8::Name>,
     const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
@@ -885,6 +910,29 @@ static void generated_HTMLElement_dataset_get(
     get_dataset(info.Data().As<v8::Name>(), info);
 }
 
+static void generated_HTMLElement_inert_get(
+    v8::Local<v8::Name>,
+    const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
+{
+    if (!generated_dom_receiver_is(info.GetIsolate(), info.Holder(), generated_dom_interface::HTMLElement)) {
+        throw_generated_illegal_invocation(info.GetIsolate());
+        return;
+    }
+    get_inert(info.Data().As<v8::Name>(), info);
+}
+
+static void generated_HTMLElement_inert_set(
+    v8::Local<v8::Name>,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value,
+    const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<void>& info)
+{
+    if (!generated_dom_receiver_is(info.GetIsolate(), info.Holder(), generated_dom_interface::HTMLElement)) {
+        throw_generated_illegal_invocation(info.GetIsolate());
+        return;
+    }
+    set_inert(info.Data().As<v8::Name>(), value, info);
+}
+
 static void generated_HTMLElement_innerText_get(
     v8::Local<v8::Name>,
     const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
@@ -1820,6 +1868,52 @@ static void generated_HTMLElement_contentDocument_get(
     get_content_document(info.Data().As<v8::Name>(), info);
 }
 
+static void generated_HTMLDialogElement_open_get(
+    v8::Local<v8::Name>,
+    const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
+{
+    if (!generated_dom_receiver_is(info.GetIsolate(), info.Holder(), generated_dom_interface::HTMLDialogElement)) {
+        throw_generated_illegal_invocation(info.GetIsolate());
+        return;
+    }
+    get_dialog_open(info.Data().As<v8::Name>(), info);
+}
+
+static void generated_HTMLDialogElement_open_set(
+    v8::Local<v8::Name>,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value,
+    const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<void>& info)
+{
+    if (!generated_dom_receiver_is(info.GetIsolate(), info.Holder(), generated_dom_interface::HTMLDialogElement)) {
+        throw_generated_illegal_invocation(info.GetIsolate());
+        return;
+    }
+    set_dialog_open(info.Data().As<v8::Name>(), value, info);
+}
+
+static void generated_HTMLDialogElement_returnValue_get(
+    v8::Local<v8::Name>,
+    const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
+{
+    if (!generated_dom_receiver_is(info.GetIsolate(), info.Holder(), generated_dom_interface::HTMLDialogElement)) {
+        throw_generated_illegal_invocation(info.GetIsolate());
+        return;
+    }
+    get_dialog_return_value(info.Data().As<v8::Name>(), info);
+}
+
+static void generated_HTMLDialogElement_returnValue_set(
+    v8::Local<v8::Name>,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value,
+    const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<void>& info)
+{
+    if (!generated_dom_receiver_is(info.GetIsolate(), info.Holder(), generated_dom_interface::HTMLDialogElement)) {
+        throw_generated_illegal_invocation(info.GetIsolate());
+        return;
+    }
+    set_dialog_return_value(info.Data().As<v8::Name>(), value, info);
+}
+
 static void generated_HTMLFormElement_length_get(
     v8::Local<v8::Name>,
     const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
@@ -1904,6 +1998,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_EventTarget_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, event_target_constructor);
     generated_EventTarget_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "EventTarget"));
     generated_EventTarget_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "EventTarget"));
+    generated_EventTarget_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "EventTarget"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_EventTarget_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_EventTarget_signature =
         v8::Signature::New(isolate, generated_EventTarget_template);
@@ -1930,6 +2027,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_Node_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_Node_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "Node"));
     generated_Node_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "Node"));
+    generated_Node_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "Node"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_Node_template->Inherit(generated_EventTarget_template);
     generated_Node_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_Node_signature =
@@ -2362,6 +2462,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_Attr_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_Attr_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "Attr"));
     generated_Attr_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "Attr"));
+    generated_Attr_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "Attr"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_Attr_template->Inherit(generated_Node_template);
     generated_Attr_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_Attr_signature =
@@ -2536,6 +2639,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_CharacterData_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_CharacterData_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "CharacterData"));
     generated_CharacterData_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "CharacterData"));
+    generated_CharacterData_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "CharacterData"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_CharacterData_template->Inherit(generated_Node_template);
     generated_CharacterData_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_CharacterData_signature =
@@ -2560,6 +2666,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_Text_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, text_constructor);
     generated_Text_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "Text"));
     generated_Text_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "Text"));
+    generated_Text_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "Text"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_Text_template->Inherit(generated_CharacterData_template);
     generated_Text_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     text_template.Reset(isolate, generated_Text_template);
@@ -2567,6 +2676,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_Comment_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, comment_constructor);
     generated_Comment_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "Comment"));
     generated_Comment_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "Comment"));
+    generated_Comment_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "Comment"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_Comment_template->Inherit(generated_CharacterData_template);
     generated_Comment_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     comment_template.Reset(isolate, generated_Comment_template);
@@ -2574,6 +2686,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_ProcessingInstruction_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_ProcessingInstruction_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "ProcessingInstruction"));
     generated_ProcessingInstruction_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "ProcessingInstruction"));
+    generated_ProcessingInstruction_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "ProcessingInstruction"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_ProcessingInstruction_template->Inherit(generated_CharacterData_template);
     generated_ProcessingInstruction_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_ProcessingInstruction_signature =
@@ -2598,6 +2713,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_DocumentFragment_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_DocumentFragment_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "DocumentFragment"));
     generated_DocumentFragment_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "DocumentFragment"));
+    generated_DocumentFragment_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "DocumentFragment"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_DocumentFragment_template->Inherit(generated_Node_template);
     generated_DocumentFragment_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_DocumentFragment_signature =
@@ -2664,6 +2782,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_ShadowRoot_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_ShadowRoot_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "ShadowRoot"));
     generated_ShadowRoot_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "ShadowRoot"));
+    generated_ShadowRoot_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "ShadowRoot"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_ShadowRoot_template->Inherit(generated_DocumentFragment_template);
     generated_ShadowRoot_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_ShadowRoot_signature =
@@ -2763,6 +2884,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_Element_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_Element_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "Element"));
     generated_Element_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "Element"));
+    generated_Element_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "Element"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_Element_template->Inherit(generated_Node_template);
     generated_Element_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_Element_signature =
@@ -3123,9 +3247,39 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
             v8::ConstructorBehavior::kThrow));
     element_template.Reset(isolate, generated_Element_template);
 
+    auto generated_SVGElement_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
+    generated_SVGElement_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "SVGElement"));
+    generated_SVGElement_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "SVGElement"));
+    generated_SVGElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "SVGElement"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
+    generated_SVGElement_template->Inherit(generated_Element_template);
+    generated_SVGElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
+    auto generated_SVGElement_signature =
+        v8::Signature::New(isolate, generated_SVGElement_template);
+    auto generated_SVGElement_style_symbol = v8::Symbol::New(
+        isolate, js_string(isolate, "WebScene.SVGElement.style"));
+    generated_SVGElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetNativeDataProperty(
+        generated_SVGElement_style_symbol,
+        generated_SVGElement_style_get,
+        nullptr,
+        js_string(isolate, "style"),
+        v8::PropertyAttribute::None);
+    generated_SVGElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->SetAccessorProperty(
+        js_string(isolate, "style"),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(
+            isolate, generated_dom_prototype_attribute_get, generated_SVGElement_style_symbol,
+            generated_SVGElement_signature, 0),
+        v8::Local<v8::FunctionTemplate>(),
+        v8::PropertyAttribute::None);
+    svg_element_template.Reset(isolate, generated_SVGElement_template);
+
     auto generated_HTMLElement_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_HTMLElement_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLElement"));
     generated_HTMLElement_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLElement"));
+    generated_HTMLElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "HTMLElement"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_HTMLElement_template->Inherit(generated_Element_template);
     generated_HTMLElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_HTMLElement_signature =
@@ -3160,6 +3314,21 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
             generated_HTMLElement_signature, 0),
         v8::Local<v8::FunctionTemplate>(),
         v8::PropertyAttribute::None);
+    auto generated_HTMLElement_inert_symbol = v8::Symbol::New(
+        isolate, js_string(isolate, "WebScene.HTMLElement.inert"));
+    generated_HTMLElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetNativeDataProperty(
+        generated_HTMLElement_inert_symbol,
+        generated_HTMLElement_inert_get,
+        generated_HTMLElement_inert_set,
+        js_string(isolate, "inert"),
+        v8::PropertyAttribute::None);
+    generated_HTMLElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->SetAccessorProperty(
+        js_string(isolate, "inert"),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(
+            isolate, generated_dom_prototype_attribute_get, generated_HTMLElement_inert_symbol,
+            generated_HTMLElement_signature, 0),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, generated_dom_prototype_attribute_set, generated_HTMLElement_inert_symbol, generated_HTMLElement_signature, 1),
+        v8::PropertyAttribute::None);
     auto generated_HTMLElement_innerText_symbol = v8::Symbol::New(
         isolate, js_string(isolate, "WebScene.HTMLElement.innerText"));
     generated_HTMLElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetNativeDataProperty(
@@ -3996,13 +4165,85 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_HTMLTableCellElement_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_HTMLTableCellElement_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLTableCellElement"));
     generated_HTMLTableCellElement_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLTableCellElement"));
+    generated_HTMLTableCellElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "HTMLTableCellElement"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_HTMLTableCellElement_template->Inherit(generated_HTMLElement_template);
     generated_HTMLTableCellElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     html_table_cell_element_template.Reset(isolate, generated_HTMLTableCellElement_template);
 
+    auto generated_HTMLDialogElement_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLDialogElement"));
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLDialogElement"));
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "HTMLDialogElement"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->Inherit(generated_HTMLElement_template);
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
+    auto generated_HTMLDialogElement_signature =
+        v8::Signature::New(isolate, generated_HTMLDialogElement_template);
+    auto generated_HTMLDialogElement_open_symbol = v8::Symbol::New(
+        isolate, js_string(isolate, "WebScene.HTMLDialogElement.open"));
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetNativeDataProperty(
+        generated_HTMLDialogElement_open_symbol,
+        generated_HTMLDialogElement_open_get,
+        generated_HTMLDialogElement_open_set,
+        js_string(isolate, "open"),
+        v8::PropertyAttribute::None);
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->SetAccessorProperty(
+        js_string(isolate, "open"),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(
+            isolate, generated_dom_prototype_attribute_get, generated_HTMLDialogElement_open_symbol,
+            generated_HTMLDialogElement_signature, 0),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, generated_dom_prototype_attribute_set, generated_HTMLDialogElement_open_symbol, generated_HTMLDialogElement_signature, 1),
+        v8::PropertyAttribute::None);
+    auto generated_HTMLDialogElement_returnValue_symbol = v8::Symbol::New(
+        isolate, js_string(isolate, "WebScene.HTMLDialogElement.returnValue"));
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetNativeDataProperty(
+        generated_HTMLDialogElement_returnValue_symbol,
+        generated_HTMLDialogElement_returnValue_get,
+        generated_HTMLDialogElement_returnValue_set,
+        js_string(isolate, "returnValue"),
+        v8::PropertyAttribute::None);
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->SetAccessorProperty(
+        js_string(isolate, "returnValue"),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(
+            isolate, generated_dom_prototype_attribute_get, generated_HTMLDialogElement_returnValue_symbol,
+            generated_HTMLDialogElement_signature, 0),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, generated_dom_prototype_attribute_set, generated_HTMLDialogElement_returnValue_symbol, generated_HTMLDialogElement_signature, 1),
+        v8::PropertyAttribute::None);
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        js_string(isolate, "show"),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(
+            isolate, dialog_show, v8::Local<v8::Value>(),
+            generated_HTMLDialogElement_signature, 0,
+            v8::ConstructorBehavior::kThrow));
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        js_string(isolate, "showModal"),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(
+            isolate, dialog_show_modal, v8::Local<v8::Value>(),
+            generated_HTMLDialogElement_signature, 0,
+            v8::ConstructorBehavior::kThrow));
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        js_string(isolate, "close"),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(
+            isolate, dialog_close, v8::Local<v8::Value>(),
+            generated_HTMLDialogElement_signature, 0,
+            v8::ConstructorBehavior::kThrow));
+    generated_HTMLDialogElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        js_string(isolate, "requestClose"),
+        v8::FunctionTemplate::New(
+            isolate, dialog_request_close, v8::Local<v8::Value>(),
+            generated_HTMLDialogElement_signature, 0,
+            v8::ConstructorBehavior::kThrow));
+    html_dialog_element_template.Reset(isolate, generated_HTMLDialogElement_template);
+
     auto generated_HTMLFormElement_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_HTMLFormElement_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLFormElement"));
     generated_HTMLFormElement_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLFormElement"));
+    generated_HTMLFormElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "HTMLFormElement"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_HTMLFormElement_template->Inherit(generated_HTMLElement_template);
     generated_HTMLFormElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     generated_HTMLFormElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetHandler(
@@ -4029,6 +4270,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_HTMLSelectElement_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_HTMLSelectElement_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLSelectElement"));
     generated_HTMLSelectElement_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLSelectElement"));
+    generated_HTMLSelectElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "HTMLSelectElement"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_HTMLSelectElement_template->Inherit(generated_HTMLElement_template);
     generated_HTMLSelectElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     generated_HTMLSelectElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetHandler(
@@ -4055,6 +4299,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_HTMLScriptElement_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_HTMLScriptElement_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLScriptElement"));
     generated_HTMLScriptElement_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLScriptElement"));
+    generated_HTMLScriptElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "HTMLScriptElement"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_HTMLScriptElement_template->Inherit(generated_HTMLElement_template);
     generated_HTMLScriptElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_HTMLScriptElement_signature =
@@ -4079,6 +4326,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_HTMLSlotElement_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_HTMLSlotElement_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLSlotElement"));
     generated_HTMLSlotElement_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLSlotElement"));
+    generated_HTMLSlotElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "HTMLSlotElement"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_HTMLSlotElement_template->Inherit(generated_HTMLElement_template);
     generated_HTMLSlotElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_HTMLSlotElement_signature =
@@ -4115,6 +4365,9 @@ void install_generated_dom_templates(v8::Local<v8::Context>)
     auto generated_HTMLStyleElement_template = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, illegal_dom_constructor);
     generated_HTMLStyleElement_template->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLStyleElement"));
     generated_HTMLStyleElement_template->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, "HTMLStyleElement"));
+    generated_HTMLStyleElement_template->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(
+        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "HTMLStyleElement"),
+        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));
     generated_HTMLStyleElement_template->Inherit(generated_HTMLElement_template);
     generated_HTMLStyleElement_template->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
     auto generated_HTMLStyleElement_signature =
@@ -4224,6 +4477,10 @@ void install_generated_dom_constructors(
         ->GetFunction(local_context).ToLocalChecked();
     global->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "Element"),
         generated_Element_constructor).Check();
+    auto generated_SVGElement_constructor = svg_element_template.Get(isolate)
+        ->GetFunction(local_context).ToLocalChecked();
+    global->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "SVGElement"),
+        generated_SVGElement_constructor).Check();
     auto generated_HTMLElement_constructor = html_element_template.Get(isolate)
         ->GetFunction(local_context).ToLocalChecked();
     global->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "HTMLElement"),
@@ -4232,6 +4489,10 @@ void install_generated_dom_constructors(
         ->GetFunction(local_context).ToLocalChecked();
     global->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "HTMLTableCellElement"),
         generated_HTMLTableCellElement_constructor).Check();
+    auto generated_HTMLDialogElement_constructor = html_dialog_element_template.Get(isolate)
+        ->GetFunction(local_context).ToLocalChecked();
+    global->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "HTMLDialogElement"),
+        generated_HTMLDialogElement_constructor).Check();
     auto generated_HTMLFormElement_constructor = html_form_element_template.Get(isolate)
         ->GetFunction(local_context).ToLocalChecked();
     global->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "HTMLFormElement"),
@@ -4264,8 +4525,6 @@ void install_generated_dom_constructors(
         generated_HTMLElement_constructor).Check();
     global->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "HTMLParagraphElement"),
         generated_HTMLElement_constructor).Check();
-    global->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "SVGElement"),
-        generated_Element_constructor).Check();
     global->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "Window"),
         generated_EventTarget_constructor).Check();
 }
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/angle_context.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/angle_context.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e41838b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/angle_context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "angle_display.h"
+#include <EGL/egl.h>
+#include <EGL/eglext.h>
+#include <EGL/eglext_angle.h>
+#include <GLES2/gl2.h>
+#include <GLES2/gl2ext.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <thread>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Distinguish recoverable context loss from stale handles and execution bugs.
+class angle_context_lost : public std::runtime_error {
+public:
+    angle_context_lost() : std::runtime_error("ANGLE context is lost") {}
+};
+// A context retains its display owner's lease. The display service, not each
+// context, initializes/terminates EGL; destroying one context cannot terminate
+// the display used by another engine/context.
+class angle_context {
+    const std::thread::id thread_ = std::this_thread::get_id();
+    std::shared_ptr<angle_display> display_lease_;
+    EGLDisplay display_;
+    EGLContext context_{EGL_NO_CONTEXT};
+    EGLSurface surface_{EGL_NO_SURFACE};
+    bool lost_{};
+    PFNGLGETGRAPHICSRESETSTATUSEXTPROC reset_status_{};
+    void check_thread() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_)
+            throw std::logic_error("ANGLE context requires its execution thread");
+    }
+public:
+    angle_context(std::shared_ptr<angle_display> display_lease, EGLConfig config, EGLint major)
+        : display_lease_(std::move(display_lease)),
+          display_(display_lease_ ? display_lease_->get() : EGL_NO_DISPLAY) {
+        if (!display_lease_ || display_==EGL_NO_DISPLAY || (major!=2 && major!=3))
+            throw std::invalid_argument("ANGLE context requires a display lease and ES version");
+        const auto* extensions=eglQueryString(display_,EGL_EXTENSIONS);
+        if(!extensions || (std::string(" ")+extensions+" ").find(" EGL_EXT_create_context_robustness ")==std::string::npos)
+            throw std::runtime_error("ANGLE context reset notification is required");
+        reset_status_=reinterpret_cast<PFNGLGETGRAPHICSRESETSTATUSEXTPROC>(eglGetProcAddress("glGetGraphicsResetStatusEXT"));
+        if(!reset_status_) throw std::runtime_error("ANGLE reset status entry point missing");
+        if (!eglBindAPI(EGL_OPENGL_ES_API)) throw std::runtime_error("Cannot bind ANGLE ES API");
+        const EGLint surface_attributes[]={EGL_WIDTH,1,EGL_HEIGHT,1,EGL_NONE};
+        surface_=eglCreatePbufferSurface(display_,config,surface_attributes);
+        if (surface_==EGL_NO_SURFACE) throw std::runtime_error("Cannot create ANGLE backing surface");
+        const EGLint attributes[]={EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION,major,
+            EGL_CONTEXT_WEBGL_COMPATIBILITY_ANGLE,EGL_TRUE,
+            EGL_ROBUST_RESOURCE_INITIALIZATION_ANGLE,EGL_TRUE,
+            EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_RESET_NOTIFICATION_STRATEGY_EXT,EGL_LOSE_CONTEXT_ON_RESET_EXT,EGL_NONE};
+        context_=eglCreateContext(display_,config,EGL_NO_CONTEXT,attributes);
+        if (context_==EGL_NO_CONTEXT) {
+            eglDestroySurface(display_,surface_);
+            throw std::runtime_error("Cannot create isolated WebGL-compatible ANGLE context");
+        }
+    }
+    angle_context(const angle_context&)=delete;
+    angle_context& operator=(const angle_context&)=delete;
+    ~angle_context() {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_) std::terminate();
+        if (eglGetCurrentContext()==context_)
+            if (!eglMakeCurrent(display_,EGL_NO_SURFACE,EGL_NO_SURFACE,EGL_NO_CONTEXT)) std::terminate();
+        eglDestroyContext(display_,context_);
+        eglDestroySurface(display_,surface_);
+    }
+    bool is_lost() const { check_thread(); return lost_; }
+    // Only query while this context is current. Loss is sticky across scopes.
+    bool poll_loss() {
+        check_thread();
+        if(eglGetCurrentContext()!=context_) throw std::logic_error("ANGLE loss query requires current context");
+        lost_=lost_ || reset_status_()!=GL_NO_ERROR;
+        return lost_;
+    }
+    class scope {
+        angle_context& owner_;
+        EGLDisplay previous_display_;
+        EGLContext previous_context_;
+        EGLSurface previous_draw_,previous_read_;
+        void restore() noexcept {
+            const auto display=previous_display_==EGL_NO_DISPLAY ? owner_.display_ : previous_display_;
+            if(previous_context_==owner_.context_ && owner_.lost_) {
+                if(!eglMakeCurrent(display,EGL_NO_SURFACE,EGL_NO_SURFACE,EGL_NO_CONTEXT)) std::terminate();
+                return;
+            }
+            if(!eglMakeCurrent(display,previous_draw_,previous_read_,previous_context_)) {
+                // A device-wide reset can invalidate the previous context too.
+                if(eglGetError()!=EGL_CONTEXT_LOST || !eglMakeCurrent(display,EGL_NO_SURFACE,EGL_NO_SURFACE,EGL_NO_CONTEXT))
+                    std::terminate();
+            }
+        }
+    public:
+        explicit scope(angle_context& owner) : owner_(owner) {
+            owner_.check_thread();
+            if(owner_.lost_) throw angle_context_lost();
+            previous_display_=eglGetCurrentDisplay();
+            previous_context_=eglGetCurrentContext();
+            previous_draw_=eglGetCurrentSurface(EGL_DRAW);
+            previous_read_=eglGetCurrentSurface(EGL_READ);
+            if (!eglMakeCurrent(owner_.display_,owner_.surface_,owner_.surface_,owner_.context_)) {
+                if(eglGetError()==EGL_CONTEXT_LOST) { owner_.lost_=true; throw angle_context_lost(); }
+                throw std::runtime_error("Cannot activate ANGLE context");
+            }
+            if(owner_.poll_loss()) { restore(); throw angle_context_lost(); }
+        }
+        scope(const scope&)=delete;
+        scope& operator=(const scope&)=delete;
+        ~scope() {
+            if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=owner_.thread_) std::terminate();
+            if(eglGetCurrentContext()==owner_.context_) owner_.poll_loss();
+            restore();
+        }
+    };
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/angle_display.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/angle_display.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e90ef116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/angle_display.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <EGL/egl.h>
+#include <EGL/eglext.h>
+#include <EGL/eglext_angle.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// EGL initialization is display-wide, not reference-counted per engine. Serialize
+// acquisition and final termination, including the interval after the last lease
+// expires, so another engine cannot initialize a display just before it is killed.
+class angle_display {
+    struct registry {
+        std::mutex mutex;
+        std::unordered_map<EGLDisplay,size_t> references;
+    };
+    std::shared_ptr<registry> registry_;
+    EGLDisplay display_;
+    bool registered_{};
+    angle_display(std::shared_ptr<registry> state,EGLDisplay display)
+        : registry_(std::move(state)),display_(display) {}
+public:
+    angle_display(const angle_display&)=delete;
+    angle_display& operator=(const angle_display&)=delete;
+    ~angle_display() {
+        if (!registered_) return;
+        std::lock_guard lock(registry_->mutex);
+        auto item=registry_->references.find(display_);
+        if (item==registry_->references.end()) std::terminate();
+        if (--item->second==0) {
+            eglTerminate(display_);
+            registry_->references.erase(item);
+        }
+    }
+    static std::shared_ptr<angle_display> acquire(EGLint backend) {
+        static auto state=std::make_shared<registry>();
+        auto get_display=reinterpret_cast<PFNEGLGETPLATFORMDISPLAYEXTPROC>(
+            eglGetProcAddress("eglGetPlatformDisplayEXT"));
+        if (!get_display) throw std::runtime_error("ANGLE platform display entry point missing");
+        const EGLint attributes[]={EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_ANGLE,backend,
+            EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_DEVICE_TYPE_ANGLE,EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_DEVICE_TYPE_HARDWARE_ANGLE,EGL_NONE};
+        std::lock_guard lock(state->mutex);
+        auto display=get_display(EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_ANGLE,nullptr,attributes);
+        if (display==EGL_NO_DISPLAY) throw std::runtime_error("ANGLE hardware display unavailable");
+        auto lease=std::shared_ptr<angle_display>(new angle_display(state,display));
+        auto [item,inserted]=state->references.try_emplace(display,0);
+        if (inserted && !eglInitialize(display,nullptr,nullptr)) {
+            state->references.erase(item);
+            throw std::runtime_error("ANGLE hardware display initialization failed");
+        }
+        ++item->second;
+        lease->registered_=true;
+        return lease;
+    }
+    EGLDisplay get() const noexcept { return display_; }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/canvas_backing.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/canvas_backing.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bf04ed94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/canvas_backing.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "resource_table.h"
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+enum class canvas_context_mode : uint32_t { none, two_d, webgl1, webgl2, webgpu, media };
+// Canvas identity is independent of DOM attachment, scene acknowledgement and
+// native image allocation. This metadata owns no pixels or backend pointers.
+class canvas_backing {
+    const uint64_t identity_=new_owner_token();
+    canvas_context_mode mode_{};
+    uint32_t width_=300,height_=150;
+    uint64_t allocation_generation_=1,content_serial_{},content_floor_{};
+public:
+    canvas_backing()=default;
+    canvas_backing(const canvas_backing&)=delete;
+    canvas_backing& operator=(const canvas_backing&)=delete;
+    uint64_t identity() const noexcept { return identity_; }
+    canvas_context_mode mode() const noexcept { return mode_; }
+    uint32_t width() const noexcept { return width_; }
+    uint32_t height() const noexcept { return height_; }
+    uint64_t allocation_generation() const noexcept { return allocation_generation_; }
+    uint64_t content_serial() const noexcept { return content_serial_; }
+    bool accepts_completed_content(uint64_t serial) const noexcept {
+        return serial>=content_floor_ && serial<=content_serial_;
+    }
+    bool claim_context(canvas_context_mode mode) noexcept {
+        if (mode==canvas_context_mode::none || static_cast<uint32_t>(mode)>static_cast<uint32_t>(canvas_context_mode::media)) return false;
+        if (mode_!=canvas_context_mode::none && mode_!=mode) return false;
+        mode_=mode;
+        return true;
+    }
+    void publish_content() {
+        if (content_serial_==UINT64_MAX) throw std::overflow_error("canvas content serial exhausted");
+        ++content_serial_;
+    }
+    // Bitmap reset changes content even at the same dimensions. Only storage
+    // dimension changes advance the allocation generation; CSS size is separate.
+    void reset_bitmap(uint32_t width,uint32_t height) {
+        const bool changed=width!=width_ || height!=height_;
+        if (content_serial_==UINT64_MAX || (changed && allocation_generation_==UINT64_MAX))
+            throw std::overflow_error("canvas backing version exhausted");
+        width_=width; height_=height;
+        if (changed) ++allocation_generation_;
+        ++content_serial_;
+        content_floor_=content_serial_;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/command_channel.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/command_channel.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0bdd8f857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/command_channel.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "completion_mailbox.h"
+#include "work_queue.h"
+#include <array>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+class graphics_service;
+// Internal native dispatch ABI. Arguments are values/generation handles only;
+// the upload span owns all transient input. Dispatchers are static native code,
+// never V8 callbacks, and must report validation failures without throwing.
+struct graphics_command {
+    using arguments=std::array<uint64_t,8>;
+    void (*execute)(graphics_service&,std::span<const std::byte>,const arguments&) noexcept{};
+    arguments values{};
+};
+// A producer endpoint may outlive the engine. It has no engine pointer and stops
+// admission on close; finalizers/driver threads can safely retain this endpoint.
+class command_channel {
+    work_queue<graphics_command> queue_;
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake_;
+public:
+    command_channel(size_t capacity,size_t upload_limit,std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake)
+        : queue_(capacity,upload_limit),wake_(std::move(wake)) {}
+    enqueue_result enqueue(graphics_command command,std::span<const std::byte> upload={}) {
+        if (!command.execute) throw std::invalid_argument("native graphics dispatcher is required");
+        const auto result=queue_.try_push(command,upload);
+        if (result==enqueue_result::accepted && wake_) wake_->signal();
+        return result;
+    }
+    queue_metrics metrics() const { return queue_.metrics(); }
+private:
+    friend class graphics_service;
+    template<class Execute> bool consume_one(Execute execute) { return queue_.consume_one(execute); }
+    void close() { queue_.close(); }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/completion_mailbox.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/completion_mailbox.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e0f90d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/completion_mailbox.h
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "resource_table.h"
+#include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+enum class completion_status { success, failed, cancelled, device_lost };
+struct completion_record {
+    uint64_t operation{};
+    resource_owner owner{};
+    completion_status status{};
+};
+struct completion_ticket { uint64_t mailbox{}; uint64_t generation{}; size_t slot{}; };
+// Wake implementations may only signal an engine task queue, never enter V8.
+// Shared ownership lets late driver callbacks finish without touching a dead engine.
+struct completion_wake {
+    virtual ~completion_wake() = default;
+    virtual void signal() noexcept = 0;
+};
+struct completion_metrics {
+    size_t pending{},ready{},high_water{},native_pending{},occupied{};
+    uint64_t admitted{},delivered{},rejected_publications{},saturated_reservations{};
+    uint64_t latency_samples{},total_latency_ns{},max_latency_ns{};
+};
+class completion_mailbox {
+    enum class state { free, pending, ready };
+    struct slot {
+        state phase{state::free};
+        uint64_t generation{};
+        bool native_pending{};
+        bool requires_polling{true};
+        completion_record record{};
+        std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point admitted_at{};
+    };
+    const uint64_t identity_ = new_owner_token();
+    const std::thread::id engine_thread_ = std::this_thread::get_id();
+    mutable std::mutex mutex_;
+    std::vector<slot> slots_;
+    std::vector<size_t> ready_;
+    size_t head_{};
+    size_t count_{};
+    size_t pending_{};
+    size_t native_pending_{};
+    size_t occupied_{};
+    bool closed_{};
+    const bool measure_latency_;
+    completion_metrics metrics_{};
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake_;
+    void check_engine() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id() != engine_thread_)
+            throw std::logic_error("graphics completion delivery requires engine thread");
+    }
+    void make_ready(size_t index) {
+        auto& item = slots_[index];
+        if (item.phase != state::ready) {
+            if (item.phase == state::pending) --pending_;
+            ready_[(head_ + count_) % ready_.size()] = index;
+            ++count_;
+            item.phase = state::ready;
+        }
+    }
+public:
+    completion_mailbox(size_t capacity, std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake, bool measure_latency=false)
+        : slots_(capacity), ready_(capacity), measure_latency_(measure_latency), wake_(std::move(wake)) {
+        if (!capacity) throw std::invalid_argument("completion capacity must be positive");
+    }
+    // Reserve BEFORE issuing an asynchronous backend operation. Every admitted
+    // operation owns a completion slot, so driver callbacks can never overflow.
+    std::optional<completion_ticket> reserve(uint64_t operation, resource_owner owner, bool requires_polling=true) {
+        check_engine();
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if (closed_) return {};
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < slots_.size(); ++i) {
+            auto& item = slots_[i];
+            if (item.phase == state::free && !item.native_pending && item.generation != UINT64_MAX) {
+                ++item.generation;
+                item.phase = state::pending;
+                ++pending_;
+                item.native_pending=true;
+                item.requires_polling=requires_polling;
+                ++native_pending_;
+                ++occupied_;
+                ++metrics_.admitted;
+                metrics_.high_water=std::max(metrics_.high_water,occupied_);
+                if (measure_latency_) item.admitted_at=std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+                item.record = {operation, owner, completion_status::success};
+                return completion_ticket{identity_, item.generation, i};
+            }
+        }
+        ++metrics_.saturated_reservations;
+        return {};
+    }
+    // Called exactly once by the operation's native completion, even after
+    // logical cancellation. Retirement frees a cancelled slot for safe reuse.
+    bool publish(completion_ticket ticket, completion_status status) {
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake;
+        bool accepted=false;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            if (ticket.mailbox != identity_ || ticket.slot >= slots_.size()) {
+                ++metrics_.rejected_publications; return false;
+            }
+            auto& item = slots_[ticket.slot];
+            if (item.generation != ticket.generation || !item.native_pending) {
+                ++metrics_.rejected_publications; return false;
+            }
+            item.native_pending=false;
+            --native_pending_;
+            if (item.phase==state::free) --occupied_;
+            if (!closed_ && item.phase==state::pending) {
+                item.record.status=status;
+                make_ready(ticket.slot);
+                accepted=true;
+            } else ++metrics_.rejected_publications;
+            // Also wake capacity waiters when a cancelled operation retires.
+            wake=wake_;
+        }
+        if (wake) wake->signal();
+        return accepted;
+    }
+    void cancel_owner(resource_owner owner, completion_status status = completion_status::cancelled) {
+        check_engine();
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < slots_.size(); ++i) {
+            auto& item = slots_[i];
+            if (item.phase != state::free && item.record.owner == owner) {
+                item.record.status = status;
+                make_ready(i);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    void close() {
+        check_engine();
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        closed_ = true;
+        wake_.reset();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < slots_.size(); ++i)
+            if (slots_[i].phase != state::free) {
+                slots_[i].record.status = completion_status::cancelled;
+                make_ready(i);
+            }
+    }
+    completion_metrics metrics() const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        auto result=metrics_;
+        result.pending=pending_; result.ready=count_;
+        result.native_pending=native_pending_; result.occupied=occupied_;
+        return result;
+    }
+    bool has_pending() const { std::lock_guard lock(mutex_); return pending_ != 0 || native_pending_ != 0; }
+    // Spontaneous lifetime callbacks need capacity and wake delivery, but must
+    // not cause a one-millisecond poll for the entire lifetime of a device.
+    bool has_pollable_pending() const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        return std::any_of(slots_.begin(),slots_.end(),[](const auto& item){
+            return item.requires_polling && (item.phase==state::pending || item.native_pending);
+        });
+    }
+    bool has_ready() const { std::lock_guard lock(mutex_); return count_ != 0; }
+    template<class Deliver> bool drain_one(Deliver deliver) {
+        check_engine();
+        completion_record record;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            if (!count_) return false;
+            auto& item = slots_[ready_[head_]];
+            record = item.record;
+            ++metrics_.delivered;
+            if (measure_latency_) {
+                const auto elapsed=static_cast<uint64_t>(std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
+                    std::chrono::steady_clock::now()-item.admitted_at).count());
+                ++metrics_.latency_samples;
+                metrics_.total_latency_ns+=elapsed;
+                metrics_.max_latency_ns=std::max(metrics_.max_latency_ns,elapsed);
+            }
+            item.phase = state::free;
+            if (!item.native_pending) --occupied_;
+            head_ = (head_ + 1) % ready_.size();
+            --count_;
+        }
+        deliver(record); // Only this engine-thread scope may resolve JS promises.
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d11_scene_consumer.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d11_scene_consumer.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4c56c754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d11_scene_consumer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#pragma once
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include "image_lease_abi.h"
+#include "d3d12_canvas_images.h"
+#include <d3d11_4.h>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Borrows the image consumer; its caller keeps that lease until poll reports
+// completion. Owns every opened texture/fence and the actual host context.
+// Ordinary use performs no CPU pixel transfer and no CPU GPU-completion wait.
+class d3d11_scene_consumer {
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Device5> device_;
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11DeviceContext4> context_;
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Texture2D> texture_;
+    std::vector<Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Fence>> waits_;
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Fence> completion_;
+    bool sealed_=false;
+public:
+    ID3D11Texture2D* texture() const noexcept {return texture_.Get();}
+    static HRESULT create(webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* image,ID3D11Device* host,
+        std::unique_ptr<d3d11_scene_consumer>& output) {
+        if(!image||!host||output)return E_INVALIDARG;
+        adapter_luid adapter;
+        auto status=query_adapter_luid(host,adapter);if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        const auto& source=d3d12_canvas_images::resolve(image->value,adapter);
+        auto candidate=std::make_unique<d3d11_scene_consumer>();
+        status=host->QueryInterface(IID_PPV_ARGS(&candidate->device_));if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11DeviceContext> immediate;
+        host->GetImmediateContext(&immediate);
+        status=immediate.As(&candidate->context_);if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        status=candidate->device_->OpenSharedResource1(source.borrowed_handle(),IID_PPV_ARGS(&candidate->texture_));
+        if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC desc{};candidate->texture_->GetDesc(&desc);
+        const auto metadata=image->value.describe();
+        if(desc.Width!=metadata.width||desc.Height!=metadata.height||desc.SampleDesc.Count!=1
+            ||desc.ArraySize!=1||desc.MipLevels!=1||desc.Format!=dxgi_color_format(metadata.format)
+            ||!(desc.BindFlags&D3D11_BIND_SHADER_RESOURCE))return DXGI_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+        status=candidate->device_->CreateFence(0,D3D11_FENCE_FLAG_NONE,IID_PPV_ARGS(&candidate->completion_));
+        if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        std::vector<uint64_t> values;
+        if(image->dependencies) {
+            const auto count=image->dependencies->count();
+            candidate->waits_.reserve(count);values.reserve(count);
+            for(size_t index=0;index<count;++index) {
+                void* handle=nullptr;uint64_t value=0;
+                if(!image->dependencies->dxgi_fence(index,handle,value)||!win32_nt_handle_ops::valid(handle))return E_INVALIDARG;
+                Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Fence> fence;
+                status=candidate->device_->OpenSharedFence(handle,IID_PPV_ARGS(&fence));if(FAILED(status))return status;
+                candidate->waits_.push_back(std::move(fence));values.push_back(value);
+            }
+        }
+        // Stage every import before changing queue state. A failed enqueue must
+        // never be retried as if the earlier waits had not already happened.
+        for(size_t index=0;index<values.size();++index) {
+            status=candidate->context_->Wait(candidate->waits_[index].Get(),values[index]);
+            if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        }
+        output=std::move(candidate);return S_OK;
+    }
+    HRESULT seal() {
+        if(sealed_)return S_OK;
+        const auto status=context_->Signal(completion_.Get(),1);
+        if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        context_->Flush();sealed_=true;return S_OK;
+    }
+    HRESULT poll() const {
+        if(!sealed_)return E_PENDING;
+        const auto status=device_->GetDeviceRemovedReason();if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        const auto value=completion_->GetCompletedValue();
+        if(value==UINT64_MAX)return DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_REMOVED;
+        return value>=1?S_OK:S_FALSE;
+    }
+};
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d12_canvas_images.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d12_canvas_images.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7fca4a37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d12_canvas_images.h
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "d3d12_shared_color.h"
+#include "owned_image_pool.h"
+#include <thread>
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Engine-thread allocator. Every outstanding lease anchors the native storage,
+// including after the canvas owner is disposed. GPU completion remains explicit.
+class d3d12_canvas_images {
+    struct storage final : image_provider_lifetime {
+        image_provider_kind kind() const noexcept override { return image_provider_kind::d3d12; }
+        struct slot { std::unique_ptr<d3d12_shared_color> color; image_metadata metadata{}; };
+        Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D12Device> device;
+        std::array<slot,4> slots;
+        std::mutex mutex;
+        uint64_t bytes{};
+        explicit storage(ID3D12Device* value):device(value) {}
+    };
+    std::shared_ptr<storage> storage_;
+    owned_image_pool pool_;
+    uint64_t limit_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    void check_thread() const {
+        if (thread_!=std::this_thread::get_id()) throw std::logic_error("D3D12 image allocation requires owner thread");
+    }
+public:
+    struct frame {
+        owned_image_pool::producer producer;
+        const d3d12_shared_color* color; // Borrowed through producer, never independently retained.
+        image_metadata metadata;
+    };
+    d3d12_canvas_images(ID3D12Device* device,uint64_t budget,size_t tickets=128,
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake={})
+        :storage_(std::make_shared<storage>(device)),pool_(storage_,tickets,std::move(wake),4),limit_(budget) {
+        if (!device || !budget) throw std::invalid_argument("D3D12 images require device and budget");
+    }
+    std::optional<frame> acquire(image_metadata metadata,HRESULT& status) {
+        check_thread(); status=S_OK;
+        auto writer=pool_.acquire();
+        if (!writer) { status=DXGI_ERROR_WAS_STILL_DRAWING; return {}; }
+        // Reservations outlive the lock on exceptional unwind, so completion
+        // wake callbacks cannot re-enter while the storage mutex is held.
+        std::array<std::optional<owned_image_pool::producer>,3> idle;
+        std::lock_guard lock(storage_->mutex);
+        auto& slot=storage_->slots[writer->slot()];
+        const bool reuse=slot.color && slot.metadata.width==metadata.width
+            && slot.metadata.height==metadata.height && slot.metadata.format==metadata.format;
+        metadata.allocation=reuse ? slot.metadata.allocation : new_owner_token();
+        writer->set_metadata(metadata);
+        if (!reuse) {
+            if (slot.color) storage_->bytes-=slot.color->allocation_bytes();
+            slot.color.reset();
+            status=d3d12_shared_color::create(storage_->device.Get(),metadata,limit_-storage_->bytes,slot.color);
+            for (auto& reservation:idle) {
+                if (status!=E_OUTOFMEMORY) break;
+                auto candidate=pool_.acquire();
+                if (!candidate) break; // Busy images cannot be evicted.
+                reservation.emplace(std::move(*candidate));
+                auto& cached=storage_->slots[reservation->slot()];
+                if (cached.color) storage_->bytes-=cached.color->allocation_bytes();
+                cached.color.reset();
+                status=d3d12_shared_color::create(storage_->device.Get(),metadata,limit_-storage_->bytes,slot.color);
+            }
+            // Keep reservations until all retries finish, or acquire() could
+            // select the same empty slot repeatedly instead of the next cache.
+            for (auto& reservation:idle) if (reservation) reservation->cancel(false);
+            if (FAILED(status)) { writer->cancel(false); return {}; }
+            storage_->bytes+=slot.color->allocation_bytes();
+        }
+        slot.metadata=metadata;
+        return frame{std::move(*writer),slot.color.get(),metadata};
+    }
+    // Read-only native bridge lookup. The caller must keep consumer alive through
+    // its GPU completion; returning this object neither begins access nor waits.
+    static const d3d12_shared_color& resolve(const owned_image_pool::consumer& consumer,
+        adapter_luid adapter) {
+        const auto metadata=consumer.describe();
+        const auto anchor=consumer.provider();
+        if (!anchor || anchor->kind()!=image_provider_kind::d3d12 || !adapter.valid)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("foreign D3D12 image provider");
+        const auto provider=std::static_pointer_cast<storage>(anchor);
+        std::lock_guard lock(provider->mutex);
+        for (const auto& slot:provider->slots) {
+            if (slot.color && slot.metadata.allocation==metadata.allocation
+                && slot.metadata.allocation_generation==metadata.allocation_generation
+                && slot.metadata.content_serial==metadata.content_serial) {
+                if (!(slot.color->adapter()==adapter)) throw std::invalid_argument("cross-adapter D3D12 image");
+                return *slot.color;
+            }
+        }
+        throw std::invalid_argument("D3D12 image allocation unavailable");
+    }
+    uint64_t allocation_bytes() const { check_thread(); return storage_->bytes; }
+    size_t busy_images() const { return pool_.busy_images(); }
+    image_lease_pool::occupancy inspect_occupancy() const { return pool_.inspect_occupancy(); }
+    void close() { pool_.close(); }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d12_fence_waits.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d12_fence_waits.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5757aa1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d12_fence_waits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dxgi_device_identity.h"
+#include "nt_handle.h"
+#include <memory>
+#include <span>
+#include <vector>
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct borrowed_dxgi_fence_wait { HANDLE handle{}; uint64_t value{}; };
+// Open every fence before touching the command queue. Retain this owner until
+// the consumer's GPU completion; releasing it is not a completion notification.
+class d3d12_fence_waits {
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D12CommandQueue> queue_;
+    std::vector<Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D12Fence>> fences_;
+    std::vector<uint64_t> values_;
+    bool attempted_{};
+public:
+    d3d12_fence_waits()=default;
+    d3d12_fence_waits(const d3d12_fence_waits&)=delete;
+    d3d12_fence_waits& operator=(const d3d12_fence_waits&)=delete;
+    static HRESULT prepare(ID3D12CommandQueue* queue,adapter_luid expected_adapter,
+        std::span<const borrowed_dxgi_fence_wait> waits,std::unique_ptr<d3d12_fence_waits>& result) {
+        if (!queue || result || !expected_adapter.valid) return E_INVALIDARG;
+        for (const auto& wait:waits) if (!win32_nt_handle_ops::valid(wait.handle)) return E_INVALIDARG;
+        Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D12Device> device;
+        auto status=queue->GetDevice(IID_PPV_ARGS(&device));
+        if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+        adapter_luid actual;
+        status=query_adapter_luid(device.Get(),actual);
+        if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+        if (!(actual==expected_adapter)) return DXGI_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+        try {
+            auto candidate=std::make_unique<d3d12_fence_waits>();
+            candidate->queue_=queue;
+            candidate->fences_.reserve(waits.size()); candidate->values_.reserve(waits.size());
+            for (const auto& wait:waits) {
+                Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D12Fence> fence;
+                status=device->OpenSharedHandle(wait.handle,IID_PPV_ARGS(&fence));
+                if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+                candidate->fences_.push_back(std::move(fence));
+                candidate->values_.push_back(wait.value);
+            }
+            result=std::move(candidate); return S_OK;
+        } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) { return E_OUTOFMEMORY; }
+    }
+    // Enqueues GPU waits, never a CPU event wait or global device-idle wait.
+    // Serialize with consumer submission on this queue. A failed enqueue may
+    // leave earlier waits queued; do not submit sampling or retry this batch.
+    HRESULT enqueue() noexcept {
+        if (!queue_ || attempted_) return E_UNEXPECTED;
+        attempted_=true;
+        for (size_t i=0;i<fences_.size();++i) {
+            const auto status=queue_->Wait(fences_[i].Get(),values_[i]);
+            if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+        }
+        return S_OK;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d12_shared_color.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d12_shared_color.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc892853f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/d3d12_shared_color.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dxgi_device_identity.h"
+#include "nt_handle.h"
+#include <memory>
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Allocation owner only. The lease provider must retain this object through all
+// producer/consumer GPU completion; destruction does not wait for a queue.
+class d3d12_shared_color {
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D12Resource> resource_;
+    owned_nt_handle handle_;
+    adapter_luid adapter_;
+    uint64_t allocation_bytes_{};
+public:
+    d3d12_shared_color()=default;
+    d3d12_shared_color(const d3d12_shared_color&)=delete;
+    d3d12_shared_color& operator=(const d3d12_shared_color&)=delete;
+    ID3D12Resource* resource() const noexcept { return resource_.Get(); }
+    HANDLE borrowed_handle() const noexcept { return handle_.get(); }
+    adapter_luid adapter() const noexcept { return adapter_; }
+    uint64_t allocation_bytes() const noexcept { return allocation_bytes_; }
+    static HRESULT create(ID3D12Device* device,const image_metadata& image,uint64_t available_bytes,
+        std::unique_ptr<d3d12_shared_color>& result) {
+        // Never implicitly discard a previous allocation which may be in flight.
+        if (result || !device || !image.width || !image.height) return E_INVALIDARG;
+        const auto format=dxgi_color_format(image.format);
+        if (format==DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN) return E_INVALIDARG;
+        dxgi_endpoint endpoint;
+        auto status=identify_dxgi_endpoint(device,endpoint);
+        if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+        if (!(endpoint.color_formats & (1U<<(static_cast<uint32_t>(image.format)-1))))
+            return DXGI_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+        D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC description{};
+        description.Dimension=D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
+        description.Width=image.width; description.Height=image.height;
+        description.DepthOrArraySize=1; description.MipLevels=1;
+        description.Format=format; description.SampleDesc.Count=1;
+        description.Layout=D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN;
+        // Dawn's D3D12 shared-texture import and D3D11 cross-device sampling
+        // require simultaneous-access resources. Explicit fences still order
+        // producer writes and consumer reads; this flag is not synchronization.
+        description.Flags=D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_RENDER_TARGET
+            | D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_SIMULTANEOUS_ACCESS;
+        const auto allocation=device->GetResourceAllocationInfo(0,1,&description);
+        if (allocation.SizeInBytes==UINT64_MAX || !allocation.SizeInBytes) return E_INVALIDARG;
+        if (allocation.SizeInBytes>available_bytes) return E_OUTOFMEMORY;
+        try {
+            auto candidate=std::make_unique<d3d12_shared_color>();
+            D3D12_HEAP_PROPERTIES heap{}; heap.Type=D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_DEFAULT;
+            heap.CreationNodeMask=1; heap.VisibleNodeMask=1;
+            status=device->CreateCommittedResource(&heap,D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_SHARED,&description,
+                D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON,nullptr,IID_PPV_ARGS(&candidate->resource_));
+            if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+            HANDLE handle=nullptr;
+            status=device->CreateSharedHandle(candidate->resource_.Get(),nullptr,GENERIC_ALL,nullptr,&handle);
+            if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+            if (!win32_nt_handle_ops::valid(handle)) return E_FAIL;
+            candidate->handle_=owned_nt_handle::adopt(handle);
+            candidate->adapter_=endpoint.adapter;
+            candidate->allocation_bytes_=allocation.SizeInBytes;
+            result=std::move(candidate);
+            return S_OK;
+        } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) { return E_OUTOFMEMORY; }
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_canvas_images.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_canvas_images.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbaa13bbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_canvas_images.h
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "owned_image_pool.h"
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Engine-thread allocator. Pool tickets retain native references independently
+// of the canvas owner. This does not grant a lease permission to destroy Device.
+class dawn_canvas_images {
+    struct storage final : image_provider_lifetime {
+        struct slot { wgpu::Texture texture; image_metadata metadata{}; uint64_t bytes{}; };
+        mutable std::mutex mutex;
+        wgpu::Device device;
+        std::array<slot,3> slots;
+        uint64_t resident_bytes{},created{};
+        explicit storage(wgpu::Device value):device(std::move(value)) {}
+    };
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    std::shared_ptr<storage> storage_;
+    owned_image_pool pool_;
+    uint64_t byte_limit_;
+    void check_thread() const {
+        if (thread_!=std::this_thread::get_id()) throw std::logic_error("image allocation requires engine thread");
+    }
+public:
+    struct frame {
+        owned_image_pool::producer producer;
+        wgpu::Texture texture;
+        image_metadata metadata;
+    };
+    enum class submission_status { pending,success,failed };
+    struct submitted_frame {
+        owned_image_pool::retained image;
+        std::shared_ptr<std::atomic<submission_status>> status;
+    };
+    // Submit only command buffers recorded for this frame/device. Device error
+    // scopes still report command validation separately from queue completion.
+    std::optional<submitted_frame> submit(frame&& input,const wgpu::CommandBuffer& commands,
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> completion={}) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!commands || !input.producer.belongs_to(storage_.get()))
+            throw std::invalid_argument("foreign canvas producer or missing commands");
+        auto status=std::make_shared<std::atomic<submission_status>>(submission_status::pending);
+        auto pending=std::make_shared<frame>(std::move(input));
+        pending->producer.begin();
+        auto image=pending->producer.publish();
+        if (!image) {
+            // No GPU work has been submitted. Return admission backpressure
+            // without leaving a producer outstanding or waking our own retry.
+            pending->producer.complete(); pending->producer.cancel(false);
+            return {};
+        }
+        auto queue=storage_->device.GetQueue();
+        queue.Submit(1,&commands);
+        queue.OnSubmittedWorkDone(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [pending,status,completion](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus result,wgpu::StringView) {
+                pending->producer.complete();
+                status->store(result==wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success
+                    ? submission_status::success : submission_status::failed,std::memory_order_release);
+                if (completion) completion->signal();
+            });
+        return submitted_frame{std::move(*image),std::move(status)};
+    }
+    dawn_canvas_images(wgpu::Device device,uint64_t byte_limit,size_t tickets=128,std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake={})
+        :storage_(std::make_shared<storage>(std::move(device))),pool_(storage_,tickets,std::move(wake)),byte_limit_(byte_limit) {
+        if (!storage_->device || !byte_limit) throw std::invalid_argument("Dawn image storage requires device and budget");
+    }
+    std::optional<frame> acquire(image_metadata metadata) {
+        check_thread();
+        wgpu::TextureFormat format;
+        uint32_t pixel_bytes=4;
+        switch (metadata.format) {
+            case image_format::rgba8_unorm: format=wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm; break;
+            case image_format::bgra8_unorm: format=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm; break;
+            case image_format::rgba16_float: format=wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Float; pixel_bytes=8; break;
+            case image_format::rgba8_srgb: format=wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8UnormSrgb; break;
+            case image_format::bgra8_srgb: format=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8UnormSrgb; break;
+            default: throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported canvas format");
+        }
+        wgpu::Limits limits{};
+        if (storage_->device.GetLimits(&limits)!=wgpu::Status::Success
+            || !metadata.width || !metadata.height || metadata.width>limits.maxTextureDimension2D
+            || metadata.height>limits.maxTextureDimension2D)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("invalid canvas texture dimensions");
+        const uint64_t pixels=uint64_t(metadata.width)*metadata.height;
+        if (pixels>byte_limit_/pixel_bytes) return {};
+        const auto bytes=pixels*pixel_bytes;
+        auto writer=pool_.acquire();
+        if (!writer) return {};
+        // Reserve idle slots until eviction finishes. Normal rollback is quiet;
+        // exceptional unwinding releases storage's mutex before wake callbacks.
+        std::array<std::optional<owned_image_pool::producer>,2> idle;
+        std::lock_guard lock(storage_->mutex);
+        auto& slot=storage_->slots[writer->slot()];
+        const bool reuse=slot.texture && slot.metadata.width==metadata.width
+            && slot.metadata.height==metadata.height && slot.metadata.format==metadata.format;
+        metadata.allocation=reuse ? slot.metadata.allocation : new_owner_token();
+        // Validate all portable fields before changing native storage.
+        writer->set_metadata(metadata);
+        for (auto& reservation:idle) {
+            if (bytes<=byte_limit_-(storage_->resident_bytes-slot.bytes)) break;
+            auto candidate=pool_.acquire();
+            if (!candidate) break; // Retained/submitted images cannot be evicted.
+            reservation.emplace(std::move(*candidate));
+            auto& cached=storage_->slots[reservation->slot()];
+            cached.texture=nullptr;
+            storage_->resident_bytes-=cached.bytes; cached.bytes=0;
+        }
+        for (auto& reservation:idle) if (reservation) reservation->cancel(false);
+        if (bytes>byte_limit_-(storage_->resident_bytes-slot.bytes)) {
+            writer->cancel(false); return {};
+        }
+        if (!reuse) {
+            // Only an idle slot can be acquired. Drop its old allocation before
+            // replacement so this allocator does not temporarily exceed budget.
+            slot.texture=nullptr; storage_->resident_bytes-=slot.bytes; slot.bytes=0;
+            wgpu::TextureDescriptor descriptor{};
+            descriptor.size={metadata.width,metadata.height,1};
+            descriptor.format=format;
+            descriptor.usage=wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment | wgpu::TextureUsage::TextureBinding
+                | wgpu::TextureUsage::CopySrc | wgpu::TextureUsage::CopyDst;
+            slot.texture=storage_->device.CreateTexture(&descriptor);
+            if (!slot.texture) throw std::runtime_error("Dawn canvas texture creation failed");
+            slot.bytes=bytes; storage_->resident_bytes+=bytes; ++storage_->created;
+        }
+        slot.metadata=metadata;
+        return frame{std::move(*writer),slot.texture,metadata};
+    }
+    // Native presenter only. Keep the consumer alive through its GPU fence;
+    // resolving an object is not synchronization with its producer timeline.
+    // The caller may use this texture for reading only, never Destroy or writes.
+    static wgpu::Texture resolve(const owned_image_pool::consumer& consumer,const wgpu::Device& device) {
+        const auto metadata=consumer.describe();
+        const auto provider=std::dynamic_pointer_cast<storage>(consumer.provider());
+        if (!provider || !device || provider->device.Get()!=device.Get())
+            throw std::invalid_argument("foreign Dawn image provider or device");
+        std::lock_guard lock(provider->mutex);
+        for (const auto& slot:provider->slots) {
+            if (slot.texture && slot.metadata.allocation==metadata.allocation
+                && slot.metadata.allocation_generation==metadata.allocation_generation
+                && slot.metadata.content_serial==metadata.content_serial)
+                return slot.texture;
+        }
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Dawn image allocation unavailable");
+    }
+    uint64_t resident_bytes() const { check_thread(); return storage_->resident_bytes; }
+    uint64_t created_images() const { check_thread(); return storage_->created; }
+    size_t busy_images() const { return pool_.busy_images(); }
+    void close() { pool_.close(); }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_device.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_device.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..224778f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_device.h
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "completion_mailbox.h"
+#include "resource_table.h"
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <cstring>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// One logical WebGPU device. Adapter/device references remain native and belong
+// to the engine thread; callback captures retain only the completion mailbox.
+struct device_loss_signal {
+    struct snapshot { wgpu::DeviceLostReason reason;std::string message; };
+    std::atomic<bool> lost{};
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake;
+private:
+    mutable std::mutex mutex_;
+    std::optional<snapshot> result_;
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox_;
+    std::optional<completion_ticket> ticket_;
+public:
+    explicit device_loss_signal(std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> value) : wake(std::move(value)) {}
+    std::optional<snapshot> result() const {std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);return result_;}
+    void subscribe(std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox,completion_ticket ticket) {
+        bool ready;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            if(mailbox_)throw std::logic_error("Device loss already subscribed");
+            mailbox_=mailbox;ticket_=ticket;ready=result_.has_value();
+        }
+        if(ready)mailbox->publish(ticket,completion_status::success);
+    }
+    void publish(wgpu::DeviceLostReason reason,wgpu::StringView message) {
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox;std::optional<completion_ticket> ticket;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            if(result_)return;
+            snapshot value{reason,{}};
+            constexpr size_t limit=1024*1024;
+            size_t length=message.length;
+            if(length==WGPU_STRLEN)length=message.data?strnlen(message.data,limit):0;
+            // Diagnostics are bounded; loss must still be delivered if a driver
+            // supplies an oversized message or allocation fails.
+            try {if(message.data)value.message.assign(message.data,std::min(length,limit));}catch(...){}
+            result_=std::move(value);mailbox=mailbox_;ticket=ticket_;
+            if(reason!=wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed&&reason!=wgpu::DeviceLostReason::CallbackCancelled)
+                lost.store(true,std::memory_order_release);
+        }
+        if(mailbox&&ticket)mailbox->publish(*ticket,completion_status::success);
+        if(wake)wake->signal();
+    }
+    static void configure(wgpu::DeviceDescriptor& descriptor,std::shared_ptr<device_loss_signal> signal) {
+        if (!signal) throw std::invalid_argument("device loss signal is required");
+        descriptor.SetDeviceLostCallback(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [signal](const wgpu::Device&,wgpu::DeviceLostReason reason,wgpu::StringView message) {
+                signal->publish(reason,message);
+            });
+    }
+};
+
+class dawn_device {
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    const resource_owner owner_;
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox_;
+    wgpu::Adapter adapter_;
+    wgpu::Device device_;
+    bool closed_{};
+    bool lost_{};
+    std::shared_ptr<device_loss_signal> loss_;
+    resource_table<wgpu::Buffer> buffers_;
+    size_t active_buffer_scopes_{};
+    resource_table<wgpu::ShaderModule> shaders_;
+    resource_table<wgpu::Sampler> samplers_;
+    size_t active_shader_scopes_{};
+    resource_table<wgpu::BindGroup> bind_groups_;
+    size_t active_bind_group_scopes_{};
+    resource_table<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> bind_group_layouts_;
+    size_t active_bind_group_layout_scopes_{};
+    resource_table<wgpu::PipelineLayout> pipeline_layouts_;
+    size_t active_pipeline_layout_scopes_{};
+    resource_table<wgpu::RenderPipeline> render_pipelines_;
+    resource_table<wgpu::ComputePipeline> compute_pipelines_;
+    size_t active_render_pipeline_scopes_{};
+    size_t active_compute_pipeline_scopes_{};
+    resource_table<wgpu::Texture> textures_;
+    resource_table<wgpu::TextureView> texture_views_;
+    size_t active_texture_scopes_{},active_texture_view_scopes_{};
+    resource_table<wgpu::CommandEncoder> command_encoders_;
+    resource_table<wgpu::RenderPassEncoder> render_passes_;
+    resource_table<wgpu::ComputePassEncoder> compute_passes_;
+    resource_table<wgpu::CommandBuffer> command_buffers_;
+    size_t active_command_scopes_{};
+    void check_thread() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_)
+            throw std::logic_error("Dawn device requires its engine thread");
+    }
+public:
+    dawn_device(uint64_t engine,std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox,
+                wgpu::Adapter adapter,wgpu::Device device,std::shared_ptr<device_loss_signal> loss={},size_t buffer_capacity=1024,size_t shader_capacity=1024,size_t render_pipeline_capacity=1024,size_t texture_capacity=1024,size_t texture_view_capacity=4096,size_t command_capacity=1024)
+        : owner_{engine,new_owner_token(),0},mailbox_(std::move(mailbox)),
+          adapter_(std::move(adapter)),device_(std::move(device)),loss_(std::move(loss)),buffers_(buffer_capacity,owner_),shaders_(shader_capacity,owner_),samplers_(shader_capacity,owner_),bind_groups_(render_pipeline_capacity,owner_),bind_group_layouts_(render_pipeline_capacity,owner_),pipeline_layouts_(render_pipeline_capacity,owner_),render_pipelines_(render_pipeline_capacity,owner_),compute_pipelines_(render_pipeline_capacity,owner_),textures_(texture_capacity,owner_),texture_views_(texture_view_capacity,owner_),command_encoders_(command_capacity,owner_),render_passes_(command_capacity,owner_),compute_passes_(command_capacity,owner_),command_buffers_(command_capacity,owner_) {
+        if (!engine || !mailbox_ || !adapter_ || !device_)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Dawn device requires native ownership");
+    }
+    dawn_device(const dawn_device&)=delete;
+    dawn_device& operator=(const dawn_device&)=delete;
+    ~dawn_device() { if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_) std::terminate(); close(); }
+    std::shared_ptr<device_loss_signal> loss_signal() const {check_thread();return loss_;}
+    resource_owner owner() const { check_thread(); return owner_; }
+    const wgpu::Adapter& adapter() const { check_thread(); return adapter_; }
+    const wgpu::Device& native() const {
+        check_thread();
+        if (closed_ || lost_ || (loss_ && loss_->lost.load(std::memory_order_acquire)))
+            throw std::logic_error("Dawn device is closed or lost");
+        return device_;
+    }
+    // Internal native descriptor entry point. Browser descriptor validation and
+    // error-object handling must precede this call in the JavaScript binding.
+    resource_handle<wgpu::Buffer> create_buffer(const wgpu::BufferDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        const auto& device=native();
+        if (!buffers_.can_insert()) throw std::length_error("graphics buffer limit reached");
+        auto buffer=device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);
+        if (!buffer) throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a buffer");
+        return buffers_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::Buffer>(std::move(buffer)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_buffer(resource_handle<wgpu::Buffer> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();
+        const auto& buffer=buffers_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard {
+            size_t& count;
+            explicit guard(size_t& value) : count(value) { ++count; }
+            ~guard() { --count; }
+        } scope(active_buffer_scopes_);
+        execute(buffer);
+    }
+    // WebGPU destroy invalidates the native allocation, but the wrapper remains
+    // valid for metadata and repeated destroy calls until it is itself released.
+    void destroy_buffer(resource_handle<wgpu::Buffer> handle) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (active_buffer_scopes_) throw std::logic_error("Cannot destroy buffers during execution");
+        buffers_.get(handle,owner_).Destroy();
+    }
+    // Wrapper collection releases only this reference. Dawn/queued operations
+    // retain their own native references; collection must never call Destroy.
+    void release_buffer(resource_handle<wgpu::Buffer> handle) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (active_buffer_scopes_) throw std::logic_error("Cannot release buffers during execution");
+        buffers_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_buffers() const { check_thread(); return buffers_.resident_count(); }
+    resource_handle<wgpu::ShaderModule> create_shader_module(const wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        const auto& device=native();
+        if(!shaders_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Graphics shader-module capacity exhausted");
+        auto shader=device.CreateShaderModule(&descriptor);
+        if(!shader)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a shader module");
+        return shaders_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::ShaderModule>(std::move(shader)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_shader_module(resource_handle<wgpu::ShaderModule> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();
+        const auto& shader=shaders_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard { size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;} } scope(active_shader_scopes_);
+        execute(shader);
+    }
+    void release_shader_module(resource_handle<wgpu::ShaderModule> handle) {
+        check_thread();
+        if(active_shader_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release shader module during execution");
+        shaders_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_shader_modules() const {check_thread();return shaders_.resident_count();}
+    resource_handle<wgpu::Sampler> create_sampler(const wgpu::SamplerDescriptor& descriptor){
+        const auto& device=native();return samplers_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::Sampler>(device.CreateSampler(&descriptor)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_sampler(resource_handle<wgpu::Sampler> handle,Execute execute){
+        check_thread();execute(samplers_.get(handle,owner_));
+    }
+    void release_sampler(resource_handle<wgpu::Sampler> handle){check_thread();samplers_.destroy(handle,owner_);}
+    resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPipeline> adopt_render_pipeline(wgpu::RenderPipeline value) {
+        native();return render_pipelines_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::RenderPipeline>(std::move(value)));
+    }
+    resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePipeline> adopt_compute_pipeline(wgpu::ComputePipeline value) {
+        native();return compute_pipelines_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::ComputePipeline>(std::move(value)));
+    }
+    resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> adopt_bind_group_layout(wgpu::BindGroupLayout value) {
+        native();return bind_group_layouts_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::BindGroupLayout>(std::move(value)));
+    }
+    resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPipeline> create_render_pipeline(const wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        const auto& device=native();
+        if(!render_pipelines_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Graphics render-pipeline capacity exhausted");
+        auto pipeline=device.CreateRenderPipeline(&descriptor);
+        if(!pipeline)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a render pipeline");
+        return render_pipelines_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::RenderPipeline>(std::move(pipeline)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_render_pipeline(resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPipeline> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();
+        const auto& pipeline=render_pipelines_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard { size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;} } scope(active_render_pipeline_scopes_);
+        execute(pipeline);
+    }
+    void release_render_pipeline(resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPipeline> handle) {
+        check_thread();
+        if(active_render_pipeline_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release render pipeline during execution");
+        render_pipelines_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_render_pipelines() const {check_thread();return render_pipelines_.resident_count();}
+    resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePipeline> create_compute_pipeline(const wgpu::ComputePipelineDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        const auto& device=native();
+        if(!compute_pipelines_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Graphics compute-pipeline capacity exhausted");
+        auto pipeline=device.CreateComputePipeline(&descriptor);
+        if(!pipeline)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a compute pipeline");
+        return compute_pipelines_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::ComputePipeline>(std::move(pipeline)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_compute_pipeline(resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePipeline> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();
+        const auto& pipeline=compute_pipelines_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard { size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;} } scope(active_compute_pipeline_scopes_);
+        execute(pipeline);
+    }
+    void release_compute_pipeline(resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePipeline> handle) {
+        check_thread();
+        if(active_compute_pipeline_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release compute pipeline during execution");
+        compute_pipelines_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_compute_pipelines() const {check_thread();return compute_pipelines_.resident_count();}
+    resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> create_bind_group_layout(const wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        const auto& device=native();
+        if(!bind_group_layouts_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Graphics bind_group_layout capacity exhausted");
+        auto pipeline=device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&descriptor);
+        if(!pipeline)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a bind_group_layout");
+        return bind_group_layouts_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::BindGroupLayout>(std::move(pipeline)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_bind_group_layout(resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();
+        const auto& pipeline=bind_group_layouts_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard { size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;} } scope(active_bind_group_layout_scopes_);
+        execute(pipeline);
+    }
+    void release_bind_group_layout(resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> handle) {
+        check_thread();
+        if(active_bind_group_layout_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release bind_group_layout during execution");
+        bind_group_layouts_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_bind_group_layouts() const {check_thread();return bind_group_layouts_.resident_count();}
+    resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroup> create_bind_group(const wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        const auto& device=native();
+        if(!bind_groups_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Graphics bind_group capacity exhausted");
+        auto pipeline=device.CreateBindGroup(&descriptor);
+        if(!pipeline)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a bind_group");
+        return bind_groups_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::BindGroup>(std::move(pipeline)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_bind_group(resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroup> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();
+        const auto& pipeline=bind_groups_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard { size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;} } scope(active_bind_group_scopes_);
+        execute(pipeline);
+    }
+    void release_bind_group(resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroup> handle) {
+        check_thread();
+        if(active_bind_group_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release bind_group during execution");
+        bind_groups_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_bind_groups() const {check_thread();return bind_groups_.resident_count();}
+    resource_handle<wgpu::PipelineLayout> create_pipeline_layout(const wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        const auto& device=native();
+        if(!pipeline_layouts_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Graphics pipeline_layout capacity exhausted");
+        auto pipeline=device.CreatePipelineLayout(&descriptor);
+        if(!pipeline)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a pipeline_layout");
+        return pipeline_layouts_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::PipelineLayout>(std::move(pipeline)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_pipeline_layout(resource_handle<wgpu::PipelineLayout> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();
+        const auto& pipeline=pipeline_layouts_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard { size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;} } scope(active_pipeline_layout_scopes_);
+        execute(pipeline);
+    }
+    void release_pipeline_layout(resource_handle<wgpu::PipelineLayout> handle) {
+        check_thread();
+        if(active_pipeline_layout_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release pipeline_layout during execution");
+        pipeline_layouts_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_pipeline_layouts() const {check_thread();return pipeline_layouts_.resident_count();}
+    resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> create_texture(const wgpu::TextureDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        const auto& device=native();
+        if(!textures_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Graphics texture capacity exhausted");
+        auto texture=device.CreateTexture(&descriptor);
+        if(!texture)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a texture");
+        return textures_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::Texture>(std::move(texture)));
+    }
+    // Host-only adoption of a texture imported/created on source_device. The
+    // importer must supply the true source device; JavaScript cannot call this.
+    // No texture allocation or pixel transfer occurs at this boundary.
+    resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> adopt_texture(const wgpu::Device& source_device,wgpu::Texture texture) {
+        const auto& device=native();
+        if(!texture || source_device.Get()!=device.Get())throw std::invalid_argument("Imported texture requires its owning device");
+        if(!textures_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Graphics texture capacity exhausted");
+        return textures_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::Texture>(std::move(texture)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_texture(resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();
+        const auto& texture=textures_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard { size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;} } scope(active_texture_scopes_);
+        execute(texture);
+    }
+    void release_texture(resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> handle) {
+        check_thread();
+        if(active_texture_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release texture during execution");
+        textures_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_textures() const {check_thread();return textures_.resident_count();}
+    resource_handle<wgpu::TextureView> create_texture_view(resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> texture,const wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        native();
+        if(!texture_views_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Texture view capacity exhausted");
+        auto view=textures_.get(texture,owner_).CreateView(&descriptor);
+        if(!view)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a texture view");
+        return texture_views_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::TextureView>(std::move(view)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_texture_view(resource_handle<wgpu::TextureView> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();const auto& view=texture_views_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard {size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;}} scope(active_texture_view_scopes_);
+        execute(view);
+    }
+    void release_texture_view(resource_handle<wgpu::TextureView> handle) {
+        check_thread();if(active_texture_view_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release a borrowed texture view");
+        texture_views_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    void destroy_texture(resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> handle) {
+        check_thread();if(active_texture_scopes_ || active_texture_view_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot destroy a borrowed texture");
+        textures_.get(handle,owner_).Destroy();
+    }
+    size_t live_texture_views() const {check_thread();return texture_views_.resident_count();}
+    resource_handle<wgpu::CommandEncoder> create_command_encoder(const wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        const auto& device=native();if(!command_encoders_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Command encoder capacity exhausted");
+        auto encoder=device.CreateCommandEncoder(&descriptor);if(!encoder)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a command encoder");
+        return command_encoders_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::CommandEncoder>(std::move(encoder)));
+    }
+    resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPassEncoder> begin_render_pass(resource_handle<wgpu::CommandEncoder> encoder,const wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        native();if(!render_passes_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Render pass capacity exhausted");
+        auto pass=command_encoders_.get(encoder,owner_).BeginRenderPass(&descriptor);if(!pass)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a render pass");
+        return render_passes_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::RenderPassEncoder>(std::move(pass)));
+    }
+    resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePassEncoder> begin_compute_pass(resource_handle<wgpu::CommandEncoder> encoder,const wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        native();if(!compute_passes_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Compute pass capacity exhausted");
+        auto pass=command_encoders_.get(encoder,owner_).BeginComputePass(&descriptor);if(!pass)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a compute pass");
+        return compute_passes_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::ComputePassEncoder>(std::move(pass)));
+    }
+    resource_handle<wgpu::CommandBuffer> finish_command_encoder(resource_handle<wgpu::CommandEncoder> encoder,const wgpu::CommandBufferDescriptor& descriptor) {
+        native();if(!command_buffers_.can_insert())throw std::length_error("Command buffer capacity exhausted");
+        auto command=command_encoders_.get(encoder,owner_).Finish(&descriptor);if(!command)throw std::runtime_error("Dawn did not return a command buffer");
+        return command_buffers_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::CommandBuffer>(std::move(command)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_command_encoder(resource_handle<wgpu::CommandEncoder> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();const auto& resource=command_encoders_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard {size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;}} scope(active_command_scopes_);
+        execute(resource);
+    }
+    void release_command_encoder(resource_handle<wgpu::CommandEncoder> handle) {
+        check_thread();if(active_command_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release command resources during execution");
+        command_encoders_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_command_encoders() const {check_thread();return command_encoders_.resident_count();}
+    template<class Execute> void with_render_pass(resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPassEncoder> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();const auto& resource=render_passes_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard {size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;}} scope(active_command_scopes_);
+        execute(resource);
+    }
+    void release_render_pass(resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPassEncoder> handle) {
+        check_thread();if(active_command_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release command resources during execution");
+        render_passes_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_render_passes() const {check_thread();return render_passes_.resident_count();}
+    template<class Execute> void with_compute_pass(resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePassEncoder> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();const auto& resource=compute_passes_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard {size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;}} scope(active_command_scopes_);
+        execute(resource);
+    }
+    void release_compute_pass(resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePassEncoder> handle) {
+        check_thread();if(active_command_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release command resources during execution");
+        compute_passes_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_compute_passes() const {check_thread();return compute_passes_.resident_count();}
+    template<class Execute> void with_command_buffer(resource_handle<wgpu::CommandBuffer> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();const auto& resource=command_buffers_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard {size_t& count;explicit guard(size_t& value):count(value){++count;}~guard(){--count;}} scope(active_command_scopes_);
+        execute(resource);
+    }
+    void release_command_buffer(resource_handle<wgpu::CommandBuffer> handle) {
+        check_thread();if(active_command_scopes_)throw std::logic_error("Cannot release command resources during execution");
+        command_buffers_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_command_buffers() const {check_thread();return command_buffers_.resident_count();}
+    bool loss_pending() const {
+        check_thread();
+        return !closed_ && !lost_ && loss_ && loss_->lost.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    }
+    void process_loss() {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!loss_pending()) return;
+        lost_=true;
+        mailbox_->cancel_owner(owner_,completion_status::device_lost);
+    }
+    void close() {
+        check_thread();
+        if (closed_) return;
+        if (active_bind_group_scopes_ || active_pipeline_layout_scopes_ || active_bind_group_layout_scopes_ || active_buffer_scopes_ || active_shader_scopes_ || active_render_pipeline_scopes_ || active_compute_pipeline_scopes_ || active_texture_scopes_ || active_texture_view_scopes_ || active_command_scopes_) throw std::logic_error("Cannot close device during resource execution");
+        process_loss();
+        closed_=true;
+        // Logical cancellation is independent of physical GPU completion.
+        // Dawn retains submitted native resources until its backend is safe;
+        // higher-level submission tables still require their completion fences.
+        if (!lost_) mailbox_->cancel_owner(owner_);
+        device_.Destroy();
+        render_passes_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        compute_passes_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        command_encoders_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        command_buffers_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        buffers_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        shaders_.destroy_owner(owner_);samplers_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        render_pipelines_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        compute_pipelines_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        pipeline_layouts_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        bind_groups_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        bind_group_layouts_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        texture_views_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        textures_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_canvas_host.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_canvas_host.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95776cf4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_canvas_host.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dawn_dxgi_submission.h"
+#include <array>
+#include "windows_gpu_adapter.h"
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Engine-thread canvas provider. The host drains completed publications into the
+// scene and applies canvas generation/serial filtering there. Four pending
+// retirements bound storage and callback ownership during presenter backpressure.
+class dawn_dxgi_canvas_host final {
+    struct active_frame {
+        d3d12_canvas_images::frame frame;
+        wgpu::Device device;
+        std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_image> shared;
+        std::shared_ptr<void> device_lifetime;
+    };
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D12Device> allocator_=windows_canvas_device();
+    d3d12_canvas_images images_;
+    std::unique_ptr<active_frame> active_;
+    std::array<std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission>,4> pending_{};
+    size_t active_slot_=0;
+    std::weak_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission> latest_submission_;
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake_;
+    void check_thread()const {
+        if(thread_!=std::this_thread::get_id())throw std::logic_error("Canvas provider requires its engine thread");
+    }
+    void clear_retired() {
+        for(auto& item:pending_)if(item) {
+            auto state=item->state();
+            if(state==dawn_dxgi_submission::status::failed||state==dawn_dxgi_submission::status::discarded||
+                state==dawn_dxgi_submission::status::consumed)item.reset();
+        }
+    }
+public:
+    explicit dawn_dxgi_canvas_host(uint64_t budget,std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake={})
+        :images_(allocator_.Get(),budget,128,wake),wake_(std::move(wake)) {}
+    dawn_dxgi_canvas_host(const dawn_dxgi_canvas_host&)=delete;
+    dawn_dxgi_canvas_host& operator=(const dawn_dxgi_canvas_host&)=delete;
+    ~dawn_dxgi_canvas_host() {
+        // The GPUCanvasContext must retire before destroying its provider.
+        // Dropping an active imported frame could recycle submitted storage.
+        if(active_)std::terminate();
+    }
+    wgpu::Texture acquire(image_metadata metadata,const wgpu::Device& device,
+        const wgpu::TextureDescriptor& descriptor,std::shared_ptr<void> device_lifetime={}) {
+        check_thread();if(active_)throw std::logic_error("Canvas already owns a current frame");
+        clear_retired();size_t slot=0;while(slot<pending_.size()&&pending_[slot])++slot;
+        if(slot==pending_.size())return {};
+        HRESULT status;auto frame=images_.acquire(metadata,status);if(!frame)return {};
+        auto shared=import_dawn_dxgi_canvas_texture(*frame,device,descriptor,allocator_.Get());
+        if(!shared)return {};
+        // Allocate host state before BeginAccess; failure cannot abandon access.
+        auto next=std::make_unique<active_frame>(active_frame{std::move(*frame),device,shared,std::move(device_lifetime)});
+        if(shared->begin(false)!=dxgi_access_status::success)return {};
+        active_=std::move(next);active_slot_=slot;
+        return shared->texture();
+    }
+    void retire(const wgpu::Texture& texture,bool present) {
+        check_thread();
+        if(!active_||texture.Get()!=active_->shared->texture().Get())
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Canvas retirement requires its current texture");
+        pending_[active_slot_]=dawn_dxgi_submission::publish_submitted(std::move(active_->frame),
+            active_->device,active_->shared,active_->device_lifetime,wake_,present);
+        latest_submission_=present ? pending_[active_slot_] : std::weak_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission>{};
+        active_.reset();
+    }
+    // Capture at the rendering-opportunity boundary, before draining ready
+    // outputs. The weak lookup adds no hidden image retention; the returned
+    // ticket owns its exact allocation independently of later provider work.
+    std::unique_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission::snapshot> capture_latest_submission() {
+        check_thread();
+        if(active_)throw std::logic_error("End the current GPU opportunity before capturing its output");
+        auto submission=latest_submission_.lock();
+        return submission ? submission->capture_snapshot() : nullptr;
+    }
+    std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> take_ready() {
+        check_thread();clear_retired();
+        for(auto& item:pending_)if(item&&item->state()==dawn_dxgi_submission::status::ready) {
+            auto image=item->take_ready();item.reset();return image;
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+    bool has_completed_retirements()const {
+        check_thread();
+        for(const auto& item:pending_)if(item&&item->state()!=dawn_dxgi_submission::status::pending)return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+    bool idle() {
+        check_thread();clear_retired();if(active_)return false;
+        for(const auto& item:pending_)if(item)return false;
+        return true;
+    }
+    bool can_acquire() {
+        check_thread();clear_retired();
+        if(active_||images_.busy_images()>=4)return false;
+        return std::any_of(pending_.begin(),pending_.end(),[](const auto& item){return !item;});
+    }
+    image_lease_pool::occupancy inspect_occupancy() const { return images_.inspect_occupancy(); }
+    size_t busy_images()const {check_thread();return images_.busy_images();}
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_canvas_texture.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_canvas_texture.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ffad24f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_canvas_texture.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dawn_dxgi_image.h"
+#include "d3d12_canvas_images.h"
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+inline std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_image> import_dawn_dxgi_canvas_texture(
+    const d3d12_canvas_images::frame& frame,const wgpu::Device& device,
+    const wgpu::TextureDescriptor& descriptor,ID3D12Device* allocator) {
+    dxgi_endpoint endpoint;
+    if (FAILED(identify_dxgi_endpoint(allocator,endpoint)))return {};
+    // Alpha is a presentation interpretation of these four-channel formats.
+    endpoint.alpha_modes=3;
+    endpoint.shared_fence=device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceDXGISharedHandle);
+    std::unique_ptr<dawn_dxgi_image> image;
+    if(dawn_dxgi_image::import(device,frame.color->borrowed_handle(),endpoint,endpoint,
+        frame.metadata,descriptor.usage,image)!=dxgi_import_status::success)return {};
+    return std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_image>(std::move(image));
+}
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_fences.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_fences.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5814b3b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_fences.h
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "nt_handle.h"
+#include <span>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <vector>
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+enum class dxgi_fence_status {
+    success,invalid_argument,unsupported_fence,handle_failure,out_of_memory,missing_device_feature,import_failure
+};
+// ExportInfo returns a borrowed handle owned by the Dawn fence. Duplicate every
+// handle before releasing EndAccessState; never close the borrowed export.
+// Ops injection tests ownership/rollback without pretending to test a Windows GPU.
+template<class Ops> struct dxgi_fence_wait {
+    unique_nt_handle<Ops> handle;
+    uint64_t value{};
+};
+template<class Ops, class Export> dxgi_fence_status duplicate_dxgi_fences(
+    std::span<const wgpu::SharedFence> fences,std::span<const uint64_t> values,
+    std::vector<dxgi_fence_wait<Ops>>& result,Export export_handle) {
+    result.clear();
+    if (fences.size()!=values.size()) return dxgi_fence_status::invalid_argument;
+    try {
+        std::vector<dxgi_fence_wait<Ops>> candidate;
+        candidate.reserve(fences.size());
+        for (size_t i=0;i<fences.size();++i) {
+            // Export validates the fence and its native type before touching the
+            // handle. Keep all duplicates private until the entire set succeeds.
+            typename Ops::handle_type borrowed=Ops::empty();
+            if (!export_handle(fences[i],borrowed) || !Ops::valid(borrowed))
+                return dxgi_fence_status::unsupported_fence;
+            candidate.push_back({unique_nt_handle<Ops>::duplicate(borrowed),values[i]});
+        }
+        result=std::move(candidate);
+        return dxgi_fence_status::success;
+    } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) { return dxgi_fence_status::out_of_memory; }
+      catch (const std::system_error&) { return dxgi_fence_status::handle_failure; }
+}
+// The caller keeps borrowed NT handles alive until this function returns. Dawn's
+// pinned D3D11/D3D12 imports duplicate/open them; imported fences then own their
+// lifetime independently. No ownership of the supplied handles is transferred.
+struct imported_dxgi_fences {
+    std::vector<wgpu::SharedFence> fences;
+    std::vector<uint64_t> values;
+};
+inline dxgi_fence_status import_dxgi_fences(const wgpu::Device& device,
+    std::span<void* const> handles,std::span<const uint64_t> values,imported_dxgi_fences& result) {
+    result={};
+    if (!device || handles.size()!=values.size()) return dxgi_fence_status::invalid_argument;
+    for (auto handle:handles) {
+        if (!handle || handle==reinterpret_cast<void*>(~uintptr_t{0}))
+            return dxgi_fence_status::invalid_argument;
+    }
+    if (!device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceDXGISharedHandle))
+        return dxgi_fence_status::missing_device_feature;
+    try {
+        imported_dxgi_fences candidate;
+        candidate.fences.reserve(handles.size());
+        candidate.values.assign(values.begin(),values.end());
+        for (auto handle:handles) {
+            wgpu::SharedFenceDXGISharedHandleDescriptor dxgi{}; dxgi.handle=handle;
+            wgpu::SharedFenceDescriptor descriptor{}; descriptor.nextInChain=&dxgi;
+            auto fence=device.ImportSharedFence(&descriptor);
+            if (!fence) return dxgi_fence_status::import_failure;
+            // Dawn can return a non-null error object. Verify the native type
+            // instead of treating pointer existence as successful import.
+            wgpu::SharedFenceExportInfo info{};
+            fence.ExportInfo(&info);
+            if (info.type!=wgpu::SharedFenceType::DXGISharedHandle)
+                return dxgi_fence_status::import_failure;
+            candidate.fences.push_back(std::move(fence));
+        }
+        result=std::move(candidate);
+        return dxgi_fence_status::success;
+    } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) { return dxgi_fence_status::out_of_memory; }
+}
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+using owned_dxgi_fence_wait=dxgi_fence_wait<win32_nt_handle_ops>;
+inline dxgi_fence_status export_dxgi_fences(const wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState& state,
+    std::vector<owned_dxgi_fence_wait>& result) {
+    if ((state.fenceCount && !state.fences) || (state.signaledValueCount && !state.signaledValues)) {
+        result.clear(); return dxgi_fence_status::invalid_argument;
+    }
+    return duplicate_dxgi_fences<win32_nt_handle_ops>(
+        {state.fences,state.fenceCount},{state.signaledValues,state.signaledValueCount},result,
+        [](const wgpu::SharedFence& fence,HANDLE& handle) {
+            if (!fence) return false;
+            wgpu::SharedFenceExportInfo info{};
+            fence.ExportInfo(&info);
+            if (info.type!=wgpu::SharedFenceType::DXGISharedHandle) return false;
+            wgpu::SharedFenceDXGISharedHandleExportInfo dxgi{};
+            info.nextInChain=&dxgi;
+            fence.ExportInfo(&info);
+            handle=dxgi.handle;
+            return info.type==wgpu::SharedFenceType::DXGISharedHandle;
+        });
+}
+#endif
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_image.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_image.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d53cd36da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_image.h
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dxgi_bridge_contract.h"
+#include "nt_handle.h"
+#include "dawn_dxgi_fences.h"
+#include <memory>
+#include <span>
+#include <thread>
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+enum class dxgi_import_status {
+    success,unsupported_platform,invalid_argument,unsupported_pairing,
+    missing_device_feature,handle_failure,import_failure,property_mismatch,out_of_memory
+};
+enum class dxgi_access_status { success,invalid_state,invalid_fences,native_failure,device_lost,fence_export_failure,fence_import_failure };
+// Thread-confined import/access owner. EndAccess is a fence handoff, not CPU/GPU
+// completion; the external consumer must wait on every returned fence/value.
+class dawn_dxgi_image {
+    struct handle_anchor { virtual ~handle_anchor()=default; };
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    struct windows_handle final : handle_anchor {
+        owned_nt_handle value;
+        explicit windows_handle(owned_nt_handle owned):value(std::move(owned)) {}
+    };
+#endif
+    std::shared_ptr<handle_anchor> handle_; // Last destroyed, after Dawn objects.
+    wgpu::Device device_;
+    wgpu::SharedTextureMemory memory_;
+    wgpu::Texture texture_;
+    wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryProperties properties_{};
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    bool active_{},failed_{};
+    void* source_handle_{}; // Identity only; the owned duplicate anchors access.
+    void check_thread() const {
+        if (thread_!=std::this_thread::get_id()) throw std::logic_error("DXGI access requires its owner thread");
+    }
+    static wgpu::TextureFormat native_format(image_format format) {
+        switch (format) {
+            case image_format::rgba8_unorm: return wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;
+            case image_format::bgra8_unorm: return wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm;
+            case image_format::rgba16_float: return wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Float;
+            case image_format::rgba8_srgb: return wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8UnormSrgb;
+            case image_format::bgra8_srgb: return wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8UnormSrgb;
+        }
+        return wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
+    }
+    dxgi_import_status initialize(const wgpu::Device& device,void* handle,const image_metadata& image,
+        dxgi_sync synchronization,wgpu::TextureUsage usage) {
+        device_=device; source_handle_=handle;
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryDXGISharedHandleDescriptor dxgi{};
+        dxgi.handle=handle; dxgi.useKeyedMutex=synchronization==dxgi_sync::keyed_mutex;
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryDescriptor descriptor{}; descriptor.nextInChain=&dxgi;
+        memory_=device.ImportSharedTextureMemory(&descriptor);
+        if (!memory_ || memory_.GetProperties(&properties_)!=wgpu::Status::Success || memory_.IsDeviceLost())
+            return dxgi_import_status::import_failure;
+        if (properties_.size.width!=image.width || properties_.size.height!=image.height
+            || properties_.size.depthOrArrayLayers!=1 || properties_.format!=native_format(image.format)
+            || (properties_.usage & usage)!=usage)
+            return dxgi_import_status::property_mismatch;
+        wgpu::TextureDescriptor texture{};
+        texture.size=properties_.size; texture.format=properties_.format; texture.usage=usage;
+        texture_=memory_.CreateTexture(&texture);
+        return texture_ ? dxgi_import_status::success : dxgi_import_status::import_failure;
+    }
+public:
+    bool matches(const wgpu::Device& device,void* handle) const noexcept {
+        return device_.Get()==device.Get() && source_handle_==handle;
+    }
+    bool expire_texture() {
+        check_thread();
+        if(active_ || failed_ || !texture_)return false;
+        texture_.Destroy();return true;
+    }
+    dawn_dxgi_image()=default;
+    dawn_dxgi_image(const dawn_dxgi_image&)=delete;
+    dawn_dxgi_image& operator=(const dawn_dxgi_image&)=delete;
+    ~dawn_dxgi_image() { if (active_) std::terminate(); }
+    const wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryProperties& properties() const noexcept { return properties_; }
+    dxgi_access_status begin(bool initialized,std::span<const wgpu::SharedFence> fences={},
+        std::span<const uint64_t> values={}) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!memory_ || !texture_ || active_ || failed_) return dxgi_access_status::invalid_state;
+        if (fences.size()!=values.size()) return dxgi_access_status::invalid_fences;
+        for (const auto& fence:fences) if (!fence) return dxgi_access_status::invalid_fences;
+        if (memory_.IsDeviceLost()) return dxgi_access_status::device_lost;
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryBeginAccessDescriptor descriptor{};
+        descriptor.initialized=initialized;
+        descriptor.fenceCount=fences.size(); descriptor.fences=fences.data();
+        descriptor.signaledValueCount=values.size(); descriptor.signaledValues=values.data();
+        if (memory_.BeginAccess(texture_,&descriptor)!=wgpu::Status::Success) {
+            // Native access state can change before backend setup fails. Reject
+            // reuse of an ambiguous allocation rather than retrying its access.
+            failed_=true; return dxgi_access_status::native_failure;
+        }
+        active_=true; return dxgi_access_status::success;
+    }
+    dxgi_access_status begin_shared_fences(bool initialized,std::span<void* const> handles,
+        std::span<const uint64_t> values) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!memory_ || !texture_ || active_ || failed_) return dxgi_access_status::invalid_state;
+        if (handles.size()!=values.size()) return dxgi_access_status::invalid_fences;
+        if (handles.empty()) return begin(initialized);
+        imported_dxgi_fences waits;
+        if (import_dxgi_fences(device_,handles,values,waits)!=dxgi_fence_status::success)
+            return dxgi_access_status::fence_import_failure;
+        // BeginAccess retains the imported fences for the native texture access.
+        // The temporary vectors do not need to survive the interval.
+        return begin(initialized,waits.fences,waits.values);
+    }
+    const wgpu::Texture& texture() const {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!active_) throw std::logic_error("DXGI texture access has not begun");
+        return texture_;
+    }
+    dxgi_access_status end(wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState& handoff) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!memory_ || !active_) return dxgi_access_status::invalid_state;
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState result;
+        const auto status=memory_.EndAccess(texture_,&result);
+        // Dawn may end access before failing to export a fence. Never retry an
+        // ambiguous handoff or expose this allocation for further sampling.
+        active_=false;
+        if (status!=wgpu::Status::Success) {
+            failed_=true; handoff=wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState{};
+            return memory_.IsDeviceLost() ? dxgi_access_status::device_lost : dxgi_access_status::native_failure;
+        }
+        handoff=std::move(result); return dxgi_access_status::success;
+    }
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    // Own all outgoing handles before Dawn's temporary end state is freed. A
+    // failed export invalidates this allocation: presenting without its waits
+    // would race producer work. The caller must discard the external image.
+    dxgi_access_status end_owned(std::vector<owned_dxgi_fence_wait>& waits,bool& initialized) {
+        check_thread();
+        waits.clear(); initialized=false;
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState state;
+        const auto status=end(state);
+        if (status!=dxgi_access_status::success) return status;
+        if (export_dxgi_fences(state,waits)!=dxgi_fence_status::success) {
+            failed_=true; return dxgi_access_status::fence_export_failure;
+        }
+        initialized=state.initialized;
+        return dxgi_access_status::success;
+    }
+#endif
+    // Device removal cannot yield a valid fence handoff. Permit cleanup only
+    // after Dawn confirms loss; callers must invalidate the external image.
+    bool abandon_lost_device() {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!memory_ || !memory_.IsDeviceLost()) return false;
+        active_=false; failed_=true; return true;
+    }
+    static dxgi_import_status import(const wgpu::Device& device,void* borrowed_nt_handle,
+        const dxgi_endpoint& producer,const dxgi_endpoint& consumer,const image_metadata& image,
+        wgpu::TextureUsage usage,std::unique_ptr<dawn_dxgi_image>& result) {
+        result.reset();
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+        return dxgi_import_status::unsupported_platform;
+#else
+        if (!device || !win32_nt_handle_ops::valid(borrowed_nt_handle) || usage==wgpu::TextureUsage::None)
+            return dxgi_import_status::invalid_argument;
+        const auto choice=choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image);
+        if (choice.status!=dxgi_bridge_status::supported) return dxgi_import_status::unsupported_pairing;
+        if (!device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::SharedTextureMemoryDXGISharedHandle)
+            || (choice.synchronization==dxgi_sync::shared_fence
+                && !device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceDXGISharedHandle)))
+            return dxgi_import_status::missing_device_feature;
+        try {
+            auto owned=std::make_unique<dawn_dxgi_image>();
+            auto handle=std::make_shared<windows_handle>(owned_nt_handle::duplicate(borrowed_nt_handle));
+            owned->handle_=handle;
+            const auto status=owned->initialize(device,handle->value.get(),image,choice.synchronization,usage);
+            if (status!=dxgi_import_status::success) return status;
+            owned->source_handle_=borrowed_nt_handle;
+            result=std::move(owned); return dxgi_import_status::success;
+        } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) { return dxgi_import_status::out_of_memory; }
+          catch (const std::system_error&) { return dxgi_import_status::handle_failure; }
+#endif
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_scene_snapshot.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_scene_snapshot.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbfc90e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_scene_snapshot.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dawn_dxgi_submission.h"
+#include "image_lease_abi.h"
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+class dawn_dxgi_scene_snapshot final : public webscene_gpu_image_snapshot {
+    class dependencies final : public webscene_gpu_producer_dependencies {
+        std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission::snapshot> ticket_;
+        std::vector<owned_dxgi_fence_wait> waits_;
+    public:
+        explicit dependencies(std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission::snapshot> ticket):ticket_(std::move(ticket)) {
+            if(export_dxgi_fences(ticket_->producer_handoff(),waits_)!=dxgi_fence_status::success)
+                throw std::runtime_error("DXGI producer fence export failed");
+        }
+        size_t count() const noexcept override { return waits_.size(); }
+        bool metal_event(size_t,void*& event,uint64_t& value) const override { event=nullptr;value=0;return false; }
+        bool dxgi_fence(size_t index,void*& handle,uint64_t& value) const override {
+            handle=nullptr;value=0;
+            if(index>=waits_.size())return false;
+            handle=waits_[index].handle.get();value=waits_[index].value;return true;
+        }
+    };
+    std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission::snapshot> ticket_;
+    const image_metadata metadata_;
+    std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> ready_;
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolved_;
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve_image(bool early) {
+        if(resolved_)return resolved_;
+        auto producer=std::make_shared<dependencies>(ticket_);
+        if(!ready_) {
+            auto image=early?ticket_->take_for_gpu_wait():ticket_->take_ready();
+            if(!image)return {};
+            ready_.emplace(std::move(*image));
+        }
+        resolved_=std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*ready_),std::move(producer),early);
+        ready_.reset();return resolved_;
+    }
+public:
+    explicit dawn_dxgi_scene_snapshot(std::unique_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission::snapshot> ticket)
+        :ticket_(std::move(ticket)),metadata_(ticket_->describe()) {}
+    image_metadata describe() const override { return metadata_; }
+    status state() const override {
+        switch(ticket_->state()) {
+            case dawn_dxgi_submission::status::pending:return status::pending;
+            case dawn_dxgi_submission::status::ready:
+            case dawn_dxgi_submission::status::consumed:return status::ready;
+            default:return status::failed;
+        }
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve() override {
+        return state()==status::ready?resolve_image(false):nullptr;
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve_with_gpu_waits() override {
+        if(auto image=resolve())return image;
+        return ticket_->can_enqueue_gpu_wait()?resolve_image(true):nullptr;
+    }
+};
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_submission.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_submission.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f4f04895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_dxgi_submission.h
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dawn_dxgi_canvas_texture.h"
+#include "d3d12_canvas_images.h"
+#include "producer_completion_gate.h"
+#include <functional>
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Nonblocking producer handoff. Completed consumers use take_ready(); capable
+// GPU consumers may take a validated image with all producer dependencies.
+class dawn_dxgi_submission final : public std::enable_shared_from_this<dawn_dxgi_submission> {
+public:
+    enum class status { pending, ready, failed, consumed, discarded };
+private:
+    mutable std::mutex mutex_;
+    status status_=status::pending;
+    std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> image_;
+    wgpu::Future future_{}, validation_future_{};
+    producer_completion_gate completion_;
+    // Own EndAccess fences and timeline values beyond the submitting stack.
+    // Snapshot ownership also keeps these dependencies alive for a GPU consumer.
+    wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState handoff_;
+    bool present_=true, handoff_valid_=false;
+    void finish(bool queue,bool valid,const std::shared_ptr<completion_wake>& wake) {
+        bool notify=false;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            if (completion_.finish(queue ? producer_completion_gate::phase::queue
+                    : producer_completion_gate::phase::validation,valid)) {
+                const auto succeeded=completion_.state()==producer_completion_gate::result::success;
+                status_=succeeded ? (present_ ? status::ready : status::discarded) : status::failed;
+                if (!succeeded) image_.reset();
+                notify=true;
+            }
+            notify=notify || (!queue && present_ && handoff_valid_ && completion_.validated_for_gpu_wait());
+        }
+        if (notify && wake) wake->signal();
+    }
+public:
+    status state() const { std::lock_guard lock(mutex_); return status_; }
+    std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> take_ready() {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if (status_!=status::ready) return {};
+        status_=status::consumed;
+        return std::move(image_);
+    }
+    // A captured CPU scene owns an exact output independently of the provider's
+    // destructive ready queue. Metadata is available while pending. Early image
+    // transfer requires validation and a consumer that encodes GPU dependencies.
+    class snapshot final {
+        std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission> submission_;
+        std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> image_;
+        friend class dawn_dxgi_submission;
+        snapshot(std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission> submission,
+            owned_image_pool::retained image)
+            : submission_(std::move(submission)),image_(std::move(image)) {}
+    public:
+        snapshot(const snapshot&)=delete;
+        snapshot& operator=(const snapshot&)=delete;
+        image_metadata describe() const {
+            if(!image_)throw std::logic_error("Captured image already transferred");
+            return image_->describe();
+        }
+        status state() const { return submission_->state(); }
+        // Immutable after publish_submitted/submit returns. Does not certify image
+        // readiness; an asynchronous consumer must encode all dependencies.
+        const wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState& producer_handoff() const noexcept {
+            return submission_->handoff_;
+        }
+        bool can_enqueue_gpu_wait() const {
+            std::lock_guard lock(submission_->mutex_);
+            const auto& handoff=submission_->handoff_;
+            return submission_->present_ && submission_->handoff_valid_
+                && submission_->completion_.validated_for_gpu_wait()
+                && submission_->status_!=status::failed && submission_->status_!=status::discarded
+                && handoff.initialized && handoff.fenceCount>0
+                && handoff.fenceCount==handoff.signaledValueCount;
+        }
+        std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> take_for_gpu_wait() {
+            if(!can_enqueue_gpu_wait() || !image_) return {};
+            auto result=std::move(image_);image_.reset();return result;
+        }
+        std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> take_ready() {
+            const auto current=state();
+            if(current!=status::ready&&current!=status::consumed)return {};
+            if(!image_)return {};
+            auto result=std::move(image_);
+            image_.reset();
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+    std::unique_ptr<snapshot> capture_snapshot() {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if(!image_ || status_==status::failed || status_==status::discarded
+            || status_==status::consumed)return {};
+        auto retained=image_->retain();
+        if(!retained)return {}; // Retention pressure does not expose a partial scene.
+        return std::unique_ptr<snapshot>(new snapshot(shared_from_this(),std::move(*retained)));
+    }
+    // Exposed for diagnostic waits only. Ordinary callers poll state or use wake.
+    wgpu::Future completion_future() const noexcept { return future_; }
+    wgpu::Future validation_future() const noexcept { return validation_future_; }
+    // Handoff for application work already submitted on this device's queue.
+    // No command is resubmitted. Even publication backpressure must retain the
+    // frame until queue completion because its allocation may already be in use.
+    // present=false retires resize/unconfigure work without exposing an image;
+    // discarded contents need not be initialized, but completion is still required.
+    static std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_submission> publish_submitted(
+        d3d12_canvas_images::frame&& frame,const wgpu::Device& device,
+        std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_image> shared,std::shared_ptr<void> device_lifetime={},
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake={},bool present=true) {
+        if(!device||!frame.color||!shared||!shared->matches(device,frame.color->borrowed_handle()))
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Submitted image must match its device and native allocation");
+        auto result=std::make_shared<dawn_dxgi_submission>();
+        auto pending=std::make_shared<d3d12_canvas_images::frame>(std::move(frame));
+        pending->producer.begin();
+        result->present_=present;
+        if(present) {
+            auto image=pending->producer.publish();
+            if(!image)result->completion_.reject();
+            if(image)result->image_.emplace(std::move(*image));
+        }
+        // Scope only host handoff operations, never application JS recording or
+        // its error-scope stack. Undefined image contents cannot be presented.
+        device.PushErrorScope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState end;
+        const bool ended=shared->end(end)==dxgi_access_status::success;
+        const bool expired=ended&&shared->expire_texture();
+        const bool valid=expired&&(!present||end.initialized);
+        result->handoff_valid_=valid;
+        result->handoff_=std::move(end);
+        result->future_=device.GetQueue().OnSubmittedWorkDone(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [result,pending,shared,device,device_lifetime,wake,valid,present](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+                pending->producer.complete();
+                if(!present)pending->producer.cancel();
+                result->finish(true,valid&&status==wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success,wake);
+            });
+        result->validation_future_=device.PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [result,device,device_lifetime,wake](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus status,wgpu::ErrorType error,wgpu::StringView) {
+                result->finish(false,status==wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus::Success&&error==wgpu::ErrorType::NoError,wake);
+            });
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_event_service.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_event_service.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..551ca2b49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_event_service.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "completion_mailbox.h"
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Construct lazily on the engine thread. ProcessEvents and completion delivery
+// are independent of presentation/RAF. Backend callbacks publish native records;
+// only pump() invokes the engine's promise-delivery function.
+class dawn_event_service {
+    const std::thread::id engine_thread_ = std::this_thread::get_id();
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> completions_;
+    wgpu::Instance instance_;
+    bool closed_{};
+    void check_thread() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id() != engine_thread_)
+            throw std::logic_error("Dawn event service requires engine thread");
+    }
+public:
+    dawn_event_service(size_t completion_capacity, std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake, bool measure_latency=false)
+        : completions_(std::make_shared<completion_mailbox>(completion_capacity, std::move(wake), measure_latency)),
+          instance_(wgpu::CreateInstance()) {
+        if (!instance_) throw std::runtime_error("Dawn instance creation failed");
+    }
+    ~dawn_event_service() {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id() != engine_thread_) std::terminate();
+        // Late native callbacks keep the mailbox alive but cannot deliver JS.
+        completions_->close();
+    }
+    dawn_event_service(const dawn_event_service&) = delete;
+    dawn_event_service& operator=(const dawn_event_service&) = delete;
+    const wgpu::Instance& instance() const {
+        check_thread();
+        if (closed_) throw std::logic_error("Dawn event service is closed");
+        return instance_;
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> completions() const { check_thread(); return completions_; }
+    template<class Deliver> size_t pump(Deliver deliver, size_t budget = 64) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!closed_) instance_.ProcessEvents();
+        size_t delivered = 0;
+        while (delivered < budget && completions_->drain_one(deliver)) ++delivered;
+        return delivered;
+    }
+    // Call before discarding the JS context, then drain cancellation records on
+    // its engine thread. Closing admission does not imply GPU submission finish.
+    void close() { check_thread(); closed_ = true; completions_->close(); }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_iosurface_canvas_host.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_iosurface_canvas_host.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d49beb85e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_iosurface_canvas_host.h
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dawn_iosurface_submission.h"
+#include <array>
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Engine-thread canvas provider. The host drains completed publications into the
+// scene and applies canvas generation/serial filtering there. Three pending
+// retirements bound storage and callback ownership during presenter backpressure.
+class dawn_iosurface_canvas_host final {
+    struct active_frame {
+        iosurface_canvas_images::frame frame;
+        wgpu::Device device;
+        std::shared_ptr<dawn_shared_image> shared;
+        std::shared_ptr<void> device_lifetime;
+    };
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    iosurface_canvas_images images_;
+    std::unique_ptr<active_frame> active_;
+    std::array<std::shared_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission>,3> pending_{};
+    size_t active_slot_=0;
+    std::weak_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission> latest_submission_;
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake_;
+    void check_thread()const {
+        if(thread_!=std::this_thread::get_id())throw std::logic_error("Canvas provider requires its engine thread");
+    }
+    void clear_retired() {
+        for(auto& item:pending_)if(item) {
+            auto state=item->state();
+            if(state==dawn_iosurface_submission::status::failed||state==dawn_iosurface_submission::status::discarded||
+                state==dawn_iosurface_submission::status::consumed)item.reset();
+        }
+    }
+public:
+    explicit dawn_iosurface_canvas_host(uint64_t budget,std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake={})
+        :images_(budget),wake_(std::move(wake)) {}
+    dawn_iosurface_canvas_host(const dawn_iosurface_canvas_host&)=delete;
+    dawn_iosurface_canvas_host& operator=(const dawn_iosurface_canvas_host&)=delete;
+    ~dawn_iosurface_canvas_host() {
+        // The GPUCanvasContext must retire before destroying its provider.
+        // Dropping an active imported frame could recycle submitted storage.
+        if(active_)std::terminate();
+    }
+    wgpu::Texture acquire(image_metadata metadata,const wgpu::Device& device,
+        const wgpu::TextureDescriptor& descriptor,std::shared_ptr<void> device_lifetime={}) {
+        check_thread();if(active_)throw std::logic_error("Canvas already owns a current frame");
+        clear_retired();size_t slot=0;while(slot<pending_.size()&&pending_[slot])++slot;
+        if(slot==pending_.size())return {};
+        auto frame=images_.acquire(metadata);if(!frame)return {};
+        auto shared=import_dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture(*frame,device,descriptor);
+        if(!shared)return {};
+        // Allocate host state before BeginAccess; failure cannot abandon access.
+        auto next=std::make_unique<active_frame>(active_frame{std::move(*frame),device,shared,std::move(device_lifetime)});
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryBeginAccessDescriptor access{};access.initialized=false;
+        if(!shared->begin(access))return {};
+        active_=std::move(next);active_slot_=slot;
+        return shared->texture();
+    }
+    void retire(const wgpu::Texture& texture,bool present) {
+        check_thread();
+        if(!active_||texture.Get()!=active_->shared->texture().Get())
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Canvas retirement requires its current texture");
+        pending_[active_slot_]=dawn_iosurface_submission::publish_submitted(std::move(active_->frame),
+            active_->device,active_->shared,active_->device_lifetime,wake_,present);
+        latest_submission_=present ? pending_[active_slot_] : std::weak_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission>{};
+        active_.reset();
+    }
+    // Capture at the rendering-opportunity boundary, before draining ready
+    // outputs. The weak lookup adds no hidden image retention; the returned
+    // ticket owns its exact allocation independently of later provider work.
+    std::unique_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission::snapshot> capture_latest_submission() {
+        check_thread();
+        if(active_)throw std::logic_error("End the current GPU opportunity before capturing its output");
+        auto submission=latest_submission_.lock();
+        return submission ? submission->capture_snapshot() : nullptr;
+    }
+    std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> take_ready() {
+        check_thread();clear_retired();
+        for(auto& item:pending_)if(item&&item->state()==dawn_iosurface_submission::status::ready) {
+            auto image=item->take_ready();item.reset();return image;
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+    bool has_completed_retirements()const {
+        check_thread();
+        for(const auto& item:pending_)if(item&&item->state()!=dawn_iosurface_submission::status::pending)return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+    bool idle() {
+        check_thread();clear_retired();if(active_)return false;
+        for(const auto& item:pending_)if(item)return false;
+        return true;
+    }
+    bool can_acquire() {
+        check_thread();clear_retired();
+        if(active_||images_.busy_images()>=3)return false;
+        return std::any_of(pending_.begin(),pending_.end(),[](const auto& item){return !item;});
+    }
+    image_lease_pool::occupancy inspect_occupancy() const { return images_.inspect_occupancy(); }
+    size_t busy_images()const {check_thread();return images_.busy_images();}
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09308d914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dawn_shared_image.h"
+#include "iosurface_canvas_images.h"
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Import the exact pool allocation using the application's canvas descriptor.
+// The caller keeps the frame reservation and hands both objects to submission
+// retirement after application work. No new pixel storage, pixel copy or queue
+// submission occurs; Dawn creates a texture object over the shared storage.
+inline std::shared_ptr<dawn_shared_image> import_dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture(
+    const iosurface_canvas_images::frame& frame,const wgpu::Device& device,
+    const wgpu::TextureDescriptor& description) {
+    if(!frame.color||frame.metadata.format!=image_format::bgra8_unorm||
+        description.format!=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm||
+        description.size.width!=frame.metadata.width||description.size.height!=frame.metadata.height)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Canvas texture descriptor must match its IOSurface allocation");
+    auto surface=frame.color->borrowed_handle();
+    std::shared_ptr<void> owner(const_cast<void*>(CFRetain(surface)),[](void* value){CFRelease(value);});
+    wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryIOSurfaceDescriptor io{};io.ioSurface=surface;
+    wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryDescriptor import{};import.nextInChain=&io;
+    return dawn_shared_image::import(device,import,description,std::move(owner));
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_iosurface_submission.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_iosurface_submission.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72c8ea35e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_iosurface_submission.h
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture.h"
+#include "iosurface_canvas_images.h"
+#include "producer_completion_gate.h"
+#include <functional>
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Nonblocking producer handoff. Completed consumers use take_ready(); capable
+// GPU consumers may take a validated image with all producer dependencies.
+class dawn_iosurface_submission final : public std::enable_shared_from_this<dawn_iosurface_submission> {
+public:
+    enum class status { pending, ready, failed, consumed, discarded };
+private:
+    mutable std::mutex mutex_;
+    status status_=status::pending;
+    std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> image_;
+    wgpu::Future future_{}, validation_future_{};
+    producer_completion_gate completion_;
+    // Own EndAccess fences and timeline values beyond the submitting stack.
+    // Snapshot ownership also keeps these dependencies alive for a GPU consumer.
+    wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState handoff_;
+    bool present_=true, handoff_valid_=false;
+    void finish(bool queue,bool valid,const std::shared_ptr<completion_wake>& wake) {
+        bool notify=false;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            if (completion_.finish(queue ? producer_completion_gate::phase::queue
+                    : producer_completion_gate::phase::validation,valid)) {
+                const auto succeeded=completion_.state()==producer_completion_gate::result::success;
+                status_=succeeded ? (present_ ? status::ready : status::discarded) : status::failed;
+                if (!succeeded) image_.reset();
+                notify=true;
+            }
+            notify=notify || (!queue && present_ && handoff_valid_ && completion_.validated_for_gpu_wait());
+        }
+        if (notify && wake) wake->signal();
+    }
+public:
+    status state() const { std::lock_guard lock(mutex_); return status_; }
+    std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> take_ready() {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if (status_!=status::ready) return {};
+        status_=status::consumed;
+        return std::move(image_);
+    }
+    // A captured CPU scene owns an exact output independently of the provider's
+    // destructive ready queue. Metadata is available while pending. Early image
+    // transfer requires validation and a consumer that encodes GPU dependencies.
+    class snapshot final {
+        std::shared_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission> submission_;
+        std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> image_;
+        friend class dawn_iosurface_submission;
+        snapshot(std::shared_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission> submission,
+            owned_image_pool::retained image)
+            : submission_(std::move(submission)),image_(std::move(image)) {}
+    public:
+        snapshot(const snapshot&)=delete;
+        snapshot& operator=(const snapshot&)=delete;
+        image_metadata describe() const {
+            if(!image_)throw std::logic_error("Captured image already transferred");
+            return image_->describe();
+        }
+        status state() const { return submission_->state(); }
+        // Immutable after publish_submitted/submit returns. Does not certify image
+        // readiness; an asynchronous consumer must encode all dependencies.
+        const wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState& producer_handoff() const noexcept {
+            return submission_->handoff_;
+        }
+        bool can_enqueue_gpu_wait() const {
+            std::lock_guard lock(submission_->mutex_);
+            const auto& handoff=submission_->handoff_;
+            return submission_->present_ && submission_->handoff_valid_
+                && submission_->completion_.validated_for_gpu_wait()
+                && submission_->status_!=status::failed && submission_->status_!=status::discarded
+                && handoff.initialized && handoff.fenceCount>0
+                && handoff.fenceCount==handoff.signaledValueCount;
+        }
+        std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> take_for_gpu_wait() {
+            if(!can_enqueue_gpu_wait() || !image_) return {};
+            auto result=std::move(image_);image_.reset();return result;
+        }
+        std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> take_ready() {
+            const auto current=state();
+            if(current!=status::ready&&current!=status::consumed)return {};
+            if(!image_)return {};
+            auto result=std::move(image_);
+            image_.reset();
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+    std::unique_ptr<snapshot> capture_snapshot() {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if(!image_ || status_==status::failed || status_==status::discarded
+            || status_==status::consumed)return {};
+        auto retained=image_->retain();
+        if(!retained)return {}; // Retention pressure does not expose a partial scene.
+        return std::unique_ptr<snapshot>(new snapshot(shared_from_this(),std::move(*retained)));
+    }
+    // Exposed for diagnostic waits only. Ordinary callers poll state or use wake.
+    wgpu::Future completion_future() const noexcept { return future_; }
+    wgpu::Future validation_future() const noexcept { return validation_future_; }
+    // Handoff for application work already submitted on this device's queue.
+    // No command is resubmitted. Even publication backpressure must retain the
+    // frame until queue completion because its allocation may already be in use.
+    // present=false retires resize/unconfigure work without exposing an image;
+    // discarded contents need not be initialized, but completion is still required.
+    static std::shared_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission> publish_submitted(
+        iosurface_canvas_images::frame&& frame,const wgpu::Device& device,
+        std::shared_ptr<dawn_shared_image> shared,std::shared_ptr<void> device_lifetime={},
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake={},bool present=true) {
+        if(!device||!frame.color||!shared||!shared->matches(device,frame.color->borrowed_handle()))
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Submitted image must match its device and native allocation");
+        auto result=std::make_shared<dawn_iosurface_submission>();
+        auto pending=std::make_shared<iosurface_canvas_images::frame>(std::move(frame));
+        pending->producer.begin();
+        result->present_=present;
+        if(present) {
+            auto image=pending->producer.publish();
+            if(!image)result->completion_.reject();
+            if(image)result->image_.emplace(std::move(*image));
+        }
+        // Scope only host handoff operations, never application JS recording or
+        // its error-scope stack. Undefined image contents cannot be presented.
+        device.PushErrorScope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState end;
+        const bool ended=shared->end(end);
+        const bool expired=ended&&shared->expire_texture();
+        const bool valid=expired&&(!present||end.initialized);
+        result->handoff_valid_=valid;
+        result->handoff_=std::move(end);
+        result->future_=device.GetQueue().OnSubmittedWorkDone(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [result,pending,shared,device,device_lifetime,wake,valid,present](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+                pending->producer.complete();
+                if(!present)pending->producer.cancel();
+                result->finish(true,valid&&status==wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success,wake);
+            });
+        result->validation_future_=device.PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [result,device,device_lifetime,wake](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus status,wgpu::ErrorType error,wgpu::StringView) {
+                result->finish(false,status==wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus::Success&&error==wgpu::ErrorType::NoError,wake);
+            });
+        return result;
+    }
+    // Invoke on the device/producer owner thread. The recorder may only encode;
+    // it must not submit, alter error scopes, or let the borrowed texture escape.
+    // Validation and queue completion must both succeed before publication.
+    using recorder=std::function<wgpu::CommandBuffer(const wgpu::Texture&)>;
+    static std::shared_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission> submit(
+        iosurface_canvas_images::frame&& frame,const wgpu::Device& device,
+        const recorder& record,std::shared_ptr<void> device_lifetime={},
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake={}) {
+        if (!device || !record || !frame.color)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Dawn IOSurface submission requires device, frame and recorder");
+        // Balance the validation scope even when import/recording rejects work.
+        struct validation_scope {
+            wgpu::Device device;
+            bool popped=false;
+            explicit validation_scope(wgpu::Device value):device(std::move(value)) {
+                device.PushErrorScope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+            }
+            ~validation_scope() {
+                if (!popped) device.PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                    [](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus,wgpu::ErrorType,wgpu::StringView) {});
+            }
+        } scope(device);
+        auto pending=std::make_shared<iosurface_canvas_images::frame>(std::move(frame));
+        wgpu::TextureDescriptor texture{};
+        texture.dimension=wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D;
+        texture.size={pending->metadata.width,pending->metadata.height,1};
+        texture.format=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm;
+        texture.usage=wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment;
+        auto shared=import_dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture(*pending,device,texture);
+        if (!shared) return {};
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryBeginAccessDescriptor access{};
+        access.initialized=false; // Recorder must initialize every presented pixel.
+        if (!shared->begin(access)) return {};
+        wgpu::CommandBuffer command;
+        try { command=record(shared->texture()); }
+        catch (...) { wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState end; shared->end(end); throw; }
+        if (!command) { wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState end; shared->end(end); return {}; }
+        auto result=std::make_shared<dawn_iosurface_submission>();
+        pending->producer.begin();
+        auto image=pending->producer.publish();
+        if (!image) {
+            wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState end; shared->end(end);
+            pending->producer.complete();
+            return {};
+        }
+        result->image_.emplace(std::move(*image));
+        auto queue=device.GetQueue();
+        queue.Submit(1,&command);
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState end;
+        const bool ended=shared->end(end);
+        const bool expired=ended && shared->expire_texture();
+        result->handoff_valid_=ended && expired && end.initialized;
+        result->handoff_=std::move(end);
+        result->future_=queue.OnSubmittedWorkDone(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [result,pending,shared,device,device_lifetime,wake,ended,expired]
+            (wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus completed,wgpu::StringView) {
+                pending->producer.complete();
+                result->finish(true,ended && expired && completed==wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success,wake);
+            });
+        scope.popped=true;
+        result->validation_future_=device.PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [result,device,device_lifetime,wake](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus completed,
+                wgpu::ErrorType error,wgpu::StringView) {
+                result->finish(false,completed==wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus::Success &&
+                    error==wgpu::ErrorType::NoError,wake);
+            });
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_metal_producer_wait.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_metal_producer_wait.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8cd66e38e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_metal_producer_wait.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__OBJC__)
+#include "metal_producer_wait.h"
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Export every Dawn dependency before touching the consumer queue. Keep the
+// originating handoff/snapshot alive through submission and image retirement.
+inline id<MTLCommandBuffer> submit_dawn_metal_producer_waits(
+    id<MTLCommandQueue> queue, std::span<const wgpu::SharedFence> fences,
+    std::span<const uint64_t> values) {
+    if(!queue || fences.empty() || fences.size()!=values.size()) return nil;
+    std::vector<metal_producer_dependency> dependencies;
+    dependencies.reserve(fences.size());
+    for(size_t i=0;i<fences.size();++i) {
+        if(!fences[i]) return nil;
+        wgpu::SharedFenceExportInfo type;
+        fences[i].ExportInfo(&type);
+        if(type.type!=wgpu::SharedFenceType::MTLSharedEvent) return nil;
+        wgpu::SharedFenceMTLSharedEventExportInfo metal;
+        wgpu::SharedFenceExportInfo info; info.nextInChain=&metal;
+        fences[i].ExportInfo(&info);
+        if(!metal.sharedEvent) return nil;
+        dependencies.push_back({(__bridge id<MTLSharedEvent>)metal.sharedEvent,values[i]});
+    }
+    return submit_metal_producer_waits(queue,dependencies);
+}
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_scene_image_snapshot.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_scene_image_snapshot.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b6543eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_scene_image_snapshot.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dawn_iosurface_submission.h"
+#include "image_lease_abi.h"
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+class dawn_scene_image_snapshot final : public webscene_gpu_image_snapshot {
+    class dependencies final : public webscene_gpu_producer_dependencies {
+        std::shared_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission::snapshot> ticket_;
+    public:
+        explicit dependencies(std::shared_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission::snapshot> ticket):ticket_(std::move(ticket)) {}
+        size_t count() const noexcept override { return ticket_->producer_handoff().fenceCount; }
+        bool metal_event(size_t index,void*& event,uint64_t& value) const override {
+            event=nullptr; value=0;
+            const auto& handoff=ticket_->producer_handoff();
+            if(index>=handoff.fenceCount || handoff.fenceCount!=handoff.signaledValueCount) return false;
+            wgpu::SharedFenceExportInfo type; handoff.fences[index].ExportInfo(&type);
+            if(type.type!=wgpu::SharedFenceType::MTLSharedEvent) return false;
+            wgpu::SharedFenceMTLSharedEventExportInfo metal;
+            wgpu::SharedFenceExportInfo info;info.nextInChain=&metal;
+            handoff.fences[index].ExportInfo(&info);
+            event=metal.sharedEvent;value=handoff.signaledValues[index];return event!=nullptr;
+        }
+    };
+    std::shared_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission::snapshot> ticket_;
+    const image_metadata metadata_;
+    std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> ready_;
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolved_;
+public:
+    explicit dawn_scene_image_snapshot(std::unique_ptr<dawn_iosurface_submission::snapshot> ticket)
+        :ticket_(std::move(ticket)),metadata_(ticket_->describe()) {}
+    image_metadata describe() const override { return metadata_; }
+    status state() const override {
+        switch(ticket_->state()) {
+            case dawn_iosurface_submission::status::pending:return status::pending;
+            case dawn_iosurface_submission::status::ready:
+            case dawn_iosurface_submission::status::consumed:return status::ready;
+            default:return status::failed;
+        }
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve() override {
+        if(state()!=status::ready)return {};
+        if(resolved_)return resolved_;
+        if(!ready_) {
+            auto image=ticket_->take_ready();
+            if(!image)return {};
+            ready_.emplace(std::move(*image));
+        }
+        // Keep ownership in ready_ if allocation throws; resolution is retryable.
+        auto producer=std::make_shared<dependencies>(ticket_);
+        resolved_=std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*ready_),std::move(producer));
+        ready_.reset();
+        return resolved_;
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve_with_gpu_waits() override {
+        if(auto completed=resolve())return completed;
+        if(!ticket_->can_enqueue_gpu_wait())return {};
+        if(resolved_)return resolved_;
+        auto producer=std::make_shared<dependencies>(ticket_);
+        for(size_t i=0;i<producer->count();++i) {
+            void* event=nullptr;uint64_t value=0;
+            if(!producer->metal_event(i,event,value))return {};
+        }
+        if(!ready_) {
+            auto image=ticket_->take_for_gpu_wait();
+            if(!image)return {};
+            ready_.emplace(std::move(*image));
+        }
+        resolved_=std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*ready_),std::move(producer),true);
+        ready_.reset();return resolved_;
+    }
+};
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_shared_image.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_shared_image.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cceab2c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dawn_shared_image.h
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Cross-platform Dawn shared-memory ownership/access boundary. Platform code
+// supplies the import descriptor and native allocation owner. The caller must
+// retain this object through GPU completion; EndAccess is not a completion wait.
+class dawn_shared_image final {
+    std::shared_ptr<void> native_owner_;
+    wgpu::Device device_;
+    wgpu::SharedTextureMemory memory_;
+    wgpu::Texture texture_;
+    bool active_=false, failed_=false, expired_=false;
+    dawn_shared_image(wgpu::Device device,std::shared_ptr<void> owner,wgpu::SharedTextureMemory memory,
+                      wgpu::Texture texture)
+        :native_owner_(std::move(owner)),device_(std::move(device)),memory_(std::move(memory)),texture_(std::move(texture)) {}
+public:
+    dawn_shared_image(const dawn_shared_image&)=delete;
+    dawn_shared_image& operator=(const dawn_shared_image&)=delete;
+    static std::shared_ptr<dawn_shared_image> import(
+        const wgpu::Device& device,const wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryDescriptor& import,
+        const wgpu::TextureDescriptor& description,std::shared_ptr<void> owner) {
+        if (!device || !owner || description.dimension!=wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D ||
+            !description.size.width || !description.size.height ||
+            description.size.depthOrArrayLayers!=1 || description.sampleCount!=1 ||
+            description.mipLevelCount!=1) return {};
+        auto memory=device.ImportSharedTextureMemory(&import);
+        wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryProperties properties{};
+        if (!memory || memory.GetProperties(&properties)!=wgpu::Status::Success ||
+            properties.format!=description.format ||
+            properties.size.width!=description.size.width ||
+            properties.size.height!=description.size.height ||
+            properties.size.depthOrArrayLayers!=1 ||
+            (properties.usage & description.usage)!=description.usage) return {};
+        auto texture=memory.CreateTexture(&description);
+        if (!texture) return {};
+        return std::shared_ptr<dawn_shared_image>(
+            new dawn_shared_image(device,std::move(owner),std::move(memory),std::move(texture)));
+    }
+    bool matches(const wgpu::Device& device,const void* allocation)const noexcept {
+        return device.Get()==device_.Get()&&allocation==native_owner_.get();
+    }
+    const wgpu::Texture& texture() const noexcept { return texture_; }
+    bool begin(const wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryBeginAccessDescriptor& access) {
+        if (active_ || failed_ || expired_) return false;
+        if (memory_.BeginAccess(texture_,&access)!=wgpu::Status::Success) {
+            failed_=true;
+            return false;
+        }
+        active_=true;
+        return true;
+    }
+    // Expire this frame's WebGPU texture object after EndAccess, before its
+    // native allocation can be recycled. Submitted work retains its resources;
+    // a JavaScript reference to the old texture cannot write a later frame.
+    bool expire_texture() {
+        if(active_ || failed_)return false;
+        if(!expired_){texture_.Destroy();expired_=true;}
+        return true;
+    }
+    bool end(wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState& handoff) {
+        if (!active_ || failed_) return false;
+        if (memory_.EndAccess(texture_,&handoff)!=wgpu::Status::Success) {
+            failed_=true; // Access ownership is uncertain; never offer reuse.
+            return false;
+        }
+        active_=false;
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dxgi_bridge_contract.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dxgi_bridge_contract.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60a6cac45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dxgi_bridge_contract.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "image_metadata.h"
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct adapter_luid {
+    uint32_t low{}; int32_t high{}; bool valid{};
+    bool operator==(const adapter_luid&) const = default;
+};
+enum class dxgi_api { d3d11,d3d12 };
+enum class dxgi_sync { none,shared_fence,keyed_mutex };
+enum class dxgi_bridge_status {
+    supported,unknown_adapter,cross_adapter,unsupported_format,unsupported_alpha,
+    needs_resolve,unsupported_synchronization,invalid_dimensions,unsupported_api
+};
+struct dxgi_endpoint {
+    adapter_luid adapter;
+    dxgi_api api{};
+    uint32_t color_formats{}; // Bit (image_format - 1).
+    uint32_t alpha_modes{};   // Bit (image_alpha - 1).
+    bool shared_fence{},keyed_mutex{};
+};
+struct dxgi_bridge_choice { dxgi_bridge_status status; dxgi_sync synchronization{dxgi_sync::none}; };
+// Capability policy only. Endpoint capabilities must come from native device
+// queries; this function does not claim an import or a synchronization pass.
+inline dxgi_bridge_choice choose_dxgi_bridge(const dxgi_endpoint& producer,const dxgi_endpoint& consumer,
+    const image_metadata& image,uint32_t samples=1) noexcept {
+    if ((producer.api!=dxgi_api::d3d11 && producer.api!=dxgi_api::d3d12)
+        || (consumer.api!=dxgi_api::d3d11 && consumer.api!=dxgi_api::d3d12))
+        return {dxgi_bridge_status::unsupported_api};
+    if (!producer.adapter.valid || !consumer.adapter.valid) return {dxgi_bridge_status::unknown_adapter};
+    if (!(producer.adapter==consumer.adapter)) return {dxgi_bridge_status::cross_adapter};
+    if (!image.width || !image.height) return {dxgi_bridge_status::invalid_dimensions};
+    if (samples!=1) return {dxgi_bridge_status::needs_resolve};
+    const auto format=static_cast<uint32_t>(image.format);
+    if (format<1 || format>5 || !(producer.color_formats & consumer.color_formats & (1U<<(format-1))))
+        return {dxgi_bridge_status::unsupported_format};
+    const auto alpha=static_cast<uint32_t>(image.alpha);
+    if (alpha<1 || alpha>3 || !(producer.alpha_modes & consumer.alpha_modes & (1U<<(alpha-1))))
+        return {dxgi_bridge_status::unsupported_alpha};
+    if (producer.shared_fence && consumer.shared_fence)
+        return {dxgi_bridge_status::supported,dxgi_sync::shared_fence};
+    // Keyed-mutex support for D3D12 combinations requires a separately proven
+    // bridge. Do not silently substitute it for shared-fence synchronization.
+    if (producer.api==dxgi_api::d3d11 && consumer.api==dxgi_api::d3d11
+        && producer.keyed_mutex && consumer.keyed_mutex)
+        return {dxgi_bridge_status::supported,dxgi_sync::keyed_mutex};
+    return {dxgi_bridge_status::unsupported_synchronization};
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dxgi_device_identity.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dxgi_device_identity.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb0a6608a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/dxgi_device_identity.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dxgi_bridge_contract.h"
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#endif
+#ifndef NOMINMAX
+#define NOMINMAX
+#endif
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <d3d12.h>
+#include <dxgi.h>
+#include <wrl/client.h>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// LUIDs identify adapters within the current system boot, not persistent hardware
+// identities. Query the actual devices; vendor/device IDs are not sufficient.
+inline HRESULT query_adapter_luid(ID3D11Device* device,adapter_luid& result) noexcept {
+    result={};
+    if (!device) return E_INVALIDARG;
+    HRESULT status=device->GetDeviceRemovedReason();
+    if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IDXGIDevice> dxgi;
+    status=device->QueryInterface(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dxgi));
+    if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IDXGIAdapter> adapter;
+    status=dxgi->GetAdapter(&adapter);
+    if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+    DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC description{};
+    status=adapter->GetDesc(&description);
+    if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+    result={description.AdapterLuid.LowPart,description.AdapterLuid.HighPart,true};
+    return S_OK;
+}
+inline HRESULT query_adapter_luid(ID3D12Device* device,adapter_luid& result) noexcept {
+    result={};
+    if (!device) return E_INVALIDARG;
+    const auto status=device->GetDeviceRemovedReason();
+    if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+    const auto luid=device->GetAdapterLuid();
+    result={luid.LowPart,luid.HighPart,true};
+    return S_OK;
+}
+inline DXGI_FORMAT dxgi_color_format(image_format format) noexcept {
+    switch (format) {
+        case image_format::rgba8_unorm: return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
+        case image_format::bgra8_unorm: return DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
+        case image_format::rgba16_float: return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT;
+        case image_format::rgba8_srgb: return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB;
+        case image_format::bgra8_srgb: return DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB;
+    }
+    return DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
+}
+// Candidate color formats only: the allocation/import path must still validate
+// sharing flags, view compatibility, alpha convention and synchronization.
+inline HRESULT query_dxgi_color_formats(ID3D11Device* device,uint32_t& result) noexcept {
+    result=0;
+    if (!device) return E_INVALIDARG;
+    uint32_t candidate=0;
+    constexpr UINT required=D3D11_FORMAT_SUPPORT_TEXTURE2D | D3D11_FORMAT_SUPPORT_RENDER_TARGET
+        | D3D11_FORMAT_SUPPORT_SHADER_SAMPLE;
+    for (uint32_t format=1;format<=5;++format) {
+        UINT support=0;
+        const auto status=device->CheckFormatSupport(dxgi_color_format(static_cast<image_format>(format)),&support);
+        if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+        if ((support & required)==required) candidate|=1U<<(format-1);
+    }
+    const auto status=device->GetDeviceRemovedReason();
+    if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+    result=candidate; return S_OK;
+}
+inline HRESULT query_dxgi_color_formats(ID3D12Device* device,uint32_t& result) noexcept {
+    result=0;
+    if (!device) return E_INVALIDARG;
+    uint32_t candidate=0;
+    constexpr UINT required=D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_TEXTURE2D | D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_RENDER_TARGET
+        | D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_SHADER_SAMPLE;
+    for (uint32_t format=1;format<=5;++format) {
+        D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_FORMAT_SUPPORT support{};
+        support.Format=dxgi_color_format(static_cast<image_format>(format));
+        const auto status=device->CheckFeatureSupport(D3D12_FEATURE_FORMAT_SUPPORT,&support,sizeof(support));
+        if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+        if ((static_cast<UINT>(support.Support1) & required)==required) candidate|=1U<<(format-1);
+    }
+    const auto status=device->GetDeviceRemovedReason();
+    if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+    result=candidate; return S_OK;
+}
+// Do not retain stale endpoint identity on a failed device query. Other endpoint
+// fields still require allocation/import, alpha and synchronization qualification.
+inline HRESULT identify_dxgi_endpoint(ID3D11Device* device,dxgi_endpoint& endpoint) noexcept {
+    endpoint={}; endpoint.api=dxgi_api::d3d11;
+    auto status=query_adapter_luid(device,endpoint.adapter);
+    if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+    status=query_dxgi_color_formats(device,endpoint.color_formats);
+    if (FAILED(status)) endpoint.adapter={};
+    return status;
+}
+inline HRESULT identify_dxgi_endpoint(ID3D12Device* device,dxgi_endpoint& endpoint) noexcept {
+    endpoint={}; endpoint.api=dxgi_api::d3d12;
+    auto status=query_adapter_luid(device,endpoint.adapter);
+    if (FAILED(status)) return status;
+    status=query_dxgi_color_formats(device,endpoint.color_formats);
+    if (FAILED(status)) endpoint.adapter={};
+    return status;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/engine_wake.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/engine_wake.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5baa4641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/engine_wake.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "completion_mailbox.h"
+#include <chrono>
+#include <condition_variable>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Contains no engine pointer. A backend may retain this signal after the engine
+// is destroyed; the last reference simply releases an unused condition variable.
+class engine_wake final : public completion_wake {
+    std::mutex mutex_;
+    std::condition_variable changed_;
+    bool pending_{};
+public:
+    void signal() noexcept override {
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            pending_ = true;
+        }
+        changed_.notify_one();
+    }
+    template<class Predicate>
+    bool wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds duration, Predicate ready) {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
+        const bool signalled = changed_.wait_for(lock, duration, [&] { return pending_ || ready(); });
+        pending_ = false;
+        return signalled;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/graphics_service.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/graphics_service.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25457fbb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/graphics_service.h
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+#pragma once
+#ifndef WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ENABLE_ANGLE
+#define WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ENABLE_ANGLE 1
+#endif
+#if WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ENABLE_ANGLE
+#include "angle_context.h"
+#endif
+#include "dawn_event_service.h"
+#include "dawn_device.h"
+#include "command_channel.h"
+#include "release_channel.h"
+#include <chrono>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// One instance per engine, created on its worker. This is native API state only;
+// framework-owned Skia contexts and presenter textures never enter this service.
+struct graphics_metrics {
+    size_t live_devices{},live_contexts{};
+    completion_metrics completions{};
+    queue_metrics commands{};
+    size_t release_registrations{};
+    size_t live_adapters{};
+};
+class graphics_service {
+    const std::thread::id thread_ = std::this_thread::get_id();
+    const resource_owner owner_{new_owner_token(),new_owner_token(),0};
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake_;
+    const size_t completion_capacity_;
+    const bool measure_latency_;
+#if WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ENABLE_ANGLE
+    resource_table<angle_context> contexts_;
+#endif
+    resource_table<dawn_device> devices_;
+    resource_table<wgpu::Adapter> adapters_;
+    std::unique_ptr<dawn_event_service> dawn_;
+    bool closed_{};
+    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point next_event_poll_{};
+    size_t active_context_scopes_{};
+    size_t active_device_scopes_{};
+    size_t active_adapter_scopes_{};
+    bool executing_commands_{};
+    bool pumping_{};
+    std::shared_ptr<command_channel> commands_;
+    std::shared_ptr<release_channel> releases_;
+    uint64_t executed_command_serial_{};
+    void check_thread() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_)
+            throw std::logic_error("graphics service requires its engine worker");
+    }
+    void check_open() const {
+        check_thread();
+        if (closed_) throw std::logic_error("graphics service is closed");
+    }
+public:
+    graphics_service(std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake,size_t context_capacity=64,size_t completion_capacity=256,bool measure_latency=false)
+        : wake_(std::move(wake)),completion_capacity_(completion_capacity),measure_latency_(measure_latency),
+#if WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ENABLE_ANGLE
+          contexts_(context_capacity,owner_),
+#endif
+          devices_(context_capacity,owner_),adapters_(context_capacity,owner_) {}
+    graphics_service(const graphics_service&)=delete;
+    graphics_service& operator=(const graphics_service&)=delete;
+    ~graphics_service() {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_) std::terminate();
+        close();
+    }
+    uint64_t engine_identity() const noexcept { return owner_.engine; }
+    bool dawn_initialized() const { check_thread(); return dawn_!=nullptr; }
+    dawn_event_service& dawn() {
+        check_open();
+        if (!dawn_) dawn_=std::make_unique<dawn_event_service>(completion_capacity_,wake_,measure_latency_);
+        return *dawn_;
+    }
+    // Internal discovery completion hook. Only adapters discovered through this
+    // engine's Dawn instance may be adopted. Async device requests must copy the
+    // native reference during with_adapter, never retain its borrowed address.
+    resource_handle<wgpu::Adapter> adopt_adapter(wgpu::Adapter adapter) {
+        check_open();
+        if (!adapter) throw std::invalid_argument("Cannot adopt a null adapter");
+        return adapters_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<wgpu::Adapter>(std::move(adapter)));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_adapter(resource_handle<wgpu::Adapter> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_open();
+        const auto& adapter=adapters_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard {
+            size_t& count;
+            explicit guard(size_t& value) : count(value) { ++count; }
+            ~guard() { --count; }
+        } scope(active_adapter_scopes_);
+        execute(adapter);
+    }
+    void destroy_adapter(resource_handle<wgpu::Adapter> handle) {
+        check_open();
+        if (active_adapter_scopes_) throw std::logic_error("Cannot destroy adapters during execution");
+        adapters_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_adapters() const { check_thread(); return adapters_.resident_count(); }
+    // Internal request-device completion hook: pass a freshly created device
+    // from this service's instance exactly once, with its originating adapter.
+    resource_handle<dawn_device> adopt_device(wgpu::Adapter adapter,wgpu::Device device,std::shared_ptr<device_loss_signal> loss={},size_t buffer_capacity=1024,size_t shader_capacity=1024,size_t render_pipeline_capacity=1024,size_t texture_capacity=1024,size_t texture_view_capacity=4096,size_t command_capacity=1024) {
+        check_open();
+        return devices_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<dawn_device>(
+            owner_.engine,dawn().completions(),std::move(adapter),std::move(device),std::move(loss),buffer_capacity,shader_capacity,render_pipeline_capacity,texture_capacity,texture_view_capacity,command_capacity));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_device(resource_handle<dawn_device> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_open();
+        auto& device=devices_.get(handle,owner_);
+        struct guard {
+            size_t& count;
+            explicit guard(size_t& value) : count(value) { ++count; }
+            ~guard() { --count; }
+        } scope(active_device_scopes_);
+        execute(device);
+    }
+    void destroy_device(resource_handle<dawn_device> handle) {
+        check_open();
+        if (active_device_scopes_) throw std::logic_error("Cannot destroy devices during execution");
+        devices_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+    size_t live_devices() const { check_thread(); return devices_.resident_count(); }
+#if WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ENABLE_ANGLE
+    resource_handle<angle_context> create_angle_context(EGLint backend,EGLint major) {
+        check_open();
+        auto display=angle_display::acquire(backend);
+        const EGLint attributes[]={EGL_SURFACE_TYPE,EGL_PBUFFER_BIT,
+            EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE,major==2 ? EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT : EGL_OPENGL_ES3_BIT,EGL_NONE};
+        EGLConfig config{}; EGLint count{};
+        if (!eglChooseConfig(display->get(),attributes,&config,1,&count) || count!=1)
+            throw std::runtime_error("ANGLE context configuration unavailable");
+        return contexts_.insert(owner_,std::make_unique<angle_context>(display,config,major));
+    }
+    template<class Execute> void with_angle_context(resource_handle<angle_context> handle,Execute execute) {
+        check_open();
+        auto& context=contexts_.get(handle,owner_);
+        angle_context::scope scope(context);
+        struct execution_guard {
+            size_t& count;
+            explicit execution_guard(size_t& value) : count(value) { ++count; }
+            ~execution_guard() { --count; }
+        } guard(active_context_scopes_);
+        execute();
+        // Report a reset during execution to the command's completion path;
+        // successful callback return alone does not imply a usable context.
+        if(context.poll_loss()) throw angle_context_lost();
+    }
+    // Called by the execution thread after queued context operations have drained.
+    void destroy_angle_context(resource_handle<angle_context> handle) {
+        check_open();
+        if (active_context_scopes_) throw std::logic_error("Cannot destroy ANGLE contexts during execution");
+        contexts_.destroy(handle,owner_);
+    }
+#endif
+    // Finalizers enqueue these value-only records through a retained endpoint.
+    // A full queue requires retry/retention by the caller; it is not a release.
+    static graphics_command deferred_buffer_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::Buffer> buffer) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_buffer({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,buffer.table,buffer.generation,buffer.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_shader_module_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::ShaderModule> shader) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_shader_module({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,shader.table,shader.generation,shader.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_render_pipeline_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPipeline> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_render_pipeline({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_sampler_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::Sampler> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_sampler({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_compute_pipeline_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePipeline> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_compute_pipeline({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_bind_group_layout_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_bind_group_layout({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_bind_group_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroup> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_bind_group({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_pipeline_layout_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::PipelineLayout> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_pipeline_layout({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_texture_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_texture({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_texture_view_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::TextureView> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_texture_view({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_command_encoder_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::CommandEncoder> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_command_encoder({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_render_pass_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPassEncoder> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_render_pass({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_compute_pass_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePassEncoder> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_compute_pass({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_command_buffer_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::CommandBuffer> pipeline) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try {
+                service.with_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])},[&](auto& owner) {
+                    owner.release_command_buffer({args[3],args[4],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[5])});
+                });
+            } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Device or wrapper already released. */ }
+        },{device.table,device.generation,device.slot,pipeline.table,pipeline.generation,pipeline.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_adapter_release(resource_handle<wgpu::Adapter> handle) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try { service.destroy_adapter({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])}); }
+            catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Already explicitly destroyed. */ }
+        },{handle.table,handle.generation,handle.slot}};
+    }
+    static graphics_command deferred_device_release(resource_handle<dawn_device> handle) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try { service.destroy_device({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])}); }
+            catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Already explicitly destroyed. */ }
+        },{handle.table,handle.generation,handle.slot}};
+    }
+#if WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ENABLE_ANGLE
+    static graphics_command deferred_context_release(resource_handle<angle_context> handle) noexcept {
+        return {[](graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments& args) noexcept {
+            try { service.destroy_angle_context({args[0],args[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2])}); }
+            catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { /* Already explicitly destroyed. */ }
+        },{handle.table,handle.generation,handle.slot}};
+    }
+#endif
+    // Create lazily on the engine thread; other threads retain only the channel.
+    std::shared_ptr<command_channel> command_endpoint(size_t capacity=256,size_t upload_limit=65536) {
+        check_open();
+        if (!commands_) commands_=std::make_shared<command_channel>(capacity,upload_limit,wake_);
+        return commands_;
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<release_channel> release_endpoint(size_t capacity=256) {
+        check_open();
+        if (!releases_) releases_=std::make_shared<release_channel>(capacity,command_endpoint(),wake_);
+        return releases_;
+    }
+    size_t drain_commands(size_t budget=64) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!commands_) return 0;
+        if (executing_commands_) throw std::logic_error("graphics command dispatch is not reentrant");
+        struct guard {
+            bool& active;
+            explicit guard(bool& value) : active(value) { active=true; }
+            ~guard() { active=false; }
+        } scope(executing_commands_);
+        size_t count=0;
+        while (count<budget && commands_->consume_one([&](const auto& command,auto upload,uint64_t serial) {
+            command.execute(*this,upload,command.values);
+            executed_command_serial_=serial;
+        })) ++count;
+        size_t released=0;
+        while (releases_ && released<budget && releases_->consume_one(executed_command_serial_,[&](const auto& command) {
+            command.execute(*this,{},command.values);
+        })) ++released;
+        return count;
+    }
+    // Pressure recovery may release collected wrappers without dispatching new
+    // commands or entering JavaScript completion delivery. Accepted uses that
+    // have not executed still prevent release through their serial barrier.
+    size_t drain_completed_releases(size_t budget=256) {
+        check_thread();
+        if(executing_commands_)throw std::logic_error("Release drain is not reentrant");
+        size_t count=0;
+        while(releases_&&count<budget&&releases_->consume_one(executed_command_serial_,[&](const auto& command){
+            command.execute(*this,{},command.values);
+        }))++count;
+        return count;
+    }
+    template<class Deliver> size_t pump(Deliver deliver,size_t budget=64) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (pumping_) throw std::logic_error("graphics completion pumping is not reentrant");
+        struct pump_guard {
+            bool& active;
+            explicit pump_guard(bool& value) : active(value) { active=true; }
+            ~pump_guard() { active=false; }
+        } scope(pumping_);
+        devices_.visit_live([](auto& device) { device.process_loss(); });
+        drain_commands(budget);
+        if (!dawn_) return 0;
+        next_event_poll_=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::milliseconds(1);
+        return dawn_->pump(deliver,budget);
+    }
+    bool has_ready_work() const {
+        check_thread();
+        if (devices_.any_live([](const auto& device) { return device.loss_pending(); })) return true;
+        if (commands_ && commands_->metrics().depth) return true;
+        if (releases_ && releases_->has_ready(executed_command_serial_)) return true;
+        return dawn_ && (dawn_->completions()->has_ready()
+            || (!closed_ && dawn_->completions()->has_pollable_pending()
+                && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()>=next_event_poll_));
+    }
+    std::chrono::milliseconds recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds maximum) const {
+        check_thread();
+        if (devices_.any_live([](const auto& device) { return device.loss_pending(); })) return std::chrono::milliseconds::zero();
+        if (commands_ && commands_->metrics().depth) return std::chrono::milliseconds::zero();
+        if (releases_ && releases_->has_ready(executed_command_serial_)) return std::chrono::milliseconds::zero();
+        if (!dawn_) return maximum;
+        // Cancellation delivery remains runnable after admission closes.
+        if (dawn_->completions()->has_ready()) return std::chrono::milliseconds::zero();
+        // Only outstanding native operations require ProcessEvents polling.
+        if (closed_ || !dawn_->completions()->has_pollable_pending()) return maximum;
+        const auto now=std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        if (now>=next_event_poll_)
+            return std::chrono::milliseconds::zero();
+        return std::min(maximum,std::chrono::ceil<std::chrono::milliseconds>(next_event_poll_-now));
+    }
+    graphics_metrics metrics() const {
+        check_thread();
+        return {devices_.resident_count(),live_contexts(),
+            dawn_ ? dawn_->completions()->metrics() : completion_metrics{},
+            commands_ ? commands_->metrics() : queue_metrics{},
+            releases_ ? releases_->occupied() : 0,adapters_.resident_count()};
+    }
+    size_t live_contexts() const {
+        check_thread();
+#if WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ENABLE_ANGLE
+        return contexts_.resident_count();
+#else
+        return 0;
+#endif
+    }
+    void close() {
+        check_thread();
+        if (closed_) return;
+        if (active_context_scopes_ || active_device_scopes_ || active_adapter_scopes_ || executing_commands_ || pumping_)
+            throw std::logic_error("Cannot close graphics service during native execution");
+        if (releases_) releases_->close();
+        if (commands_) {
+            commands_->close();
+            drain_commands(std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max());
+        }
+        closed_=true;
+        devices_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        adapters_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+        if (dawn_) dawn_->close();
+#if WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_ENABLE_ANGLE
+        contexts_.destroy_owner(owner_);
+#endif
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/image_lease_abi.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/image_lease_abi.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65ab61c80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/image_lease_abi.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "owned_image_pool.h"
+#include "../webscene_native_engine.h"
+// Backend-owned completion dependencies. Native pointers remain borrowed from
+// this retained owner and must never be exposed to JavaScript.
+struct webscene_gpu_producer_dependencies {
+    virtual ~webscene_gpu_producer_dependencies()=default;
+    virtual size_t count() const noexcept=0;
+    virtual bool metal_event(size_t index,void*& event,uint64_t& value) const=0;
+    virtual bool dxgi_fence(size_t,void*& handle,uint64_t& value) const { handle=nullptr;value=0;return false; }
+};
+// Native-only implementation of the opaque C handles. Never expose to JS.
+struct webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3 {
+    webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool::retained value;
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_producer_dependencies> dependencies;
+    const bool requires_producer_wait;
+    explicit webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3(webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool::retained image,
+        std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_producer_dependencies> producer={},bool requires_wait=false)
+        : value(std::move(image)),dependencies(std::move(producer)),requires_producer_wait(requires_wait) {}
+};
+struct webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3 {
+    webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool::consumer value;
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_producer_dependencies> dependencies;
+    explicit webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3(webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool::consumer image,
+        std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_producer_dependencies> producer={})
+        : value(std::move(image)),dependencies(std::move(producer)) {}
+};
+
+// Engine-thread-only dependency for an immutable scene capture. Backends own
+// completion synchronization; neither this interface nor metadata expose a
+// consumer handle while producer work is pending. This is not a C ABI change.
+struct webscene_gpu_image_snapshot {
+    enum class status { pending, ready, failed };
+    virtual ~webscene_gpu_image_snapshot()=default;
+    virtual webscene::graphics::image_metadata describe() const=0;
+    virtual status state() const=0;
+    virtual std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve()=0;
+    virtual std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve_with_gpu_waits() { return resolve(); }
+};
+
+// A submitted opportunity whose exact output could not be retained must remain
+// an explicit failed dependency. Absence would incorrectly reuse an older image.
+struct webscene_failed_gpu_image_snapshot final : webscene_gpu_image_snapshot {
+    const webscene::graphics::image_metadata metadata;
+    explicit webscene_failed_gpu_image_snapshot(webscene::graphics::image_metadata value)
+        : metadata(value) {}
+    webscene::graphics::image_metadata describe() const override { return metadata; }
+    status state() const override { return status::failed; }
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve() override { return {}; }
+};
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/image_lease_pool.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/image_lease_pool.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09989e39b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/image_lease_pool.h
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "resource_table.h"
+#include "image_metadata.h"
+#include "completion_mailbox.h"
+#include <array>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct image_write_token { uint64_t pool{},generation{}; uint32_t slot{}; };
+struct image_lease_token { uint64_t pool{},generation{}; uint32_t index{}; };
+// Bounded image slots, independent of scene publication counts. This class owns
+// lifetime metadata only; the backend retains allocations until slots are idle.
+class image_lease_pool {
+    enum class phase { idle,writing,published };
+    enum class lease_kind { free,retained,consumer };
+    struct image_slot {
+        phase state{};
+        uint64_t generation{};
+        size_t retained{},consumers{};
+        bool producer_done{};
+        bool producer_started{};
+        bool metadata_set{};
+        image_metadata metadata{};
+    };
+    struct lease_slot {
+        lease_kind kind{};
+        uint64_t generation{};
+        uint32_t image{};
+    };
+    const uint64_t identity_=new_owner_token();
+    mutable std::mutex mutex_;
+    std::vector<image_slot> images_;
+    std::vector<lease_slot> leases_;
+    bool closed_{};
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake_;
+    image_slot& image(image_write_token token) {
+        if (token.pool!=identity_ || token.slot>=images_.size()) throw std::invalid_argument("foreign image writer");
+        auto& item=images_[token.slot];
+        if (item.state==phase::idle || item.generation!=token.generation) throw std::invalid_argument("stale image writer");
+        return item;
+    }
+    lease_slot& lease(image_lease_token token,lease_kind kind) {
+        if (token.pool!=identity_ || token.index>=leases_.size()) throw std::invalid_argument("foreign image lease");
+        auto& item=leases_[token.index];
+        if (item.kind!=kind || item.generation!=token.generation) throw std::invalid_argument("stale or wrong-kind image lease");
+        return item;
+    }
+    std::optional<image_lease_token> allocate(uint32_t image,lease_kind kind) {
+        for (uint32_t i=0;i<leases_.size();++i) {
+            auto& item=leases_[i];
+            if (item.kind==lease_kind::free && item.generation!=UINT64_MAX) {
+                ++item.generation; item.kind=kind; item.image=image;
+                return image_lease_token{identity_,item.generation,i};
+            }
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+    bool recycle(image_slot& item) {
+        if (item.state==phase::published && item.producer_done && !item.retained && !item.consumers) {
+            item.state=phase::idle; return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    void signal_capacity() noexcept { if (wake_) wake_->signal(); }
+public:
+    explicit image_lease_pool(size_t lease_capacity=128,std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake={},size_t image_capacity=3) : wake_(std::move(wake)) {
+        if (!lease_capacity || lease_capacity>UINT32_MAX) throw std::invalid_argument("invalid image lease capacity");
+        if (!image_capacity || image_capacity>4) throw std::invalid_argument("invalid image slot capacity");
+        images_.resize(image_capacity);
+        leases_.resize(lease_capacity);
+    }
+    std::optional<image_write_token> acquire_write() {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if (closed_) return {};
+        for (uint32_t i=0;i<images_.size();++i) {
+            auto& item=images_[i];
+            if (item.state==phase::idle && item.generation!=UINT64_MAX) {
+                ++item.generation; item.state=phase::writing; item.producer_done=false; item.producer_started=false; item.metadata_set=false;
+                return image_write_token{identity_,item.generation,i};
+            }
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+    void set_metadata(image_write_token writer,const image_metadata& metadata) {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        auto& item=image(writer);
+        if (item.state!=phase::writing || item.producer_started) throw std::invalid_argument("submitted image metadata is immutable");
+        if (!metadata.canvas || !metadata.allocation || !metadata.allocation_generation
+            || !metadata.width || !metadata.height || !metadata.producer_timeline
+            || static_cast<uint32_t>(metadata.format)<1 || static_cast<uint32_t>(metadata.format)>5
+            || static_cast<uint32_t>(metadata.alpha)<1 || static_cast<uint32_t>(metadata.alpha)>3
+            || static_cast<uint32_t>(metadata.color_space)<1 || static_cast<uint32_t>(metadata.color_space)>2
+            || static_cast<uint32_t>(metadata.orientation)<1 || static_cast<uint32_t>(metadata.orientation)>2)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("invalid portable image metadata");
+        // Different frame slots must not alias the same busy physical image.
+        // Re-presenting unchanged pixels uses retain(), not another writer.
+        for (const auto& other:images_)
+            if (&other!=&item && other.state!=phase::idle && other.metadata_set
+                && other.metadata.allocation==metadata.allocation)
+                throw std::invalid_argument("image allocation already has an active frame");
+        item.metadata=metadata; item.metadata_set=true;
+    }
+    image_metadata describe(image_lease_token token) const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if (token.pool!=identity_ || token.index>=leases_.size()) throw std::invalid_argument("foreign image lease");
+        const auto& owned=leases_[token.index];
+        if (owned.kind==lease_kind::free || owned.generation!=token.generation)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("stale image lease");
+        return images_[owned.image].metadata;
+    }
+    // Call before submitting any backend work against this image. Producer
+    // completion is required even if the frame is abandoned before publication.
+    void begin_producer(image_write_token writer) {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        auto& item=image(writer);
+        if (item.state!=phase::writing || item.producer_started || !item.metadata_set)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("invalid producer submission");
+        item.producer_started=true;
+    }
+    // On capacity exhaustion the writer stays reserved; the caller retries.
+    std::optional<image_lease_token> publish(image_write_token writer) {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        auto& item=image(writer);
+        if (item.state!=phase::writing) throw std::invalid_argument("image already published");
+        if (!item.metadata_set || !item.producer_started) throw std::invalid_argument("image publication requires metadata and producer submission");
+        auto token=allocate(writer.slot,lease_kind::retained);
+        if (!token) return {};
+        item.state=phase::published; item.retained=1;
+        return token;
+    }
+    // Cancel before submission, or after an abandoned producer has completed.
+    void cancel_write(image_write_token writer,bool notify_capacity=true) {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
+        auto& item=image(writer);
+        if (item.state!=phase::writing) throw std::invalid_argument("cannot cancel published image");
+        if (item.producer_started && !item.producer_done) throw std::invalid_argument("producer still uses cancelled image");
+        item.state=phase::idle;
+        lock.unlock(); if (notify_capacity) signal_capacity();
+    }
+    std::optional<image_lease_token> retain(image_lease_token source) {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        const auto index=lease(source,lease_kind::retained).image;
+        auto result=allocate(index,lease_kind::retained);
+        if (result) ++images_[index].retained;
+        return result;
+    }
+    // Registration may precede producer completion. The presenter must enqueue
+    // the producer's GPU wait before sampling; no CPU wait is required here.
+    std::optional<image_lease_token> begin_consumer(image_lease_token source) {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        const auto index=lease(source,lease_kind::retained).image;
+        auto result=allocate(index,lease_kind::consumer);
+        if (result) ++images_[index].consumers;
+        return result;
+    }
+    void release(image_lease_token token) {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
+        auto& owned=lease(token,lease_kind::retained);
+        auto& item=images_[owned.image];
+        owned.kind=lease_kind::free; --item.retained; recycle(item);
+        lock.unlock(); signal_capacity(); // A ticket is available even if the image remains busy.
+    }
+    void finish_consumer(image_lease_token token) {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
+        auto& owned=lease(token,lease_kind::consumer);
+        auto& item=images_[owned.image];
+        owned.kind=lease_kind::free; --item.consumers; recycle(item);
+        lock.unlock(); signal_capacity();
+    }
+    void finish_producer(image_write_token writer) {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
+        auto& item=image(writer);
+        if (!item.producer_started || item.producer_done) throw std::invalid_argument("invalid producer completion");
+        item.producer_done=true;
+        const bool available=recycle(item);
+        lock.unlock();
+        if (available) signal_capacity();
+    }
+    // Stop new frames. Existing retained scenes can still be redrawn/released.
+    void close() { std::lock_guard lock(mutex_); closed_=true; }
+    struct occupancy {
+        size_t busy{},producer_pending{},retained{},consumer_pending{};
+    };
+    occupancy inspect_occupancy() const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        occupancy result;
+        for(const auto& item:images_) {
+            if(item.state==phase::idle)continue;
+            ++result.busy;
+            result.producer_pending+=item.producer_started&&!item.producer_done;
+            result.retained+=item.retained!=0;
+            result.consumer_pending+=item.consumers!=0;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    size_t busy_images() const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        size_t count=0;
+        for (const auto& item:images_) count+=item.state!=phase::idle;
+        return count;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/image_metadata.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/image_metadata.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17167523d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/image_metadata.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+enum class image_format : uint32_t { rgba8_unorm=1,bgra8_unorm,rgba16_float,rgba8_srgb,bgra8_srgb };
+enum class image_alpha : uint32_t { opaque=1,premultiplied,straight };
+enum class image_color_space : uint32_t { srgb=1,display_p3 };
+enum class image_orientation : uint32_t { top_left=1,bottom_left };
+// Portable values only. Allocation and readiness identities resolve through the
+// native provider, never by casting an integer to a texture/Skia pointer.
+struct image_metadata {
+    uint64_t canvas{},allocation{},allocation_generation{},content_serial{};
+    uint64_t producer_timeline{},producer_value{};
+    uint32_t width{},height{};
+    image_format format{image_format::rgba8_unorm};
+    image_alpha alpha{image_alpha::premultiplied};
+    image_color_space color_space{image_color_space::srgb};
+    image_orientation orientation{image_orientation::top_left};
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/iosurface_canvas_images.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/iosurface_canvas_images.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7408cd32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/iosurface_canvas_images.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "iosurface_color.h"
+#include "owned_image_pool.h"
+#include <thread>
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// IOSurface storage behind the shared versioned lease contract. Producer and
+// consumer GPU completion are supplied by the Dawn/ANGLE/presenter integrations.
+class iosurface_canvas_images {
+    struct storage final : image_provider_lifetime {
+        image_provider_kind kind() const noexcept override { return image_provider_kind::iosurface; }
+        struct slot { std::shared_ptr<iosurface_color> color; image_metadata metadata{}; };
+        std::array<slot,3> slots;
+        std::mutex mutex;
+        uint64_t bytes{};
+    };
+    std::shared_ptr<storage> storage_=std::make_shared<storage>();
+    owned_image_pool pool_;
+    uint64_t limit_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+public:
+    struct frame {
+        owned_image_pool::producer producer;
+        const iosurface_color* color; // Borrowed through the producer lease.
+        image_metadata metadata;
+    };
+    explicit iosurface_canvas_images(uint64_t budget,std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake={})
+        :pool_(storage_,128,std::move(wake)),limit_(budget) {
+        if (!budget) throw std::invalid_argument("IOSurface pool requires a budget");
+    }
+    std::optional<frame> acquire(image_metadata metadata) {
+        if (thread_!=std::this_thread::get_id())
+            throw std::logic_error("IOSurface allocation requires owner thread");
+        if (metadata.format!=image_format::bgra8_unorm)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("IOSurface pool requires negotiated BGRA8");
+        auto writer=pool_.acquire();
+        if (!writer) return {};
+        std::lock_guard lock(storage_->mutex);
+        auto& slot=storage_->slots[writer->slot()];
+        const bool reuse=slot.color && slot.metadata.width==metadata.width &&
+            slot.metadata.height==metadata.height;
+        metadata.allocation=reuse ? slot.metadata.allocation : new_owner_token();
+        writer->set_metadata(metadata);
+        if (!reuse) {
+            if (slot.color) storage_->bytes-=slot.color->allocation_bytes();
+            slot.color.reset();
+            slot.color=iosurface_color::create_bgra8(metadata.width,metadata.height,limit_-storage_->bytes);
+            if (!slot.color) { writer->cancel(false); return {}; }
+            storage_->bytes+=slot.color->allocation_bytes();
+        }
+        slot.metadata=metadata;
+        return frame{std::move(*writer),slot.color.get(),metadata};
+    }
+    // Adopt an already decoded immutable surface. Three slots bound outstanding
+    // frames; a busy slot remains owned until every retained scene/GPU consumer
+    // finishes. No readback, upload or pixel copy occurs here.
+    std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> adopt(image_metadata metadata,
+        std::shared_ptr<iosurface_color> color) {
+        if (thread_!=std::this_thread::get_id()) throw std::logic_error("Image publication requires owner thread");
+        if (!color || metadata.format!=image_format::bgra8_unorm ||
+            IOSurfaceGetWidth(color->borrowed_handle())!=metadata.width ||
+            IOSurfaceGetHeight(color->borrowed_handle())!=metadata.height)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Decoded image metadata mismatch");
+        if(color->allocation_bytes()>limit_)throw std::length_error("Decoded surface exceeds image budget");
+        auto writer=pool_.acquire(); if (!writer) return {};
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(storage_->mutex);
+            auto& slot=storage_->slots[writer->slot()];
+            auto previous=slot.color ? slot.color->allocation_bytes() : 0;
+            if (color->allocation_bytes()>limit_-(storage_->bytes-previous)) {writer->cancel(false);return {};}
+            storage_->bytes=storage_->bytes-previous+color->allocation_bytes();
+            metadata.allocation=new_owner_token(); writer->set_metadata(metadata);
+            slot.color=std::move(color); slot.metadata=metadata;
+        }
+        writer->begin(); writer->complete(); return writer->publish();
+    }
+    static const iosurface_color& resolve(const owned_image_pool::consumer& consumer) {
+        const auto metadata=consumer.describe();
+        const auto anchor=consumer.provider();
+        if (anchor->kind()!=image_provider_kind::iosurface)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Foreign IOSurface lease provider");
+        const auto provider=std::static_pointer_cast<storage>(anchor);
+        std::lock_guard lock(provider->mutex);
+        for (const auto& slot:provider->slots)
+            if (slot.color && slot.metadata.allocation==metadata.allocation &&
+                slot.metadata.allocation_generation==metadata.allocation_generation &&
+                slot.metadata.content_serial==metadata.content_serial) return *slot.color;
+        throw std::invalid_argument("IOSurface generation unavailable");
+    }
+    image_lease_pool::occupancy inspect_occupancy() const { return pool_.inspect_occupancy(); }
+    size_t busy_images() const { return pool_.busy_images(); }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/iosurface_color.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/iosurface_color.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..245425442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/iosurface_color.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#pragma once
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+#include <IOSurface/IOSurface.h>
+#include <CoreVideo/CoreVideo.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Native allocation ownership only. Callers retain this owner through producer
+// and consumer GPU completion; neither retain nor destruction synchronizes GPU work.
+class iosurface_color final {
+    IOSurfaceRef surface_=nullptr;
+    std::shared_ptr<void> external_owner_;
+    explicit iosurface_color(IOSurfaceRef surface):surface_(surface) {}
+public:
+    ~iosurface_color() { if (surface_) CFRelease(surface_); }
+    iosurface_color(const iosurface_color&)=delete;
+    iosurface_color& operator=(const iosurface_color&)=delete;
+    IOSurfaceRef borrowed_handle() const noexcept { return surface_; }
+    size_t allocation_bytes() const noexcept { return IOSurfaceGetAllocSize(surface_); }
+
+    // Keep the decoder's CVPixelBuffer lease, not merely its IOSurface. The
+    // decoder pool may recycle pixels as soon as the pixel buffer is released.
+    static std::shared_ptr<iosurface_color> adopt_bgra8(CVPixelBufferRef pixel, std::shared_ptr<void> owner) {
+        if (!pixel || !owner || CVPixelBufferGetPixelFormatType(pixel)!=kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA) return {};
+        auto surface=CVPixelBufferGetIOSurface(pixel);
+        if (!surface) return {};
+        auto result=std::shared_ptr<iosurface_color>(new iosurface_color(nullptr));
+        CFRetain(surface); result->surface_=surface; result->external_owner_=std::move(owner);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    // BGRA8 is the negotiated Dawn/Metal-to-CGL diagnostic format. Other formats
+    // require explicit negotiation, not reinterpretation of these storage bytes.
+    static std::shared_ptr<iosurface_color> create_bgra8(uint32_t width,uint32_t height,uint64_t available_bytes) {
+        if (!width || !height || width>uint32_t(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()/4) ||
+            height>uint32_t(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max())) return {};
+        const uint64_t row=IOSurfaceAlignProperty(kIOSurfaceBytesPerRow,uint64_t(width)*4);
+        const auto page=static_cast<uint64_t>(getpagesize());
+        if (!row || !page || row>uint64_t(INT64_MAX)/height) return {};
+        const uint64_t raw=row*height;
+        if (raw>uint64_t(INT64_MAX)-page+1) return {};
+        const uint64_t allocation=((raw+page-1)/page)*page;
+        if (allocation>available_bytes) return {};
+        auto dictionary=CFDictionaryCreateMutable(nullptr,0,&kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks,
+                                                  &kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks);
+        if (!dictionary) return {};
+        bool valid=true;
+        auto add=[&](CFStringRef key,int64_t value) {
+            auto number=CFNumberCreate(nullptr,kCFNumberSInt64Type,&value);
+            if (!number) { valid=false; return; }
+            CFDictionarySetValue(dictionary,key,number);
+            CFRelease(number);
+        };
+        add(kIOSurfaceWidth,static_cast<int32_t>(width));
+        add(kIOSurfaceHeight,static_cast<int32_t>(height));
+        add(kIOSurfaceBytesPerElement,4);
+        add(kIOSurfaceBytesPerRow,static_cast<int64_t>(row));
+        add(kIOSurfaceAllocSize,static_cast<int64_t>(allocation));
+        add(kIOSurfacePixelFormat,kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA);
+        auto surface=valid ? IOSurfaceCreate(dictionary) : nullptr;
+        CFRelease(dictionary);
+        if (!surface) return {};
+        if (IOSurfaceGetAllocSize(surface)>available_bytes) {
+            CFRelease(surface);
+            return {};
+        }
+        // Take ownership before allocating the shared control block.
+        std::unique_ptr<iosurface_color> owner;
+        try { owner.reset(new iosurface_color(surface)); }
+        catch (...) { CFRelease(surface); throw; }
+        return std::shared_ptr<iosurface_color>(std::move(owner));
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/metal_producer_wait.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/metal_producer_wait.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fb5dd06d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/metal_producer_wait.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#pragma once
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__OBJC__)
+#import <Metal/Metal.h>
+#include <span>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct metal_producer_dependency {
+    id<MTLSharedEvent> event;
+    uint64_t value;
+};
+// Caller holds the host queue lease. All later Skia submissions must use this
+// same queue; dependencies and image ownership remain retained by the scene.
+// Returning a command buffer certifies submission, never GPU completion.
+inline id<MTLCommandBuffer> submit_metal_producer_waits(
+    id<MTLCommandQueue> queue, std::span<const metal_producer_dependency> dependencies) {
+    if(!queue || dependencies.empty()) return nil;
+    // Validate the entire list before encoding anything into the host queue.
+    // Shared events can synchronize across devices; do not require device identity.
+    for(const auto& dependency:dependencies)
+        if(!dependency.event) return nil;
+    id<MTLCommandBuffer> barrier=[queue commandBuffer];
+    if(!barrier) return nil;
+    barrier.label=@"WebScene producer dependencies";
+    for(const auto& dependency:dependencies)
+        [barrier encodeWaitForEvent:dependency.event value:dependency.value];
+    [barrier commit];
+    return barrier;
+}
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/nt_handle.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/nt_handle.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89e6ac4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/nt_handle.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <utility>
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#endif
+#ifndef NOMINMAX
+#define NOMINMAX
+#endif
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <system_error>
+#endif
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Ops supplies the native duplication/close primitives; the same ownership
+// implementation can be exercised without requiring a Windows GPU runner.
+template<class Ops> class unique_nt_handle {
+public:
+    using handle_type=typename Ops::handle_type;
+private:
+    handle_type value_=Ops::empty();
+    explicit unique_nt_handle(handle_type owned):value_(owned) {}
+public:
+    unique_nt_handle()=default;
+    unique_nt_handle(const unique_nt_handle&)=delete;
+    unique_nt_handle& operator=(const unique_nt_handle&)=delete;
+    unique_nt_handle(unique_nt_handle&& other) noexcept :value_(other.release()) {}
+    unique_nt_handle& operator=(unique_nt_handle&& other) noexcept {
+        if (this!=&other) { reset(); value_=other.release(); }
+        return *this;
+    }
+    ~unique_nt_handle() { reset(); }
+    static unique_nt_handle adopt(handle_type owned) {
+        if (!Ops::valid(owned)) throw std::invalid_argument("invalid owned NT handle");
+        return unique_nt_handle(owned);
+    }
+    static unique_nt_handle duplicate(handle_type borrowed) {
+        if (!Ops::valid(borrowed)) throw std::invalid_argument("invalid borrowed NT handle");
+        return adopt(Ops::duplicate(borrowed));
+    }
+    handle_type get() const noexcept { return value_; }
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return Ops::valid(value_); }
+    handle_type release() noexcept { return std::exchange(value_,Ops::empty()); }
+    void reset() noexcept {
+        const auto owned=release();
+        if (Ops::valid(owned)) Ops::close(owned);
+    }
+};
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+struct win32_nt_handle_ops {
+    using handle_type=HANDLE;
+    static HANDLE empty() noexcept { return nullptr; }
+    static bool valid(HANDLE value) noexcept { return value && value!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE; }
+    static void close(HANDLE value) noexcept { ::CloseHandle(value); }
+    static HANDLE duplicate(HANDLE borrowed) {
+        HANDLE result=nullptr;
+        if (!::DuplicateHandle(::GetCurrentProcess(),borrowed,::GetCurrentProcess(),&result,
+            0,FALSE,DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS))
+            throw std::system_error(static_cast<int>(::GetLastError()),std::system_category(),"DuplicateHandle");
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+// NT handles only; legacy IDXGIResource::GetSharedHandle values are not owned
+// CloseHandle-compatible handles and must never be passed to this wrapper.
+using owned_nt_handle=unique_nt_handle<win32_nt_handle_ops>;
+#endif
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/owned_image_pool.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/owned_image_pool.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7291235c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/owned_image_pool.h
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "image_lease_pool.h"
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Native provider lifetime anchor. Its destructor must be safe on a completion
+// thread (thread-affine GPU destruction must be dispatched by the provider).
+// No native pointer is exported through portable image metadata.
+enum class image_provider_kind { generic, iosurface, d3d12 };
+struct image_provider_lifetime {
+    virtual image_provider_kind kind() const noexcept { return image_provider_kind::generic; }
+    virtual ~image_provider_lifetime() = default;
+};
+class owned_image_pool {
+    struct state {
+        std::shared_ptr<image_provider_lifetime> provider;
+        image_lease_pool pool;
+        state(std::shared_ptr<image_provider_lifetime> p,size_t capacity,std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake,size_t image_capacity)
+            : provider(std::move(p)),pool(capacity,std::move(wake),image_capacity) {
+            if (!provider) throw std::invalid_argument("image provider required");
+        }
+    };
+    std::shared_ptr<state> state_;
+public:
+    class consumer {
+        std::shared_ptr<state> state_;
+        image_lease_token token_{};
+        friend class retained;
+    public:
+        consumer(std::shared_ptr<state> s,image_lease_token token):state_(std::move(s)),token_(token) {}
+        consumer(const consumer&)=delete;
+        consumer& operator=(const consumer&)=delete;
+        consumer(consumer&&)=default;
+        consumer& operator=(consumer&&)=delete;
+        // Destroying a CPU wrapper is not evidence of GPU completion.
+        ~consumer() { if (state_) std::terminate(); }
+        image_metadata describe() const {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("completed image consumer");
+            return state_->pool.describe(token_);
+        }
+        std::shared_ptr<image_provider_lifetime> provider() const {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("completed image consumer");
+            return state_->provider;
+        }
+        void complete() {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("duplicate image completion");
+            state_->pool.finish_consumer(token_); state_.reset();
+        }
+    };
+    class retained {
+        std::shared_ptr<state> state_;
+        image_lease_token token_{};
+    public:
+        retained(std::shared_ptr<state> s,image_lease_token token):state_(std::move(s)),token_(token) {}
+        retained(const retained&)=delete;
+        retained& operator=(const retained&)=delete;
+        retained(retained&&)=default;
+        retained& operator=(retained&&)=delete;
+        ~retained() { if (state_) state_->pool.release(token_); }
+        image_metadata describe() const {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("moved image reference");
+            return state_->pool.describe(token_);
+        }
+        std::optional<retained> retain() const {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("moved image reference");
+            auto token=state_->pool.retain(token_);
+            if (!token) return {};
+            return retained(state_,*token);
+        }
+        std::optional<consumer> begin_consumer() const {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("moved image reference");
+            auto token=state_->pool.begin_consumer(token_);
+            if (!token) return {};
+            return consumer(state_,*token);
+        }
+    };
+    class producer {
+        std::shared_ptr<state> state_;
+        image_write_token token_{};
+        bool started_{},completed_{},published_{};
+    public:
+        producer(std::shared_ptr<state> s,image_write_token token):state_(std::move(s)),token_(token) {}
+        producer(const producer&)=delete;
+        producer& operator=(const producer&)=delete;
+        producer(producer&&)=default;
+        producer& operator=(producer&&)=delete;
+        ~producer() {
+            if (!state_) return;
+            if (started_ && !completed_) std::terminate();
+            if (!published_) state_->pool.cancel_write(token_);
+        }
+        // Allocator-internal temporary reservations may cancel quietly to avoid
+        // waking themselves for capacity they just borrowed and restored.
+        void cancel(bool notify_capacity=true) {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("moved image producer");
+            state_->pool.cancel_write(token_,notify_capacity); state_.reset();
+        }
+        bool belongs_to(const image_provider_lifetime* provider) const noexcept {
+            return state_ && state_->provider.get()==provider;
+        }
+        uint32_t slot() const {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("moved image producer");
+            return token_.slot;
+        }
+        void set_metadata(const image_metadata& metadata) {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("moved image producer");
+            state_->pool.set_metadata(token_,metadata);
+        }
+        void begin() {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("moved image producer");
+            state_->pool.begin_producer(token_); started_=true;
+        }
+        std::optional<retained> publish() {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("moved image producer");
+            auto token=state_->pool.publish(token_);
+            if (!token) return {};
+            published_=true; return retained(state_,*token);
+        }
+        void complete() {
+            if (!state_) throw std::invalid_argument("moved image producer");
+            state_->pool.finish_producer(token_); completed_=true;
+        }
+    };
+    explicit owned_image_pool(std::shared_ptr<image_provider_lifetime> provider,size_t capacity=128,
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake={},size_t image_capacity=3)
+        : state_(std::make_shared<state>(std::move(provider),capacity,std::move(wake),image_capacity)) {}
+    owned_image_pool(const owned_image_pool&)=delete;
+    owned_image_pool& operator=(const owned_image_pool&)=delete;
+    ~owned_image_pool() { close(); }
+    std::optional<producer> acquire() {
+        auto token=state_->pool.acquire_write();
+        if (!token) return {};
+        return producer(state_,*token);
+    }
+    void close() { state_->pool.close(); }
+    image_lease_pool::occupancy inspect_occupancy() const { return state_->pool.inspect_occupancy(); }
+    size_t busy_images() const { return state_->pool.busy_images(); }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/platform_webgpu_canvas.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/platform_webgpu_canvas.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0c9fafde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/platform_webgpu_canvas.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "webgpu_canvas_interop.h"
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+#include "dawn_scene_image_snapshot.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_iosurface_canvas_host.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+using platform_dawn_canvas_host=dawn_iosurface_canvas_host;
+using platform_dawn_scene_snapshot=dawn_scene_image_snapshot;
+inline constexpr auto platform_canvas_interop=webgpu_canvas_interop::iosurface;
+inline constexpr auto platform_canvas_backend=wgpu::BackendType::Metal;
+inline auto make_platform_webgpu_canvas_host(std::shared_ptr<platform_dawn_canvas_host> provider,
+    std::function<image_metadata()> metadata) {return make_iosurface_webgpu_canvas_host(std::move(provider),std::move(metadata));}
+}
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+#include "dawn_dxgi_scene_snapshot.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_dxgi_canvas_host.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+using platform_dawn_canvas_host=dawn_dxgi_canvas_host;
+using platform_dawn_scene_snapshot=dawn_dxgi_scene_snapshot;
+inline constexpr auto platform_canvas_interop=webgpu_canvas_interop::dxgi;
+inline constexpr auto platform_canvas_backend=wgpu::BackendType::D3D12;
+inline auto make_platform_webgpu_canvas_host(std::shared_ptr<platform_dawn_canvas_host> provider,
+    std::function<image_metadata()> metadata) {return make_dxgi_webgpu_canvas_host(std::move(provider),std::move(metadata));}
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/producer_completion_gate.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/producer_completion_gate.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db479a7eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/producer_completion_gate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Access is serialized by the submission owner. Failure still waits for both
+// signals: validation failure alone does not certify that GPU writes have ended.
+class producer_completion_gate final {
+public:
+    enum class phase { queue, validation };
+    enum class result { pending, success, failure };
+private:
+    std::array<bool,2> completed_{};
+    bool valid_=true;
+    result result_=result::pending;
+public:
+    void reject() noexcept { valid_=false; }
+    result state() const noexcept { return result_; }
+    bool validated_for_gpu_wait() const noexcept { return completed_[1] && valid_; }
+    bool finish(phase source,bool valid) noexcept {
+        const auto index=static_cast<size_t>(source);
+        if(completed_[index])return false;
+        completed_[index]=true;
+        valid_ &= valid;
+        if(!completed_[0]||!completed_[1])return false;
+        result_=valid_ ? result::success : result::failure;
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/release_channel.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/release_channel.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..330bb0b94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/release_channel.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "command_channel.h"
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct release_ticket { uint64_t channel{},generation{}; size_t slot{}; };
+// Reserve one slot BEFORE exposing a wrapper to GC. Publication never allocates
+// or competes for command-queue capacity. The engine releases after the command
+// prefix accepted when the finalizer ran; later commands cannot starve release.
+class release_channel {
+    enum class state { free,reserved,ready };
+    struct slot { state phase{}; uint64_t generation{},after{}; graphics_command command{}; };
+    const uint64_t identity_=new_owner_token();
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    mutable std::mutex mutex_;
+    std::vector<slot> slots_;
+    std::shared_ptr<command_channel> commands_;
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake_;
+    bool closed_{};
+    size_t occupied_{};
+    void check_thread() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_) throw std::logic_error("release reservation requires engine thread");
+    }
+public:
+    release_channel(size_t capacity,std::shared_ptr<command_channel> commands,std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> wake)
+        : slots_(capacity),commands_(std::move(commands)),wake_(std::move(wake)) {
+        if (!capacity || !commands_) throw std::invalid_argument("release channel requires bounded storage and command ordering");
+    }
+    std::optional<release_ticket> reserve(graphics_command command) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!command.execute) throw std::invalid_argument("release dispatcher is required");
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if (closed_) return {};
+        for (size_t i=0;i<slots_.size();++i) {
+            auto& item=slots_[i];
+            if (item.phase==state::free && item.generation!=UINT64_MAX) {
+                ++item.generation; item.phase=state::reserved; item.command=command; ++occupied_;
+                return release_ticket{identity_,item.generation,i};
+            }
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+    bool publish(release_ticket ticket) {
+        // Callers must retain resources for every queued use before finalization.
+        const auto after=commands_->metrics().accepted;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            if (closed_ || ticket.channel!=identity_ || ticket.slot>=slots_.size()) return false;
+            auto& item=slots_[ticket.slot];
+            if (item.generation!=ticket.generation || item.phase!=state::reserved) return false;
+            item.after=after; item.phase=state::ready;
+        }
+        if (wake_) wake_->signal();
+        return true;
+    }
+    size_t occupied() const { std::lock_guard lock(mutex_); return occupied_; }
+private:
+    friend class graphics_service;
+    bool has_ready(uint64_t completed) const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        return std::any_of(slots_.begin(),slots_.end(),[&](const auto& item) {
+            return item.phase==state::ready && item.after<=completed;
+        });
+    }
+    template<class Execute> bool consume_one(uint64_t completed,Execute execute) {
+        check_thread();
+        graphics_command command;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            auto found=std::find_if(slots_.begin(),slots_.end(),[&](const auto& item) {
+                return item.phase==state::ready && item.after<=completed;
+            });
+            if (found==slots_.end()) return false;
+            command=found->command; found->phase=state::free; --occupied_;
+        }
+        execute(command);
+        return true;
+    }
+    void close() {
+        check_thread();
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        closed_=true;
+        // Unpublished registrations are owned by engine-wide resource teardown.
+        for (auto& item:slots_) if (item.phase==state::reserved) { item.phase=state::free; --occupied_; }
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/resource_table.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/resource_table.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eadd2a889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/resource_table.h
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+
+// Tokens identify owners across engines as well as within one resource table.
+inline uint64_t new_owner_token()
+{
+    static std::atomic<uint64_t> next{1};
+    auto value = next.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    for (;;) {
+        if (value == std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())
+            throw std::overflow_error("graphics owner identity exhausted");
+        if (next.compare_exchange_weak(value, value + 1, std::memory_order_relaxed))
+            return value;
+    }
+}
+
+struct resource_owner {
+    uint64_t engine;
+    uint64_t device;
+    uint64_t context;
+    bool operator==(const resource_owner&) const = default;
+};
+
+template<class T> struct resource_handle {
+    uint64_t table{};
+    uint64_t generation{};
+    uint32_t slot{};
+};
+
+// Confined to its graphics execution thread. T's destructor therefore also runs
+// on that thread. Finalizers and driver callbacks must enqueue release/complete
+// requests, never call this table directly. A pointer returned by get() is only
+// borrowed for the current synchronous execution scope.
+template<class T> class resource_table {
+    struct entry {
+        std::unique_ptr<T> value;
+        resource_owner owner{};
+        uint64_t generation{1};
+        uint64_t last_submission{};
+        bool destroyed{};
+    };
+    const uint64_t identity_ = new_owner_token();
+    const std::thread::id thread_ = std::this_thread::get_id();
+    const size_t capacity_;
+    const resource_owner owner_;
+    std::vector<entry> entries_;
+    uint64_t completed_{};
+
+    void check_thread() const
+    {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id() != thread_)
+            throw std::logic_error("graphics resource accessed from wrong thread");
+    }
+    entry& resolve(resource_handle<T> handle, resource_owner owner)
+    {
+        check_thread();
+        if (handle.table != identity_ || handle.slot >= entries_.size())
+            throw std::invalid_argument("foreign graphics resource handle");
+        auto& item = entries_[handle.slot];
+        if (!item.value || item.destroyed || item.generation != handle.generation
+            || item.owner != owner)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("stale or wrong-owner graphics resource handle");
+        return item;
+    }
+    void release_ready()
+    {
+        for (auto& item : entries_) {
+            if (item.value && item.destroyed && item.last_submission <= completed_)
+                item.value.reset();
+        }
+    }
+public:
+    explicit resource_table(size_t capacity, resource_owner owner) : capacity_(capacity), owner_(owner)
+    {
+        if (!owner.engine || !owner.device)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("graphics table requires a device owner");
+        if (capacity > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max())
+            throw std::invalid_argument("graphics table capacity too large");
+        entries_.reserve(capacity);
+    }
+    resource_table(const resource_table&) = delete;
+    resource_table& operator=(const resource_table&) = delete;
+    ~resource_table()
+    {
+        // Teardown must drain the GPU before destroying this execution scope.
+        // Silent release here would turn a shutdown bug into GPU use-after-free.
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id() != thread_) std::terminate();
+        for (const auto& item : entries_)
+            if (item.value && item.last_submission > completed_) std::terminate();
+    }
+    // Owner-thread admission check before expensive native allocation. This is
+    // not a reservation: callers must not reenter/mutate the table before insert.
+    bool can_insert() const {
+        check_thread();
+        if (entries_.size()<capacity_) return true;
+        for (const auto& item:entries_)
+            if (!item.value && item.generation<std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()) return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Validate before transferring ownership. In particular a wrong-thread
+    // call must leave the caller's pointer intact for release on its owner.
+    resource_handle<T> insert(resource_owner owner, std::unique_ptr<T>&& value)
+    {
+        check_thread();
+        if (!value || owner != owner_)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("graphics resource requires an owner and value");
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < entries_.size(); ++i) {
+            auto& item = entries_[i];
+            if (!item.value && item.generation < std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()) {
+                ++item.generation;
+                item.owner = owner;
+                item.destroyed = false;
+                item.last_submission = 0;
+                item.value = std::move(value);
+                return {identity_, item.generation, i};
+            }
+        }
+        if (entries_.size() == capacity_) throw std::length_error("graphics resource limit reached");
+        entries_.push_back({std::move(value), owner});
+        return {identity_, 1, static_cast<uint32_t>(entries_.size() - 1)};
+    }
+    T& get(resource_handle<T> handle, resource_owner owner) { return *resolve(handle, owner).value; }
+    void mark_used(resource_handle<T> handle, resource_owner owner, uint64_t submission)
+    {
+        auto& item = resolve(handle, owner);
+        if (submission <= completed_ || submission < item.last_submission)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("graphics submission serial is not monotonic");
+        item.last_submission = submission;
+    }
+    void destroy(resource_handle<T> handle, resource_owner owner)
+    {
+        resolve(handle, owner).destroyed = true;
+        release_ready();
+    }
+    void destroy_owner(resource_owner owner)
+    {
+        check_thread();
+        for (auto& item : entries_)
+            if (item.value && item.owner == owner) item.destroyed = true;
+        release_ready();
+    }
+    // Each table belongs to exactly one device/context submission timeline.
+    // completion is a contiguous completed prefix for that queue only.
+    void complete(uint64_t submission)
+    {
+        check_thread();
+        if (submission < completed_) throw std::invalid_argument("graphics completion moved backwards");
+        completed_ = submission;
+        release_ready();
+    }
+    // Engine-internal visitors must not mutate this table during traversal.
+    template<class Visit> void visit_live(Visit visit) {
+        check_thread();
+        for (auto& item:entries_) if (item.value && !item.destroyed) visit(*item.value);
+    }
+    template<class Predicate> bool any_live(Predicate predicate) const {
+        check_thread();
+        for (const auto& item:entries_) if (item.value && !item.destroyed && predicate(*item.value)) return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+    size_t resident_count() const
+    {
+        check_thread();
+        size_t count = 0;
+        for (const auto& item : entries_) count += item.value != nullptr;
+        return count;
+    }
+    size_t deferred_count() const
+    {
+        check_thread();
+        size_t count = 0;
+        for (const auto& item : entries_) count += item.value && item.destroyed;
+        return count;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_release_registry.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_release_registry.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68493488a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_release_registry.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "release_channel.h"
+#include <v8.h>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Binding-owned registry, destroyed in the owning isolate scope before isolate
+// disposal. It holds weak wrappers only; all release capacity is reserved before
+// a wrapper is exposed to JavaScript. No GPU API runs from either GC callback.
+class v8_release_registry {
+    struct entry {
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> wrapper;
+        std::shared_ptr<release_channel> releases;
+        release_ticket ticket;
+        bool published{};
+    };
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    std::shared_ptr<release_channel> releases_;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<entry>> entries_;
+    static void second_pass(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<entry>& info) {
+        auto* item=info.GetParameter();
+        item->releases->publish(item->ticket);
+        item->published=true;
+    }
+    static void first_pass(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<entry>& info) {
+        info.GetParameter()->wrapper.Reset();
+        info.SetSecondPassCallback(second_pass);
+    }
+    void check_scope() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_ || v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_)
+            throw std::logic_error("graphics weak handles require the owning isolate scope");
+    }
+public:
+    v8_release_registry(v8::Isolate* isolate,std::shared_ptr<release_channel> releases,size_t capacity)
+        : isolate_(isolate),releases_(std::move(releases)),entries_(capacity) {
+        if (!isolate_ || !releases_ || !capacity) throw std::invalid_argument("invalid graphics wrapper registry");
+        check_scope();
+    }
+    ~v8_release_registry() {
+        check_scope();
+        for (auto& item:entries_) if (item) {
+            item->wrapper.Reset();
+            if (!item->published) item->releases->publish(item->ticket);
+        }
+    }
+    // False means capacity is unavailable: do not expose the wrapper. Its native
+    // resource remains the binding caller's responsibility until attach succeeds.
+    bool attach(v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper,graphics_command release) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (wrapper.IsEmpty()) throw std::invalid_argument("graphics wrapper is empty");
+        auto found=std::find_if(entries_.begin(),entries_.end(),[](const auto& item) {
+            return !item || item->published;
+        });
+        if (found==entries_.end()) return false;
+        auto item=std::make_unique<entry>();
+        auto ticket=releases_->reserve(release);
+        if (!ticket) return false;
+        item->releases=releases_; item->ticket=*ticket;
+        item->wrapper.Reset(isolate_,wrapper);
+        item->wrapper.SetWeak(item.get(),first_pass,v8::WeakCallbackType::kParameter);
+        *found=std::move(item);
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_info.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_info.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb486db3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_info.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "webgpu_adapter_info.h"
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <array>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+class v8_webgpu_adapter_info {
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::ObjectTemplate> instance_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> prototype_;
+    static void get(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto object=info.This();
+        if(object->InternalFieldCount()!=2 || !object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            || !object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            || object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_) {
+            info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(info.GetIsolate(),"Illegal GPUAdapterInfo receiver")));return;
+        }
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if(object->GetInternalField(1).As<v8::Array>()->Get(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),info.Data().As<v8::Uint32>()->Value()).ToLocal(&value))info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_adapter_info(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context):isolate_(isolate) {
+        realm_.Reset(isolate,context);
+        auto instance=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);instance->SetInternalFieldCount(2);instance_.Reset(isolate,instance);
+        auto prototype=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);
+        constexpr std::array names{"vendor","architecture","device","description","subgroupMinSize","subgroupMaxSize","isFallbackAdapter"};
+        for(uint32_t i=0;i<names.size();++i)prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,names[i]).ToLocalChecked(),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,get,v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate,i)));
+        prototype->Set(v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate),v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"GPUAdapterInfo"),static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontEnum));
+        prototype_.Reset(isolate,prototype->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked());
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_adapter_info(const v8_webgpu_adapter_info&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_adapter_info& operator=(const v8_webgpu_adapter_info&)=delete;
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> create(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,const webgpu_adapter_info& data) {
+        if(v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_ || realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context)throw std::logic_error("Adapter info belongs to another realm");
+        auto values=v8::Array::New(isolate_,7);
+        std::array strings{&data.vendor,&data.architecture,&data.device,&data.description};
+        for(uint32_t i=0;i<strings.size();++i) {
+            v8::Local<v8::String> value;
+            if(!v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,strings[i]->data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(strings[i]->size())).ToLocal(&value)
+                || !values->Set(context,i,value).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        }
+        if(!values->Set(context,4,v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate_,data.subgroup_min_size)).FromMaybe(false)
+            || !values->Set(context,5,v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate_,data.subgroup_max_size)).FromMaybe(false)
+            || !values->Set(context,6,v8::Boolean::New(isolate_,data.is_fallback_adapter)).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> object;
+        if(!instance_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context).ToLocal(&object) || !object->SetPrototype(context,prototype_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        object->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate_,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));object->SetInternalField(1,values);return object;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_options.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_options.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c55cca82c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_options.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <v8.h>
+#include "webgpu_adapter_options.h"
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+inline bool read_webgpu_adapter_options(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_adapter_options& output) {
+    const auto string=[&](const char* value) { return v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,value).ToLocalChecked(); };
+    const auto fail=[&](const char* message) {
+        isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(string(message)));
+        return false;
+    };
+    webgpu_adapter_options converted;
+    if (input->IsNullOrUndefined()) { output=std::move(converted); return true; }
+    if (!input->IsObject()) return fail("GPURequestAdapterOptions must be a dictionary.");
+    auto dictionary=input.As<v8::Object>();
+    const auto get=[&](const char* name,v8::Local<v8::Value>& value) {
+        return dictionary->Get(context,string(name)).ToLocal(&value);
+    };
+    const auto text=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> value,std::string& result) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> converted_string;
+        if (!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&converted_string)) return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,converted_string);
+        if (!*bytes) return false;
+        result.assign(*bytes,bytes.length()); return true;
+    };
+    // WebIDL dictionary members are accessed lexicographically, not in IDL
+    // declaration order. Preserve getter/coercion exceptions and stop at once.
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if (!get("featureLevel",value)) return false;
+    if (!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> level;
+        if (!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&level)) return false;
+        v8::String::Value units(isolate,level);
+        if (!*units && units.length()) return false;
+        if (units.length()) converted.feature_level.assign(reinterpret_cast<const char16_t*>(*units),units.length());
+        else converted.feature_level.clear();
+    }
+    if (!get("forceFallbackAdapter",value)) return false;
+    if (!value->IsUndefined()) converted.force_fallback_adapter=value->BooleanValue(isolate);
+    if (!get("powerPreference",value)) return false;
+    if (!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        std::string preference;
+        if (!text(value,preference)) return false;
+        if (preference=="low-power") converted.power_preference=wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower;
+        else if (preference=="high-performance") converted.power_preference=wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance;
+        else return fail("Invalid GPUPowerPreference.");
+    }
+    if (!get("xrCompatible",value)) return false;
+    if (!value->IsUndefined()) converted.xr_compatible=value->BooleanValue(isolate);
+    output=std::move(converted); // No partially converted native request on failure.
+    return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_request.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_request.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..769671c0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_request.h
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "webgpu_adapter_options.h"
+#include "completion_mailbox.h"
+#include <v8.h>
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include "windows_gpu_adapter.h"
+#endif
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Engine-owned promise state. Driver callbacks capture only native_result and
+// the mailbox, never V8 handles or this object. The wrapper registry supplies
+// the GPUAdapter object factory when the completion reaches the engine thread.
+class v8_webgpu_adapter_request final {
+    struct native_result {
+        std::mutex mutex;
+        wgpu::Adapter adapter;
+        bool abandoned=false;
+    };
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    v8::Isolate* const isolate_;
+    const resource_owner owner_;
+    const uint64_t operation_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver_;
+    std::shared_ptr<native_result> native_=std::make_shared<native_result>();
+    void check_thread() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_) throw std::logic_error("Adapter promise requires the engine thread");
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_adapter_request(v8::Isolate* isolate,resource_owner owner,uint64_t operation)
+        :isolate_(isolate),owner_(owner),operation_(operation) {}
+public:
+    ~v8_webgpu_adapter_request() {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_) std::terminate();
+        std::lock_guard lock(native_->mutex);
+        native_->abandoned=true; native_->adapter=nullptr;
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_adapter_request(const v8_webgpu_adapter_request&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_adapter_request& operator=(const v8_webgpu_adapter_request&)=delete;
+    bool pending() const { check_thread(); return !resolver_.IsEmpty(); }
+    bool cancel(v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (resolver_.IsEmpty()) return false;
+        if (v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_ || realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context)
+            throw std::logic_error("Adapter cancellation belongs to another realm");
+        auto resolver=resolver_.Get(isolate_); resolver_.Reset(); realm_.Reset();
+        { std::lock_guard lock(native_->mutex); native_->abandoned=true; native_->adapter=nullptr; }
+        return resolver->Resolve(context,v8::Null(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false);
+    }
+    static std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_adapter_request> start(v8::Isolate* isolate,
+        v8::Local<v8::Context> context,const webgpu_adapter_options& requested,
+        const wgpu::Instance& instance,std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox,
+        resource_owner owner,uint64_t operation,wgpu::BackendType host_backend,
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise>& promise) {
+        if (!instance || !mailbox || !operation) throw std::invalid_argument("Adapter request lacks native ownership");
+        auto result=std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_adapter_request>(new v8_webgpu_adapter_request(isolate,owner,operation));
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+        if (!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver)) return {};
+        promise=resolver->GetPromise();
+        auto options=make_dawn_adapter_options(requested,host_backend);
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        // Pinned Dawn RequestAdapterOptionsLUID ABI, using the C entry point
+        // only. No dependency on unexported Dawn-native C++ constructors.
+        struct luid_options : wgpu::ChainedStruct { LUID adapterLUID{}; } luid;
+        if(options && host_backend==wgpu::BackendType::D3D12) {
+            luid.sType=wgpu::SType::RequestAdapterOptionsLUID;
+            luid.adapterLUID=windows_gpu_adapter_luid();options->nextInChain=&luid;
+        }
+#endif
+        auto ticket=options ? mailbox->reserve(operation,owner) : std::nullopt;
+        if (!ticket) {
+            if (resolver->Resolve(context,v8::Null(isolate)).IsNothing()) return {};
+            return result;
+        }
+        result->realm_.Reset(isolate,context); result->resolver_.Reset(isolate,resolver);
+        auto native=result->native_;
+        instance.RequestAdapter(&*options,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [native,mailbox,ticket=*ticket](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status,wgpu::Adapter adapter,wgpu::StringView) {
+                {
+                    std::lock_guard lock(native->mutex);
+                    if (!native->abandoned && status==wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success)
+                        native->adapter=std::move(adapter);
+                }
+                if (!mailbox->publish(ticket,status==wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success
+                    ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed)) {
+                    std::lock_guard lock(native->mutex);
+                    native->adapter=nullptr;
+                }
+            });
+        return result;
+    }
+    template<class WrapAdapter>
+    bool complete(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+        completion_record record,WrapAdapter wrap) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (record.operation!=operation_ || record.owner!=owner_ || resolver_.IsEmpty()) return false;
+        if (isolate!=isolate_) throw std::logic_error("Adapter completion belongs to another isolate");
+        if (realm_.Get(isolate)!=context) throw std::logic_error("Adapter completion belongs to another realm");
+        wgpu::Adapter adapter;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(native_->mutex);
+            native_->abandoned=true;
+            if (record.status==completion_status::success) adapter=std::move(native_->adapter);
+            native_->adapter=nullptr;
+        }
+        auto resolver=resolver_.Get(isolate);
+        // Consume the completion before calling the factory: allocation failure
+        // must not leave a permanently pending request or allow duplicate wrapping.
+        resolver_.Reset(); realm_.Reset();
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value=v8::Null(isolate);
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> failure;
+        {
+            v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+            try {
+                if (adapter) {
+                    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Value> wrapped=wrap(std::move(adapter));
+                    if (!wrapped.ToLocal(&value) && !caught.HasCaught())
+                        failure=v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"GPUAdapter wrapper creation failed"));
+                }
+            } catch (const std::exception&) {
+                failure=v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"GPUAdapter wrapper creation failed"));
+            }
+            if (caught.HasTerminated()) return false;
+            if (caught.HasCaught()) failure=caught.Exception();
+        }
+        if (!failure.IsEmpty()) return resolver->Reject(context,failure).FromMaybe(false);
+        return resolver->Resolve(context,value).FromMaybe(false);
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapters.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapters.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e860c4b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_adapters.h
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics_service.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_devices.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_device_request.h"
+#include <list>
+#include "v8_webgpu_supported_features.h"
+#include "webgpu_feature_names.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_limits.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_adapter_info.h"
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Realm-owned adapters and asynchronous device requests. No global is installed
+// here; secure discovery, expired adapters and loss integration remain separate.
+class v8_webgpu_adapters {
+    webgpu_canvas_interop interop_;
+    struct entry {
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> wrapper;
+        v8::Global<v8::Private> features_key;
+        v8::Global<v8::Private> limits_key;
+        v8::Global<v8::Private> info_key;
+        graphics_service* service{};
+        resource_handle<wgpu::Adapter> adapter;
+        std::shared_ptr<release_channel> releases;
+        release_ticket ticket;
+        bool published{},consumed{};
+        v8_webgpu_adapters* registry{};
+    };
+    struct pending_request {
+        entry* adapter{};
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> keep_alive;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_device_request> bridge;
+    };
+    std::list<std::unique_ptr<pending_request>> requests_;
+    v8_webgpu_devices& devices_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> dom_exception_;
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::ObjectTemplate> instance_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> prototype_;
+    v8_webgpu_supported_features features_factory_;
+    v8_webgpu_limits limits_factory_;
+    v8_webgpu_adapter_info info_factory_;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<entry>> entries_;
+    static void fail(v8::Isolate* isolate,const char* message) {
+        isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,message).ToLocalChecked()));
+    }
+    static entry* receiver(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto object=info.This();
+        if (object->InternalFieldCount()!=2 || !object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            || !object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            || object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_) {
+            fail(info.GetIsolate(),"Illegal GPUAdapter receiver"); return nullptr;
+        }
+        auto* item=static_cast<entry*>(object->GetAlignedPointerFromInternalField(1,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault));
+        if (!item) fail(info.GetIsolate(),"GPUAdapter realm has been released");
+        return item;
+    }
+    static void request_device(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> failure;
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise> promise;
+        {
+            v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+            try {
+                if (auto* item=receiver(info)) {
+                    auto* registry=item->registry;
+                    auto operation=std::make_unique<pending_request>();
+                    auto* current=operation.get(); current->adapter=item;
+                    current->keep_alive.Reset(isolate,info.This());
+                    registry->requests_.push_back(std::move(operation));
+                    try {
+                        current->bridge=v8_webgpu_device_request::start_checked(isolate,context,info[0],[&] {
+                            auto* refreshed=receiver(info);
+                            if (!refreshed) return std::pair{wgpu::Adapter{},true};
+                            wgpu::Adapter adapter;
+                            refreshed->service->with_adapter(refreshed->adapter,[&](const auto& native) { adapter=native; });
+                            return std::pair{std::move(adapter),refreshed->consumed};
+                        },item->service->dawn().completions(),{item->service->engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0},new_owner_token(),
+                            registry->dom_exception_.Get(isolate),promise,registry->interop_);
+                        if (current->bridge && current->bridge->pending()) item->consumed=true;
+                    } catch (...) {
+                        registry->requests_.remove_if([&](const auto& value) { return value.get()==current; });
+                        throw;
+                    }
+                    if (!current->bridge || !current->bridge->pending())
+                        registry->requests_.remove_if([&](const auto& value) { return value.get()==current; });
+                }
+            } catch (const std::exception&) {
+                failure=v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"GPUAdapter device request failed"));
+            }
+            if (caught.HasTerminated()) return;
+            if (caught.HasCaught()) failure=caught.Exception();
+        }
+        if (!failure.IsEmpty()) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+            if (!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver)) return;
+            if (!resolver->Reject(context,failure).FromMaybe(false)) return;
+            promise=resolver->GetPromise();
+        }
+        if (!promise.IsEmpty()) info.GetReturnValue().Set(promise);
+    }
+    static void adapter_info(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if (info.This()->GetPrivate(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),item->info_key.Get(info.GetIsolate())).ToLocal(&value))
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void limits(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if (info.This()->GetPrivate(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),item->limits_key.Get(info.GetIsolate())).ToLocal(&value))
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void features(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if (info.This()->GetPrivate(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),item->features_key.Get(info.GetIsolate())).ToLocal(&value))
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void first_pass(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<entry>& info) {
+        info.GetParameter()->wrapper.Reset(); info.SetSecondPassCallback(second_pass);
+    }
+    static void second_pass(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<entry>& info) {
+        auto* item=info.GetParameter(); item->releases->publish(item->ticket); item->published=true;
+    }
+    void check_scope() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_ || v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_)
+            throw std::logic_error("GPUAdapter wrappers require their owning isolate scope");
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_adapters(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+        v8_webgpu_devices& devices,v8::Local<v8::Function> dom_exception,size_t capacity=64,webgpu_canvas_interop interop=webgpu_canvas_interop::none)
+        :interop_(interop),devices_(devices),isolate_(isolate),features_factory_(isolate,context),limits_factory_(isolate,context),info_factory_(isolate,context),entries_(capacity) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (dom_exception.IsEmpty()) throw std::invalid_argument("Trusted DOMException is required");
+        dom_exception_.Reset(isolate,dom_exception);
+        realm_.Reset(isolate,context);
+        auto instance=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate); instance->SetInternalFieldCount(2); instance_.Reset(isolate,instance);
+        auto prototype=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"requestDevice",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,request_device));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"info"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,adapter_info));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"limits"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,limits));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"features"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,features));
+        prototype_.Reset(isolate,prototype->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked());
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_adapters(const v8_webgpu_adapters&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_adapters& operator=(const v8_webgpu_adapters&)=delete;
+    ~v8_webgpu_adapters() {
+        check_scope();
+        // Invalidate every receiver before cancellation can construct exceptions
+        // or invoke user code through a host-supplied exception constructor.
+        for (auto& item:entries_) if (item && !item->wrapper.IsEmpty())
+            item->wrapper.Get(isolate_)->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,nullptr,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+        for (auto& request:requests_) if (request->bridge) request->bridge->cancel(realm_.Get(isolate_));
+        requests_.clear();
+        for (auto& item:entries_) if (item) {
+            item->wrapper.Reset();
+            if (!item->published) item->releases->publish(item->ticket);
+        }
+    }
+    // Device registry must outlive this adapter registry. Completed devices have
+    // independent ownership and do not retain their originating adapter wrapper.
+    bool complete(completion_record record) {
+        check_scope();
+        auto context=realm_.Get(isolate_);
+        for (auto it=requests_.begin();it!=requests_.end();++it) {
+            auto* request=it->get();
+            if (!request->bridge) continue;
+            if (!request->bridge->complete(isolate_,context,record,[&](wgpu::Device native) -> v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Value> {
+                auto* item=request->adapter;
+                wgpu::Adapter adapter;
+                item->service->with_adapter(item->adapter,[&](const auto& value) { adapter=value; });
+                auto handle=item->service->adopt_device(std::move(adapter),std::move(native),request->bridge->loss_signal());
+                try {
+                    v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+                    if (devices_.wrap(context,*item->service,handle,request->bridge->label(),request->bridge->queue_label()).ToLocal(&wrapper)) return wrapper;
+                } catch (...) { item->service->destroy_device(handle); throw; }
+                item->service->destroy_device(handle); return {};
+            })) continue;
+            requests_.erase(it); return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Caller retains ownership until a non-empty wrapper is returned.
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> wrap(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,graphics_service& service,resource_handle<wgpu::Adapter> adapter) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context) throw std::logic_error("GPUAdapter belongs to another realm");
+        service.with_adapter(adapter,[](auto&) {});
+        for (const auto& item:entries_) if (item && !item->published && item->service==&service
+            && item->adapter.table==adapter.table && item->adapter.generation==adapter.generation && item->adapter.slot==adapter.slot)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("GPUAdapter handle is already wrapped");
+        auto found=std::find_if(entries_.begin(),entries_.end(),[](const auto& item) { return !item || item->published; });
+        if (found==entries_.end()) return {};
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+        if (!instance_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context).ToLocal(&wrapper)
+            || !wrapper->SetPrototype(context,prototype_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        auto item=std::make_unique<entry>();
+        item->registry=this;
+        item->service=&service; item->adapter=adapter; item->releases=service.release_endpoint();
+        item->features_key.Reset(isolate_,v8::Private::New(isolate_));
+        std::vector<std::string_view> names;
+        service.with_adapter(adapter,[&](const auto& native) { names=webgpu_supported_feature_names(native); });
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> snapshot;
+        if (!features_factory_.create(context,names).ToLocal(&snapshot)
+            || !wrapper->SetPrivate(context,item->features_key.Get(isolate_),snapshot).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        item->limits_key.Reset(isolate_,v8::Private::New(isolate_));
+        v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> limit_snapshot;
+        service.with_adapter(adapter,[&](const auto& native) { limit_snapshot=limits_factory_.create(context,native); });
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> limit_object;
+        if(!limit_snapshot.ToLocal(&limit_object) || !wrapper->SetPrivate(context,item->limits_key.Get(isolate_),limit_object).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        webgpu_adapter_info metadata;
+        service.with_adapter(adapter,[&](const auto& native) { metadata=read_webgpu_adapter_info(native); });
+        item->info_key.Reset(isolate_,v8::Private::New(isolate_));
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> info_object;
+        if(!info_factory_.create(context,metadata).ToLocal(&info_object)
+            || !wrapper->SetPrivate(context,item->info_key.Get(isolate_),info_object).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        auto ticket=item->releases->reserve(graphics_service::deferred_adapter_release(adapter));
+        if (!ticket) return {};
+        item->ticket=*ticket;
+        wrapper->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate_,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));
+        wrapper->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,item.get(),v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+        item->wrapper.Reset(isolate_,wrapper); item->wrapper.SetWeak(item.get(),first_pass,v8::WeakCallbackType::kParameter);
+        *found=std::move(item);
+        return wrapper;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_async_pipelines.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_async_pipelines.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..316382ec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_async_pipelines.h
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_render_pipelines.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Driver callbacks own only native references and completion storage. V8 wrapping
+// and promise resolution happen through the existing engine completion mailbox.
+class v8_webgpu_async_pipelines {
+    struct native_result {
+        wgpu::RenderPipeline render;
+        wgpu::ComputePipeline compute;
+        wgpu::CreatePipelineAsyncStatus status{};
+        std::string message;
+    };
+    struct request {
+        uint64_t operation{};
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox;
+        std::shared_ptr<native_result> result;
+        graphics_service* service{};
+        resource_handle<dawn_device> device;
+        v8_webgpu_render_pipelines* renders{};
+        v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines* computes{};
+        std::string label;
+        v8::Global<v8::Context> context;
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> parent;
+        v8::Global<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+    };
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    resource_owner owner_{new_owner_token(),new_owner_token(),new_owner_token()};
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<request>> pending_;
+    static v8::Local<v8::String> text(v8::Isolate* isolate,const std::string& s){
+        return v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,s.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(s.size())).ToLocalChecked();
+    }
+public:
+    explicit v8_webgpu_async_pipelines(v8::Isolate* isolate):isolate_(isolate){}
+    ~v8_webgpu_async_pipelines(){
+        for(auto& p:pending_) {
+            p->mailbox->cancel_owner(owner_);
+            auto context=p->context.Get(isolate_);v8::Context::Scope scope(context);
+            p->resolver.Get(isolate_)->Reject(context,v8::Exception::Error(text(isolate_,"Pipeline creation cancelled"))).FromMaybe(false);
+        }
+    }
+    template<class Descriptor>
+    void start(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Object> parent,
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver,graphics_service& service,
+        resource_handle<dawn_device> device,v8_webgpu_render_pipelines& renders,
+        v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines& computes,const Descriptor& descriptor,const std::string& label) {
+        if(pending_.size()>=256)throw std::length_error("Async pipeline capacity exhausted");
+        auto p=std::make_unique<request>();
+        p->operation=new_owner_token();p->mailbox=service.dawn().completions();p->result=std::make_shared<native_result>();
+        p->service=&service;p->device=device;p->renders=&renders;p->computes=&computes;p->label=label;
+        p->context.Reset(isolate_,context);p->parent.Reset(isolate_,parent);p->resolver.Reset(isolate_,resolver);
+        pending_.reserve(pending_.size()+1);
+        auto ticket=p->mailbox->reserve(p->operation,owner_);
+        if(!ticket)throw std::length_error("Pipeline completion capacity exhausted");
+        auto mailbox=p->mailbox;auto result=p->result;
+        pending_.push_back(std::move(p));
+        using Pipeline=std::conditional_t<std::is_same_v<Descriptor,wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor>,wgpu::RenderPipeline,wgpu::ComputePipeline>;
+        auto callback=[mailbox,result,ticket=*ticket](wgpu::CreatePipelineAsyncStatus status,Pipeline pipeline,wgpu::StringView message){
+            auto completion=completion_status::failed;
+            try {
+                result->status=status;
+                if constexpr(std::is_same_v<decltype(pipeline),wgpu::RenderPipeline>)result->render=std::move(pipeline);
+                else result->compute=std::move(pipeline);
+                const auto length=message.length==WGPU_STRLEN?(message.data?strnlen(message.data,1024*1024):0):std::min<size_t>(message.length,1024*1024);
+                if(message.data)result->message.assign(message.data,length);
+                if(status==wgpu::CreatePipelineAsyncStatus::Success)completion=completion_status::success;
+            }catch(...){}
+            mailbox->publish(ticket,completion);
+        };
+        try {
+            service.with_device(device,[&](auto& owned){
+                if constexpr(std::is_same_v<Descriptor,wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor>)
+                    owned.native().CreateRenderPipelineAsync(&descriptor,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,callback);
+                else owned.native().CreateComputePipelineAsync(&descriptor,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,callback);
+            });
+        } catch(...) {
+            mailbox->publish(*ticket,completion_status::failed);
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+    bool complete(completion_record record) {
+        if(record.owner!=owner_)return false;
+        auto found=std::find_if(pending_.begin(),pending_.end(),[&](auto& p){return p->operation==record.operation;});
+        if(found==pending_.end())return true;
+        auto p=std::move(*found);pending_.erase(found);
+        auto context=p->context.Get(isolate_);v8::Context::Scope scope(context);
+        auto resolver=p->resolver.Get(isolate_);
+        try {
+            if(record.status!=completion_status::success)throw std::runtime_error(p->result->message.empty()?"Pipeline creation failed":p->result->message);
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            p->service->with_device(p->device,[&](auto& device){
+                if(p->result->render){
+                    auto handle=device.adopt_render_pipeline(std::move(p->result->render));
+                    try {
+                        if(!p->renders->wrap(context,*p->service,p->device,handle,p->parent.Get(isolate_),p->label).ToLocal(&wrapper))throw std::runtime_error("Render pipeline wrapper capacity exhausted");
+                    }catch(...){device.release_render_pipeline(handle);throw;}
+                }else{
+                    auto handle=device.adopt_compute_pipeline(std::move(p->result->compute));
+                    try {
+                        if(!p->computes->wrap(context,*p->service,p->device,handle,p->parent.Get(isolate_),p->label).ToLocal(&wrapper))throw std::runtime_error("Compute pipeline wrapper capacity exhausted");
+                    }catch(...){device.release_compute_pipeline(handle);throw;}
+                }
+            });
+            resolver->Resolve(context,wrapper).FromMaybe(false);
+        }catch(const std::exception& e){
+            auto error=v8::Exception::Error(text(isolate_,e.what())).As<v8::Object>();
+            error->Set(context,text(isolate_,"name"),text(isolate_,"GPUPipelineError")).Check();
+            error->Set(context,text(isolate_,"reason"),text(isolate_,
+                p->result->status==wgpu::CreatePipelineAsyncStatus::ValidationError?"validation":"internal")).Check();
+            resolver->Reject(context,error).FromMaybe(false);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_group_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_group_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20935f33f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_group_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_buffers.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_samplers.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_textures.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_bind_group_descriptor {
+    std::string label;
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayout layout;
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries;
+    template<class Execute> void with_native(Execute execute) const {
+        wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor descriptor{};
+        descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());
+        descriptor.layout=layout;descriptor.entryCount=entries.size();descriptor.entries=entries.data();
+        execute(descriptor);
+    }
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_bind_group_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_bind_group_descriptor& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);webgpu_bind_group_descriptor converted;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.get("label",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;
+        converted.label.assign(*bytes,bytes.length());
+    }
+    if(!reader.get("entries",value)||!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,value,[&](auto item){
+        webgpu_state_reader r(isolate,context,item);wgpu::BindGroupEntry entry{};
+        if(!r.uint32("binding",entry.binding,true))return false;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> resource;if(!r.get("resource",resource))return false;
+        // Interface union arms precede dictionary conversion. Native references
+        // retain resources across subsequent descriptor getters and GC.
+        if(v8_webgpu_buffers::is_instance(resource))
+            entry.buffer=v8_webgpu_buffers::native_reference(resource);
+        else if(v8_webgpu_samplers::is_instance(resource))
+            entry.sampler=v8_webgpu_samplers::native_reference(resource);
+        else if(v8_webgpu_texture_views::is_instance(resource))
+            entry.textureView=v8_webgpu_texture_views::native_reference(resource);
+        else if(v8_webgpu_textures::is_instance(resource))
+            entry.textureView=v8_webgpu_textures::native_reference(resource).CreateView();
+        else {
+            webgpu_state_reader binding(isolate,context,resource);
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> buffer;if(!binding.get("buffer",buffer))return false;
+            if(!v8_webgpu_buffers::is_instance(buffer))return reader.fail("GPUBufferBinding requires a GPUBuffer");
+            entry.buffer=v8_webgpu_buffers::native_reference(buffer);
+            if(!binding.uint64("offset",entry.offset)||!binding.uint64("size",entry.size))return false;
+        }
+        converted.entries.push_back(std::move(entry));return true;
+    }))return false;
+    if(!reader.get("layout",value))return false;
+    try {converted.layout=v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts::native_reference(value);}
+    catch(const std::invalid_argument&) {return reader.fail("Bind group requires a GPUBindGroupLayout");}
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f8c0dc68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor {
+    struct entry { wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry value{};bool external{}; };
+    std::string label;
+    std::vector<entry> entries;
+    template<class Execute> void with_native(Execute execute)const {
+        std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry> values;values.reserve(entries.size());
+        std::vector<wgpu::ExternalTextureBindingLayout> external(entries.size());
+        for(size_t i=0;i<entries.size();++i) {
+            values.push_back(entries[i].value);
+            if(entries[i].external)values.back().nextInChain=&external[i];
+        }
+        wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor descriptor{};
+        descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());
+        descriptor.entryCount=values.size();descriptor.entries=values.data();
+        execute(descriptor);
+    }
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor converted;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.get("label",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;
+        converted.label.assign(*bytes,bytes.length());
+    }
+    if(!reader.get("entries",value)||!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,value,[&](auto item){
+        webgpu_state_reader entry_reader(isolate,context,item);
+        webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor::entry entry;v8::Local<v8::Value> nested;
+        if(!entry_reader.uint32("binding",entry.value.binding,true))return false;
+        if(!entry_reader.get("buffer",nested))return false;
+        if(!nested->IsUndefined()) {
+            webgpu_state_reader r(isolate,context,nested);
+            entry.value.buffer.type=wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform;
+            if(!r.boolean("hasDynamicOffset",entry.value.buffer.hasDynamicOffset)
+                ||!r.uint64("minBindingSize",entry.value.buffer.minBindingSize)
+                ||!r.enumeration("type",entry.value.buffer.type))return false;
+        }
+        if(!entry_reader.get("externalTexture",nested))return false;
+        if(!nested->IsUndefined()) {
+            if(!nested->IsNull()&&!nested->IsObject())return reader.fail("External texture layout must be a dictionary");
+            entry.external=true;
+        }
+        if(!entry_reader.get("sampler",nested))return false;
+        if(!nested->IsUndefined()) {
+            webgpu_state_reader r(isolate,context,nested);entry.value.sampler.type=wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Filtering;
+            if(!r.enumeration("type",entry.value.sampler.type))return false;
+        }
+        if(!entry_reader.get("storageTexture",nested))return false;
+        if(!nested->IsUndefined()) {
+            webgpu_state_reader r(isolate,context,nested);
+            entry.value.storageTexture.access=wgpu::StorageTextureAccess::WriteOnly;
+            entry.value.storageTexture.viewDimension=wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2D;
+            if(!r.enumeration("access",entry.value.storageTexture.access)
+                ||!r.enumeration("format",entry.value.storageTexture.format,true)
+                ||!r.enumeration("viewDimension",entry.value.storageTexture.viewDimension))return false;
+        }
+        if(!entry_reader.get("texture",nested))return false;
+        if(!nested->IsUndefined()) {
+            webgpu_state_reader r(isolate,context,nested);
+            entry.value.texture.sampleType=wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float;
+            entry.value.texture.viewDimension=wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2D;
+            if(!r.boolean("multisampled",entry.value.texture.multisampled)
+                ||!r.enumeration("sampleType",entry.value.texture.sampleType)
+                ||!r.enumeration("viewDimension",entry.value.texture.viewDimension))return false;
+        }
+        uint32_t visibility=0;if(!entry_reader.uint32("visibility",visibility,true))return false;
+        entry.value.visibility=static_cast<wgpu::ShaderStage>(visibility);
+        converted.entries.push_back(std::move(entry));return true;
+    }))return false;
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99534b4f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::BindGroupLayout;
+    static constexpr const char* name="GPUBindGroupLayout";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute) {
+        device.with_bind_group_layout(handle,std::move(execute));
+    }
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle) noexcept {
+        return graphics_service::deferred_bind_group_layout_release(device,handle);
+    }
+};
+using v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts_traits>;
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_groups.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_groups.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44b4daf02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_groups.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_bind_groups_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::BindGroup;
+    static constexpr const char* name="GPUBindGroup";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute) {
+        device.with_bind_group(handle,std::move(execute));
+    }
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle) noexcept {
+        return graphics_service::deferred_bind_group_release(device,handle);
+    }
+};
+using v8_webgpu_bind_groups=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_bind_groups_traits>;
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64c3e053d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <v8.h>
+#include "webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h"
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Dictionary conversion only. Usage combinations, alignment, device limits and
+// allocation errors remain WebGPU/Dawn validation, not WebIDL TypeErrors.
+inline bool read_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_buffer_descriptor& output) {
+    const auto string=[&](const char* value) { return v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,value).ToLocalChecked(); };
+    const auto fail=[&](const char* message) {
+        isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(string(message)));
+        return false;
+    };
+    if (!input->IsNullOrUndefined() && !input->IsObject()) return fail("GPUBufferDescriptor must be a dictionary.");
+    webgpu_buffer_descriptor converted;
+    const auto get=[&](const char* name,v8::Local<v8::Value>& value) {
+        if (input->IsNullOrUndefined()) { value=v8::Undefined(isolate); return true; }
+        return input.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,string(name)).ToLocal(&value);
+    };
+    const auto integer=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> value,double maximum,uint64_t& result) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;
+        if (!value->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number)) return false;
+        const double truncated=std::trunc(number->Value());
+        if (!std::isfinite(truncated) || truncated<0 || truncated>maximum)
+            return fail("GPU buffer integer is outside its WebIDL range.");
+        result=static_cast<uint64_t>(truncated);
+        return true;
+    };
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    // Inherited dictionary members first, then lexicographic own members.
+    if (!get("label",value)) return false;
+    if (!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> label;
+        if (!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&label)) return false;
+        // V8 UTF-8 conversion replaces lone UTF-16 surrogates with U+FFFD,
+        // implementing USVString while preserving embedded NUL via byte length.
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,label);
+        if (!*bytes) return false;
+        converted.label.assign(*bytes,bytes.length());
+    }
+    if (!get("mappedAtCreation",value)) return false;
+    if (!value->IsUndefined()) converted.mapped_at_creation=value->BooleanValue(isolate);
+    if (!get("size",value)) return false;
+    if (value->IsUndefined()) return fail("GPUBufferDescriptor.size is required.");
+    if (!integer(value,9007199254740991.0,converted.size)) return false;
+    if (!get("usage",value)) return false;
+    if (value->IsUndefined()) return fail("GPUBufferDescriptor.usage is required.");
+    uint64_t usage{};
+    if (!integer(value,4294967295.0,usage)) return false;
+    converted.usage=static_cast<uint32_t>(usage);
+    output=std::move(converted);
+    return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_buffers.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_buffers.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f016ede0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_buffers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics_service.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_map_request.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h"
+#include <cstring>
+#include <list>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Realm-owned buffer wrappers. This internal factory does not install a public
+// GPUBuffer constructor. Destroy the registry in its isolate before the service.
+class v8_webgpu_buffers {
+    struct map_operation;
+    struct entry {
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> wrapper;
+        graphics_service* service;
+        resource_handle<dawn_device> device;
+        resource_handle<wgpu::Buffer> buffer;
+        std::shared_ptr<release_channel> releases;
+        release_ticket ticket;
+        bool published{};
+        std::string label;
+        uint64_t size{};
+        uint32_t usage{};
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges> mapping;
+        v8::Global<v8::Function> dom_exception;
+        v8_webgpu_buffers* registry{};
+        map_operation* pending_map{};
+        std::vector<uint8_t> read_mapping;
+    };
+    struct map_operation {
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_map_request> request;
+        entry* target{};
+        uint64_t offset{},length{};
+        bool read{};
+    };
+    std::list<std::unique_ptr<map_operation>> maps_;
+    static void cancel_map(entry& item) {
+        if (!item.pending_map) return;
+        auto* operation=item.pending_map;
+        item.pending_map=nullptr; operation->target=nullptr;
+        operation->request->cancel();
+    }
+    alignas(void*) static inline const char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::ObjectTemplate> instance_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> prototype_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> dom_exception_;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<entry>> entries_;
+    static void error(v8::Isolate* isolate,const char* message) {
+        isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,message).ToLocalChecked()));
+    }
+    static entry* receiver(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto object=info.This();
+        if (object->InternalFieldCount()!=2 || !object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            || !object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            || object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_) {
+            error(info.GetIsolate(),"Illegal GPUBuffer receiver"); return nullptr;
+        }
+        auto* item=static_cast<entry*>(object->GetAlignedPointerFromInternalField(1,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault));
+        if (!item) error(info.GetIsolate(),"GPUBuffer realm has been released");
+        return item;
+    }
+    template<class Execute> static void access(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info,Execute execute) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);
+        if (!item) return;
+        try { item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device) { execute(device,item->buffer); }); }
+        catch (const std::exception&) { error(info.GetIsolate(),"GPUBuffer native ownership is unavailable"); }
+    }
+    static void size(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);
+        if (item) info.GetReturnValue().Set(v8::Number::New(info.GetIsolate(),static_cast<double>(item->size)));
+    }
+    static void usage(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);
+        if (item) info.GetReturnValue().Set(v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(info.GetIsolate(),item->usage));
+    }
+    static void label(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);
+        if (!item) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;
+        if (v8::String::NewFromUtf8(info.GetIsolate(),item->label.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,
+            static_cast<int>(item->label.size())).ToLocal(&text)) info.GetReturnValue().Set(text);
+    }
+    static void set_label(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if (!receiver(info)) return; // Brand check precedes user conversion.
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;
+        if (!info[0]->ToString(isolate->GetCurrentContext()).ToLocal(&text)) return;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text); // USVString replaces lone surrogates.
+        if (!*bytes) return;
+        // ToString may execute arbitrary JS. Reacquire after conversion instead
+        // of keeping a pointer to an entry that teardown could have freed.
+        auto* item=receiver(info);
+        if (!item) return;
+        try {
+            std::string converted(*bytes,bytes.length());
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device) {
+                device.with_buffer(item->buffer,[&](const auto& buffer) {
+                    buffer.SetLabel(wgpu::StringView(converted.data(),converted.size()));
+                });
+            });
+            item->label=std::move(converted);
+        } catch (const std::exception&) { error(isolate,"GPUBuffer label update failed"); }
+    }
+    static void map_state(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);
+        if (!item) return;
+        const char* state=item->pending_map ? "pending" : item->mapping ? "mapped" : "unmapped";
+        info.GetReturnValue().Set(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(info.GetIsolate(),state).ToLocalChecked());
+    }
+    static void map_async_impl(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if (!receiver(info)) return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        const auto number=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> value,double maximum,uint64_t& result) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Number> numeric;
+            if (!value->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&numeric)) return false;
+            auto integer=std::trunc(numeric->Value());
+            if (!std::isfinite(integer) || integer<0 || integer>maximum) {
+                error(isolate,"Map argument is outside its WebIDL range"); return false;
+            }
+            result=static_cast<uint64_t>(integer); return true;
+        };
+        uint64_t mode=0,offset=0,length=0;
+        if (!info.Length()) { error(isolate,"mapAsync requires a mode"); return; }
+        if (!number(info[0],4294967295.0,mode)) return;
+        if (!info[1]->IsUndefined() && !number(info[1],9007199254740991.0,offset)) return;
+        bool has_length=!info[2]->IsUndefined();
+        if (has_length && !number(info[2],9007199254740991.0,length)) return;
+        auto* item=receiver(info);
+        if (!item) return;
+        item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device) {
+            if (item->pending_map || item->mapping) {
+                device.native().InjectError(wgpu::ErrorType::Validation,"Buffer is already mapped or mapping");
+                operation_error(info); // Outer callback converts this to a rejected promise.
+                return;
+            }
+            wgpu::Buffer native;
+            device.with_buffer(item->buffer,[&](const auto& buffer) {
+                native=buffer;
+                if (!has_length) { auto size=buffer.GetSize(); length=offset<size ? size-offset : 0; }
+            });
+            auto operation=std::make_unique<map_operation>();
+            operation->target=item; operation->offset=offset; operation->length=length; operation->read=mode==1;
+            operation->request=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_map_request>(isolate,context,info.This(),
+                item->dom_exception.Get(isolate),std::move(native),device.owner(),new_owner_token());
+            auto* pending=operation.get();
+            item->registry->maps_.push_back(std::move(operation));
+            item->pending_map=pending;
+            // Unknown browser flags must never opt into a future native extension.
+            auto native_mode=mode==1 ? wgpu::MapMode::Read : mode==2 ? wgpu::MapMode::Write : wgpu::MapMode::None;
+            v8::Local<v8::Promise> promise;
+            try {
+                if (pending->request->start(item->service->dawn().completions(),native_mode,offset,length).ToLocal(&promise))
+                    info.GetReturnValue().Set(promise);
+            } catch (...) {
+                item->pending_map=nullptr; pending->target=nullptr; throw;
+            }
+            if (!pending->request->pending()) {
+                item->pending_map=nullptr;
+                auto& maps=item->registry->maps_;
+                maps.erase(std::find_if(maps.begin(),maps.end(),[&](const auto& value) { return value.get()==pending; }));
+                // No native request was admitted; other reentrant requests remain intact.
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    static void map_async(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> failure;
+        {
+            v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+            try { map_async_impl(info); }
+            catch (const std::exception&) { error(isolate,"Buffer mapping could not be started"); }
+            if (caught.HasTerminated()) return;
+            if (caught.HasCaught()) failure=caught.Exception();
+        }
+        if (!failure.IsEmpty()) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+            if (!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver)) return;
+            if (resolver->Reject(context,failure).FromMaybe(false)) info.GetReturnValue().Set(resolver->GetPromise());
+        }
+    }
+    static void operation_error(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);
+        if (!item) return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> args[]{v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Invalid mapped buffer range"),
+            v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"OperationError")};
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> exception;
+        if (item->dom_exception.Get(isolate)->NewInstance(isolate->GetCurrentContext(),2,args).ToLocal(&exception))
+            isolate->ThrowException(exception);
+    }
+    static void get_mapped_range(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if (!receiver(info)) return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        const auto number=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> value,uint64_t& result) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Number> numeric;
+            if (!value->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&numeric)) return false;
+            const auto integer=std::trunc(numeric->Value());
+            if (!std::isfinite(integer) || integer<0 || integer>9007199254740991.0) {
+                error(isolate,"Mapped range integer is outside its WebIDL range"); return false;
+            }
+            result=static_cast<uint64_t>(integer); return true;
+        };
+        uint64_t offset=0,length=0;
+        if (!info[0]->IsUndefined() && !number(info[0],offset)) return;
+        const bool has_length=!info[1]->IsUndefined();
+        if (has_length && !number(info[1],length)) return;
+        auto* item=receiver(info); // Conversion can execute JS, including unmap.
+        if (!item) return;
+        try {
+            if (!item->mapping) { operation_error(info); return; }
+            if (!has_length) item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device) {
+                device.with_buffer(item->buffer,[&](const auto& buffer) {
+                    auto size=buffer.GetSize(); length=offset<size ? size-offset : 0;
+                });
+            });
+            v8::Local<v8::ArrayBuffer> view;
+            if (item->mapping->create(context,offset,length).ToLocal(&view)) info.GetReturnValue().Set(view);
+        } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { operation_error(info); }
+        catch (const std::exception&) { error(isolate,"Mapped buffer ownership is unavailable"); }
+    }
+    static void unmap(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);
+        if (!item) return;
+        access(info,[&](auto& device,auto handle) {
+            cancel_map(*item);
+            if (item->mapping) { item->mapping->detach(); item->mapping.reset(); }
+            device.with_buffer(handle,[](const auto& buffer) { buffer.Unmap(); });
+        });
+    }
+    static void destroy(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);
+        if (!item) return;
+        access(info,[&](auto& device,auto handle) {
+            cancel_map(*item);
+            if (item->mapping) { item->mapping->detach(); item->mapping.reset(); }
+            device.destroy_buffer(handle);
+        });
+    }
+    static void first_pass(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<entry>& info) {
+        info.GetParameter()->wrapper.Reset(); info.SetSecondPassCallback(second_pass);
+    }
+    static void second_pass(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<entry>& info) {
+        auto* item=info.GetParameter();
+        item->releases->publish(item->ticket); item->published=true;
+    }
+    void check_scope() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_ || v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_)
+            throw std::logic_error("GPUBuffer wrappers require their owning isolate scope");
+    }
+public:
+    static bool is_instance(v8::Local<v8::Value> value) {
+        if(!value->IsObject())return false;
+        auto object=value.As<v8::Object>();
+        return object->InternalFieldCount()==2 && object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            && object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            && object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)==&brand_;
+    }
+    static wgpu::Buffer native_reference(v8::Local<v8::Value> value) {
+        if (!value->IsObject()) throw std::invalid_argument("GPU resource object required");
+        auto object=value.As<v8::Object>();
+        if (object->InternalFieldCount()!=2 || !object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            || !object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            || object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Incorrect GPU resource interface");
+        auto* item=static_cast<entry*>(object->GetAlignedPointerFromInternalField(1,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault));
+        if (!item) throw std::invalid_argument("GPU resource realm has been released");
+        wgpu::Buffer result;
+        item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) {
+            owned.with_buffer(item->buffer,[&](const auto& native) { result=native; });
+        });
+        return result;
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_buffers(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,size_t capacity,v8::Local<v8::Function> dom_exception)
+        :isolate_(isolate),entries_(capacity) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (dom_exception.IsEmpty()) throw std::invalid_argument("Trusted DOMException constructor is required");
+        dom_exception_.Reset(isolate,dom_exception);
+        realm_.Reset(isolate,context);
+        auto instance=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate); instance->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
+        instance_.Reset(isolate,instance);
+        auto prototype=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"size"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,size));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"usage"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,usage));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"mapState"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,map_state));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"label"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,label),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,set_label));
+        auto map_method=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,map_async); map_method->SetLength(1);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"mapAsync",map_method);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"getMappedRange",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,get_mapped_range));
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"unmap",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,unmap));
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"destroy",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,destroy));
+        prototype_.Reset(isolate,prototype->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked());
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_buffers(const v8_webgpu_buffers&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_buffers& operator=(const v8_webgpu_buffers&)=delete;
+    ~v8_webgpu_buffers() {
+        check_scope();
+        for (auto& item:entries_) if (item) {
+            if (!item->wrapper.IsEmpty()) item->wrapper.Get(isolate_)->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,nullptr,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+            cancel_map(*item);
+            item->mapping.reset(); // Detach before releasing native storage.
+            item->wrapper.Reset();
+            if (!item->published) item->releases->publish(item->ticket);
+        }
+    }
+    // Route graphics completion records here before unrelated operation handlers.
+    bool complete(completion_record record) {
+        check_scope();
+        for (auto it=maps_.begin();it!=maps_.end();++it) {
+            auto& operation=**it;
+            if (operation.request->complete(record,[&](const auto& buffer,auto wrapper) {
+                auto* item=operation.target;
+                if (!item) throw std::logic_error("Canceled mapping cannot attach");
+                void* data=nullptr;
+                if (operation.read) {
+                    auto* source=buffer.GetConstMappedRange(operation.offset,operation.length);
+                    if (!source && operation.length) throw std::runtime_error("Read mapping unavailable");
+                    item->read_mapping.resize(static_cast<size_t>(operation.length));
+                    if (operation.length) std::memcpy(item->read_mapping.data(),source,static_cast<size_t>(operation.length));
+                    data=item->read_mapping.data(); // JS writes to READ views must be discarded.
+                } else data=buffer.GetMappedRange(operation.offset,operation.length);
+                item->mapping=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges>(isolate_,realm_.Get(isolate_),wrapper,
+                    data,operation.offset,operation.length);
+            })) {
+                if (operation.target) operation.target->pending_map=nullptr;
+                maps_.erase(it);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Binding lifecycle hook: invoke before destroying the corresponding native
+    // device, and during engine-thread device-loss delivery before JS can run.
+    // It does not destroy devices or release wrappers, and is idempotent.
+    size_t detach_device(graphics_service& service,resource_handle<dawn_device> device) {
+        check_scope();
+        size_t detached=0;
+        for (auto& item:entries_) if (item && item->service==&service
+            && item->device.table==device.table && item->device.generation==device.generation
+            && item->device.slot==device.slot) {
+            cancel_map(*item);
+            if (item->mapping) { item->mapping.reset(); ++detached; }
+        }
+        return detached;
+    }
+    // GPUDevice binding entry point: converts the JS descriptor, creates native
+    // storage, and rolls back the native handle if wrapper registration fails.
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> create(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,graphics_service& service,
+        resource_handle<dawn_device> device,v8::Local<v8::Value> descriptor) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context) throw std::logic_error("Buffer creation belongs to another realm");
+        webgpu_buffer_descriptor converted;
+        if (!read_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(isolate_,context,descriptor,converted)) return {};
+        if (converted.mapped_at_creation && converted.size%4) {
+            isolate_->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"Mapped buffer size must be a multiple of four")));
+            return {};
+        }
+        if (std::none_of(entries_.begin(),entries_.end(),[](const auto& item) { return !item || item->published; })) {
+            isolate_->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"Buffer wrapper capacity exhausted")));
+            return {};
+        }
+        auto native=make_dawn_buffer_descriptor(converted);
+        if (!native) {
+            // None is invalid in both standards and Dawn: it forces Dawn's
+            // validation/error-buffer path without enabling a private usage bit.
+            // The wrapper retains the original browser usage value below.
+            native=wgpu::BufferDescriptor{};
+            native->label=wgpu::StringView(converted.label.data(),converted.label.size());
+            native->size=converted.size; native->mappedAtCreation=converted.mapped_at_creation;
+            native->usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::None;
+        }
+        resource_handle<wgpu::Buffer> handle;
+        service.with_device(device,[&](auto& owner) { handle=owner.create_buffer(*native); });
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate_);
+        try {
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            if (wrap(context,service,device,handle,converted.label,converted.usage).ToLocal(&wrapper)) return wrapper;
+        } catch (...) {
+            service.with_device(device,[&](auto& owner) { owner.release_buffer(handle); });
+            throw;
+        }
+        service.with_device(device,[&](auto& owner) { owner.release_buffer(handle); });
+        if (caught.HasCaught()) { caught.ReThrow(); return {}; }
+        isolate_->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"Buffer wrapper registration failed")));
+        caught.ReThrow();
+        return {};
+    }
+    // Ownership transfers only on success. Caller releases the native handle if
+    // allocation/registration fails. No native operation runs in GC callbacks.
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> wrap(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,graphics_service& service,
+        resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::Buffer> buffer,std::string initial_label={},std::optional<uint32_t> browser_usage={}) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context) throw std::logic_error("GPUBuffer wrapper belongs to another realm");
+        service.with_device(device,[&](auto& owner) { owner.with_buffer(buffer,[](const auto&) {}); });
+        for (const auto& item:entries_) if (item && !item->published
+            && item->service==&service && item->device.table==device.table
+            && item->device.generation==device.generation && item->device.slot==device.slot
+            && item->buffer.table==buffer.table && item->buffer.generation==buffer.generation
+            && item->buffer.slot==buffer.slot)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("GPUBuffer handle is already wrapped");
+        auto found=std::find_if(entries_.begin(),entries_.end(),[](const auto& item) { return !item || item->published; });
+        if (found==entries_.end()) return {};
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> object;
+        if (!instance_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context).ToLocal(&object)
+            || !object->SetPrototype(context,prototype_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        auto item=std::make_unique<entry>();
+        item->registry=this;
+        item->label=std::move(initial_label);
+        item->service=&service; item->device=device; item->buffer=buffer; item->releases=service.release_endpoint();
+        item->dom_exception.Reset(isolate_,dom_exception_.Get(isolate_));
+        // This factory currently accepts only unmapped buffers or a complete
+        // mapped-at-creation region. mapAsync will attach its selected subrange.
+        service.with_device(device,[&](auto& owner) { owner.with_buffer(buffer,[&](const auto& native) {
+            item->size=native.GetSize(); item->usage=browser_usage.value_or(static_cast<uint32_t>(native.GetUsage()));
+            if (native.GetMapState()==wgpu::BufferMapState::Mapped) {
+                auto size=native.GetSize();
+                auto* data=native.GetMappedRange(0,size);
+                item->mapping=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges>(isolate_,context,object,data,0,size);
+            }
+        }); });
+        auto ticket=item->releases->reserve(graphics_service::deferred_buffer_release(device,buffer));
+        if (!ticket) return {};
+        item->ticket=*ticket;
+        object->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate_,const_cast<char*>(&brand_),v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));
+        object->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,item.get(),v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+        item->wrapper.Reset(isolate_,object);
+        item->wrapper.SetWeak(item.get(),first_pass,v8::WeakCallbackType::kParameter);
+        *found=std::move(item);
+        return object;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4a58af01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Conversion only: presentation capability negotiation and configure's device
+// validation are separate. Preserve requested color/HDR modes without silently
+// substituting an SDR or sRGB canvas.
+struct webgpu_canvas_configuration {
+    wgpu::Device device;
+    wgpu::TextureFormat format=wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
+    uint32_t usage=0x10;
+    std::vector<wgpu::TextureFormat> view_formats;
+    std::string alpha_mode="opaque",color_space="srgb",tone_mapping="standard";
+};
+template<class ResolveDevice> bool read_webgpu_canvas_configuration(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_canvas_configuration& output,ResolveDevice resolve_device) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);webgpu_canvas_configuration converted;v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    const auto enumeration=[&](webgpu_state_reader& dictionary,const char* name,std::string& output,std::initializer_list<std::string_view> allowed) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;if(!dictionary.get(name,value))return false;if(value->IsUndefined())return true;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;
+        std::string converted(*bytes,bytes.length());
+        if(std::find(allowed.begin(),allowed.end(),converted)==allowed.end())return dictionary.fail("Invalid canvas configuration enum");
+        output=std::move(converted);return true;
+    };
+    if(!enumeration(reader,"alphaMode",converted.alpha_mode,{"opaque","premultiplied"})
+        // PredefinedColorSpace is imported from the pinned @webref/idl html.idl.
+        ||!enumeration(reader,"colorSpace",converted.color_space,{"srgb","srgb-linear","display-p3","display-p3-linear"})
+        ||!reader.get("device",value))return false;
+    try{converted.device=resolve_device(value);}catch(const std::exception&){return reader.fail("Canvas configuration requires a live GPUDevice");}
+    if(!converted.device)return reader.fail("Canvas configuration requires a live GPUDevice");
+    if(!reader.enumeration("format",converted.format,true)||!reader.get("toneMapping",value))return false;
+    webgpu_state_reader tone(isolate,context,value);
+    if(!enumeration(tone,"mode",converted.tone_mapping,{"standard","extended"})||!reader.uint32("usage",converted.usage)||!reader.get("viewFormats",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()&&!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,value,[&](auto input) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!input->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;
+        for(const auto& [name,native]:webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::TextureFormat>::values)if(name==std::string_view(*bytes,bytes.length())){converted.view_formats.push_back(native);return true;}
+        return reader.fail("Invalid canvas view format");
+    }))return false;
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_canvas_context.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_canvas_context.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed8f0e231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_canvas_context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_devices.h"
+#include "webgpu_canvas_texture_descriptor.h"
+#include <functional>
+#include <tuple>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Host callbacks run on the engine thread, invoke no JavaScript, and must retain
+// imported allocations through GPU completion. They never implement CPU copies.
+struct webgpu_canvas_host {
+    std::function<void(const webgpu_canvas_configuration&)> validate;
+    std::function<wgpu::Texture(const webgpu_canvas_configuration&,const webgpu_texture_descriptor&)> acquire;
+    std::function<void(const wgpu::Texture&,bool present)> retire;
+    std::function<void()> invalidate;
+};
+class v8_webgpu_canvas_context {
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;v8::Global<v8::Object> wrapper_,canvas_,device_,current_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> dom_exception_;
+    std::optional<webgpu_canvas_configuration> configuration_;
+    wgpu::Texture native_current_;webgpu_canvas_host host_;uint32_t width_,height_;
+    void check_scope()const{if(std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_||v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_)throw std::logic_error("Canvas context requires its owning isolate scope");}
+    static void fail(v8::Isolate* isolate,const char* text){isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,text).ToLocalChecked()));}
+    static v8_webgpu_canvas_context* receiver(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto object=info.This();if(object->InternalFieldCount()!=2||!object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()||!object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            ||object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_){fail(info.GetIsolate(),"Illegal GPUCanvasContext receiver");return nullptr;}
+        auto* self=static_cast<v8_webgpu_canvas_context*>(object->GetAlignedPointerFromInternalField(1,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault));
+        if(!self)fail(info.GetIsolate(),"GPUCanvasContext realm has been released");return self;
+    }
+    void exception(const char* name,const char* message) {
+        auto context=realm_.Get(isolate_);v8::Local<v8::Value> args[]={v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,message).ToLocalChecked(),v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,name).ToLocalChecked()};
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> error;if(dom_exception_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context,2,args).ToLocal(&error))isolate_->ThrowException(error);
+    }
+    static void canvas(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info){auto* self=receiver(info);if(self)info.GetReturnValue().Set(self->canvas_.Get(info.GetIsolate()));}
+    static void configure(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        try {
+            webgpu_canvas_configuration converted;v8::Local<v8::Object> device;
+            if(!read_webgpu_canvas_configuration(isolate,context,info[0],converted,[&](auto value){auto native=v8_webgpu_devices::native_reference(value);device=value.template As<v8::Object>();return native;}))return;
+            auto* self=receiver(info);if(!self)return;
+            // Host validation includes required format features and presenter
+            // capabilities before the configuration is committed.
+            self->host_.validate(converted);validate_webgpu_canvas_format_usage(converted);
+            self->end_frame(false);if(self->host_.invalidate)self->host_.invalidate();self->configuration_=std::move(converted);self->device_.Reset(isolate,device);
+        }catch(const std::invalid_argument& e){fail(isolate,e.what());}
+        catch(const std::exception&){auto* self=receiver(info);if(self)self->exception("OperationError","Canvas configuration failed");}
+    }
+    static void unconfigure(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* self=receiver(info);if(!self)return;
+        try{self->end_frame(false);self->configuration_.reset();self->device_.Reset();if(self->host_.invalidate)self->host_.invalidate();}
+        catch(const std::exception&){self->exception("OperationError","Canvas retirement failed");}
+    }
+    static void current(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* self=receiver(info);if(!self)return;
+        if(!self->configuration_){self->exception("InvalidStateError","Canvas context is not configured");return;}
+        if(!self->current_.IsEmpty()){info.GetReturnValue().Set(self->current_.Get(info.GetIsolate()));return;}
+        try {
+            auto descriptor=webgpu_canvas_texture_descriptor(*self->configuration_,self->width_,self->height_);
+            auto texture=self->host_.acquire(*self->configuration_,descriptor);
+            if(!texture){self->exception("OperationError","Canvas texture acquisition unavailable");return;}
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if(!v8_webgpu_devices::adopt_canvas_texture(self->realm_.Get(self->isolate_),self->device_.Get(self->isolate_),self->configuration_->device,texture,descriptor).ToLocal(&wrapper)) {
+                    self->host_.retire(texture,false);self->exception("OperationError","Canvas texture wrapping failed");return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){self->host_.retire(texture,false);throw;}
+            self->native_current_=std::move(texture);self->current_.Reset(self->isolate_,wrapper);info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);
+        }catch(const std::exception&){self->exception("OperationError","Canvas texture acquisition failed");}
+    }
+    static void get_configuration(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* self=receiver(info);if(!self)return;if(!self->configuration_){info.GetReturnValue().SetNull();return;}
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();const auto& config=*self->configuration_;
+        auto output=v8::Object::New(isolate);auto formats=v8::Array::New(isolate,static_cast<int>(config.view_formats.size()));auto tone=v8::Object::New(isolate);
+        const auto string=[&](std::string_view text){return v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,text.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(text.size())).ToLocalChecked();};
+        const auto format=[&](wgpu::TextureFormat value){for(const auto& [name,native]:webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::TextureFormat>::values)if(native==value)return string(name);return string("");};
+        for(uint32_t i=0;i<config.view_formats.size();++i)if(!formats->Set(context,i,format(config.view_formats[i])).FromMaybe(false))return;
+        if(!tone->Set(context,string("mode"),string(config.tone_mapping)).FromMaybe(false))return;
+        const auto set=[&](const char* name,v8::Local<v8::Value> value){return output->Set(context,string(name),value).FromMaybe(false);};
+        if(!set("device",self->device_.Get(isolate))||!set("format",format(config.format))||!set("usage",v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate,config.usage))
+            ||!set("viewFormats",formats)||!set("alphaMode",string(config.alpha_mode))||!set("colorSpace",string(config.color_space))||!set("toneMapping",tone))return;
+        info.GetReturnValue().Set(output);
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_canvas_context(const v8_webgpu_canvas_context&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_canvas_context& operator=(const v8_webgpu_canvas_context&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_canvas_context(v8_webgpu_canvas_context&&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_canvas_context& operator=(v8_webgpu_canvas_context&&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_canvas_context(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Object> canvas,
+        v8::Local<v8::Function> dom_exception,uint32_t width,uint32_t height,webgpu_canvas_host host)
+        :isolate_(isolate),host_(std::move(host)),width_(width),height_(height) {
+        check_scope();if(!host_.validate||!host_.acquire||!host_.retire||dom_exception.IsEmpty())throw std::invalid_argument("Canvas host and exception constructor required");
+        realm_.Reset(isolate,context);canvas_.Reset(isolate,canvas);dom_exception_.Reset(isolate,dom_exception);
+        auto instance=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);instance->SetInternalFieldCount(2);auto prototype=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);
+        prototype->Set(v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate),v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"GPUCanvasContext"),static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontEnum));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"canvas"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,canvas_getter));
+        for(auto [name,callback,length]:{std::tuple{"configure",configure,1},std::tuple{"unconfigure",unconfigure,0},std::tuple{"getConfiguration",get_configuration,0},std::tuple{"getCurrentTexture",current,0}}){auto fn=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,callback);fn->SetLength(length);prototype->Set(isolate,name,fn);}
+        auto object=instance->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked();if(!object->SetPrototype(context,prototype->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked()).FromMaybe(false))throw std::runtime_error("Canvas prototype initialization failed");
+        object->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));object->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,this,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);wrapper_.Reset(isolate,object);
+    }
+    ~v8_webgpu_canvas_context(){check_scope();wrapper_.Get(isolate_)->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,nullptr,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);end_frame(false);}
+    v8::Local<v8::Object> object()const{check_scope();return wrapper_.Get(isolate_);}
+    bool is_configured()const noexcept{return configuration_.has_value();}
+    bool has_current_texture()const noexcept{return !current_.IsEmpty();}
+    void end_frame(bool present){check_scope();if(current_.IsEmpty())return;host_.retire(native_current_,present);current_.Reset();native_current_=nullptr;}
+    void resize(uint32_t width,uint32_t height){check_scope();end_frame(false);width_=width;height_=height;}
+private:
+    static void canvas_getter(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info){canvas(info);}
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_command_buffers.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_command_buffers.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcc123e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_command_buffers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_command_buffers_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::CommandBuffer;
+    static constexpr const char* name="GPUCommandBuffer";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute) {
+        device.with_command_buffer(handle,std::move(execute));
+    }
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle) noexcept {
+        return graphics_service::deferred_command_buffer_release(device,handle);
+    }
+};
+using v8_webgpu_command_buffers=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_command_buffers_traits>;
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_command_encoders.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_command_encoders.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c4eb3f81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_command_encoders.h
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_command_buffers.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_object_descriptor.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_render_passes.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_compute_passes.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_copy_descriptor.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_command_encoders_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::CommandEncoder;static constexpr const char* name="GPUCommandEncoder";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute){device.with_command_encoder(handle,std::move(execute));}
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle)noexcept{return graphics_service::deferred_command_encoder_release(device,handle);}
+};
+class v8_webgpu_command_encoders:public v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_command_encoders_traits> {
+    using base=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_command_encoders_traits>;
+    v8_webgpu_command_buffers commands_;
+    v8_webgpu_render_passes passes_;
+    v8_webgpu_compute_passes compute_passes_;
+    static void begin_render_pass(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        try {
+            webgpu_render_pass_descriptor descriptor;
+            if(!read_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],descriptor))return;
+            if(!descriptor.valid_shapes()){fail(isolate,"GPUColor sequence must have four elements");return;}
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;auto* registry=static_cast<v8_webgpu_command_encoders*>(item->registry);
+            resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPassEncoder> pass;
+            descriptor.with_native([&](const auto& native){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){pass=owned.begin_render_pass(item->resource,native);});});
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if(!registry->passes_.wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,pass,info.This(),descriptor.label).ToLocal(&wrapper)) {
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_render_pass(pass);});fail(isolate,"Render pass wrapper capacity exhausted");return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_render_pass(pass);});throw;}
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Render pass creation failed");}
+    }
+    static void begin_compute_pass(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        try {
+            std::string label;if(!read_webgpu_object_label(isolate,context,info[0],label))return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;auto* registry=static_cast<v8_webgpu_command_encoders*>(item->registry);
+            wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());
+            resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePassEncoder> pass;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){pass=owned.begin_compute_pass(item->resource,descriptor);});
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if(!registry->compute_passes_.wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,pass,info.This(),label).ToLocal(&wrapper)){
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_compute_pass(pass);});fail(isolate,"Compute pass capacity exhausted");return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_compute_pass(pass);});throw;}
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Compute pass creation failed");}
+    }
+    template<int Kind> static void copy_texture(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info){
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(info.Length()<3){fail(isolate,"Texture copy requires source, destination and extent");return;}
+        try{
+            wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo source{},destination{};wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo buffer{};wgpu::Extent3D size{};
+            if constexpr(Kind==2){if(!read_copy_buffer(isolate,context,info[0],buffer)||!read_copy_texture(isolate,context,info[1],destination))return;}
+            else {
+                if(!read_copy_texture(isolate,context,info[0],source))return;
+                if constexpr(Kind==0){if(!read_copy_texture(isolate,context,info[1],destination))return;}
+                else if(!read_copy_buffer(isolate,context,info[1],buffer))return;
+            }
+            if(!read_copy_extent(isolate,context,info[2],size))return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_command_encoder(item->resource,[&](const auto& encoder){
+                if constexpr(Kind==0)encoder.CopyTextureToTexture(&source,&destination,&size);
+                else if constexpr(Kind==1)encoder.CopyTextureToBuffer(&source,&buffer,&size);
+                else encoder.CopyBufferToTexture(&buffer,&destination,&size);
+            });});
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Texture copy ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+    static bool copy_size(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> value,uint64_t& size){
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!value->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+        auto n=std::trunc(number->Value());if(!std::isfinite(n)||n<0||n>9007199254740991.0){fail(isolate,"Invalid buffer copy size");return false;}
+        size=static_cast<uint64_t>(n);return true;
+    }
+    template<bool Clear> static void copy_buffer(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info){
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(info.Length()<(Clear?1:5)){fail(isolate,"Missing buffer copy arguments");return;}
+        try{
+            auto source=v8_webgpu_buffers::native_reference(info[0]);wgpu::Buffer dest;
+            uint64_t sourceOffset=0,destOffset=0,size=wgpu::kWholeSize;
+            if(!info[1]->IsUndefined()&&!copy_size(isolate,context,info[1],sourceOffset))return;
+            if constexpr(Clear){if(!info[2]->IsUndefined()&&!copy_size(isolate,context,info[2],size))return;}
+            else{dest=v8_webgpu_buffers::native_reference(info[2]);if(!copy_size(isolate,context,info[3],destOffset)||!copy_size(isolate,context,info[4],size))return;}
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_command_encoder(item->resource,[&](const auto& encoder){
+                if constexpr(Clear)encoder.ClearBuffer(source,sourceOffset,size);
+                else encoder.CopyBufferToBuffer(source,sourceOffset,dest,destOffset,size);
+            });});
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Buffer copy ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+    static void finish(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        try {
+            std::string label;if(!read_webgpu_object_label(isolate,context,info[0],label))return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;auto* registry=static_cast<v8_webgpu_command_encoders*>(item->registry);
+            wgpu::CommandBufferDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());
+            resource_handle<wgpu::CommandBuffer> command;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){command=owned.finish_command_encoder(item->resource,descriptor);});
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if(!registry->commands_.wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,command,info.This(),label).ToLocal(&wrapper)) {
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_command_buffer(command);});
+                    fail(isolate,"Command buffer wrapper capacity exhausted");return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_command_buffer(command);});throw;}
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Command encoder finish failed");}
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_command_encoders(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,size_t capacity=1024,size_t command_capacity=1024)
+        :base(isolate,context,capacity),commands_(isolate,context,command_capacity),passes_(isolate,context,capacity),compute_passes_(isolate,context,capacity) {
+        prototype_.Get(isolate)->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"beginComputePass"),v8::Function::New(context,begin_compute_pass).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
+        for(auto [name,callback]:{std::pair{"copyTextureToTexture",copy_texture<0>},std::pair{"copyTextureToBuffer",copy_texture<1>},std::pair{"copyBufferToTexture",copy_texture<2>},std::pair{"copyBufferToBuffer",copy_buffer<false>},std::pair{"clearBuffer",copy_buffer<true>}})
+            prototype_.Get(isolate)->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,name).ToLocalChecked(),v8::Function::New(context,callback).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
+        if(!prototype_.Get(isolate)->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"beginRenderPass"),v8::Function::New(context,begin_render_pass,{},1).ToLocalChecked()).FromMaybe(false))throw std::runtime_error("Render pass method initialization failed");
+        if(!prototype_.Get(isolate)->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"finish"),v8::Function::New(context,finish,{},0).ToLocalChecked()).FromMaybe(false))
+            throw std::runtime_error("Command encoder prototype initialization failed");
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_compute_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_compute_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bcd2363bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_compute_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_render_descriptor.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_compute_descriptor {
+    std::string label;
+    wgpu::PipelineLayout layout;
+    webgpu_programmable_stage stage;
+    template<class Execute> void with_native(Execute execute) const {
+        auto constants=stage.native_constants();
+        wgpu::ComputePipelineDescriptor descriptor{};
+        descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());descriptor.layout=layout;
+        descriptor.compute.module=stage.module;
+        if(stage.entry_point)descriptor.compute.entryPoint=wgpu::StringView(stage.entry_point->data(),stage.entry_point->size());
+        descriptor.compute.constantCount=constants.size();descriptor.compute.constants=constants.data();
+        execute(descriptor);
+    }
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_compute_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_compute_descriptor& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);webgpu_compute_descriptor result;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.get("label",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()){
+        v8::Local<v8::String> label;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&label))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value text(isolate,label);if(!*text)return false;result.label.assign(*text,text.length());
+    }
+    if(!reader.get("layout",value))return false;
+    if(v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts::is_instance(value))result.layout=v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts::native_reference(value);
+    else {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> mode;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&mode))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value text(isolate,mode);
+        if(!*text||std::string_view(*text,text.length())!="auto")return reader.fail("Pipeline layout must be auto or GPUPipelineLayout");
+    }
+    if(!reader.get("compute",value)||!read_webgpu_programmable_stage(isolate,context,value,result.stage))return false;
+    output=std::move(result);return true;
+}
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_compute_passes.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_compute_passes.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02e60f9e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_compute_passes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_bind_groups.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_buffers.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h"
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <tuple>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_compute_passes_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::ComputePassEncoder;static constexpr const char* name="GPUComputePassEncoder";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute){device.with_compute_pass(handle,std::move(execute));}
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle)noexcept{return graphics_service::deferred_compute_pass_release(device,handle);}
+};
+class v8_webgpu_compute_passes:public v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_compute_passes_traits> {
+    using base=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_compute_passes_traits>;
+    static void set_pipeline(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;
+        try {
+            auto pipeline=v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines::native_reference(info[0]);auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_compute_pass(item->resource,[&](const auto& pass){pass.SetPipeline(pipeline);});});
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(info.GetIsolate(),"setPipeline requires a live GPUComputePipeline");}
+    }
+    static bool unsigned_value(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> value,uint64_t maximum,uint64_t& output) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!value->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+        double n=std::trunc(number->Value());
+        if(!std::isfinite(n)||n<0||n>static_cast<double>(maximum)){fail(isolate,"Binding argument is outside its unsigned range");return false;}
+        output=static_cast<uint64_t>(n);return true;
+    }
+    static std::shared_ptr<v8::BackingStore> offset_backing(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Value> value) {
+        if(!value->IsUint32Array()){fail(isolate,"Dynamic offsets require Uint32Array");return {};}
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> buffer=value.As<v8::Uint32Array>()->Buffer();
+        std::shared_ptr<v8::BackingStore> backing;
+        if(buffer->IsSharedArrayBuffer())backing=buffer.As<v8::SharedArrayBuffer>()->GetBackingStore();
+        else {
+            if(buffer.As<v8::ArrayBuffer>()->WasDetached()){fail(isolate,"Dynamic offsets are detached");return {};}
+            backing=buffer.As<v8::ArrayBuffer>()->GetBackingStore();
+        }
+        if(backing->IsResizableByUserJavaScript()){fail(isolate,"Resizable dynamic offsets are not allowed");return {};}
+        return backing;
+    }
+    static void set_bind_group(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(info.Length()<2||info.Length()==4){fail(isolate,"setBindGroup requires two or three arguments, or five for a typed range");return;}
+        try {
+            uint64_t index=0;if(!unsigned_value(isolate,context,info[0],UINT32_MAX,index))return;
+            wgpu::BindGroup group;
+            if(!info[1]->IsNullOrUndefined())group=v8_webgpu_bind_groups::native_reference(info[1]);
+            std::vector<uint32_t> offsets;
+            if(info.Length()>=5) {
+                auto backing=offset_backing(isolate,info[2]);if(!backing)return;
+                uint64_t start=0,count=0;
+                if(!unsigned_value(isolate,context,info[3],9007199254740991ULL,start)
+                    ||!unsigned_value(isolate,context,info[4],UINT32_MAX,count))return;
+                backing=offset_backing(isolate,info[2]);if(!backing)return;
+                auto array=info[2].As<v8::Uint32Array>();
+                if(start>array->Length()||count>array->Length()-start) {
+                    isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Dynamic offset range exceeds its array")));return;
+                }
+                offsets.resize(static_cast<size_t>(count));
+                if(count) {
+                    auto* values=reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(static_cast<uint8_t*>(backing->Data())+array->ByteOffset())+start;
+                    for(size_t i=0;i<count;++i)offsets[i]=backing->IsShared()?std::atomic_ref<uint32_t>(values[i]).load(std::memory_order_relaxed):values[i];
+                }
+            }else if(!info[2]->IsUndefined()) {
+                if(!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,info[2],[&](auto value){
+                    uint64_t offset=0;if(!unsigned_value(isolate,context,value,UINT32_MAX,offset))return false;
+                    offsets.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(offset));return true;
+                }))return;
+            }
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_compute_pass(item->resource,[&](const auto& pass){
+                pass.SetBindGroup(static_cast<uint32_t>(index),group,offsets.size(),offsets.data());
+            });});
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"setBindGroup requires live native ownership");}
+    }
+    static void dispatch(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(!info.Length()){fail(isolate,"dispatchWorkgroups requires x");return;}
+        uint64_t args[]={0,1,1};
+        for(int i=0;i<3;++i)if(!info[i]->IsUndefined()&&!unsigned_value(isolate,context,info[i],UINT32_MAX,args[i]))return;
+        auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+        try{item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_compute_pass(item->resource,[&](const auto& pass){
+            pass.DispatchWorkgroups(static_cast<uint32_t>(args[0]),static_cast<uint32_t>(args[1]),static_cast<uint32_t>(args[2]));
+        });});}catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Compute pass ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+    static void end(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+        try{item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_compute_pass(item->resource,[](const auto& pass){pass.End();});});}
+        catch(const std::exception&){fail(info.GetIsolate(),"Compute pass ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_compute_passes(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,size_t capacity=1024):base(isolate,context,capacity) {
+        auto prototype=prototype_.Get(isolate);
+        for(auto [name,callback,length]:{std::tuple{"setPipeline",set_pipeline,1},std::tuple{"setBindGroup",set_bind_group,2},std::tuple{"dispatchWorkgroups",dispatch,1},std::tuple{"end",end,0}}) {
+            if(!prototype->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,name).ToLocalChecked(),v8::Function::New(context,callback,{},length).ToLocalChecked()).FromMaybe(false))throw std::runtime_error("Compute pass prototype initialization failed");
+        }
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcd440ac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_pipeline_resources.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::ComputePipeline;
+    static constexpr const char* name="GPUComputePipeline";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute) {
+        device.with_compute_pipeline(handle,std::move(execute));
+    }
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle) noexcept {
+        return graphics_service::deferred_compute_pipeline_release(device,handle);
+    }
+};
+using v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines=v8_webgpu_pipeline_resources<v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines_traits>;
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_constants.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_constants.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9f857da9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_constants.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <utility>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+inline constexpr const char* webgpu_flag_namespaces[]{
+    "GPUBufferUsage","GPUTextureUsage","GPUMapMode","GPUShaderStage","GPUColorWrite"
+};
+inline bool install_webgpu_flag_namespaces(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+    auto text=[&](const char* value){return v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,value).ToLocalChecked();};
+    auto define=[&](const char* name,std::initializer_list<std::pair<const char*,uint32_t>> constants) {
+        auto object=v8::Object::New(isolate);
+        for(auto [key,value]:constants)
+            if(!object->DefineOwnProperty(context,text(key),v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate,value),
+                static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontDelete)).FromMaybe(false))return false;
+        if(!object->DefineOwnProperty(context,v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate),text(name),
+            static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontEnum)).FromMaybe(false))return false;
+        return context->Global()->DefineOwnProperty(context,text(name),object,v8::DontEnum).FromMaybe(false);
+    };
+    return define("GPUBufferUsage",{{"MAP_READ",1},{"MAP_WRITE",2},{"COPY_SRC",4},{"COPY_DST",8},
+            {"INDEX",16},{"VERTEX",32},{"UNIFORM",64},{"STORAGE",128},{"INDIRECT",256},{"QUERY_RESOLVE",512}})
+        &&define("GPUTextureUsage",{{"COPY_SRC",1},{"COPY_DST",2},{"TEXTURE_BINDING",4},{"STORAGE_BINDING",8},{"RENDER_ATTACHMENT",16},{"TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT",32}})
+        &&define("GPUMapMode",{{"READ",1},{"WRITE",2}})
+        &&define("GPUShaderStage",{{"VERTEX",1},{"FRAGMENT",2},{"COMPUTE",4}})
+        &&define("GPUColorWrite",{{"RED",1},{"GREEN",2},{"BLUE",4},{"ALPHA",8},{"ALL",15}});
+}
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_copy_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_copy_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ea55723d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_copy_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_textures.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_buffers.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+inline bool read_copy_coordinates(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value,uint32_t (&coordinates)[3],bool extent){
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,value);
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> iterator;
+    if(value->IsObject()&&!value.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::Symbol::GetIterator(isolate)).ToLocal(&iterator))return false;
+    if(!iterator.IsEmpty()&&!iterator->IsNullOrUndefined()){
+        size_t count=0;
+        if(!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,value,[&](auto item){
+            if(count>=3)return reader.fail("Too many copy coordinates");
+            v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!item->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+            auto n=std::trunc(number->Value());if(!std::isfinite(n)||n<0||n>UINT32_MAX)return reader.fail("Invalid copy coordinate");
+            coordinates[count++]=static_cast<uint32_t>(n);return true;
+        },iterator))return false;
+        return !extent||count>0||reader.fail("Copy extent requires width");
+    }
+    return reader.uint32(extent?"width":"x",coordinates[0],extent)
+        &&reader.uint32(extent?"height":"y",coordinates[1])
+        &&reader.uint32(extent?"depthOrArrayLayers":"z",coordinates[2]);
+}
+inline bool read_copy_extent(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> value,wgpu::Extent3D& extent){
+    uint32_t coords[]={0,1,1};if(!read_copy_coordinates(isolate,context,value,coords,true))return false;
+    extent={coords[0],coords[1],coords[2]};return true;
+}
+inline bool read_copy_texture(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> value,wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo& copy){
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,value);v8::Local<v8::Value> texture,origin;
+    if(!reader.enumeration("aspect",copy.aspect)||!reader.uint32("mipLevel",copy.mipLevel)||!reader.get("origin",origin))return false;
+    uint32_t coords[]={0,0,0};if(!origin->IsUndefined()&&!read_copy_coordinates(isolate,context,origin,coords,false))return false;
+    copy.origin={coords[0],coords[1],coords[2]};
+    if(!reader.get("texture",texture))return false;
+    if(!v8_webgpu_textures::is_instance(texture))return reader.fail("Copy requires GPUTexture");
+    copy.texture=v8_webgpu_textures::native_reference(texture);return true;
+}
+inline bool read_copy_layout(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> value,wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout& layout){
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,value);
+    return reader.uint32("bytesPerRow",layout.bytesPerRow)&&reader.uint64("offset",layout.offset)&&reader.uint32("rowsPerImage",layout.rowsPerImage);
+}
+inline bool read_copy_buffer(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> value,wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo& copy){
+    if(!read_copy_layout(isolate,context,value,copy.layout))return false;
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,value);v8::Local<v8::Value> buffer;
+    if(!reader.get("buffer",buffer))return false;
+    if(!v8_webgpu_buffers::is_instance(buffer))return reader.fail("Copy requires GPUBuffer");
+    copy.buffer=v8_webgpu_buffers::native_reference(buffer);return true;
+}
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_device_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_device_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04581b8a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_device_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "webgpu_device_descriptor.h"
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// WebIDL conversion only: capability/limit checks precede native RequestDevice.
+inline bool read_webgpu_device_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_device_descriptor& output) {
+    const auto key=[&](const char* name) { return v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,name).ToLocalChecked(); };
+    const auto fail=[&](const char* message) {
+        isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(key(message))); return false;
+    };
+    const auto get=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> object,const char* name,v8::Local<v8::Value>& value) {
+        if (object->IsNullOrUndefined()) { value=v8::Undefined(isolate); return true; }
+        if (!object->IsObject()) return fail("GPU descriptor must be a dictionary");
+        return object.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,key(name)).ToLocal(&value);
+    };
+    const auto label=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> dictionary,std::string& result) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if (!get(dictionary,"label",value)) return false;
+        if (value->IsUndefined()) return true;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;
+        if (!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text)) return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);
+        if (!*bytes) return false;
+        result.assign(*bytes,bytes.length()); return true;
+    };
+    webgpu_device_descriptor converted;
+    // Inherited label first; then dictionary members in lexicographic order.
+    if (!label(input,converted.label)) return false;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if (!get(input,"defaultQueue",value) || !label(value,converted.queue_label)) return false;
+    if (!get(input,"requiredFeatures",value)) return false;
+    if (!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        if (!value->IsObject()) return fail("requiredFeatures must be an iterable object");
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> method,iterator_value,next;
+        if (!value.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::Symbol::GetIterator(isolate)).ToLocal(&method)) return false;
+        if (!method->IsFunction()) return fail("requiredFeatures is not iterable");
+        if (!method.As<v8::Function>()->Call(context,value,0,nullptr).ToLocal(&iterator_value)) return false;
+        if (!iterator_value->IsObject()) return fail("Feature iterator must return an object");
+        auto iterator=iterator_value.As<v8::Object>();
+        if (!iterator->Get(context,key("next")).ToLocal(&next)) return false;
+        if (!next->IsFunction()) return fail("Feature iterator next is not callable");
+        for (;;) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> step,done,feature;
+            if (!next.As<v8::Function>()->Call(context,iterator,0,nullptr).ToLocal(&step)) return false;
+            if (!step->IsObject()) return fail("Feature iterator result must be an object");
+            if (!step.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,key("done")).ToLocal(&done)) return false;
+            if (done->BooleanValue(isolate)) break;
+            if (!step.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,key("value")).ToLocal(&feature)) return false;
+            v8::Local<v8::String> text;
+            if (!feature->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text)) return false;
+            v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);
+            if (!*bytes) return false;
+            auto native=webgpu_feature_from_name(std::string_view(*bytes,bytes.length()));
+            if (!native) return fail("Unknown GPUFeatureName");
+            converted.required_features.push_back(*native);
+        }
+    }
+    if (!get(input,"requiredLimits",value)) return false;
+    if (!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        if (!value->IsObject()) return fail("requiredLimits must be a record object");
+        auto record=value.As<v8::Object>();
+        v8::Local<v8::Array> keys;
+        // Snapshot all own keys first. Check each descriptor immediately before
+        // conversion/get: an earlier getter may change a later property's flags.
+        if (!record->GetOwnPropertyNames(context,v8::ALL_PROPERTIES,v8::KeyConversionMode::kConvertToString).ToLocal(&keys)) return false;
+        for (uint32_t i=0;i<keys->Length();++i) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> property,descriptor,enumerable,limit;
+            if (!keys->Get(context,i).ToLocal(&property)) return false;
+            if (!record->GetOwnPropertyDescriptor(context,property.As<v8::Name>()).ToLocal(&descriptor)) return false;
+            if (descriptor->IsUndefined()) continue;
+            if (!descriptor.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,key("enumerable")).ToLocal(&enumerable)) return false;
+            if (!enumerable->BooleanValue(isolate)) continue;
+            v8::Local<v8::String> name;
+            if (!property->ToString(context).ToLocal(&name)) return false;
+            v8::String::Value units(isolate,name);
+            if (!*units) return false;
+            std::u16string limit_name(reinterpret_cast<const char16_t*>(*units),units.length());
+            if (!record->Get(context,property).ToLocal(&limit)) return false;
+            std::optional<uint64_t> number;
+            if (!limit->IsUndefined()) {
+                v8::Local<v8::Number> numeric;
+                if (!limit->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&numeric)) return false;
+                const double truncated=std::trunc(numeric->Value());
+                if (!std::isfinite(truncated) || truncated<0 || truncated>9007199254740991.0)
+                    return fail("Required limit is outside GPUSize64 range");
+                number=static_cast<uint64_t>(truncated);
+            }
+            converted.required_limits.emplace_back(std::move(limit_name),number);
+        }
+    }
+    output=std::move(converted); return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_device_lost.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_device_lost.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b09e81dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_device_lost.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "dawn_device.h"
+#include <v8.h>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+class v8_webgpu_device_lost_info {
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    v8::Global<v8::ObjectTemplate> instance_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> prototype_;
+    static void illegal(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args) {
+        args.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(args.GetIsolate(),"Illegal constructor")));
+    }
+    static void get(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args) {
+        auto object=args.This();auto* isolate=args.GetIsolate();
+        if(object->InternalFieldCount()!=3||!object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            ||!object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            ||object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Illegal GPUDeviceLostInfo receiver")));return;
+        }
+        args.GetReturnValue().Set(object->GetInternalField(args.Data().As<v8::Int32>()->Value()).As<v8::Value>());
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_device_lost_info(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context):isolate_(isolate) {
+        auto name=v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"GPUDeviceLostInfo");
+        auto type=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,illegal);type->SetClassName(name);
+        type->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(3);instance_.Reset(isolate,type->InstanceTemplate());
+        type->PrototypeTemplate()->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"reason"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,get,v8::Integer::New(isolate,1)));
+        type->PrototypeTemplate()->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"message"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,get,v8::Integer::New(isolate,2)));
+        type->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate),name,static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontEnum));
+        auto constructor=type->GetFunction(context).ToLocalChecked();
+        prototype_.Reset(isolate,constructor->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"prototype")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Object>());
+        if(!context->Global()->DefineOwnProperty(context,name,constructor,v8::DontEnum).FromMaybe(false))throw std::runtime_error("GPUDeviceLostInfo installation failed");
+    }
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> create(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,const device_loss_signal::snapshot& result) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> object;if(!instance_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context).ToLocal(&object))return {};
+        if(!object->SetPrototype(context,prototype_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        v8::Local<v8::String> message;
+        if(!v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,result.message.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(result.message.size())).ToLocal(&message))return {};
+        object->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate_,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));
+        object->SetInternalField(1,result.reason==wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed
+            ?v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"destroyed"):v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"unknown"));
+        object->SetInternalField(2,message);return object;
+    }
+};
+class v8_webgpu_device_lost {
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    v8_webgpu_device_lost_info& info_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> context_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver_;
+    std::shared_ptr<device_loss_signal> signal_;
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox_;
+    resource_owner owner_{new_owner_token(),new_owner_token(),new_owner_token()};
+    uint64_t operation_=new_owner_token();
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_device_lost(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8_webgpu_device_lost_info& info,
+        std::shared_ptr<device_loss_signal> signal,std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox)
+        :isolate_(isolate),info_(info),signal_(std::move(signal)),mailbox_(std::move(mailbox)) {
+        auto resolver=v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocalChecked();
+        context_.Reset(isolate,context);resolver_.Reset(isolate,resolver);
+        if(signal_) {
+            auto ticket=mailbox_->reserve(operation_,owner_,false);
+            if(!ticket)throw std::length_error("Device loss completion capacity exhausted");
+            try {signal_->subscribe(mailbox_,*ticket);}
+            catch(...){mailbox_->publish(*ticket,completion_status::cancelled);throw;}
+        }
+    }
+    ~v8_webgpu_device_lost(){if(signal_)mailbox_->cancel_owner(owner_);}
+    v8::Local<v8::Promise> promise()const {return resolver_.Get(isolate_)->GetPromise();}
+    bool complete(completion_record record) {
+        if(record.owner!=owner_||record.operation!=operation_)return false;
+        if(record.status!=completion_status::success)return true;
+        auto result=signal_->result();if(!result)return true;
+        auto context=context_.Get(isolate_);v8::Context::Scope scope(context);
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> value;
+        if(info_.create(context,*result).ToLocal(&value))
+            (void)resolver_.Get(isolate_)->Resolve(context,value).FromMaybe(false);
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_device_request.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_device_request.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..583287ea4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_device_request.h
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include "completion_mailbox.h"
+#include "dawn_device.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_device_descriptor.h"
+#include "webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor.h"
+#include <v8.h>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Engine-owned requestDevice promise bridge. Descriptors and adapter validity
+// must be checked by the browser binding before entry. Driver callbacks capture
+// native result storage and the mailbox only; wrapping runs on the engine thread.
+class v8_webgpu_device_request final {
+    struct native_result {
+        std::mutex mutex;
+        wgpu::Device device;
+        bool abandoned=false;
+    };
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    v8::Isolate* const isolate_;
+    const resource_owner owner_;
+    const uint64_t operation_;
+    std::string label_,queue_label_;
+    std::shared_ptr<device_loss_signal> loss_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> dom_exception_;
+    bool reject(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> failure;
+        {
+            v8::TryCatch caught(isolate_);
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> args[]{v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"GPUDevice request failed"),
+                v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"OperationError")};
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> exception;
+            if (dom_exception_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context,2,args).ToLocal(&exception)) failure=exception;
+            else if (caught.HasCaught()) failure=caught.Exception();
+            if (caught.HasTerminated()) return false;
+        }
+        if (failure.IsEmpty()) failure=v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"GPUDevice request failed"));
+        return resolver->Reject(context,failure).FromMaybe(false);
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<native_result> native_=std::make_shared<native_result>();
+    void check_thread() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_) throw std::logic_error("Device promise requires the engine thread");
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_device_request(v8::Isolate* isolate,resource_owner owner,uint64_t operation)
+        :isolate_(isolate),owner_(owner),operation_(operation) {}
+public:
+    ~v8_webgpu_device_request() {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_) std::terminate();
+        std::lock_guard lock(native_->mutex);
+        native_->abandoned=true; native_->device=nullptr;
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_device_request(const v8_webgpu_device_request&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_device_request& operator=(const v8_webgpu_device_request&)=delete;
+    std::shared_ptr<device_loss_signal> loss_signal() const {check_thread();return loss_;}
+    const std::string& queue_label() const { check_thread(); return queue_label_; }
+    const std::string& label() const { check_thread(); return label_; }
+    bool pending() const { check_thread(); return !resolver_.IsEmpty(); }
+    // Host teardown cancellation. The native callback still owns its mailbox
+    // ticket and retires independently; cancellation never pretends GPU work
+    // completed and never permits a later completion to wrap the device.
+    bool cancel(v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (resolver_.IsEmpty()) return false;
+        if (v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_ || realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context)
+            throw std::logic_error("Device cancellation belongs to another realm");
+        auto resolver=resolver_.Get(isolate_);
+        resolver_.Reset(); realm_.Reset();
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(native_->mutex);
+            native_->abandoned=true; native_->device=nullptr;
+        }
+        return reject(context,resolver);
+    }
+    // ResolveAdapter rechecks native ownership and consumed state after all
+    // user-controlled descriptor getters/coercions have run. It returns
+    // pair<Adapter,bool>; callbacks must not hold a borrowed registry entry
+    // across the conversion phase.
+    template<class ResolveAdapter>
+    static std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_device_request> start_checked(v8::Isolate* isolate,
+        v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,ResolveAdapter resolve_adapter,
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox,resource_owner owner,uint64_t operation,
+        v8::Local<v8::Function> dom_exception,v8::Local<v8::Promise>& promise,webgpu_canvas_interop interop=webgpu_canvas_interop::none) {
+        if (v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate || isolate->GetCurrentContext()!=context)
+            throw std::logic_error("Device request requires its owning isolate scope");
+        if (!mailbox || !operation || dom_exception.IsEmpty())
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Device request lacks mailbox or trusted DOMException");
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> failure;
+        std::unique_ptr<webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor> prepared;
+        wgpu::Adapter adapter;
+        std::string label,queue_label;
+        {
+            v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+            try {
+                webgpu_device_descriptor converted;
+                if (read_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context,input,converted)) {
+                    label=converted.label;queue_label=converted.queue_label;
+                    auto state=resolve_adapter(); adapter=std::move(state.first);
+                    webgpu_device_request_error error;
+                    prepared=webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor::prepare(converted,adapter,state.second,error,interop);
+                    if (error==webgpu_device_request_error::unsupported_feature)
+                        failure=v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Required WebGPU feature is unavailable"));
+                }
+            } catch (const std::exception&) {
+                failure=v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Device request preparation failed"));
+            }
+            if (caught.HasTerminated()) return {};
+            if (caught.HasCaught()) failure=caught.Exception();
+        }
+        if (prepared && failure.IsEmpty()) {
+            auto descriptor=prepared->native();
+            auto loss=std::make_shared<device_loss_signal>(nullptr);
+            device_loss_signal::configure(descriptor,loss);
+            auto result=start(isolate,context,descriptor,adapter,std::move(mailbox),owner,operation,dom_exception,promise);
+            if (result) {result->loss_=std::move(loss);result->label_=std::move(label);result->queue_label_=std::move(queue_label);}
+            return result;
+        }
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+        if (!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver)) return {};
+        promise=resolver->GetPromise();
+        auto result=std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_device_request>(new v8_webgpu_device_request(isolate,owner,operation));
+        result->dom_exception_.Reset(isolate,dom_exception);
+        if (failure.IsEmpty()) {
+            if (!result->reject(context,resolver)) return {};
+        } else if (!resolver->Reject(context,failure).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        return result;
+    }
+    static std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_device_request> start(v8::Isolate* isolate,
+        v8::Local<v8::Context> context,const wgpu::DeviceDescriptor& descriptor,
+        const wgpu::Adapter& adapter,std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox,
+        resource_owner owner,uint64_t operation,v8::Local<v8::Function> dom_exception,
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise>& promise) {
+        if (v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate || isolate->GetCurrentContext()!=context)
+            throw std::logic_error("Device request requires its owning isolate scope");
+        if (!adapter || !mailbox || !operation || dom_exception.IsEmpty())
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Device request lacks native ownership or trusted DOMException");
+        auto result=std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_device_request>(new v8_webgpu_device_request(isolate,owner,operation));
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+        if (!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver)) return {};
+        promise=resolver->GetPromise();
+        result->realm_.Reset(isolate,context); result->resolver_.Reset(isolate,resolver);
+        result->dom_exception_.Reset(isolate,dom_exception);
+        auto ticket=mailbox->reserve(operation,owner);
+        if (!ticket) {
+            result->resolver_.Reset(); result->realm_.Reset();
+            if (!result->reject(context,resolver)) return {};
+            return result;
+        }
+        auto native=result->native_;
+        adapter.RequestDevice(&descriptor,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [native,mailbox,ticket=*ticket](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus status,wgpu::Device device,wgpu::StringView) {
+                {
+                    std::lock_guard lock(native->mutex);
+                    if (!native->abandoned && status==wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success)
+                        native->device=std::move(device);
+                }
+                if (!mailbox->publish(ticket,status==wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success
+                    ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed)) {
+                    std::lock_guard lock(native->mutex);
+                    native->device=nullptr;
+                }
+            });
+        return result;
+    }
+    template<class WrapDevice>
+    bool complete(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+        completion_record record,WrapDevice wrap) {
+        check_thread();
+        if (record.operation!=operation_ || record.owner!=owner_ || resolver_.IsEmpty()) return false;
+        if (isolate!=isolate_) throw std::logic_error("Device completion belongs to another isolate");
+        if (realm_.Get(isolate)!=context) throw std::logic_error("Device completion belongs to another realm");
+        wgpu::Device device;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(native_->mutex);
+            native_->abandoned=true;
+            if (record.status==completion_status::success) device=std::move(native_->device);
+            native_->device=nullptr;
+        }
+        auto resolver=resolver_.Get(isolate);
+        // Consume the completion before calling the factory: allocation failure
+        // must not leave a permanently pending request or allow duplicate wrapping.
+        resolver_.Reset(); realm_.Reset();
+        if (!device) return reject(context,resolver);
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> failure;
+        {
+            v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+            try {
+                if (device) {
+                    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Value> wrapped=wrap(std::move(device));
+                    if (!wrapped.ToLocal(&value) && !caught.HasCaught())
+                        failure=v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"GPUDevice wrapper creation failed"));
+                }
+            } catch (const std::exception&) {
+                failure=v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"GPUDevice wrapper creation failed"));
+            }
+            if (caught.HasTerminated()) return false;
+            if (caught.HasCaught()) failure=caught.Exception();
+        }
+        if (!failure.IsEmpty()) return resolver->Reject(context,failure).FromMaybe(false);
+        return resolver->Resolve(context,value).FromMaybe(false);
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_devices.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_devices.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84e59f4f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_devices.h
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_buffers.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_error_scopes.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_device_lost.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_bind_groups.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_pipeline_layout_descriptor.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_bind_group_descriptor.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_shaders.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_samplers.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_render_pipelines.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_compute_descriptor.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_async_pipelines.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_textures.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_command_encoders.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_queue.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_render_descriptor.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_supported_features.h"
+#include "webgpu_feature_names.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_limits.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_adapter_info.h"
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Internal realm-owned device factory. Public discovery, capabilities, queues and
+// event/lost promises are separate integration work; no global is installed here.
+class v8_webgpu_devices {
+    struct entry {
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> wrapper;
+        v8::Global<v8::Private> buffer_owner_key;
+        v8::Global<v8::Private> features_key;
+        v8::Global<v8::Private> limits_key;
+        v8::Global<v8::Private> info_key;
+        v8::Global<v8::Private> queue_key;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_queue> queue;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_error_scopes> error_scopes;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_device_lost> loss;
+        graphics_service* service{};
+        resource_handle<dawn_device> device;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_buffers> buffers;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_shaders> shaders;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_samplers> samplers;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts> pipeline_layouts;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_bind_groups> binding_groups;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts> binding_layouts;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_render_pipelines> pipelines;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines> computes;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_async_pipelines> async_pipelines;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_textures> textures;
+        std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_command_encoders> encoders;
+        std::shared_ptr<release_channel> releases;
+        release_ticket ticket;
+        bool published{},destroyed{};
+        std::string label;
+    };
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> dom_exception_;
+    v8::Global<v8::ObjectTemplate> instance_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> prototype_;
+    v8_webgpu_device_lost_info lost_info_factory_;
+    v8_webgpu_errors errors_factory_;
+    v8_webgpu_supported_features features_factory_;
+    v8_webgpu_limits limits_factory_;
+    v8_webgpu_adapter_info info_factory_;
+    std::function<bool(v8::Local<v8::Object>)> initialize_event_target_;
+    size_t buffer_capacity_;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<entry>> entries_;
+    static void fail(v8::Isolate* isolate,const char* message) {
+        isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,message).ToLocalChecked()));
+    }
+    static entry* receiver(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto object=info.This();
+        if (object->InternalFieldCount()!=2 || !object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            || !object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            || object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_) {
+            fail(info.GetIsolate(),"Illegal GPUDevice receiver"); return nullptr;
+        }
+        auto* item=static_cast<entry*>(object->GetAlignedPointerFromInternalField(1,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault));
+        if (!item) fail(info.GetIsolate(),"GPUDevice realm has been released");
+        return item;
+    }
+    static void lost(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);if(item)info.GetReturnValue().Set(item->loss->promise());
+    }
+    static void push_error_scope(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();
+        if(info.Length()<1){fail(isolate,"pushErrorScope requires a filter");return;}
+        v8::Local<v8::String> converted;
+        if(!info[0]->ToString(isolate->GetCurrentContext()).ToLocal(&converted))return;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value text(isolate,converted);
+        if(!*text)return;
+        const std::string_view value(*text,text.length());
+        wgpu::ErrorFilter filter;
+        if(value=="validation")filter=wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation;
+        else if(value=="out-of-memory")filter=wgpu::ErrorFilter::OutOfMemory;
+        else if(value=="internal")filter=wgpu::ErrorFilter::Internal;
+        else {fail(isolate,"Invalid GPUErrorFilter");return;}
+        // Conversion may run user code and retire this realm.
+        auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+        try {
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.native().PushErrorScope(filter);});
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"GPU error scope push failed");}
+    }
+    static void pop_error_scope(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+        if(!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver))return;
+        info.GetReturnValue().Set(resolver->GetPromise());
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> failure;
+        {
+            v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+            auto* item=receiver(info);
+            if(item) {
+                try {
+                    auto device=native_reference(info.This());
+                    item->error_scopes->pop(context,info.This(),resolver,std::move(device),item->service->dawn().completions());
+                }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"GPUDevice native ownership unavailable");}
+            }
+            if(caught.HasTerminated())return;
+            if(caught.HasCaught())failure=caught.Exception();
+        }
+        if(!failure.IsEmpty())(void)resolver->Reject(context,failure).FromMaybe(false);
+    }
+    static void create_buffer(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if (!info.Length()) { fail(isolate,"createBuffer requires a descriptor"); return; }
+        try {
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> buffer;
+            if (!item->buffers->create(context,*item->service,item->device,info[0]).ToLocal(&buffer)) return;
+            // A reachable buffer must retain its parent device wrapper. Device
+            // GC must not destroy resources that JavaScript can still access.
+            if (!buffer->SetPrivate(context,item->buffer_owner_key.Get(isolate),info.This()).FromMaybe(false)) return;
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(buffer);
+        } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Buffer allocation failed")));
+        } catch (const std::length_error&) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Buffer capacity exhausted")));
+        } catch (const std::exception&) { fail(isolate,"GPUDevice native ownership is unavailable"); }
+    }
+    static void create_bind_group_layout(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(!info.Length()){fail(isolate,"createBindGroupLayout requires a descriptor");return;}
+        try {
+            webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor descriptor;
+            if(!read_webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],descriptor))return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> handle;
+            descriptor.with_native([&](const auto& native){
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){handle=owned.create_bind_group_layout(native);});
+            });
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if(item->binding_layouts->wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,handle,info.This(),descriptor.label).ToLocal(&wrapper)){
+                    info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_bind_group_layout(handle);});throw;
+            }
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_bind_group_layout(handle);});
+            fail(isolate,"Bind-group-layout wrapper capacity exhausted");
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Bind-group-layout creation failed");}
+    }
+    static void create_pipeline_layout(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(!info.Length()){fail(isolate,"createPipelineLayout requires a descriptor");return;}
+        try {
+            webgpu_pipeline_layout_descriptor descriptor;
+            if(!read_webgpu_pipeline_layout_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],descriptor))return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            resource_handle<wgpu::PipelineLayout> handle;
+            descriptor.with_native([&](const auto& native){
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){handle=owned.create_pipeline_layout(native);});
+            });
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if(item->pipeline_layouts->wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,handle,info.This(),descriptor.label).ToLocal(&wrapper)){
+                    info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_pipeline_layout(handle);});throw;
+            }
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_pipeline_layout(handle);});
+            fail(isolate,"Pipeline-layout wrapper capacity exhausted");
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Pipeline-layout creation failed");}
+    }
+    static void create_bind_group(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(!info.Length()){fail(isolate,"createBindGroup requires a descriptor");return;}
+        try {
+            webgpu_bind_group_descriptor descriptor;
+            if(!read_webgpu_bind_group_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],descriptor))return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroup> handle;
+            descriptor.with_native([&](const auto& native){
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){handle=owned.create_bind_group(native);});
+            });
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if(item->binding_groups->wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,handle,info.This(),descriptor.label).ToLocal(&wrapper)){
+                    info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_bind_group(handle);});throw;
+            }
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_bind_group(handle);});
+            fail(isolate,"Bind-group wrapper capacity exhausted");
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Bind-group creation failed");}
+    }
+    static void create_shader(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if (!receiver(info)) return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if (!info.Length()) { fail(isolate,"createShaderModule requires a descriptor"); return; }
+        try {
+            webgpu_shader_descriptor converted;
+            // Compilation hints are converted for observable WebIDL effects;
+            // native shader compilation does not require these optional hints.
+            if (!read_webgpu_shader_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],converted,
+                [](v8::Local<v8::Value> value) -> std::optional<wgpu::PipelineLayout> {
+                    if(!v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts::is_instance(value))return {};
+                    return v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts::native_reference(value);
+                })) return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return; // Coercion can reenter.
+            wgpu::ShaderSourceWGSL source{};
+            source.code=wgpu::StringView(converted.code.data(),converted.code.size());
+            wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor{};
+            descriptor.nextInChain=&source;
+            descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(converted.label.data(),converted.label.size());
+            resource_handle<wgpu::ShaderModule> shader;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) { shader=owned.create_shader_module(descriptor); });
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if (!item->shaders->wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,shader,info.This(),converted.label).ToLocal(&wrapper)) {
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) { owned.release_shader_module(shader); });
+                    fail(isolate,"Shader wrapper capacity exhausted"); return;
+                }
+            } catch (...) {
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) { owned.release_shader_module(shader); });
+                throw;
+            }
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);
+        } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Shader allocation failed")));
+        } catch (const std::length_error&) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Shader capacity exhausted")));
+        } catch (const std::exception&) { fail(isolate,"GPUDevice native shader ownership is unavailable"); }
+    }
+    static void create_pipeline(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if (!receiver(info)) return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if (!info.Length()) { fail(isolate,"createRenderPipeline requires a descriptor"); return; }
+        try {
+            webgpu_render_descriptor converted;
+            if (!read_webgpu_render_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],converted,
+                [](v8::Local<v8::Value> value) -> std::optional<wgpu::PipelineLayout> {
+                    if(!v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts::is_instance(value))return {};
+                    return v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts::native_reference(value);
+                })) return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return; // Coercion can reenter.
+            resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPipeline> pipeline;
+            converted.with_native([&](const auto& descriptor) {
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) { pipeline=owned.create_render_pipeline(descriptor); });
+            });
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if (!item->pipelines->wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,pipeline,info.This(),converted.label).ToLocal(&wrapper)) {
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) { owned.release_render_pipeline(pipeline); });
+                    fail(isolate,"Pipeline wrapper capacity exhausted"); return;
+                }
+            } catch (...) {
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) { owned.release_render_pipeline(pipeline); });
+                throw;
+            }
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);
+        } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Pipeline allocation failed")));
+        } catch (const std::length_error&) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Pipeline capacity exhausted")));
+        } catch (const std::exception&) { fail(isolate,"GPUDevice native pipeline ownership is unavailable"); }
+    }
+    static void create_sampler(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info){
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        try{
+            std::string label;if(!read_webgpu_object_label(isolate,context,info[0],label))return;
+            webgpu_state_reader r(isolate,context,info[0]);wgpu::SamplerDescriptor d{};
+            d.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());
+            d.addressModeU=d.addressModeV=d.addressModeW=wgpu::AddressMode::ClampToEdge;
+            d.magFilter=d.minFilter=wgpu::FilterMode::Nearest;d.mipmapFilter=wgpu::MipmapFilterMode::Nearest;
+            d.lodMinClamp=0;d.lodMaxClamp=32;uint32_t anisotropy=1;
+            if(!r.enumeration("addressModeU",d.addressModeU)||!r.enumeration("addressModeV",d.addressModeV)
+                ||!r.enumeration("addressModeW",d.addressModeW)||!r.enumeration("compare",d.compare)
+                ||!r.floating("lodMaxClamp",d.lodMaxClamp)||!r.floating("lodMinClamp",d.lodMinClamp)
+                ||!r.enumeration("magFilter",d.magFilter)||!r.uint32("maxAnisotropy",anisotropy)
+                ||!r.enumeration("minFilter",d.minFilter)||!r.enumeration("mipmapFilter",d.mipmapFilter))return;
+            if(anisotropy>UINT16_MAX){fail(isolate,"maxAnisotropy exceeds unsigned short");return;}d.maxAnisotropy=static_cast<uint16_t>(anisotropy);
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            resource_handle<wgpu::Sampler> handle;item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device){handle=device.create_sampler(d);});
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> result;
+            try{
+                if(!item->samplers->wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,handle,info.This(),label).ToLocal(&result)){
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device){device.release_sampler(handle);});fail(isolate,"Sampler capacity exhausted");return;}
+            }catch(...){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device){device.release_sampler(handle);});throw;}
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(result);
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Sampler creation failed");}
+    }
+    static void create_compute_pipeline(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        try {
+            webgpu_compute_descriptor converted;if(!read_webgpu_compute_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],converted))return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            resource_handle<wgpu::ComputePipeline> pipeline;
+            converted.with_native([&](const auto& desc){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device){pipeline=device.create_compute_pipeline(desc);});});
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> result;
+            try {
+                if(!item->computes->wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,pipeline,info.This(),converted.label).ToLocal(&result)){
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device){device.release_compute_pipeline(pipeline);});fail(isolate,"Compute pipeline capacity exhausted");return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device){device.release_compute_pipeline(pipeline);});throw;}
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(result);
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Compute pipeline creation failed");}
+    }
+    template<bool Compute> static void create_pipeline_async(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;if(!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver))return;
+        info.GetReturnValue().Set(resolver->GetPromise());
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+        try {
+            if(!receiver(info)){
+                auto error=caught.Exception();caught.Reset();resolver->Reject(context,error).FromMaybe(false);return;
+            }
+            auto launch=[&](const auto& converted){
+                auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+                converted.with_native([&](const auto& descriptor){
+                    item->async_pipelines->start(context,info.This(),resolver,*item->service,item->device,
+                        *item->pipelines,*item->computes,descriptor,converted.label);
+                });
+            };
+            bool valid;
+            if constexpr(Compute){
+                webgpu_compute_descriptor converted;valid=read_webgpu_compute_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],converted);
+                if(valid)launch(converted);
+            }else{
+                webgpu_render_descriptor converted;valid=read_webgpu_render_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],converted,
+                    [](v8::Local<v8::Value> value)->std::optional<wgpu::PipelineLayout>{
+                        if(!v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts::is_instance(value))return {};
+                        return v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts::native_reference(value);
+                    });
+                if(valid)launch(converted);
+            }
+            if(!valid||caught.HasCaught()){
+                auto error=caught.HasCaught()?caught.Exception():v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Invalid pipeline descriptor"));
+                caught.Reset();resolver->Reject(context,error).FromMaybe(false);
+            }
+        }catch(const std::exception& e){
+            caught.Reset();resolver->Reject(context,v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,e.what()).ToLocalChecked())).FromMaybe(false);
+        }
+    }
+    static void create_texture(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if (!receiver(info)) return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if (!info.Length()) { fail(isolate,"createTexture requires a descriptor"); return; }
+        try {
+            webgpu_texture_descriptor converted;
+            if (!read_webgpu_texture_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],converted)) return;
+            if (!converted.valid_extent_shape) { fail(isolate,"Texture extent sequence must have one to three elements");return; }
+            auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return; // Coercion can reenter.
+            resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> texture;
+            converted.with_native([&](const auto& descriptor) {
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) { texture=owned.create_texture(descriptor); });
+            });
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if (!item->textures->wrap_texture(context,*item->service,item->device,texture,info.This(),converted).ToLocal(&wrapper)) {
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) { owned.release_texture(texture); });
+                    fail(isolate,"Texture wrapper capacity exhausted"); return;
+                }
+            } catch (...) {
+                item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) { owned.release_texture(texture); });
+                throw;
+            }
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);
+        } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Texture allocation failed")));
+        } catch (const std::length_error&) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Texture capacity exhausted")));
+        } catch (const std::exception&) { fail(isolate,"GPUDevice native texture ownership is unavailable"); }
+    }
+    static void create_encoder(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        try {
+            std::string label;if(!read_webgpu_object_label(isolate,context,info[0],label))return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());
+            resource_handle<wgpu::CommandEncoder> encoder;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){encoder=owned.create_command_encoder(descriptor);});
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if(!item->encoders->wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,encoder,info.This(),label).ToLocal(&wrapper)) {
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_command_encoder(encoder);});
+                    fail(isolate,"Command encoder wrapper capacity exhausted");return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_command_encoder(encoder);});throw;}
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Command encoder creation failed");}
+    }
+    static void queue(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if(info.This()->GetPrivate(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),item->queue_key.Get(info.GetIsolate())).ToLocal(&value))info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void adapter_info(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if (info.This()->GetPrivate(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),item->info_key.Get(info.GetIsolate())).ToLocal(&value))
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void limits(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if (info.This()->GetPrivate(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),item->limits_key.Get(info.GetIsolate())).ToLocal(&value))
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void features(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if (info.This()->GetPrivate(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),item->features_key.Get(info.GetIsolate())).ToLocal(&value))
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void label(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> value;
+        if (v8::String::NewFromUtf8(info.GetIsolate(),item->label.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,
+            static_cast<int>(item->label.size())).ToLocal(&value)) info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void set_label(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if (!receiver(info)) return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();
+        v8::Local<v8::String> value;
+        if (!info[0]->ToString(isolate->GetCurrentContext()).ToLocal(&value)) return;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,value);
+        if (!*bytes) return;
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        try {
+            std::string converted(*bytes,bytes.length());
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device) {
+                device.native().SetLabel(wgpu::StringView(converted.data(),converted.size()));
+            });
+            item->label=std::move(converted);
+        } catch (const std::exception&) { fail(isolate,"GPUDevice label update failed"); }
+    }
+    static void destroy(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item || item->destroyed) return;
+        try {
+            item->buffers->detach_device(*item->service,item->device);
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[](auto& device) { device.native().Destroy(); });
+            item->destroyed=true;
+        } catch (const std::exception&) { fail(info.GetIsolate(),"GPUDevice native ownership is unavailable"); }
+    }
+    static void first_pass(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<entry>& info) {
+        info.GetParameter()->wrapper.Reset(); info.SetSecondPassCallback(second_pass);
+    }
+    static void second_pass(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<entry>& info) {
+        auto* item=info.GetParameter(); item->releases->publish(item->ticket); item->published=true;
+    }
+    void check_scope() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_ || v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_)
+            throw std::logic_error("GPUDevice wrappers require their owning isolate scope");
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_devices(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+        v8::Local<v8::Function> dom_exception,size_t capacity=64,size_t buffer_capacity=1024,
+        v8::Local<v8::FunctionTemplate> event_target={},std::function<bool(v8::Local<v8::Object>)> initialize_event_target={})
+        :isolate_(isolate),lost_info_factory_(isolate,context),errors_factory_(isolate,context),features_factory_(isolate,context),limits_factory_(isolate,context),info_factory_(isolate,context),initialize_event_target_(std::move(initialize_event_target)),buffer_capacity_(buffer_capacity),entries_(capacity) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (dom_exception.IsEmpty()) throw std::invalid_argument("Trusted DOMException constructor is required");
+        realm_.Reset(isolate,context); dom_exception_.Reset(isolate,dom_exception);
+        auto type=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate);
+        if(!event_target.IsEmpty())type->Inherit(event_target);
+        auto instance=type->InstanceTemplate();instance->SetInternalFieldCount(2);instance_.Reset(isolate,instance);
+        auto prototype=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);
+        auto create=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_buffer); create->SetLength(1);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createBuffer",create);
+        auto layout_create=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_pipeline_layout);layout_create->SetLength(1);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createPipelineLayout",layout_create);
+        auto group_create=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_bind_group);group_create->SetLength(1);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createBindGroup",group_create);
+        auto binding_create=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_bind_group_layout);binding_create->SetLength(1);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createBindGroupLayout",binding_create);
+        auto pop_scope=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,pop_error_scope);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"popErrorScope",pop_scope);
+        auto push_scope=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,push_error_scope);push_scope->SetLength(1);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"pushErrorScope",push_scope);
+        auto shader_create=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_shader); shader_create->SetLength(1);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createShaderModule",shader_create);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createSampler",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_sampler));
+        auto pipeline_create=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_pipeline);pipeline_create->SetLength(1);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createRenderPipeline",pipeline_create);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createComputePipeline",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_compute_pipeline));
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createComputePipelineAsync",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_pipeline_async<true>));
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createRenderPipelineAsync",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_pipeline_async<false>));
+        auto texture_create=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_texture);texture_create->SetLength(1);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createTexture",texture_create);
+        auto encoder_create=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,create_encoder);encoder_create->SetLength(0);
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"createCommandEncoder",encoder_create);
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"label"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,label),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,set_label));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"adapterInfo"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,adapter_info));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"limits"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,limits));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"features"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,features));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"queue"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,queue));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"lost"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,lost));
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"destroy",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,destroy));
+        auto prototype_object=prototype->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked();
+        if(!event_target.IsEmpty()) {
+            auto parent=event_target->GetFunction(context).ToLocalChecked()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"prototype")).ToLocalChecked();
+            if(!prototype_object->SetPrototype(context,parent).FromMaybe(false))throw std::runtime_error("GPUDevice EventTarget inheritance failed");
+        }
+        prototype_.Reset(isolate,prototype_object);
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_devices(const v8_webgpu_devices&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_devices& operator=(const v8_webgpu_devices&)=delete;
+    ~v8_webgpu_devices() {
+        check_scope();
+        for (auto& item:entries_) if (item) {
+            if (!item->wrapper.IsEmpty()) item->wrapper.Get(isolate_)->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,nullptr,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+            item->loss.reset();
+            item->error_scopes.reset();
+            item->queue.reset();
+            item->encoders.reset();
+            item->textures.reset();
+            item->async_pipelines.reset();
+            item->computes.reset();
+            item->pipelines.reset();
+            item->pipeline_layouts.reset();
+            item->binding_groups.reset();
+            item->binding_layouts.reset();
+            item->samplers.reset();
+            item->shaders.reset();
+            item->buffers.reset(); // Invalidate first; cancellation can construct JS exceptions.
+            item->wrapper.Reset();
+            if (!item->published) item->releases->publish(item->ticket);
+        }
+    }
+    bool complete(completion_record record) {
+        check_scope();
+        for (auto& item:entries_) if (item && (item->loss->complete(record)||item->error_scopes->complete(record)||item->buffers->complete(record)||item->shaders->complete(record)||item->async_pipelines->complete(record)||item->queue->complete(record))) return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+private:
+    static entry* entry_from_value(v8::Local<v8::Value> value) {
+        if(!value->IsObject())throw std::invalid_argument("GPUDevice object required");auto object=value.As<v8::Object>();
+        if(object->InternalFieldCount()!=2||!object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()||!object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            ||object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_)throw std::invalid_argument("Incorrect GPUDevice interface");
+        auto* item=static_cast<entry*>(object->GetAlignedPointerFromInternalField(1,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault));
+        if(!item)throw std::invalid_argument("GPUDevice realm has been released");
+        return item;
+    }
+public:
+    static wgpu::Device native_reference(v8::Local<v8::Value> value) {
+        auto* item=entry_from_value(value);wgpu::Device device;
+        item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){device=owned.native();});return device;
+    }
+    // Host canvas bridge. Caller supplies an imported texture from source_device;
+    // no GPU allocation or copying is performed. Metadata must describe the
+    // actual facade exposed to JavaScript, not broader host-only capabilities.
+    static v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> adopt_canvas_texture(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> device_object,const wgpu::Device& source_device,
+        const wgpu::Texture& texture,const webgpu_texture_descriptor& descriptor) {
+        auto* item=entry_from_value(device_object);
+        if(!texture||!descriptor.valid_extent_shape||texture.GetWidth()!=descriptor.size.width
+            ||texture.GetHeight()!=descriptor.size.height||texture.GetDepthOrArrayLayers()!=descriptor.size.depthOrArrayLayers
+            ||texture.GetMipLevelCount()!=descriptor.mip_levels||texture.GetSampleCount()!=descriptor.samples
+            ||texture.GetDimension()!=descriptor.dimension||texture.GetFormat()!=descriptor.format
+            ||texture.GetUsage()!=static_cast<wgpu::TextureUsage>(descriptor.usage))
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Canvas texture metadata differs from its native facade");
+        resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> handle;
+        item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){handle=owned.adopt_texture(source_device,texture);});
+        try {
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            if(item->textures->wrap_texture(context,*item->service,item->device,handle,device_object,descriptor).ToLocal(&wrapper))return wrapper;
+        }catch(...){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_texture(handle);});throw;}
+        item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_texture(handle);});return {};
+    }
+    // Caller retains ownership until a non-empty wrapper is returned.
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> wrap(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,graphics_service& service,resource_handle<dawn_device> device,std::string initial_label={},std::string queue_label={}) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context) throw std::logic_error("GPUDevice belongs to another realm");
+        service.with_device(device,[](auto&) {});
+        for (const auto& item:entries_) if (item && !item->published && item->service==&service
+            && item->device.table==device.table && item->device.generation==device.generation && item->device.slot==device.slot)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("GPUDevice handle is already wrapped");
+        auto found=std::find_if(entries_.begin(),entries_.end(),[](const auto& item) { return !item || item->published; });
+        if (found==entries_.end()) return {};
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+        if (!instance_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context).ToLocal(&wrapper)
+            || !wrapper->SetPrototype(context,prototype_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        if(initialize_event_target_&&!initialize_event_target_(wrapper))return {};
+        auto item=std::make_unique<entry>();
+        item->label=std::move(initial_label);
+        item->service=&service; item->device=device; item->releases=service.release_endpoint();
+        service.with_device(device,[&](auto& owned){item->loss=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_device_lost>(isolate_,context,lost_info_factory_,owned.loss_signal(),service.dawn().completions());});
+        item->error_scopes=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_error_scopes>(isolate_,errors_factory_,dom_exception_.Get(isolate_));
+        item->buffers=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_buffers>(isolate_,context,buffer_capacity_,dom_exception_.Get(isolate_));
+        item->pipeline_layouts=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts>(isolate_,context);
+        item->binding_groups=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_bind_groups>(isolate_,context);
+        item->binding_layouts=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts>(isolate_,context);
+        item->shaders=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_shaders>(isolate_,context);
+        item->samplers=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_samplers>(isolate_,context);
+        item->pipelines=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_render_pipelines>(isolate_,context);
+        item->computes=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_compute_pipelines>(isolate_,context);
+        item->async_pipelines=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_async_pipelines>(isolate_);
+        item->textures=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_textures>(isolate_,context);
+        item->encoders=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_command_encoders>(isolate_,context);
+        item->buffer_owner_key.Reset(isolate_,v8::Private::New(isolate_));
+        item->features_key.Reset(isolate_,v8::Private::New(isolate_));
+        std::vector<std::string_view> names;
+        service.with_device(device,[&](auto& owned) { names=webgpu_supported_feature_names(owned.native()); });
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> snapshot;
+        if (!features_factory_.create(context,names).ToLocal(&snapshot)
+            || !wrapper->SetPrivate(context,item->features_key.Get(isolate_),snapshot).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        item->limits_key.Reset(isolate_,v8::Private::New(isolate_));
+        v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> limit_snapshot;
+        service.with_device(device,[&](auto& owned) { limit_snapshot=limits_factory_.create(context,owned.native()); });
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> limit_object;
+        if(!limit_snapshot.ToLocal(&limit_object) || !wrapper->SetPrivate(context,item->limits_key.Get(isolate_),limit_object).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        webgpu_adapter_info metadata;
+        service.with_device(device,[&](const auto& owned) { metadata=read_webgpu_adapter_info(owned.adapter()); });
+        item->info_key.Reset(isolate_,v8::Private::New(isolate_));
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> info_object;
+        if(!info_factory_.create(context,metadata).ToLocal(&info_object)
+            || !wrapper->SetPrivate(context,item->info_key.Get(isolate_),info_object).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        item->queue_key.Reset(isolate_,v8::Private::New(isolate_));
+        item->queue=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_queue>(isolate_,service,device,std::move(queue_label),dom_exception_.Get(isolate_));
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> queue_object;
+        if(!item->queue->create(context,wrapper).ToLocal(&queue_object)||!wrapper->SetPrivate(context,item->queue_key.Get(isolate_),queue_object).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        auto ticket=item->releases->reserve(graphics_service::deferred_device_release(device));
+        if (!ticket) return {};
+        item->ticket=*ticket;
+        wrapper->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate_,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));
+        wrapper->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,item.get(),v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+        item->wrapper.Reset(isolate_,wrapper); item->wrapper.SetWeak(item.get(),first_pass,v8::WeakCallbackType::kParameter);
+        *found=std::move(item);
+        return wrapper;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_discovery.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_discovery.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ee4888e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_discovery.h
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_adapters.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_adapter_request.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_adapter_options.h"
+#include "wgsl_language_feature_names.h"
+#include <list>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Internal realm-owned GPU discovery object. The host must apply its secure
+// context and graphics policy before installing it. This class installs nothing.
+// Adapter/device registries and the graphics service must outlive this object.
+class v8_webgpu_discovery {
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    graphics_service& service_;
+    v8_webgpu_adapters& adapters_;
+    const wgpu::BackendType backend_;
+    const wgpu::TextureFormat preferred_format_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> wrapper_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Private> language_key_;
+    std::list<std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_adapter_request>> requests_;
+    void check_scope() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_ || v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_)
+            throw std::logic_error("GPU discovery requires its owner isolate");
+    }
+    static v8_webgpu_discovery* receiver(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto object=info.This();
+        if (object->InternalFieldCount()==2 && object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            && object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            && object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)==&brand_) {
+            auto* owner=static_cast<v8_webgpu_discovery*>(object->GetAlignedPointerFromInternalField(1,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault));
+            if (owner) return owner;
+        }
+        info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(info.GetIsolate(),"Illegal GPU receiver")));
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    static void language_features(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* owner=receiver(info); if (!owner) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if (info.This()->GetPrivate(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),owner->language_key_.Get(info.GetIsolate())).ToLocal(&value))
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void preferred_canvas_format(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* owner=receiver(info); if (!owner) return;
+        const char* format=owner->preferred_format_==wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm?"bgra8unorm":"rgba8unorm";
+        info.GetReturnValue().Set(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(info.GetIsolate(),format).ToLocalChecked());
+    }
+    static void request_adapter(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> failure;
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise> promise;
+        {
+            v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+            try {
+                if (receiver(info)) {
+                    webgpu_adapter_options options;
+                    if (read_webgpu_adapter_options(isolate,context,info[0],options)) {
+                        // Descriptor getters may invalidate the host controller.
+                        if (auto* owner=receiver(info)) {
+                            if (owner->realm_.Get(isolate)!=context) throw std::logic_error("Foreign discovery realm");
+                            owner->requests_.push_back(nullptr);
+                            auto slot=std::prev(owner->requests_.end());
+                            try {
+                                *slot=v8_webgpu_adapter_request::start(isolate,context,options,owner->service_.dawn().instance(),
+                                    owner->service_.dawn().completions(),{owner->service_.engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0},
+                                    new_owner_token(),owner->backend_,promise);
+                            } catch (...) { owner->requests_.erase(slot); throw; }
+                            if (!*slot || !(*slot)->pending()) owner->requests_.erase(slot);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (const std::exception&) {
+                failure=v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"GPU adapter discovery failed"));
+            }
+            if (caught.HasTerminated()) return;
+            if (caught.HasCaught()) failure=caught.Exception();
+        }
+        if (!failure.IsEmpty()) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+            if (!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver) || !resolver->Reject(context,failure).FromMaybe(false)) return;
+            promise=resolver->GetPromise();
+        }
+        if (!promise.IsEmpty()) info.GetReturnValue().Set(promise);
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_discovery(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,graphics_service& service,
+        v8_webgpu_adapters& adapters,wgpu::BackendType backend=wgpu::BackendType::Undefined,
+        wgpu::TextureFormat preferred_format=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm)
+        :isolate_(isolate),service_(service),adapters_(adapters),backend_(backend),preferred_format_(preferred_format) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (preferred_format!=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm && preferred_format!=wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Preferred canvas format must be BGRA8Unorm or RGBA8Unorm");
+        realm_.Reset(isolate,context);
+        auto instance=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate); instance->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
+        auto prototype=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"wgslLanguageFeatures"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,language_features));
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"getPreferredCanvasFormat",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,preferred_canvas_format));
+        prototype->Set(isolate,"requestAdapter",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,request_adapter));
+        auto wrapper=instance->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked();
+        wrapper->SetPrototype(context,prototype->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
+        wrapper->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));
+        wrapper->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,this,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+        v8_wgsl_language_features feature_factory(isolate,context);
+        auto names=supported_wgsl_language_feature_names(service_.dawn().instance());
+        auto features=feature_factory.create(context,names).ToLocalChecked();
+        language_key_.Reset(isolate,v8::Private::New(isolate));
+        wrapper->SetPrivate(context,language_key_.Get(isolate),features).Check();
+        wrapper_.Reset(isolate,wrapper);
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_discovery(const v8_webgpu_discovery&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_discovery& operator=(const v8_webgpu_discovery&)=delete;
+    ~v8_webgpu_discovery() {
+        check_scope();
+        wrapper_.Get(isolate_)->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,nullptr,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+        for (auto& request:requests_) if (request) request->cancel(realm_.Get(isolate_));
+    }
+    v8::Local<v8::Object> object() const { check_scope(); return wrapper_.Get(isolate_); }
+    bool complete(completion_record record) {
+        check_scope(); auto context=realm_.Get(isolate_);
+        for (auto it=requests_.begin();it!=requests_.end();++it) {
+            if (!*it || !(*it)->complete(isolate_,context,record,[&](wgpu::Adapter adapter) -> v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Value> {
+                auto handle=service_.adopt_adapter(std::move(adapter));
+                try {
+                    v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+                    if (adapters_.wrap(context,service_,handle).ToLocal(&wrapper)) return wrapper;
+                } catch (...) { service_.destroy_adapter(handle); throw; }
+                service_.destroy_adapter(handle); return {};
+            })) continue;
+            requests_.erase(it); return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_dxgi_canvas_host.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_dxgi_canvas_host.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c5600d9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_dxgi_canvas_host.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_canvas_context.h"
+#include "dawn_dxgi_canvas_host.h"
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// The document supplies canvas/generation/content and producer timeline identities. This
+// adapter supplies bitmap and presentation metadata from the configuration.
+inline webgpu_canvas_host make_dxgi_webgpu_canvas_host(
+    std::shared_ptr<dawn_dxgi_canvas_host> provider,
+    std::function<image_metadata()> next_metadata,std::shared_ptr<void> device_lifetime={}) {
+    if(!provider||!next_metadata)throw std::invalid_argument("Canvas provider and frame identity source required");
+    webgpu_canvas_host result;
+    result.validate=[](const webgpu_canvas_configuration& config) {
+        if(config.format!=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm||config.color_space!="srgb"||config.tone_mapping!="standard")
+            throw std::invalid_argument("DXGI presenter currently requires BGRA8 sRGB standard tone mapping");
+        if(!config.device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::SharedTextureMemoryDXGISharedHandle)||
+            !config.device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceDXGISharedHandle))
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Canvas device lacks native DXGI sharing capabilities");
+    };
+    result.acquire=[provider,next_metadata=std::move(next_metadata),device_lifetime=std::move(device_lifetime)](
+        const webgpu_canvas_configuration& config,const webgpu_texture_descriptor& descriptor) {
+        auto metadata=next_metadata();metadata.width=descriptor.size.width;metadata.height=descriptor.size.height;
+        metadata.format=image_format::bgra8_unorm;metadata.color_space=image_color_space::srgb;
+        metadata.alpha=config.alpha_mode=="opaque"?image_alpha::opaque:image_alpha::premultiplied;
+        metadata.orientation=image_orientation::top_left;
+        wgpu::Texture texture;
+        descriptor.with_native([&](const auto& native){texture=provider->acquire(metadata,config.device,native,device_lifetime);});
+        return texture;
+    };
+    result.retire=[provider](const wgpu::Texture& texture,bool present){provider->retire(texture,present);};
+    return result;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_error_scopes.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_error_scopes.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa0f3ae67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_error_scopes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics_service.h"
+#include <cstring>
+#include "v8_webgpu_errors.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+class v8_webgpu_error_scopes {
+    struct result { wgpu::ErrorType type=wgpu::ErrorType::NoError;std::string message; };
+    struct request {
+        uint64_t operation{};
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox;
+        std::shared_ptr<result> value;
+        v8::Global<v8::Context> context;
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> device;
+        v8::Global<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+    };
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    v8_webgpu_errors& errors_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> dom_exception_;
+    resource_owner owner_{new_owner_token(),new_owner_token(),new_owner_token()};
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<request>> pending_;
+    void reject(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> args[]{v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"GPU error scope unavailable"),
+            v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"OperationError")};
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> exception;
+        if(dom_exception_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context,2,args).ToLocal(&exception))
+            (void)resolver->Reject(context,exception).FromMaybe(false);
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_error_scopes(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8_webgpu_errors& errors,v8::Local<v8::Function> dom_exception)
+        :isolate_(isolate),errors_(errors){dom_exception_.Reset(isolate,dom_exception);}
+    ~v8_webgpu_error_scopes() {
+        for(auto& item:pending_) {
+            item->mailbox->cancel_owner(owner_);
+            auto context=item->context.Get(isolate_);v8::Context::Scope scope(context);
+            reject(context,item->resolver.Get(isolate_));
+        }
+    }
+    void pop(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper,
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver,wgpu::Device device,std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox) {
+        try {
+            if(pending_.size()>=256)throw std::length_error("Error scope request capacity exhausted");
+            auto item=std::make_unique<request>();item->operation=new_owner_token();item->mailbox=mailbox;
+            item->value=std::make_shared<result>();item->context.Reset(isolate_,context);
+            item->device.Reset(isolate_,wrapper);item->resolver.Reset(isolate_,resolver);
+            auto value=item->value;pending_.reserve(pending_.size()+1);
+            auto ticket=mailbox->reserve(item->operation,owner_);
+            if(!ticket)throw std::length_error("Error scope completion capacity exhausted");
+            pending_.push_back(std::move(item));
+            device.PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                [mailbox,ticket=*ticket,value,device](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus status,wgpu::ErrorType type,wgpu::StringView message) {
+                    auto completion=completion_status::failed;
+                    try {
+                        if(status==wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus::Success) {
+                            constexpr size_t limit=1024*1024;
+                            size_t length=message.length;
+                            if(length==WGPU_STRLEN)length=message.data?strnlen(message.data,limit+1):0;
+                            if(length>limit||(!message.data&&length))throw std::length_error("GPU error message budget exceeded");
+                            value->type=type;if(length)value->message.assign(message.data,length);
+                            completion=completion_status::success;
+                        }
+                    }catch(...){}
+                    mailbox->publish(ticket,completion);
+                });
+        }catch(const std::exception&){reject(context,resolver);}
+    }
+    bool complete(completion_record record) {
+        if(record.owner!=owner_)return false;
+        auto found=std::find_if(pending_.begin(),pending_.end(),[&](const auto& item){return item->operation==record.operation;});
+        if(found==pending_.end())return true;
+        auto item=std::move(*found);pending_.erase(found);
+        auto context=item->context.Get(isolate_);v8::Context::Scope scope(context);
+        auto resolver=item->resolver.Get(isolate_);
+        if(record.status!=completion_status::success){reject(context,resolver);return true;}
+        if(item->value->type==wgpu::ErrorType::NoError){(void)resolver->Resolve(context,v8::Null(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false);return true;}
+        int kind=0;
+        switch(item->value->type) {
+            case wgpu::ErrorType::Validation:kind=1;break;
+            case wgpu::ErrorType::OutOfMemory:kind=2;break;
+            case wgpu::ErrorType::Internal:kind=3;break;
+            default:reject(context,resolver);return true;
+        }
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> error;
+        if(errors_.create(context,kind,item->value->message).ToLocal(&error))
+            (void)resolver->Resolve(context,error).FromMaybe(false);
+        else reject(context,resolver);
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_errors.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_errors.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da8eae131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_errors.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <string>
+#include <stdexcept>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+inline constexpr const char* webgpu_error_names[]{"GPUError","GPUValidationError","GPUOutOfMemoryError","GPUInternalError"};
+class v8_webgpu_errors {
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    std::array<v8::Global<v8::Function>,4> constructors_;
+    static v8::Local<v8::String> text(v8::Isolate* isolate,const char* value) {
+        return v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,value).ToLocalChecked();
+    }
+    static void construct(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args) {
+        auto* isolate=args.GetIsolate();
+        if(!args.IsConstructCall()||args.Data().As<v8::Int32>()->Value()==0||args.Length()<1) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(text(isolate,"Illegal GPUError construction")));return;
+        }
+        v8::Local<v8::String> message;
+        if(!args[0]->ToString(isolate->GetCurrentContext()).ToLocal(&message))return;
+        args.This()->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));
+        args.This()->SetInternalField(1,message);
+        args.GetReturnValue().Set(args.This());
+    }
+    static void message(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args) {
+        auto object=args.This();auto* isolate=args.GetIsolate();
+        if(object->InternalFieldCount()!=2||!object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            ||!object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            ||object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(text(isolate,"Illegal GPUError receiver")));return;
+        }
+        args.GetReturnValue().Set(object->GetInternalField(1).As<v8::Value>());
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_errors(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context):isolate_(isolate) {
+        auto base=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,construct,v8::Integer::New(isolate,0));
+        base->SetClassName(text(isolate,webgpu_error_names[0]));base->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
+        auto getter=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,message);
+        base->PrototypeTemplate()->SetAccessorProperty(text(isolate,"message"),getter);
+        for(int i=0;i<4;++i) {
+            auto type=i? v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,construct,v8::Integer::New(isolate,i)):base;
+            if(i){type->Inherit(base);type->SetLength(1);type->SetClassName(text(isolate,webgpu_error_names[i]));type->InstanceTemplate()->SetInternalFieldCount(2);}
+            type->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate),text(isolate,webgpu_error_names[i]),
+                static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontEnum));
+            auto constructor=type->GetFunction(context).ToLocalChecked();constructors_[i].Reset(isolate,constructor);
+            if(!context->Global()->DefineOwnProperty(context,text(isolate,webgpu_error_names[i]),constructor,v8::DontEnum).FromMaybe(false))
+                throw std::runtime_error("GPUError interface installation failed");
+        }
+    }
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> create(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,int kind,const std::string& message) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> value;
+        if(!v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,message.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(message.size())).ToLocal(&value))return {};
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> args[]{value};
+        return constructors_.at(kind).Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context,1,args);
+    }
+};
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_iosurface_canvas_host.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_iosurface_canvas_host.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da84c8087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_iosurface_canvas_host.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_canvas_context.h"
+#include "dawn_iosurface_canvas_host.h"
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// The document supplies canvas/generation/content and producer timeline identities. This
+// adapter supplies bitmap and presentation metadata from the configuration.
+inline webgpu_canvas_host make_iosurface_webgpu_canvas_host(
+    std::shared_ptr<dawn_iosurface_canvas_host> provider,
+    std::function<image_metadata()> next_metadata,std::shared_ptr<void> device_lifetime={}) {
+    if(!provider||!next_metadata)throw std::invalid_argument("Canvas provider and frame identity source required");
+    webgpu_canvas_host result;
+    result.validate=[](const webgpu_canvas_configuration& config) {
+        if(config.format!=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm||config.color_space!="srgb"||config.tone_mapping!="standard")
+            throw std::invalid_argument("IOSurface presenter currently requires BGRA8 sRGB standard tone mapping");
+        if(!config.device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::SharedTextureMemoryIOSurface)||
+            !config.device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceMTLSharedEvent))
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Canvas device lacks native IOSurface sharing capabilities");
+    };
+    result.acquire=[provider,next_metadata=std::move(next_metadata),device_lifetime=std::move(device_lifetime)](
+        const webgpu_canvas_configuration& config,const webgpu_texture_descriptor& descriptor) {
+        auto metadata=next_metadata();metadata.width=descriptor.size.width;metadata.height=descriptor.size.height;
+        metadata.format=image_format::bgra8_unorm;metadata.color_space=image_color_space::srgb;
+        metadata.alpha=config.alpha_mode=="opaque"?image_alpha::opaque:image_alpha::premultiplied;
+        metadata.orientation=image_orientation::top_left;
+        wgpu::Texture texture;
+        descriptor.with_native([&](const auto& native){texture=provider->acquire(metadata,config.device,native,device_lifetime);});
+        return texture;
+    };
+    result.retire=[provider](const wgpu::Texture& texture,bool present){provider->retire(texture,present);};
+    return result;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05bb1ba5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics_service.h"
+#include <v8.h>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Shared lifetime machinery for immutable GPU objects with mutable labels.
+// Each Traits specialization has a distinct receiver brand and prototype.
+template<class Traits> class v8_webgpu_labeled_resources {
+protected:
+    using Native=typename Traits::native_type;
+    struct entry {
+        v8_webgpu_labeled_resources* registry{};
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> wrapper;
+        v8::Global<v8::Private> device_owner_key;
+        graphics_service* service{};
+        resource_handle<dawn_device> device;
+        resource_handle<Native> resource;
+        std::shared_ptr<release_channel> releases;
+        release_ticket ticket;
+        bool published{};
+        std::string label;
+    };
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::ObjectTemplate> instance_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> prototype_;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<entry>> entries_;
+    static void fail(v8::Isolate* isolate,const char* message) {
+        isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,message).ToLocalChecked()));
+    }
+    static entry* receiver(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto object=info.This();
+        if (object->InternalFieldCount()!=2 || !object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            || !object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            || object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_) {
+            fail(info.GetIsolate(),"Illegal GPU resource receiver"); return nullptr;
+        }
+        auto* item=static_cast<entry*>(object->GetAlignedPointerFromInternalField(1,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault));
+        if (!item) fail(info.GetIsolate(),"GPU resource realm has been released");
+        return item;
+    }
+    static void label(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> value;
+        if (v8::String::NewFromUtf8(info.GetIsolate(),item->label.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,
+            static_cast<int>(item->label.size())).ToLocal(&value)) info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void set_label(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if (!receiver(info)) return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();
+        v8::Local<v8::String> value;
+        if (!info[0]->ToString(isolate->GetCurrentContext()).ToLocal(&value)) return;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,value);
+        if (!*bytes) return;
+        auto* item=receiver(info); if (!item) return;
+        try {
+            std::string converted(*bytes,bytes.length());
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device) {
+                Traits::with(device,item->resource,[&](const auto& native) { native.SetLabel(wgpu::StringView(converted.data(),converted.size())); });
+            });
+            item->label=std::move(converted);
+        } catch (const std::exception&) { fail(isolate,"GPU resource label update failed"); }
+    }
+    static void first_pass(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<entry>& info) {
+        info.GetParameter()->wrapper.Reset(); info.SetSecondPassCallback(second_pass);
+    }
+    static void second_pass(const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<entry>& info) {
+        auto* item=info.GetParameter(); item->releases->publish(item->ticket); item->published=true;
+    }
+    void check_scope() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_ || v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_)
+            throw std::logic_error("GPU resources require their owning isolate scope");
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_labeled_resources(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+        size_t capacity=1024)
+        :isolate_(isolate),entries_(capacity) {
+        check_scope();realm_.Reset(isolate,context);
+        auto instance=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate); instance->SetInternalFieldCount(2); instance_.Reset(isolate,instance);
+        auto prototype=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);
+        prototype->Set(v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate),v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,Traits::name).ToLocalChecked(),static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontEnum));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"label"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,label),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,set_label));
+        prototype_.Reset(isolate,prototype->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked());
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_labeled_resources(const v8_webgpu_labeled_resources&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_labeled_resources& operator=(const v8_webgpu_labeled_resources&)=delete;
+    ~v8_webgpu_labeled_resources() {
+        check_scope();
+        for (auto& item:entries_) if (item) {
+            if (!item->wrapper.IsEmpty()) item->wrapper.Get(isolate_)->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,nullptr,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+            item->wrapper.Reset();
+            if (!item->published) item->releases->publish(item->ticket);
+        }
+    }
+    // Returns a retained native reference without invoking JavaScript. A later
+    // descriptor getter may collect the source wrapper; the converted reference
+    // stays valid until native descriptor consumption. Cross-device validation
+    // belongs to Dawn, not WebIDL interface conversion.
+    static bool is_instance(v8::Local<v8::Value> value) {
+        if(!value->IsObject())return false;
+        auto object=value.As<v8::Object>();
+        return object->InternalFieldCount()==2 && object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            && object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            && object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)==&brand_;
+    }
+    static Native native_reference(v8::Local<v8::Value> value) {
+        if (!value->IsObject()) throw std::invalid_argument("GPU resource object required");
+        auto object=value.As<v8::Object>();
+        if (object->InternalFieldCount()!=2 || !object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            || !object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            || object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Incorrect GPU resource interface");
+        auto* item=static_cast<entry*>(object->GetAlignedPointerFromInternalField(1,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault));
+        if (!item) throw std::invalid_argument("GPU resource realm has been released");
+        Native result;
+        item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned) {
+            Traits::with(owned,item->resource,[&](const auto& native) { result=native; });
+        });
+        return result;
+    }
+    // Caller retains ownership until a non-empty wrapper is returned.
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> wrap(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,graphics_service& service,resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<Native> resource,v8::Local<v8::Object> parent,std::string initial_label={}) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context) throw std::logic_error("GPU resource belongs to another realm");
+        if(parent.IsEmpty())throw std::invalid_argument("GPU resource wrapper requires its parent device");
+        service.with_device(device,[&](auto& owned) { Traits::with(owned,resource,[](const auto&) {}); });
+        for (const auto& item:entries_) if (item && !item->published && item->service==&service
+            && item->device.table==device.table && item->device.generation==device.generation && item->device.slot==device.slot
+            && item->resource.table==resource.table && item->resource.generation==resource.generation && item->resource.slot==resource.slot)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("GPU resource handle is already wrapped");
+        auto found=std::find_if(entries_.begin(),entries_.end(),[](const auto& item) { return !item || item->published; });
+        if (found==entries_.end()) return {};
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+        if (!instance_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context).ToLocal(&wrapper)
+            || !wrapper->SetPrototype(context,prototype_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        auto item=std::make_unique<entry>();
+        item->registry=this;
+        item->label=std::move(initial_label);
+        item->service=&service; item->device=device;item->resource=resource; item->releases=service.release_endpoint();
+        item->device_owner_key.Reset(isolate_,v8::Private::New(isolate_));
+        if(!wrapper->SetPrivate(context,item->device_owner_key.Get(isolate_),parent).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        auto ticket=item->releases->reserve(Traits::release(device,resource));
+        if (!ticket) {
+            // Native lifetime tickets can fill before the small JS wrappers
+            // create enough heap pressure for V8 to collect them naturally.
+            // Live JS objects remain rooted; weak callbacks only publish.
+            isolate_->LowMemoryNotification();
+            service.drain_completed_releases();
+            ticket=item->releases->reserve(Traits::release(device,resource));
+            if(!ticket)return {};
+        }
+        item->ticket=*ticket;
+        wrapper->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate_,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));
+        wrapper->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,item.get(),v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+        item->wrapper.Reset(isolate_,wrapper); item->wrapper.SetWeak(item.get(),first_pass,v8::WeakCallbackType::kParameter);
+        *found=std::move(item);
+        return wrapper;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_limits.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_limits.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..889f33507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_limits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "webgpu_limit_names.h"
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <stdexcept>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Immutable values stay in traced JS storage, independent of native resources.
+class v8_webgpu_limits {
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::ObjectTemplate> instance_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> prototype_;
+    static void get(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto object=info.This();
+        if (object->InternalFieldCount()!=2 || !object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            || !object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            || object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_) {
+            info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(info.GetIsolate(),"Illegal GPUSupportedLimits receiver")));return;
+        }
+        auto index=info.Data().As<v8::Uint32>()->Value();
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        if (object->GetInternalField(1).As<v8::Array>()->Get(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),index).ToLocal(&value)) info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_limits(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context):isolate_(isolate) {
+        realm_.Reset(isolate,context);
+        auto instance=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);instance->SetInternalFieldCount(2);instance_.Reset(isolate,instance);
+        auto prototype=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);
+        for(uint32_t i=0;i<webgpu_limit_names.size();++i) {
+            const auto name=webgpu_limit_names[i].name;
+            auto key=v8::String::NewFromTwoByte(isolate,reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(name.data()),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(name.size())).ToLocalChecked();
+            prototype->SetAccessorProperty(key,v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,get,v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate,i)));
+        }
+        prototype->Set(v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate),v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"GPUSupportedLimits"),static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontEnum));
+        prototype_.Reset(isolate,prototype->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked());
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_limits(const v8_webgpu_limits&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_limits& operator=(const v8_webgpu_limits&)=delete;
+    template<class Source> v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> create(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,const Source& source) {
+        if(v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_ || realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context)throw std::logic_error("Limits belong to another realm");
+        if(!source)throw std::invalid_argument("Limits require a native source");
+        wgpu::Limits limits{};wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits compatibility{};limits.nextInChain=&compatibility;
+        if(source.GetLimits(&limits)!=wgpu::Status::Success)throw std::runtime_error("Native limits query failed");
+        auto values=v8::Array::New(isolate_,static_cast<int>(webgpu_limit_names.size()));
+        for(uint32_t i=0;i<webgpu_limit_names.size();++i) {
+            const auto& limit=webgpu_limit_names[i];const auto value=limit.read(limits,compatibility);
+            const bool wide=std::holds_alternative<uint64_t wgpu::Limits::*>(limit.member);
+            if(value==(wide?UINT64_MAX:UINT32_MAX))throw std::runtime_error("Native limit is unavailable");
+            if(!values->Set(context,i,v8::Number::New(isolate_,static_cast<double>(value))).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        }
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> object;
+        if(!instance_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context).ToLocal(&object) || !object->SetPrototype(context,prototype_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        object->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate_,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));object->SetInternalField(1,values);
+        return object;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_map_request.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_map_request.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe80971ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_map_request.h
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "completion_mailbox.h"
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <v8.h>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Engine-owned asynchronous mapping bridge. Callers perform WebIDL conversion
+// and route completion records here. Native callbacks capture no V8 handles.
+class v8_webgpu_map_request {
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    resource_owner owner_;
+    uint64_t operation_;
+    bool retired_{},started_{};
+    wgpu::Buffer buffer_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> wrapper_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> dom_exception_;
+    void check_scope() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_ || v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_)
+            throw std::logic_error("Map promise requires its owning isolate scope");
+    }
+    bool reject(const char* name) {
+        auto context=realm_.Get(isolate_);
+        auto resolver=resolver_.Get(isolate_);
+        // Settle ownership before calling the exception factory. Even a damaged
+        // factory must not leave this request pending or permit recursive cancel.
+        [[maybe_unused]] auto keep_alive=wrapper_.Get(isolate_);
+        resolver_.Reset(); wrapper_.Reset();
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> args[]{v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"Buffer mapping failed"),
+            v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,name).ToLocalChecked()};
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> reason;
+        {
+            v8::TryCatch caught(isolate_);
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> exception;
+            if (dom_exception_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context,2,args).ToLocal(&exception)) reason=exception;
+            else {
+                if (caught.HasTerminated()) return false;
+                if (caught.HasCaught()) reason=caught.Exception();
+            }
+        }
+        if (reason.IsEmpty()) reason=v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"Mapping exception construction failed"));
+        return resolver->Reject(context,reason).FromMaybe(false);
+    }
+    bool reject_allocation() {
+        auto resolver=resolver_.Get(isolate_);
+        resolver_.Reset(); wrapper_.Reset();
+        return resolver->Reject(realm_.Get(isolate_),v8::Exception::RangeError(
+            v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"Buffer mapping allocation failed"))).FromMaybe(false);
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_map_request(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper,v8::Local<v8::Function> dom_exception,
+        wgpu::Buffer buffer,resource_owner owner,uint64_t operation)
+        :isolate_(isolate),owner_(owner),operation_(operation),buffer_(std::move(buffer)) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (!buffer_ || wrapper.IsEmpty() || dom_exception.IsEmpty() || !operation)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Map request lacks ownership");
+        realm_.Reset(isolate,context); wrapper_.Reset(isolate,wrapper); dom_exception_.Reset(isolate,dom_exception);
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_map_request(const v8_webgpu_map_request&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_map_request& operator=(const v8_webgpu_map_request&)=delete;
+    ~v8_webgpu_map_request() {
+        check_scope();
+        // Realm teardown must abort the native mapping before dropping its V8
+        // references. A canceled/settled old request never unmaps a newer map.
+        if (!resolver_.IsEmpty()) buffer_.Unmap();
+    }
+    bool pending() const { check_scope(); return !resolver_.IsEmpty(); }
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Promise> start(std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox,
+        wgpu::MapMode mode,uint64_t offset,uint64_t size) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (!mailbox) throw std::invalid_argument("Map completion mailbox is required");
+        if (started_ || retired_) throw std::logic_error("Map request already started");
+        auto context=realm_.Get(isolate_);
+        if (isolate_->GetCurrentContext()!=context) throw std::logic_error("Map request belongs to another realm");
+        started_=true;
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+        if (!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver)) return {};
+        auto promise=resolver->GetPromise(); resolver_.Reset(isolate_,resolver);
+        auto ticket=mailbox->reserve(operation_,owner_);
+        if (!ticket) { retired_=true; reject("OperationError"); return promise; }
+        buffer_.MapAsync(mode,offset,size,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [mailbox,ticket=*ticket,buffer=buffer_](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+                mailbox->publish(ticket,status==wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success ? completion_status::success
+                    : status==wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Error ? completion_status::failed : completion_status::cancelled);
+            });
+        return promise;
+    }
+    bool cancel() {
+        check_scope();
+        if (resolver_.IsEmpty()) return false;
+        if (isolate_->GetCurrentContext()!=realm_.Get(isolate_)) throw std::logic_error("Map cancellation belongs to another realm");
+        buffer_.Unmap();
+        return reject("AbortError");
+    }
+    // Attach the selected mapping to its wrapper before resolving. The caller
+    // owns range offsets/mode and must use GetConstMappedRange for READ mappings.
+    template<class Attach> bool complete(completion_record record,Attach attach) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (record.operation!=operation_ || record.owner!=owner_ || retired_ || !started_) return false;
+        if (isolate_->GetCurrentContext()!=realm_.Get(isolate_)) throw std::logic_error("Map completion belongs to another realm");
+        retired_=true;
+        if (resolver_.IsEmpty()) return true; // Late callback after cancellation.
+        if (record.status!=completion_status::success)
+            return reject(record.status==completion_status::failed ? "OperationError" : "AbortError");
+        auto context=realm_.Get(isolate_);
+        if (isolate_->GetCurrentContext()!=context) throw std::logic_error("Map completion belongs to another realm");
+        try { attach(buffer_,wrapper_.Get(isolate_)); }
+        catch (const std::bad_alloc&) { buffer_.Unmap(); return reject_allocation(); }
+        catch (const std::length_error&) { buffer_.Unmap(); return reject_allocation(); }
+        catch (const std::exception&) { buffer_.Unmap(); return reject("OperationError"); }
+        auto resolver=resolver_.Get(isolate_);
+        resolver_.Reset(); wrapper_.Reset();
+        return resolver->Resolve(context,v8::Undefined(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false);
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eda738951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Engine/realm-owned views of an already mapped native buffer. Destroy/detach
+// this object BEFORE unmapping or destroying native storage. The owner wrapper
+// must in turn retain that storage; each reachable ArrayBuffer keeps it alive.
+class v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges {
+    struct range { uint64_t offset,length; v8::Global<v8::ArrayBuffer> view; };
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> owner_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Private> owner_key_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Value> detach_key_;
+    uint8_t* data_;
+    uint64_t start_,length_;
+    bool detached_{};
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<range>> ranges_;
+    void check_scope() const {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_ || v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_)
+            throw std::logic_error("Mapped ranges require the owning isolate scope");
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> owner,void* data,uint64_t start,uint64_t length)
+        :isolate_(isolate),data_(static_cast<uint8_t*>(data)),start_(start),length_(length) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (owner.IsEmpty() || (!data && length) || length>SIZE_MAX || start>UINT64_MAX-length)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid native mapped region");
+        realm_.Reset(isolate,context);
+        owner_.Reset(isolate,owner); owner_.SetWeak();
+        owner_key_.Reset(isolate,v8::Private::New(isolate));
+        detach_key_.Reset(isolate,v8::Object::New(isolate));
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges(const v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges& operator=(const v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges&)=delete;
+    ~v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges() { detach(); }
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::ArrayBuffer> create(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,uint64_t offset,uint64_t length) {
+        check_scope();
+        if (realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context) throw std::logic_error("Mapped range belongs to another realm");
+        if (detached_ || owner_.IsEmpty() || offset%8 || length%4 || offset<start_
+            || offset-start_>length_ || length>length_-(offset-start_))
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid mapped buffer range");
+        // Even collected views reserve their ranges until unmap. Empty ranges
+        // occupy no bytes and therefore never overlap another range.
+        for (const auto& prior:ranges_) if (length && prior->length
+            && offset<prior->offset+prior->length && prior->offset<offset+length)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Mapped buffer ranges overlap");
+        auto item=std::make_unique<range>(); item->offset=offset; item->length=length;
+        if (ranges_.size()==ranges_.capacity())
+            ranges_.reserve(ranges_.empty() ? 8 : ranges_.size()*2);
+        auto backing=v8::ArrayBuffer::NewBackingStore(length ? data_+(offset-start_) : nullptr,
+            static_cast<size_t>(length),[](void*,size_t,void*) {},nullptr);
+        auto view=v8::ArrayBuffer::New(isolate_,std::move(backing));
+        if (!view->SetPrivate(context,owner_key_.Get(isolate_),owner_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        view->SetDetachKey(detach_key_.Get(isolate_));
+        item->view.Reset(isolate_,view); item->view.SetWeak();
+        ranges_.push_back(std::move(item));
+        return view;
+    }
+    void detach() {
+        check_scope();
+        if (detached_) return;
+        for (auto& item:ranges_) if (!item->view.IsEmpty()) {
+            auto view=item->view.Get(isolate_);
+            if (!view->WasDetached() && !view->Detach(detach_key_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false))
+                throw std::logic_error("Mapped ArrayBuffer detachment failed");
+            if (!view->DeletePrivate(realm_.Get(isolate_),owner_key_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false))
+                throw std::logic_error("Mapped ArrayBuffer owner release failed");
+            item->view.Reset();
+        }
+        ranges_.clear(); detached_=true; data_=nullptr;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_object_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_object_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42718bd65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_object_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_render_state.h"
+#include <string>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+inline bool read_webgpu_object_label(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,std::string& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.get("label",value))return false;std::string converted;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;converted.assign(*bytes,bytes.length());
+    }
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_pipeline_layout_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_pipeline_layout_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f661c036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_pipeline_layout_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_pipeline_layout_descriptor {
+    std::string label;
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> layouts;
+    uint32_t immediate_size{};
+    template<class Execute> void with_native(Execute execute)const {
+        wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor descriptor{};
+        descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());
+        descriptor.bindGroupLayoutCount=layouts.size();descriptor.bindGroupLayouts=layouts.data();
+        descriptor.immediateSize=immediate_size;execute(descriptor);
+    }
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_pipeline_layout_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_pipeline_layout_descriptor& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);webgpu_pipeline_layout_descriptor converted;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.get("label",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;
+        converted.label.assign(*bytes,bytes.length());
+    }
+    if(!reader.get("bindGroupLayouts",value)||!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,value,[&](auto item){
+        if(item->IsNullOrUndefined()){converted.layouts.emplace_back();return true;}
+        if(!v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts::is_instance(item))return reader.fail("Expected a nullable GPUBindGroupLayout");
+        converted.layouts.push_back(v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts::native_reference(item));return true;
+    }))return false;
+    if(!reader.uint32("immediateSize",converted.immediate_size))return false;
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f23fb701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::PipelineLayout;
+    static constexpr const char* name="GPUPipelineLayout";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute) {
+        device.with_pipeline_layout(handle,std::move(execute));
+    }
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle) noexcept {
+        return graphics_service::deferred_pipeline_layout_release(device,handle);
+    }
+};
+using v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts_traits>;
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_pipeline_resources.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_pipeline_resources.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74b10885c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_pipeline_resources.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+template<class Traits> class v8_webgpu_pipeline_resources : public v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<Traits> {
+    using base=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<Traits>;
+    v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts layouts_;
+    static void get_layout(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=base::receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(!info.Length()){base::fail(isolate,"getBindGroupLayout requires an index");return;}
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!info[0]->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number))return;
+        auto n=std::trunc(number->Value());
+        if(!std::isfinite(n)||n<0||n>UINT32_MAX){base::fail(isolate,"Invalid bind group index");return;}
+        item=base::receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+        auto* registry=static_cast<v8_webgpu_pipeline_resources*>(item->registry);
+        try {
+            resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> layout;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device){
+                Traits::with(device,item->resource,[&](const auto& pipeline){
+                    layout=device.adopt_bind_group_layout(pipeline.GetBindGroupLayout(static_cast<uint32_t>(n)));
+                });
+            });
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> result;
+            try {
+                if(!registry->layouts_.wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,layout,info.This(),"").ToLocal(&result)){
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device){device.release_bind_group_layout(layout);});
+                    base::fail(isolate,"Bind group layout capacity exhausted");return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& device){device.release_bind_group_layout(layout);});throw;}
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(result);
+        }catch(const std::exception&){base::fail(isolate,"Pipeline layout ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_pipeline_resources(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,size_t capacity=1024)
+        :base(isolate,context,capacity),layouts_(isolate,context,capacity){
+        this->prototype_.Get(isolate)->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"getBindGroupLayout"),
+            v8::Function::New(context,get_layout,{},1).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
+    }
+};
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_programmable_stage.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_programmable_stage.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc100ee28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_programmable_stage.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_shaders.h"
+#include <cmath>
+#include <optional>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_programmable_stage {
+    wgpu::ShaderModule module;
+    std::optional<std::string> entry_point;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string,double>> constants;
+    // The returned entries borrow key storage. Keep this descriptor alive and
+    // unchanged until Dawn has consumed the native pipeline descriptor.
+    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> native_constants() const & {
+        std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> result;result.reserve(constants.size());
+        for(const auto& [key,value]:constants) {
+            wgpu::ConstantEntry entry{};entry.key=wgpu::StringView(key.data(),key.size());entry.value=value;
+            result.push_back(entry);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> native_constants() const &&=delete;
+};
+// Converts inherited GPUProgrammableStage members in WebIDL name order. Derived
+// vertex buffers / fragment targets must be converted after this function.
+inline bool read_webgpu_programmable_stage(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_programmable_stage& output) {
+    const auto key=[&](const char* text){return v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,text).ToLocalChecked();};
+    const auto fail=[&](const char* text){isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(key(text)));return false;};
+    if(!input->IsNullOrUndefined() && !input->IsObject())return fail("Programmable stage must be a dictionary");
+    const auto get=[&](const char* name,v8::Local<v8::Value>& value) {
+        if(input->IsNullOrUndefined()){value=v8::Undefined(isolate);return true;}
+        return input.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,key(name)).ToLocal(&value);
+    };
+    const auto string=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> value,std::string& result) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;
+        result.assign(*bytes,bytes.length());return true;
+    };
+    webgpu_programmable_stage converted;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!get("constants",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        if(!value->IsObject())return fail("Pipeline constants must be a record object");
+        auto record=value.As<v8::Object>();v8::Local<v8::Array> keys;
+        if(!record->GetOwnPropertyNames(context,v8::ALL_PROPERTIES,v8::KeyConversionMode::kConvertToString).ToLocal(&keys))return false;
+        for(uint32_t i=0;i<keys->Length();++i) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> property,descriptor,enumerable,constant;
+            if(!keys->Get(context,i).ToLocal(&property))return false;
+            if(!record->GetOwnPropertyDescriptor(context,property.As<v8::Name>()).ToLocal(&descriptor))return false;
+            if(descriptor->IsUndefined())continue;
+            if(!descriptor.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,key("enumerable")).ToLocal(&enumerable))return false;
+            if(!enumerable->BooleanValue(isolate))continue;
+            std::string name;if(!string(property,name))return false;
+            if(!record->Get(context,property).ToLocal(&constant))return false;
+            v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!constant->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+            if(!std::isfinite(number->Value()))return fail("Pipeline constants must be finite doubles");
+            // USVString conversion can collapse distinct UTF-16 property names.
+            auto existing=std::find_if(converted.constants.begin(),converted.constants.end(),[&](const auto& item){return item.first==name;});
+            if(existing==converted.constants.end())converted.constants.emplace_back(std::move(name),number->Value());
+            else existing->second=number->Value();
+        }
+    }
+    if(!get("entryPoint",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        std::string name;if(!string(value,name))return false;converted.entry_point=std::move(name);
+    }
+    if(!get("module",value))return false;
+    try {converted.module=v8_webgpu_shaders::native_reference(value);}
+    catch(const std::exception&) {return fail("Programmable stage requires a live GPUShaderModule");}
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_queue.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_queue.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e0e254c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_queue.h
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_command_buffers.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_buffers.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_copy_descriptor.h"
+#include <atomic>
+#include "v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// One queue per internal device wrapper. The queue's traced parent edge keeps
+// the device alive; this controller owns no independent native GPU reference.
+class v8_webgpu_queue {
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;graphics_service& service_;resource_handle<dawn_device> device_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> wrapper_;v8::Global<v8::Private> parent_key_;
+    std::string label_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> dom_exception_;
+    void check_scope()const{if(std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_||v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_)throw std::logic_error("GPUQueue requires its owning isolate scope");}
+    static void fail(v8::Isolate* isolate,const char* text){isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,text).ToLocalChecked()));}
+    static v8_webgpu_queue* receiver(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto object=info.This();
+        if(object->InternalFieldCount()!=2||!object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()||!object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            ||object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_){fail(info.GetIsolate(),"Illegal GPUQueue receiver");return nullptr;}
+        auto* self=static_cast<v8_webgpu_queue*>(object->GetAlignedPointerFromInternalField(1,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault));
+        if(!self)fail(info.GetIsolate(),"GPUQueue realm has been released");return self;
+    }
+    static bool size64(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,uint64_t& result) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!input->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+        double value=std::trunc(number->Value());
+        if(!std::isfinite(value)||value<0||value>9007199254740991.0){fail(isolate,"GPUSize64 is outside the safe integer range");return false;}
+        result=static_cast<uint64_t>(value);return true;
+    }
+    struct source {
+        std::shared_ptr<v8::BackingStore> backing;
+        size_t offset{},length{},element_size=1;
+    };
+    static bool buffer_source(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Value> value,source& result) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> buffer=value;
+        if(value->IsArrayBufferView())buffer=value.As<v8::ArrayBufferView>()->Buffer();
+        if(buffer->IsSharedArrayBuffer())result.backing=buffer.As<v8::SharedArrayBuffer>()->GetBackingStore();
+        else if(buffer->IsArrayBuffer()) {
+            if(buffer.As<v8::ArrayBuffer>()->WasDetached()){fail(isolate,"Buffer source is detached");return false;}
+            result.backing=buffer.As<v8::ArrayBuffer>()->GetBackingStore();
+        }else{fail(isolate,"Expected an AllowSharedBufferSource");return false;}
+        if(result.backing->IsResizableByUserJavaScript()){fail(isolate,"Resizable buffer source is not allowed");return false;}
+        result.length=result.backing->ByteLength();
+        if(value->IsArrayBufferView()) {
+            auto view=value.As<v8::ArrayBufferView>();result.offset=view->ByteOffset();result.length=view->ByteLength();
+        }
+        if(value->IsInt16Array()||value->IsUint16Array()||value->IsFloat16Array())result.element_size=2;
+        else if(value->IsInt32Array()||value->IsUint32Array()||value->IsFloat32Array())result.element_size=4;
+        else if(value->IsFloat64Array()||value->IsBigInt64Array()||value->IsBigUint64Array())result.element_size=8;
+        return true;
+    }
+    void operation_error(v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> args[]{v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"writeBuffer source range is invalid"),
+            v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"OperationError")};
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> error;
+        if(dom_exception_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context,2,args).ToLocal(&error))isolate_->ThrowException(error);
+    }
+    static void write_buffer(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(info.Length()<3){fail(isolate,"writeBuffer requires buffer, bufferOffset and data");return;}
+        try {
+            auto buffer=v8_webgpu_buffers::native_reference(info[0]);
+            uint64_t destination=0,offset=0,count=0;
+            if(!size64(isolate,context,info[1],destination))return;
+            source data;if(!buffer_source(isolate,info[2],data))return;
+            if(!info[3]->IsUndefined()&&!size64(isolate,context,info[3],offset))return;
+            bool has_count=!info[4]->IsUndefined();
+            if(has_count&&!size64(isolate,context,info[4],count))return;
+            // Numeric conversions can execute JS, detach data or retire a realm.
+            data={};if(!buffer_source(isolate,info[2],data))return;
+            auto* self=receiver(info);if(!self)return;
+            uint64_t elements=data.length/data.element_size;
+            if(offset>elements){self->operation_error(context);return;}
+            if(!has_count)count=elements-offset;
+            if(count>elements-offset||(count*data.element_size)%4){self->operation_error(context);return;}
+            const size_t bytes=static_cast<size_t>(count)*data.element_size;
+            const size_t start=data.offset+static_cast<size_t>(offset)*data.element_size;
+            auto* base=static_cast<uint8_t*>(data.backing->Data());
+            const void* contents=bytes?base+start:nullptr;
+            std::vector<uint8_t> shared_copy;
+            if(data.backing->IsShared()&&bytes) {
+                shared_copy.resize(bytes);
+                for(size_t i=0;i<bytes;++i)shared_copy[i]=std::atomic_ref<uint8_t>(base[start+i]).load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+                contents=shared_copy.data();
+            }
+            self->service_.with_device(self->device_,[&](auto& owned){owned.native().GetQueue().WriteBuffer(buffer,destination,contents,bytes);});
+        }catch(const std::bad_alloc&){isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"writeBuffer allocation failed")));}
+        catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"writeBuffer native ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+    static void write_texture(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info){
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(info.Length()<4){fail(isolate,"writeTexture requires destination, data, layout and size");return;}
+        try{
+            wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo dest{};wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout layout{};wgpu::Extent3D extent{};
+            if(!read_copy_texture(isolate,context,info[0],dest)||!read_copy_layout(isolate,context,info[2],layout)||!read_copy_extent(isolate,context,info[3],extent))return;
+            source data;if(!buffer_source(isolate,info[1],data))return;
+            auto* self=receiver(info);if(!self)return;
+            auto* bytes=static_cast<uint8_t*>(data.backing->Data());if(data.offset)bytes+=data.offset;
+            std::vector<uint8_t> shared;
+            if(data.backing->IsShared()){shared.resize(data.length);for(size_t i=0;i<data.length;++i)shared[i]=std::atomic_ref<uint8_t>(bytes[i]).load(std::memory_order_relaxed);bytes=shared.data();}
+            self->service_.with_device(self->device_,[&](auto& device){device.native().GetQueue().WriteTexture(&dest,bytes,data.length,&layout,&extent);});
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"writeTexture ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+    struct work_request{
+        uint64_t operation;
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox;
+        v8::Global<v8::Context> context;
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> queue;
+        v8::Global<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+    };
+    resource_owner work_owner_{new_owner_token(),new_owner_token(),new_owner_token()};
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<work_request>> work_;
+    static void work_done(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info){
+        auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;if(!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver))return;
+        info.GetReturnValue().Set(resolver->GetPromise());v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+        auto* self=receiver(info);
+        if(!self){auto error=caught.Exception();caught.Reset();resolver->Reject(context,error).FromMaybe(false);return;}
+        try{
+            if(self->work_.size()>=1024)throw std::length_error("Queue work request capacity exhausted");
+            auto p=std::make_unique<work_request>();p->operation=new_owner_token();p->mailbox=self->service_.dawn().completions();
+            p->context.Reset(isolate,context);p->queue.Reset(isolate,info.This());p->resolver.Reset(isolate,resolver);
+            self->work_.reserve(self->work_.size()+1);
+            auto ticket=p->mailbox->reserve(p->operation,self->work_owner_);if(!ticket)throw std::length_error("Queue work completion capacity exhausted");
+            auto mailbox=p->mailbox;self->work_.push_back(std::move(p));
+            try {
+                self->service_.with_device(self->device_,[&](auto& device){
+                    device.native().GetQueue().OnSubmittedWorkDone(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                        [mailbox,ticket=*ticket](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus status,wgpu::StringView){
+                            mailbox->publish(ticket,status==wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success?completion_status::success:completion_status::failed);
+                        });
+                });
+            } catch(...) {
+                mailbox->publish(*ticket,completion_status::failed);
+                throw;
+            }
+        }catch(const std::exception& e){
+            caught.Reset();resolver->Reject(context,v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,e.what()).ToLocalChecked())).FromMaybe(false);
+        }
+    }
+    static void submit(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        try {
+            std::vector<wgpu::CommandBuffer> commands;
+            if(!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,info[0],[&](auto value){commands.push_back(v8_webgpu_command_buffers::native_reference(value));return true;}))return;
+            auto* self=receiver(info);if(!self)return;
+            self->service_.with_device(self->device_,[&](auto& owned){owned.native().GetQueue().Submit(commands.size(),commands.data());});
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"GPUQueue submit requires live command buffers and device ownership");}
+    }
+    static void label(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* self=receiver(info);if(!self)return;v8::Local<v8::String> value;
+        if(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(info.GetIsolate(),self->label_.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(self->label_.size())).ToLocal(&value))info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void set_label(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();v8::Local<v8::String> text;
+        if(!info[0]->ToString(isolate->GetCurrentContext()).ToLocal(&text))return;v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return;
+        auto* self=receiver(info);if(!self)return;
+        try{std::string value(*bytes,bytes.length());self->service_.with_device(self->device_,[&](auto& owned){owned.native().GetQueue().SetLabel(wgpu::StringView(value.data(),value.size()));});self->label_=std::move(value);}
+        catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"GPUQueue label ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+public:
+    bool complete(completion_record record){
+        check_scope();if(record.owner!=work_owner_)return false;
+        auto found=std::find_if(work_.begin(),work_.end(),[&](auto& p){return p->operation==record.operation;});
+        if(found==work_.end())return true;
+        auto p=std::move(*found);work_.erase(found);auto context=p->context.Get(isolate_);v8::Context::Scope scope(context);
+        if(record.status==completion_status::success)p->resolver.Get(isolate_)->Resolve(context,v8::Undefined(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false);
+        else p->resolver.Get(isolate_)->Reject(context,v8::Exception::Error(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"GPU queue work failed"))).FromMaybe(false);
+        return true;
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_queue(v8::Isolate* isolate,graphics_service& service,resource_handle<dawn_device> device,std::string label,v8::Local<v8::Function> dom_exception)
+        :isolate_(isolate),service_(service),device_(device),label_(std::move(label)){check_scope();dom_exception_.Reset(isolate,dom_exception);}
+    ~v8_webgpu_queue(){for(auto& p:work_)p->mailbox->cancel_owner(work_owner_);check_scope();if(!wrapper_.IsEmpty())wrapper_.Get(isolate_)->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,nullptr,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);wrapper_.Reset();}
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> create(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Object> parent) {
+        check_scope();
+        auto instance=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate_);instance->SetInternalFieldCount(2);
+        auto prototype=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate_);auto submit_fn=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate_,submit);submit_fn->SetLength(1);
+        prototype->Set(isolate_,"submit",submit_fn);
+        prototype->Set(isolate_,"onSubmittedWorkDone",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate_,work_done));
+        prototype->Set(isolate_,"writeTexture",v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate_,write_texture));
+        auto write=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate_,write_buffer);write->SetLength(3);prototype->Set(isolate_,"writeBuffer",write);
+        prototype->Set(v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate_),v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"GPUQueue"),static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontEnum));
+        prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate_,"label"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate_,label),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate_,set_label));
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> object,proto;
+        if(!instance->NewInstance(context).ToLocal(&object)||!prototype->NewInstance(context).ToLocal(&proto)||!object->SetPrototype(context,proto).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        parent_key_.Reset(isolate_,v8::Private::New(isolate_));if(!object->SetPrivate(context,parent_key_.Get(isolate_),parent).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        object->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate_,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));object->SetAlignedPointerInInternalField(1,this,v8::kEmbedderDataTypeTagDefault);
+        wrapper_.Reset(isolate_,object);wrapper_.SetWeak(this,[](const v8::WeakCallbackInfo<v8_webgpu_queue>& info){info.GetParameter()->wrapper_.Reset();},v8::WeakCallbackType::kParameter);
+        return object;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_realm.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_realm.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..705d4e1c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_realm.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_discovery.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// One ownership/dispatch unit per document realm. The caller decides secure
+// context exposure and negotiated interop before installing object() on Navigator.
+// Canvas controllers must be destroyed first, and the service must outlive this.
+class v8_webgpu_realm final {
+    v8_webgpu_devices devices_;
+    v8_webgpu_adapters adapters_;
+    v8_webgpu_discovery discovery_;
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_realm(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+        graphics_service& service,v8::Local<v8::Function> dom_exception,
+        webgpu_canvas_interop interop=webgpu_canvas_interop::none,
+        wgpu::BackendType backend=wgpu::BackendType::Undefined,
+        wgpu::TextureFormat preferred_format=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm,
+        v8::Local<v8::FunctionTemplate> event_target={},std::function<bool(v8::Local<v8::Object>)> initialize_event_target={})
+        :devices_(isolate,context,dom_exception,64,1024,event_target,std::move(initialize_event_target)),
+         adapters_(isolate,context,devices_,dom_exception,64,interop),
+         discovery_(isolate,context,service,adapters_,backend,preferred_format) {}
+    v8_webgpu_realm(const v8_webgpu_realm&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_realm& operator=(const v8_webgpu_realm&)=delete;
+    v8::Local<v8::Object> object()const {return discovery_.object();}
+    bool complete(completion_record record) {
+        return discovery_.complete(record)||adapters_.complete(record)||devices_.complete(record);
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f27f9bcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_fragment_state {
+    webgpu_programmable_stage stage;
+    std::vector<std::optional<webgpu_color_target>> targets;
+};
+struct webgpu_render_descriptor {
+    std::string label;
+    wgpu::PipelineLayout layout;
+    std::optional<wgpu::DepthStencilState> depth;
+    std::optional<webgpu_fragment_state> fragment;
+    wgpu::MultisampleState multisample;
+    wgpu::PrimitiveState primitive;
+    webgpu_vertex_state vertex;
+    // All borrowed strings, nested arrays and blend pointers stay alive for
+    // this synchronous native call. Native APIs retain their own objects.
+    template<class Execute> void with_native(Execute execute) const & {
+        wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor descriptor{};
+        descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());descriptor.layout=layout;
+        descriptor.depthStencil=depth?&*depth:nullptr;descriptor.multisample=multisample;descriptor.primitive=primitive;
+        auto vertex_constants=vertex.stage.native_constants();
+        descriptor.vertex.module=vertex.stage.module;
+        if(vertex.stage.entry_point)descriptor.vertex.entryPoint=wgpu::StringView(vertex.stage.entry_point->data(),vertex.stage.entry_point->size());
+        descriptor.vertex.constantCount=vertex_constants.size();descriptor.vertex.constants=vertex_constants.data();
+        std::vector<wgpu::VertexBufferLayout> buffers;buffers.reserve(vertex.buffers.size());
+        for(const auto& buffer:vertex.buffers)buffers.push_back(buffer?buffer->native():wgpu::VertexBufferLayout{});
+        descriptor.vertex.bufferCount=buffers.size();descriptor.vertex.buffers=buffers.data();
+        wgpu::FragmentState native_fragment{};std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> fragment_constants;std::vector<wgpu::ColorTargetState> targets;
+        if(fragment) {
+            fragment_constants=fragment->stage.native_constants();native_fragment.module=fragment->stage.module;
+            if(fragment->stage.entry_point)native_fragment.entryPoint=wgpu::StringView(fragment->stage.entry_point->data(),fragment->stage.entry_point->size());
+            native_fragment.constantCount=fragment_constants.size();native_fragment.constants=fragment_constants.data();
+            targets.reserve(fragment->targets.size());for(const auto& target:fragment->targets)targets.push_back(target?target->native():wgpu::ColorTargetState{});
+            native_fragment.targetCount=targets.size();native_fragment.targets=targets.data();descriptor.fragment=&native_fragment;
+        }
+        execute(descriptor);
+    }
+};
+// ResolveLayout must recognize native-backed GPUPipelineLayout objects without
+// user code. An empty optional takes the enum branch of the WebIDL union.
+template<class ResolveLayout> bool read_webgpu_render_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_render_descriptor& output,ResolveLayout resolve_layout) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);webgpu_render_descriptor converted;v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    const auto string=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> input,std::string& output) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!input->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;output.assign(*bytes,bytes.length());return true;
+    };
+    if(!reader.get("label",value))return false;if(!value->IsUndefined()&&!string(value,converted.label))return false;
+    if(!reader.get("layout",value))return false;if(value->IsUndefined())return reader.fail("Pipeline layout is required");
+    auto layout=value->IsObject()?resolve_layout(value):std::optional<wgpu::PipelineLayout>{};
+    if(layout) {if(!*layout)return reader.fail("Pipeline layout ownership unavailable");converted.layout=std::move(*layout);}
+    else {std::string automatic;if(!string(value,automatic))return false;if(automatic!="auto")return reader.fail("Invalid GPUAutoLayoutMode");}
+    if(!reader.get("depthStencil",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {wgpu::DepthStencilState depth;if(!read_webgpu_depth_stencil(isolate,context,value,depth))return false;converted.depth=depth;}
+    if(!reader.get("fragment",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        webgpu_fragment_state fragment;if(!read_webgpu_programmable_stage(isolate,context,value,fragment.stage))return false;
+        webgpu_state_reader fragment_reader(isolate,context,value);v8::Local<v8::Value> targets;
+        if(!fragment_reader.get("targets",targets)||!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,targets,[&](auto target) {
+            if(target->IsNullOrUndefined()){fragment.targets.emplace_back(std::nullopt);return true;}
+            webgpu_color_target color;if(!read_webgpu_color_target(isolate,context,target,color))return false;
+            fragment.targets.emplace_back(std::move(color));return true;
+        }))return false;
+        converted.fragment=std::move(fragment);
+    }
+    if(!reader.get("multisample",value)||!read_webgpu_multisample_state(isolate,context,value,converted.multisample))return false;
+    if(!reader.get("primitive",value)||!read_webgpu_primitive_state(isolate,context,value,converted.primitive))return false;
+    if(!reader.get("vertex",value)||!read_webgpu_vertex_state(isolate,context,value,converted.vertex))return false;
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a8418d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_textures.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_object_descriptor.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_attachment_view {
+    wgpu::Texture texture;wgpu::TextureView view;
+    wgpu::TextureView native() const {return texture?texture.CreateView():view;}
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_attachment_view(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_attachment_view& output) {
+    try {output.view=v8_webgpu_texture_views::native_reference(input);return true;}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){}
+    try {output.texture=v8_webgpu_textures::native_reference(input);return true;}catch(const std::exception&){}
+    isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Attachment requires a GPUTexture or GPUTextureView")));return false;
+}
+inline bool read_webgpu_color(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,wgpu::Color& output,bool& valid_shape) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);wgpu::Color converted{};v8::Local<v8::Value> iterator;
+    const auto number=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> value,double& output) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> numeric;if(!value->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&numeric))return false;
+        if(!std::isfinite(numeric->Value()))return reader.fail("GPUColor components must be finite doubles");output=numeric->Value();return true;
+    };
+    if(input->IsObject()&&!input.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::Symbol::GetIterator(isolate)).ToLocal(&iterator))return false;
+    if(!iterator.IsEmpty()&&!iterator->IsNullOrUndefined()) {
+        size_t count=0;double* components[]={&converted.r,&converted.g,&converted.b,&converted.a};
+        if(!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,input,[&](auto value){double n;if(!number(value,n))return false;if(count<4)*components[count]=n;++count;return true;},iterator))return false;
+        valid_shape=count==4;
+    }else {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+        for(auto [name,target]:{std::pair{"a",&converted.a},{"b",&converted.b},{"g",&converted.g},{"r",&converted.r}}) {
+            if(!reader.get(name,value))return false;if(value->IsUndefined())return reader.fail("GPUColor components are required");if(!number(value,*target))return false;
+        }
+        valid_shape=true;
+    }
+    output=converted;return true;
+}
+struct webgpu_pass_color {
+    wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment state;
+    webgpu_attachment_view view,resolve;
+    bool valid_shape=true;
+};
+struct webgpu_pass_depth {
+    wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment state;
+    webgpu_attachment_view view;
+};
+struct webgpu_render_pass_descriptor {
+    std::string label;std::vector<std::optional<webgpu_pass_color>> colors;
+    std::optional<webgpu_pass_depth> depth;uint64_t max_draw_count=50000000;
+    bool valid_shapes()const{for(const auto& color:colors)if(color&&!color->valid_shape)return false;return true;}
+    template<class Execute> void with_native(Execute execute) const & {
+        if(!valid_shapes())throw std::invalid_argument("GPUColor sequence must have four elements");
+        std::vector<wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment> attachments;attachments.reserve(colors.size());
+        for(const auto& color:colors) {
+            wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment attachment{};
+            if(color){attachment=color->state;attachment.view=color->view.native();attachment.resolveTarget=color->resolve.native();}
+            attachments.push_back(std::move(attachment));
+        }
+        wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());
+        descriptor.colorAttachmentCount=attachments.size();descriptor.colorAttachments=attachments.data();
+        wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment native_depth{};
+        if(depth){native_depth=depth->state;native_depth.view=depth->view.native();descriptor.depthStencilAttachment=&native_depth;}
+        wgpu::RenderPassMaxDrawCount count{};count.maxDrawCount=max_draw_count;descriptor.nextInChain=&count;
+        execute(descriptor);
+    }
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_render_pass_descriptor& output) {
+    webgpu_render_pass_descriptor converted;webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!read_webgpu_object_label(isolate,context,input,converted.label)||!reader.get("colorAttachments",value))return false;
+    if(!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,value,[&](auto input) {
+        if(input->IsNullOrUndefined()){converted.colors.emplace_back(std::nullopt);return true;}
+        webgpu_state_reader color(isolate,context,input);webgpu_pass_color attachment;v8::Local<v8::Value> value;bool depth_slice_provided=false;
+        if(!color.get("clearValue",value))return false;
+        if(!value->IsUndefined()&&!read_webgpu_color(isolate,context,value,attachment.state.clearValue,attachment.valid_shape))return false;
+        if(!color.uint32("depthSlice",attachment.state.depthSlice,false,&depth_slice_provided)||!color.enumeration("loadOp",attachment.state.loadOp,true)||!color.get("resolveTarget",value))return false;
+        if(!value->IsUndefined()&&!read_webgpu_attachment_view(isolate,value,attachment.resolve))return false;
+        if(!color.enumeration("storeOp",attachment.state.storeOp,true)||!color.get("view",value)||!read_webgpu_attachment_view(isolate,value,attachment.view))return false;
+        // Explicit UINT_MAX must remain invalid rather than native omitted.
+        if(depth_slice_provided&&attachment.state.depthSlice==wgpu::kDepthSliceUndefined)attachment.state.depthSlice=wgpu::kDepthSliceUndefined-1;
+        converted.colors.emplace_back(std::move(attachment));return true;
+    }))return false;
+    if(!reader.get("depthStencilAttachment",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        webgpu_state_reader depth(isolate,context,value);webgpu_pass_depth attachment;
+        if(!depth.floating("depthClearValue",attachment.state.depthClearValue)||!depth.enumeration("depthLoadOp",attachment.state.depthLoadOp)
+            ||!depth.boolean("depthReadOnly",attachment.state.depthReadOnly)||!depth.enumeration("depthStoreOp",attachment.state.depthStoreOp)
+            ||!depth.uint32("stencilClearValue",attachment.state.stencilClearValue)||!depth.enumeration("stencilLoadOp",attachment.state.stencilLoadOp)
+            ||!depth.boolean("stencilReadOnly",attachment.state.stencilReadOnly)||!depth.enumeration("stencilStoreOp",attachment.state.stencilStoreOp)
+            ||!depth.get("view",value)||!read_webgpu_attachment_view(isolate,value,attachment.view))return false;
+        converted.depth=std::move(attachment);
+    }
+    if(!reader.uint64("maxDrawCount",converted.max_draw_count)||!reader.get("occlusionQuerySet",value))return false;
+    // Query-set wrappers are not exposed yet; do not accept forged interfaces.
+    if(!value->IsUndefined())return reader.fail("Occlusion queries require a live GPUQuerySet");
+    if(!reader.get("timestampWrites",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        webgpu_state_reader timestamp(isolate,context,value);uint32_t begin=0,end=0;
+        if(!timestamp.uint32("beginningOfPassWriteIndex",begin)||!timestamp.uint32("endOfPassWriteIndex",end)||!timestamp.get("querySet",value))return false;
+        return reader.fail("Timestamp writes require a live GPUQuerySet");
+    }
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_passes.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_passes.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc21b8d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_passes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_render_pipelines.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_bind_groups.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_buffers.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h"
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <tuple>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_render_passes_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::RenderPassEncoder;static constexpr const char* name="GPURenderPassEncoder";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute){device.with_render_pass(handle,std::move(execute));}
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle)noexcept{return graphics_service::deferred_render_pass_release(device,handle);}
+};
+class v8_webgpu_render_passes:public v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_render_passes_traits> {
+    using base=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_render_passes_traits>;
+    static void set_pipeline(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;
+        try {
+            auto pipeline=v8_webgpu_render_pipelines::native_reference(info[0]);auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_render_pass(item->resource,[&](const auto& pass){pass.SetPipeline(pipeline);});});
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(info.GetIsolate(),"setPipeline requires a live GPURenderPipeline");}
+    }
+    static bool unsigned_value(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> value,uint64_t maximum,uint64_t& output) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!value->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+        double n=std::trunc(number->Value());
+        if(!std::isfinite(n)||n<0||n>static_cast<double>(maximum)){fail(isolate,"Binding argument is outside its unsigned range");return false;}
+        output=static_cast<uint64_t>(n);return true;
+    }
+    static std::shared_ptr<v8::BackingStore> offset_backing(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Value> value) {
+        if(!value->IsUint32Array()){fail(isolate,"Dynamic offsets require Uint32Array");return {};}
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> buffer=value.As<v8::Uint32Array>()->Buffer();
+        std::shared_ptr<v8::BackingStore> backing;
+        if(buffer->IsSharedArrayBuffer())backing=buffer.As<v8::SharedArrayBuffer>()->GetBackingStore();
+        else {
+            if(buffer.As<v8::ArrayBuffer>()->WasDetached()){fail(isolate,"Dynamic offsets are detached");return {};}
+            backing=buffer.As<v8::ArrayBuffer>()->GetBackingStore();
+        }
+        if(backing->IsResizableByUserJavaScript()){fail(isolate,"Resizable dynamic offsets are not allowed");return {};}
+        return backing;
+    }
+    static void set_bind_group(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(info.Length()<2||info.Length()==4){fail(isolate,"setBindGroup requires two or three arguments, or five for a typed range");return;}
+        try {
+            uint64_t index=0;if(!unsigned_value(isolate,context,info[0],UINT32_MAX,index))return;
+            wgpu::BindGroup group;
+            if(!info[1]->IsNullOrUndefined())group=v8_webgpu_bind_groups::native_reference(info[1]);
+            std::vector<uint32_t> offsets;
+            if(info.Length()>=5) {
+                auto backing=offset_backing(isolate,info[2]);if(!backing)return;
+                uint64_t start=0,count=0;
+                if(!unsigned_value(isolate,context,info[3],9007199254740991ULL,start)
+                    ||!unsigned_value(isolate,context,info[4],UINT32_MAX,count))return;
+                backing=offset_backing(isolate,info[2]);if(!backing)return;
+                auto array=info[2].As<v8::Uint32Array>();
+                if(start>array->Length()||count>array->Length()-start) {
+                    isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"Dynamic offset range exceeds its array")));return;
+                }
+                offsets.resize(static_cast<size_t>(count));
+                if(count) {
+                    auto* values=reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(static_cast<uint8_t*>(backing->Data())+array->ByteOffset())+start;
+                    for(size_t i=0;i<count;++i)offsets[i]=backing->IsShared()?std::atomic_ref<uint32_t>(values[i]).load(std::memory_order_relaxed):values[i];
+                }
+            }else if(!info[2]->IsUndefined()) {
+                if(!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,info[2],[&](auto value){
+                    uint64_t offset=0;if(!unsigned_value(isolate,context,value,UINT32_MAX,offset))return false;
+                    offsets.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(offset));return true;
+                }))return;
+            }
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_render_pass(item->resource,[&](const auto& pass){
+                pass.SetBindGroup(static_cast<uint32_t>(index),group,offsets.size(),offsets.data());
+            });});
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"setBindGroup requires live native ownership");}
+    }
+    static void set_vertex_buffer(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(info.Length()<2){fail(isolate,"setVertexBuffer requires slot and buffer");return;}
+        try {
+            uint64_t slot=0,offset=0,size=wgpu::kWholeSize;
+            if(!unsigned_value(isolate,context,info[0],UINT32_MAX,slot))return;
+            wgpu::Buffer buffer;if(!info[1]->IsNullOrUndefined())buffer=v8_webgpu_buffers::native_reference(info[1]);
+            if(!info[2]->IsUndefined()&&!unsigned_value(isolate,context,info[2],9007199254740991ULL,offset))return;
+            if(!info[3]->IsUndefined()&&!unsigned_value(isolate,context,info[3],9007199254740991ULL,size))return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_render_pass(item->resource,[&](const auto& pass){
+                pass.SetVertexBuffer(static_cast<uint32_t>(slot),buffer,offset,size);
+            });});
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"setVertexBuffer requires live native ownership");}
+    }
+    static void draw(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(!info.Length()){fail(isolate,"draw requires vertexCount");return;}
+        uint32_t arguments[]={0,1,0,0};
+        for(int i=0;i<4;++i) {
+            if(i&&info[i]->IsUndefined())continue;
+            v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!info[i]->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number))return;
+            const double n=std::trunc(number->Value());if(!std::isfinite(n)||n<0||n>4294967295.0){fail(isolate,"Draw argument is outside GPUSize32 range");return;}
+            arguments[i]=static_cast<uint32_t>(n);
+        }
+        auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+        try{item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_render_pass(item->resource,[&](const auto& pass){pass.Draw(arguments[0],arguments[1],arguments[2],arguments[3]);});});}
+        catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Render pass ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+    static void end(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+        try{item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.with_render_pass(item->resource,[](const auto& pass){pass.End();});});}
+        catch(const std::exception&){fail(info.GetIsolate(),"Render pass ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_render_passes(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,size_t capacity=1024):base(isolate,context,capacity) {
+        auto prototype=prototype_.Get(isolate);
+        for(auto [name,callback,length]:{std::tuple{"setPipeline",set_pipeline,1},std::tuple{"setBindGroup",set_bind_group,2},std::tuple{"setVertexBuffer",set_vertex_buffer,2},std::tuple{"draw",draw,1},std::tuple{"end",end,0}}) {
+            if(!prototype->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,name).ToLocalChecked(),v8::Function::New(context,callback,{},length).ToLocalChecked()).FromMaybe(false))throw std::runtime_error("Render pass prototype initialization failed");
+        }
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_pipelines.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_pipelines.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23154166a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_pipelines.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_pipeline_resources.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_render_pipelines_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::RenderPipeline;
+    static constexpr const char* name="GPURenderPipeline";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute) {
+        device.with_render_pipeline(handle,std::move(execute));
+    }
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle) noexcept {
+        return graphics_service::deferred_render_pipeline_release(device,handle);
+    }
+};
+using v8_webgpu_render_pipelines=v8_webgpu_pipeline_resources<v8_webgpu_render_pipelines_traits>;
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_state.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_state.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6a9f4ffd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_render_state.h
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "webgpu_render_enums.h"
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <optional>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+class webgpu_state_reader {
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;v8::Local<v8::Context> context_;v8::Local<v8::Value> input_;
+public:
+    webgpu_state_reader(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input)
+        :isolate_(isolate),context_(context),input_(input){}
+    bool fail(const char* text) {isolate_->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,text).ToLocalChecked()));return false;}
+    bool get(const char* name,v8::Local<v8::Value>& value) {
+        if(input_->IsNullOrUndefined()){value=v8::Undefined(isolate_);return true;}
+        if(!input_->IsObject())return fail("Render state must be a dictionary");
+        return input_.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context_,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,name).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocal(&value);
+    }
+    template<class Native> bool enumeration(const char* name,Native& output,bool required=false) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;if(!get(name,value))return false;if(value->IsUndefined())return required?fail("Required render-state enum is missing"):true;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context_).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate_,text);if(!*bytes)return false;
+        const std::string_view key(*bytes,bytes.length());
+        for(const auto& [label,native]:webgpu_enum_names<Native>::values)if(label==key){output=native;return true;}
+        return fail("Invalid WebGPU render-state enum");
+    }
+    template<class Boolean> bool boolean(const char* name,Boolean& output) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;if(!get(name,value))return false;
+        if(!value->IsUndefined())output=value->BooleanValue(isolate_);return true;
+    }
+    bool int32(const char* name,int32_t& output) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;if(!get(name,value))return false;if(value->IsUndefined())return true;
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!value->ToNumber(context_).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+        const double truncated=std::trunc(number->Value());
+        if(!std::isfinite(truncated)||truncated<-2147483648.0||truncated>2147483647.0)return fail("Render-state integer is outside long range");
+        output=static_cast<int32_t>(truncated);return true;
+    }
+    bool floating(const char* name,float& output) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;if(!get(name,value))return false;if(value->IsUndefined())return true;
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!value->ToNumber(context_).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+        const float converted=static_cast<float>(number->Value());
+        if(!std::isfinite(number->Value())||!std::isfinite(converted))return fail("Render-state float must be finite");
+        output=converted;return true;
+    }
+    bool optional_boolean(const char* name,wgpu::OptionalBool& output) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;if(!get(name,value))return false;
+        if(!value->IsUndefined())output=value->BooleanValue(isolate_)?wgpu::OptionalBool::True:wgpu::OptionalBool::False;
+        return true;
+    }
+    bool uint64(const char* name,uint64_t& output,bool required=false) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;if(!get(name,value))return false;
+        if(value->IsUndefined())return required?fail("Required integer is missing"):true;
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!value->ToNumber(context_).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+        const double truncated=std::trunc(number->Value());
+        if(!std::isfinite(truncated)||truncated<0||truncated>9007199254740991.0)return fail("GPUSize64 is outside the safe integer range");
+        output=static_cast<uint64_t>(truncated);return true;
+    }
+    bool uint32(const char* name,uint32_t& output,bool required=false,bool* provided=nullptr) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value;if(!get(name,value))return false;if(value->IsUndefined())return required?fail("Required integer is missing"):true;
+        if(provided)*provided=true;
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!value->ToNumber(context_).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+        const double truncated=std::trunc(number->Value());
+        if(!std::isfinite(truncated)||truncated<0||truncated>4294967295.0)return fail("Render-state integer is outside unsigned long range");
+        output=static_cast<uint32_t>(truncated);return true;
+    }
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_primitive_state(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,wgpu::PrimitiveState& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);wgpu::PrimitiveState converted{};
+    converted.cullMode=wgpu::CullMode::None;converted.frontFace=wgpu::FrontFace::CCW;converted.topology=wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleList;
+    if(!reader.enumeration("cullMode",converted.cullMode)||!reader.enumeration("frontFace",converted.frontFace)
+        ||!reader.enumeration("stripIndexFormat",converted.stripIndexFormat)||!reader.enumeration("topology",converted.topology)
+        ||!reader.boolean("unclippedDepth",converted.unclippedDepth))return false;
+    output=converted;return true;
+}
+inline bool read_webgpu_multisample_state(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,wgpu::MultisampleState& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);wgpu::MultisampleState converted{};converted.count=1;converted.mask=0xffffffff;
+    if(!reader.boolean("alphaToCoverageEnabled",converted.alphaToCoverageEnabled)||!reader.uint32("count",converted.count)||!reader.uint32("mask",converted.mask))return false;
+    output=converted;return true;
+}
+inline bool read_webgpu_blend_component(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,wgpu::BlendComponent& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);wgpu::BlendComponent converted{};
+    converted.dstFactor=wgpu::BlendFactor::Zero;converted.operation=wgpu::BlendOperation::Add;converted.srcFactor=wgpu::BlendFactor::One;
+    if(!reader.enumeration("dstFactor",converted.dstFactor)||!reader.enumeration("operation",converted.operation)||!reader.enumeration("srcFactor",converted.srcFactor))return false;
+    output=converted;return true;
+}
+inline bool read_webgpu_blend_state(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,wgpu::BlendState& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);wgpu::BlendState converted{};v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.get("alpha",value))return false;if(value->IsUndefined())return reader.fail("Blend alpha is required");
+    if(!read_webgpu_blend_component(isolate,context,value,converted.alpha))return false;
+    if(!reader.get("color",value))return false;if(value->IsUndefined())return reader.fail("Blend color is required");
+    if(!read_webgpu_blend_component(isolate,context,value,converted.color))return false;
+    output=converted;return true;
+}
+inline bool read_webgpu_stencil_face(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,wgpu::StencilFaceState& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);wgpu::StencilFaceState converted{};
+    converted.compare=wgpu::CompareFunction::Always;converted.depthFailOp=wgpu::StencilOperation::Keep;
+    converted.failOp=wgpu::StencilOperation::Keep;converted.passOp=wgpu::StencilOperation::Keep;
+    if(!reader.enumeration("compare",converted.compare)||!reader.enumeration("depthFailOp",converted.depthFailOp)
+        ||!reader.enumeration("failOp",converted.failOp)||!reader.enumeration("passOp",converted.passOp))return false;
+    output=converted;return true;
+}
+inline bool read_webgpu_depth_stencil(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,wgpu::DepthStencilState& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);wgpu::DepthStencilState converted{};v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.int32("depthBias",converted.depthBias)||!reader.floating("depthBiasClamp",converted.depthBiasClamp)
+        ||!reader.floating("depthBiasSlopeScale",converted.depthBiasSlopeScale)||!reader.enumeration("depthCompare",converted.depthCompare)
+        ||!reader.optional_boolean("depthWriteEnabled",converted.depthWriteEnabled)||!reader.enumeration("format",converted.format,true))return false;
+    if(!reader.get("stencilBack",value)||!read_webgpu_stencil_face(isolate,context,value,converted.stencilBack))return false;
+    if(!reader.get("stencilFront",value)||!read_webgpu_stencil_face(isolate,context,value,converted.stencilFront))return false;
+    if(!reader.uint32("stencilReadMask",converted.stencilReadMask)||!reader.uint32("stencilWriteMask",converted.stencilWriteMask))return false;
+    output=converted;return true;
+}
+struct webgpu_color_target {
+    wgpu::TextureFormat format=wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
+    std::optional<wgpu::BlendState> blend;
+    uint32_t write_mask=0xf;
+    // Native pointers borrow this converted descriptor; do not move it until
+    // the pipeline creation call has consumed the native view.
+    wgpu::ColorTargetState native() const & {
+        wgpu::ColorTargetState result{};result.format=format;result.blend=blend?&*blend:nullptr;
+        // WebGPU defines only four color bits. Keep invalid bits invalid for
+        // native validation rather than truncating to the known mask.
+        result.writeMask=static_cast<wgpu::ColorWriteMask>(write_mask);return result;
+    }
+    wgpu::ColorTargetState native() const &&=delete;
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_color_target(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_color_target& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);webgpu_color_target converted;v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.get("blend",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        wgpu::BlendState blend{};if(!read_webgpu_blend_state(isolate,context,value,blend))return false;converted.blend=blend;
+    }
+    if(!reader.enumeration("format",converted.format,true)||!reader.uint32("writeMask",converted.write_mask))return false;
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_samplers.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_samplers.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61ed3802b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_samplers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_samplers_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::Sampler;
+    static constexpr const char* name="GPUSampler";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute) {
+        device.with_sampler(handle,std::move(execute));
+    }
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle) noexcept {
+        return graphics_service::deferred_sampler_release(device,handle);
+    }
+};
+using v8_webgpu_samplers=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_samplers_traits>;
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea3006b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_shader_hint {
+    std::string entry_point;
+    enum class layout_kind { omitted,automatic,explicit_layout } kind=layout_kind::omitted;
+    wgpu::PipelineLayout layout;
+};
+struct webgpu_shader_descriptor {
+    std::string label,code;
+    std::vector<webgpu_shader_hint> hints;
+};
+// ResolveLayout recognizes genuine GPUPipelineLayout wrappers, returning an
+// empty optional for other values. Unrecognized objects then undergo the string
+// branch of the WebIDL union conversion. No user code should run in recognition.
+template<class ResolveLayout>
+inline bool read_webgpu_shader_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_shader_descriptor& output,ResolveLayout resolve_layout) {
+    const auto key=[&](const char* text){return v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,text).ToLocalChecked();};
+    const auto fail=[&](const char* text){isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(key(text)));return false;};
+    const auto get=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> dictionary,const char* name,v8::Local<v8::Value>& value) {
+        if(dictionary->IsNullOrUndefined()){value=v8::Undefined(isolate);return true;}
+        if(!dictionary->IsObject())return fail("Shader descriptor must be a dictionary");
+        return dictionary.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,key(name)).ToLocal(&value);
+    };
+    const auto string=[&](v8::Local<v8::Value> value,std::string& result) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;
+        result.assign(*bytes,bytes.length());return true;
+    };
+    webgpu_shader_descriptor converted;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!get(input,"label",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined() && !string(value,converted.label))return false;
+    if(!get(input,"code",value))return false;
+    if(value->IsUndefined())return fail("Shader code is required");
+    if(!string(value,converted.code))return false;
+    if(!get(input,"compilationHints",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        if(!value->IsObject())return fail("Compilation hints must be an iterable object");
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> method,iterator,next;
+        if(!value.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::Symbol::GetIterator(isolate)).ToLocal(&method))return false;
+        if(!method->IsFunction())return fail("Compilation hints are not iterable");
+        if(!method.As<v8::Function>()->Call(context,value,0,nullptr).ToLocal(&iterator))return false;
+        if(!iterator->IsObject())return fail("Hint iterator must return an object");
+        if(!iterator.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,key("next")).ToLocal(&next))return false;
+        if(!next->IsFunction())return fail("Hint iterator next must be callable");
+        for(;;) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> step,done,hint_value,member;
+            if(!next.As<v8::Function>()->Call(context,iterator,0,nullptr).ToLocal(&step))return false;
+            if(!step->IsObject())return fail("Hint iterator result must be an object");
+            if(!step.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,key("done")).ToLocal(&done))return false;
+            if(done->BooleanValue(isolate))break;
+            if(!step.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,key("value")).ToLocal(&hint_value))return false;
+            webgpu_shader_hint hint;
+            if(!get(hint_value,"entryPoint",member))return false;
+            if(member->IsUndefined())return fail("Hint entryPoint is required");
+            if(!string(member,hint.entry_point))return false;
+            if(!get(hint_value,"layout",member))return false;
+            if(!member->IsUndefined()) {
+                auto layout=member->IsObject()?resolve_layout(member):std::optional<wgpu::PipelineLayout>{};
+                if(layout) {
+                    if(!*layout)return fail("Pipeline layout native ownership is unavailable");
+                    hint.kind=webgpu_shader_hint::layout_kind::explicit_layout;hint.layout=std::move(*layout);
+                } else {
+                    std::string automatic;if(!string(member,automatic))return false;
+                    if(automatic!="auto")return fail("Invalid GPUAutoLayoutMode");
+                    hint.kind=webgpu_shader_hint::layout_kind::automatic;
+                }
+            }
+            converted.hints.push_back(std::move(hint));
+        }
+    }
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_shaders.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_shaders.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad7cf57e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_shaders.h
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h"
+#include "webgpu_compilation_info.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_shaders_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::ShaderModule;
+    static constexpr const char* name="GPUShaderModule";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute) {
+        device.with_shader_module(handle,std::move(execute));
+    }
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle) noexcept {
+        return graphics_service::deferred_shader_module_release(device,handle);
+    }
+};
+class v8_webgpu_shaders final : public v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_shaders_traits> {
+    using base=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_shaders_traits>;
+    struct native_result { webgpu_compilation_info info; };
+    struct request {
+        uint64_t operation;
+        std::shared_ptr<completion_mailbox> mailbox;
+        std::shared_ptr<native_result> result;
+        v8::Global<v8::Context> context;
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> shader;
+        v8::Global<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+    };
+    resource_owner owner_{new_owner_token(),new_owner_token(),new_owner_token()};
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<request>> pending_;
+    static v8::Local<v8::String> string(v8::Isolate* isolate,const char* value) {
+        return v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,value).ToLocalChecked();
+    }
+    static void get_info(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args) {
+        auto* isolate=args.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+        if(!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(context).ToLocal(&resolver))return;
+        args.GetReturnValue().Set(resolver->GetPromise());
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+        auto* item=receiver(args);
+        if(!item) {
+            auto reason=caught.Exception();caught.Reset();
+            (void)resolver->Reject(context,reason).FromMaybe(false);return;
+        }
+        try {
+            auto* self=static_cast<v8_webgpu_shaders*>(item->registry);
+            self->check_scope();
+            if(self->pending_.size()>=256)throw std::length_error("Compilation request capacity exhausted");
+            auto request_value=std::make_unique<request>();
+            request_value->operation=new_owner_token();
+            request_value->mailbox=item->service->dawn().completions();
+            request_value->result=std::make_shared<native_result>();
+            request_value->context.Reset(isolate,context);
+            request_value->shader.Reset(isolate,args.This());
+            request_value->resolver.Reset(isolate,resolver);
+            auto mailbox=request_value->mailbox;
+            auto result=request_value->result;
+            auto operation=request_value->operation;
+            auto module=base::native_reference(args.This());
+            // Reserve vector storage before admitting a callback.
+            self->pending_.reserve(self->pending_.size()+1);
+            auto ticket=mailbox->reserve(operation,self->owner_);
+            if(!ticket)throw std::length_error("Compilation completion capacity exhausted");
+            self->pending_.push_back(std::move(request_value));
+            module.GetCompilationInfo(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                [mailbox,ticket=*ticket,result,module](wgpu::CompilationInfoRequestStatus status,const wgpu::CompilationInfo* info) {
+                    auto completion=completion_status::failed;
+                    try {
+                        if(status==wgpu::CompilationInfoRequestStatus::Success&&info) {
+                            result->info=webgpu_compilation_info::copy(*info);
+                            completion=completion_status::success;
+                        }
+                    }catch(...){}
+                    mailbox->publish(ticket,completion);
+                });
+        }catch(const std::exception& error) {
+            (void)resolver->Reject(context,v8::Exception::Error(string(isolate,error.what()))).FromMaybe(false);
+        }
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_shaders(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,size_t capacity=1024)
+        :base(isolate,context,capacity) {
+        auto method=v8::Function::New(context,get_info).ToLocalChecked();
+        prototype_.Get(isolate)->Set(context,string(isolate,"getCompilationInfo"),method).Check();
+    }
+    ~v8_webgpu_shaders() {
+        check_scope();
+        for(auto& item:pending_) {
+            item->mailbox->cancel_owner(owner_);
+            auto context=item->context.Get(isolate_);v8::Context::Scope scope(context);
+            (void)item->resolver.Get(isolate_)->Reject(context,
+                v8::Exception::Error(string(isolate_,"Shader compilation request cancelled"))).FromMaybe(false);
+        }
+    }
+    bool complete(completion_record record) {
+        check_scope();
+        if(record.owner!=owner_)return false;
+        auto found=std::find_if(pending_.begin(),pending_.end(),[&](const auto& item){return item->operation==record.operation;});
+        if(found==pending_.end())return true;
+        auto item=std::move(*found);pending_.erase(found);
+        auto context=item->context.Get(isolate_);v8::Context::Scope scope(context);
+        auto resolver=item->resolver.Get(isolate_);
+        if(record.status!=completion_status::success) {
+            (void)resolver->Reject(context,v8::Exception::Error(string(isolate_,"Shader compilation information unavailable"))).FromMaybe(false);
+            return true;
+        }
+        auto messages=v8::Array::New(isolate_,static_cast<int>(item->result->info.messages.size()));
+        uint32_t index=0;
+        for(const auto& message:item->result->info.messages) {
+            if(!message.has_utf16) {
+                (void)resolver->Reject(context,v8::Exception::Error(string(isolate_,"UTF-16 shader diagnostics unavailable"))).FromMaybe(false);
+                return true;
+            }
+            auto object=v8::Object::New(isolate_);
+            auto put=[&](const char* name,v8::Local<v8::Value> value){
+                return object->DefineOwnProperty(context,string(isolate_,name),value,
+                    static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontDelete)).FromMaybe(false);
+            };
+            auto number=[&](const char* name,uint64_t value){return put(name,v8::Number::New(isolate_,static_cast<double>(value)));};
+            auto text=v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,message.message.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(message.message.size())).ToLocalChecked();
+            const char* type=message.type==wgpu::CompilationMessageType::Error?"error":message.type==wgpu::CompilationMessageType::Warning?"warning":"info";
+            if(!put("message",text)||!put("type",string(isolate_,type))||!number("lineNum",message.line_num)
+                ||!number("linePos",message.utf16_line_pos)||!number("offset",message.utf16_offset)||!number("length",message.utf16_length)
+                ||!messages->Set(context,index++,object).FromMaybe(false))return true;
+        }
+        if(!messages->SetIntegrityLevel(context,v8::IntegrityLevel::kFrozen).FromMaybe(false))return true;
+        auto info=v8::Object::New(isolate_);
+        if(!info->DefineOwnProperty(context,string(isolate_,"messages"),messages,
+            static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontDelete)).FromMaybe(false))return true;
+        (void)resolver->Resolve(context,info).FromMaybe(false);
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_supported_features.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_supported_features.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27c9d929b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_supported_features.h
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <span>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <thread>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Immutable WebIDL setlike contents. The backing Set stays in traced internal
+// fields, not in native globals; retained feature objects outlive their factory.
+template<bool Wgsl=false> class v8_webgpu_feature_set {
+    alignas(void*) static inline char brand_{};
+    v8::Isolate* isolate_;
+    const std::thread::id thread_=std::this_thread::get_id();
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm_;
+    v8::Global<v8::ObjectTemplate> instance_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> prototype_;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> values_,entries_;
+    static void fail(v8::Isolate* isolate,const char* message) {
+        isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,message).ToLocalChecked()));
+    }
+    static v8::Local<v8::Set> backing(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto object=info.This();
+        if (object->InternalFieldCount()!=4 || !object->GetInternalField(0)->IsValue()
+            || !object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::Value>()->IsExternal()
+            || object->GetInternalField(0).As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault)!=&brand_) {
+            fail(info.GetIsolate(),"Illegal GPUSupportedFeatures receiver"); return {};
+        }
+        return object->GetInternalField(1).As<v8::Set>();
+    }
+    static void size(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto set=backing(info); if (!set.IsEmpty()) info.GetReturnValue().Set(static_cast<uint32_t>(set->Size()));
+    }
+    static void has(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto set=backing(info); if (set.IsEmpty()) return;
+        if (!info.Length()) { fail(info.GetIsolate(),"has requires a feature name"); return; }
+        auto context=info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext();
+        v8::Local<v8::String> name;
+        if (!info[0]->ToString(context).ToLocal(&name)) return;
+        auto result=set->Has(context,name);
+        if (result.IsJust()) info.GetReturnValue().Set(result.FromJust());
+    }
+    template<int Field> static void iterator(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto set=backing(info); if (set.IsEmpty()) return;
+        auto function=info.This()->GetInternalField(Field).As<v8::Function>();
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> result;
+        if (function->Call(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(),set,0,nullptr).ToLocal(&result)) info.GetReturnValue().Set(result);
+    }
+    static void for_each(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto set=backing(info); if (set.IsEmpty()) return;
+        if (!info[0]->IsFunction()) { fail(info.GetIsolate(),"forEach requires a callback"); return; }
+        auto context=info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(); auto values=set->AsArray();
+        for (uint32_t i=0;i<values->Length();++i) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+            if (!values->Get(context,i).ToLocal(&value)) return;
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> args[]{value,value,info.This()};
+            if (info[0].As<v8::Function>()->Call(context,info[1],3,args).IsEmpty()) return;
+        }
+    }
+public:
+    // Initialize in the trusted realm bootstrap, before user scripts can modify
+    // built-in Set iterator methods. Later global/prototype changes are ignored.
+    v8_webgpu_feature_set(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context):isolate_(isolate) {
+        realm_.Reset(isolate,context);
+        auto set=v8::Set::New(isolate);
+        auto native_prototype=set->GetPrototype().As<v8::Object>();
+        values_.Reset(isolate,native_prototype->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"values")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>());
+        entries_.Reset(isolate,native_prototype->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"entries")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>());
+        auto instance=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate); instance->SetInternalFieldCount(4); instance_.Reset(isolate,instance);
+        auto prototype_template=v8::ObjectTemplate::New(isolate);
+        prototype_template->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"size"),v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,size));
+        auto has_method=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,has); has_method->SetLength(1); prototype_template->Set(isolate,"has",has_method);
+        auto for_each_method=v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate,for_each); for_each_method->SetLength(1); prototype_template->Set(isolate,"forEach",for_each_method);
+        auto prototype=prototype_template->NewInstance(context).ToLocalChecked();
+        auto values_method=v8::Function::New(context,iterator<2>).ToLocalChecked();
+        auto entries_method=v8::Function::New(context,iterator<3>).ToLocalChecked();
+        prototype->DefineOwnProperty(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"values"),values_method).Check();
+        prototype->DefineOwnProperty(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"keys"),values_method).Check();
+        prototype->DefineOwnProperty(context,v8::Symbol::GetIterator(isolate),values_method).Check();
+        prototype->DefineOwnProperty(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"entries"),entries_method).Check();
+        prototype->DefineOwnProperty(context,v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate),v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,Wgsl?"WGSLLanguageFeatures":"GPUSupportedFeatures").ToLocalChecked(),static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly|v8::DontEnum)).Check();
+        prototype_.Reset(isolate,prototype);
+    }
+    v8_webgpu_feature_set(const v8_webgpu_feature_set&)=delete;
+    v8_webgpu_feature_set& operator=(const v8_webgpu_feature_set&)=delete;
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> create(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,std::span<const std::string_view> names) {
+        if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=thread_ || v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()!=isolate_ || realm_.Get(isolate_)!=context)
+            throw std::logic_error("Feature set belongs to another realm");
+        auto set=v8::Set::New(isolate_);
+        for (const auto name:names) {
+            v8::Local<v8::String> value;
+            if (!v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,name.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(name.size())).ToLocal(&value)) return {};
+            if (set->Add(context,value).IsEmpty()) return {};
+        }
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> object;
+        if (!instance_.Get(isolate_)->NewInstance(context).ToLocal(&object)
+            || !object->SetPrototype(context,prototype_.Get(isolate_)).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        object->SetInternalField(0,v8::External::New(isolate_,&brand_,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));
+        object->SetInternalField(1,set);
+        object->SetInternalField(2,values_.Get(isolate_)); object->SetInternalField(3,entries_.Get(isolate_));
+        return object;
+    }
+};
+using v8_webgpu_supported_features=v8_webgpu_feature_set<false>;
+using v8_wgsl_language_features=v8_webgpu_feature_set<true>;
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..721f445d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_texture_descriptor {
+    std::string label;
+    wgpu::TextureDimension dimension=wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D;
+    wgpu::TextureFormat format=wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
+    uint32_t mip_levels=1,samples=1,usage=0;
+    wgpu::Extent3D size{0,1,1};
+    bool valid_extent_shape=true;
+    wgpu::TextureViewDimension binding_dimension=wgpu::TextureViewDimension::Undefined;
+    std::vector<wgpu::TextureFormat> view_formats;
+    template<class Execute> void with_native(Execute execute) const & {
+        if(!valid_extent_shape)throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid texture extent shape");
+        wgpu::TextureDescriptor result{};result.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());
+        result.dimension=dimension;result.format=format;result.mipLevelCount=mip_levels;result.sampleCount=samples;result.size=size;
+        // Exclude host-only usage bits. Invalid browser masks remain invalid
+        // native descriptors so Dawn reports validation instead of enabling them.
+        result.usage=(usage&~0x3fu)?wgpu::TextureUsage::None:static_cast<wgpu::TextureUsage>(usage);
+        result.viewFormatCount=view_formats.size();result.viewFormats=view_formats.data();
+        wgpu::TextureBindingViewDimension binding{};binding.textureBindingViewDimension=binding_dimension;
+        if(binding_dimension!=wgpu::TextureViewDimension::Undefined)result.nextInChain=&binding;
+        execute(result);
+    }
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_texture_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_texture_descriptor& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);webgpu_texture_descriptor converted;v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.get("label",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;converted.label.assign(*bytes,bytes.length());
+    }
+    if(!reader.enumeration("dimension",converted.dimension)||!reader.enumeration("format",converted.format,true)
+        ||!reader.uint32("mipLevelCount",converted.mip_levels)||!reader.uint32("sampleCount",converted.samples)||!reader.get("size",value))return false;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> iterator;
+    if(value->IsObject()) {
+        if(!value.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::Symbol::GetIterator(isolate)).ToLocal(&iterator))return false;
+    }
+    if(!iterator.IsEmpty()&&!iterator->IsNullOrUndefined()) {
+        size_t count=0;
+        if(!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,value,[&](auto coordinate) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!coordinate->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+            double truncated=std::trunc(number->Value());
+            if(!std::isfinite(truncated)||truncated<0||truncated>4294967295.0)return reader.fail("Texture coordinate out of range");
+            if(count==0)converted.size.width=static_cast<uint32_t>(truncated);
+            if(count==1)converted.size.height=static_cast<uint32_t>(truncated);
+            if(count==2)converted.size.depthOrArrayLayers=static_cast<uint32_t>(truncated);
+            ++count;return true;
+        },iterator))return false;
+        converted.valid_extent_shape=count>=1&&count<=3;
+    } else {
+        webgpu_state_reader extent(isolate,context,value);
+        if(!extent.uint32("depthOrArrayLayers",converted.size.depthOrArrayLayers)||!extent.uint32("height",converted.size.height)
+            ||!extent.uint32("width",converted.size.width,true))return false;
+    }
+    if(!reader.enumeration("textureBindingViewDimension",converted.binding_dimension)||!reader.uint32("usage",converted.usage,true)
+        ||!reader.get("viewFormats",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()&&!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,value,[&](auto format) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!format->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;
+        for(const auto& [name,native]:webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::TextureFormat>::values)if(name==std::string_view(*bytes,bytes.length())){converted.view_formats.push_back(native);return true;}
+        return reader.fail("Invalid texture view format");
+    }))return false;
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..044301d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_render_state.h"
+#include <string>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_texture_view_descriptor {
+    std::string label;
+    std::u16string swizzle=u"rgba";
+    wgpu::TextureFormat format=wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
+    wgpu::TextureViewDimension dimension=wgpu::TextureViewDimension::Undefined;
+    wgpu::TextureAspect aspect=wgpu::TextureAspect::All;
+    uint32_t base_mip=0,base_layer=0,usage=0;
+    std::optional<uint32_t> mip_count,layer_count;
+    template<class Execute> void with_native(Execute execute) const & {
+        wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor result{};result.label=wgpu::StringView(label.data(),label.size());
+        result.format=format;result.dimension=dimension;result.aspect=aspect;result.baseMipLevel=base_mip;result.baseArrayLayer=base_layer;
+        result.mipLevelCount=mip_count.value_or(wgpu::kMipLevelCountUndefined);result.arrayLayerCount=layer_count.value_or(wgpu::kArrayLayerCountUndefined);
+        result.usage=static_cast<wgpu::TextureUsage>(usage&0x3fu);
+        // Explicit UINT_MAX counts must not become native "unspecified".
+        // Unknown browser usage bits must not enable native-only capabilities.
+        // Both are WebGPU validation failures, represented by an invalid native
+        // enum so Dawn returns an error view through its usual error machinery.
+        if((mip_count&&*mip_count==wgpu::kMipLevelCountUndefined)||(layer_count&&*layer_count==wgpu::kArrayLayerCountUndefined)||(usage&~0x3fu))
+            result.dimension=static_cast<wgpu::TextureViewDimension>(0xffffffffu);
+        wgpu::TextureComponentSwizzleDescriptor components{};
+        if(swizzle!=u"rgba") {
+            const auto component=[](char16_t c) {
+                switch(c) {case u'r':return wgpu::ComponentSwizzle::R;case u'g':return wgpu::ComponentSwizzle::G;
+                    case u'b':return wgpu::ComponentSwizzle::B;case u'a':return wgpu::ComponentSwizzle::A;
+                    case u'0':return wgpu::ComponentSwizzle::Zero;case u'1':return wgpu::ComponentSwizzle::One;
+                    default:return static_cast<wgpu::ComponentSwizzle>(0xffffffffu);}
+            };
+            if(swizzle.size()==4)components.swizzle={component(swizzle[0]),component(swizzle[1]),component(swizzle[2]),component(swizzle[3])};
+            else components.swizzle.r=static_cast<wgpu::ComponentSwizzle>(0xffffffffu);
+            result.nextInChain=&components;
+        }
+        execute(result);
+    }
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_texture_view_descriptor& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);webgpu_texture_view_descriptor converted;v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    const auto optional_count=[&](const char* name,std::optional<uint32_t>& output) {
+        if(!reader.get(name,value))return false;if(value->IsUndefined())return true;
+        v8::Local<v8::Number> number;if(!value->ToNumber(context).ToLocal(&number))return false;
+        const double n=std::trunc(number->Value());if(!std::isfinite(n)||n<0||n>4294967295.0)return reader.fail("Texture view count out of range");
+        output=static_cast<uint32_t>(n);return true;
+    };
+    if(!reader.get("label",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value bytes(isolate,text);if(!*bytes)return false;converted.label.assign(*bytes,bytes.length());
+    }
+    if(!optional_count("arrayLayerCount",converted.layer_count)||!reader.enumeration("aspect",converted.aspect)
+        ||!reader.uint32("baseArrayLayer",converted.base_layer)||!reader.uint32("baseMipLevel",converted.base_mip)
+        ||!reader.enumeration("dimension",converted.dimension)||!reader.enumeration("format",converted.format)
+        ||!optional_count("mipLevelCount",converted.mip_count)||!reader.get("swizzle",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined()) {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> text;if(!value->ToString(context).ToLocal(&text))return false;
+        v8::String::Value units(isolate,text);if(!*units)return false;converted.swizzle.assign(reinterpret_cast<const char16_t*>(*units),units.length());
+    }
+    if(!reader.uint32("usage",converted.usage))return false;
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_views.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_views.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cb749829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_views.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_labeled_resources.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_texture_views_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::TextureView;
+    static constexpr const char* name="GPUTextureView";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute) {
+        device.with_texture_view(handle,std::move(execute));
+    }
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle) noexcept {
+        return graphics_service::deferred_texture_view_release(device,handle);
+    }
+};
+using v8_webgpu_texture_views=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_texture_views_traits>;
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_textures.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_textures.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..944455721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_textures.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_texture_views.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct v8_webgpu_textures_traits {
+    using native_type=wgpu::Texture;static constexpr const char* name="GPUTexture";
+    template<class Execute> static void with(dawn_device& device,resource_handle<native_type> handle,Execute execute){device.with_texture(handle,std::move(execute));}
+    static graphics_command release(resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<native_type> handle)noexcept{return graphics_service::deferred_texture_release(device,handle);}
+};
+class v8_webgpu_textures:public v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_textures_traits> {
+    using base=v8_webgpu_labeled_resources<v8_webgpu_textures_traits>;
+    v8::Global<v8::Private> metadata_key_;
+    v8_webgpu_texture_views views_;
+    static void metadata(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;auto* registry=static_cast<v8_webgpu_textures*>(item->registry);
+        auto context=info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext();v8::Local<v8::Value> data,value;
+        if(info.This()->GetPrivate(context,registry->metadata_key_.Get(info.GetIsolate())).ToLocal(&data)
+            &&data->IsArray()&&data.As<v8::Array>()->Get(context,info.Data().As<v8::Uint32>()->Value()).ToLocal(&value))info.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
+    }
+    static void destroy(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+        try{item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.destroy_texture(item->resource);});}
+        catch(const std::exception&){fail(info.GetIsolate(),"GPUTexture ownership unavailable");}
+    }
+    static void create_view(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if(!receiver(info))return;auto* isolate=info.GetIsolate();auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        try {
+            webgpu_texture_view_descriptor descriptor;
+            if(!read_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor(isolate,context,info[0],descriptor))return;
+            auto* item=receiver(info);if(!item)return;
+            auto* registry=static_cast<v8_webgpu_textures*>(item->registry);
+            resource_handle<wgpu::TextureView> view;
+            descriptor.with_native([&](const auto& native){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){view=owned.create_texture_view(item->resource,native);});});
+            v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;
+            try {
+                if(!registry->views_.wrap(context,*item->service,item->device,view,info.This(),descriptor.label).ToLocal(&wrapper)) {
+                    item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_texture_view(view);});
+                    fail(isolate,"Texture view wrapper capacity exhausted");return;
+                }
+            }catch(...){item->service->with_device(item->device,[&](auto& owned){owned.release_texture_view(view);});throw;}
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(wrapper);
+        }catch(const std::exception&){fail(isolate,"Texture view creation failed");}
+    }
+public:
+    v8_webgpu_textures(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,size_t capacity=1024,size_t view_capacity=4096)
+        :base(isolate,context,capacity),views_(isolate,context,view_capacity) {
+        metadata_key_.Reset(isolate,v8::Private::New(isolate));auto prototype=prototype_.Get(isolate);
+        auto view=v8::Function::New(context,create_view,{},0).ToLocalChecked();auto destroy_fn=v8::Function::New(context,destroy).ToLocalChecked();
+        if(!prototype->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"createView"),view).FromMaybe(false)
+            ||!prototype->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"destroy"),destroy_fn).FromMaybe(false))throw std::runtime_error("Texture prototype initialization failed");
+        const char* names[]={"width","height","depthOrArrayLayers","mipLevelCount","sampleCount","dimension","format","usage"};
+        for(uint32_t i=0;i<8;++i) {
+            auto getter=v8::Function::New(context,metadata,v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate,i)).ToLocalChecked();
+            prototype->SetAccessorProperty(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,names[i]).ToLocalChecked(),getter,{});
+        }
+    }
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> wrap_texture(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,graphics_service& service,resource_handle<dawn_device> device,resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> texture,v8::Local<v8::Object> parent,const webgpu_texture_descriptor& descriptor) {
+        auto values=v8::Array::New(isolate_,8);
+        const uint32_t numbers[]={descriptor.size.width,descriptor.size.height,descriptor.size.depthOrArrayLayers,descriptor.mip_levels,descriptor.samples};
+        for(uint32_t i=0;i<5;++i)if(!values->Set(context,i,v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate_,numbers[i])).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        const auto set_enum=[&](uint32_t index,auto native){for(const auto& [name,value]:webgpu_enum_names<decltype(native)>::values)if(value==native)return values->Set(context,index,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate_,name.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(name.size())).ToLocalChecked()).FromMaybe(false);return false;};
+        if(!set_enum(5,descriptor.dimension)||!set_enum(6,descriptor.format)||!values->Set(context,7,v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate_,descriptor.usage)).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper;if(!base::wrap(context,service,device,texture,parent,descriptor.label).ToLocal(&wrapper))return {};
+        if(!wrapper->SetPrivate(context,metadata_key_.Get(isolate_),values).FromMaybe(false))return {};
+        return wrapper;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..165301576
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_render_state.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_programmable_stage.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// WebIDL sequence conversion caches next once and reads each result's done
+// before value. The caller owns transactional output storage.
+template<class Convert> bool read_webgpu_sequence(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,Convert convert,v8::Local<v8::Value> iterator_method={}) {
+    webgpu_state_reader errors(isolate,context,input);
+    if(!input->IsObject())return errors.fail("WebGPU sequence must be an iterable object");
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> method,iterator,next;
+    if(!iterator_method.IsEmpty())method=iterator_method;
+    else if(!input.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::Symbol::GetIterator(isolate)).ToLocal(&method))return false;
+    if(!method->IsFunction())return errors.fail("WebGPU sequence is not iterable");
+    if(!method.As<v8::Function>()->Call(context,input,0,nullptr).ToLocal(&iterator))return false;
+    if(!iterator->IsObject())return errors.fail("Iterator must return an object");
+    if(!iterator.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"next")).ToLocal(&next))return false;
+    if(!next->IsFunction())return errors.fail("Iterator next must be callable");
+    for(;;) {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> step,done,value;
+        if(!next.As<v8::Function>()->Call(context,iterator,0,nullptr).ToLocal(&step))return false;
+        if(!step->IsObject())return errors.fail("Iterator result must be an object");
+        if(!step.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"done")).ToLocal(&done))return false;
+        if(done->BooleanValue(isolate))return true;
+        if(!step.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"value")).ToLocal(&value))return false;
+        if(!convert(value))return false;
+    }
+}
+struct webgpu_vertex_buffer_layout {
+    uint64_t array_stride{};
+    wgpu::VertexStepMode step_mode=wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex;
+    std::vector<wgpu::VertexAttribute> attributes;
+    wgpu::VertexBufferLayout native() const & {
+        wgpu::VertexBufferLayout result{};result.arrayStride=array_stride;result.stepMode=step_mode;
+        result.attributeCount=attributes.size();result.attributes=attributes.data();return result;
+    }
+    wgpu::VertexBufferLayout native() const &&=delete;
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_vertex_buffer_layout(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_vertex_buffer_layout& output) {
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);webgpu_vertex_buffer_layout converted;v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.uint64("arrayStride",converted.array_stride,true)||!reader.get("attributes",value))return false;
+    if(!read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,value,[&](auto item) {
+        webgpu_state_reader attribute(isolate,context,item);wgpu::VertexAttribute result{};
+        if(!attribute.enumeration("format",result.format,true)||!attribute.uint64("offset",result.offset,true)
+            ||!attribute.uint32("shaderLocation",result.shaderLocation,true))return false;
+        converted.attributes.push_back(result);return true;
+    }))return false;
+    if(!reader.enumeration("stepMode",converted.step_mode))return false;
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+struct webgpu_vertex_state {
+    webgpu_programmable_stage stage;
+    std::vector<std::optional<webgpu_vertex_buffer_layout>> buffers;
+};
+inline bool read_webgpu_vertex_state(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Value> input,webgpu_vertex_state& output) {
+    webgpu_vertex_state converted;
+    if(!read_webgpu_programmable_stage(isolate,context,input,converted.stage))return false;
+    webgpu_state_reader reader(isolate,context,input);v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+    if(!reader.get("buffers",value))return false;
+    if(!value->IsUndefined() && !read_webgpu_sequence(isolate,context,value,[&](auto item) {
+        if(item->IsNullOrUndefined()){converted.buffers.push_back(std::nullopt);return true;}
+        webgpu_vertex_buffer_layout layout;if(!read_webgpu_vertex_buffer_layout(isolate,context,item,layout))return false;
+        converted.buffers.emplace_back(std::move(layout));return true;
+    }))return false;
+    output=std::move(converted);return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_adapter_info.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_adapter_info.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e53d9a7f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_adapter_info.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <stdexcept>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_adapter_info {
+    std::string vendor,architecture,device,description;
+    uint32_t subgroup_min_size=4,subgroup_max_size=128;
+    bool is_fallback_adapter=false;
+};
+inline std::string webgpu_info_string(wgpu::StringView value) {
+    if(!value.data)return {};
+    return value.length==wgpu::kStrlen?std::string(value.data):std::string(value.data,value.length);
+}
+inline std::string webgpu_info_identifier(wgpu::StringView value) {
+    auto text=webgpu_info_string(value);
+    bool segment=false;
+    for(char c:text) {
+        if((c>='a'&&c<='z')||(c>='0'&&c<='9'))segment=true;
+        else if(c=='-'&&segment)segment=false;
+        else return {};
+    }
+    return segment?text:std::string{};
+}
+// Mirrors the pinned Dawn Vulkan fallback filter and gpu_info.json. Other
+// shipping backends reject forceFallbackAdapter. Do not equate CPU with fallback.
+inline bool webgpu_adapter_is_fallback(wgpu::BackendType backend,uint32_t vendor,uint32_t device) {
+    switch(backend) {
+        case wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan:return vendor==0x1ae0 && device==0xc0de;
+        case wgpu::BackendType::Metal:case wgpu::BackendType::D3D11:case wgpu::BackendType::D3D12:
+        case wgpu::BackendType::OpenGL:case wgpu::BackendType::OpenGLES:case wgpu::BackendType::Null:return false;
+        default:throw std::invalid_argument("Adapter backend has no qualified fallback classification");
+    }
+}
+inline webgpu_adapter_info read_webgpu_adapter_info(const wgpu::Adapter& adapter) {
+    if(!adapter)throw std::invalid_argument("Adapter information requires a native adapter");
+    wgpu::AdapterInfo native{};
+    if(adapter.GetInfo(&native)!=wgpu::Status::Success)throw std::runtime_error("Native adapter information unavailable");
+    webgpu_adapter_info result;
+    result.vendor=webgpu_info_identifier(native.vendor);
+    result.architecture=webgpu_info_identifier(native.architecture);
+    result.device=webgpu_info_identifier(native.device);
+    result.description=webgpu_info_string(native.description);
+    result.is_fallback_adapter=webgpu_adapter_is_fallback(native.backendType,native.vendorID,native.deviceID);
+    if(adapter.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::Subgroups)) {
+        if(!native.subgroupMinSize || native.subgroupMaxSize<native.subgroupMinSize)throw std::runtime_error("Native subgroup information unavailable");
+        result.subgroup_min_size=native.subgroupMinSize;result.subgroup_max_size=native.subgroupMaxSize;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_adapter_options.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_adapter_options.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43423ac8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_adapter_options.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// GPURequestAdapterOptions from @webref/idl 3.82.1. Browser dictionary fields
+// remain separate from Dawn's backend/private adapter selection extensions.
+struct webgpu_adapter_options {
+    std::u16string feature_level=u"core";
+    std::optional<wgpu::PowerPreference> power_preference;
+    bool force_fallback_adapter=false;
+    bool xr_compatible=false;
+};
+// An absent descriptor means discovery must resolve null, not submit a
+// different request. Backend choice belongs to the host, never the JS dictionary.
+inline std::optional<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> make_dawn_adapter_options(
+    const webgpu_adapter_options& requested,wgpu::BackendType host_backend=wgpu::BackendType::Undefined) {
+    if (requested.xr_compatible) return {}; // No WebXR device integration yet.
+    wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions native{};
+    if (requested.feature_level==u"core") native.featureLevel=wgpu::FeatureLevel::Core;
+    else if (requested.feature_level==u"compatibility") native.featureLevel=wgpu::FeatureLevel::Compatibility;
+    else return {};
+    native.powerPreference=requested.power_preference.value_or(wgpu::PowerPreference::Undefined);
+    native.forceFallbackAdapter=requested.force_fallback_adapter;
+    native.backendType=host_backend;
+    return native;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98b8ecc0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_buffer_descriptor {
+    std::string label;
+    uint64_t size{};
+    uint32_t usage{};
+    bool mapped_at_creation{};
+};
+// GPUBufferUsage from the pinned browser IDL. Dawn additionally supports private
+// flags (currently TexelBuffer at 0x400); never pass browser bits by raw cast.
+inline std::optional<wgpu::BufferUsage> webgpu_buffer_usage(uint32_t bits) {
+    constexpr std::array<wgpu::BufferUsage,10> flags{
+        wgpu::BufferUsage::MapRead,wgpu::BufferUsage::MapWrite,
+        wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc,wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst,
+        wgpu::BufferUsage::Index,wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex,
+        wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform,wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage,
+        wgpu::BufferUsage::Indirect,wgpu::BufferUsage::QueryResolve};
+    if (bits & ~0x3ffu) return std::nullopt;
+    auto result=wgpu::BufferUsage::None;
+    for (size_t i=0;i<flags.size();++i) if (bits & (1u<<i)) result|=flags[i];
+    return result;
+}
+// Borrowed descriptor: label storage must survive the synchronous Dawn call.
+// Unknown bits require a WebGPU validation error, not a WebIDL TypeError. The
+// caller must handle nullopt through its validation/error-object path.
+inline std::optional<wgpu::BufferDescriptor> make_dawn_buffer_descriptor(const webgpu_buffer_descriptor& source) {
+    const auto usage=webgpu_buffer_usage(source.usage);
+    if (!usage) return std::nullopt;
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor result{};
+    result.label=wgpu::StringView(source.label.data(),source.label.size());
+    result.size=source.size;
+    result.usage=*usage;
+    result.mappedAtCreation=source.mapped_at_creation;
+    return result;
+}
+// Reject temporaries: they would leave a dangling label in the borrowed result.
+std::optional<wgpu::BufferDescriptor> make_dawn_buffer_descriptor(webgpu_buffer_descriptor&&)=delete;
+std::optional<wgpu::BufferDescriptor> make_dawn_buffer_descriptor(const webgpu_buffer_descriptor&&)=delete;
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_canvas_interop.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_canvas_interop.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..800af76bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_canvas_interop.h
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#pragma once
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Host-selected transport; never accepted through a JavaScript descriptor.
+enum class webgpu_canvas_interop { none,iosurface,dxgi };
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_canvas_texture_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_canvas_texture_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13d916baa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_canvas_texture_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration.h"
+#include "v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor.h"
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Content-side checks specific to canvas formats/usage. Required-format feature
+// checks must precede these in configure; native texture validation follows.
+inline void validate_webgpu_canvas_format_usage(const webgpu_canvas_configuration& configuration) {
+    switch(configuration.format) {
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm:
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm:
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Float:break;
+        default:throw std::invalid_argument("Unsupported WebGPU canvas format");
+    }
+    if(configuration.usage&0x20u)throw std::invalid_argument("Canvas textures cannot use TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT");
+}
+// Snapshot the canvas bitmap size, not its CSS layout dimensions. In particular,
+// zero dimensions remain zero for subsequent native validation, and a custom
+// usage does not acquire RENDER_ATTACHMENT or presenter-only access implicitly.
+inline webgpu_texture_descriptor webgpu_canvas_texture_descriptor(const webgpu_canvas_configuration& configuration,uint32_t width,uint32_t height) {
+    webgpu_texture_descriptor result;
+    result.size={width,height,1};result.format=configuration.format;result.usage=configuration.usage;
+    result.view_formats=configuration.view_formats;
+    return result;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_compilation_info.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_compilation_info.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7948aa0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_compilation_info.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Owned diagnostic data copied before Dawn's callback-owned pointers expire.
+// Base positions are Dawn byte offsets. The pinned backend also supplies
+// UTF-16 positions through DawnCompilationMessageUtf16; preserve them explicitly
+// so the V8 adapter never accidentally exposes byte offsets as WebGPU offsets.
+struct webgpu_compilation_message {
+    std::string message;
+    wgpu::CompilationMessageType type;
+    uint64_t line_num, line_pos, offset, length;
+    bool has_utf16{};
+    uint64_t utf16_line_pos{},utf16_offset{},utf16_length{};
+};
+struct webgpu_compilation_info {
+    std::vector<webgpu_compilation_message> messages;
+    static webgpu_compilation_info copy(const wgpu::CompilationInfo& source,
+        size_t maximum_messages=1024,size_t maximum_bytes=1024*1024) {
+        if(source.messageCount>maximum_messages)
+            throw std::length_error("Shader diagnostic count exceeds budget");
+        if(source.messageCount&&!source.messages)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Shader diagnostics lack message storage");
+        webgpu_compilation_info result;
+        result.messages.reserve(source.messageCount);
+        size_t remaining=maximum_bytes;
+        for(size_t i=0;i<source.messageCount;++i) {
+            const auto& input=source.messages[i];
+            auto length=input.message.length;
+            if(length==WGPU_STRLEN) {
+                length=0;
+                if(input.message.data)
+                    while(length<=remaining&&input.message.data[length])++length;
+            }
+            if(length>remaining)throw std::length_error("Shader diagnostic text exceeds budget");
+            if(length&&!input.message.data)throw std::invalid_argument("Shader diagnostic text is null");
+            result.messages.push_back({length?std::string(input.message.data,length):std::string{},
+                input.type,input.lineNum,input.linePos,input.offset,input.length});
+            auto& copied=result.messages.back();
+            size_t chain_length=0;
+            for(auto* chain=input.nextInChain;chain;chain=chain->nextInChain) {
+                if(++chain_length>16)throw std::length_error("Shader diagnostic extension chain exceeds budget");
+                if(chain->sType!=wgpu::SType::DawnCompilationMessageUtf16)continue;
+                if(copied.has_utf16)throw std::invalid_argument("Duplicate UTF-16 diagnostic extension");
+                const auto* utf16=static_cast<const wgpu::DawnCompilationMessageUtf16*>(chain);
+                copied.has_utf16=true;
+                copied.utf16_line_pos=utf16->linePos;
+                copied.utf16_offset=utf16->offset;
+                copied.utf16_length=utf16->length;
+            }
+            remaining-=length;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_device_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_device_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53135eb2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_device_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "webgpu_feature_names.h"
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_device_descriptor {
+    std::string label,queue_label;
+    std::vector<wgpu::FeatureName> required_features;
+    // DOMString keys preserve UTF-16, including unpaired surrogates. Unknown
+    // names and undefined values must reach subsequent WebGPU validation intact.
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::u16string,std::optional<uint64_t>>> required_limits;
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_feature_names.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_feature_names.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d344d6ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_feature_names.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Generated by tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-features.mjs.
+// @webref/idl 3.82.1; webgpu.idl SHA256 009934b7965059a9ac5a855b3d809e6f18841ab1021605c84751b6e6aa7f978d
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_feature_name { std::string_view name; wgpu::FeatureName native; };
+inline constexpr std::array<webgpu_feature_name,23> webgpu_feature_names{{
+    {"core-features-and-limits",wgpu::FeatureName::CoreFeaturesAndLimits},
+    {"depth-clip-control",wgpu::FeatureName::DepthClipControl},
+    {"depth32float-stencil8",wgpu::FeatureName::Depth32FloatStencil8},
+    {"texture-compression-bc",wgpu::FeatureName::TextureCompressionBC},
+    {"texture-compression-bc-sliced-3d",wgpu::FeatureName::TextureCompressionBCSliced3D},
+    {"texture-compression-etc2",wgpu::FeatureName::TextureCompressionETC2},
+    {"texture-compression-astc",wgpu::FeatureName::TextureCompressionASTC},
+    {"texture-compression-astc-sliced-3d",wgpu::FeatureName::TextureCompressionASTCSliced3D},
+    {"timestamp-query",wgpu::FeatureName::TimestampQuery},
+    {"indirect-first-instance",wgpu::FeatureName::IndirectFirstInstance},
+    {"shader-f16",wgpu::FeatureName::ShaderF16},
+    {"rg11b10ufloat-renderable",wgpu::FeatureName::RG11B10UfloatRenderable},
+    {"bgra8unorm-storage",wgpu::FeatureName::BGRA8UnormStorage},
+    {"float32-filterable",wgpu::FeatureName::Float32Filterable},
+    {"float32-blendable",wgpu::FeatureName::Float32Blendable},
+    {"clip-distances",wgpu::FeatureName::ClipDistances},
+    {"dual-source-blending",wgpu::FeatureName::DualSourceBlending},
+    {"subgroups",wgpu::FeatureName::Subgroups},
+    {"texture-formats-tier1",wgpu::FeatureName::TextureFormatsTier1},
+    {"texture-formats-tier2",wgpu::FeatureName::TextureFormatsTier2},
+    {"primitive-index",wgpu::FeatureName::PrimitiveIndex},
+    {"texture-component-swizzle",wgpu::FeatureName::TextureComponentSwizzle},
+    {"subgroup-size-control",wgpu::FeatureName::SubgroupSizeControl},
+}};
+inline std::optional<wgpu::FeatureName> webgpu_feature_from_name(std::string_view name) {
+    for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names) if (feature.name==name) return feature.native;
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+inline std::optional<std::string_view> webgpu_feature_to_name(wgpu::FeatureName native) {
+    for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names) if (feature.native==native) return feature.name;
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+// Both Adapter and Device implement HasFeature. Device features are the enabled
+// subset, not the adapter's full capabilities. Never enumerate native extensions
+// into the browser surface, even when the host enables them for shared images.
+template<class Source> std::vector<std::string_view> webgpu_supported_feature_names(const Source& source) {
+    if (!source) throw std::invalid_argument("WebGPU feature source is null");
+    std::vector<std::string_view> result;
+    for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names)
+        if (source.HasFeature(feature.native)) result.push_back(feature.name);
+    return result;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_limit_names.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_limit_names.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97acbfde3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_limit_names.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Generated by tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-limits.mjs.
+// @webref/idl 3.82.1; webgpu.idl SHA256 009934b7965059a9ac5a855b3d809e6f18841ab1021605c84751b6e6aa7f978d
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <variant>
+#include <limits>
+#include <type_traits>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_limit_name {
+    std::u16string_view name;
+    std::variant<uint32_t wgpu::Limits::*,uint64_t wgpu::Limits::*,uint32_t wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::*> member;
+    uint64_t read(const wgpu::Limits& limits,const wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits& compatibility) const {
+        return std::visit([&](auto field) {
+            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<decltype(field),uint32_t wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::*>) return uint64_t(compatibility.*field);
+            else return uint64_t(limits.*field);
+        },member);
+    }
+    // Reject values that cannot be represented, including Dawn's undefined
+    // sentinel. Never let a requested integer silently become an omitted limit.
+    bool write(wgpu::Limits& limits,wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits& compatibility,uint64_t value) const {
+        return std::visit([&](auto field) {
+            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<decltype(field),uint32_t wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::*>) {
+                if (value>=UINT32_MAX) return false;
+                compatibility.*field=static_cast<uint32_t>(value); return true;
+            } else {
+                using T=std::remove_reference_t<decltype(limits.*field)>;
+                if (value>=std::numeric_limits<T>::max()) return false;
+                limits.*field=static_cast<T>(value); return true;
+            }
+        },member);
+    }
+};
+inline const std::array<webgpu_limit_name,36> webgpu_limit_names{{
+    {u"maxTextureDimension1D",&wgpu::Limits::maxTextureDimension1D},
+    {u"maxTextureDimension2D",&wgpu::Limits::maxTextureDimension2D},
+    {u"maxTextureDimension3D",&wgpu::Limits::maxTextureDimension3D},
+    {u"maxTextureArrayLayers",&wgpu::Limits::maxTextureArrayLayers},
+    {u"maxBindGroups",&wgpu::Limits::maxBindGroups},
+    {u"maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers",&wgpu::Limits::maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers},
+    {u"maxImmediateSize",&wgpu::Limits::maxImmediateSize},
+    {u"maxBindingsPerBindGroup",&wgpu::Limits::maxBindingsPerBindGroup},
+    {u"maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout",&wgpu::Limits::maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout},
+    {u"maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout",&wgpu::Limits::maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout},
+    {u"maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage",&wgpu::Limits::maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage},
+    {u"maxSamplersPerShaderStage",&wgpu::Limits::maxSamplersPerShaderStage},
+    {u"maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage",&wgpu::Limits::maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage},
+    {u"maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage",&wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage},
+    {u"maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage",&wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage},
+    {u"maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage",&wgpu::Limits::maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage},
+    {u"maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage",&wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage},
+    {u"maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage",&wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage},
+    {u"maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage",&wgpu::Limits::maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage},
+    {u"maxUniformBufferBindingSize",&wgpu::Limits::maxUniformBufferBindingSize},
+    {u"maxStorageBufferBindingSize",&wgpu::Limits::maxStorageBufferBindingSize},
+    {u"minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment",&wgpu::Limits::minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment},
+    {u"minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment",&wgpu::Limits::minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment},
+    {u"maxVertexBuffers",&wgpu::Limits::maxVertexBuffers},
+    {u"maxBufferSize",&wgpu::Limits::maxBufferSize},
+    {u"maxVertexAttributes",&wgpu::Limits::maxVertexAttributes},
+    {u"maxVertexBufferArrayStride",&wgpu::Limits::maxVertexBufferArrayStride},
+    {u"maxInterStageShaderVariables",&wgpu::Limits::maxInterStageShaderVariables},
+    {u"maxColorAttachments",&wgpu::Limits::maxColorAttachments},
+    {u"maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample",&wgpu::Limits::maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample},
+    {u"maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize",&wgpu::Limits::maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize},
+    {u"maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup",&wgpu::Limits::maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup},
+    {u"maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX",&wgpu::Limits::maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX},
+    {u"maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY",&wgpu::Limits::maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY},
+    {u"maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ",&wgpu::Limits::maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ},
+    {u"maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension",&wgpu::Limits::maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension},
+}};
+inline const webgpu_limit_name* webgpu_limit_from_name(std::u16string_view name) {
+    for (const auto& limit:webgpu_limit_names) if (limit.name==name) return &limit;
+    return nullptr;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44989cf6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "webgpu_device_descriptor.h"
+#include "webgpu_canvas_interop.h"
+#include "webgpu_required_limits.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+enum class webgpu_device_request_error { none,unsupported_feature,operation_error };
+// Owns all storage borrowed by the Dawn descriptor. Non-movable because the
+// optional compatibility chain points into this allocation. Keep alive through
+// RequestDevice; Dawn copies descriptor storage before that call returns.
+class webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor {
+    webgpu_device_descriptor requested_;
+    wgpu::Limits limits_{};
+    wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits compatibility_{};
+    webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor()=default;
+public:
+    webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor(const webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor&)=delete;
+    webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor& operator=(const webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor&)=delete;
+    wgpu::DeviceDescriptor native() const & {
+        wgpu::DeviceDescriptor descriptor{};
+        descriptor.label=wgpu::StringView(requested_.label.data(),requested_.label.size());
+        descriptor.defaultQueue.label=wgpu::StringView(requested_.queue_label.data(),requested_.queue_label.size());
+        descriptor.requiredFeatureCount=requested_.required_features.size();
+        descriptor.requiredFeatures=requested_.required_features.data();
+        descriptor.requiredLimits=&limits_;
+        return descriptor;
+    }
+    wgpu::DeviceDescriptor native() const &&=delete;
+    static std::unique_ptr<webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor> prepare(const webgpu_device_descriptor& requested,
+        const wgpu::Adapter& adapter,bool consumed,webgpu_device_request_error& error,webgpu_canvas_interop interop=webgpu_canvas_interop::none) {
+        error=webgpu_device_request_error::operation_error;
+        if (!adapter) return {};
+        // Feature failures have TypeError precedence over consumed/limit errors.
+        for (auto feature:requested.required_features) {
+            if (!webgpu_feature_to_name(feature) || !adapter.HasFeature(feature)) {
+                error=webgpu_device_request_error::unsupported_feature; return {};
+            }
+        }
+        if (consumed) return {};
+        bool need_compatibility=false;
+        for (const auto& [name,value]:requested.required_limits) {
+            const auto* limit=webgpu_limit_from_name(name);
+            if (value && limit && std::holds_alternative<uint32_t wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::*>(limit->member)) need_compatibility=true;
+        }
+        wgpu::Limits supported{};
+        wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits supported_compatibility{};
+        if (need_compatibility) supported.nextInChain=&supported_compatibility;
+        if (adapter.GetLimits(&supported)!=wgpu::Status::Success) return {};
+        auto result=std::unique_ptr<webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor>(new webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor());
+        if (!prepare_webgpu_required_limits(requested.required_limits,supported,supported_compatibility,result->limits_,result->compatibility_)) return {};
+        result->requested_=requested;
+        // WebGPU treats requiredFeatures as a set. Avoid passing duplicate
+        // native features while preserving the first occurrence's order.
+        auto& features=result->requested_.required_features;
+        for (size_t i=0;i<features.size();++i)
+            features.erase(std::remove(features.begin()+i+1,features.end(),features[i]),features.end());
+        if(interop==webgpu_canvas_interop::iosurface) {
+            // Browser feature validation above remains separate. These native
+            // capabilities are filtered out of JS adapter/device feature sets.
+            for(auto feature:{wgpu::FeatureName::SharedTextureMemoryIOSurface,wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceMTLSharedEvent}) {
+                if(!adapter.HasFeature(feature))return {};
+                features.push_back(feature);
+            }
+        }
+        if (need_compatibility) result->limits_.nextInChain=&result->compatibility_;
+        if(interop==webgpu_canvas_interop::dxgi) {
+            for(auto feature:{wgpu::FeatureName::SharedTextureMemoryDXGISharedHandle,wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceDXGISharedHandle}) {
+                if(!adapter.HasFeature(feature))return {};
+                features.push_back(feature);
+            }
+        }
+        error=webgpu_device_request_error::none; return result;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_render_enums.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_render_enums.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55ca0f3fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_render_enums.h
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+// Generated by tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-render-enums.mjs.
+// @webref/idl 3.82.1; SHA256 009934b7965059a9ac5a855b3d809e6f18841ab1021605c84751b6e6aa7f978d
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+template<class Native> struct webgpu_enum_names;
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::PrimitiveTopology> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::PrimitiveTopology>,5> values{{
+        {"point-list",wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::PointList},
+        {"line-list",wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::LineList},
+        {"line-strip",wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::LineStrip},
+        {"triangle-list",wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleList},
+        {"triangle-strip",wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleStrip},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::IndexFormat> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::IndexFormat>,2> values{{
+        {"uint16",wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16},
+        {"uint32",wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::FrontFace> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::FrontFace>,2> values{{
+        {"ccw",wgpu::FrontFace::CCW},
+        {"cw",wgpu::FrontFace::CW},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::CullMode> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::CullMode>,3> values{{
+        {"none",wgpu::CullMode::None},
+        {"front",wgpu::CullMode::Front},
+        {"back",wgpu::CullMode::Back},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::BlendFactor> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::BlendFactor>,17> values{{
+        {"zero",wgpu::BlendFactor::Zero},
+        {"one",wgpu::BlendFactor::One},
+        {"src",wgpu::BlendFactor::Src},
+        {"one-minus-src",wgpu::BlendFactor::OneMinusSrc},
+        {"src-alpha",wgpu::BlendFactor::SrcAlpha},
+        {"one-minus-src-alpha",wgpu::BlendFactor::OneMinusSrcAlpha},
+        {"dst",wgpu::BlendFactor::Dst},
+        {"one-minus-dst",wgpu::BlendFactor::OneMinusDst},
+        {"dst-alpha",wgpu::BlendFactor::DstAlpha},
+        {"one-minus-dst-alpha",wgpu::BlendFactor::OneMinusDstAlpha},
+        {"src-alpha-saturated",wgpu::BlendFactor::SrcAlphaSaturated},
+        {"constant",wgpu::BlendFactor::Constant},
+        {"one-minus-constant",wgpu::BlendFactor::OneMinusConstant},
+        {"src1",wgpu::BlendFactor::Src1},
+        {"one-minus-src1",wgpu::BlendFactor::OneMinusSrc1},
+        {"src1-alpha",wgpu::BlendFactor::Src1Alpha},
+        {"one-minus-src1-alpha",wgpu::BlendFactor::OneMinusSrc1Alpha},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::BlendOperation> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::BlendOperation>,5> values{{
+        {"add",wgpu::BlendOperation::Add},
+        {"subtract",wgpu::BlendOperation::Subtract},
+        {"reverse-subtract",wgpu::BlendOperation::ReverseSubtract},
+        {"min",wgpu::BlendOperation::Min},
+        {"max",wgpu::BlendOperation::Max},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::StencilOperation> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::StencilOperation>,8> values{{
+        {"keep",wgpu::StencilOperation::Keep},
+        {"zero",wgpu::StencilOperation::Zero},
+        {"replace",wgpu::StencilOperation::Replace},
+        {"invert",wgpu::StencilOperation::Invert},
+        {"increment-clamp",wgpu::StencilOperation::IncrementClamp},
+        {"decrement-clamp",wgpu::StencilOperation::DecrementClamp},
+        {"increment-wrap",wgpu::StencilOperation::IncrementWrap},
+        {"decrement-wrap",wgpu::StencilOperation::DecrementWrap},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::CompareFunction> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::CompareFunction>,8> values{{
+        {"never",wgpu::CompareFunction::Never},
+        {"less",wgpu::CompareFunction::Less},
+        {"equal",wgpu::CompareFunction::Equal},
+        {"less-equal",wgpu::CompareFunction::LessEqual},
+        {"greater",wgpu::CompareFunction::Greater},
+        {"not-equal",wgpu::CompareFunction::NotEqual},
+        {"greater-equal",wgpu::CompareFunction::GreaterEqual},
+        {"always",wgpu::CompareFunction::Always},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::TextureFormat> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::TextureFormat>,101> values{{
+        {"r8unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::R8Unorm},
+        {"r8snorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::R8Snorm},
+        {"r8uint",wgpu::TextureFormat::R8Uint},
+        {"r8sint",wgpu::TextureFormat::R8Sint},
+        {"r16unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::R16Unorm},
+        {"r16snorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::R16Snorm},
+        {"r16uint",wgpu::TextureFormat::R16Uint},
+        {"r16sint",wgpu::TextureFormat::R16Sint},
+        {"r16float",wgpu::TextureFormat::R16Float},
+        {"rg8unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG8Unorm},
+        {"rg8snorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG8Snorm},
+        {"rg8uint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG8Uint},
+        {"rg8sint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG8Sint},
+        {"r32uint",wgpu::TextureFormat::R32Uint},
+        {"r32sint",wgpu::TextureFormat::R32Sint},
+        {"r32float",wgpu::TextureFormat::R32Float},
+        {"rg16unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG16Unorm},
+        {"rg16snorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG16Snorm},
+        {"rg16uint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG16Uint},
+        {"rg16sint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG16Sint},
+        {"rg16float",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG16Float},
+        {"rgba8unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm},
+        {"rgba8unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8UnormSrgb},
+        {"rgba8snorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Snorm},
+        {"rgba8uint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Uint},
+        {"rgba8sint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Sint},
+        {"bgra8unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm},
+        {"bgra8unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8UnormSrgb},
+        {"rgb9e5ufloat",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGB9E5Ufloat},
+        {"rgb10a2uint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGB10A2Uint},
+        {"rgb10a2unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGB10A2Unorm},
+        {"rg11b10ufloat",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG11B10Ufloat},
+        {"rg32uint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG32Uint},
+        {"rg32sint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG32Sint},
+        {"rg32float",wgpu::TextureFormat::RG32Float},
+        {"rgba16unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Unorm},
+        {"rgba16snorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Snorm},
+        {"rgba16uint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Uint},
+        {"rgba16sint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Sint},
+        {"rgba16float",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Float},
+        {"rgba32uint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA32Uint},
+        {"rgba32sint",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA32Sint},
+        {"rgba32float",wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA32Float},
+        {"stencil8",wgpu::TextureFormat::Stencil8},
+        {"depth16unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth16Unorm},
+        {"depth24plus",wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24Plus},
+        {"depth24plus-stencil8",wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8},
+        {"depth32float",wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth32Float},
+        {"depth32float-stencil8",wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth32FloatStencil8},
+        {"bc1-rgba-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC1RGBAUnorm},
+        {"bc1-rgba-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC1RGBAUnormSrgb},
+        {"bc2-rgba-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC2RGBAUnorm},
+        {"bc2-rgba-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC2RGBAUnormSrgb},
+        {"bc3-rgba-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC3RGBAUnorm},
+        {"bc3-rgba-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC3RGBAUnormSrgb},
+        {"bc4-r-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC4RUnorm},
+        {"bc4-r-snorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC4RSnorm},
+        {"bc5-rg-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC5RGUnorm},
+        {"bc5-rg-snorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC5RGSnorm},
+        {"bc6h-rgb-ufloat",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC6HRGBUfloat},
+        {"bc6h-rgb-float",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC6HRGBFloat},
+        {"bc7-rgba-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC7RGBAUnorm},
+        {"bc7-rgba-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::BC7RGBAUnormSrgb},
+        {"etc2-rgb8unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ETC2RGB8Unorm},
+        {"etc2-rgb8unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ETC2RGB8UnormSrgb},
+        {"etc2-rgb8a1unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ETC2RGB8A1Unorm},
+        {"etc2-rgb8a1unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ETC2RGB8A1UnormSrgb},
+        {"etc2-rgba8unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ETC2RGBA8Unorm},
+        {"etc2-rgba8unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ETC2RGBA8UnormSrgb},
+        {"eac-r11unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::EACR11Unorm},
+        {"eac-r11snorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::EACR11Snorm},
+        {"eac-rg11unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::EACRG11Unorm},
+        {"eac-rg11snorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::EACRG11Snorm},
+        {"astc-4x4-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC4x4Unorm},
+        {"astc-4x4-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC4x4UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-5x4-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC5x4Unorm},
+        {"astc-5x4-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC5x4UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-5x5-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC5x5Unorm},
+        {"astc-5x5-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC5x5UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-6x5-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC6x5Unorm},
+        {"astc-6x5-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC6x5UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-6x6-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC6x6Unorm},
+        {"astc-6x6-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC6x6UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-8x5-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC8x5Unorm},
+        {"astc-8x5-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC8x5UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-8x6-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC8x6Unorm},
+        {"astc-8x6-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC8x6UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-8x8-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC8x8Unorm},
+        {"astc-8x8-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC8x8UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-10x5-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC10x5Unorm},
+        {"astc-10x5-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC10x5UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-10x6-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC10x6Unorm},
+        {"astc-10x6-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC10x6UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-10x8-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC10x8Unorm},
+        {"astc-10x8-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC10x8UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-10x10-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC10x10Unorm},
+        {"astc-10x10-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC10x10UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-12x10-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC12x10Unorm},
+        {"astc-12x10-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC12x10UnormSrgb},
+        {"astc-12x12-unorm",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC12x12Unorm},
+        {"astc-12x12-unorm-srgb",wgpu::TextureFormat::ASTC12x12UnormSrgb},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::VertexFormat> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::VertexFormat>,41> values{{
+        {"uint8",wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint8},
+        {"uint8x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint8x2},
+        {"uint8x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint8x4},
+        {"sint8",wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint8},
+        {"sint8x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint8x2},
+        {"sint8x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint8x4},
+        {"unorm8",wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8},
+        {"unorm8x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8x2},
+        {"unorm8x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8x4},
+        {"snorm8",wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm8},
+        {"snorm8x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm8x2},
+        {"snorm8x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm8x4},
+        {"uint16",wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint16},
+        {"uint16x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint16x2},
+        {"uint16x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint16x4},
+        {"sint16",wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint16},
+        {"sint16x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint16x2},
+        {"sint16x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint16x4},
+        {"unorm16",wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm16},
+        {"unorm16x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm16x2},
+        {"unorm16x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm16x4},
+        {"snorm16",wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm16},
+        {"snorm16x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm16x2},
+        {"snorm16x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm16x4},
+        {"float16",wgpu::VertexFormat::Float16},
+        {"float16x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Float16x2},
+        {"float16x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Float16x4},
+        {"float32",wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32},
+        {"float32x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2},
+        {"float32x3",wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3},
+        {"float32x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4},
+        {"uint32",wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint32},
+        {"uint32x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint32x2},
+        {"uint32x3",wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint32x3},
+        {"uint32x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint32x4},
+        {"sint32",wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint32},
+        {"sint32x2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint32x2},
+        {"sint32x3",wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint32x3},
+        {"sint32x4",wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint32x4},
+        {"unorm10-10-10-2",wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm10_10_10_2},
+        {"unorm8x4-bgra",wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8x4BGRA},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::VertexStepMode> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::VertexStepMode>,2> values{{
+        {"vertex",wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex},
+        {"instance",wgpu::VertexStepMode::Instance},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::TextureDimension> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::TextureDimension>,3> values{{
+        {"1d",wgpu::TextureDimension::e1D},
+        {"2d",wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D},
+        {"3d",wgpu::TextureDimension::e3D},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::TextureViewDimension> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::TextureViewDimension>,6> values{{
+        {"1d",wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e1D},
+        {"2d",wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2D},
+        {"2d-array",wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray},
+        {"cube",wgpu::TextureViewDimension::Cube},
+        {"cube-array",wgpu::TextureViewDimension::CubeArray},
+        {"3d",wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e3D},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::TextureAspect> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::TextureAspect>,3> values{{
+        {"all",wgpu::TextureAspect::All},
+        {"stencil-only",wgpu::TextureAspect::StencilOnly},
+        {"depth-only",wgpu::TextureAspect::DepthOnly},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::LoadOp> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::LoadOp>,2> values{{
+        {"load",wgpu::LoadOp::Load},
+        {"clear",wgpu::LoadOp::Clear},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::StoreOp> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::StoreOp>,2> values{{
+        {"store",wgpu::StoreOp::Store},
+        {"discard",wgpu::StoreOp::Discard},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::BufferBindingType> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::BufferBindingType>,3> values{{
+        {"uniform",wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform},
+        {"storage",wgpu::BufferBindingType::Storage},
+        {"read-only-storage",wgpu::BufferBindingType::ReadOnlyStorage},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::SamplerBindingType> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::SamplerBindingType>,3> values{{
+        {"filtering",wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Filtering},
+        {"non-filtering",wgpu::SamplerBindingType::NonFiltering},
+        {"comparison",wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Comparison},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::TextureSampleType> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::TextureSampleType>,5> values{{
+        {"float",wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float},
+        {"unfilterable-float",wgpu::TextureSampleType::UnfilterableFloat},
+        {"depth",wgpu::TextureSampleType::Depth},
+        {"sint",wgpu::TextureSampleType::Sint},
+        {"uint",wgpu::TextureSampleType::Uint},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::StorageTextureAccess> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::StorageTextureAccess>,3> values{{
+        {"write-only",wgpu::StorageTextureAccess::WriteOnly},
+        {"read-only",wgpu::StorageTextureAccess::ReadOnly},
+        {"read-write",wgpu::StorageTextureAccess::ReadWrite},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::AddressMode> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::AddressMode>,3> values{{
+        {"clamp-to-edge",wgpu::AddressMode::ClampToEdge},
+        {"repeat",wgpu::AddressMode::Repeat},
+        {"mirror-repeat",wgpu::AddressMode::MirrorRepeat},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::FilterMode> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::FilterMode>,2> values{{
+        {"nearest",wgpu::FilterMode::Nearest},
+        {"linear",wgpu::FilterMode::Linear},
+    }};
+};
+template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::MipmapFilterMode> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::MipmapFilterMode>,2> values{{
+        {"nearest",wgpu::MipmapFilterMode::Nearest},
+        {"linear",wgpu::MipmapFilterMode::Linear},
+    }};
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_required_limits.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_required_limits.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e26c43e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_required_limits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "webgpu_limit_names.h"
+#include <optional>
+#include <span>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+using webgpu_required_limit=std::pair<std::u16string,std::optional<uint64_t>>;
+// A false result maps to requestDevice's OperationError. Undefined entries are
+// ignored even when unknown. Supported values must come from the same adapter.
+// Output is unchained: the caller attaches compatibility output when passing it
+// to Dawn, keeping the two structures alive for the duration of RequestDevice.
+inline bool prepare_webgpu_required_limits(std::span<const webgpu_required_limit> requested,
+    const wgpu::Limits& supported,const wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits& supported_compatibility,
+    wgpu::Limits& output,wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits& output_compatibility) {
+    wgpu::Limits limits{};
+    wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits compatibility{};
+    for (const auto& [name,value]:requested) {
+        if (!value) continue;
+        const auto* mapping=webgpu_limit_from_name(name);
+        if (!mapping) return false;
+        const auto available=mapping->read(supported,supported_compatibility);
+        const bool wide=std::holds_alternative<uint64_t wgpu::Limits::*>(mapping->member);
+        if (available==(wide?UINT64_MAX:UINT32_MAX)) return false;
+        const bool alignment=name==u"minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment" || name==u"minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment";
+        if (alignment) {
+            if (!*value || *value>=uint64_t{1}<<32 || (*value&(*value-1)) || *value<available) return false;
+        } else if (*value>available) return false;
+        if (!mapping->write(limits,compatibility,*value)) return false;
+    }
+    output=limits; output_compatibility=compatibility; return true;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/wgsl_language_feature_names.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/wgsl_language_feature_names.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d850a5cd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/wgsl_language_feature_names.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <vector>
+#include <stdexcept>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Explicit allowlist from https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#language-extensions-sec
+// reviewed 2026-09-07 against the pinned Dawn SDK. Never enumerate Chromium
+// testing/experimental extensions into the browser-facing capability snapshot.
+struct wgsl_language_feature_name { std::string_view name; wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName native; };
+inline constexpr std::array<wgsl_language_feature_name,13> wgsl_language_feature_names{{
+    {"readonly_and_readwrite_storage_textures",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::ReadonlyAndReadwriteStorageTextures},
+    {"packed_4x8_integer_dot_product",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::Packed4x8IntegerDotProduct},
+    {"unrestricted_pointer_parameters",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::UnrestrictedPointerParameters},
+    {"pointer_composite_access",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::PointerCompositeAccess},
+    {"uniform_buffer_standard_layout",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::UniformBufferStandardLayout},
+    {"subgroup_id",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::SubgroupId},
+    {"subgroup_uniformity",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::SubgroupUniformity},
+    {"texture_and_sampler_let",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::TextureAndSamplerLet},
+    {"texture_formats_tier1",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::TextureFormatsTier1},
+    {"linear_indexing",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::LinearIndexing},
+    {"immediate_address_space",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::ImmediateAddressSpace},
+    {"fragment_depth",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::FragmentDepth},
+    {"buffer_view",wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName::BufferView},
+}};
+inline std::vector<std::string_view> supported_wgsl_language_feature_names(const wgpu::Instance& instance) {
+    if (!instance) throw std::invalid_argument("WGSL features require a native instance");
+    std::vector<std::string_view> result;
+    for (const auto& feature:wgsl_language_feature_names)
+        if (instance.HasWGSLLanguageFeature(feature.native)) result.push_back(feature.name);
+    return result;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/windows_gpu_adapter.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/windows_gpu_adapter.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..528857b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/windows_gpu_adapter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include "dxgi_device_identity.h"
+#include <dxgi1_4.h>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+// Select a real DXGI adapter, then use its LUID for both Dawn discovery and
+// native allocation. The presenter independently checks its actual device.
+// No process-global device survives the owning canvas/document.
+inline Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IDXGIAdapter1> windows_gpu_adapter() {
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IDXGIFactory1> factory;
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IDXGIAdapter1> adapter;
+    if (FAILED(CreateDXGIFactory1(IID_PPV_ARGS(&factory)))
+        || FAILED(factory->EnumAdapters1(0,&adapter)))
+        throw std::runtime_error("DXGI hardware adapter unavailable");
+    DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 description{};
+    if (FAILED(adapter->GetDesc1(&description)) || (description.Flags & DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE))
+        throw std::runtime_error("DXGI software adapter is not a presentation backend");
+    return adapter;
+}
+inline LUID windows_gpu_adapter_luid() {
+    DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 description{};
+    if (FAILED(windows_gpu_adapter()->GetDesc1(&description)))
+        throw std::runtime_error("DXGI adapter identity unavailable");
+    return description.AdapterLuid;
+}
+inline Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D12Device> windows_canvas_device() {
+    auto adapter=windows_gpu_adapter();
+    Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D12Device> device;
+    if (FAILED(D3D12CreateDevice(adapter.Get(),D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,IID_PPV_ARGS(&device))))
+        throw std::runtime_error("D3D12 canvas device unavailable");
+    return device;
+}
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/windows_gpu_interop.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/windows_gpu_interop.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0472ff06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/windows_gpu_interop.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#include "../webscene_native_engine.h"
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+#include "d3d11_scene_consumer.h"
+#include "windows_gpu_adapter.h"
+#endif
+
+int32_t webscene_gpu_d3d11_supported_v3(void* device) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    if(!device)return E_INVALIDARG;
+    try {
+        auto host=static_cast<ID3D11Device*>(device);
+        webscene::graphics::adapter_luid actual;
+        auto status=webscene::graphics::query_adapter_luid(host,actual);if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        auto selected=webscene::graphics::windows_gpu_adapter_luid();
+        if(actual.low!=selected.LowPart||actual.high!=selected.HighPart)return DXGI_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+        Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Device5> device5;
+        status=host->QueryInterface(IID_PPV_ARGS(&device5));if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11DeviceContext> context;host->GetImmediateContext(&context);
+        Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11DeviceContext4> context4;
+        status=context.As(&context4);if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Fence> fence;
+        return device5->CreateFence(0,D3D11_FENCE_FLAG_NONE,IID_PPV_ARGS(&fence));
+    }catch(...){return E_FAIL;}
+#else
+    return static_cast<int32_t>(0x80004001U);
+#endif
+}
+
+int32_t webscene_gpu_d3d11_import_v3(webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer,
+    void* device,void** owner,void** texture) {
+    if(owner)*owner=nullptr;if(texture)*texture=nullptr;
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    if(!owner||!texture)return E_INVALIDARG;
+    try {
+        std::unique_ptr<webscene::graphics::d3d11_scene_consumer> candidate;
+        const auto status=webscene::graphics::d3d11_scene_consumer::create(consumer,
+            static_cast<ID3D11Device*>(device),candidate);
+        if(FAILED(status))return status;
+        *texture=candidate->texture();*owner=candidate.release();return S_OK;
+    }catch(const std::bad_alloc&){return E_OUTOFMEMORY;}
+    catch(...){return E_INVALIDARG;}
+#else
+    return static_cast<int32_t>(0x80004001U); // E_NOTIMPL; no graphics dependency.
+#endif
+}
+int32_t webscene_gpu_d3d11_seal_v3(void* owner) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    return owner?static_cast<webscene::graphics::d3d11_scene_consumer*>(owner)->seal():E_INVALIDARG;
+#else
+    return static_cast<int32_t>(0x80004001U);
+#endif
+}
+int32_t webscene_gpu_d3d11_poll_v3(void* owner) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    return owner?static_cast<webscene::graphics::d3d11_scene_consumer*>(owner)->poll():E_INVALIDARG;
+#else
+    return static_cast<int32_t>(0x80004001U);
+#endif
+}
+void webscene_gpu_d3d11_destroy_v3(void* owner) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    delete static_cast<webscene::graphics::d3d11_scene_consumer*>(owner);
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/work_queue.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/work_queue.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9975a8162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/work_queue.h
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <span>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+enum class enqueue_result { accepted, full, closed, upload_too_large };
+struct queue_metrics {
+    size_t depth{};
+    size_t high_water{};
+    uint64_t accepted{};
+    uint64_t upload_bytes{};
+};
+
+// Fixed-capacity native command/record storage. Command must contain only native
+// values or separately owned handles, never borrowed V8 pointers. One slot stays
+// occupied throughout consumption, so reentrant producers cannot overwrite an
+// upload while a native API is still reading it. The consumer copies/retains data
+// further if its backend API outlives the consume scope.
+template<class Command> class work_queue {
+    static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<Command>);
+    struct slot { Command command{}; size_t bytes{}; uint64_t serial{}; };
+    mutable std::mutex mutex_;
+    std::vector<slot> slots_;
+    std::vector<std::byte> uploads_;
+    size_t upload_limit_;
+    size_t head_{};
+    bool consuming_{};
+    bool closed_{};
+    queue_metrics metrics_;
+public:
+    work_queue(size_t capacity, size_t upload_limit) : upload_limit_(upload_limit)
+    {
+        if (!capacity || (upload_limit && capacity > std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / upload_limit))
+            throw std::invalid_argument("invalid graphics queue capacity");
+        slots_.resize(capacity);
+        uploads_.resize(capacity * upload_limit);
+    }
+    // full is backpressure: the caller retains/retries the command. No accepted
+    // side effect is dropped or coalesced. Copy happens before this call returns.
+    enqueue_result try_push(Command command, std::span<const std::byte> upload = {})
+    {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if (closed_) return enqueue_result::closed;
+        if (upload.size() > upload_limit_) return enqueue_result::upload_too_large;
+        if (metrics_.depth == slots_.size()) return enqueue_result::full;
+        if (metrics_.accepted == std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()
+            || upload.size() > std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max() - metrics_.upload_bytes)
+            throw std::overflow_error("graphics queue counters exhausted");
+        const auto index = (head_ + metrics_.depth) % slots_.size();
+        auto& item = slots_[index];
+        item.command = command;
+        item.bytes = upload.size();
+        if (!upload.empty()) std::copy(upload.begin(), upload.end(), uploads_.begin() + index * upload_limit_);
+        item.serial = ++metrics_.accepted;
+        metrics_.upload_bytes += upload.size();
+        ++metrics_.depth;
+        metrics_.high_water = std::max(metrics_.high_water, metrics_.depth);
+        return enqueue_result::accepted;
+    }
+    template<class Consumer> bool consume_one(Consumer consume)
+    {
+        size_t index;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            if (consuming_) throw std::logic_error("graphics queue requires one non-reentrant consumer");
+            if (!metrics_.depth) return false;
+            consuming_ = true;
+            index = head_;
+        }
+        auto release = [&] {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            head_ = (head_ + 1) % slots_.size();
+            --metrics_.depth;
+            consuming_ = false;
+        };
+        const auto& item = slots_[index];
+        const auto upload = item.bytes
+            ? std::span<const std::byte>(uploads_.data() + index * upload_limit_, item.bytes)
+            : std::span<const std::byte>{};
+        try { consume(item.command, upload, item.serial); }
+        catch (...) { release(); throw; }
+        release();
+        return true;
+    }
+    // Stops admission; accepted work remains drainable during shutdown.
+    void close() { std::lock_guard lock(mutex_); closed_ = true; }
+    queue_metrics metrics() const { std::lock_guard lock(mutex_); return metrics_; }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/CMakeLists.txt b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d589d942a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# A small, pinned audio dependency, compiled into WebScene rather than shipped
+# as another third-party dylib. FetchContent caches the verified source archive.
+FetchContent_Declare(webscene_miniaudio
+    URL https://codeload.github.com/mackron/miniaudio/tar.gz/f40cf03f80cdb7e741d43e53b7e706e8c1394bcf
+    URL_HASH SHA256=412326cf55133404cbfb81ec8974b10149dc68732ce5bdeee8ba9cfc2695d646)
+FetchContent_GetProperties(webscene_miniaudio)
+if(NOT webscene_miniaudio_POPULATED)
+    FetchContent_Populate(webscene_miniaudio)
+endif()
+add_library(webscene_media STATIC audio_decode.cpp audio_graph.cpp media_session.cpp miniaudio_impl.c)
+target_compile_features(webscene_media PUBLIC cxx_std_20)
+target_include_directories(webscene_media PUBLIC "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}")
+target_include_directories(webscene_media SYSTEM PRIVATE "${webscene_miniaudio_SOURCE_DIR}")
+set_target_properties(webscene_media PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON C_VISIBILITY_PRESET hidden CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET hidden)
+# Decode is device-independent. Output opens only when playback/context resumes.
+target_compile_definitions(webscene_media PRIVATE MA_NO_ENGINE MA_NO_RESOURCE_MANAGER MA_NO_GENERATION)
+find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
+target_link_libraries(webscene_media PUBLIC Threads::Threads ${CMAKE_DL_LIBS})
+if(APPLE)
+    enable_language(OBJCXX)
+    target_sources(webscene_media PRIVATE video_decode_macos.mm)
+    set_source_files_properties(video_decode_macos.mm PROPERTIES COMPILE_FLAGS "-fobjc-arc")
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_media PUBLIC "-framework AVFoundation" "-framework CoreMedia" "-framework CoreVideo" "-framework Foundation" "-framework IOSurface")
+else()
+    target_sources(webscene_media PRIVATE video_decode_unsupported.cpp)
+endif()
+configure_file("${webscene_miniaudio_SOURCE_DIR}/LICENSE" "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/webscene-miniaudio-LICENSE" COPYONLY)
+if(BUILD_TESTING)
+    add_executable(webscene_audio_graph_tests ../../tests/audio_graph_tests.cpp)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_audio_graph_tests PRIVATE webscene_media)
+    add_test(NAME webscene_audio_graph_tests COMMAND webscene_audio_graph_tests)
+    add_executable(webscene_media_decode_tests ../../tests/media_decode_tests.cpp)
+    target_link_libraries(webscene_media_decode_tests PRIVATE webscene_media)
+    if(APPLE)
+        add_test(NAME webscene_media_decode_tests COMMAND webscene_media_decode_tests "-"
+            "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../../tests/fixtures/media/numbered-motion.mp4"
+            "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../../tests/fixtures/media/flash-click.mp4")
+    else()
+        add_test(NAME webscene_media_decode_tests COMMAND webscene_media_decode_tests)
+    endif()
+endif()
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/README.md b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e516acb5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# Native media and Web Audio (#54 / #55)
+
+WebScene now implements the Frameforge media-engine subset through native media
+sessions and an actual audio graph. The unchanged `MediaEngine` runs in a macOS
+Native AOT host. This is not full HTML media/Web Audio standards conformance and
+is not completion of the Frameforge editor epic: WebGPU external textures and
+external image copies remain #40, Canvas2D export remains #34, and recording/
+full editor qualification remain #58/#59.
+
+`WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA` defaults to ON. Runtime packaging scripts
+set it explicitly. OFF remains available for a deliberately media-free build.
+The browser interfaces then are absent, rather than successful placeholders.
+Production Avalonia 11 remains supported; Frameforge can opt into Avalonia 12.
+
+## Architecture and ownership
+
+- The existing host loader admits bytes. `WebSceneTextResource.BinaryContent`
+  preserves binary data through Avalonia and Uno, archives, HTTP, files, data
+  resources and the native ABI. Fetch/Response/Blob retain byte fidelity and
+  enforce body consumption/revocation. Decoders never fetch application URLs.
+- HTML audio/video wrappers inherit the correct media/HTMLElement prototypes.
+  A small native DOM media registry discovers markup/source changes at task
+  boundaries, including parser-created nodes. It does not depend on the
+  currently unsupported MutationObserver and does not traverse the full DOM.
+  The registry shares lazy auxiliary document storage with modal registration;
+  Linux sizeof(native_document) remains 368 bytes (384-byte budget).
+- A persistent `media_session` worker owns the source and decoder. Load generations
+  cancel stale work. Rapid seek requests coalesce; completed current-generation
+  frames can still present while a newer request waits, avoiding starvation.
+  Metadata/readiness/seek events are driven by actual decode results. Play
+  promises reject on interruption/error. Media task events are generation scoped.
+- Playback time is independent of presentation. Vsync requests the next video
+  position; audio processes fixed quanta on its device callback. Source control
+  changes anchor the audio cursor, which then advances continuously across
+  callback/quantum boundaries. Gain automation uses the audio context clock.
+- macOS retains decoded CVPixelBuffers and adopts their IOSurfaces into the
+  **same versioned image lease and retained scene composition** used by WebGPU.
+  No child window, AVPlayerLayer or overlay exists. No steady-state video readback
+  or CPU pixel upload is used. Retaining the CVPixelBuffer prevents decoder pool
+  reuse until scene/GPU consumers finish. Three image slots bound presentation;
+  completion wakes retry the latest pending image after backpressure. Native
+  allocation metadata and image contents stay immutable for existing consumers.
+- `audio_graph` uses miniaudio for native device output, with a 128-frame requested
+  period and three periods. Device negotiation can choose a different hardware
+  period. The callback uses fixed storage; it does not invoke JS, allocate,
+  lock a mutex, decode files or perform I/O. Stereo mixing, mono/quad/5.1 speaker
+  conversion, interpolation/resampling, gain/target automation and time-domain
+  metering are implemented for Frameforge. Explicit media source routing removes
+  the default element output to avoid doubled sound.
+- Each stream destination writes real stereo PCM to a bounded native capture
+  ring. `audio_track` readers have independent cursors, clone/stop/enabled state,
+  absolute frame timestamps and explicit overrun counts. Context close ends the
+  producer. `resolve_audio_track` validates a private V8 brand and returns the
+  native lease for recording adapters; no application-supplied numeric field is
+  trusted. The encoder/MediaRecorder consumer belongs to #58.
+- `decodeAudioData` detaches input, decodes off-thread, resamples to the context
+  rate and returns actual planar PCM. The original Frameforge waveform worker
+  transfers and reduces these arrays without application changes.
+
+## Dependency decision and platform scope
+
+| Option | Assessment / decision |
+| --- | --- |
+| miniaudio 0.11.23 | Adopted for portable WAV/MP3/FLAC decode and device I/O. Pinned commit `f40cf03f80cdb7e741d43e53b7e706e8c1394bcf`, verified archive SHA256, static compilation. MIT-0/public-domain license choice. |
+| AVFoundation/AVAssetReader | Implemented macOS provider: persistent H.264 native video surfaces and container audio/AAC decoding; OS frameworks add no shipped codec dylib. |
+| FFmpeg/libav | Credible portable video provider with hardware backends. Not bundled. Static distribution needs reviewed configuration/licenses and LGPL obligations. Evaluate for platform parity before adding a second codec stack. |
+| GStreamer | Viable portable pipelines, with more plugin/deployment machinery. Not selected for this subset. |
+| Native Windows/Linux providers | Common session/lease contracts isolate platform code. Windows can use Media Foundation/DXGI; Linux may use FFmpeg/VAAPI/dma-buf. Selection and hardware qualification tracked in #61/#62. |
+| SDL audio/mixer | Does not replace general video demux/decode. No additional dependency adopted. |
+
+Miniaudio is built into the native engine, not shipped as another DLL/dylib.
+FetchContent caches the pinned source archive. Native NuGet packaging includes
+`licenses/Miniaudio-LICENSE.txt` and rejects a media-enabled package missing it.
+Existing engine/Dawn/ICU/snapshot packaging is unchanged; this is not a claim
+that the whole application is one executable. AVFoundation/CoreVideo/IOSurface
+are OS frameworks, not statically redistributed libraries.
+
+Windows/Linux use the common miniaudio/audio graph code and portable CTests;
+video support currently reports unsupported. Hardware qualification is tracked
+explicitly in #61 and #62. Do not mark those platforms' video tests passed.
+
+Primary sources used for the decision:
+- https://miniaud.io/index.html
+- https://miniaud.io/docs/manual/
+- https://github.com/mackron/miniaudio/tree/f40cf03f80cdb7e741d43e53b7e706e8c1394bcf
+- https://www.ffmpeg.org/legal.html
+- https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg.html
+- https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/frequently-asked-questions/licensing.html
+- https://developer.apple.com/documentation/avfoundation/avassetreader
+- https://wiki.libsdl.org/SDL3/Libraries
+
+## Bounds and subset limitations
+
+32 media sessions; 256 MiB encoded source and decoded PCM limits per decode;
+64 megapixel decode limit; 128 MiB retained image pool per video (oversize native
+allocations fail explicitly). One pending seek/current decoded frame per session,
+three presentation slots, eight queued standalone audio decodes. Audio contexts
+are limited to eight, with 64 nodes, 1,024 pending graph commands, 32 outstanding
+scheduled gain events per node and 512 MiB retained PCM per context. Capture
+stores 16,384 stereo frames; lagging readers receive a discontinuity count.
+
+The current admitted source is fully buffered; `preload` is a hint, not streaming
+or a network-byte guarantee. Streaming/adaptive media, DRM, media controls UI,
+negative native playback, frequency-domain analyser APIs, arbitrary AudioWorklet
+processing and comprehensive Web Audio nodes are outside this Frameforge subset.
+Video rotation/color-space qualification beyond the original unrotated sRGB demo
+clips is not claimed. Stored display transforms are available to #40 consumers.
+Device/display physical latency and long-duration A/V drift still require the
+full playback qualification in #59; the included flash/click test measures
+pipeline timestamps through the real mixer/capture renderer.
+
+## Reproducible verification
+
+Build the usual native V8 engine with media enabled, then:
+
+```sh
+cmake --build artifacts/checkpoint-native -j 6
+ctest --test-dir artifacts/checkpoint-native --output-on-failure
+dotnet run --project tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner -c Release -- \
+  --manifest tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-media-runtime-profile.json \
+  --selection required --native-library "$PWD/artifacts/checkpoint-native/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib" \
+  --output artifacts/wpt-media-runtime
+dotnet run --project tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner -c Release -- \
+  --manifest tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-macos-video-runtime-profile.json \
+  --selection required --native-library "$PWD/artifacts/checkpoint-native/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib" \
+  --output artifacts/wpt-media-video
+```
+
+Both manifests are labeled project-owned contracts, not imported WPT conformance.
+The video manifest is macOS-only. Native tests cover actual PCM, invalid data,
+limits, cancellation/future settlement, source replacement, end/backward/rapid
+seek, frame ownership through decoder/pool teardown, backpressure/completion,
+gain/rate/seek/quantum continuity, capture timestamps/stereo/clone/stop/overrun,
+and a generated H.264/AAC flash/click fixture. Its maximum measured pipeline
+A/V difference was 0.0417 ms, with a 10 ms limit; physical output latency excluded.
+
+Obtain the original public app without relying on an agent-local artifact:
+
+```sh
+git clone https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/Frameforge artifacts/Frameforge
+git -C artifacts/Frameforge checkout f414cd44896b659a5c6da2e4fc596a2ded055f2a
+dotnet publish experiments/WebScene.Frameforge -c Release -r osx-arm64 \
+  -p:PublishAot=true -p:JsonSerializerIsReflectionEnabledByDefault=false \
+  -p:WebSceneAvalonia12Sample=true -o artifacts/frameforge-media-aot/publish
+FRAMEFORGE_ASSETS="$PWD/artifacts/Frameforge" \
+WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY="$PWD/artifacts/checkpoint-native/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib" \
+  artifacts/frameforge-media-aot/publish/Frameforge --media-verify
+```
+
+`--media-verify` imports the original MediaEngine/core/worker modules. It prepares
+nine cut positions, checks playback/pause/nonzero RMS, exercises volume/mute and
+native track cloning, then compares the original worker's waveform against an
+independent PCM reduction. The observed maximum waveform error was 1.49e-8.
+The diagnostic page also displays an actual retained video under rounded clipping.
+It is deliberately separate from full-editor `--verify`, which still requires
+#40 and the remaining #53 issues. No original application source is patched.
+
+The sample's `verify-media.py` also verifies the actual server's MIME, HEAD,
+closed/open/suffix byte ranges and 416 responses against original file bytes.
+A local native NuGet inventory check confirmed the exact pinned miniaudio license,
+engine/Dawn/ICU/snapshot payloads and no extra miniaudio shared library.
+
+Managed regression coverage includes raw binary file/resource envelope and archive
+round trips. The Avalonia suite passes on net8.0/net10.0 (305 passed, 15 existing
+skips per framework); Uno builds. The AOT media test passes with real decode and
+audio device output. Existing unrelated interop library IL warnings may still be
+emitted during compilation; media bindings add no reflection activation path.
+
+An Ubuntu 22.04 linux/amd64 container also passed the native document footprint, audio graph/capture and PCM decode/session tests. This validates portable native code, not Linux hardware video or audio-device qualification.
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_capture.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_capture.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..249947c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_capture.h
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <span>
+#include <stdexcept>
+namespace webscene::media {
+// Single realtime producer, independent recorder readers. Bounded stereo PCM
+// ring with absolute timestamps. A lagging reader reports an overrun explicitly;
+// it never blocks the audio callback or silently presents a discontinuity.
+class audio_capture {
+    static constexpr uint64_t capacity = 16384;
+    struct frame {
+        std::atomic<uint64_t> stamp{UINT64_MAX};
+        std::atomic<float> left{}, right{};
+    };
+    std::array<frame, capacity> data_{};
+    std::atomic<uint64_t> end_{};
+    std::atomic<bool> ended_{};
+    uint32_t rate_;
+
+  public:
+    struct result {
+        uint64_t first_frame{}, frames{}, dropped{};
+        bool ended{};
+    };
+    explicit audio_capture(uint32_t rate) : rate_(rate) {}
+    uint32_t sample_rate() const noexcept { return rate_; }
+    uint64_t end_frame() const noexcept { return end_.load(std::memory_order_acquire); }
+    bool ended() const noexcept { return ended_.load(std::memory_order_acquire); }
+    void end() noexcept { ended_.store(true, std::memory_order_release); }
+    void write(std::span<const float> stereo) noexcept {
+        auto end = end_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < stereo.size() / 2; ++i) {
+            auto &f = data_[(end + i) % capacity];
+            f.stamp.store(UINT64_MAX, std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+            f.left.store(stereo[i * 2], std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+            f.right.store(stereo[i * 2 + 1], std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+            f.stamp.store(end + i, std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+        }
+        end_.store(end + stereo.size() / 2, std::memory_order_release);
+    }
+    result read(uint64_t &cursor, std::span<float> stereo) const noexcept {
+        result out;
+        auto end = end_frame(), begin = end > capacity ? end - capacity : 0;
+        if (cursor < begin) {
+            out.dropped = begin - cursor;
+            cursor = begin;
+        }
+        out.first_frame = cursor;
+        out.ended = ended();
+        auto count = std::min<uint64_t>(stereo.size() / 2, end - cursor);
+        for (; out.frames < count; ++out.frames) {
+            auto index = cursor + out.frames;
+            const auto &f = data_[index % capacity];
+            auto before = f.stamp.load(std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+            auto left = f.left.load(std::memory_order_seq_cst),
+                 right = f.right.load(std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+            if (before != index || f.stamp.load(std::memory_order_seq_cst) != index)
+                break;
+            stereo[out.frames * 2] = left;
+            stereo[out.frames * 2 + 1] = right;
+        }
+        cursor += out.frames;
+        return out;
+    }
+};
+// Stopping/cloning affects one consumer only; monitor and sibling tracks keep
+// their graph connection. Recorder keeps this lease after JS wrapper collection.
+class audio_track {
+    std::shared_ptr<audio_capture> source_;
+    uint64_t cursor_;
+    std::atomic<bool> stopped_{};
+
+  public:
+    std::atomic<bool> enabled{true};
+    explicit audio_track(std::shared_ptr<audio_capture> source)
+        : source_(std::move(source)), cursor_(source_->end_frame()) {}
+    std::shared_ptr<audio_track> clone() const {
+        auto result = std::make_shared<audio_track>(source_);
+        if (ended())
+            result->stop();
+        result->enabled = enabled.load();
+        return result;
+    }
+    void stop() noexcept { stopped_ = true; }
+    bool ended() const noexcept { return stopped_.load() || source_->ended(); }
+    uint32_t sample_rate() const noexcept { return source_->sample_rate(); }
+    audio_capture::result read(std::span<float> stereo) noexcept {
+        if (stopped_)
+            return {cursor_, 0, 0, true};
+        auto result = source_->read(cursor_, stereo);
+        if (!enabled)
+            std::fill_n(stereo.begin(), result.frames * 2, 0.f);
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace webscene::media
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_decode.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_decode.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0eb9ffa96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_decode.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#include "media_decode.h"
+#include "miniaudio.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+namespace webscene::media {
+audio_buffer decode_audio(std::span<const uint8_t> bytes, decode_limits limits, std::stop_token stop, uint32_t target_sample_rate) {
+    if (bytes.empty() || bytes.size() > limits.encoded_bytes)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Encoded audio size is outside the admitted limit");
+    if (stop.stop_requested()) throw std::runtime_error("Audio decode cancelled");
+    if(target_sample_rate && (target_sample_rate<8000 || target_sample_rate>192000))throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid target audio sample rate");
+    auto config = ma_decoder_config_init(ma_format_f32, 0, target_sample_rate);
+    ma_decoder decoder{};
+    if (ma_decoder_init_memory(bytes.data(), bytes.size(), &config, &decoder) != MA_SUCCESS)
+        return decode_native_audio(bytes, limits, stop, target_sample_rate);
+    struct cleanup { ma_decoder* value; ~cleanup() { ma_decoder_uninit(value); } } guard{&decoder};
+    audio_buffer result{decoder.outputChannels, decoder.outputSampleRate, {}};
+    if (!result.channels || result.channels > 32 || !result.sample_rate)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Invalid audio channel count or sample rate");
+    const uint64_t maximum_samples = limits.decoded_audio_bytes / sizeof(float);
+    // Decode in bounded chunks; never trust an encoded file's declared length.
+    std::vector<float> chunk(4096 * result.channels);
+    for (;;) {
+        if (stop.stop_requested()) throw std::runtime_error("Audio decode cancelled");
+        ma_uint64 frames = 0;
+        const auto status = ma_decoder_read_pcm_frames(&decoder, chunk.data(), 4096, &frames);
+        if (status != MA_SUCCESS && status != MA_AT_END)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Audio decoder failed");
+        const uint64_t count = frames * result.channels;
+        if (count > maximum_samples || result.samples.size() > maximum_samples - count)
+            throw std::length_error("Decoded audio exceeds memory limit");
+        result.samples.insert(result.samples.end(), chunk.data(), chunk.data() + count);
+        if (status == MA_AT_END || frames == 0) break;
+    }
+    if (result.samples.empty()) throw std::runtime_error("Audio contains no decoded frames");
+    return result;
+}
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_graph.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_graph.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f595d6b87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_graph.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+#include "audio_graph.h"
+#include "miniaudio.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <vector>
+namespace webscene::media {
+namespace {
+double now() {
+    return std::chrono::duration<double>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+}
+constexpr uint32_t nodes = 64, quantum = 128, history = 32768, capacity = 1024;
+struct command {
+    enum class operation { create, connect, disconnect, gain, source } op;
+    uint32_t a{}, b{};
+    double value{}, start{}, tau{};
+    const audio_buffer *pcm{};
+    playback_control *control{};
+};
+} // namespace
+void playback_control::set(double time, double speed, bool play, double gain, bool mute) {
+    sequence.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_acq_rel);
+    position = time;
+    epoch = now();
+    rate = speed;
+    volume = gain;
+    muted = mute;
+    playing = play;
+    sequence.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+double playback_control::time() const noexcept {
+    return time_at(now());
+}
+double playback_control::time_at(double steady_seconds) const noexcept {
+    const double p = position.load();
+    if (!playing.load()) return p;
+    const auto revision = sequence.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    const auto sample = output_sequence.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    const auto sample_revision = output_revision.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    const auto sample_position = output_position.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    const auto sample_epoch = output_epoch.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    if (!(sample & 1) && sample_revision == revision &&
+        sample == output_sequence.load(std::memory_order_acquire) &&
+        std::abs(steady_seconds - sample_epoch) < .25) {
+        return sample_position + (steady_seconds - sample_epoch) * rate.load();
+    }
+    return p + (steady_seconds - epoch.load()) * rate.load();
+}
+void playback_control::observe_output(uint64_t revision, double media_seconds, double host_seconds) noexcept {
+    output_sequence.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_acq_rel);
+    output_position.store(media_seconds, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    output_epoch.store(host_seconds, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    output_revision.store(revision, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    output_sequence.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+struct audio_graph::implementation {
+    struct node {
+        kind type{kind::gain};
+        bool edges[nodes]{};
+        float gain{1}, target{1};
+        double tau{}, pole{};
+        std::atomic<uint32_t> scheduled{};
+        struct automation {
+            float value;
+            double start, tau;
+        };
+        std::array<automation, 32> events{};
+        uint32_t event_count{};
+        const audio_buffer *pcm{};
+        playback_control *control{};
+        std::shared_ptr<audio_capture> capture;
+        uint64_t control_version{UINT64_MAX};
+        double cursor{};
+        std::array<float, quantum * 2> data{};
+        std::array<std::atomic<float>, history> samples{};
+        std::atomic<uint64_t> written{};
+    };
+    std::array<node, nodes> graph{};
+    std::array<kind, nodes> owner_types{};
+    bool owner_edges[nodes][nodes]{};
+    uint32_t count{1}, rate;
+    std::atomic<uint32_t> rt_count{1};
+    std::array<command, capacity> queue{};
+    std::atomic<uint32_t> head{}, tail{};
+    std::atomic<uint64_t> frames{};
+    std::atomic<bool> running{};
+    bool use_device, initialized{}, closed{};
+    ma_device device{};
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const audio_buffer>> keep_pcm;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<playback_control>> keep_controls;
+    uint64_t pcm_bytes{};
+    implementation(bool output, uint32_t sample_rate) : rate(sample_rate), use_device(output) {
+        graph[0].type = kind::destination;
+        owner_types[0] = kind::destination;
+    }
+    void push(command c) {
+        if (closed)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Audio context closed");
+        auto h = head.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        if (h - tail.load(std::memory_order_acquire) >= capacity)
+            throw std::length_error("Audio command queue full");
+        queue[h % capacity] = c;
+        head.store(h + 1, std::memory_order_release);
+    }
+    void check(uint32_t id) const {
+        if (id >= count)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid audio node");
+    }
+    void commands() noexcept {
+        auto t = tail.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        auto h = head.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+        while (t != h) {
+            const auto c = queue[t++ % capacity];
+            auto &n = graph[c.a];
+            switch (c.op) {
+            case command::operation::create:
+                n.type = static_cast<kind>(c.b);
+                rt_count.store(std::max(rt_count.load(), c.a + 1));
+                break;
+            case command::operation::connect:
+                graph[c.b].edges[c.a] = true;
+                break;
+            case command::operation::disconnect:
+                for (auto &d : graph)
+                    d.edges[c.a] = false;
+                break;
+            case command::operation::gain: {
+                auto index = n.event_count++;
+                n.events[index] = {static_cast<float>(c.value), c.start, c.tau};
+                while (index && n.events[index].start < n.events[index - 1].start) {
+                    std::swap(n.events[index], n.events[index - 1]);
+                    --index;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case command::operation::source:
+                n.pcm = c.pcm;
+                n.control = c.control;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        tail.store(t, std::memory_order_release);
+    }
+    void process(uint32_t id, uint32_t size, std::array<bool, nodes> &done, double wall,
+                 double clock) noexcept {
+        if (done[id])
+            return;
+        done[id] = true;
+        auto &n = graph[id];
+        std::fill_n(n.data.data(), size * 2, 0.f);
+        if (n.type == kind::source && n.pcm && n.control) {
+            auto &c = *n.control;
+            auto version = c.sequence.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+            double position = c.position.load(), epoch = c.epoch.load(), speed = c.rate.load(),
+                   volume = c.volume.load();
+            bool play = c.playing.load(), mute = c.muted.load();
+            if (!(version & 1) && version == c.sequence.load(std::memory_order_acquire) && play && !mute &&
+                speed > 0) {
+                const auto &p = *n.pcm;
+                if (n.control_version != version) {
+                    n.cursor = (position + (wall - epoch) * speed) * p.sample_rate;
+                    n.control_version = version;
+                }
+                double start = n.cursor;
+                // Anchor video to the device-rendered sample cursor instead of
+                // an independently advancing wall clock. This is callback-time
+                // feedback; backend DAC latency is not yet measured here.
+                if (use_device)
+                    c.observe_output(version, start / p.sample_rate, wall);
+                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+                    double source = start + double(i) * speed * p.sample_rate / rate;
+                    if (source < 0 || source >= p.frames())
+                        continue;
+                    auto a = static_cast<uint64_t>(source), b = std::min(a + 1, p.frames() - 1);
+                    float f = static_cast<float>(source - a);
+                    auto sample = [&](uint32_t channel) {
+                        float x = p.samples[a * p.channels + channel],
+                              y = p.samples[b * p.channels + channel];
+                        return x + (y - x) * f;
+                    };
+                    float left = sample(0), right = sample(std::min(1U, p.channels - 1));
+                    // Web Audio speaker downmix: quad L/R/surrounds and 5.1
+                    // L/R/C/LFE/SL/SR. LFE is not folded into stereo.
+                    if (p.channels == 4) {
+                        left = (left + sample(2)) * .5f;
+                        right = (right + sample(3)) * .5f;
+                    } else if (p.channels == 6) {
+                        left += .7071067811865475f * (sample(2) + sample(4));
+                        right += .7071067811865475f * (sample(2) + sample(5));
+                    }
+                    n.data[i * 2] = left * volume;
+                    n.data[i * 2 + 1] = right * volume;
+                }
+                n.cursor += double(size) * speed * p.sample_rate / rate;
+            }
+        }
+        for (uint32_t input = 0; input < rt_count.load(); ++input)
+            if (n.edges[input]) {
+                process(input, size, done, wall, clock);
+                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size * 2; ++i)
+                    n.data[i] += graph[input].data[i];
+            }
+        if (n.type == kind::gain)
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+                double t = clock + double(i) / rate;
+                while (n.event_count && n.events[0].start <= t) {
+                    auto e = n.events[0];
+                    for (uint32_t j = 1; j < n.event_count; ++j)
+                        n.events[j - 1] = n.events[j];
+                    --n.event_count;
+                    n.scheduled.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_release);
+                    n.target = e.value;
+                    n.tau = e.tau;
+                    n.pole = n.tau ? std::exp(-1. / (n.tau * rate)) : 0;
+                    if (!n.tau)
+                        n.gain = n.target;
+                }
+                n.data[i * 2] *= n.gain;
+                n.data[i * 2 + 1] *= n.gain;
+                if (n.tau)
+                    n.gain = n.target + (n.gain - n.target) * n.pole;
+            }
+        if (n.capture)
+            n.capture->write(std::span<const float>(n.data.data(), size * 2));
+        if (n.type == kind::analyser || n.type == kind::stream) {
+            auto written = n.written.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+                n.samples[(written + i) % history].store((n.data[i * 2] + n.data[i * 2 + 1]) * .5f,
+                                                         std::memory_order_relaxed);
+            n.written.store(written + size, std::memory_order_release);
+        }
+    }
+};
+audio_graph::audio_graph(bool device, uint32_t rate) : impl_(std::make_unique<implementation>(device, rate)) {
+    if (rate < 8000 || rate > 192000)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Audio sample rate out of range");
+}
+audio_graph::~audio_graph() { close(); }
+uint32_t audio_graph::create(kind type) {
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    if (p.count >= nodes)
+        throw std::length_error("Audio node limit reached");
+    auto id = p.count;
+    if (type == kind::stream)
+        p.graph[id].capture = std::make_shared<audio_capture>(p.rate);
+    p.push({command::operation::create, id, static_cast<uint32_t>(type)});
+    p.owner_types[id] = type;
+    ++p.count;
+    return id;
+}
+void audio_graph::connect(uint32_t source, uint32_t dest) {
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    p.check(source);
+    p.check(dest);
+    if (p.owner_types[source] == kind::destination || p.owner_types[source] == kind::stream || p.owner_types[dest] == kind::source)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Audio node has no such input/output port");
+    if (source == dest)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Unsupported zero-delay audio cycle");
+    std::array<bool, nodes> visited{};
+    auto reaches = [&](auto &&self, uint32_t x) -> bool {
+        if (x == source)
+            return true;
+        if (visited[x])
+            return false;
+        visited[x] = true;
+        for (uint32_t y = 0; y < p.count; ++y)
+            if (p.owner_edges[x][y] && self(self, y))
+                return true;
+        return false;
+    };
+    if (reaches(reaches, dest))
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Unsupported zero-delay audio cycle");
+    p.push({command::operation::connect, source, dest});
+    p.owner_edges[source][dest] = true;
+}
+void audio_graph::disconnect(uint32_t source) {
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    p.check(source);
+    p.push({command::operation::disconnect, source});
+    std::fill_n(p.owner_edges[source], nodes, false);
+}
+void audio_graph::set_gain(uint32_t id, float value, double start, double tau) {
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    p.check(id);
+    if (p.owner_types[id] != kind::gain || !std::isfinite(value) || !std::isfinite(start) || start < 0 ||
+        !std::isfinite(tau) || tau < 0)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid gain automation");
+    if (p.graph[id].scheduled.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_acq_rel) >= 32) {
+        p.graph[id].scheduled.fetch_sub(1);
+        throw std::length_error("Audio automation limit");
+    }
+    try {
+        p.push({command::operation::gain, id, 0, value, start, tau});
+    } catch (...) {
+        p.graph[id].scheduled.fetch_sub(1);
+        throw;
+    }
+}
+void audio_graph::set_source(uint32_t id, std::shared_ptr<const audio_buffer> pcm,
+                             std::shared_ptr<playback_control> control) {
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    p.check(id);
+    if (p.owner_types[id] != kind::source || !pcm || !pcm->channels || !pcm->sample_rate || !control)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid audio source");
+    auto size = pcm->samples.size() * sizeof(float);
+    if (size > 512ULL * 1024 * 1024 - p.pcm_bytes)
+        throw std::length_error("Audio context PCM limit");
+    p.keep_pcm.push_back(pcm);
+    p.keep_controls.push_back(control);
+    try {
+        command c{command::operation::source, id};
+        c.pcm = pcm.get();
+        c.control = control.get();
+        p.push(c);
+        p.pcm_bytes += size;
+    } catch (...) {
+        p.keep_pcm.pop_back();
+        p.keep_controls.pop_back();
+        throw;
+    }
+}
+void audio_graph::resume() {
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    if (p.closed)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Audio context closed");
+    if (p.running.load())
+        return;
+    for (auto &n : p.graph)
+        n.control_version = UINT64_MAX;
+    if (p.use_device && !p.initialized) {
+        auto config = ma_device_config_init(ma_device_type_playback);
+        config.playback.format = ma_format_f32;
+        config.playback.channels = 2;
+        config.sampleRate = p.rate;
+        config.periodSizeInFrames = 128;
+        config.periods = 3;
+        config.pUserData = this;
+        config.dataCallback = [](ma_device *d, void *out, const void *, ma_uint32 frames) {
+            static_cast<audio_graph *>(d->pUserData)->render(static_cast<float *>(out), frames);
+        };
+        if (ma_device_init(nullptr, &config, &p.device) != MA_SUCCESS)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Audio output device unavailable");
+        p.initialized = true;
+    }
+    p.running = true;
+    if (p.initialized && ma_device_start(&p.device) != MA_SUCCESS) {
+        p.running = false;
+        throw std::runtime_error("Cannot start audio output");
+    }
+}
+void audio_graph::suspend() {
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    p.running = false;
+    if (p.initialized)
+        ma_device_stop(&p.device);
+}
+void audio_graph::close() {
+    if (!impl_ || impl_->closed)
+        return;
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    p.running = false;
+    if (p.initialized) {
+        ma_device_uninit(&p.device);
+        p.initialized = false;
+    }
+    p.closed = true;
+    for (auto &n : p.graph)
+        if (n.capture)
+            n.capture->end();
+    p.keep_pcm.clear();
+    p.keep_controls.clear();
+}
+double audio_graph::time() const noexcept { return double(impl_->frames.load()) / impl_->rate; }
+uint32_t audio_graph::sample_rate() const noexcept { return impl_->rate; }
+void audio_graph::analyser(uint32_t id, std::span<float> out) const {
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    p.check(id);
+    auto &n = p.graph[id];
+    auto end = n.written.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    size_t count = std::min<size_t>({out.size(), history, static_cast<size_t>(end)});
+    std::fill(out.begin(), out.end(), 0.f);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+        out[i] = n.samples[(end - count + i) % history].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+std::shared_ptr<audio_track> audio_graph::capture(uint32_t id) {
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    p.check(id);
+    if (p.owner_types[id] != kind::stream || p.closed)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid capture destination");
+    return std::make_shared<audio_track>(p.graph[id].capture);
+}
+void audio_graph::render(float *out, uint32_t frames) noexcept { render_at(out, frames, now()); }
+void audio_graph::render_at(float *out, uint32_t frames, double steady_time) noexcept {
+    auto &p = *impl_;
+    std::fill_n(out, frames * 2, 0.f);
+    if (!p.running.load())
+        return;
+    while (frames) {
+        p.commands();
+        auto count = std::min(frames, quantum);
+        std::array<bool, nodes> done{};
+        auto clock = time();
+        double wall = steady_time;
+        p.process(0, count, done, wall, clock);
+        for (uint32_t i = 1; i < p.rt_count.load(); ++i)
+            if (p.graph[i].type == kind::stream || p.graph[i].type == kind::analyser)
+                p.process(i, count, done, wall, clock);
+        std::copy_n(p.graph[0].data.data(), count * 2, out);
+        p.frames.fetch_add(count);
+        out += count * 2;
+        frames -= count;
+        steady_time += double(count) / p.rate;
+    }
+}
+} // namespace webscene::media
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_graph.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_graph.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fc5f8789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_graph.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "audio_capture.h"
+#include "media_decode.h"
+#include <atomic>
+#include <memory>
+#include <span>
+namespace webscene::media {
+struct playback_control {
+    std::atomic<uint64_t> sequence{};
+    std::atomic<double> position{}, epoch{}, rate{1}, volume{1};
+    std::atomic<bool> playing{}, muted{};
+    std::atomic<uint64_t> output_sequence{}, output_revision{UINT64_MAX};
+    std::atomic<double> output_position{}, output_epoch{};
+    void observe_output(uint64_t revision, double media_seconds, double host_seconds) noexcept;
+    void set(double time, double speed, bool play, double gain, bool mute);
+    double time() const noexcept;
+    double time_at(double steady_seconds) const noexcept;
+};
+class audio_graph {
+  public:
+    enum class kind { destination, gain, analyser, source, stream };
+    explicit audio_graph(bool device_output = true, uint32_t sample_rate = 48000);
+    ~audio_graph();
+    audio_graph(const audio_graph &) = delete;
+    uint32_t create(kind);
+    void connect(uint32_t source, uint32_t destination);
+    void disconnect(uint32_t source);
+    void set_gain(uint32_t, float value, double start, double time_constant);
+    void set_source(uint32_t, std::shared_ptr<const audio_buffer>, std::shared_ptr<playback_control>);
+    void resume();
+    void suspend();
+    void close();
+    double time() const noexcept;
+    uint32_t sample_rate() const noexcept;
+    void analyser(uint32_t, std::span<float>) const;
+    std::shared_ptr<audio_track> capture(uint32_t);
+    // Same quantum renderer used by the device callback and numeric tests.
+    // No allocation, locks, JS callbacks or disk I/O on this path.
+    void render(float *stereo, uint32_t frames) noexcept;
+    void render_at(float *stereo, uint32_t frames, double steady_time) noexcept;
+
+  private:
+    struct implementation;
+    std::unique_ptr<implementation> impl_;
+};
+} // namespace webscene::media
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_platform.js.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_platform.js.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea13ad5a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/audio_platform.js.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+R"AUDIOJS(
+(()=>{
+'use strict';const native=globalThis.__websceneAudio;delete globalThis.__websceneAudio;
+const contexts=new WeakMap(),nodes=new WeakMap(),params=new WeakMap(),buffers=new WeakMap();
+const nodeToken={};
+const invalid=message=>new DOMException(message,'InvalidStateError');
+function ctx(context){const c=contexts.get(context);if(!c)throw new TypeError('Illegal AudioContext receiver');if(c.state==='closed')throw invalid('AudioContext is closed');return c;}
+class AudioBuffer {
+ constructor(options){const channels=Number(options.numberOfChannels??1),length=Number(options.length),rate=Number(options.sampleRate);if(!Number.isInteger(channels)||channels<1||channels>32||!Number.isInteger(length)||length<1||!Number.isFinite(rate)||rate<8000||rate>192000||channels*length*4>268435456)throw new DOMException('Invalid AudioBuffer size','NotSupportedError');buffers.set(this,{channels:Array.from({length:channels},()=>new Float32Array(length)),rate,length});}
+ get sampleRate(){return buffers.get(this).rate;}get length(){return buffers.get(this).length;}get numberOfChannels(){return buffers.get(this).channels.length;}get duration(){return this.length/this.sampleRate;}
+ getChannelData(channel){channel=Number(channel);if(!Number.isInteger(channel)||!buffers.get(this).channels[channel])throw new DOMException('Channel out of bounds','IndexSizeError');return buffers.get(this).channels[channel];}
+ copyFromChannel(destination,channel,start=0){destination.set(this.getChannelData(channel).subarray(start,start+destination.length));}
+ copyToChannel(source,channel,start=0){const target=this.getChannelData(channel);target.set(source.subarray(0,Math.max(0,target.length-start)),start);}
+}
+class AudioParam {
+ constructor(context,node,value=1,token){if(token!==nodeToken)throw new TypeError('Illegal constructor');params.set(this,{context,node,value});}
+ get value(){return params.get(this).value;}
+ set value(value){const p=params.get(this);value=Number(value);if(!Number.isFinite(value))throw new TypeError('Invalid AudioParam value');native('gain',ctx(p.context).id,p.node,value,p.context.currentTime,0);p.value=value;}
+ setTargetAtTime(value,start,timeConstant){const p=params.get(this);value=Number(value);start=Number(start);timeConstant=Number(timeConstant);if(!Number.isFinite(value)||!Number.isFinite(start)||start<0||!Number.isFinite(timeConstant)||timeConstant<0)throw new RangeError('Invalid audio automation');native('gain',ctx(p.context).id,p.node,value,start,timeConstant);return this;}
+ setValueAtTime(value,start){return this.setTargetAtTime(value,start,0);}
+}
+class AudioNode {
+ constructor(context,kind,id,token){if(token!==nodeToken)throw new TypeError('Illegal constructor');const c=ctx(context);nodes.set(this,{context,id:id??native('node',c.id,kind)});this.context=context;this.channelCount=2;this.channelCountMode='max';this.channelInterpretation='speakers';}
+ connect(destination,output=0,input=0){const a=nodes.get(this),b=nodes.get(destination);if(!a||!b||a.context!==b.context)throw new DOMException('Audio nodes must share a context','InvalidAccessError');if(output!==0||input!==0)throw new DOMException('Invalid audio port','IndexSizeError');native('connect',ctx(a.context).id,a.id,b.id);return destination;}
+ disconnect(){const a=nodes.get(this);native('disconnect',ctx(a.context).id,a.id);}
+ get numberOfInputs(){return 1;}get numberOfOutputs(){return 1;}
+}
+class GainNode extends AudioNode {constructor(context){super(context,1,undefined,nodeToken);this.gain=new AudioParam(context,nodes.get(this).id,1,nodeToken);}}
+class AnalyserNode extends AudioNode {
+ constructor(context){super(context,2,undefined,nodeToken);this._fft=2048;this._smoothing=.8;}
+ get fftSize(){return this._fft;}set fftSize(v){if(!Number.isInteger(v)||v<32||v>32768||(v&(v-1)))throw new DOMException('Invalid FFT size','IndexSizeError');this._fft=v;}
+ get frequencyBinCount(){return this._fft/2;}
+ get smoothingTimeConstant(){return this._smoothing;}set smoothingTimeConstant(v){if(!Number.isFinite(v)||v<0||v>1)throw new DOMException('Invalid smoothing','IndexSizeError');this._smoothing=v;}
+ getFloatTimeDomainData(array){if(!(array instanceof Float32Array))throw new TypeError('Float32Array required');const n=nodes.get(this);native('samples',ctx(n.context).id,n.id,array.subarray(0,this.fftSize));}
+}
+class MediaElementAudioSourceNode extends AudioNode {constructor(context,options){if(!(options?.mediaElement instanceof HTMLMediaElement))throw new TypeError('Media element required');try{native('validateSource',ctx(context).id,options.mediaElement);}catch(error){throw invalid(error.message);}super(context,3,undefined,nodeToken);this.mediaElement=options.mediaElement;native('source',ctx(context).id,nodes.get(this).id,this.mediaElement);}get numberOfInputs(){return 0;}}
+const tracks=new WeakMap(),streams=new WeakMap();
+const trackToken={};
+class MediaStreamTrack extends EventTarget {
+ constructor(token,id){super();if(token!==trackToken)throw new TypeError('Illegal constructor');tracks.set(this,{id,enabled:true});native('trackBind',id,this);}
+ get id(){return 'webscene-audio-'+tracks.get(this).id;}get kind(){return 'audio';}get label(){return 'WebScene audio mix';}
+ get readyState(){return native('trackEnded',tracks.get(this).id)?'ended':'live';}get muted(){return false;}
+ get enabled(){return tracks.get(this).enabled;}set enabled(value){const t=tracks.get(this);t.enabled=!!value;native('trackEnabled',t.id,t.enabled);}
+ clone(){const result=new MediaStreamTrack(trackToken,native('trackClone',tracks.get(this).id));result.enabled=this.enabled;return result;}
+ stop(){native('trackStop',tracks.get(this).id);}
+ getSettings(){return {channelCount:2};}
+}
+let streamId=0;
+class MediaStream extends EventTarget {
+ constructor(input=[]){super();const items=input instanceof MediaStream?input.getTracks():Array.from(input);if(items.some(t=>!tracks.has(t)))throw new TypeError('MediaStreamTrack required');streams.set(this,{id:'webscene-stream-'+(++streamId),tracks:[...new Set(items)]});}
+ get id(){return streams.get(this).id;}get active(){return this.getTracks().some(t=>t.readyState==='live');}
+ getTracks(){return streams.get(this).tracks.slice();}getAudioTracks(){return this.getTracks();}getVideoTracks(){return [];}
+ getTrackById(id){return this.getTracks().find(t=>t.id===id)||null;}
+ addTrack(track){if(!tracks.has(track))throw new TypeError('MediaStreamTrack required');const s=streams.get(this);if(!s.tracks.includes(track))s.tracks.push(track);}
+ removeTrack(track){const s=streams.get(this),i=s.tracks.indexOf(track);if(i>=0)s.tracks.splice(i,1);}
+ clone(){return new MediaStream(this.getTracks().map(t=>t.clone()));}
+}
+class MediaStreamAudioDestinationNode extends AudioNode {
+ constructor(context){super(context,4,undefined,nodeToken);this.stream=new MediaStream([new MediaStreamTrack(trackToken,native('capture',ctx(context).id,nodes.get(this).id))]);}
+ get numberOfOutputs(){return 0;}
+}
+class AudioContext extends EventTarget {
+ constructor(options={}){super();const rate=Number(options.sampleRate??48000);contexts.set(this,{id:native('create',rate),state:'suspended',rate});this.destination=new AudioNode(this,0,0,nodeToken);}
+ get sampleRate(){return contexts.get(this).rate;}get currentTime(){const c=contexts.get(this);return c.state==='closed'?(c.closedTime||0):native('time',c.id);}get state(){return contexts.get(this).state;}
+ async resume(){const c=ctx(this);native('resume',c.id);if(c.state!=='running'){c.state='running';this.dispatchEvent(new Event('statechange'));}}
+ async suspend(){const c=ctx(this);native('suspend',c.id);if(c.state!=='suspended'){c.state='suspended';this.dispatchEvent(new Event('statechange'));}}
+ async close(){const c=ctx(this);c.closedTime=this.currentTime;native('close',c.id);c.state='closed';this.dispatchEvent(new Event('statechange'));}
+ createGain(){return new GainNode(this);}createAnalyser(){return new AnalyserNode(this);}
+ createMediaElementSource(element){return new MediaElementAudioSourceNode(this,{mediaElement:element});}
+ createMediaStreamDestination(){return new MediaStreamAudioDestinationNode(this);}
+ createBuffer(channels,length,rate){return new AudioBuffer({numberOfChannels:channels,length,sampleRate:rate});}
+ decodeAudioData(data,success,error){ctx(this);let pending;try{pending=native('decode',data,this.sampleRate);}catch(e){pending=Promise.reject(e);}const promise=pending.catch(error=>{if(error instanceof TypeError)throw error;throw new DOMException(error.message,'EncodingError');}).then(result=>{const buffer=Object.create(AudioBuffer.prototype);buffers.set(buffer,{channels:result.channels,rate:result.sampleRate,length:result.channels[0].length});return buffer;});if(typeof success==='function'||typeof error==='function')promise.then(success,error);return promise;}
+}
+for(const ctor of [AudioContext,AudioBuffer,AudioNode,AudioParam,GainNode,AnalyserNode,MediaElementAudioSourceNode,MediaStreamAudioDestinationNode,MediaStream,MediaStreamTrack])Object.defineProperty(ctor.prototype,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:ctor.name,configurable:true});
+Object.assign(globalThis,{AudioContext,AudioBuffer,AudioNode,AudioParam,GainNode,AnalyserNode,MediaElementAudioSourceNode,MediaStreamAudioDestinationNode,MediaStream,MediaStreamTrack});
+})();
+)AUDIOJS"
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/decode_service.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/decode_service.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..583e798af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/decode_service.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "media_decode.h"
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+#include <future>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+namespace webscene::media {
+// Bounded owner-independent decode worker. Callers deliver ready results into
+// their existing runtime completion mailbox, never call JS from this thread.
+class decode_service {
+    std::mutex mutex_;
+    std::condition_variable wake_;
+    std::deque<std::function<void(std::stop_token)>> pending_;
+    bool closing_{};
+    std::function<void()> notify_;
+    std::jthread worker_;
+    template<class Result, class Work> std::future<Result> submit(Work work) {
+        auto promise = std::make_shared<std::promise<Result>>();
+        auto future = promise->get_future();
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if (closing_ || pending_.size() >= 8) throw std::runtime_error("Media decode queue unavailable");
+        pending_.push_back([this, promise, work = std::move(work)](std::stop_token stop) mutable {
+            try {
+                if (stop.stop_requested()) throw std::runtime_error("Media service closed");
+                promise->set_value(work(stop));
+            } catch (...) { promise->set_exception(std::current_exception()); }
+            if(notify_)notify_();
+        });
+        wake_.notify_one();
+        return future;
+    }
+public:
+    explicit decode_service(std::function<void()> notify = {}) : notify_(std::move(notify)), worker_([this](std::stop_token stop) {
+        for (;;) {
+            std::function<void(std::stop_token)> work;
+            {
+                std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
+                wake_.wait(lock, [this] { return closing_ || !pending_.empty(); });
+                if (pending_.empty() && closing_) return;
+                work = std::move(pending_.front()); pending_.pop_front();
+            }
+            work(stop);
+        }
+    }) {}
+    ~decode_service() { close(); }
+    decode_service(const decode_service&) = delete;
+    decode_service& operator=(const decode_service&) = delete;
+    // Owner-thread lifecycle operation; closing resolves every queued future.
+    void close() {
+        { std::lock_guard lock(mutex_); closing_ = true; }
+        worker_.request_stop(); wake_.notify_all();
+        if (worker_.joinable()) worker_.join();
+    }
+    std::future<audio_buffer> audio(std::shared_ptr<const encoded_source> source, decode_limits limits = {}, uint32_t target_sample_rate = 0) {
+        if (!source) throw std::invalid_argument("Missing media source");
+        return submit<audio_buffer>([source = std::move(source), limits, target_sample_rate](std::stop_token stop) {
+            return decode_audio(source->bytes, limits, stop, target_sample_rate);
+        });
+    }
+    std::future<video_frame> video(std::shared_ptr<const encoded_source> source, double seconds, decode_limits limits = {}) {
+        if (!source) throw std::invalid_argument("Missing media source");
+        return submit<video_frame>([source = std::move(source), seconds, limits](std::stop_token stop) {
+            return decode_video_frame(*source, seconds, limits, stop);
+        });
+    }
+};
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_decode.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_decode.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96b726b9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_decode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <array>
+#include <memory>
+#include <span>
+#include <stop_token>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace webscene::media {
+// Only bytes already admitted by the host resource loader enter a decoder.
+// Decoder backends must never fetch an arbitrary application URL themselves.
+struct encoded_source {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> bytes;
+    std::string extension;
+};
+struct audio_buffer {
+    uint32_t channels{}, sample_rate{};
+    std::vector<float> samples; // interleaved; immutable once published
+    uint64_t frames() const { return channels ? samples.size() / channels : 0; }
+};
+struct decode_limits {
+    uint64_t encoded_bytes = 256ULL * 1024 * 1024;
+    uint64_t decoded_audio_bytes = 256ULL * 1024 * 1024;
+    uint64_t video_pixels = 64ULL * 1024 * 1024;
+};
+// A native frame lease, independent of JS wrappers and decoder/session lifetime.
+// On macOS native_surface is a retained CVPixelBuffer. No CPU pixels are copied.
+enum class surface_kind { cv_pixel_buffer, d3d11_texture, dma_buf, host_pixels };
+struct video_frame {
+    surface_kind kind{surface_kind::cv_pixel_buffer};
+    std::array<double, 6> display_transform{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0};
+    std::shared_ptr<void> native_surface;
+    uint32_t width{}, height{}, pixel_format{};
+    double timestamp{}, duration{}, sample_duration{};
+};
+class video_decoder {
+public:
+    virtual ~video_decoder() = default;
+    virtual video_frame read(double seconds, std::stop_token = {}) = 0;
+    virtual double duration() const noexcept = 0;
+    virtual audio_buffer audio(std::stop_token = {}) = 0;
+};
+std::unique_ptr<video_decoder> open_video(const encoded_source&, decode_limits = {}, std::stop_token = {});
+audio_buffer decode_native_audio(std::span<const uint8_t>, decode_limits, std::stop_token, uint32_t target_sample_rate);
+audio_buffer decode_audio(std::span<const uint8_t>, decode_limits = {}, std::stop_token = {}, uint32_t target_sample_rate = 0);
+video_frame decode_video_frame(const encoded_source&, double seconds, decode_limits = {}, std::stop_token = {});
+bool native_video_decode_available() noexcept;
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_platform.js.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_platform.js.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8f17957c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_platform.js.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+R"MEDIAJS(
+(()=>{
+'use strict';
+const native=globalThis.__websceneMedia;delete globalThis.__websceneMedia;
+const states=new WeakMap(),errors=new WeakMap();
+function MediaError(){throw new TypeError('Illegal constructor');}
+for(const name of ['code','message'])Object.defineProperty(MediaError.prototype,name,{get(){const value=errors.get(this);if(!value)throw new TypeError('Illegal MediaError receiver');return value[name];}});
+for(const [name,value]of Object.entries({MEDIA_ERR_ABORTED:1,MEDIA_ERR_NETWORK:2,MEDIA_ERR_DECODE:3,MEDIA_ERR_SRC_NOT_SUPPORTED:4})){Object.defineProperty(MediaError,name,{value});Object.defineProperty(MediaError.prototype,name,{value});}
+function mediaError(code,message){const error=Object.create(MediaError.prototype);errors.set(error,{code,message});return error;}
+
+const fail=(message,name='InvalidStateError')=>new DOMException(message,name);
+function state(el){
+ if(!el||!['VIDEO','AUDIO'].includes(el.tagName))throw new TypeError('Illegal media receiver');
+ let s=states.get(el);if(!s){native('brand',el);s={generation:0,readyState:0,networkState:0,duration:NaN,time:0,paused:true,ended:false,seeking:false,rate:1,defaultRate:1,volume:1,muted:el.hasAttribute('muted'),error:null,width:0,height:0,pending:[],played:[],playStart:0,currentSrc:'',frame:0,lastTick:0};states.set(el,s);}
+ return s;
+}
+function emit(el,name){const generation=state(el).generation;setTimeout(()=>{if(state(el).generation===generation)el.dispatchEvent(new Event(name));},0);}
+function recordPlayed(s,time){
+ if(s.paused||time<=s.playStart)return;
+ const ranges=[...s.played,[s.playStart,time]].sort((a,b)=>a[0]-b[0]);s.played=[];
+ for(const range of ranges){const last=s.played[s.played.length-1];if(last&&range[0]<=last[1])last[1]=Math.max(last[1],range[1]);else s.played.push(range);}
+}
+function rejectPlay(s,error){for(const p of s.pending.splice(0))p.reject(error);}
+function sync(el,s){native('state',el,s.time,s.rate,!s.paused,s.volume,s.muted);}
+function finishPlay(el,s){
+ if(s.paused||s.readyState<2||s.playTask)return;
+ s.playTask=true;const generation=s.generation;
+ setTimeout(()=>{s.playTask=false;if(s.generation!==generation||s.paused||s.readyState<2)return;s.playStart=s.time;try{sync(el,s);}catch(error){s.paused=true;native('state',el,s.time,s.rate,false,s.volume,s.muted);s.error=mediaError(3,String(error.message||error));rejectPlay(s,fail(s.error.message,'NotSupportedError'));emit(el,'error');return;}el.dispatchEvent(new Event('playing'));for(const p of s.pending.splice(0))p.resolve();tick(el,s);},0);
+}
+function tick(el,s){
+ if(s.frame||s.paused||s.readyState<2)return;
+ s.lastTick=performance.now();
+ s.frame=requestAnimationFrame(now=>{
+  s.frame=0;if(s.paused)return;
+  s.time=Math.min(s.duration,native('time',el)??s.time);
+  if(now-(s.lastEvent||0)>250){s.lastEvent=now;emit(el,'timeupdate');}
+  recordPlayed(s,s.time);
+  if(s.time>=s.duration){if(el.loop){s.time=0;s.playStart=0;sync(el,s);native('seek',el,0);}else{s.paused=true;s.ended=true;sync(el,s);emit(el,'timeupdate');emit(el,'pause');emit(el,'ended');return;}}
+  tick(el,s);
+ });
+}
+function signature(el){return [el.getAttribute('src'),...Array.from(el.querySelectorAll('source'),s=>s.getAttribute('src')+';'+s.getAttribute('type'))].join('|');}
+function load(el,select=true){
+ const s=state(el),old=s.networkState;s.sourceSignature=signature(el);const generation=++s.generation;
+ s.playTask=false;s.abort?.abort();s.abort=new AbortController();native('release',el);
+ if(s.frame)cancelAnimationFrame(s.frame);s.frame=0;
+ rejectPlay(s,fail('Media load interrupted playback','AbortError'));
+ Object.assign(s,{readyState:0,networkState:0,duration:NaN,time:0,paused:true,ended:false,seeking:false,error:null,width:0,height:0,currentSrc:'',played:[],playStart:0});
+ if(old){emit(el,'abort');emit(el,'emptied');}
+ if(!select){s.sourceSignature=undefined;return;}
+ s.rate=s.defaultRate;
+ const src=el.getAttribute('src')||Array.from(el.querySelectorAll('source')).find(source=>!source.getAttribute('type')||el.canPlayType(source.getAttribute('type')))?.getAttribute('src');if(!src)return;
+ const url=new URL(src,document.baseURI).href;s.currentSrc=url;s.networkState=2;
+ emit(el,'loadstart');
+ fetch(url,{signal:s.abort.signal}).then(r=>{if(!r.ok)throw Error('Media resource failed: '+r.status);return r.arrayBuffer();}).then(bytes=>{
+  if(s.generation!==generation)return;
+  const ext=new URL(url).pathname.match(/\.[^.\/]+$/)?.[0]?.toLowerCase()|| (el.tagName==='VIDEO'?'.mp4':'.wav');
+  native('load',el,bytes,ext,function(info){
+   if(s.generation!==generation)return;
+   if(info.error){s.error=mediaError(3,info.error);s.networkState=3;rejectPlay(s,fail(info.error,'NotSupportedError'));emit(el,'error');return;}
+   const first=s.readyState===0;Object.assign(s,{duration:info.duration,width:info.width,height:info.height,networkState:1});
+   if(first){s.readyState=1;emit(el,'loadedmetadata');s.readyState=2;emit(el,'loadeddata');s.readyState=4;emit(el,'progress');emit(el,'canplay');emit(el,'canplaythrough');}
+   if(s.seeking&&!info.seeking){s.seeking=false;emit(el,'timeupdate');emit(el,'seeked');}
+   if(first){finishPlay(el,s);if(el.autoplay)el.play().catch(()=>{});}
+  });
+ }).catch(error=>{if(s.generation!==generation)return;s.error=mediaError(4,String(error.message||error));s.networkState=3;rejectPlay(s,fail(s.error.message,'NotSupportedError'));emit(el,'error');});
+}
+function HTMLMediaElement(){throw new TypeError('Illegal constructor');}
+Object.setPrototypeOf(HTMLMediaElement.prototype,HTMLElement.prototype);Object.setPrototypeOf(HTMLMediaElement,HTMLElement);
+function HTMLVideoElement(){throw new TypeError('Illegal constructor');}
+function HTMLAudioElement(){throw new TypeError('Illegal constructor');}
+Object.setPrototypeOf(HTMLVideoElement,HTMLMediaElement);Object.setPrototypeOf(HTMLAudioElement,HTMLMediaElement);Object.setPrototypeOf(HTMLVideoElement.prototype,HTMLMediaElement.prototype);Object.setPrototypeOf(HTMLAudioElement.prototype,HTMLMediaElement.prototype);
+const proto=HTMLMediaElement.prototype;
+proto.setAttribute=function(name,value){HTMLElement.prototype.setAttribute.call(this,name,value);if(String(name).toLowerCase()==='src')load(this);};
+proto.removeAttribute=function(name){HTMLElement.prototype.removeAttribute.call(this,name);if(String(name).toLowerCase()==='src')load(this);};
+const prop=(name,get,set)=>Object.defineProperty(proto,name,{get,set,enumerable:true,configurable:true});
+for(const name of ['readyState','networkState','duration','paused','ended','seeking','error','currentSrc'])prop(name,function(){return state(this)[name];});
+prop('src',function(){const v=this.getAttribute('src');return v?new URL(v,document.baseURI).href:'';},function(v){this.setAttribute('src',String(v));});
+prop('currentTime',function(){const s=state(this);const time=s.paused?s.time:(native('time',this)??s.time);return Number.isFinite(s.duration)?Math.min(s.duration,time):time;},function(v){const s=state(this);v=Number(v);if(!Number.isFinite(v))throw new TypeError('Invalid currentTime');recordPlayed(s,this.currentTime);s.time=Math.max(0,Number.isFinite(s.duration)?Math.min(v,s.duration):v);s.playStart=s.time;s.ended=false;sync(this,s);if(s.readyState){s.seeking=true;emit(this,'seeking');native('seek',this,s.time);}});
+prop('playbackRate',function(){return state(this).rate;},function(v){v=Number(v);if(!Number.isFinite(v)||v<0||v>16)throw fail('Unsupported playback rate','NotSupportedError');const s=state(this);s.time=this.currentTime;s.rate=v;sync(this,s);emit(this,'ratechange');});
+prop('defaultPlaybackRate',function(){return state(this).defaultRate;},function(v){v=Number(v);if(!Number.isFinite(v)||v<0||v>16)throw fail('Unsupported playback rate','NotSupportedError');state(this).defaultRate=v;emit(this,'ratechange');});
+prop('volume',function(){return state(this).volume;},function(v){v=Number(v);if(!Number.isFinite(v)||v<0||v>1)throw fail('Volume out of range','IndexSizeError');const s=state(this);s.time=this.currentTime;s.volume=v;sync(this,s);emit(this,'volumechange');});
+prop('muted',function(){return state(this).muted;},function(v){const s=state(this);s.time=this.currentTime;s.muted=!!v;sync(this,s);emit(this,'volumechange');});
+for(const name of ['autoplay','loop','defaultMuted','playsInline']){const attr={defaultMuted:'muted',playsInline:'playsinline'}[name]||name;prop(name,function(){return this.hasAttribute(attr);},function(v){if(v)this.setAttribute(attr,'');else this.removeAttribute(attr);});}
+for(const name of ['preload','crossOrigin']){const attr=name.toLowerCase();prop(name,function(){return this.getAttribute(attr)||'';},function(v){this.setAttribute(attr,String(v));});}
+for(const name of ['videoWidth','videoHeight'])Object.defineProperty(HTMLVideoElement.prototype,name,{get(){return state(this)[name==='videoWidth'?'width':'height'];},configurable:true});
+proto.load=function(){load(this);};proto.pause=function(){const s=state(this);if(!s.paused){s.time=this.currentTime;recordPlayed(s,s.time);s.paused=true;sync(this,s);emit(this,'timeupdate');emit(this,'pause');}rejectPlay(s,fail('Playback paused','AbortError'));};
+proto.play=function(){const s=state(this);if(!s.currentSrc)load(this);if(!s.currentSrc)return Promise.reject(fail('No media source','NotSupportedError'));if(s.error)return Promise.reject(fail(s.error.message,'NotSupportedError'));if(s.ended){s.time=0;s.ended=false;native('seek',this,0);}const changed=s.paused;s.paused=false;const result=new Promise((resolve,reject)=>s.pending.push({resolve,reject}));if(changed)emit(this,'play');if(s.readyState>=2)finishPlay(this,s);return result;};
+proto.canPlayType=function(type){type=String(type).toLowerCase();if(this.tagName==='VIDEO')return !native('videoSupported',this)?'':/^(video\/(mp4|quicktime))([; ]|$)/.test(type)?'maybe':'';return /^(audio\/(wav|wave|x-wav|mpeg|flac|x-flac))([; ]|$)/.test(type)?'maybe':'';};
+for(const [name,value]of Object.entries({HAVE_NOTHING:0,HAVE_METADATA:1,HAVE_CURRENT_DATA:2,HAVE_FUTURE_DATA:3,HAVE_ENOUGH_DATA:4,NETWORK_EMPTY:0,NETWORK_IDLE:1,NETWORK_LOADING:2,NETWORK_NO_SOURCE:3})){Object.defineProperty(proto,name,{value,enumerable:true});Object.defineProperty(HTMLMediaElement,name,{value,enumerable:true});}
+const timeRanges=new WeakMap();
+function TimeRanges(){throw new TypeError('Illegal constructor');}
+Object.defineProperty(TimeRanges.prototype,'length',{get(){return timeRanges.get(this).length;}});
+for(const [method,index]of [['start',0],['end',1]])TimeRanges.prototype[method]=function(i){i=Number(i)>>>0;const ranges=timeRanges.get(this);if(i>=ranges.length)throw fail('TimeRanges index','IndexSizeError');return ranges[i][index];};
+for(const name of ['buffered','seekable','played'])prop(name,function(){const s=state(this);if(name==='played')recordPlayed(s,this.currentTime);const ranges=name==='played'?s.played.map(r=>r.slice()):s.readyState&&s.duration>0?[[0,s.duration]]:[];const result=Object.create(TimeRanges.prototype);timeRanges.set(result,ranges);return result;});
+Object.assign(globalThis,{MediaError,TimeRanges,HTMLMediaElement,HTMLVideoElement,HTMLAudioElement,Audio:function(src){const el=document.createElement('audio');el.preload='auto';if(src!==undefined)el.src=src;return el;}});
+for(const ctor of [HTMLMediaElement,HTMLVideoElement,HTMLAudioElement,MediaError,TimeRanges])Object.defineProperty(ctor.prototype,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:ctor.name,configurable:true});
+globalThis.Audio.prototype=HTMLAudioElement.prototype;
+function initialize(el,connected){
+ const s=state(el);if(s.connected&&!connected)load(el,false);s.connected=connected;
+ if(!connected||s.initializeQueued||s.sourceSignature===signature(el))return;
+ s.initializeQueued=true;setTimeout(()=>{s.initializeQueued=false;if(s.sourceSignature!==signature(el)&&(el.hasAttribute('src')||el.querySelector('source')||s.currentSrc))load(el);},0);
+}
+initialize.videoPrototype=HTMLVideoElement.prototype;initialize.audioPrototype=HTMLAudioElement.prototype;
+globalThis.__websceneInitializeMedia=initialize;
+
+})();
+)MEDIAJS"
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_session.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_session.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2b97fed4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_session.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+#include "media_session.h"
+#include <cmath>
+#include <stdexcept>
+namespace webscene::media {
+media_session::media_session(std::function<void()> notify)
+    : notify_(std::move(notify)), worker_([this](std::stop_token stop) { run(stop); }) {}
+media_session::~media_session() { close(); }
+void media_session::close() {
+    std::stop_source active;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        closing_ = true;
+        active = active_stop_;
+    }
+    active.request_stop();
+    worker_.request_stop();
+    wake_.notify_all();
+    if (worker_.joinable())
+        worker_.join();
+}
+void media_session::load(std::shared_ptr<const encoded_source> source, bool video) {
+    if (!source || source->bytes.empty() || source->bytes.size() > decode_limits{}.encoded_bytes)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid admitted media source");
+    std::stop_source old;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if (closing_)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Media session closed");
+        old = active_stop_;
+        active_stop_ = std::stop_source{};
+        source_ = std::move(source);
+        video_ = video;
+        ++generation_;
+        ++request_;
+        requested_time_ = 0;
+        queued_.clear();
+        exhausted_ = false;
+        published_ = {};
+        published_.generation = generation_;
+    }
+    old.request_stop();
+    wake_.notify_one();
+}
+void media_session::seek(double time) {
+    if (!std::isfinite(time) || time < 0)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid media seek");
+    {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+        if (closing_)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Media session closed");
+        requested_time_ = time;
+        queued_.clear();
+        exhausted_ = false;
+        ++request_;
+        published_.seeking = true;
+    }
+    wake_.notify_one();
+}
+media_session::snapshot media_session::read() {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+    auto result = published_;
+    result.buffered_frames = queued_.size();
+    return result;
+}
+media_session::snapshot media_session::present(double media_time) {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+    // Timestamp coverage, rather than completion order. A frame remains valid
+    // until the next frame's PTS. Never replace it with an early future frame.
+    if (!published_.seeking) {
+        const auto consumed = select_video_frame(queued_, media_time, published_.video);
+        if (consumed) {
+            ++published_.version;
+            ++published_.selected;
+            published_.dropped += consumed - 1;
+        } else {
+            ++published_.repeated;
+        }
+        // A discontinuity or sustained overload must not leave decoding many
+        // seconds behind. Catch up with a single coalesced decoder request.
+        if (published_.ready && !exhausted_ && queued_.empty() &&
+            media_time > published_.video.timestamp + .5 && video_) {
+            requested_time_ = media_time;
+            published_.seeking = true;
+            ++request_;
+        }
+    }
+    wake_.notify_one();
+    return published_;
+}
+void media_session::run(std::stop_token stop) {
+    uint64_t loaded = 0, processed = 0;
+    std::unique_ptr<video_decoder> decoder;
+    std::shared_ptr<const audio_buffer> pcm;
+    while (!stop.stop_requested()) {
+        std::shared_ptr<const encoded_source> source;
+        uint64_t generation, request;
+        double time;
+        bool video, prefetch;
+        std::stop_token cancel;
+        {
+            std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
+            wake_.wait(lock, [&] {
+                return closing_ || request_ != processed ||
+                    (video_ && published_.ready && !exhausted_ && queued_.size() < queue_capacity &&
+                     (queued_.empty() || (queued_.size() + 1) * uint64_t(published_.video.width) *
+                         published_.video.height * 4 <= 128ULL * 1024 * 1024));
+            });
+            if (closing_)
+                return;
+            source = source_;
+            generation = generation_;
+            request = request_;
+            prefetch = request == processed;
+            time = requested_time_;
+            if (prefetch) {
+                const auto &last = queued_.empty() ? published_.video : queued_.back();
+                time = last.timestamp + 1e-5;
+            }
+            video = video_;
+            cancel = active_stop_.get_token();
+        }
+        processed = request;
+        snapshot next;
+        next.generation = generation;
+        try {
+            if (!source)
+                throw std::runtime_error("No media source");
+            if (loaded != generation) {
+                decoder.reset();
+                pcm.reset();
+                if (video) {
+                    decoder = open_video(*source, {}, cancel);
+                    auto audio = decoder->audio(cancel);
+                    if (audio.frames())
+                        pcm = std::make_shared<const audio_buffer>(std::move(audio));
+                } else
+                    pcm = std::make_shared<const audio_buffer>(decode_audio(source->bytes, {}, cancel));
+                loaded = generation;
+            }
+            next.audio = pcm;
+            if (video) {
+                next.video = decoder->read(time, cancel);
+                next.duration = decoder->duration();
+            } else {
+                next.audio = pcm;
+                next.duration = double(pcm->frames()) / pcm->sample_rate;
+            }
+            next.ready = true;
+        } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+            next.error = e.what();
+        }
+        bool deliver = false;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard lock(mutex_);
+            if (!closing_ && generation == generation_ && request == request_) {
+                if (prefetch) {
+                    const auto &last = queued_.empty() ? published_.video : queued_.back();
+                    if (next.error.empty()) {
+                        if (!next.video.native_surface || next.video.timestamp <= last.timestamp + 1e-7)
+                            exhausted_ = true;
+                        else
+                            queued_.push_back(std::move(next.video));
+                        // Refill silently; only presentation opportunities publish.
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    exhausted_ = true;
+                    // Decoder failures still reach the element's error event.
+                    next.video = published_.video;
+                }
+                next.seeking = request != request_;
+                next.version = published_.version + 1;
+                next.selected = published_.selected;
+                next.dropped = published_.dropped;
+                next.repeated = published_.repeated;
+                published_ = std::move(next);
+                deliver = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (deliver && notify_)
+            notify_();
+    }
+}
+} // namespace webscene::media
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_session.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_session.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b819fb76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/media_session.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "media_decode.h"
+#include <chrono>
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <functional>
+#include <deque>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
+
+namespace webscene::media {
+// Consume only frames whose presentation interval has begun. Returns consumed
+// count (more than one means obsolete decoded frames were dropped).
+inline size_t select_video_frame(std::deque<video_frame>& queue, double time, video_frame& current) {
+    size_t consumed = 0;
+    while (!queue.empty() && queue.front().timestamp <= time + 1e-7) {
+        current = std::move(queue.front());
+        queue.pop_front();
+        ++consumed;
+    }
+    return consumed;
+}
+// Persistent source/decoder with bounded decode-ahead. The host presentation
+// opportunity selects a complete frame; decoder completion never advances it.
+class media_session {
+  public:
+    struct snapshot {
+        uint64_t generation{}, version{}, selected{}, dropped{}, repeated{};
+        double duration{};
+        size_t buffered_frames{};
+        bool ready{}, seeking{};
+        std::string error;
+        std::shared_ptr<const audio_buffer> audio;
+        video_frame video;
+    };
+
+  private:
+    std::mutex mutex_;
+    std::condition_variable wake_;
+    std::shared_ptr<const encoded_source> source_;
+    snapshot published_;
+    uint64_t generation_{}, request_{};
+    double requested_time_{};
+    bool video_{}, closing_{}, exhausted_{};
+    std::deque<video_frame> queued_;
+    static constexpr size_t queue_capacity = 4;
+    std::stop_source active_stop_;
+    std::function<void()> notify_;
+    std::jthread worker_;
+    void run(std::stop_token);
+
+  public:
+    explicit media_session(std::function<void()> notify = {});
+    ~media_session();
+    void load(std::shared_ptr<const encoded_source>, bool video);
+    void seek(double);
+    snapshot read();
+    snapshot present(double media_time);
+    void close();
+};
+} // namespace webscene::media
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/miniaudio_impl.c b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/miniaudio_impl.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..609e6aa25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/miniaudio_impl.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Statically compiled once; MIT-0 license is shipped alongside native artifacts.
+#define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "miniaudio.h"
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/video_decode_macos.mm b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/video_decode_macos.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca0229ed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/video_decode_macos.mm
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+#include "media_decode.h"
+#import <AVFoundation/AVFoundation.h>
+#import <CoreVideo/CoreVideo.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+namespace webscene::media {
+namespace {
+// Private spool file because AVAssetReader consumes file assets. Only admitted
+// bytes are written. It is removed on every success/error path after reader use.
+struct source_file {
+    std::string path;
+    source_file(const encoded_source &source, std::stop_token stop) {
+        const auto ext = source.extension;
+        if (ext != ".mp4" && ext != ".mov" && ext != ".m4v")
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Unsupported video container extension");
+        std::string pattern =
+            std::string([NSTemporaryDirectory() fileSystemRepresentation]) + "webscene-media-XXXXXX" + ext;
+        std::vector<char> name(pattern.begin(), pattern.end());
+        name.push_back(0);
+        int fd = mkstemps(name.data(), static_cast<int>(ext.size()));
+        if (fd < 0)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Cannot create private media spool");
+        path = name.data();
+        size_t offset = 0;
+        while (offset < source.bytes.size()) {
+            if (stop.stop_requested()) {
+                close(fd);
+                unlink(path.c_str());
+                throw std::runtime_error("Video decode cancelled");
+            }
+            auto count = write(fd, source.bytes.data() + offset,
+                               std::min<size_t>(source.bytes.size() - offset, 1024 * 1024));
+            if (count < 0 && errno == EINTR)
+                continue;
+            if (count <= 0) {
+                close(fd);
+                unlink(path.c_str());
+                throw std::runtime_error("Cannot write media spool");
+            }
+            offset += static_cast<size_t>(count);
+        }
+        if (close(fd) != 0) {
+            unlink(path.c_str());
+            throw std::runtime_error("Cannot close media spool");
+        }
+    }
+    ~source_file() { unlink(path.c_str()); }
+};
+std::runtime_error failure(NSError *error, const char *fallback) {
+    return std::runtime_error(error ? [[error localizedDescription] UTF8String] : fallback);
+}
+audio_buffer read_audio(AVAsset *asset, decode_limits limits, std::stop_token stop, uint32_t rate) {
+    auto *track = [[asset tracksWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeAudio] firstObject];
+    if (!track)
+        return {};
+    if (stop.stop_requested())
+        throw std::runtime_error("Audio decode cancelled");
+    NSError *error = nil;
+    auto *reader = [[AVAssetReader alloc] initWithAsset:asset error:&error];
+    if (!reader)
+        throw failure(error, "Cannot create audio reader");
+    auto *settings = [@{
+        AVFormatIDKey : @(kAudioFormatLinearPCM),
+        AVLinearPCMBitDepthKey : @32,
+        AVLinearPCMIsFloatKey : @YES,
+        AVLinearPCMIsNonInterleaved : @NO
+    } mutableCopy];
+    if (rate)
+        settings[AVSampleRateKey] = @(rate);
+    auto *output = [[AVAssetReaderTrackOutput alloc] initWithTrack:track outputSettings:settings];
+    output.alwaysCopiesSampleData = NO;
+    if (![reader canAddOutput:output])
+        throw std::runtime_error("Audio output format unavailable");
+    [reader addOutput:output];
+    std::stop_callback cancel(stop, [reader] { [reader cancelReading]; });
+    if (![reader startReading])
+        throw failure(reader.error, "Cannot start audio reader");
+    audio_buffer result;
+    for (;;) {
+        if (stop.stop_requested())
+            throw std::runtime_error("Audio decode cancelled");
+        auto sample = [output copyNextSampleBuffer];
+        if (!sample) {
+            if (reader.status != AVAssetReaderStatusCompleted)
+                throw failure(reader.error, "Audio decode failed");
+            break;
+        }
+        struct release {
+            CMSampleBufferRef sample;
+            ~release() { CFRelease(sample); }
+        } owner{sample};
+        auto format =
+            CMAudioFormatDescriptionGetStreamBasicDescription(CMSampleBufferGetFormatDescription(sample));
+        if (!format || format->mFormatID != kAudioFormatLinearPCM || format->mBitsPerChannel != 32 ||
+            !(format->mFormatFlags & kAudioFormatFlagIsFloat) ||
+            (format->mFormatFlags & kAudioFormatFlagIsNonInterleaved) || !format->mChannelsPerFrame ||
+            format->mChannelsPerFrame > 32)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Invalid PCM output format");
+        if (result.channels &&
+            (result.channels != format->mChannelsPerFrame || result.sample_rate != format->mSampleRate))
+            throw std::runtime_error("Midstream audio format change unsupported");
+        result.channels = format->mChannelsPerFrame;
+        result.sample_rate = static_cast<uint32_t>(format->mSampleRate);
+        auto block = CMSampleBufferGetDataBuffer(sample);
+        if (!block)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Missing PCM buffer");
+        auto bytes = CMBlockBufferGetDataLength(block);
+        if (bytes % sizeof(float) || bytes > limits.decoded_audio_bytes ||
+            result.samples.size() > (limits.decoded_audio_bytes - bytes) / sizeof(float))
+            throw std::length_error("Decoded audio exceeds memory limit");
+        auto offset = result.samples.size();
+        result.samples.resize(offset + bytes / sizeof(float));
+        if (CMBlockBufferCopyDataBytes(block, 0, bytes, result.samples.data() + offset) !=
+            kCMBlockBufferNoErr)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Cannot read PCM output");
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+}
+class apple_video_decoder final : public video_decoder {
+    std::unique_ptr<source_file> file_;
+    AVURLAsset *asset_;
+    AVAssetTrack *track_;
+    AVAssetReader *reader_;
+    AVAssetReaderTrackOutput *output_;
+    decode_limits limits_;
+    video_frame last_;
+    double requested_{-1}, duration_{};
+    void restart(double seconds) {
+        [reader_ cancelReading];
+        NSError *error = nil;
+        reader_ = [[AVAssetReader alloc] initWithAsset:asset_ error:&error];
+        if (!reader_)
+            throw failure(error, "Cannot create video reader");
+        output_ = [[AVAssetReaderTrackOutput alloc]
+             initWithTrack:track_
+            outputSettings:@{
+                (id)kCVPixelBufferPixelFormatTypeKey : @(kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA),
+                (id)kCVPixelBufferIOSurfacePropertiesKey : @{},
+                (id)kCVPixelBufferMetalCompatibilityKey : @YES
+            }];
+        output_.alwaysCopiesSampleData = NO;
+        if (![reader_ canAddOutput:output_])
+            throw std::runtime_error("Video output format is unavailable");
+        [reader_ addOutput:output_];
+        reader_.timeRange = CMTimeRangeMake(CMTimeMakeWithSeconds(seconds, 600000), kCMTimePositiveInfinity);
+        if (![reader_ startReading])
+            throw failure(reader_.error, "Cannot start video reader");
+        last_ = {};
+    }
+
+  public:
+    apple_video_decoder(const encoded_source &source, decode_limits limits, std::stop_token stop)
+        : limits_(limits) {
+        if (source.bytes.empty() || source.bytes.size() > limits.encoded_bytes)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Encoded video size is outside the admitted limit");
+        if (stop.stop_requested())
+            throw std::runtime_error("Video decode cancelled");
+        file_ = std::make_unique<source_file>(source, stop);
+        asset_ = [AVURLAsset
+            URLAssetWithURL:[NSURL fileURLWithPath:[NSString stringWithUTF8String:file_->path.c_str()]]
+                    options:@{
+                        AVURLAssetReferenceRestrictionsKey : @(AVAssetReferenceRestrictionForbidAll)
+                    }];
+        track_ = [[asset_ tracksWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo] firstObject];
+        if (!track_)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Video has no decodable video track");
+        const auto size = track_.naturalSize;
+        if (size.width <= 0 || size.height <= 0 || size.width * size.height > limits.video_pixels)
+            throw std::length_error("Video dimensions exceed decode limit");
+        duration_ = CMTimeGetSeconds(asset_.duration);
+        if (!std::isfinite(duration_) || duration_ <= 0)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Invalid video duration");
+    }
+    ~apple_video_decoder() override { [reader_ cancelReading]; }
+    double duration() const noexcept override { return duration_; }
+    audio_buffer audio(std::stop_token stop) override {
+        @autoreleasepool {
+            return read_audio(asset_, limits_, stop, 0);
+        }
+    }
+    video_frame read(double seconds, std::stop_token stop) override {
+        if (!std::isfinite(seconds) || seconds < 0)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid video seek time");
+        if (stop.stop_requested())
+            throw std::runtime_error("Video decode cancelled");
+        @autoreleasepool {
+            // Reuse one asset/spool and reader during sequential playback. Only
+            // discontinuities reopen a reader. Keep at most the current lease.
+            seconds = std::min(
+                seconds, std::max(0.0, duration_ - 1.0 / std::max(1.0, double(track_.nominalFrameRate))));
+            if (!reader_ || seconds < requested_ || seconds - requested_ > .5) {
+                if (std::getenv("WEBSCENE_MEDIA_TRACE"))
+                    std::fprintf(stderr, "media_restart requested=%.6f previous=%.6f\n", seconds, requested_);
+                restart(seconds);
+            }
+            requested_ = seconds;
+            AVAssetReader *active_reader = reader_;
+            std::stop_callback cancel(stop, [active_reader] { [active_reader cancelReading]; });
+            while (!last_.native_surface || last_.timestamp + 1e-7 < seconds) {
+                CMSampleBufferRef sample = [output_ copyNextSampleBuffer];
+                if (!sample) {
+                    if (stop.stop_requested())
+                        throw std::runtime_error("Video decode cancelled");
+                    if (reader_.status == AVAssetReaderStatusCompleted && last_.native_surface)
+                        break;
+                    throw failure(reader_.error, "No video frame at requested time");
+                }
+                struct release_sample {
+                    CMSampleBufferRef value;
+                    ~release_sample() { CFRelease(value); }
+                } release{sample};
+                CVPixelBufferRef pixel = CMSampleBufferGetImageBuffer(sample);
+                if (!pixel)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("Decoded sample has no pixel buffer");
+                const auto width = CVPixelBufferGetWidth(pixel), height = CVPixelBufferGetHeight(pixel);
+                if (!width || !height || width > limits_.video_pixels / height)
+                    throw std::length_error("Decoded video exceeds pixel limit");
+                CVPixelBufferRetain(pixel);
+                video_frame frame;
+                frame.native_surface = std::shared_ptr<void>(
+                    pixel, [](void *value) { CVPixelBufferRelease(static_cast<CVPixelBufferRef>(value)); });
+                const auto transform = track_.preferredTransform;
+                frame.display_transform = {transform.a, transform.b,  transform.c,
+                                           transform.d, transform.tx, transform.ty};
+                frame.width = static_cast<uint32_t>(width);
+                frame.height = static_cast<uint32_t>(height);
+                frame.pixel_format = CVPixelBufferGetPixelFormatType(pixel);
+                frame.timestamp = CMTimeGetSeconds(CMSampleBufferGetPresentationTimeStamp(sample));
+                frame.duration = duration_;
+                frame.sample_duration = CMTimeGetSeconds(CMSampleBufferGetDuration(sample));
+                if (!std::isfinite(frame.sample_duration) || frame.sample_duration <= 0)
+                    frame.sample_duration = 1.0 / std::max(1.0, double(track_.nominalFrameRate));
+                last_ = std::move(frame);
+            }
+            if (stop.stop_requested())
+                throw std::runtime_error("Video decode cancelled");
+            return last_;
+        }
+    }
+};
+bool native_video_decode_available() noexcept { return true; }
+std::unique_ptr<video_decoder> open_video(const encoded_source &source, decode_limits limits,
+                                          std::stop_token stop) {
+    @autoreleasepool {
+        return std::make_unique<apple_video_decoder>(source, limits, stop);
+    }
+}
+video_frame decode_video_frame(const encoded_source &source, double seconds, decode_limits limits,
+                               std::stop_token stop) {
+    return open_video(source, limits, stop)->read(seconds, stop);
+}
+audio_buffer decode_native_audio(std::span<const uint8_t> bytes, decode_limits limits, std::stop_token stop,
+                                 uint32_t rate) {
+    @autoreleasepool {
+        encoded_source source{{bytes.begin(), bytes.end()}, ".mp4"};
+        source_file file(source, stop);
+        auto *asset = [AVURLAsset
+            URLAssetWithURL:[NSURL fileURLWithPath:[NSString stringWithUTF8String:file.path.c_str()]]
+                    options:@{
+                        AVURLAssetReferenceRestrictionsKey : @(AVAssetReferenceRestrictionForbidAll)
+                    }];
+        auto result = read_audio(asset, limits, stop, rate);
+        if (result.samples.empty())
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported or invalid audio data");
+        return result;
+    }
+}
+
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/video_decode_unsupported.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/video_decode_unsupported.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d258ad46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/media/video_decode_unsupported.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "media_decode.h"
+#include <stdexcept>
+namespace webscene::media {
+bool native_video_decode_available() noexcept { return false; }
+std::unique_ptr<video_decoder> open_video(const encoded_source&, decode_limits, std::stop_token) {
+    throw std::runtime_error("Native video decoding is not implemented on this platform");
+}
+video_frame decode_video_frame(const encoded_source&, double, decode_limits, std::stop_token) {
+    throw std::runtime_error("Native video decoding is not implemented on this platform");
+}
+}
+
+namespace webscene::media {
+audio_buffer decode_native_audio(std::span<const uint8_t>,decode_limits,std::stop_token,uint32_t) { throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported or invalid audio data"); }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_frame_trace.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_frame_trace.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40ce5f594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_frame_trace.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <vector>
+
+// Worker-owned diagnostic ring. Never prints or allocates while recording;
+// timestamps share steady_clock's epoch with the native scheduling metrics.
+struct webscene_frame_trace final {
+    struct sample { const char* stage; long long timestamp; unsigned long long sequence; };
+    std::vector<sample> samples;
+    size_t count = 0;
+    ~webscene_frame_trace() { dump(); }
+    struct scope {
+        webscene_frame_trace& trace;
+        const char* end;
+        unsigned long long sequence;
+        scope(webscene_frame_trace& owner, const char* start, const char* finish, unsigned long long id)
+            : trace(owner), end(finish), sequence(id) { trace.mark(start, id); }
+        ~scope() { trace.mark(end, sequence); }
+    };
+    webscene_frame_trace() {
+        const auto* setting = std::getenv("WEBSCENE_TRACE_FRAME_PIPELINE");
+        if (setting && setting[0] == '1') samples.resize(65536);
+    }
+    void mark(const char* stage, unsigned long long sequence) {
+        if (samples.empty()) return;
+        samples[count++ % samples.size()] = {stage,
+            std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
+                std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count(), sequence};
+    }
+    void dump() {
+        const auto begin = count > samples.size() ? count - samples.size() : 0;
+        for (auto i = begin; i < count; ++i) {
+            const auto& value = samples[i % samples.size()];
+            std::fprintf(stderr, "Frame pipeline: {\"stage\":\"%s\",\"ns\":%lld,\"sequence\":%llu}\n",
+                value.stage, value.timestamp, value.sequence);
+        }
+        count = 0;
+    }
+};
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp
index f56255e67..262359a08 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.cpp
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ paint_z_index_update update_paint_z_index(
     // element or an authored ::after overlay to a different CSS paint phase.
     // Basing this bit on the current command list made the cached layout state
     // alternate between backdrop and overlay across ordinary chart redraws.
-    auto contains_retained_canvas = node.tag == "canvas"
+    auto contains_retained_canvas = (node.tag == "canvas" || node.tag == "video")
         && node.visible
         && node.style.display != display_mode::none;
     for (auto* child : document.composed_children(node)) {
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ size_t count_retained_canvases(
     // Count visible canvas elements rather than non-empty display lists. The
     // latter can be transiently empty between reset and redraw and must not
     // change the stable backdrop/canvas/overlay partition.
-    auto count = node.tag == "canvas"
+    auto count = (node.tag == "canvas" || node.tag == "video")
         && node.visible
         && node.style.display != display_mode::none
         ? size_t{1U}
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ void update_retained_canvas_paint_phase(
     // the final canvas can safely use the global overlay by document order.
     node.paints_after_retained_canvas =
         retained_canvas_seen && retained_canvases_remaining == 0U;
-    if (node.tag == "canvas"
+    if ((node.tag == "canvas" || node.tag == "video")
         && node.visible
         && node.style.display != display_mode::none) {
         retained_canvas_seen = true;
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.h
index 6b3328d06..80fd7cb80 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.h
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom.h
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "webscene_native_engine.h"
+#include "graphics/canvas_backing.h"
+#include "graphics/image_lease_abi.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
@@ -9,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
 #include <memory_resource>
+#include <span>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
@@ -824,13 +827,46 @@ struct text_layout_fragment final {
     std::string text;
 };
 
+// One immutable dependency binding captured with the CPU scene. Resolving it
+// never consults the live DOM or substitutes a newer canvas output.
+struct gpu_canvas_scene_binding final {
+    uint32_t node_id{};
+    webscene::graphics::image_metadata metadata;
+    std::shared_ptr<webscene_gpu_image_snapshot> pending;
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> completed;
+    uint64_t presentation_generation{};
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve() const {
+        return pending ? pending->resolve() : completed;
+    }
+};
+
 struct canvas_node_data final {
+    webscene::graphics::canvas_backing backing;
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> gpu_image;
+    std::shared_ptr<webscene_gpu_image_snapshot> gpu_snapshot;
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> gpu_presentation_image;
+    void publish_gpu_image(std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> image) {
+        if (!image) throw std::invalid_argument("missing GPU canvas image");
+        const auto m=image->value.describe();
+        if (backing.mode()==webscene::graphics::canvas_context_mode::none
+            || m.canvas!=backing.identity() || m.allocation_generation!=backing.allocation_generation()
+            || !backing.accepts_completed_content(m.content_serial) || m.width!=backing.width() || m.height!=backing.height())
+            throw std::invalid_argument("GPU image does not match canvas backing");
+        if (gpu_image && gpu_image->value.describe().content_serial>m.content_serial)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("GPU image publication cannot regress");
+        gpu_image=std::move(image);
+    }
     std::vector<canvas_rect_command> rects;
     std::vector<canvas_line_command> lines;
     uint64_t generation{1};
     std::vector<webscene_canvas_command> commands;
     std::vector<std::string> strings;
     std::unordered_map<std::string, uint32_t> string_indices;
+    // Worker-owned derived state. Canvas commands append within a generation;
+    // resets advance the generation before clearing the command list.
+    mutable uint64_t dependency_generation{0};
+    mutable size_t dependency_command_count{0};
+    mutable std::unordered_set<uint32_t> canvas_dependencies;
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION)
     uint64_t fill_rect_calls{0};
     uint64_t probable_volume_fill_rect_calls{0};
@@ -992,6 +1028,11 @@ struct dom_node final {
         float column_gap{0};
     };
 
+    struct dialog_data final {
+        std::string return_value;
+        uint32_t previously_focused_id{};
+    };
+
     struct form_control_data final {
         std::string value;
         size_t selection_start{0};
@@ -1110,13 +1151,13 @@ struct dom_node final {
 
     uint32_t id{0};
     dom_node_kind kind{dom_node_kind::element};
+    // XML documents preserve qualified/tag and attribute name case. HTML nodes
+    // continue to apply the ASCII case-insensitive name rules at the binding.
+    bool xml_mode{false};
     std::string tag;
     std::string id_attribute;
     std::string class_name;
     std::string text_content;
-    // XML documents preserve qualified/tag and attribute name case. HTML nodes
-    // continue to apply the ASCII case-insensitive name rules at the binding.
-    bool xml_mode{false};
     attribute_collection attributes;
     std::string_view namespace_uri() const noexcept
     {
@@ -1264,6 +1305,9 @@ struct dom_node final {
     }
 
     std::unique_ptr<form_control_data> form_control_state;
+    // Dialog state is independent of authored attributes and survives wrapper GC.
+    std::unique_ptr<dialog_data> dialog_state;
+
     const replaced_image_data& replaced_image() const noexcept
     {
         static const replaced_image_data empty;
@@ -1535,13 +1579,26 @@ class native_document final {
     dom_node* find_by_native_id(uint32_t id) noexcept;
     dom_node* find_by_id(const std::string& id) noexcept;
     std::vector<dom_node*> query_selector_all(dom_node& root, const std::string& selector);
+    bool register_modal_dialog(dom_node& scope, dom_node& dialog);
+    void unregister_modal_dialog(const dom_node& dialog);
+    void unregister_modal_subtree(const dom_node& root);
+    const dom_node* active_modal_dialog(const dom_node& scope) const noexcept;
+    bool is_modal_dialog(const dom_node& node) const noexcept;
+    bool is_in_modal_layer(const dom_node& node) const noexcept;
+    bool is_inert(const dom_node& node) const noexcept;
     dom_node* hit_test(dom_node& root, float x, float y);
     void clear();
     void layout(float viewport_width, float viewport_height);
     void build_scene(
         std::vector<webscene_scene_command>& commands,
         std::vector<webscene_scene_string>& strings,
-        std::vector<char>& string_bytes) const;
+        std::vector<char>& string_bytes, bool ordered_canvas = false, bool capture_gpu_outputs = false) const;
+    // Engine-thread publication: validates document ownership and backing version,
+    // then requests a scene without forcing style/layout work.
+    void publish_gpu_canvas_image(dom_node& node,std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> image);
+    bool validate_gpu_canvas_binding(const gpu_canvas_scene_binding& binding) const;
+    void build_gpu_canvas_bindings(std::vector<gpu_canvas_scene_binding>& bindings) const;
+    void build_gpu_canvas_images(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>>& images) const;
     void build_canvas_layouts(std::vector<webscene_canvas_layout>& layouts) const;
     void build_canvas_display_lists(
         std::vector<webscene_canvas_layer>& layers,
@@ -1567,6 +1624,7 @@ class native_document final {
     std::array<uint64_t, 4U> intrinsic_view_box_parse_counts() const noexcept;
 #endif
     size_t node_count() const noexcept;
+    std::span<dom_node* const> media_elements() const noexcept { return auxiliary_nodes_ ? std::span<dom_node* const>(auxiliary_nodes_->media) : std::span<dom_node* const>{}; }
     allocation_metrics read_allocation_metrics() const noexcept;
     size_t count_tag(const std::string& tag) const noexcept;
     size_t sum_attribute_bytes(const std::string& tag, const std::string& attribute) const noexcept;
@@ -1575,6 +1633,7 @@ class native_document final {
     layout_rect busiest_canvas_layout() const noexcept;
     uint64_t scene_generation() const noexcept;
     void mark_scene_changed() noexcept;
+    bool has_canvas_references(uint32_t node_id) const;
     bool dirty() const noexcept;
     void mark_dirty() noexcept;
     void mark_out_of_flow_geometry_dirty(dom_node& node) noexcept;
@@ -1903,7 +1962,10 @@ class native_document final {
         bool defer_fixed_descendants,
         bool defer_positive_descendants = false,
         const dom_node* paint_target = nullptr,
-        const node_style::pseudo_element* paint_pseudo_target = nullptr) const;
+        const node_style::pseudo_element* paint_pseudo_target = nullptr,
+        bool ordered_canvas = false,
+        bool paint_modal_root = false,
+        bool capture_gpu_outputs = false) const;
     static bool matches_selector(const dom_node& node, const std::string& selector);
     static void collect_matches(
         dom_node& node,
@@ -1936,6 +1998,15 @@ class native_document final {
     // trimmed when possible so short-lived text-node churn does not retain an
     // ever-growing pointer table.
     std::vector<dom_node*> native_id_index_;
+    struct modal_dialog_entry final { uint32_t scope_id; uint32_t dialog_id; };
+    // Most documents never open a modal. Keep the container allocation lazy
+    // and its implementation-specific vector footprint out of every document.
+    struct auxiliary_nodes { std::vector<modal_dialog_entry> dialogs; std::vector<dom_node*> media; };
+    std::unique_ptr<auxiliary_nodes> auxiliary_nodes_;
+    std::span<const modal_dialog_entry> modal_dialogs() const noexcept {
+        return auxiliary_nodes_ ? std::span<const modal_dialog_entry>(auxiliary_nodes_->dialogs)
+                              : std::span<const modal_dialog_entry>{};
+    }
 #if !defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_INTRINSIC_SIZE_HASH_CACHE_CONTROL)
     // Mirror the native-ID index so intrinsic lookup remains direct without
     // making every DOM node pay a cross-library object-footprint tax. The
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_layout.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_layout.inc
index eb714823f..3e25f6b92 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_layout.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_layout.inc
@@ -1098,6 +1098,15 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
             horizontal_axis ? node.style.width : node.style.height,
             available);
     };
+    const auto positioned_auto_start_margin = [](float available, float start, float end,
+        float size, float start_margin, float end_margin, bool start_auto, bool end_auto,
+        bool horizontal_axis) {
+        if (!start_auto) return start_margin;
+        const auto free = available - start - end - size - (end_auto ? 0.0F : end_margin);
+        // CSS absolute positioning permits negative auto margins vertically.
+        // In the horizontal LTR case, excess width overflows at the right edge.
+        return end_auto ? (horizontal_axis && free < 0 ? 0.0F : free * 0.5F) : free;
+    };
     const auto layout_positioned_grid_child = [&](dom_node& child) {
         auto* containing_node = body_;
         if (child.style.position == position_mode::absolute) {
@@ -1152,11 +1161,11 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
             ? resolve_length(child, child.style.right, containing.width, 0) : 0.0F;
         const auto bottom = has_bottom
             ? resolve_length(child, child.style.bottom, containing.height, 0) : 0.0F;
-        const auto margin_left = resolve_length(
+        auto margin_left = resolve_length(
             child, child.style.margin_left, containing.width, 0);
         const auto margin_right = resolve_length(
             child, child.style.margin_right, containing.width, 0);
-        const auto margin_top = resolve_length(
+        auto margin_top = resolve_length(
             child, child.style.margin_top, containing.height, 0);
         const auto margin_bottom = resolve_length(
             child, child.style.margin_bottom, containing.height, 0);
@@ -1203,6 +1212,12 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
         };
         assigned.width = constrain_positioned_size(true, assigned.width);
         assigned.height = constrain_positioned_size(false, assigned.height);
+        if (has_left && has_right) margin_left = positioned_auto_start_margin(
+            containing.width, left, right, assigned.width, margin_left, margin_right,
+            child.style.margin_left_auto, child.style.margin_right_auto, true);
+        if (has_top && has_bottom) margin_top = positioned_auto_start_margin(
+            containing.height, top, bottom, assigned.height, margin_top, margin_bottom,
+            child.style.margin_top_auto, child.style.margin_bottom_auto, false);
         assigned.x = has_left
             ? containing.x + left + margin_left
             : has_right
@@ -1290,6 +1305,12 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
             // BR is inline-level but forces a line break. The flattened text-run
             // path has no sentinel for forced breaks, so retain it as an item.
             if (node.tag == "br") return false;
+            // Replaced inline elements contribute their intrinsic box, even
+            // without CSS width/height. Flattening them into text runs loses
+            // the box entirely (canvas fallback children are not its contents).
+            if (node.tag == "canvas" || node.tag == "video" || node.tag == "img" || node.tag == "svg"
+                || node.tag == "input" || node.tag == "select" || node.tag == "textarea")
+                return false;
             // Inline-block and inline-table descendants are atomic inline
             // boxes. Flattening their text into the surrounding line discards
             // their own padding, background, and border geometry.
@@ -1726,8 +1747,32 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
     const auto implicit_column_grid = parent_grid.auto_flow_column
         && !parent_grid.auto_columns.empty();
     if (is_grid_container(parent.style.display)
-        && (parent_grid.two_columns || implicit_column_grid)) {
+        && (parent_grid.two_columns || implicit_column_grid
+            || !parent_grid.template_columns.empty() || !parent_grid.template_rows.empty())) {
         using grid_track = node_style::grid_data::track;
+        const auto distribute_fractions = [](std::vector<float>& sizes,
+            const std::vector<grid_track>& tracks, float available, float gaps) {
+            auto remaining = available - gaps;
+            std::vector<size_t> flexible;
+            for (size_t index=0;index<sizes.size();++index) {
+                if(index<tracks.size() && tracks[index].fraction>0)flexible.push_back(index);
+                else remaining-=sizes[index];
+            }
+            while(!flexible.empty()) {
+                float weight=0;
+                for(const auto index:flexible)weight+=tracks[index].fraction;
+                const auto fraction=std::max(0.0F,remaining)/std::max(1.0F,weight);
+                bool froze=false;
+                for(auto it=flexible.begin();it!=flexible.end();) {
+                    if(fraction*tracks[*it].fraction<sizes[*it]) {
+                        remaining-=sizes[*it];it=flexible.erase(it);froze=true;
+                    } else ++it;
+                }
+                if(froze)continue;
+                for(const auto index:flexible)sizes[index]=fraction*tracks[index].fraction;
+                break;
+            }
+        };
         struct grid_item final {
             dom_node* node{nullptr};
             size_t row{0};
@@ -1786,7 +1831,7 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
         const auto column_count = inherited_subgrid_columns
             ? parent.grid_layout().column_widths.size()
             : std::max<size_t>(
-                implicit_column_grid ? 1U : 2U,
+                parent_grid.two_columns && effective_columns.empty() ? 2U : 1U,
                 effective_columns.size());
         const auto parse_line = [](std::string_view value) -> std::optional<int32_t> {
             const auto first = value.find_first_not_of(" \t\r\n");
@@ -1988,15 +2033,11 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
         if (!inherited_subgrid_columns) {
             const auto committed_width = std::accumulate(
                 column_widths.begin(), column_widths.end(), total_gap);
-            const auto fractional_space = std::max(0.0F, content.width - committed_width);
             if (fractional_weight > 0) {
-                for (size_t column = 0; column < effective_columns.size(); ++column) {
-                    const auto& track = effective_columns[column];
-                    if (track.fraction <= 0) continue;
-                    column_widths[column] = std::max(
-                        column_widths[column],
-                        fractional_space * track.fraction / fractional_weight);
-                }
+                // Flexible tracks own their share of the available space,
+                // including their minimum. Freeze undersized shares at that
+                // minimum and recompute the fraction for the remaining tracks.
+                distribute_fractions(column_widths,effective_columns,content.width,total_gap);
             } else if (committed_width < content.width && !column_widths.empty()) {
                 // `justify-content: normal` stretches auto grid tracks, not
                 // fixed tracks. Donating all free space to the final column
@@ -2024,6 +2065,7 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
         const auto row_count = std::max<size_t>(
             occupied.size(), parent_grid.template_rows.size());
         std::vector<float> row_heights(row_count, 0.0F);
+        std::vector<float> row_minimums(row_count, 0.0F);
         const auto contains_wrapping_flex = [&](const auto& self,
                                                 const dom_node& node) -> bool {
             if (is_flex_container(node.style.display) && node.style.flex_wrap) {
@@ -2073,6 +2115,26 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
             auto authored = definite_height
                 ? outer_authored_size(*item.node, false, content.height)
                 : intrinsic_size(*item.node, false, content.height);
+            const auto record_contribution = [&](float contribution) {
+                auto minimum = contribution;
+                if (!definite_height) {
+                    const auto& style = item.node->style;
+                    const auto scrollable = style.overflow_y == overflow_mode::hidden
+                        || style.overflow_y == overflow_mode::automatic
+                        || style.overflow_y == overflow_mode::scroll;
+                    if (is_specified(style.min_height) || scrollable) {
+                        const auto padding = resolve_vertical_padding(*item.node, style.padding_top, content.height, 0)
+                            + resolve_vertical_padding(*item.node, style.padding_bottom, content.height, 0)
+                            + resolve_length(*item.node, style.border_top_width, content.height, 0)
+                            + resolve_length(*item.node, style.border_bottom_width, content.height, 0);
+                        const auto authored_minimum = is_specified(style.min_height)
+                            ? resolve_length(*item.node, style.min_height, content.height, 0) : 0.0F;
+                        minimum = std::max(padding, authored_minimum + (style.border_box ? 0.0F : padding));
+                    }
+                }
+                row_minimums[item.row] = std::max(row_minimums[item.row], minimum + margins);
+                row_heights[item.row] = std::max(row_heights[item.row], contribution + margins);
+            };
             if (!definite_height) {
                 // Block-axis intrinsic sizing alone only sees an unwrapped
                 // line-height. Grid row sizing, however, happens after the
@@ -2108,8 +2170,7 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
                 const auto has_wrapping_flex = !wraps_at_used_width
                     && contains_wrapping_flex(contains_wrapping_flex, *item.node);
                 if (!wraps_at_used_width && !has_wrapping_flex) {
-                    row_heights[item.row] = std::max(
-                        row_heights[item.row], authored + margins);
+                    record_contribution(authored);
                     continue;
                 }
                 if (item.node->style.grid().subgrid_columns) {
@@ -2159,23 +2220,24 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
                             item.node->scroll_content_height,
                             flow_bounds.second - flow_bounds.first)));
             }
-            row_heights[item.row] = std::max(row_heights[item.row], authored + margins);
+            record_contribution(authored);
+        }
+        const auto single_auto_row = row_count == 1U
+            && (parent_grid.template_rows.empty()
+                || parent_grid.template_rows[0].kind == grid_track::sizing::automatic);
+        if (single_auto_row && parent.used_height_is_definite) {
+            // An auto track's max-content growth limit is not its minimum.
+            // Scrollable items and explicit min-height can allow the row to
+            // shrink, including after a larger previously arranged viewport.
+            row_heights[0] = std::max(row_minimums[0], std::min(row_heights[0], content.height));
         }
         const auto total_row_gap = row_count > 0
             ? row_gap * static_cast<float>(row_count - 1U) : 0.0F;
         const auto committed_height = std::accumulate(
             row_heights.begin(), row_heights.end(), total_row_gap);
-        const auto fractional_row_space = std::max(0.0F, content.height - committed_height);
         if (fractional_row_weight > 0) {
-            for (size_t row = 0; row < parent_grid.template_rows.size(); ++row) {
-                const auto& track = parent_grid.template_rows[row];
-                if (track.fraction <= 0) continue;
-                row_heights[row] = std::max(
-                    row_heights[row],
-                    fractional_row_space * track.fraction / fractional_row_weight);
-            }
-        } else if (row_count == 1U
-            && parent_grid.template_rows.empty()
+            distribute_fractions(row_heights,parent_grid.template_rows,content.height,total_row_gap);
+        } else if (single_auto_row
             && committed_height < content.height) {
             // The common one-row implicit grid case stretches its auto row to
             // the definite container height. Keep this compatibility path
@@ -2248,7 +2310,7 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
                     column_offsets[item.column] + margin_left,
                     row_offsets[item.row] + margin_top,
                     width,
-                    height});
+                    height}, true); // The resolved grid area supplies the stretched block size.
             };
             arrange(item.node);
         }
@@ -2566,7 +2628,7 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
     const auto contains_replaced_content = [&](const auto& self,
                                                 const dom_node& candidate) -> bool {
         if (candidate.tag == "svg" || candidate.tag == "img"
-            || candidate.tag == "canvas" || candidate.tag == "input"
+            || candidate.tag == "canvas" || candidate.tag == "video" || candidate.tag == "input"
             || candidate.tag == "select" || candidate.tag == "textarea") {
             return true;
         }
@@ -2903,7 +2965,7 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
             const auto bottom = has_bottom
                 ? resolve_length(*child, child->style.bottom, containing.height, 0)
                 : 0;
-            const auto margin_left = resolve_length(
+            auto margin_left = resolve_length(
                 *child,
                 child->style.margin_left,
                 containing.width,
@@ -2913,7 +2975,7 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
                 child->style.margin_right,
                 containing.width,
                 0);
-            const auto margin_top = resolve_length(
+            auto margin_top = resolve_length(
                 *child,
                 child->style.margin_top,
                 containing.height,
@@ -2950,6 +3012,12 @@ void native_document::layout_children(dom_node& parent)
                 false,
                 assigned.height,
                 containing.height);
+            if (has_left && has_right) margin_left = positioned_auto_start_margin(
+                containing.width, left, right, assigned.width, margin_left, margin_right,
+                child->style.margin_left_auto, child->style.margin_right_auto, true);
+            if (has_top && has_bottom) margin_top = positioned_auto_start_margin(
+                containing.height, top, bottom, assigned.height, margin_top, margin_bottom,
+                child->style.margin_top_auto, child->style.margin_bottom_auto, false);
             const auto flex_static_main_offset = [&] {
                 // An auto-inset out-of-flow child keeps the position its
                 // margin box would have occupied in normal flow. `cursor` is
@@ -3657,7 +3725,7 @@ float native_document::min_content_inline_size(
         return constrain(padding + widest_segment);
     }
     if (node.tag == "input" || node.tag == "select" || node.tag == "textarea"
-        || node.tag == "img" || node.tag == "svg" || node.tag == "canvas") {
+        || node.tag == "img" || node.tag == "svg" || node.tag == "canvas" || node.tag == "video") {
         return intrinsic_size(node, true, available);
     }
 
@@ -4063,11 +4131,18 @@ float native_document::compute_intrinsic_size(
         // applied to the wrapper and used to size its portaled listbox.
         return constrain(columns * measure_text_width("0", node) + padding);
     }
-    if (node.tag == "svg" || node.tag == "img" || node.tag == "canvas") {
+    if (node.tag == "svg" || node.tag == "img" || node.tag == "canvas" || node.tag == "video") {
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_INTRINSIC_SIZE_BRANCH_BENCHMARK)
         ++intrinsic_size_branch_counts_for_benchmark[5];
 #endif
         const auto attribute = node.attributes.find(horizontal ? "width" : "height");
+        if (node.tag == "video" && attribute == node.attributes.end()) {
+            const auto& backing=node.canvas().backing;
+            return constrain(static_cast<float>(horizontal?backing.width():backing.height())+padding);
+        }
+        if (node.tag == "canvas" && attribute == node.attributes.end()) {
+            return constrain((horizontal ? 300.0F : 150.0F) + padding);
+        }
         if (attribute != node.attributes.end()) {
             const auto intrinsic = parse_number(attribute->second, 0);
             if (intrinsic > 0) return constrain(intrinsic + padding);
@@ -4419,6 +4494,28 @@ void native_document::layout_child(
     layout_rect assigned,
     bool assigned_height_is_definite)
 {
+    // A video's decoded size is intrinsic, not its used CSS height. Resolve
+    // auto height from the final content width before transforms and parent flow
+    // placement; otherwise width:100% stretches a native-resolution-tall image.
+    if (child.tag == "video" && !is_specified(child.style.height)
+        && !child.attributes.contains("height") && !assigned_height_is_definite) {
+        const auto& backing = child.canvas().backing;
+        if (backing.width() > 0 && backing.height() > 0) {
+            const auto horizontal_edges =
+                resolve_length(child, child.style.padding_left, assigned.width, 0)
+                + resolve_length(child, child.style.padding_right, assigned.width, 0)
+                + resolve_length(child, child.style.border_left_width, assigned.width, 0)
+                + resolve_length(child, child.style.border_right_width, assigned.width, 0);
+            const auto vertical_edges =
+                resolve_vertical_padding(child, child.style.padding_top, assigned.height, 0)
+                + resolve_vertical_padding(child, child.style.padding_bottom, assigned.height, 0)
+                + resolve_length(child, child.style.border_top_width, assigned.height, 0)
+                + resolve_length(child, child.style.border_bottom_width, assigned.height, 0);
+            assigned.height = std::max(0.0F, assigned.width - horizontal_edges)
+                * static_cast<float>(backing.height()) / static_cast<float>(backing.width())
+                + vertical_edges;
+        }
+    }
     // A CSS transform changes the painted and hit-test box, not the space the
     // element occupies in its parent's flow. Percentage translations resolve
     // against the transformed element's own border box.
@@ -4548,10 +4645,29 @@ void native_document::layout_child(
             child.layout.height,
             0);
         const auto previous_height = child.layout.height;
-        child.layout.height = std::max(
-            child.layout.height,
-            content_bottom - child.layout.y + padding_bottom + border_bottom);
-        if (child.layout.height > previous_height + 0.01F) {
+        const auto final_content_height = content_bottom - child.layout.y
+            + padding_bottom + border_bottom;
+        // Ordinary auto-height blocks follow their laid-out children, including
+        // replaced content whose used height shrinks after resolving its width.
+        // Keeping the provisional intrinsic height leaves a native-size blank
+        // area below responsive video and pushes following controls offscreen.
+        const auto recompute_auto_block = child.style.display == display_mode::block
+            && !has_visible_text(child.text_content)
+            && !pseudo_generates_box(child.style.before_pseudo())
+            && !pseudo_generates_box(child.style.after_pseudo());
+        const auto minimum_height = is_specified(child.style.min_height)
+            ? resolve_length(child, child.style.min_height, containing_block.height, 0)
+            : 0.0F;
+        child.layout.height = recompute_auto_block
+            ? std::max(minimum_height, final_content_height)
+            : std::max(child.layout.height, final_content_height);
+        if (recompute_auto_block && child.layout.height < previous_height - 0.01F) {
+            // Recompute overflow against the settled viewport. The provisional
+            // content height also participates in scroll extents; retaining it
+            // creates an empty scroll range after responsive content shrinks.
+            layout_children(child);
+        }
+        if (std::abs(child.layout.height - previous_height) > 0.01F) {
             // layout_children() established scroll geometry from the
             // provisional auto height. Wrapped content can then grow this box
             // without changing its public client/scroll metrics, leaving a
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_metrics.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_metrics.inc
index 6f78e7982..77dd13b1a 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_metrics.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_metrics.inc
@@ -157,7 +157,8 @@ native_document::allocation_metrics native_document::read_allocation_metrics() c
             return values.bucket_count() * sizeof(void*)
                 + values.size() * (sizeof(value_type) + 2U * sizeof(void*));
         };
-        result.canvas_storage_bytes += hash_bytes(canvas.string_indices);
+        result.canvas_storage_bytes += hash_bytes(canvas.string_indices)
+            + hash_bytes(canvas.canvas_dependencies);
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION)
         result.canvas_storage_bytes +=
             hash_bytes(canvas.probable_volume_by_generation)
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc
index 358f50b9b..2f9da7945 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_scene.inc
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 void native_document::build_scene(
     std::vector<webscene_scene_command>& commands,
     std::vector<webscene_scene_string>& strings,
-    std::vector<char>& string_bytes) const
+    std::vector<char>& string_bytes, bool ordered_canvas, bool capture_gpu_outputs) const
 {
     commands.clear();
     commands.reserve(nodes_.size());
     strings.clear();
     string_bytes.clear();
-    append_scene(*body_, commands, strings, string_bytes, false, true);
+    append_scene(*body_, commands, strings, string_bytes, false, true, false, nullptr, nullptr, ordered_canvas, false, capture_gpu_outputs);
     std::vector<dom_node*> fixed;
     for (auto* child : composed_children(*body_)) {
         collect_outermost_fixed_positioned_nodes(*this, *child, fixed);
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ void native_document::build_scene(
             return left->paint_z_index < right->paint_z_index;
         });
     for (const auto* fixed_node : fixed) {
-        if (!display_tree_allows_render(*this, *fixed_node)) continue;
+        if (is_in_modal_layer(*fixed_node) || !display_tree_allows_render(*this, *fixed_node)) continue;
         auto inherited_visibility_hidden = false;
         std::vector<const dom_node*> ancestors;
         for (auto* ancestor = composed_parent(*fixed_node);
@@ -38,7 +38,109 @@ void native_document::build_scene(
             strings,
             string_bytes,
             inherited_visibility_hidden,
-            false);
+            false, false, nullptr, nullptr, ordered_canvas, false, capture_gpu_outputs);
+    }
+    // Modal roots leave their DOM stacking context and are emitted exactly
+    // once, in registration order, after ordinary/fixed document content.
+    for (const auto& entry : modal_dialogs()) {
+        if (entry.dialog_id > native_id_index_.size()) continue;
+        const auto* modal = native_id_index_[entry.dialog_id - 1U];
+        if (modal == nullptr || !display_tree_allows_render(*this, *modal)) continue;
+        bool hidden = false;
+        std::vector<const dom_node*> ancestors;
+        for (auto* ancestor = composed_parent(*modal); ancestor != nullptr;
+             ancestor = composed_parent(*ancestor)) ancestors.push_back(ancestor);
+        for (auto ancestor = ancestors.rbegin(); ancestor != ancestors.rend(); ++ancestor) {
+            if ((*ancestor)->style.visibility_specified) hidden = (*ancestor)->style.visibility_hidden;
+        }
+        append_scene(*modal, commands, strings, string_bytes, hidden,
+            false, false, nullptr, nullptr, ordered_canvas, true, capture_gpu_outputs);
+    }
+}
+
+void native_document::publish_gpu_canvas_image(dom_node& node,
+    std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> image)
+{
+    if ((node.tag!="canvas" && node.tag!="video") || find_by_native_id(node.id)!=&node)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("GPU canvas belongs to another document or is not a canvas");
+    auto& canvas=node.mutable_canvas();
+    const bool changed=canvas.gpu_image!=image;
+    canvas.publish_gpu_image(std::move(image));
+    if (changed) {
+        // Submission already invalidated the document and captured this output.
+        // Completion resolves that dependency; it does not create new content.
+        // Keep ordinary completed-image publication invalidating as before.
+        if(canvas.gpu_snapshot && canvas.gpu_snapshot->state()!=webscene_gpu_image_snapshot::status::failed) {
+            const auto captured=canvas.gpu_snapshot->describe();
+            const auto completed=canvas.gpu_image->value.describe();
+            if(captured.canvas==completed.canvas && captured.allocation==completed.allocation
+                && captured.allocation_generation==completed.allocation_generation
+                && captured.content_serial==completed.content_serial)return;
+        }
+        mark_scene_changed();
+    }
+}
+
+bool native_document::validate_gpu_canvas_binding(const gpu_canvas_scene_binding& binding) const
+{
+    const auto* node=binding.node_id==0 || binding.node_id>native_id_index_.size()
+        ? nullptr : native_id_index_[binding.node_id-1];
+    if(!node || (node->tag!="canvas" && node->tag!="video") || !is_connected(*node))return false;
+    const auto& backing=node->canvas().backing;
+    if(binding.presentation_generation) {
+        return binding.completed && !binding.pending
+            && node->canvas().gpu_presentation_image==binding.completed
+            && backing.identity()==binding.metadata.canvas
+            && backing.allocation_generation()==binding.presentation_generation;
+    }
+    return backing.identity()==binding.metadata.canvas
+        && backing.allocation_generation()==binding.metadata.allocation_generation
+        && backing.accepts_completed_content(binding.metadata.content_serial)
+        && backing.width()==binding.metadata.width && backing.height()==binding.metadata.height;
+}
+
+void native_document::build_gpu_canvas_bindings(
+    std::vector<gpu_canvas_scene_binding>& bindings) const
+{
+    bindings.clear();
+    for(const auto& node:nodes_) {
+        if((node->tag!="canvas" && node->tag!="video") || !is_connected(*node) || !node->visible
+            || !display_tree_allows_render(*this,*node))continue;
+        const auto& canvas=node->canvas();
+        if(!canvas.gpu_snapshot&&!canvas.gpu_image) {
+            if(canvas.gpu_presentation_image) {
+                const auto metadata=canvas.gpu_presentation_image->value.describe();
+                if(metadata.canvas==canvas.backing.identity())
+                    bindings.push_back({node->id,metadata,nullptr,canvas.gpu_presentation_image,
+                        canvas.backing.allocation_generation()});
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        const auto metadata=canvas.gpu_snapshot ? canvas.gpu_snapshot->describe()
+            : canvas.gpu_image->value.describe();
+        if(metadata.canvas!=canvas.backing.identity()
+            || metadata.allocation_generation!=canvas.backing.allocation_generation()
+            || !canvas.backing.accepts_completed_content(metadata.content_serial))continue;
+        bindings.push_back({node->id,metadata,canvas.gpu_snapshot,
+            canvas.gpu_snapshot ? nullptr : canvas.gpu_image});
+    }
+}
+
+void native_document::build_gpu_canvas_images(
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>>& images) const
+{
+    images.clear();
+    for (const auto& node : nodes_) {
+        if ((node->tag!="canvas" && node->tag!="video") || !is_connected(*node) || !node->visible
+            || !display_tree_allows_render(*this,*node)) continue;
+        const auto& canvas=node->canvas();
+        if (!canvas.gpu_image) continue;
+        const auto m=canvas.gpu_image->value.describe();
+        // A bitmap reset invalidates the presented content. Retained scenes
+        // still own the previous frame until their consumers finish.
+        if (m.allocation_generation!=canvas.backing.allocation_generation()
+            || !canvas.backing.accepts_completed_content(m.content_serial)) continue;
+        images.push_back(canvas.gpu_image);
     }
 }
 
@@ -100,9 +202,20 @@ void native_document::build_canvas_display_lists(
         added_dependency = false;
         for (const auto& node : nodes_) {
             if (!retained_canvas_ids.contains(node->id)) continue;
-            for (const auto& command : node->canvas().commands) {
-                if (command.kind == 27U
-                    && retained_canvas_ids.insert(command.resource_id).second) {
+            const auto& canvas = node->canvas();
+            if (canvas.dependency_generation != canvas.generation
+                || canvas.dependency_command_count > canvas.commands.size()) {
+                canvas.canvas_dependencies.clear();
+                canvas.dependency_command_count = 0;
+                canvas.dependency_generation = canvas.generation;
+            }
+            for (auto index = canvas.dependency_command_count; index < canvas.commands.size(); ++index) {
+                const auto& command = canvas.commands[index];
+                if (command.kind == 27U) canvas.canvas_dependencies.insert(command.resource_id);
+            }
+            canvas.dependency_command_count = canvas.commands.size();
+            for (const auto dependency : canvas.canvas_dependencies) {
+                if (retained_canvas_ids.insert(dependency).second) {
                     added_dependency = true;
                 }
             }
@@ -171,6 +284,16 @@ void native_document::retain_canvas_for_export(dom_node& node) noexcept
     mark_scene_changed();
 }
 
+bool native_document::has_canvas_references(uint32_t node_id) const
+{
+    for (const auto& node : nodes_) {
+        if (node->tag != "canvas") continue;
+        for (const auto& command : node->canvas().commands)
+            if (command.kind == 27U && command.resource_id == node_id) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 bool native_document::release_canvas_export(uint32_t node_id) noexcept
 {
     if (node_id == 0U || retained_export_canvas_id_ != node_id) return false;
@@ -188,8 +311,12 @@ void native_document::append_scene(
     bool defer_fixed_descendants,
     bool defer_positive_descendants,
     const dom_node* paint_target,
-    const node_style::pseudo_element* paint_pseudo_target) const
+    const node_style::pseudo_element* paint_pseudo_target,
+    bool ordered_canvas,
+    bool paint_modal_root,
+    bool capture_gpu_outputs) const
 {
+    if (!paint_modal_root && is_modal_dialog(node)) return;
     const auto elevated_target = paint_target == &node;
     const auto pseudo_only = elevated_target && paint_pseudo_target != nullptr;
     if (paint_target == &node) paint_target = nullptr;
@@ -308,7 +435,7 @@ void native_document::append_scene(
             // backgrounds must be emitted after retained chart canvases, just
             // like their text and SVG foreground commands.
         }
-        return node.paints_after_retained_canvas || fixed_layer || outermost_z_index > 0;
+        return is_in_modal_layer(node) || node.paints_after_retained_canvas || fixed_layer || outermost_z_index > 0;
     }();
     struct resolved_radii final {
         float top_left;
@@ -1193,7 +1320,26 @@ void native_document::append_scene(
         append_pseudo(node.style.after_pseudo());
     }
     const auto& canvas = node.canvas();
-    if (paint_self
+    const auto gpu_metadata=capture_gpu_outputs && canvas.gpu_snapshot
+        ? std::optional(canvas.gpu_snapshot->describe())
+        : canvas.gpu_image ? std::optional(canvas.gpu_image->value.describe()) : std::nullopt;
+    const bool presentation_gpu=capture_gpu_outputs && !gpu_metadata && canvas.gpu_presentation_image
+        && canvas.gpu_presentation_image->value.describe().canvas==canvas.backing.identity();
+    const bool paints_gpu=presentation_gpu || (gpu_metadata
+        && gpu_metadata->allocation_generation==canvas.backing.allocation_generation()
+        && canvas.backing.accepts_completed_content(gpu_metadata->content_serial));
+    if (paint_self && (node.tag=="canvas" || node.tag=="video") && paints_gpu) {
+        // Native DOM output carries the node ID. Publication resolves it to the
+        // scene-local image index before exposing the command to consumers.
+        commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{
+            WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE,0U,node.layout.x,node.layout.y,
+            node.layout.width,node.layout.height,0U,node.id,0,0,0,0,0});
+    }
+    if (ordered_canvas && paint_self && !paints_gpu && node.tag=="canvas" && !canvas.commands.empty()) {
+        commands.push_back(webscene_scene_command{
+            WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_CANVAS_LAYER,0U,0,0,0,0,0U,node.id,0,0,0,0,0});
+    }
+    if (paint_self && !paints_gpu
         && node.tag == "canvas"
         && canvas.commands.empty()
         && (!canvas.rects.empty() || !canvas.lines.empty())) {
@@ -1641,7 +1787,7 @@ void native_document::append_scene(
                 defer_fixed_descendants,
                 true,
                 paint_target,
-                paint_pseudo_target);
+                paint_pseudo_target, ordered_canvas, false, capture_gpu_outputs);
         } else if (entry.pseudo != nullptr) {
             if (!pseudo_only && entry.z_index > 0) continue;
             append_pseudo(*entry.pseudo);
@@ -1680,7 +1826,7 @@ void native_document::append_scene(
             // Walk only this branch. Ancestors retain overflow clips and
             // visibility inheritance but do not duplicate backgrounds or SVGs.
             append_scene(*branch, commands, strings, string_bytes,
-                visibility_hidden, defer_fixed_descendants, true, target, entry.pseudo);
+                visibility_hidden, defer_fixed_descendants, true, target, entry.pseudo, ordered_canvas, false, capture_gpu_outputs);
         }
     }
     if (clip_contents) {
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_tree.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_tree.inc
index d2a8172ab..f5379fbe7 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_tree.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_dom_tree.inc
@@ -464,6 +464,10 @@ dom_node& native_document::create_node(dom_node_kind kind, std::string name)
 #endif
     nodes_.push_back(std::move(node));
     native_id_index_[result->id - 1U] = result;
+    if(kind==dom_node_kind::element&&(result->tag=="audio"||result->tag=="video")){
+        if(!auxiliary_nodes_)auxiliary_nodes_=std::make_unique<auxiliary_nodes>();
+        auxiliary_nodes_->media.push_back(result);
+    }
     mark_dirty();
     return *result;
 }
@@ -486,6 +490,7 @@ bool native_document::parser_remove_from_parent(dom_node& child) noexcept
     auto& siblings = child.parent->children;
     const auto known = std::find(siblings.begin(), siblings.end(), &child);
     if (known == siblings.end()) return false;
+    unregister_modal_subtree(child);
     siblings.erase(known);
     child.parent = nullptr;
     return true;
@@ -540,6 +545,7 @@ dom_node& native_document::parser_template_contents(dom_node& element)
 void native_document::remove_all_children(dom_node& parent)
 {
     for (auto* child : parent.children) {
+        unregister_modal_subtree(*child);
         child->parent = nullptr;
         child->visible = false;
     }
@@ -589,6 +595,12 @@ size_t native_document::erase_detached_subtrees(
         }
         if (shadow_dom_storage_->node_data.empty()) shadow_dom_storage_.reset();
     }
+    if (auxiliary_nodes_) std::erase_if(auxiliary_nodes_->dialogs, [&](const auto& entry) {
+        return entry.scope_id > native_id_index_.size() || entry.dialog_id > native_id_index_.size()
+            || native_id_index_[entry.scope_id - 1U] == nullptr
+            || native_id_index_[entry.dialog_id - 1U] == nullptr;
+    });
+    if(auxiliary_nodes_)std::erase_if(auxiliary_nodes_->media,[&](auto* node){return removed.contains(node);});
     std::erase_if(nodes_, [&](const auto& node) { return removed.contains(node.get()); });
     while (!native_id_index_.empty() && native_id_index_.back() == nullptr) {
         native_id_index_.pop_back();
@@ -625,8 +637,106 @@ std::vector<dom_node*> native_document::query_selector_all(
     return result;
 }
 
+bool native_document::register_modal_dialog(dom_node& scope, dom_node& dialog)
+{
+    if (&scope == &dialog || find_by_native_id(scope.id) != &scope || find_by_native_id(dialog.id) != &dialog
+        || dialog.tag != "dialog" || dialog.namespace_uri() != dom_node::html_namespace_uri) return false;
+    auto* scope_ancestor = &scope;
+    while (scope_ancestor != nullptr && scope_ancestor != body_) scope_ancestor = composed_parent(*scope_ancestor);
+    if (scope_ancestor == nullptr) return false;
+    auto* ancestor = &dialog;
+    while (ancestor != nullptr && ancestor != &scope) ancestor = composed_parent(*ancestor);
+    if (ancestor == nullptr) return false;
+    for (const auto& entry : modal_dialogs()) {
+        if (entry.dialog_id == dialog.id) return entry.scope_id == scope.id;
+    }
+    if (!auxiliary_nodes_) auxiliary_nodes_ = std::make_unique<auxiliary_nodes>();
+    auxiliary_nodes_->dialogs.push_back({scope.id, dialog.id});
+    mark_dirty();
+    return true;
+}
+
+void native_document::unregister_modal_dialog(const dom_node& dialog)
+{
+    if (dialog.id == 0 || dialog.id > native_id_index_.size()
+        || native_id_index_[dialog.id - 1U] != &dialog) return;
+    if (auxiliary_nodes_ && std::erase_if(auxiliary_nodes_->dialogs, [&](const auto& entry) {
+            return entry.dialog_id == dialog.id;
+        }) != 0) mark_dirty();
+}
+
+void native_document::unregister_modal_subtree(const dom_node& root)
+{
+    if (auxiliary_nodes_ && std::erase_if(auxiliary_nodes_->dialogs, [&](const auto& entry) {
+            const auto within = [&](uint32_t id) {
+                const auto* candidate = id <= native_id_index_.size() ? native_id_index_[id - 1U] : nullptr;
+                while (candidate != nullptr && candidate != &root) candidate = composed_parent(*candidate);
+                return candidate != nullptr;
+            };
+            return within(entry.dialog_id) || within(entry.scope_id);
+        }) != 0) mark_dirty();
+}
+
+const dom_node* native_document::active_modal_dialog(const dom_node& scope) const noexcept
+{
+    if (modal_dialogs().empty()) return nullptr;
+    if (scope.id == 0 || scope.id > native_id_index_.size()
+        || native_id_index_[scope.id - 1U] != &scope) return nullptr;
+    for (auto entry = modal_dialogs().rbegin(); entry != modal_dialogs().rend(); ++entry) {
+        if (entry->scope_id != scope.id || entry->dialog_id > native_id_index_.size()) continue;
+        const auto* dialog = native_id_index_[entry->dialog_id - 1U];
+        if (dialog == nullptr) continue;
+        for (auto* ancestor = dialog; ancestor != nullptr; ancestor = composed_parent(*ancestor)) {
+            if (ancestor == &scope) return dialog;
+        }
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+bool native_document::is_modal_dialog(const dom_node& node) const noexcept
+{
+    if (modal_dialogs().empty() || node.id == 0 || node.id > native_id_index_.size()
+        || native_id_index_[node.id - 1U] != &node) return false;
+    return std::any_of(modal_dialogs().begin(), modal_dialogs().end(),
+        [&](const auto& entry) { return entry.dialog_id == node.id; });
+}
+
+bool native_document::is_in_modal_layer(const dom_node& node) const noexcept
+{
+    if (modal_dialogs().empty()) return false;
+    for (auto* ancestor = &node; ancestor != nullptr; ancestor = composed_parent(*ancestor)) {
+        if (is_modal_dialog(*ancestor)) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool native_document::is_inert(const dom_node& node) const noexcept
+{
+    // The empty stack keeps ordinary documents on the attribute-only path.
+    // Scope checks are independent: a nested browsing scope cannot escape a
+    // modal that blocks its embedding subtree.
+    bool attribute_inert = false;
+    bool escaped_ancestors = false;
+    for (auto* ancestor = &node; ancestor != nullptr; ancestor = composed_parent(*ancestor)) {
+        if (!escaped_ancestors && ancestor->attributes.contains("inert")) attribute_inert = true;
+        if (modal_dialogs().empty()) continue;
+        for (const auto& entry : modal_dialogs()) {
+            if (entry.dialog_id == ancestor->id) escaped_ancestors = true;
+        }
+        if (const auto* modal = active_modal_dialog(*ancestor)) {
+            auto* candidate = &node;
+            while (candidate != nullptr && candidate != modal) candidate = composed_parent(*candidate);
+            if (candidate == nullptr) return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return attribute_inert;
+}
+
 dom_node* native_document::hit_test(dom_node& root, float x, float y)
 {
+    if (const auto* modal = active_modal_dialog(root)) {
+        return hit_test(*const_cast<dom_node*>(modal), x, y);
+    }
     const auto nearest_element = [this](dom_node* hit) {
         while (hit != nullptr && hit->tag == "#text") hit = composed_parent(*hit);
         return hit;
@@ -708,7 +818,12 @@ dom_node* native_document::hit_test_node(
     bool inherited_pointer_events_none,
     bool ignore_own_clip) noexcept
 {
-    if (!node.visible || node.style.display == display_mode::none) return nullptr;
+    // A scope is itself inert while blocked. Enter its active modal before
+    // pruning the scope, otherwise no control in that dialog could be hit.
+    if (const auto* modal = active_modal_dialog(node)) {
+        return hit_test(*const_cast<dom_node*>(modal), x, y);
+    }
+    if (!node.visible || node.style.display == display_mode::none || is_inert(node)) return nullptr;
     const auto visibility_hidden = node.style.visibility_specified
         ? node.style.visibility_hidden
         : inherited_visibility_hidden;
@@ -802,6 +917,7 @@ dom_node* native_document::hit_test_node(
 
 void native_document::clear()
 {
+    auxiliary_nodes_.reset();
     retained_export_canvas_id_ = 0U;
     shadow_dom_storage_.reset();
     nodes_.clear();
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.cpp
index 899a6abe2..2917bdd0b 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.cpp
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,13 @@
 #include "webscene_native_dom.h"
 #include "webscene_v8_runtime.h"
 #include "webscene_runtime_diagnostics.h"
+#include "webscene_frame_trace.h"
+#include "graphics/engine_wake.h"
+#include "graphics/webgpu_canvas_interop.h"
+#include "graphics/image_lease_abi.h"
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+#include "graphics/iosurface_canvas_images.h"
+#endif
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
@@ -60,9 +67,16 @@ static_assert(sizeof(webscene_runtime_work_metrics) == 168);
 static_assert(sizeof(webscene_document_script) == 40);
 static_assert(sizeof(webscene_navigation_options) == 16);
 
+struct queued_input_event : webscene_input_event {
+    uint64_t observed_compositor_timestamp = 0;
+    queued_input_event() = default;
+    queued_input_event(const webscene_input_event& value, uint64_t observed = 0)
+        : webscene_input_event(value), observed_compositor_timestamp(observed) {}
+};
+
 class input_ring final {
 public:
-    bool try_push(const webscene_input_event& value)
+    bool try_push(const queued_input_event& value)
     {
         // Pointer/keyboard input is submitted by the host UI thread while
         // display frames are submitted by the compositor thread. Serialize
@@ -83,7 +97,7 @@ class input_ring final {
         return true;
     }
 
-    bool try_pop(webscene_input_event& value)
+    bool try_pop(queued_input_event& value)
     {
         const auto read = read_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
         if (read == write_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
@@ -107,7 +121,7 @@ class input_ring final {
         return (value + 1U) % input_capacity;
     }
 
-    std::array<webscene_input_event, input_capacity> values_{};
+    std::array<queued_input_event, input_capacity> values_{};
     std::mutex producer_mutex_;
     alignas(64) std::atomic<uint32_t> write_{0};
     alignas(64) std::atomic<uint32_t> read_{0};
@@ -122,6 +136,7 @@ struct canvas_layer_version final {
     float y{0};
     float width{0};
     float height{0};
+    uint64_t command_hash{0};
 
     bool visually_equals(const canvas_layer_version& other) const noexcept
     {
@@ -137,6 +152,10 @@ struct canvas_layer_version final {
 
 struct scene final {
     webscene_scene_header header{};
+    uint64_t required_capabilities{};
+    uint64_t captured_generation{};
+    std::vector<webscene_native::gpu_canvas_scene_binding> gpu_bindings;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>> gpu_images;
     std::vector<webscene_scene_command> commands;
     std::vector<webscene_canvas_layer> canvas_layers;
     std::vector<webscene_canvas_command> canvas_commands;
@@ -148,9 +167,74 @@ struct scene final {
     uint64_t published_timestamp_nanoseconds{0};
 };
 
+// Scene payloads are immutable while borrowed. Once the last reference goes
+// away, reuse their allocations instead of faulting in a large new command
+// buffer on every frame. The pool owns no live scene or GPU image references.
+struct scene_storage_pool final : std::enable_shared_from_this<scene_storage_pool> {
+    std::mutex mutex;
+    std::array<std::unique_ptr<scene>,3> free;
+    size_t retained_bytes=0;
+    void trim() {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex);
+        for(auto& slot:free)slot.reset();
+        retained_bytes=0;
+    }
+    static size_t capacity_bytes(const scene& value) noexcept {
+        return value.commands.capacity()*sizeof(webscene_scene_command)
+            +value.canvas_commands.capacity()*sizeof(webscene_canvas_command)
+            +value.canvas_layers.capacity()*sizeof(webscene_canvas_layer)
+            +value.canvas_strings.capacity()*sizeof(webscene_scene_string)
+            +value.canvas_string_bytes.capacity()
+            +value.damage_rects.capacity()*sizeof(webscene_damage_rect);
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<scene> acquire() {
+        std::unique_ptr<scene> value;
+        { std::lock_guard lock(mutex);
+          for(auto& slot:free)if(slot) {
+              retained_bytes-=capacity_bytes(*slot);value=std::move(slot);break;
+          }
+        }
+        if(!value)value=std::make_unique<scene>();
+        return std::shared_ptr<scene>(value.release(),[pool=shared_from_this()](scene* returned) {
+            std::unique_ptr<scene> owner(returned);
+            returned->header={};returned->required_capabilities=0;returned->captured_generation=0;
+            returned->gpu_bindings.clear();returned->gpu_images.clear();
+            returned->commands.clear();returned->canvas_commands.clear();returned->canvas_layers.clear();
+            returned->canvas_strings.clear();returned->canvas_string_bytes.clear();returned->damage_rects.clear();
+            returned->full_layer_versions.clear();returned->dom_hash=0;returned->published_timestamp_nanoseconds=0;
+            const auto bytes=capacity_bytes(*returned);
+            std::lock_guard lock(pool->mutex);
+            constexpr size_t budget=64U*1024U*1024U;
+            if(bytes>budget-pool->retained_bytes)return;
+            for(auto& slot:pool->free)if(!slot) {
+                pool->retained_bytes+=bytes;slot=std::move(owner);break;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+};
+
+constexpr uint64_t scene_command_capabilities(uint32_t kind) noexcept
+{
+    switch (kind) {
+        case WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE: return WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES;
+        case WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_CANVAS_LAYER: return WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_ORDERED_CANVAS;
+        default: return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+uint64_t scene_capabilities(const scene& value)
+{
+    auto capabilities=value.required_capabilities | (value.gpu_images.empty() ? 0 : WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES);
+    for(const auto& image:value.gpu_images)
+        if(image && image->requires_producer_wait) capabilities|=WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_PRODUCER_GPU_WAITS;
+    return capabilities;
+}
+
 uint64_t retained_scene_bytes(const scene& value)
 {
     return sizeof(scene)
+        + value.gpu_images.capacity() * sizeof(decltype(value.gpu_images)::value_type)
+        + value.gpu_bindings.capacity() * sizeof(decltype(value.gpu_bindings)::value_type)
         + value.commands.capacity() * sizeof(webscene_scene_command)
         + value.canvas_layers.capacity() * sizeof(webscene_canvas_layer)
         + value.canvas_commands.capacity() * sizeof(webscene_canvas_command)
@@ -162,6 +246,11 @@ uint64_t retained_scene_bytes(const scene& value)
 }
 
 struct acknowledgement_state final {
+    void reset_for_checkpoint() {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mutex);
+        revision=0; dom_hash=0; viewport_width=0; viewport_height=0;
+        layer_versions.clear(); value.reset(); presentation_images.clear(); pending_scenes.clear();
+    }
     std::mutex mutex;
     uint64_t revision{0};
     uint64_t dom_hash{0};
@@ -169,6 +258,9 @@ struct acknowledgement_state final {
     float viewport_height{0};
     std::unordered_map<uint32_t, canvas_layer_version> layer_versions;
     std::shared_ptr<const scene> value;
+    // Latest compositor-accepted image set, including image-only diffs. This is
+    // separate from the DOM comparison snapshot and from live drawing storage.
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>> presentation_images;
     std::deque<std::shared_ptr<const scene>> pending_scenes;
     std::atomic<uint64_t> acknowledged_scenes{0};
     std::atomic<uint64_t> total_acknowledgement_nanoseconds{0};
@@ -181,6 +273,12 @@ struct script_request final {
     std::string document_name;
 };
 
+struct canvas_checkpoint_request {
+    uint32_t node_id, command_count;
+    uint64_t generation;
+    std::string payload;
+};
+
 struct url_request final {
     std::string url;
     std::vector<webscene_native::document_start_script> document_start_scripts;
@@ -258,6 +356,7 @@ struct inspector_pump_work final {
 } // namespace
 
 struct webscene_engine final {
+    enum class publication_result { deferred, published, discarded };
 #include "webscene_native_engine_lifecycle.inc"
 #include "webscene_native_engine_interop_api.inc"
 #include "webscene_native_engine_diagnostics.inc"
@@ -272,12 +371,17 @@ struct webscene_engine final {
         return diagnostics_.copy_failure(destination, capacity);
     }
 private:
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SCENE_TESTS)
+    friend void test_native_gpu_scene_leases();
+    explicit webscene_engine(std::nullptr_t) : command_count_(0) {}
+#endif
 #include "webscene_native_engine_interop_work.inc"
 #include "webscene_native_engine_worker.inc"
 #include "webscene_native_engine_input.inc"
 #include "webscene_native_engine_metric_updates.inc"
 #include "webscene_native_engine_scene.inc"
 #include "webscene_native_engine_errors.inc"
+    webscene_frame_trace frame_trace_;
     uint32_t command_count_;
     std::string compilation_cache_directory_;
     webscene_resource_load_callback resource_load_callback_{nullptr};
@@ -288,6 +392,8 @@ struct webscene_engine final {
     void* resource_load_v3_user_data_{nullptr};
     webscene_stylesheet_consumed_callback stylesheet_consumed_callback_{nullptr};
     void* stylesheet_consumed_user_data_{nullptr};
+    webscene_webgpu_policy_callback webgpu_policy_callback_{nullptr};
+    void* webgpu_policy_user_data_{nullptr};
     webscene_scene_published_callback scene_published_callback_{nullptr};
     void* scene_published_user_data_{nullptr};
     webscene_host_request_available_callback
@@ -359,10 +465,18 @@ struct webscene_engine final {
     std::atomic<uint64_t> next_interop_operation_id_{1U};
     std::shared_ptr<const scene> latest_{};
     std::atomic<bool> ordered_scene_consumer_{false};
-    std::condition_variable wake_;
-    std::mutex wake_mutex_;
-    bool wake_pending_{false};
+    std::atomic<bool> producer_gpu_wait_consumer_{false};
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::engine_wake> graphics_wake_{
+        std::make_shared<webscene::graphics::engine_wake>()};
+    webscene::graphics::engine_wake& worker_wake_{*graphics_wake_};
+#else
+    webscene::graphics::engine_wake worker_wake_;
+#endif
     uint64_t next_revision_{1};
+    std::shared_ptr<scene> staged_scene_;
+    uint64_t published_document_generation_{};
+
     uint64_t last_input_sequence_{0};
     double viewport_width_{1000};
     double viewport_height_{616};
@@ -503,6 +617,19 @@ struct webscene_engine final {
     std::atomic<uint64_t> coalesced_pointer_move_inputs_{0};
     std::atomic<uint64_t> coalesced_wheel_inputs_{0};
     std::atomic<uint64_t> applied_pointer_move_inputs_{0};
+    std::atomic<uint64_t> pending_pointer_move_inputs_{0};
+    std::shared_ptr<scene_storage_pool> scene_storage_=std::make_shared<scene_storage_pool>();
+    std::vector<webscene_canvas_layer> canvas_layers_scratch_;
+    std::vector<webscene_canvas_command> canvas_commands_scratch_;
+    std::vector<webscene_scene_string> canvas_strings_scratch_;
+    std::vector<char> canvas_string_bytes_scratch_;
+    void trim_scene_storage() {
+        scene_storage_->trim();
+        decltype(canvas_layers_scratch_){}.swap(canvas_layers_scratch_);
+        decltype(canvas_commands_scratch_){}.swap(canvas_commands_scratch_);
+        decltype(canvas_strings_scratch_){}.swap(canvas_strings_scratch_);
+        decltype(canvas_string_bytes_scratch_){}.swap(canvas_string_bytes_scratch_);
+    }
     std::atomic<uint64_t> applied_wheel_inputs_{0};
     std::atomic<uint64_t> applied_animation_frames_{0};
     std::atomic<uint64_t> coalesced_animation_frames_{0};
@@ -565,6 +692,8 @@ struct webscene_engine final {
 #endif
     std::atomic<uint32_t> current_cursor_{WEBSCENE_CURSOR_DEFAULT};
     std::atomic<bool> checkpoint_requested_{false};
+    std::mutex canvas_checkpoint_mutex_;
+    std::optional<canvas_checkpoint_request> canvas_checkpoint_;
     std::atomic<uint32_t> pending_canvas_export_release_id_{0U};
     mutable std::mutex iframe_html_mutex_;
     std::string iframe_html_;
@@ -634,6 +763,10 @@ struct webscene_scene_lease final {
                 != value->header.revision) {
             return false;
         }
+        // Allocate before changing acknowledged state so failure cannot publish
+        // a partial transition. Rejected/stale acknowledgements never get here.
+        auto presentation_images = value->gpu_images;
+        acknowledgement->presentation_images.swap(presentation_images);
         acknowledgement->revision = value->header.revision;
         acknowledgement->dom_hash = value->dom_hash;
         acknowledgement->viewport_width = value->header.viewport_width;
@@ -760,7 +893,8 @@ webscene_engine* webscene_engine_create_with_options(const webscene_engine_optio
         const auto has_resource_callback_v3 =
             options->struct_size >= offsetof(webscene_engine_options, stylesheet_consumed_callback);
         const auto has_stylesheet_consumed_callback =
-            options->struct_size >= sizeof(webscene_engine_options);
+            options->struct_size >= offsetof(webscene_engine_options, webgpu_policy_callback);
+        const auto has_webgpu_policy = options->struct_size >= sizeof(webscene_engine_options);
         return new webscene_engine(
             options->simulated_chart_command_count,
             std::move(cache_directory),
@@ -793,7 +927,9 @@ webscene_engine* webscene_engine_create_with_options(const webscene_engine_optio
                 ? options->animation_frame_requested_user_data
                 : nullptr,
             has_stylesheet_consumed_callback ? options->stylesheet_consumed_callback : nullptr,
-            has_stylesheet_consumed_callback ? options->stylesheet_consumed_user_data : nullptr);
+            has_stylesheet_consumed_callback ? options->stylesheet_consumed_user_data : nullptr,
+            has_webgpu_policy ? options->webgpu_policy_callback : nullptr,
+            has_webgpu_policy ? options->webgpu_policy_user_data : nullptr);
     } catch (...) {
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -1197,6 +1333,14 @@ uint8_t webscene_engine_request_scene_checkpoint(webscene_engine* engine)
     return engine != nullptr && engine->request_scene_checkpoint() ? 1U : 0U;
 }
 
+uint8_t webscene_engine_submit_canvas_checkpoint_v3(webscene_engine* engine,
+    uint32_t node_id, uint64_t generation, uint32_t command_count,
+    const char* payload, size_t length)
+{
+    try { return engine && engine->submit_canvas_checkpoint(node_id,generation,command_count,payload,length); }
+    catch (...) { return 0; }
+}
+
 uint8_t webscene_engine_release_canvas_export(
     webscene_engine* engine,
     uint32_t node_id)
@@ -1224,6 +1368,168 @@ uint8_t webscene_engine_set_preferred_color_scheme(
         : 0U;
 }
 
+namespace {
+struct scene_lease_v3 {
+    webscene_scene_lease cpu;
+    webscene_scene_view_v3 view;
+    scene_lease_v3(std::shared_ptr<const scene> value,std::shared_ptr<acknowledgement_state> acknowledgement)
+        : cpu(std::move(value),std::move(acknowledgement)),
+          view{sizeof(webscene_scene_view_v3),WEBSCENE_SCENE_VIEW_VERSION_3,scene_capabilities(*cpu.value),&cpu.view,this} {}
+};
+webscene_scene_acquire_status acquire_scene_value_v3(std::shared_ptr<const scene> value,
+    std::shared_ptr<acknowledgement_state> acknowledgement,uint64_t capabilities,
+    const webscene_scene_view_v3** result)
+{
+    *result=nullptr;
+    if (!value) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_EMPTY;
+    if (scene_capabilities(*value) & ~capabilities)
+        return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_UNSUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES;
+    auto* lease=new scene_lease_v3(std::move(value),std::move(acknowledgement));
+    *result=&lease->view;
+    return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS;
+}
+webscene_scene_acquire_status acquire_scene_v3(webscene_engine* engine,
+    const webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3* options,const webscene_scene_view_v3** result,bool ordered)
+{
+    if (!result) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    *result=nullptr;
+    if (!engine || !options || options->struct_size<sizeof(*options)) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    if (options->scene_version!=WEBSCENE_SCENE_VIEW_VERSION_3) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_UNSUPPORTED_VERSION;
+    try {
+        engine->set_producer_gpu_wait_consumer(
+            (options->consumer_capabilities & WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_PRODUCER_GPU_WAITS)!=0);
+        auto value=ordered ? engine->acquire_next() : engine->acquire_latest();
+        return acquire_scene_value_v3(std::move(value),engine->acknowledgement_state_handle(),
+            options->consumer_capabilities,result);
+    } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) { return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_OUT_OF_MEMORY; }
+    catch (...) { return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INTERNAL_ERROR; }
+}
+}
+webscene_scene_acquire_status webscene_engine_acquire_latest_scene_v3(webscene_engine* engine,
+    const webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3* options,const webscene_scene_view_v3** result)
+{ return acquire_scene_v3(engine,options,result,false); }
+webscene_scene_acquire_status webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene_v3(webscene_engine* engine,
+    const webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3* options,const webscene_scene_view_v3** result)
+{ return acquire_scene_v3(engine,options,result,true); }
+uint8_t webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(const webscene_scene_view_v3* view)
+{
+    if (!view || view->struct_size < sizeof(webscene_scene_view_v3) ||
+        view->scene_version!=WEBSCENE_SCENE_VIEW_VERSION_3 || !view->lease_token) return 0;
+    return static_cast<scene_lease_v3*>(const_cast<void*>(view->lease_token))->cpu.acknowledge() ? 1 : 0;
+}
+void webscene_scene_release_v3(const webscene_scene_view_v3* view)
+{
+    if (!view || view->struct_size < sizeof(webscene_scene_view_v3) ||
+        view->scene_version!=WEBSCENE_SCENE_VIEW_VERSION_3 || !view->lease_token) return;
+    delete static_cast<const scene_lease_v3*>(view->lease_token);
+}
+
+uint32_t webscene_scene_gpu_image_count_v3(const webscene_scene_view_v3* view)
+{
+    if (!view || view->struct_size < sizeof(*view) || view->scene_version!=3 || !view->lease_token) return 0;
+    return static_cast<const scene_lease_v3*>(view->lease_token)->cpu.value->gpu_images.size();
+}
+webscene_scene_acquire_status webscene_gpu_image_retain_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* image,webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3** result)
+{
+    if (!result) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    *result=nullptr;
+    if (!image) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    try {
+        auto retained=image->value.retain();
+        if (!retained) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_BACKPRESSURE;
+        *result=new webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3(std::move(*retained),image->dependencies,image->requires_producer_wait);
+        return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS;
+    } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) { return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_OUT_OF_MEMORY; }
+      catch (...) { return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INTERNAL_ERROR; }
+}
+webscene_scene_acquire_status webscene_scene_retain_gpu_image_v3(
+    const webscene_scene_view_v3* view,uint32_t index,webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3** result)
+{
+    if (!result) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    *result=nullptr;
+    if (index>=webscene_scene_gpu_image_count_v3(view)) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    return webscene_gpu_image_retain_v3(
+        static_cast<const scene_lease_v3*>(view->lease_token)->cpu.value->gpu_images[index].get(),result);
+}
+uint8_t webscene_gpu_image_describe_v3(const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* image,webscene_gpu_image_info_v3* result)
+{
+    if (!image || !result || result->struct_size<sizeof(*result) || result->version!=3) return 0;
+    try {
+        const auto m=image->value.describe();
+        *result={sizeof(*result),3,m.canvas,m.allocation,m.allocation_generation,m.content_serial,
+            m.producer_timeline,m.producer_value,m.width,m.height,static_cast<uint32_t>(m.format),
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(m.alpha),static_cast<uint32_t>(m.color_space),static_cast<uint32_t>(m.orientation)};
+        return 1;
+    } catch (...) { return 0; }
+}
+void webscene_gpu_image_release_v3(webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* image) { delete image; }
+webscene_scene_acquire_status webscene_gpu_image_begin_consumer_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* image,webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3** result)
+{
+    if (!result) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    *result=nullptr;
+    if (!image) return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    try {
+        // Allocate the wrapper before registering GPU use: OOM must not abandon
+        // a consumer ticket whose destructor correctly requires completion.
+        void* storage=::operator new(sizeof(webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3));
+        try {
+            auto consumer=image->value.begin_consumer();
+            if (!consumer) { ::operator delete(storage); return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_BACKPRESSURE; }
+            *result=new (storage) webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3(std::move(*consumer),image->dependencies);
+        } catch (...) { ::operator delete(storage); throw; }
+        return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS;
+    } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) { return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_OUT_OF_MEMORY; }
+      catch (...) { return WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INTERNAL_ERROR; }
+}
+uint8_t webscene_gpu_image_get_iosurface_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer,webscene_gpu_iosurface_view_v3* result)
+{
+    if (!result || result->struct_size<sizeof(*result) || result->version!=3) return 0;
+    result->borrowed_iosurface=nullptr; result->allocation_bytes=0;
+    if (!consumer) return 0;
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    try {
+        const auto& image=webscene::graphics::iosurface_canvas_images::resolve(consumer->value);
+        result->borrowed_iosurface=image.borrowed_handle();
+        result->allocation_bytes=image.allocation_bytes();
+        return 1;
+    } catch (...) { return 0; }
+#else
+    return 0;
+#endif
+}
+uint8_t webscene_gpu_image_dependency_count_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer,uint32_t* count)
+{
+    if(!count) return 0;
+    *count=0;
+    if(!consumer) return 0;
+    const auto size=consumer->dependencies ? consumer->dependencies->count() : 0;
+    if(size>UINT32_MAX) return 0;
+    *count=static_cast<uint32_t>(size); return 1;
+}
+uint8_t webscene_gpu_image_get_metal_event_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer,uint32_t index,webscene_gpu_metal_event_view_v3* result)
+{
+    if(!result || result->struct_size<sizeof(*result) || result->version!=3) return 0;
+    result->borrowed_shared_event=nullptr;result->signaled_value=0;
+    if(!consumer || !consumer->dependencies) return 0;
+    try {
+        void* event=nullptr;uint64_t value=0;
+        if(index>=consumer->dependencies->count() ||
+            !consumer->dependencies->metal_event(index,event,value) || !event) return 0;
+        result->borrowed_shared_event=event;result->signaled_value=value;return 1;
+    } catch(...) { return 0; }
+}
+
+void webscene_gpu_image_complete_consumer_v3(webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer)
+{
+    if (!consumer) return;
+    consumer->value.complete(); delete consumer;
+}
+
 const webscene_scene_view* webscene_engine_acquire_latest_scene(webscene_engine* engine)
 {
     if (engine == nullptr) {
@@ -1231,7 +1537,7 @@ const webscene_scene_view* webscene_engine_acquire_latest_scene(webscene_engine*
     }
 
     auto scene_value = engine->acquire_latest();
-    if (!scene_value) {
+    if (!scene_value || scene_capabilities(*scene_value)) {
         return nullptr;
     }
 
@@ -1252,7 +1558,7 @@ const webscene_scene_view* webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene(webscene_engine* e
     }
 
     auto scene_value = engine->acquire_next();
-    if (!scene_value) {
+    if (!scene_value || scene_capabilities(*scene_value)) {
         return nullptr;
     }
 
@@ -1421,3 +1727,7 @@ uint8_t webscene_engine_get_memory_metrics(
 }
 
 } // extern "C"
+
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SCENE_TESTS)
+#include "../tests/graphics_scene_lease_tests.inc"
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.exports b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.exports
index 982aeb4ca..ccca42fa0 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.exports
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.exports
@@ -64,3 +64,26 @@ _webscene_scene_acknowledge
 _webscene_scene_get_commands
 _webscene_scene_get_header
 _webscene_scene_release
+
+_webscene_engine_acquire_latest_scene_v3
+_webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene_v3
+_webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3
+_webscene_scene_release_v3
+_webscene_scene_gpu_image_count_v3
+_webscene_scene_retain_gpu_image_v3
+_webscene_gpu_image_retain_v3
+_webscene_gpu_image_describe_v3
+_webscene_gpu_image_release_v3
+_webscene_gpu_image_begin_consumer_v3
+_webscene_gpu_image_complete_consumer_v3
+
+_webscene_gpu_image_get_iosurface_v3
+
+_webscene_gpu_image_dependency_count_v3
+_webscene_gpu_image_get_metal_event_v3
+_webscene_gpu_d3d11_supported_v3
+_webscene_gpu_d3d11_import_v3
+_webscene_gpu_d3d11_seal_v3
+_webscene_gpu_d3d11_poll_v3
+_webscene_gpu_d3d11_destroy_v3
+_webscene_engine_submit_canvas_checkpoint_v3
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.h
index ce12261f8..64b25327f 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.h
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine.h
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ WEBSCENE_API size_t webscene_engine_copy_runtime_failure(
     webscene_engine* engine, char* destination, size_t destination_capacity);
 typedef struct webscene_scene_view webscene_scene_view;
 typedef struct webscene_interop_result_view_v3 webscene_interop_result_view_v3;
+typedef struct webscene_interop_callback_view_v3 webscene_interop_callback_view_v3;
 
 /* Legacy direct-message callback retained for ABI compatibility. */
 typedef void (*webscene_inspector_message_callback)(
@@ -477,6 +478,127 @@ struct webscene_scene_view {
     uint32_t reserved;
 };
 
+/* Separately versioned scene acquisition. No GPU capability is advertised yet. */
+#define WEBSCENE_SCENE_VIEW_VERSION_3 3U
+#define WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES (UINT64_C(1) << 0)
+#define WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_ORDERED_CANVAS (UINT64_C(1) << 1)
+/* Consumer must enqueue every native producer dependency before GPU reads. */
+#define WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_PRODUCER_GPU_WAITS (UINT64_C(1) << 2)
+#define WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_CANVAS_CHECKPOINTS (UINT64_C(1) << 3)
+/* UTF-8 versioned raster/state checkpoint resource, interpreted by capable hosts. */
+#define WEBSCENE_CANVAS_COMMAND_RASTER_CHECKPOINT 58U
+WEBSCENE_API uint8_t webscene_engine_submit_canvas_checkpoint_v3(
+    webscene_engine* engine, uint32_t node_id, uint64_t generation,
+    uint32_t command_count, const char* payload, size_t payload_length);
+/* Draw in the existing command stream at x/y/width/height. rgba carries the
+ * scene GPU image index (not a color); node_id retains the canvas node ID. Existing transform/clip/isolation operations apply. */
+#define WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE 256U
+/* Requires SCENE_CAPABILITY_ORDERED_CANVAS in the scene capability mask.
+ * Ordered v3 placement of a retained Canvas2D layer. node_id selects the layer;
+ * its current layout and bitmap dimensions provide placement/scaling. */
+#define WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_CANVAS_LAYER 257U
+/* Optional hint on a replacement canvas layer. Against header.base_revision,
+ * the previous layer's command and string arrays are unchanged prefixes of
+ * this complete replacement payload. Consumers may ignore this hint. */
+#define WEBSCENE_CANVAS_LAYER_UNCHANGED_PREFIX 4U
+typedef struct webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3 {
+    uint32_t struct_size;
+    uint32_t scene_version;
+    uint64_t consumer_capabilities;
+} webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3;
+typedef enum webscene_scene_acquire_status {
+    WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS = 0,
+    WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_EMPTY = 1,
+    WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT = 2,
+    WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_UNSUPPORTED_VERSION = 3,
+    WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_UNSUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES = 4,
+    WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_OUT_OF_MEMORY = 5,
+    WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INTERNAL_ERROR = 6,
+    WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_BACKPRESSURE = 7
+} webscene_scene_acquire_status;
+typedef struct webscene_scene_view_v3 {
+    uint32_t struct_size;
+    uint32_t scene_version;
+    uint64_t required_capabilities;
+    /* Borrowed for this v3 lease's lifetime. Do not release separately. */
+    const webscene_scene_view* cpu_view;
+    const void* lease_token;
+} webscene_scene_view_v3;
+WEBSCENE_API webscene_scene_acquire_status webscene_engine_acquire_latest_scene_v3(
+    webscene_engine* engine,const webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3* options,const webscene_scene_view_v3** result);
+WEBSCENE_API webscene_scene_acquire_status webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene_v3(
+    webscene_engine* engine,const webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3* options,const webscene_scene_view_v3** result);
+WEBSCENE_API uint8_t webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(const webscene_scene_view_v3* scene);
+WEBSCENE_API void webscene_scene_release_v3(const webscene_scene_view_v3* scene);
+
+/* Opaque native image leases. A retained lease can outlive its scene/engine.
+ * Release ends CPU retention only. Complete a consumer only after its GPU fence.
+ * Calls on the same handle must be externally serialized; released handles are invalid.
+ */
+typedef struct webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3 webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3;
+typedef struct webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3 webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3;
+typedef struct webscene_gpu_image_info_v3 {
+    uint32_t struct_size, version;
+    uint64_t canvas, allocation, allocation_generation, content_serial;
+    uint64_t producer_timeline, producer_value;
+    uint32_t width, height;
+    /* format: 1 RGBA8 unorm, 2 BGRA8 unorm, 3 RGBA16 float,
+     *         4 RGBA8 sRGB, 5 BGRA8 sRGB.
+     * alpha: 1 opaque, 2 premultiplied, 3 straight.
+     * color_space: 1 sRGB, 2 Display P3. orientation: 1 top-left, 2 bottom-left.
+     * Timeline/allocation IDs require native provider resolution, never casts.
+     */
+    uint32_t format, alpha, color_space, orientation;
+} webscene_gpu_image_info_v3;
+WEBSCENE_API uint32_t webscene_scene_gpu_image_count_v3(const webscene_scene_view_v3* scene);
+WEBSCENE_API webscene_scene_acquire_status webscene_scene_retain_gpu_image_v3(
+    const webscene_scene_view_v3* scene,uint32_t index,webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3** result);
+WEBSCENE_API webscene_scene_acquire_status webscene_gpu_image_retain_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* image,webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3** result);
+WEBSCENE_API uint8_t webscene_gpu_image_describe_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* image,webscene_gpu_image_info_v3* result);
+WEBSCENE_API void webscene_gpu_image_release_v3(webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* image);
+WEBSCENE_API webscene_scene_acquire_status webscene_gpu_image_begin_consumer_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* image,webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3** result);
+WEBSCENE_API void webscene_gpu_image_complete_consumer_v3(webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer);
+/* macOS native presenter hook, not portable image metadata or a JavaScript API.
+ * The pointer is borrowed until consumer completion. This lookup does not wait
+ * for the producer, begin native access, or authorize early consumer completion.
+ * Returns zero for unsupported providers/platforms/builds or invalid arguments.
+ */
+typedef struct webscene_gpu_iosurface_view_v3 {
+    uint32_t struct_size, version;
+    void* borrowed_iosurface;
+    uint64_t allocation_bytes;
+} webscene_gpu_iosurface_view_v3;
+WEBSCENE_API uint8_t webscene_gpu_image_get_iosurface_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer,webscene_gpu_iosurface_view_v3* result);
+
+/* Windows host-queue bridge. Keep consumer alive until seal on the drawing
+ * thread and poll returning S_OK (zero). Texture is borrowed from import_owner.
+ * Destroy only before any draw, or after completed retirement. */
+WEBSCENE_API int32_t webscene_gpu_d3d11_import_v3(webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer,
+    void* borrowed_device,void** import_owner,void** borrowed_texture);
+WEBSCENE_API int32_t webscene_gpu_d3d11_supported_v3(void* borrowed_device);
+WEBSCENE_API int32_t webscene_gpu_d3d11_seal_v3(void* import_owner);
+WEBSCENE_API int32_t webscene_gpu_d3d11_poll_v3(void* import_owner);
+WEBSCENE_API void webscene_gpu_d3d11_destroy_v3(void* import_owner);
+
+/* Optional native producer synchronization. Borrowed event ownership follows the
+ * consumer; callers must encode every dependency before reading an early image.
+ * A successful zero count means no attached dependencies, not GPU completion.
+ * These hooks never wait or authorize consumer completion. */
+typedef struct webscene_gpu_metal_event_view_v3 {
+    uint32_t struct_size, version;
+    void* borrowed_shared_event;
+    uint64_t signaled_value;
+} webscene_gpu_metal_event_view_v3;
+WEBSCENE_API uint8_t webscene_gpu_image_dependency_count_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer,uint32_t* count);
+WEBSCENE_API uint8_t webscene_gpu_image_get_metal_event_v3(
+    const webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer,uint32_t index,webscene_gpu_metal_event_view_v3* result);
+
+
 typedef enum webscene_resource_kind {
     WEBSCENE_RESOURCE_DOCUMENT = 0,
     WEBSCENE_RESOURCE_SCRIPT = 1,
@@ -672,6 +794,15 @@ typedef void (*webscene_stylesheet_consumed_callback)(
     void* user_data, const char* address, size_t address_length,
     const char* css, size_t css_length);
 
+/* Optional host admission for the main document, evaluated on the runtime
+ * worker before scripts with the final resolved URL (initially about:blank).
+ * IOSURFACE certifies both a secure context and a GPU-capable scene consumer.
+ * Return DISABLED for untrusted/non-secure documents. No ABI reentry or throws.
+ * Current implementation supports IOSURFACE only on graphics-enabled macOS. */
+enum { WEBSCENE_WEBGPU_DISABLED = 0, WEBSCENE_WEBGPU_IOSURFACE = 1, WEBSCENE_WEBGPU_DXGI = 2 };
+typedef uint32_t (*webscene_webgpu_policy_callback)(void* user_data,
+    const char* document_url, size_t document_url_length);
+
 typedef struct webscene_engine_options {
     uint32_t struct_size;
     uint32_t simulated_chart_command_count;
@@ -695,6 +826,8 @@ typedef struct webscene_engine_options {
     void* resource_load_v3_user_data;
     webscene_stylesheet_consumed_callback stylesheet_consumed_callback;
     void* stylesheet_consumed_user_data;
+    webscene_webgpu_policy_callback webgpu_policy_callback;
+    void* webgpu_policy_user_data;
 } webscene_engine_options;
 
 enum {
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_diagnostics.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_diagnostics.inc
index b39f4a0a9..856b3ceb7 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_diagnostics.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_diagnostics.inc
@@ -158,6 +158,9 @@
         return required;
     }
 
+    void set_producer_gpu_wait_consumer(bool enabled) {
+        producer_gpu_wait_consumer_.store(enabled,std::memory_order_release);
+    }
     std::shared_ptr<const scene> acquire_latest()
     {
         auto result = std::atomic_load_explicit(&latest_, std::memory_order_acquire);
@@ -180,16 +183,7 @@
 
     bool request_scene_checkpoint()
     {
-        {
-            std::lock_guard lock(acknowledgement_->mutex);
-            acknowledgement_->revision = 0;
-            acknowledgement_->dom_hash = 0;
-            acknowledgement_->viewport_width = 0;
-            acknowledgement_->viewport_height = 0;
-            acknowledgement_->layer_versions.clear();
-            acknowledgement_->value.reset();
-            acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.clear();
-        }
+        acknowledgement_->reset_for_checkpoint();
         std::atomic_store_explicit(
             &latest_,
             std::shared_ptr<const scene>{},
@@ -199,6 +193,59 @@
         return true;
     }
 
+    bool submit_canvas_checkpoint(uint32_t node_id, uint64_t generation,
+        uint32_t command_count, const char* payload, size_t length) {
+        if (!node_id || !command_count || !payload || !length || length > 32U*1024U*1024U) return false;
+        { std::lock_guard lock(canvas_checkpoint_mutex_);
+          if (canvas_checkpoint_) return false;
+          canvas_checkpoint_ = canvas_checkpoint_request{node_id,command_count,generation,std::string(payload,length)};
+        }
+        signal_worker(); return true;
+    }
+
+    bool apply_canvas_checkpoint() {
+        std::optional<canvas_checkpoint_request> request;
+        { std::lock_guard lock(canvas_checkpoint_mutex_); request.swap(canvas_checkpoint_); }
+        if (!request) return false;
+        auto* node = document_.find_by_native_id(request->node_id);
+        if (!node || node->tag != "canvas") return false;
+        auto& canvas = node->mutable_canvas();
+        if (canvas.generation != request->generation || request->command_count > canvas.commands.size()) return false;
+        // A source canvas command captures generation/index metadata. Do not
+        // rebase a dependent canvas until that protocol supports checkpoints.
+        if (!canvas.canvas_dependencies.empty() || document_.has_canvas_references(node->id)) return false;
+        std::vector<webscene_canvas_command> commands;
+        commands.reserve(1 + canvas.commands.size() - request->command_count);
+        webscene_canvas_command checkpoint{};
+        checkpoint.kind = WEBSCENE_CANVAS_COMMAND_RASTER_CHECKPOINT;
+        commands.push_back(checkpoint);
+        commands.insert(commands.end(),canvas.commands.begin()+request->command_count,canvas.commands.end());
+        std::vector<std::string> strings;
+        strings.push_back(std::move(request->payload));
+        std::unordered_map<std::string,uint32_t> indices;
+        indices.emplace(strings.front(),0);
+        for(size_t index=1;index<commands.size();++index) {
+            auto& command=commands[index];
+            switch(command.kind) {
+            case 25: case 26: case 28: case 29: case 31:
+            case 40: case 41: case 43: case 44: case 48: case 49: case 50:
+            case 52: case 53: case 54:
+                if(command.resource_id>=canvas.strings.size()) return false;
+                { const auto& value=canvas.strings[command.resource_id];
+                  auto [found,inserted]=indices.emplace(value,static_cast<uint32_t>(strings.size()));
+                  if(inserted)strings.push_back(value);
+                  command.resource_id=found->second;
+                }
+                break;
+            case 27: case WEBSCENE_CANVAS_COMMAND_RASTER_CHECKPOINT: return false;
+            }
+        }
+        canvas.commands.swap(commands);canvas.strings.swap(strings);canvas.string_indices.swap(indices);
+        ++canvas.generation;
+        document_.mark_scene_changed();
+        return true;
+    }
+
     bool release_canvas_export(uint32_t node_id)
     {
         if (node_id == 0U) return false;
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_input.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_input.inc
index 8dd0bb255..0180a91d7 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_input.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_input.inc
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
     void apply(const webscene_input_event& event)
     {
+        frame_trace_.mark(event.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_FRAME ? "frame-start" : "input-start", event.sequence);
         last_input_sequence_ = std::max(last_input_sequence_, event.sequence);
         const auto measures_input_dispatch =
             event.kind != WEBSCENE_INPUT_RESIZE
@@ -7,6 +8,17 @@
         const auto input_dispatch_started = measures_input_dispatch
             ? std::chrono::steady_clock::now()
             : std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point{};
+        // The host can advance its clock after the worker's loop-entry sample
+        // but before this input is dequeued. Start input-triggered transitions
+        // on that clock, rather than immediately expiring them on the next loop.
+        // Observing the timeline does not release RAF or publish another frame.
+        if (measures_input_dispatch) {
+            const auto host_timestamp = observed_host_timestamp_microseconds_.load(
+                std::memory_order_acquire);
+            if (host_timestamp != 0U) {
+                document_.signal_animation_frame(static_cast<double>(host_timestamp) / 1000.0);
+            }
+        }
         switch (event.kind) {
         case WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_MOVE:
         case WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_DOWN:
@@ -15,7 +27,15 @@
             pointer_x_ = event.x;
             pointer_y_ = event.y;
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_WITH_V8)
+            // A paced pointer's cursor is resolved against the publication
+            // layout after RAF. Forcing layout here duplicates that work.
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+            if (runtime_ != nullptr && !runtime_->dispatch_input(event,
+                    event.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_MOVE
+                    && observed_compositor_timestamp_microseconds_.load(std::memory_order_acquire) != 0)) {
+#else
             if (runtime_ != nullptr && !runtime_->dispatch_input(event)) {
+#endif
                 script_errors_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
                 record_input_dispatch_failure(event, runtime_->last_error());
             }
@@ -121,6 +141,7 @@
         default:
             break;
         }
+        frame_trace_.mark(event.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_FRAME ? "frame-end" : "input-end", event.sequence);
         if (measures_input_dispatch) {
             const auto elapsed = static_cast<uint64_t>(
                 std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_interop_work.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_interop_work.inc
index cf8c90270..368d52e91 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_interop_work.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_interop_work.inc
@@ -183,15 +183,7 @@
 
     void signal_worker() noexcept
     {
-        {
-            // This is an auto-reset event, not an unlatched condition-variable
-            // edge. Mutating the predicate under the wait mutex closes the
-            // producer's check-to-sleep race while still coalescing any number
-            // of signals into one immediate worker wake.
-            std::lock_guard lock(wake_mutex_);
-            wake_pending_ = true;
-        }
-        wake_.notify_one();
+        worker_wake_.signal();
     }
 
     bool take_latest_resize(
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_lifecycle.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_lifecycle.inc
index c3e40a2e3..d19ecac86 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_lifecycle.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_lifecycle.inc
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
             animation_frame_requested_callback = nullptr,
         void* animation_frame_requested_user_data = nullptr,
         webscene_stylesheet_consumed_callback stylesheet_consumed_callback = nullptr,
-        void* stylesheet_consumed_user_data = nullptr)
+        void* stylesheet_consumed_user_data = nullptr,
+        webscene_webgpu_policy_callback webgpu_policy_callback = nullptr,
+        void* webgpu_policy_user_data = nullptr)
         : command_count_(command_count == 0U
               ? 0U
               : (command_count < minimum_command_count
@@ -36,6 +38,8 @@
         , resource_load_v3_user_data_(resource_load_v3_user_data)
         , stylesheet_consumed_callback_(stylesheet_consumed_callback)
         , stylesheet_consumed_user_data_(stylesheet_consumed_user_data)
+        , webgpu_policy_callback_(webgpu_policy_callback)
+        , webgpu_policy_user_data_(webgpu_policy_user_data)
         , scene_published_callback_(scene_published_callback)
         , scene_published_user_data_(scene_published_user_data)
         , host_request_available_callback_(host_request_available_callback)
@@ -53,7 +57,7 @@
     {
         worker_.request_stop();
         signal_worker();
-        worker_.join();
+        if (worker_.joinable()) worker_.join();
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_WITH_V8_INSPECTOR)
         delete inspector_state_.exchange(nullptr, std::memory_order_acq_rel);
 #endif
@@ -111,7 +115,11 @@
             return true;
         }
 
-        if (!inputs_.try_push(event)) {
+        const auto pointer_move = event.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_MOVE;
+        if (pointer_move) pending_pointer_move_inputs_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_release);
+        if (!inputs_.try_push(queued_input_event(event,
+                observed_compositor_timestamp_microseconds_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)))) {
+            if (pointer_move) pending_pointer_move_inputs_.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_release);
             dropped_inputs_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
             return false;
         }
@@ -236,11 +244,16 @@
 
     uint8_t animation_frame_demand() const noexcept
     {
+        // Read the handoff flag first: observing false acquires the RAF demand
+        // published before the worker released its in-flight pointer demand.
+        const auto pointer_pending = frame_paced_pointer_pending_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+        const auto queued_pointer = pending_pointer_move_inputs_.load(std::memory_order_acquire) != 0
+            && observed_compositor_timestamp_microseconds_.load(std::memory_order_acquire) != 0;
         const auto host_demand = host_animation_frame_requested_.load(
             std::memory_order_acquire);
         return static_cast<uint8_t>(
             host_demand
-            | (frame_paced_pointer_pending_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)
+            | (pointer_pending || queued_pointer
                     ? uint8_t{4U}
                     : uint8_t{0U}));
     }
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_scene.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_scene.inc
index 081014c44..09670b9ab 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_scene.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_scene.inc
@@ -9,13 +9,10 @@
     }
 #endif
 
-    bool publish_scene()
+    publication_result publish_scene()
     {
         scene_publication_attempts_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         const auto publication_started = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-        auto next = std::make_shared<scene>();
-        next->commands.reserve(command_count_ + 4U);
-
         uint64_t hash = 1469598103934665603ULL;
         const auto width = static_cast<float>(viewport_width_);
         const auto height = static_cast<float>(viewport_height_);
@@ -26,6 +23,7 @@
             // otherwise backpressure can strand an observer-dependent layout
             // at its temporary measurement size.
             if (document_.dirty()) {
+                webscene_frame_trace::scope trace(frame_trace_, "publish-layout-start", "publish-layout-end", last_input_sequence_);
                 const auto layout_started = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
                 document_.layout(width, height);
                 last_layout_nanoseconds_.store(
@@ -38,8 +36,25 @@
                 && !runtime_->deliver_resize_observers()) {
                 set_last_error(runtime_->last_error());
             }
+            if (runtime_ != nullptr) {
+                runtime_->refresh_pointer_cursor_after_layout();
+                current_cursor_.store(runtime_->current_cursor_kind(), std::memory_order_release);
+            }
 #endif
         }
+        // A staged scene owns an immutable CPU capture and exact GPU dependencies.
+        // Only a new capture must wait for the current rendering opportunity;
+        // unrelated newer GPU work must not hold an already completed capture.
+        // Commit still validates resets, viewport, completion and mailbox capacity.
+        if(staged_scene_)return commit_captured_scene(staged_scene_,publication_started);
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_WITH_V8)
+        if(runtime_) {
+            std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>> images;
+            { std::lock_guard lock(acknowledgement_->mutex); images=acknowledgement_->presentation_images; }
+            runtime_->update_gpu_presentation_images(images);
+            if(runtime_->has_open_gpu_output())return publication_result::deferred;
+        }
+#endif
         uint64_t base_revision = 0;
         uint64_t acknowledged_dom_hash = 0;
         float acknowledged_width = 0;
@@ -62,7 +77,7 @@
                     blocked_scene_publications_.fetch_add(
                         1,
                         std::memory_order_relaxed);
-                    return false;
+                    return publication_result::deferred;
                 }
             }
             if (!acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.empty()) {
@@ -84,6 +99,10 @@
                 acknowledged_scene = acknowledgement_->value;
             }
         }
+        // Waiting on a captured GPU output or a full consumer mailbox requires
+        // no new scene storage. Allocate only after admission succeeds.
+        auto next = scene_storage_->acquire();
+        next->commands.reserve(command_count_ + 4U);
         uint32_t scene_flags = base_revision == 0 ? scene_flag_checkpoint : 0U;
         const auto collect_runtime_work_metrics =
             runtime_work_metrics_enabled_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -91,15 +110,30 @@
             scene_builds_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         }
         if (native_scene_active_) {
+            frame_trace_.mark("build-dom-start", last_input_sequence_);
             const auto scene_build_started = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+            document_.build_gpu_canvas_bindings(next->gpu_bindings);
+            next->gpu_images.resize(next->gpu_bindings.size());
             document_.build_scene(
                 next->commands,
                 next->canvas_strings,
-                next->canvas_string_bytes);
+                next->canvas_string_bytes,
+                !next->gpu_bindings.empty(), true);
+            std::unordered_map<uint64_t,uint32_t> gpu_indices;
+            for (uint32_t index=0;index<next->gpu_bindings.size();++index)
+                gpu_indices.emplace(next->gpu_bindings[index].metadata.canvas,index);
+            for (auto& command:next->commands) {
+                if (command.kind!=WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE) continue;
+                const auto* node=document_.find_by_native_id(command.node_id);
+                if (!node) throw std::logic_error("GPU paint node missing");
+                command.rgba=gpu_indices.at(node->canvas().backing.identity());
+            }
             last_scene_build_nanoseconds_.store(
                 static_cast<uint64_t>(std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
                     std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - scene_build_started).count()),
                 std::memory_order_relaxed);
+            frame_trace_.mark("build-dom-end", last_input_sequence_);
+            frame_trace_.mark("metadata-start", last_input_sequence_);
             dom_nodes_.store(document_.node_count(), std::memory_order_relaxed);
             layout_passes_.store(document_.layout_passes(), std::memory_order_relaxed);
             iframe_nodes_.store(document_.count_tag("iframe"), std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -163,18 +197,28 @@
                 std::lock_guard lock(canvas_layout_mutex_);
                 document_.build_canvas_layouts(canvas_layouts_);
             }
-            std::vector<webscene_canvas_layer> all_layers;
-            std::vector<webscene_canvas_command> all_canvas_commands;
-            std::vector<webscene_scene_string> all_canvas_strings;
-            std::vector<char> all_canvas_string_bytes;
+            auto& all_layers=canvas_layers_scratch_;
+            frame_trace_.mark("metadata-end", last_input_sequence_);
+            frame_trace_.mark("build-canvas-start", last_input_sequence_);
+            auto& all_canvas_commands=canvas_commands_scratch_;
+            auto& all_canvas_strings=canvas_strings_scratch_;
+            auto& all_canvas_string_bytes=canvas_string_bytes_scratch_;
             document_.build_canvas_display_lists(
                 all_layers,
                 all_canvas_commands,
                 all_canvas_strings,
                 all_canvas_string_bytes);
+            for (const auto& layer : all_layers) {
+                if (layer.command_count && all_canvas_commands[layer.command_offset].kind == WEBSCENE_CANVAS_COMMAND_RASTER_CHECKPOINT)
+                    next->required_capabilities |= WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_CANVAS_CHECKPOINTS;
+            }
 
+            frame_trace_.mark("build-canvas-end", last_input_sequence_);
             uint64_t dom_hash = 1469598103934665603ULL;
             for (const auto& command : next->commands) {
+                // Compute from the full paint stream before unchanged DOM
+                // commands are removed from an incremental scene below.
+                next->required_capabilities |= scene_command_capabilities(command.kind);
                 dom_hash = mix_hash(dom_hash, static_cast<uint64_t>(command.kind) << 32U | command.flags);
                 dom_hash = mix_hash(dom_hash, static_cast<uint64_t>(command.node_id) << 32U | command.rgba);
                 dom_hash = mix_hash(
@@ -203,11 +247,20 @@
             for (const auto byte : next->canvas_string_bytes) {
                 dom_hash = mix_hash(dom_hash, static_cast<uint8_t>(byte));
             }
+            for (const auto& binding:next->gpu_bindings) {
+                const auto m=binding.metadata;
+                dom_hash=mix_hash(dom_hash,m.canvas);
+                dom_hash=mix_hash(dom_hash,m.allocation);
+                dom_hash=mix_hash(dom_hash,m.allocation_generation);
+                dom_hash=mix_hash(dom_hash,m.content_serial);
+            }
             next->dom_hash = dom_hash;
             const auto viewport_changed = width != acknowledged_width || height != acknowledged_height;
             if (base_revision == 0 || viewport_changed || dom_hash != acknowledged_dom_hash) {
                 scene_flags |= scene_flag_dom_replacement;
-                const auto localized = base_revision != 0
+                const auto localized = next->gpu_images.empty()
+                    && (!acknowledged_scene || acknowledged_scene->gpu_images.empty())
+                    && base_revision != 0
                     && !viewport_changed
                     && acknowledged_scene != nullptr
                     && append_localized_dom_damage(
@@ -229,12 +282,15 @@
                 if (damage_width <= 0 || damage_height <= 0) return;
                 next->damage_rects.push_back(webscene_damage_rect{x, y, damage_width, damage_height});
             };
+            size_t published_canvas_command_count = 0;
             for (auto layer : all_layers) {
-                const auto content_hash = canvas_layer_content_hash(
+                const auto old = acknowledged_layers.find(layer.node_id);
+                const auto [content_hash,command_hash,unchanged_prefix] = canvas_layer_content_hash(
                     layer,
                     all_canvas_commands,
                     all_canvas_strings,
-                    all_canvas_string_bytes);
+                    all_canvas_string_bytes,
+                    old==acknowledged_layers.end() ? nullptr : &old->second);
                 const canvas_layer_version version{
                     layer.generation,
                     content_hash,
@@ -243,9 +299,9 @@
                     layer.x,
                     layer.y,
                     layer.width,
-                    layer.height};
+                    layer.height,
+                    command_hash};
                 next->full_layer_versions[layer.node_id] = version;
-                const auto old = acknowledged_layers.find(layer.node_id);
                 if (base_revision != 0
                     && old != acknowledged_layers.end()
                     && old->second.visually_equals(version)) {
@@ -259,13 +315,19 @@
 
                 const auto source_command_offset = layer.command_offset;
                 const auto source_string_offset = layer.string_offset;
-                layer.flags = canvas_layer_flag_replace;
-                layer.command_offset = static_cast<uint32_t>(next->canvas_commands.size());
+                layer.flags = canvas_layer_flag_replace
+                    | (base_revision!=0 && unchanged_prefix ? WEBSCENE_CANVAS_LAYER_UNCHANGED_PREFIX : 0U);
+                layer.command_offset = static_cast<uint32_t>(published_canvas_command_count);
                 layer.string_offset = static_cast<uint32_t>(next->canvas_strings.size());
-                next->canvas_commands.insert(
-                    next->canvas_commands.end(),
-                    all_canvas_commands.begin() + source_command_offset,
-                    all_canvas_commands.begin() + source_command_offset + layer.command_count);
+                // Compact changed layers in their existing allocation, then
+                // transfer ownership to the immutable publication. Unchanged
+                // layers can leave gaps, so overlapping ranges require memmove.
+                if (layer.command_count != 0 && published_canvas_command_count != source_command_offset) {
+                    std::memmove(all_canvas_commands.data() + published_canvas_command_count,
+                        all_canvas_commands.data() + source_command_offset,
+                        static_cast<size_t>(layer.command_count) * sizeof(webscene_canvas_command));
+                }
+                published_canvas_command_count += layer.command_count;
                 for (uint32_t index = 0; index < layer.string_count; ++index) {
                     const auto& source_string = all_canvas_strings[source_string_offset + index];
                     const auto byte_offset = static_cast<uint32_t>(next->canvas_string_bytes.size());
@@ -279,6 +341,8 @@
                 }
                 next->canvas_layers.push_back(layer);
             }
+            all_canvas_commands.resize(published_canvas_command_count);
+            next->canvas_commands.swap(all_canvas_commands);
             for (const auto& [node_id, old] : acknowledged_layers) {
                 if (next->full_layer_versions.contains(node_id)) continue;
                 append_damage(old.x, old.y, old.width, old.height);
@@ -365,16 +429,78 @@
             mix_hash(
                 mix_hash(hash, std::bit_cast<uint32_t>(width)),
                 std::bit_cast<uint32_t>(height))};
+        next->captured_generation=document_.scene_generation();
+        return commit_captured_scene(std::move(next),publication_started);
+    }
+
+    publication_result commit_captured_scene(std::shared_ptr<scene> next,
+        std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point publication_started)
+    {
+        // Staging retains one exact CPU scene and its matching GPU dependencies.
+        // A later live DOM mutation cannot alter this capture.
+        if(next->header.viewport_width!=static_cast<float>(viewport_width_)
+            || next->header.viewport_height!=static_cast<float>(viewport_height_)) {
+            staged_scene_.reset();return publication_result::deferred;
+        }
+        // Inspect every dependency before waiting on any one of them. A later
+        // failed/reset canvas invalidates the capture even if an earlier GPU
+        // producer is still pending; producer ownership still guards its writes.
+        for(const auto& binding:next->gpu_bindings) {
+            if(!document_.validate_gpu_canvas_binding(binding)) {
+                staged_scene_.reset();return publication_result::deferred;
+            }
+            if(binding.pending && binding.pending->state()==webscene_gpu_image_snapshot::status::failed) {
+                staged_scene_.reset();
+                set_last_error("GPU scene producer failed; retaining the last complete scene");
+                return publication_result::discarded;
+            }
+        }
+        for(size_t index=0;index<next->gpu_bindings.size();++index) {
+            const auto& binding=next->gpu_bindings[index];
+            if(!next->gpu_images[index]) {
+                next->gpu_images[index]=binding.pending && producer_gpu_wait_consumer_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)
+                    ? binding.pending->resolve_with_gpu_waits() : binding.resolve();
+            }
+            if(!next->gpu_images[index]) {
+                staged_scene_=std::move(next);return publication_result::deferred;
+            }
+            const auto actual=next->gpu_images[index]->value.describe();
+            const auto& expected=binding.metadata;
+            if(actual.canvas!=expected.canvas || actual.allocation!=expected.allocation
+                || actual.allocation_generation!=expected.allocation_generation
+                || actual.content_serial!=expected.content_serial) {
+                staged_scene_.reset();
+                set_last_error("Captured GPU output resolved to a different image version");
+                return publication_result::discarded;
+            }
+        }
+        std::unique_lock acknowledgement_lock(acknowledgement_->mutex);
+        {
+            const auto limit=ordered_scene_consumer_.load(std::memory_order_acquire) ? 2U : 1U;
+            if(acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.size()>=limit) {
+                staged_scene_=std::move(next);return publication_result::deferred;
+            }
+            const auto predecessor=acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.empty()
+                ? acknowledgement_->revision : acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.back()->header.revision;
+            if(predecessor!=next->header.base_revision) {
+                staged_scene_.reset();return publication_result::deferred;
+            }
+        }
+        staged_scene_.reset();
+        published_document_generation_=next->captured_generation;
+        next->gpu_bindings.clear();
+        const auto revision=next->header.revision;
+        const auto width=next->header.viewport_width;
+        const auto height=next->header.viewport_height;
+        const auto sequence=next->header.consumed_input_sequence;
         const auto latest_scene_bytes = retained_scene_bytes(*next);
         latest_scene_bytes_.store(latest_scene_bytes, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         next->published_timestamp_nanoseconds = static_cast<uint64_t>(
             std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
                 std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
         auto published_scene = std::shared_ptr<const scene>(std::move(next));
-        {
-            std::lock_guard lock(acknowledgement_->mutex);
-            acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.push_back(published_scene);
-        }
+        acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.push_back(published_scene);
+        acknowledgement_lock.unlock();
         std::atomic_store_explicit(
             &latest_,
             std::move(published_scene),
@@ -391,9 +517,9 @@
             scene_published_callback_(
                 scene_published_user_data_,
                 revision,
-                last_input_sequence_,
+                sequence,
                 width,
                 height);
         }
-        return true;
+        return publication_result::published;
     }
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_scene_utils.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_scene_utils.inc
index 30c02e7b9..11a93e6ef 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_scene_utils.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_scene_utils.inc
@@ -4,16 +4,31 @@ uint64_t mix_hash(uint64_t hash, uint64_t value)
     return hash;
 }
 
-uint64_t canvas_layer_content_hash(
+struct canvas_content_hash_result { uint64_t content, commands; bool unchanged_prefix; };
+
+canvas_content_hash_result canvas_layer_content_hash(
     const webscene_canvas_layer& layer,
     const std::vector<webscene_canvas_command>& commands,
     const std::vector<webscene_scene_string>& strings,
-    const std::vector<char>& string_bytes)
+    const std::vector<char>& string_bytes,
+    const canvas_layer_version* previous)
 {
     auto hash = 1469598103934665603ULL;
+    size_t prefix_count=0;
+    bool unchanged_prefix=false;
+    if(previous && previous->generation==layer.generation
+        && previous->command_count<=layer.command_count && previous->string_count<=layer.string_count) {
+        // Native canvas writers only append finalized commands and intern new
+        // strings. Bitmap reset and full-overwrite compaction both advance the
+        // generation before clearing either array. Use the actual base canvas
+        // version, independently of whether that scene replaced its DOM data.
+        hash=previous->command_hash;
+        prefix_count=previous->command_count;
+        unchanged_prefix=true;
+    }
     const auto command_end =
         static_cast<size_t>(layer.command_offset) + layer.command_count;
-    for (auto index = static_cast<size_t>(layer.command_offset);
+    for (auto index = static_cast<size_t>(layer.command_offset)+prefix_count;
          index < command_end;
          ++index) {
         const auto& command = commands[index];
@@ -29,6 +44,7 @@ uint64_t canvas_layer_content_hash(
         }
     }
 
+    const auto command_hash=hash;
     const auto string_end =
         static_cast<size_t>(layer.string_offset) + layer.string_count;
     for (auto index = static_cast<size_t>(layer.string_offset);
@@ -46,7 +62,7 @@ uint64_t canvas_layer_content_hash(
                 static_cast<uint8_t>(string_bytes[byte_index]));
         }
     }
-    return hash;
+    return {hash,command_hash,unchanged_prefix};
 }
 
 void store_maximum(std::atomic<uint64_t>& target, uint64_t value)
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_worker.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_worker.inc
index 4aee868cf..07249dc4e 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_worker.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_native_engine_worker.inc
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
                 return enqueue_callback_v3(std::move(callback));
             },
             [this] {
-                wake_.notify_all();
+                signal_worker();
             }, &diagnostics_);
         runtime_->set_work_metrics_enabled(
             runtime_work_metrics_enabled_.load(std::memory_order_acquire));
@@ -209,6 +209,16 @@
                     address.data(), address.size(), css.data(), css.size());
             });
         }
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+        if(webgpu_policy_callback_)runtime_->set_webgpu_policy(graphics_wake_,[this](const std::string& url) {
+            const auto decision=webgpu_policy_callback_(webgpu_policy_user_data_,url.data(),url.size());
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+            return decision==WEBSCENE_WEBGPU_DXGI ? webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop::dxgi : webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop::none;
+#else
+            return decision==WEBSCENE_WEBGPU_IOSURFACE ? webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop::iosurface : webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop::none;
+#endif
+        });
+#endif
         if (!runtime_->initialize()) {
             set_last_error(runtime_->last_error());
             webscene_native::runtime_diagnostic failure;
@@ -227,7 +237,7 @@
         auto next_scene_publication = std::chrono::steady_clock::now()
             + std::chrono::milliseconds(16);
         bool scene_pending = false;
-        std::optional<webscene_input_event> deferred_input;
+        std::optional<queued_input_event> deferred_input;
         struct pending_resize_frame_publication final {
             uint64_t sequence;
             std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point enqueued_at;
@@ -239,6 +249,7 @@
         std::optional<webscene_input_event> frame_paced_pointer_move;
         uint64_t frame_paced_pointer_move_count = 0;
         uint64_t frame_paced_pointer_observed_after_frame = 0;
+        uint64_t last_pointer_dispatch_frame = 0;
         while (!token.stop_requested()) {
             // Avalonia observes every compositor boundary even while no V8 RAF
             // or CSS animation is active. Import that clock without treating
@@ -253,7 +264,7 @@
                     static_cast<double>(
                         observed_host_timestamp_microseconds) / 1000.0);
             }
-            webscene_input_event event{};
+            queued_input_event event{};
             bool changed = checkpoint_requested_.exchange(
                 false,
                 std::memory_order_acq_rel);
@@ -271,6 +282,7 @@
                 component_ready_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
             bool resize_applied = false;
             bool host_frame_applied = false;
+            changed = apply_canvas_checkpoint() || changed;
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_WITH_V8)
             const auto refresh_preferred_color_scheme = [&] {
                 if (!preferred_color_scheme_changed_.exchange(
@@ -306,6 +318,7 @@
             if (low_memory_requested_.exchange(false, std::memory_order_acq_rel)
                 && runtime_ != nullptr) {
                 runtime_->notify_low_memory();
+                trim_scene_storage();
                 low_memory_notifications_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
                 update_compilation_metrics();
             }
@@ -314,6 +327,7 @@
                     >= *hidden_low_memory_deadline
                 && runtime_ != nullptr) {
                 runtime_->notify_low_memory();
+                trim_scene_storage();
                 low_memory_notifications_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
                 hidden_low_memory_notifications_.fetch_add(
                     1,
@@ -412,10 +426,16 @@
                 frame_paced_pointer_move.reset();
                 frame_paced_pointer_move_count = 0;
                 frame_paced_pointer_observed_after_frame = 0;
+                last_pointer_dispatch_frame = observed_compositor_timestamp_microseconds_.load(
+                    std::memory_order_acquire);
+                apply(pointer_move);
+                // Transfer frame demand from the in-flight pointer handler to
+                // any RAF it requested before clearing the pointer demand bit.
+                update_host_animation_frame_demand();
+                pending_pointer_move_inputs_.fetch_sub(pointer_move_count, std::memory_order_release);
                 frame_paced_pointer_pending_.store(
                     false,
                     std::memory_order_release);
-                apply(pointer_move);
                 applied_pointer_move_inputs_.fetch_add(
                     1,
                     std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -455,7 +475,7 @@
                         std::memory_order_acquire);
                 if (frame_paced_pointer_move.has_value()
                     && compositor_timestamp_microseconds
-                        > frame_paced_pointer_observed_after_frame) {
+                        > std::max(frame_paced_pointer_observed_after_frame, last_pointer_dispatch_frame)) {
                     apply_frame_paced_pointer_move();
                     ++applied_input_groups;
                     continue;
@@ -475,20 +495,26 @@
                         event.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_MOVE
                         && event.flags == frame_paced_pointer_move->flags
                         && compositor_timestamp_microseconds
-                            <= frame_paced_pointer_observed_after_frame;
+                            <= std::max(frame_paced_pointer_observed_after_frame, last_pointer_dispatch_frame);
                     if (compatible_pointer_move) {
                         frame_paced_pointer_move = event;
                         ++frame_paced_pointer_move_count;
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    // A button/key/wheel event is an ordering barrier. Deliver
-                    // the latest preceding movement before that discrete input,
-                    // even when both arrived within one display interval.
-                    deferred_input = event;
-                    apply_frame_paced_pointer_move();
-                    ++applied_input_groups;
-                    continue;
+                    // A frame queued at the already observed boundary does not
+                    // release a newer pointer sample retained for the next one.
+                    // Button/key/wheel events still preserve input ordering.
+                    const auto already_observed_frame = event.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_FRAME
+                        && std::isfinite(event.x) && event.x >= 0
+                        && event.x * 1000.0 < static_cast<double>(std::max(
+                            frame_paced_pointer_observed_after_frame, last_pointer_dispatch_frame)) + 1.0;
+                    if (!already_observed_frame) {
+                        deferred_input = event;
+                        apply_frame_paced_pointer_move();
+                        ++applied_input_groups;
+                        continue;
+                    }
                 }
 
                 const auto frame_paced_pointer =
@@ -497,8 +523,12 @@
                 if (frame_paced_pointer) {
                     frame_paced_pointer_move = event;
                     frame_paced_pointer_move_count = 1;
+                    // Age the sample from host admission, not worker dequeue.
+                    // A busy handler must not move an already queued sample into
+                    // a later display interval. The dispatch boundary above still
+                    // limits continuous pointer work to once per observed frame.
                     frame_paced_pointer_observed_after_frame =
-                        compositor_timestamp_microseconds;
+                        event.observed_compositor_timestamp;
                     retain_frame_paced_pointer_move();
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -535,6 +565,11 @@
                             return true;
                         }
                         if (candidate.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_MOVE) {
+                            // A frame/wheel prefix must not bypass the paced
+                            // pointer lane. Retain this move for the next
+                            // observed display boundary instead of dispatching
+                            // a second expensive pointer handler in this RAF.
+                            if (compositor_timestamp_microseconds != 0U) return false;
                             if (pointer_move.has_value()
                                 && pointer_move->flags != candidate.flags) {
                                 return false;
@@ -580,7 +615,7 @@
 
                     static_cast<void>(accumulate(event));
                     uint64_t consumed_count = 1;
-                    webscene_input_event next{};
+                    queued_input_event next{};
                     while (consumed_count < 256U && inputs_.try_pop(next)) {
                         if (!accumulate(next)) {
                             deferred_input = next;
@@ -627,6 +662,8 @@
                         const auto aggregate_count = item.count;
                         apply(aggregate);
                         if (aggregate.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_MOVE) {
+                            update_host_animation_frame_demand();
+                            pending_pointer_move_inputs_.fetch_sub(aggregate_count, std::memory_order_release);
                             applied_pointer_move_inputs_.fetch_add(
                                 1,
                                 std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -673,6 +710,8 @@
                 apply(event);
                 consumed_inputs_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
                 if (event.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_MOVE) {
+                    update_host_animation_frame_demand();
+                    pending_pointer_move_inputs_.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_release);
                     applied_pointer_move_inputs_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
                 } else if (event.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_WHEEL) {
                     applied_wheel_inputs_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -706,7 +745,8 @@
             }
 
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_WITH_V8)
-            if (runtime_ != nullptr && resize_applied && host_frame_applied) {
+            if (runtime_ != nullptr && host_frame_applied) {
+                frame_trace_.mark("raf-start", last_input_sequence_);
                 // `signal_animation_frame` releases the callbacks belonging to
                 // this rendering opportunity; execute that complete RAF batch
                 // before publishing. Do not run unrelated resources/timers here,
@@ -729,18 +769,21 @@
                         std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
                             std::chrono::steady_clock::now()
                                 - animation_frame_batch_started).count());
-                resize_frame_animation_callbacks_.fetch_add(
-                    animation_frame_callbacks,
-                    std::memory_order_relaxed);
-                total_resize_frame_animation_batch_nanoseconds_.fetch_add(
-                    animation_frame_batch_nanoseconds,
-                    std::memory_order_relaxed);
-                last_resize_frame_animation_batch_nanoseconds_.store(
-                    animation_frame_batch_nanoseconds,
-                    std::memory_order_relaxed);
-                store_maximum(
-                    maximum_resize_frame_animation_batch_nanoseconds_,
-                    animation_frame_batch_nanoseconds);
+                if (resize_applied) {
+                    resize_frame_animation_callbacks_.fetch_add(
+                        animation_frame_callbacks,
+                        std::memory_order_relaxed);
+                    total_resize_frame_animation_batch_nanoseconds_.fetch_add(
+                        animation_frame_batch_nanoseconds,
+                        std::memory_order_relaxed);
+                    last_resize_frame_animation_batch_nanoseconds_.store(
+                        animation_frame_batch_nanoseconds,
+                        std::memory_order_relaxed);
+                    store_maximum(
+                        maximum_resize_frame_animation_batch_nanoseconds_,
+                        animation_frame_batch_nanoseconds);
+                }
+                frame_trace_.mark("raf-end", last_input_sequence_);
                 frame_scripts_executed_.store(
                     runtime_->frame_scripts_executed(),
                     std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -752,14 +795,14 @@
             }
             if (runtime_ != nullptr
                 && runtime_->has_pending_tasks()
-                && !(resize_applied && host_frame_applied)) {
+                && !host_frame_applied) {
                 // Resource discovery during component startup can produce many
                 // immediately runnable stylesheet/script tasks. Processing one
                 // and then sleeping for 2 ms added hundreds of milliseconds
                 // that browsers do not impose. Drain a bounded batch while no
                 // input/resize work is waiting; the time/count caps preserve a
                 // render opportunity and keep interaction latency bounded.
-                // A paired live-resize RAF is already the current rendering
+                // An admitted host RAF is already the current rendering
                 // opportunity. Arbitrary queued macrotasks run after that scene
                 // is published instead of delaying the visual boundary.
                 constexpr uint32_t maximum_task_batch = 32U;
@@ -1084,17 +1127,26 @@
                     != starting_component_ready;
             scene_pending = scene_pending || changed;
             const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-            // A resize and its host RAF are one browser rendering opportunity.
-            // Do not defer that completed boundary behind a producer-only phase:
-            // macOS live resize may not deliver another compositor callback until
-            // the following display slot.
-            const auto resize_frame_boundary =
-                resize_applied && host_frame_applied;
+            // Every host RAF is a display-driven rendering opportunity, including
+            // pointer-driven sidebar resize and pan. A separate producer timer
+            // must not postpone a completed batch until after its display slot.
+            // GPU completion and mailbox admission still gate publication.
+            const auto host_frame_boundary = host_frame_applied;
             if (scene_pending
                 && host_visible_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)
-                && (resize_frame_boundary || now >= next_scene_publication)) {
-                if (publish_scene()) {
-                    scene_pending = false;
+                && (host_frame_boundary || now >= next_scene_publication)) {
+                frame_trace_.mark("publish-start", last_input_sequence_);
+                const auto publication=publish_scene();
+                frame_trace_.mark(publication == publication_result::deferred
+                    ? "publish-deferred" : publication == publication_result::published
+                    ? "publish-end" : "publish-discarded", last_input_sequence_);
+                if (publication!=publication_result::deferred) {
+                    scene_pending = publication==publication_result::published
+                        && document_.scene_generation()!=published_document_generation_;
+                    if(publication==publication_result::discarded) {
+                        next_scene_publication=now+std::chrono::milliseconds(16);
+                        continue;
+                    }
                     if (pending_paired_resize_publication.has_value()
                         && last_input_sequence_
                             >= pending_paired_resize_publication->sequence) {
@@ -1130,7 +1182,7 @@
                     } else {
                         next_scene_publication += scene_interval;
                     }
-                    if (resize_frame_boundary) {
+                    if (host_frame_boundary) {
                         next_scene_publication = now + scene_interval;
                     }
                     continue;
@@ -1147,7 +1199,7 @@
             }
 #endif
 
-            // Producers notify wake_ for immediate dispatch. Retain one display
+            // Producers signal worker_wake_ for immediate dispatch. Retain one display
             // interval as a safety watchdog for V8/platform task sources that
             // do not yet expose a notification edge.
             auto idle_wait = std::chrono::milliseconds(16);
@@ -1156,23 +1208,20 @@
                 idle_wait = runtime_->recommended_idle_wait(idle_wait);
             }
 #endif
-            std::unique_lock lock(wake_mutex_);
             const auto collect_runtime_work_metrics =
                 runtime_work_metrics_enabled_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
             if (collect_runtime_work_metrics) {
                 worker_waits_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
             }
-            const auto signalled = wake_.wait_for(
-                lock,
+            const auto signalled = worker_wake_.wait_for(
                 idle_wait,
                 [this, &token, &deferred_input] {
-                // Every script-queue producer latches wake_pending_ after it
+                // Every script-queue producer latches the wake event after it
                 // enqueues work. Do not inspect script_work_ while holding the
                 // wake mutex: producers can signal while holding script_mutex_,
                 // and taking the locks in the opposite order deadlocks shared
                 // isolate startup.
-                return wake_pending_
-                    || token.stop_requested()
+                return token.stop_requested()
                     || deferred_input.has_value()
                     || !inputs_.empty()
                     || resize_pending_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)
@@ -1186,12 +1235,15 @@
             } else if (collect_runtime_work_metrics) {
                 worker_timeout_wakes_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
             }
-            wake_pending_ = false;
         }
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_WITH_V8)
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_WITH_V8_INSPECTOR)
         inspector_runtime_.store(nullptr, std::memory_order_release);
+#endif
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+        if (runtime_) runtime_->shutdown_graphics();
 #endif
         runtime_.reset();
 #endif
+        frame_trace_.dump();
     }
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime.cpp
index e68b33e1e..ddb579904 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime.cpp
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,21 @@
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+#include "media/media_session.h"
+#include "media/audio_graph.h"
+#include "media/decode_service.h"
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+#include "graphics/iosurface_canvas_images.h"
+#endif
+#endif
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+#include "graphics/platform_webgpu_canvas.h"
+#endif
 #include "webscene_v8_runtime.h"
+#include "webscene_frame_trace.h"
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+#include "graphics/graphics_service.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_realm.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_constants.h"
+#endif
 #include "webscene_runtime_diagnostics.h"
 #include "webscene_embed_fallback.h"
 
@@ -209,6 +226,34 @@ void prewarm_v8_process()
 }
 
 struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
+    webscene_frame_trace frame_trace;
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    bool graphics_transitioning{};
+    bool graphics_delivering{};
+    bool graphics_shutdown{};
+    const std::thread::id graphics_thread = std::this_thread::get_id();
+    std::unique_ptr<webscene::graphics::graphics_service> graphics;
+    std::unique_ptr<webscene::graphics::v8_webgpu_realm> webgpu;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> webgpu_navigator;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> webgpu_dom_exception;
+    std::function<void(const std::string&)> webgpu_document_policy;
+    webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop webgpu_interop=webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop::none;
+    std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::completion_wake> webgpu_wake;
+#if (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+    struct gpu_canvas_entry {
+        dom_node* node;
+        std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::platform_dawn_canvas_host> provider;
+        std::unique_ptr<webscene::graphics::v8_webgpu_canvas_context> context;
+        bool bitmap_reset_awaiting_frame=false;
+        bool presentation_resize_pending=false;
+        uint64_t presentation_generation_floor=0;
+    };
+    std::unordered_map<uint64_t,gpu_canvas_entry> gpu_canvases;
+    bool gpu_rendering_opportunity=false;
+    uint64_t gpu_canvas_timeline=webscene::graphics::new_owner_token();
+#endif
+    std::function<void(webscene::graphics::completion_record)> graphics_deliver;
+#endif
 #include "webscene_v8_runtime_state_types.inc"
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_WITH_V8_INSPECTOR)
 #include "webscene_v8_runtime_inspector.inc"
@@ -218,7 +263,7 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
     {
         prune_persistent_compilation_cache();
         initialize_v8_process();
-        if (std::getenv("WEBSCENE_V8_SHARED_ISOLATE") != nullptr) {
+        if (!force_dedicated_isolate && std::getenv("WEBSCENE_V8_SHARED_ISOLATE") != nullptr) {
             try {
                 shared_isolate = acquire_shared_isolate();
             } catch (const std::exception& exception) {
@@ -227,9 +272,11 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
             }
             isolate = shared_isolate == nullptr ? nullptr : shared_isolate->isolate;
         } else {
-            allocator = v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator::NewDefaultAllocator();
+            allocator.reset(v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator::NewDefaultAllocator());
             v8::Isolate::CreateParams params;
-            params.array_buffer_allocator = allocator;
+            // Transferred backing stores can outlive the originating worker isolate.
+            // V8 retains this shared allocator until the final backing store is released.
+            params.array_buffer_allocator_shared = allocator;
             if (const auto maximum_heap_mib =
                     unsigned_environment_value("WEBSCENE_V8_MAX_HEAP_MIB");
                 maximum_heap_mib.has_value() && *maximum_heap_mib > 0) {
@@ -243,7 +290,7 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
                 configure_startup_snapshot(params);
             } catch (const std::exception& exception) {
                 last_error = exception.what();
-                delete allocator;
+                allocator.reset();
                 allocator = nullptr;
                 return false;
             }
@@ -260,6 +307,8 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
         }
         isolate->SetMicrotasksPolicy(v8::MicrotasksPolicy::kExplicit);
         isolate->SetPromiseRejectCallback(promise_rejected);
+        isolate->SetHostInitializeImportMetaObjectCallback(initialize_import_meta);
+        isolate->SetHostImportModuleDynamicallyCallback(import_module_dynamically);
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION)
         if (profile_bindings || profile_resize_cpu) {
             cpu_profiler = v8::CpuProfiler::New(isolate);
@@ -1226,6 +1275,13 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
             body,
             content_type};
         const auto local_context = info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(specifier.starts_with("blob:")) {
+            auto resolver=v8::Promise::Resolver::New(local_context).ToLocalChecked();
+            auto found=self->object_url_binary.find(specifier);
+            if(found==self->object_url_binary.end()||found->second.origin!=resource_origin(base))resolver->Reject(local_context,v8::Exception::TypeError(js_string(info.GetIsolate(),"Blob URL is unavailable for this origin"))).Check();
+            else {auto value=v8::Object::New(info.GetIsolate());auto bytes=v8::ArrayBuffer::New(info.GetIsolate(),found->second.bytes.size());if(!found->second.bytes.empty())std::memcpy(bytes->GetBackingStore()->Data(),found->second.bytes.data(),found->second.bytes.size());value->CreateDataProperty(local_context,js_string(info.GetIsolate(),"body"),bytes).Check();value->CreateDataProperty(local_context,js_string(info.GetIsolate(),"url"),js_dom_string(info.GetIsolate(),specifier)).Check();resolver->Resolve(local_context,value).Check();}
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(resolver->GetPromise());return;
+        }
         if (self->pending_fetches.size() >= maximum_pending_fetches) {
             info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::Error(
                 js_string(info.GetIsolate(), "Too many pending fetch requests")));
@@ -3151,7 +3207,7 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
         install_console(local_context, global);
         install_host_bridge(local_context);
 
-        constexpr std::string_view crypto_source = R"JS(
+        constexpr std::string_view crypto_source_parts[] = {R"JS(
             class WebSceneBlob {
               constructor(parts = [], options = {}) {
                 __webSceneRecordWebApi(
@@ -3161,7 +3217,9 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
                 let size = 0;
                 for (const part of parts) {
                   let bytes;
-                  if (part instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+                  if (part instanceof WebSceneBlob) {
+                    bytes=part._bytes;
+                  } else if (part instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
                     bytes = new Uint8Array(part);
                   } else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(part)) {
                     bytes = new Uint8Array(part.buffer, part.byteOffset, part.byteLength);
@@ -3182,6 +3240,9 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
                 this._text = Array.from(parts, String).join('');
               }
               toString() { return this._text; }
+              text() { return Promise.resolve(new TextDecoder().decode(this._bytes)); }
+              arrayBuffer() { return Promise.resolve(this._bytes.slice().buffer); }
+              slice(start=0,end=this.size,type='') {return new WebSceneBlob([this._bytes.slice(start,end)],{type});}
             }
             class WebSceneURLSearchParams {
               constructor(init = null) {
@@ -3291,13 +3352,45 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
               }
             }
             class WebSceneFormData {
-              constructor(form = undefined) {
+              constructor(form = undefined, submitter = null) {
                 __webSceneRecordWebApi(
                   'FormData.constructor', 'partially-supported',
                   'ordered string and Blob fields with multipart fetch serialization');
                 this._entries = [];
-                if (form !== undefined && form !== null) {
-                  throw new TypeError('Constructing FormData from a form is not yet supported');
+                if (form !== undefined) {
+                  if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) throw new TypeError('FormData requires an HTMLFormElement');
+                  const isSubmit = control => control && ((control.tagName === 'BUTTON' && (!control.type || control.type === 'submit')) ||
+        )JS", R"JS(
+                    (control.tagName === 'INPUT' && ['submit', 'image'].includes(control.type)));
+                  if (submitter !== null) {
+                    if (!(submitter instanceof HTMLElement) || !isSubmit(submitter)) throw new TypeError('FormData submitter must be a submit button');
+                    if (submitter.form !== form) throw new DOMException('Submitter belongs to another form', 'NotFoundError');
+                  }
+                  const root = form.getRootNode();
+                  for (const control of root.querySelectorAll('input,select,textarea,button')) {
+                    if (control.form !== form || control.matches(':disabled') || control.closest('datalist')) continue;
+                    const tag = control.tagName;
+                    const type = String(control.type || (tag === 'BUTTON' ? 'submit' : 'text')).toLowerCase();
+                    if ((tag === 'BUTTON' || ['submit', 'image', 'reset', 'button'].includes(type)) && control !== submitter) continue;
+                    const name = control.getAttribute('name') || '';
+                    if (type === 'image') {
+                      this.append(name ? name + '.x' : 'x', '0');
+                      this.append(name ? name + '.y' : 'y', '0');
+                      continue;
+                    }
+                    if (!name || (['checkbox', 'radio'].includes(type) && !control.checked)) continue;
+                    if (tag === 'SELECT') {
+                      for (const option of control.options) {
+                        if (option.selected && !option.matches(':disabled')) this.append(name, option.value);
+                      }
+                    } else if (type === 'file') {
+                      throw new TypeError('File controls in FormData are not yet supported');
+                    } else {
+                      const value = type === 'hidden' && name === '_charset_' ? 'UTF-8' :
+                        ['checkbox', 'radio'].includes(type) && !control.hasAttribute('value') ? 'on' : control.value;
+                      this.append(name, value);
+                    }
+                  }
                 }
               }
               append(name, value, filename = undefined) {
@@ -3388,7 +3481,7 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
               }
               toJSON() { return this.toString(); }
               static createObjectURL(blob) { return __webSceneCreateObjectUrl(blob); }
-              static revokeObjectURL() {}
+              static revokeObjectURL(url) { __webSceneRevokeObjectUrl(String(url)); }
             }
             class WebSceneDOMException extends Error {
               constructor(message = '', name = 'Error') {
@@ -3405,6 +3498,7 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
                   InUseAttributeError: 10,
                   InvalidStateError: 11,
                   SyntaxError: 12,
+        )JS", R"JS(
                   InvalidModificationError: 13,
                   NamespaceError: 14,
                   InvalidAccessError: 15,
@@ -3442,18 +3536,34 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
                 }
               }, configurable: true }
             });
-        )JS";
+        )JS"};
+        std::string crypto_source;
+        for (const auto part : crypto_source_parts) crypto_source.append(part);
         auto crypto_script = v8::Script::Compile(
             local_context,
             js_string(isolate, std::string(crypto_source).c_str())).ToLocalChecked();
         crypto_script->Run(local_context).ToLocalChecked();
+        local_context->Global()->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "structuredClone"),
+            v8::Function::New(local_context, structured_clone, {}, 1).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
+        auto worker_constructor=v8::Function::New(local_context, worker_construct, {}, 1).ToLocalChecked();
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> event_target,worker_prototype,event_prototype;
+        if(local_context->Global()->Get(local_context,js_string(isolate,"EventTarget")).ToLocal(&event_target)
+            &&event_target->IsFunction()
+            &&worker_constructor->Get(local_context,js_string(isolate,"prototype")).ToLocal(&worker_prototype)
+            &&event_target.As<v8::Object>()->Get(local_context,js_string(isolate,"prototype")).ToLocal(&event_prototype))
+            worker_prototype.As<v8::Object>()->SetPrototype(local_context,event_prototype).FromMaybe(false);
+        local_context->Global()->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "Worker"),worker_constructor).Check();
         install_clipboard_api(local_context);
         install_websocket_globals(local_context);
         install_editor_web_platform_globals(local_context);
         install_tree_walker_platform(local_context);
         install_custom_elements_platform(local_context);
+        local_context->Global()->Set(local_context,js_string(isolate,"__webSceneRevokeObjectUrl"),v8::Function::New(local_context,revoke_object_url).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
         install_fetch_globals(local_context);
         install_intersection_observer_polyfill(local_context);
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+        install_media_globals(local_context);
+#endif
     }
 
     void install_fetch_globals(v8::Local<v8::Context> local_context)
@@ -3512,7 +3622,7 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
 
             class WebSceneResponse {
               constructor(body = '', options = {}) {
-                this._body = String(body ?? '');
+                this._body = body instanceof ArrayBuffer ? new Uint8Array(body.slice(0)) : ArrayBuffer.isView(body) ? new Uint8Array(body.buffer.slice(body.byteOffset,body.byteOffset+body.byteLength)) : body instanceof Blob ? body._bytes.slice() : new TextEncoder().encode(String(body ?? ''));
                 this.bodyUsed = false;
                 this.status = Number(options.status ?? 200);
                 this.statusText = String(options.statusText ?? 'OK');
@@ -3527,11 +3637,19 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
                   return Promise.reject(new TypeError('Response body already used'));
                 }
                 this.bodyUsed = true;
-                return Promise.resolve(this._body);
+                return Promise.resolve(new TextDecoder().decode(this._body));
               }
               json() {
                 return this.text().then(value => JSON.parse(value));
               }
+              arrayBuffer() {
+                if(this.bodyUsed)return Promise.reject(new TypeError('Response body already used'));
+                this.bodyUsed=true;return Promise.resolve(this._body.slice().buffer);
+              }
+              blob() {
+                if(this.bodyUsed)return Promise.reject(new TypeError('Response body already used'));
+                this.bodyUsed=true;return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._body],{type:this.headers.get('content-type')||''}));
+              }
               clone() {
                 if (this.bodyUsed) throw new TypeError('Response body already used');
                 return new WebSceneResponse(this._body, {
@@ -3561,7 +3679,7 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
               }
             }
 
-            function webSceneFetch(input, options = {}) {
+            function webSceneFetchInternal(input, options = {}) {
               const request = new WebSceneRequest(input, options);
               if ((request.method === 'GET' || request.method === 'HEAD')
                   && request.body !== null) {
@@ -3627,6 +3745,17 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
               }
             }
 
+            function webSceneFetch(input, options = {}) {
+              const signal=options.signal ?? input?.signal;
+              if(!signal)return webSceneFetchInternal(input,options);
+              if(signal.aborted)return Promise.reject(signal.reason ?? new DOMException('Fetch aborted','AbortError'));
+              return new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{
+                const abort=()=>reject(signal.reason ?? new DOMException('Fetch aborted','AbortError'));
+                signal.addEventListener('abort',abort,{once:true});
+                webSceneFetchInternal(input,options).then(resolve,reject).finally(()=>signal.removeEventListener('abort',abort));
+              });
+            }
+
             class WebSceneXMLHttpRequest {
               constructor() {
                 this.readyState = 0;
@@ -4095,6 +4224,10 @@ struct v8_dom_runtime::implementation final {
         info.GetReturnValue().Set(v8::True(info.GetIsolate()));
     }
 
+#include "webscene_v8_runtime_clone.inc"
+#include "webscene_v8_runtime_modules.inc"
+#include "webscene_v8_runtime_workers.inc"
+#include "webscene_v8_runtime_media.inc"
 #include "webscene_v8_runtime_navigation.inc"
     // Keep these fragments in one translation unit: their order and direct
     // visibility preserve the runtime's existing release code generation.
@@ -4221,7 +4354,11 @@ v8_dom_runtime::~v8_dom_runtime() = default;
 
 bool v8_dom_runtime::initialize()
 {
-    return impl_->initialize();
+    if(!impl_->initialize())return false;
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    if(impl_->webgpu_document_policy)impl_->webgpu_document_policy("about:blank");
+#endif
+    return true;
 }
 
 bool v8_dom_runtime::execute(const std::string& source, const std::string& document_name)
@@ -4448,12 +4585,22 @@ uint64_t v8_dom_runtime::last_resize_observers_nanoseconds() const noexcept
 #endif
 }
 
-bool v8_dom_runtime::dispatch_input(const webscene_input_event& event)
+bool v8_dom_runtime::dispatch_input(const webscene_input_event& event, bool defer_cursor_update)
 {
-    return impl_->dispatch_input(event)
+    return impl_->dispatch_input(event, defer_cursor_update)
         && impl_->promote_pending_promise_error();
 }
 
+void v8_dom_runtime::refresh_pointer_cursor_after_layout()
+{
+    if (!impl_->pointer_cursor_update_pending) return;
+    impl_->pointer_cursor_update_pending = false;
+    auto* target = impl_->document.hit_test(impl_->document.body(),
+        static_cast<float>(impl_->last_pointer_x), static_cast<float>(impl_->last_pointer_y));
+    impl_->current_cursor_kind_value = target == nullptr
+        ? WEBSCENE_CURSOR_DEFAULT : impl_->cursor_kind_for(*target);
+}
+
 bool v8_dom_runtime::dispatch_transition_events()
 {
     return impl_->dispatch_transition_events()
@@ -4489,6 +4636,20 @@ void v8_dom_runtime::signal_animation_frame(double timestamp_ms)
         ? timestamp_ms
         : std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(now.time_since_epoch()).count();
     impl_->last_animation_frame_timestamp_ms = timestamp;
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+    impl_->signal_media_presentation(timestamp);
+#endif
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+    // Admit a new RAF batch only when configured canvases can obtain storage.
+    // Existing current textures still need their rendering opportunity to end.
+    // Pending callbacks retain their sentinel until a later host frame; no wait
+    // or GPU work is performed here.
+    for(auto& [key,canvas]:impl_->gpu_canvases)
+        if(canvas.context->is_configured()&&!canvas.context->has_current_texture()&&!canvas.provider->can_acquire())
+            return;
+    for(auto& [key,canvas]:impl_->gpu_canvases)canvas.bitmap_reset_awaiting_frame=false;
+    if(impl_->webgpu)impl_->gpu_rendering_opportunity=true;
+#endif
     if (impl_->is_text_control(impl_->active_element)
         && impl_->active_element->mutable_form_control().input_focused) {
         const auto elapsed = std::max(0.0, timestamp - impl_->caret_blink_epoch_ms);
@@ -4520,12 +4681,21 @@ bool v8_dom_runtime::pump_animation_frame_task()
     v8::HandleScope handle_scope(impl_->isolate);
     auto local_context = impl_->context.Get(impl_->isolate);
     v8::Context::Scope context_scope(local_context);
-    return impl_->drain_animation_frame_task()
-        && impl_->promote_pending_promise_error();
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+    impl_->drain_media();
+#endif
+    const bool result=impl_->drain_animation_frame_task()&&impl_->promote_pending_promise_error();
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+    impl_->finish_gpu_rendering_opportunity(result);
+#endif
+    return result;
 }
 
 bool v8_dom_runtime::has_pending_animation_frame_task() const noexcept
 {
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+    if(impl_->gpu_rendering_opportunity)return true;
+#endif
     return impl_->has_due_animation_frame_task();
 }
 
@@ -4534,6 +4704,15 @@ uint8_t v8_dom_runtime::host_animation_frame_demand() const noexcept
     auto demand = impl_->has_waiting_animation_frame_task()
         ? uint8_t{1U}
         : uint8_t{0U};
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+    for(const auto& [key,canvas]:impl_->gpu_canvases)if(canvas.context->has_current_texture()){demand|=1U;break;}
+#endif
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+    // Media requires continuous host opportunities even while its JS RAF is
+    // already admitted/running. Otherwise that brief gap suppresses a refresh.
+    for (const auto& [key, binding] : impl_->media_bindings)
+        if (binding->control->playing.load()) { demand |= 1U; break; }
+#endif
     if (impl_->is_text_control(impl_->active_element)
         && impl_->active_element->mutable_form_control().input_focused) {
         demand |= 4U;
@@ -4541,6 +4720,144 @@ uint8_t v8_dom_runtime::host_animation_frame_demand() const noexcept
     return demand;
 }
 
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+void v8_dom_runtime::shutdown_graphics()
+{
+    if (std::this_thread::get_id()!=impl_->graphics_thread)
+        throw std::logic_error("Graphics shutdown requires the runtime owner thread");
+    if (impl_->graphics_transitioning || impl_->graphics_delivering)
+        throw std::logic_error("Graphics shutdown during completion delivery");
+    if (impl_->graphics_shutdown) return;
+    impl_->graphics_shutdown=true;
+    if (!impl_->graphics) return;
+    if (!impl_->isolate || impl_->context.IsEmpty()) {
+        impl_->graphics.reset();
+        impl_->graphics_deliver={};
+        return;
+    }
+    auto isolate_locker=impl_->lock_shared_isolate();
+    v8::Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(impl_->isolate);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(impl_->isolate);
+    auto context=impl_->context.Get(impl_->isolate);
+    v8::Context::Scope context_scope(context);
+    impl_->retire_document_graphics();
+}
+
+void v8_dom_runtime::set_webgpu_policy(std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::completion_wake> wake,
+    std::function<webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop(const std::string&)> policy)
+{
+    if(std::this_thread::get_id()!=impl_->graphics_thread||impl_->isolate)
+        throw std::logic_error("WebGPU policy must be installed on the owner thread before initialization");
+    if(!wake||!policy)throw std::invalid_argument("WebGPU policy requires a wake and host decision callback");
+    impl_->webgpu_document_policy=[this,wake=std::move(wake),policy=std::move(policy)](const std::string& url) {
+        const auto interop=policy(url);
+        #if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32)
+        if(interop==webscene::graphics::platform_canvas_interop)install_webgpu(wake,true,interop);
+#endif
+    };
+}
+
+bool v8_dom_runtime::install_webgpu(std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::completion_wake> wake,
+    bool secure_context,webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop interop)
+{
+    if (!secure_context) return false;
+    if(std::this_thread::get_id()!=impl_->graphics_thread)throw std::logic_error("WebGPU installation requires the runtime owner thread");
+    if (!impl_->isolate || impl_->context.IsEmpty()) throw std::logic_error("WebGPU requires an initialized runtime");
+    auto isolate_locker=impl_->lock_shared_isolate();
+    v8::Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(impl_->isolate);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(impl_->isolate);
+    auto context=impl_->context.Get(impl_->isolate);
+    v8::Context::Scope context_scope(context);
+    auto& service=initialize_graphics(wake,[self=impl_.get()](auto record) {
+        if(self->webgpu)self->webgpu->complete(record);
+    });
+    try {
+        auto global=context->Global();v8::Local<v8::Value> navigator,exception;
+        if(!global->Get(context,js_string(impl_->isolate,"navigator")).ToLocal(&navigator)||!navigator->IsObject()||
+            !global->Get(context,js_string(impl_->isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocal(&exception)||!exception->IsFunction())
+            throw std::logic_error("WebGPU requires installed Navigator and DOMException");
+        impl_->webgpu=std::make_unique<webscene::graphics::v8_webgpu_realm>(impl_->isolate,context,service,
+            exception.As<v8::Function>(),interop,
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+            wgpu::BackendType::D3D12,
+#else
+            wgpu::BackendType::Undefined,
+#endif
+            wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_GENERATED_DOM_BINDINGS)
+            ,impl_->event_target_template.Get(impl_->isolate),[self=impl_.get()](v8::Local<v8::Object> object) {
+                if(self->next_standalone_event_target_id==UINT32_MAX)throw std::length_error("EventTarget identity exhausted");
+                auto key=v8::Private::ForApi(self->isolate,js_string(self->isolate,"WebScene.EventTarget.identity"));
+                return object->SetPrivate(self->context.Get(self->isolate),key,
+                    v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(self->isolate,self->next_standalone_event_target_id++)).FromMaybe(false);
+            }
+#endif
+            );
+        auto getter=v8::Function::New(context,[](const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(info.Data());
+        },impl_->webgpu->object()).ToLocalChecked();
+        if(!webscene::graphics::install_webgpu_flag_namespaces(impl_->isolate,context))
+            throw std::runtime_error("WebGPU flag namespace installation failed");
+        navigator.As<v8::Object>()->SetAccessorProperty(js_string(impl_->isolate,"gpu"),getter);
+        impl_->webgpu_navigator.Reset(impl_->isolate,navigator.As<v8::Object>());
+        impl_->webgpu_dom_exception.Reset(impl_->isolate,exception.As<v8::Function>());
+        impl_->webgpu_interop=interop;impl_->webgpu_wake=std::move(wake);
+        return true;
+    } catch(...) {
+        impl_->webgpu.reset();impl_->graphics.reset();impl_->graphics_deliver={};throw;
+    }
+}
+
+webscene::graphics::graphics_service& v8_dom_runtime::initialize_graphics(
+    std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::completion_wake> wake,
+    std::function<void(webscene::graphics::completion_record)> deliver)
+{
+    if (std::this_thread::get_id() != impl_->graphics_thread)
+        throw std::logic_error("Graphics initialization requires the runtime owner thread");
+    if (impl_->graphics_shutdown) throw std::logic_error("Graphics runtime is shut down");
+    if (impl_->graphics_transitioning) throw std::logic_error("Graphics document transition is in progress");
+    if (impl_->graphics) throw std::logic_error("Graphics dispatcher already initialized");
+    if (!deliver || !wake) throw std::invalid_argument("Graphics requires completion delivery and a safe wake signal");
+    auto service = std::make_unique<webscene::graphics::graphics_service>(std::move(wake));
+    impl_->graphics_deliver = std::move(deliver);
+    impl_->graphics = std::move(service);
+    return *impl_->graphics;
+}
+#endif
+
+void v8_dom_runtime::update_gpu_presentation_images(
+    const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>>& images)
+{
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+    for(auto& [key,entry]:impl_->gpu_canvases) {
+        auto& canvas=entry.node->mutable_canvas();
+        std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> retained;
+        if(entry.presentation_resize_pending && entry.context->is_configured()
+            && !canvas.gpu_image && !canvas.gpu_snapshot) {
+            for(const auto& image:images)
+                if(image->value.describe().canvas==canvas.backing.identity()
+                    && image->value.describe().allocation_generation>=entry.presentation_generation_floor){retained=image;break;}
+        }
+        if(canvas.gpu_presentation_image!=retained) {
+            canvas.gpu_presentation_image=std::move(retained);
+            impl_->document.mark_scene_changed();
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+bool v8_dom_runtime::has_open_gpu_output() const
+{
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+    if(impl_->gpu_rendering_opportunity)return true;
+    for(const auto& [key,canvas]:impl_->gpu_canvases)
+        if(canvas.context->has_current_texture()
+            || (canvas.bitmap_reset_awaiting_frame && !canvas.node->canvas().gpu_presentation_image && canvas.context->is_configured()
+                && impl_->has_waiting_animation_frame_task()))return true;
+#endif
+    return false;
+}
+
 bool v8_dom_runtime::pump_task()
 {
     auto isolate_locker = impl_->lock_shared_isolate();
@@ -4548,16 +4865,34 @@ bool v8_dom_runtime::pump_task()
     v8::HandleScope handle_scope(impl_->isolate);
     auto local_context = impl_->context.Get(impl_->isolate);
     v8::Context::Scope context_scope(local_context);
-    return impl_->drain_tasks()
-        && impl_->promote_pending_promise_error();
+    const bool result = impl_->drain_tasks() && impl_->promote_pending_promise_error();
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+    impl_->finish_gpu_rendering_opportunity(result);
+#endif
+    return result;
 }
 
 bool v8_dom_runtime::has_pending_tasks() const noexcept
 {
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+    if(impl_->media_work_ready.load(std::memory_order_acquire))return true;
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    if(impl_->media_images_ready&&impl_->media_images_ready->ready.load(std::memory_order_acquire))return true;
+#endif
+#endif
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    if (impl_->graphics && impl_->graphics->has_ready_work()) return true;
+#if (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+    if(impl_->gpu_rendering_opportunity)return true;
+    for(const auto& [key,canvas]:impl_->gpu_canvases)if(canvas.provider->has_completed_retirements())return true;
+#endif
+#endif
     return impl_->has_pending_detached_dom_collection()
         || impl_->websocket_transport.has_pending_events()
         || !impl_->pending_window_messages.empty()
+        || impl_->has_worker_messages()
         || impl_->has_ready_fetch_task()
+        || !impl_->pending_dialog_close_events.empty()
         || !impl_->pending_programmatic_scroll_events.empty()
         || !impl_->pending_frame_hydrations.empty()
         || !impl_->connected_resources.empty()
@@ -4570,6 +4905,9 @@ std::chrono::milliseconds v8_dom_runtime::recommended_idle_wait(
 {
     const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
     auto wait = maximum;
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    if (impl_->graphics) wait = impl_->graphics->recommended_idle_wait(wait);
+#endif
     for (const auto& timer : impl_->timers) {
         // An unreleased requestAnimationFrame is woken by the host frame input,
         // not by wall-clock polling.
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime.h
index 81775e126..73ba5a1b4 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime.h
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime.h
@@ -10,6 +10,17 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+class graphics_service;
+struct completion_wake;
+struct completion_record;
+enum class webgpu_canvas_interop;
+}
+#endif
+
+struct webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3;
+
 namespace webscene_native {
 
 class native_document;
@@ -261,9 +272,13 @@ class v8_dom_runtime final {
     bool has_pending_inspector_tasks() const noexcept;
     bool dispatch_resize();
     bool deliver_resize_observers();
+    bool has_open_gpu_output() const;
+    void update_gpu_presentation_images(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>>& images);
     bool refresh_media_environment();
     bool set_visible(bool visible);
-    bool dispatch_input(const webscene_input_event& event);
+    bool dispatch_input(const webscene_input_event& event, bool defer_cursor_update = false);
+    // Worker-only: call after publication layout and ResizeObserver delivery.
+    void refresh_pointer_cursor_after_layout();
     bool dispatch_transition_events();
     uint32_t current_cursor_kind() const noexcept;
     void notify_low_memory();
@@ -271,6 +286,23 @@ class v8_dom_runtime final {
     bool pump_animation_frame_task();
     bool has_pending_animation_frame_task() const noexcept;
     uint8_t host_animation_frame_demand() const noexcept;
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    // Native binding initialization, on the owning runtime thread. Install the
+    // completion dispatcher before issuing backend operations. No JS API is
+    // exposed merely by creating this service.
+    // Normal engine disposal: terminate records before releasing the context.
+    void shutdown_graphics();
+    // Host-only opt-in, before application scripts. The host must establish the
+    // document's secure-context status and negotiate the presenter policy.
+    // Denied exposure does not initialize graphics. Reinstall after navigation.
+    void set_webgpu_policy(std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::completion_wake> wake,
+        std::function<webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop(const std::string&)> policy);
+    bool install_webgpu(std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::completion_wake> wake,
+        bool secure_context,webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop interop);
+    webscene::graphics::graphics_service& initialize_graphics(
+        std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::completion_wake> wake,
+        std::function<void(webscene::graphics::completion_record)> deliver);
+#endif
     bool pump_task();
     bool has_pending_tasks() const noexcept;
     std::chrono::milliseconds recommended_idle_wait(
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_audio.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_audio.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51b355cc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_audio.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+struct audio_context_binding {
+    std::unique_ptr<webscene::media::audio_graph> graph;
+    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint32_t> sources;
+    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, const webscene::media::audio_buffer *> attached;
+};
+std::unordered_map<uint32_t, audio_context_binding> audio_contexts;
+std::unordered_set<uint64_t> media_audio_source_elements;
+v8::Global<v8::Private> audio_track_key;
+uint32_t next_audio_context{1}, next_audio_track{1};
+std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::shared_ptr<webscene::media::audio_track>> audio_tracks;
+// Recording adapters retain these native PCM consumers, independently of
+// JS/context lifetime. Each track has its own cursor and stop state.
+
+std::unique_ptr<webscene::media::audio_graph> media_default_audio;
+std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint32_t> media_default_sources;
+void start_default_media_audio(uint64_t key, media_binding &b) {
+    if (!b.frame.audio || !b.control->playing.load())
+        return;
+    if (media_audio_source_elements.contains(key))
+        return;
+    if (!media_default_audio)
+        media_default_audio = std::make_unique<webscene::media::audio_graph>();
+    if (!media_default_sources.contains(key)) {
+        auto id = media_default_audio->create(webscene::media::audio_graph::kind::source);
+        media_default_audio->set_source(id, b.frame.audio, b.control);
+        media_default_audio->connect(id, 0);
+        media_default_sources.emplace(key, id);
+    }
+    media_default_audio->resume();
+}
+void release_default_media_audio(uint64_t key) {
+    auto found = media_default_sources.find(key);
+    if (found != media_default_sources.end()) {
+        media_default_audio->disconnect(found->second);
+        media_default_sources.erase(found);
+        if (media_default_sources.empty())
+            media_default_audio.reset();
+    }
+}
+
+struct audio_decode_binding {
+    std::future<webscene::media::audio_buffer> result;
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm;
+    v8::Global<v8::Promise::Resolver> promise;
+};
+std::vector<audio_decode_binding> audio_decodes;
+std::unique_ptr<webscene::media::decode_service> audio_decoder;
+void clear_audio_bindings() {
+    audio_track_key.Reset();
+    audio_tracks.clear();
+    media_audio_source_elements.clear();
+    media_default_audio.reset();
+    media_default_sources.clear();
+    audio_decoder.reset();
+    audio_decodes.clear();
+    audio_contexts.clear();
+}
+void refresh_audio_source(uint64_t key, media_binding &b) {
+    if (!b.frame.audio)
+        return;
+    for (auto &[id, c] : audio_contexts) {
+        auto found = c.sources.find(key);
+        if (found != c.sources.end() && c.attached[key] != b.frame.audio.get()) {
+            c.graph->set_source(found->second, b.frame.audio, b.control);
+            c.attached[key] = b.frame.audio.get();
+        }
+    }
+}
+void drain_audio_decodes() {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < audio_decodes.size();) {
+        if (audio_decodes[i].result.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(0)) != std::future_status::ready) {
+            ++i;
+            continue;
+        }
+        auto job = std::move(audio_decodes[i]);
+        audio_decodes.erase(audio_decodes.begin() + i);
+        auto realm = job.realm.Get(isolate);
+        v8::Context::Scope scope(realm);
+        auto resolver = job.promise.Get(isolate);
+        try {
+            auto pcm = job.result.get();
+            auto value = v8::Object::New(isolate);
+            value
+                ->CreateDataProperty(realm, js_string(isolate, "sampleRate"),
+                                     v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate, pcm.sample_rate))
+                .Check();
+            auto channels = v8::Array::New(isolate, pcm.channels);
+            for (uint32_t ch = 0; ch < pcm.channels; ++ch) {
+                auto buffer = v8::ArrayBuffer::New(isolate, pcm.frames() * sizeof(float));
+                auto data = static_cast<float *>(buffer->GetBackingStore()->Data());
+                for (uint64_t f = 0; f < pcm.frames(); ++f)
+                    data[f] = pcm.samples[f * pcm.channels + ch];
+                channels->Set(realm, ch, v8::Float32Array::New(buffer, 0, pcm.frames())).Check();
+            }
+            value->CreateDataProperty(realm, js_string(isolate, "channels"), channels).Check();
+            resolver->Resolve(realm, value).Check();
+        } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+            resolver->Reject(realm, v8::Exception::Error(js_string(isolate, e.what()))).Check();
+        }
+    }
+}
+std::shared_ptr<webscene::media::audio_track> resolve_audio_track(v8::Local<v8::Value> value) {
+    if (!value->IsObject() || audio_track_key.IsEmpty())
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Native audio track required");
+    auto realm = isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> id;
+    if (!value.As<v8::Object>()->GetPrivate(realm, audio_track_key.Get(isolate)).ToLocal(&id) ||
+        !id->IsUint32())
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Native audio track required");
+    auto found = audio_tracks.find(id.As<v8::Uint32>()->Value());
+    if (found == audio_tracks.end())
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Audio track has been released");
+    return found->second;
+}
+static void audio_native_call(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value> &info) {
+    auto *self = current(info.GetIsolate());
+    if (!self)
+        return;
+    auto realm = info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext();
+    try {
+        if (info.Length() < 1)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Audio operation required");
+        auto op = to_utf8(info.GetIsolate(), info[0]);
+        if (op == "trackBind" || op == "trackClone" || op == "trackStop" || op == "trackEnded" ||
+            op == "trackEnabled") {
+            auto id = info[1]->Uint32Value(realm).FromMaybe(0);
+            auto found = self->audio_tracks.find(id);
+            if (found == self->audio_tracks.end())
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Audio track unavailable");
+            auto track = found->second;
+            if (op == "trackBind") {
+                if (info.Length() < 3 || !info[2]->IsObject())
+                    throw std::invalid_argument("Audio track object required");
+                if (self->audio_track_key.IsEmpty())
+                    self->audio_track_key.Reset(info.GetIsolate(), v8::Private::New(info.GetIsolate()));
+                info[2]
+                    .As<v8::Object>()
+                    ->SetPrivate(realm, self->audio_track_key.Get(info.GetIsolate()),
+                                 v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(info.GetIsolate(), id))
+                    .Check();
+                return;
+            }
+            if (op == "trackStop") {
+                track->stop();
+                return;
+            }
+            if (op == "trackEnded") {
+                info.GetReturnValue().Set(track->ended());
+                return;
+            }
+            if (op == "trackEnabled") {
+                track->enabled = info[2]->BooleanValue(info.GetIsolate());
+                return;
+            }
+            if (self->audio_tracks.size() >= 256)
+                throw std::length_error("Audio track limit");
+            auto clone = self->next_audio_track++;
+            self->audio_tracks.emplace(clone, track->clone());
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(clone);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "create") {
+            if (self->audio_contexts.size() >= 8)
+                throw std::length_error("Audio context limit");
+            auto id = self->next_audio_context++;
+            auto rate = info.Length() > 1 ? info[1]->Uint32Value(realm).FromMaybe(48000) : 48000;
+            self->audio_contexts.emplace(
+                id,
+                audio_context_binding{std::make_unique<webscene::media::audio_graph>(true, rate), {}, {}});
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(id);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "decode") {
+            if (info.Length() < 2 || !info[1]->IsArrayBuffer())
+                throw std::invalid_argument("decodeAudioData requires ArrayBuffer");
+            if (self->audio_decodes.size() >= 8)
+                throw std::length_error("Audio decode queue full");
+            if (!self->audio_decoder)
+                self->audio_decoder = std::make_unique<webscene::media::decode_service>([self] {
+                    self->media_work_ready.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
+                    if (self->runtime_work_available)
+                        self->runtime_work_available();
+                });
+            auto buffer = info[1].As<v8::ArrayBuffer>();
+            if (buffer->WasDetached())
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Detached audio data");
+            auto bytes = buffer->GetBackingStore();
+            if (bytes->ByteLength() > webscene::media::decode_limits{}.encoded_bytes)
+                throw std::length_error("Audio input too large");
+            auto source = std::make_shared<webscene::media::encoded_source>();
+            auto p = static_cast<const uint8_t *>(bytes->Data());
+            if (bytes->ByteLength())
+                source->bytes.assign(p, p + bytes->ByteLength());
+            auto resolver = v8::Promise::Resolver::New(realm).ToLocalChecked();
+            auto future = self->audio_decoder->audio(
+                source, {}, info.Length() > 2 ? info[2]->Uint32Value(realm).FromMaybe(0) : 0);
+            buffer->Detach(v8::Local<v8::Value>()).Check();
+            self->audio_decodes.push_back({std::move(future),
+                                           v8::Global<v8::Context>(info.GetIsolate(), realm),
+                                           v8::Global<v8::Promise::Resolver>(info.GetIsolate(), resolver)});
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(resolver->GetPromise());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (info.Length() < 2)
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Audio context required");
+        auto id = info[1]->Uint32Value(realm).FromMaybe(0);
+        auto found = self->audio_contexts.find(id);
+        if (found == self->audio_contexts.end())
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Audio context unavailable");
+        auto &c = found->second;
+        auto number = [&](int i, double fallback = 0.) {
+            return info.Length() > i ? info[i]->NumberValue(realm).FromMaybe(fallback) : fallback;
+        };
+        if (op == "close") {
+            self->audio_contexts.erase(found);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "resume") {
+            c.graph->resume();
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "suspend") {
+            c.graph->suspend();
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "time") {
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(c.graph->time());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "node") {
+            auto kind = static_cast<webscene::media::audio_graph::kind>(static_cast<int>(number(2)));
+            if (number(2) < 1 || number(2) > 4)
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid audio node kind");
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(c.graph->create(kind));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "connect") {
+            c.graph->connect(number(2), number(3));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "disconnect") {
+            c.graph->disconnect(number(2));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "gain") {
+            c.graph->set_gain(number(2), number(3), number(4), number(5));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "capture") {
+            if (self->audio_tracks.size() >= 256)
+                throw std::length_error("Audio track limit");
+            auto track = c.graph->capture(number(2));
+            auto track_id = self->next_audio_track++;
+            self->audio_tracks.emplace(track_id, std::move(track));
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(track_id);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "validateSource") {
+            if (info.Length() < 3 || !info[2]->IsObject())
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Media element required");
+            auto *element = unwrap_node(info[2].As<v8::Object>());
+            if (!element || (element->tag != "audio" && element->tag != "video"))
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Media element required");
+            if (self->media_audio_source_elements.contains(self->wrapper_key(*element)))
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Media element already has an audio source node");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "source") {
+            if (info.Length() < 4 || !info[3]->IsObject())
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Media source required");
+            auto *element = unwrap_node(info[3].As<v8::Object>());
+            if (!element)
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Media source required");
+            auto key = self->wrapper_key(*element);
+            if (self->media_audio_source_elements.contains(key))
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Media element already has an audio source node");
+            self->media_audio_source_elements.insert(key);
+            self->release_default_media_audio(key);
+            c.sources.emplace(key, number(2));
+            auto media = self->media_bindings.find(key);
+            if (media != self->media_bindings.end() && media->second->frame.audio) {
+                c.graph->set_source(number(2), media->second->frame.audio, media->second->control);
+                c.attached[key] = media->second->frame.audio.get();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "samples") {
+            if (info.Length() < 4 || !info[3]->IsFloat32Array())
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Analyser requires Float32Array");
+            auto array = info[3].As<v8::Float32Array>();
+            auto backing = array->Buffer()->GetBackingStore();
+            if (array->Buffer()->WasDetached())
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Detached analyser array");
+            c.graph->analyser(number(2), std::span<float>(reinterpret_cast<float *>(
+                                                              static_cast<uint8_t *>(backing->Data()) +
+                                                              array->ByteOffset()),
+                                                          array->Length()));
+            return;
+        }
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Unknown audio operation");
+    } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+        info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(js_string(info.GetIsolate(), e.what())));
+    }
+}
+void install_audio_globals(v8::Local<v8::Context> realm) {
+    realm->Global()
+        ->Set(realm, js_string(isolate, "__websceneAudio"),
+              v8::Function::New(realm, audio_native_call).ToLocalChecked())
+        .Check();
+    constexpr std::string_view source =
+#include "media/audio_platform.js.inc"
+        ;
+    auto script = v8::Script::Compile(realm, js_dom_string(isolate, std::string(source))).ToLocalChecked();
+    script->Run(realm).ToLocalChecked();
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_browser_apis.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_browser_apis.inc
index dbe46e995..1a0a907f7 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_browser_apis.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_browser_apis.inc
@@ -1472,6 +1472,9 @@
             : generated_standalone_event_target_id(info.GetIsolate(), receiver);
 #endif
         auto* target = receiver.IsEmpty() || receiver_is_document
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_GENERATED_DOM_BINDINGS)
+            || standalone_target_id.has_value()
+#endif
             ? nullptr
             : unwrap_node(receiver);
         auto target_value = target != nullptr
@@ -1925,11 +1928,19 @@
             info.GetIsolate(), self->enqueue_host_request(local_context, request)));
     }
 
+    static void revoke_object_url(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* self=current(info.GetIsolate());if(!self||!info.Length())return;
+        auto url=to_utf8(info.GetIsolate(),info[0]);auto found=self->object_url_binary.find(url);
+        if(found!=self->object_url_binary.end()&&found->second.origin==resource_origin(self->current_base_address())){
+            self->object_url_binary.erase(found);self->object_urls.erase(url);self->object_url_download_payloads.erase(url);self->object_url_canvas_node_ids.erase(url);
+        }
+    }
     static void create_object_url(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
     {
         auto* self = current(info.GetIsolate());
         auto payload = info.Length() > 0 ? to_utf8(info.GetIsolate(), info[0]) : std::string{};
         std::string download_payload;
+        std::string binary_payload;
         uint32_t canvas_node_id = 0;
         if (info.Length() > 0 && info[0]->IsObject()) {
             auto local_context = info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext();
@@ -1957,6 +1968,7 @@
                         js_string(info.GetIsolate(), "type")).ToLocal(&type_value)
                     ? to_utf8(info.GetIsolate(), type_value)
                     : std::string{};
+                if(view->ByteLength())binary_payload.assign(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(bytes),view->ByteLength());
                 const auto is_textual = type.starts_with("text/")
                     || type == "application/xhtml+xml"
                     || type == "application/xml"
@@ -1973,6 +1985,7 @@
         }
         const auto url = "blob:webscene-native/" + std::to_string(self->next_object_url_id++);
         self->object_urls[url] = std::move(payload);
+        self->object_url_binary[url]={std::move(binary_payload),resource_origin(self->current_base_address())};
         if (!download_payload.empty()) {
             self->object_url_download_payloads[url] = std::move(download_payload);
         }
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_cache_and_frames.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_cache_and_frames.inc
index 0051520b7..bf92eeaf2 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_cache_and_frames.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_cache_and_frames.inc
@@ -1605,13 +1605,44 @@
         )JS";
         constexpr std::string_view message_channel_source_suffix = R"JS(
               class WebSceneFormData {
-                constructor(form = undefined) {
+                constructor(form = undefined, submitter = null) {
                   __webSceneRecordWebApi(
                     'FormData.constructor', 'partially-supported',
                     'ordered string and Blob fields with multipart fetch serialization');
                   this._entries = [];
-                  if (form !== undefined && form !== null) {
-                    throw new TypeError('Constructing FormData from a form is not yet supported');
+                  if (form !== undefined) {
+                    if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) throw new TypeError('FormData requires an HTMLFormElement');
+                    const isSubmit = control => control && ((control.tagName === 'BUTTON' && (!control.type || control.type === 'submit')) ||
+                      (control.tagName === 'INPUT' && ['submit', 'image'].includes(control.type)));
+                    if (submitter !== null) {
+                      if (!(submitter instanceof HTMLElement) || !isSubmit(submitter)) throw new TypeError('FormData submitter must be a submit button');
+                      if (submitter.form !== form) throw new DOMException('Submitter belongs to another form', 'NotFoundError');
+                    }
+                    const root = form.getRootNode();
+                    for (const control of root.querySelectorAll('input,select,textarea,button')) {
+                      if (control.form !== form || control.matches(':disabled') || control.closest('datalist')) continue;
+                      const tag = control.tagName;
+                      const type = String(control.type || (tag === 'BUTTON' ? 'submit' : 'text')).toLowerCase();
+                      if ((tag === 'BUTTON' || ['submit', 'image', 'reset', 'button'].includes(type)) && control !== submitter) continue;
+                      const name = control.getAttribute('name') || '';
+                      if (type === 'image') {
+                        this.append(name ? name + '.x' : 'x', '0');
+                        this.append(name ? name + '.y' : 'y', '0');
+                        continue;
+                      }
+                      if (!name || (['checkbox', 'radio'].includes(type) && !control.checked)) continue;
+                      if (tag === 'SELECT') {
+                        for (const option of control.options) {
+                          if (option.selected && !option.matches(':disabled')) this.append(name, option.value);
+                        }
+                      } else if (type === 'file') {
+                        throw new TypeError('File controls in FormData are not yet supported');
+                      } else {
+                        const value = type === 'hidden' && name === '_charset_' ? 'UTF-8' :
+                          ['checkbox', 'radio'].includes(type) && !control.hasAttribute('value') ? 'on' : control.value;
+                        this.append(name, value);
+                      }
+                    }
                   }
                 }
                 append(name, value, filename = undefined) {
@@ -2035,7 +2066,7 @@
         }
         std::string source = script.code;
         std::shared_ptr<const immutable_text_source> immutable_source;
-        auto name = "webscene-frame-inline-" + std::to_string(script.index) + ".js";
+        auto name = hydration.base_address + "#inline-script-" + std::to_string(script.index);
         if (!script.source.empty()) {
             if (!load_text_resource(
                     script.source,
@@ -2054,19 +2085,15 @@
             auto document_value = local_frame_context->Global()->Get(
                 local_frame_context,
                 js_string(isolate, "document")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Object>();
-            set_current_script(local_frame_context, document_value, name);
+            if(script.module)document_value->Set(local_frame_context,js_string(isolate,"currentScript"),v8::Null(isolate)).Check();
+            else set_current_script(local_frame_context, document_value, name);
         }
         std::string error;
         const auto script_source = immutable_source != nullptr
             ? immutable_source->view()
             : std::string_view(source);
-        if (!execute_in_context(
-                local_frame_context,
-                script_source,
-                name,
-                error,
-                true,
-                std::move(immutable_source))) {
+        if (!(script.module ? execute_module(local_frame_context,script_source,name,error)
+            : execute_in_context(local_frame_context,script_source,name,error,true,std::move(immutable_source)))) {
             frame_last_error_value = "Iframe script #" + std::to_string(script.index)
                 + " failed: " + error;
             ++frame_script_error_count;
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_canvas.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_canvas.inc
index d48e26d0d..b03d720c6 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_canvas.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_canvas.inc
@@ -258,6 +258,7 @@
             command.data.values[index++] = argument;
         }
         node.mutable_canvas().commands.push_back(command);
+        node.mutable_canvas().backing.publish_content();
     }
 
     static void canvas_append_resource_command(
@@ -277,6 +278,7 @@
             command.data.values[index++] = argument;
         }
         node.mutable_canvas().commands.push_back(command);
+        node.mutable_canvas().backing.publish_content();
     }
 
     static void canvas_append_line_dash_command(
@@ -292,6 +294,7 @@
             command.data.values[index + 1U] = segments[index];
         }
         node.mutable_canvas().commands.push_back(command);
+        node.mutable_canvas().backing.publish_content();
     }
 
     static uint32_t canvas_intern_string(dom_node& node, const std::string& value)
@@ -2645,6 +2648,45 @@
             js_string(isolate, "source-over")).Check();
     }
 
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+    void finish_gpu_rendering_opportunity(bool present) {
+        if(!gpu_rendering_opportunity||has_due_animation_frame_task())return;
+        gpu_rendering_opportunity=false;
+        for(auto& [key,canvas]:gpu_canvases) {
+            const auto submitted=canvas.context->has_current_texture();
+            canvas.context->end_frame(present);
+            if(submitted) {
+                // A reset inside this RAF batch may occur after frame admission.
+                // Its replacement output now owns the publication dependency.
+                canvas.bitmap_reset_awaiting_frame=false;
+                canvas.presentation_resize_pending=false;
+                canvas.node->mutable_canvas().gpu_presentation_image.reset();
+                auto& output=canvas.node->mutable_canvas().gpu_snapshot;
+                output.reset();
+                if(present) {
+                    auto ticket=canvas.provider->capture_latest_submission();
+                    if(ticket)output=std::make_shared<webscene::graphics::platform_dawn_scene_snapshot>(std::move(ticket));
+                    else {
+                        const auto& backing=canvas.node->canvas().backing;
+                        output=std::make_shared<webscene_failed_gpu_image_snapshot>(webscene::graphics::image_metadata{
+                            backing.identity(),0,backing.allocation_generation(),backing.content_serial(),
+                            0,0,backing.width(),backing.height()});
+                    }
+                    document.mark_scene_changed();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        publish_ready_gpu_canvases();
+    }
+    void publish_ready_gpu_canvases() {
+        for(auto& [key,canvas]:gpu_canvases)while(auto image=canvas.provider->take_ready()) {
+            const auto metadata=image->describe();const auto& backing=canvas.node->canvas().backing;
+            if(metadata.canvas!=backing.identity()||metadata.allocation_generation!=backing.allocation_generation()||!backing.accepts_completed_content(metadata.content_serial))continue;
+            if(canvas.node->canvas().gpu_image&&canvas.node->canvas().gpu_image->value.describe().content_serial>metadata.content_serial)continue;
+            document.publish_gpu_canvas_image(*canvas.node,std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*image)));
+        }
+    }
+#endif
     static void canvas_get_context(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
     {
         auto* self = current(info.GetIsolate());
@@ -2657,6 +2699,45 @@
         const auto requested = info.Length() > 0
             ? to_utf8(info.GetIsolate(), info[0])
             : std::string{};
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+        if(requested=="webgpu"&&self->webgpu&&self->webgpu_interop==webscene::graphics::platform_canvas_interop&&!self->in_frame_context()) {
+            using namespace webscene::graphics;
+            auto& backing=node->mutable_canvas().backing;
+            if(backing.mode()!=canvas_context_mode::none&&backing.mode()!=canvas_context_mode::webgpu) {
+                info.GetReturnValue().SetNull();return;
+            }
+            const auto key=self->wrapper_key(*node);
+            const auto known=self->gpu_canvases.find(key);
+            if(known!=self->gpu_canvases.end()){info.GetReturnValue().Set(known->second.context->object());return;}
+            try {
+                auto context=info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext();
+                auto exception=self->webgpu_dom_exception.Get(info.GetIsolate());
+                auto width=canvas_bitmap_dimension(*node,"width",300),height=canvas_bitmap_dimension(*node,"height",150);
+                if(backing.width()!=width||backing.height()!=height)backing.reset_bitmap(width,height);
+                auto provider=std::make_shared<platform_dawn_canvas_host>(64ULL*1024*1024,self->webgpu_wake);
+                auto host=make_platform_webgpu_canvas_host(provider,[self,node] {
+                    auto& backing=node->mutable_canvas().backing;backing.publish_content();
+                    image_metadata metadata;metadata.canvas=backing.identity();metadata.allocation_generation=backing.allocation_generation();
+                    metadata.content_serial=backing.content_serial();metadata.producer_timeline=self->gpu_canvas_timeline;metadata.producer_value=metadata.content_serial;
+                    return metadata;
+                });
+                host.invalidate=[self,node] {
+                    auto& canvas=node->mutable_canvas();canvas.backing.reset_bitmap(canvas.backing.width(),canvas.backing.height());canvas.gpu_image.reset();canvas.gpu_snapshot.reset();canvas.gpu_presentation_image.reset();
+                    const auto known=self->gpu_canvases.find(self->wrapper_key(*node));
+                    if(known!=self->gpu_canvases.end()) {
+                        known->second.presentation_resize_pending=false;
+                        known->second.presentation_generation_floor=canvas.backing.allocation_generation();
+                    }
+                    self->document.mark_scene_changed();
+                };
+                auto controller=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_canvas_context>(info.GetIsolate(),context,info.This(),exception,width,height,std::move(host));
+                auto object=controller->object();
+                self->gpu_canvases.emplace(key,gpu_canvas_entry{node,std::move(provider),std::move(controller)});
+                backing.claim_context(canvas_context_mode::webgpu);
+                info.GetReturnValue().Set(object);return;
+            }catch(const std::exception&){info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::Error(js_string(info.GetIsolate(),"WebGPU canvas initialization failed")));return;}
+        }
+#endif
         if (requested != "2d") {
             self->record_feature(
                 "canvas",
@@ -2667,6 +2748,10 @@
             info.GetReturnValue().Set(v8::Null(info.GetIsolate()));
             return;
         }
+        if (!node->mutable_canvas().backing.claim_context(webscene::graphics::canvas_context_mode::two_d)) {
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(v8::Null(info.GetIsolate()));
+            return;
+        }
         self->record_feature(
             "canvas",
             "HTMLCanvasElement.getContext:2d",
@@ -2688,6 +2773,10 @@
         }
         auto local_context = info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext();
         auto result = v8::Object::New(info.GetIsolate());
+        auto& backing=node->mutable_canvas().backing;
+        const auto width=canvas_bitmap_dimension(*node,"width",300);
+        const auto height=canvas_bitmap_dimension(*node,"height",150);
+        if (backing.width()!=width || backing.height()!=height) backing.reset_bitmap(width,height);
         auto state = std::make_unique<canvas_state>();
         state->node = node;
         auto* state_pointer = state.get();
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_clone.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_clone.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0188ae2cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_clone.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+    struct clone_packet {
+        std::vector<uint8_t> bytes;
+        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<v8::BackingStore>> transfers;
+    };
+    struct clone_delegate : v8::ValueSerializer::Delegate {
+        const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info;
+        explicit clone_delegate(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& value) : info(value) {}
+        void ThrowDataCloneError(v8::Local<v8::String> message) override {
+            const auto text = to_utf8(info.GetIsolate(), message);
+            throw_dom_exception(info, text.c_str(), "DataCloneError");
+        }
+    };
+    static bool serialize_clone_impl(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info,
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value, v8::Local<v8::Value> transfer, clone_packet& packet) {
+        auto* isolate = info.GetIsolate(); auto realm = isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        clone_delegate delegate(info);
+        v8::ValueSerializer serializer(isolate, &delegate);
+        std::vector<v8::Local<v8::ArrayBuffer>> buffers;
+        if (!transfer->IsUndefined()) {
+            if (!transfer->IsArray()) {
+                isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(js_string(isolate, "transfer must be an array"))); return false;
+            }
+            auto list = transfer.As<v8::Array>();
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < list->Length(); ++i) {
+                v8::Local<v8::Value> candidate;
+                if (!list->Get(realm, i).ToLocal(&candidate)) return false;
+                if (!candidate->IsArrayBuffer()) {
+                    throw_dom_exception(info, "Unsupported transferable", "DataCloneError"); return false;
+                }
+                auto buffer = candidate.As<v8::ArrayBuffer>();
+                if (!buffer->IsDetachable() || buffer->WasDetached()
+                    || std::find(buffers.begin(), buffers.end(), buffer) != buffers.end()) {
+                    throw_dom_exception(info, "Invalid or duplicate transferable", "DataCloneError"); return false;
+                }
+                buffers.push_back(buffer);
+                serializer.TransferArrayBuffer(i, buffer);
+            }
+        }
+        serializer.WriteHeader();
+        if (!serializer.WriteValue(realm, value).FromMaybe(false)) return false;
+        auto [data, size] = serializer.Release();
+        std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, decltype(&std::free)> memory(data, std::free);
+        packet.bytes.assign(data, data + size);
+        for (auto buffer : buffers) packet.transfers.push_back(buffer->GetBackingStore());
+        // Serialization must succeed before ownership changes on the sender.
+        for (auto buffer : buffers) if (!buffer->Detach({}).FromMaybe(false)) return false;
+        return true;
+    }
+    static bool serialize_clone(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info,
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> value, v8::Local<v8::Value> transfer, clone_packet& packet) {
+        try {return serialize_clone_impl(info,value,transfer,packet);}
+        catch(const std::exception& e){
+            info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(js_string(info.GetIsolate(),e.what())));
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    static v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Value> deserialize_clone(v8::Isolate* isolate,
+        v8::Local<v8::Context> realm, const clone_packet& packet) {
+        v8::ValueDeserializer deserializer(isolate, packet.bytes.data(), packet.bytes.size());
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < packet.transfers.size(); ++i)
+            deserializer.TransferArrayBuffer(i, v8::ArrayBuffer::New(isolate, packet.transfers[i]));
+        if (!deserializer.ReadHeader(realm).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        return deserializer.ReadValue(realm);
+    }
+    static void structured_clone(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if (info.Length() == 0) {
+            info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(js_string(info.GetIsolate(), "structuredClone requires a value"))); return;
+        }
+        auto realm = info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext();
+        if(info.Length()>1&&!info[1]->IsNullOrUndefined()&&!info[1]->IsObject()){
+            info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(js_string(info.GetIsolate(),"StructuredSerializeOptions must be a dictionary")));return;
+        }
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> transfer = v8::Undefined(info.GetIsolate());
+        if (info.Length() > 1 && info[1]->IsObject()
+            && !info[1].As<v8::Object>()->Get(realm, js_string(info.GetIsolate(), "transfer")).ToLocal(&transfer)) return;
+        clone_packet packet;
+        if (!serialize_clone(info, info[0], transfer, packet)) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> result;
+        if (deserialize_clone(info.GetIsolate(), realm, packet).ToLocal(&result)) info.GetReturnValue().Set(result);
+    }
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_css_cascade.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_css_cascade.inc
index 719ee011e..0a8a4ef5e 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_css_cascade.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_css_cascade.inc
@@ -2081,20 +2081,9 @@
             // initial currentColor value. Keep that dependency deferred.
             color = 0;
             current_color = true;
-            auto remaining = value;
-            auto color_start = remaining.find("rgba(");
-            if (color_start == std::string::npos) color_start = remaining.find("rgb(");
-            if (color_start != std::string::npos) {
-                const auto color_end = remaining.find(')', color_start);
-                if (color_end != std::string::npos) {
-                    color = native_document::parse_color(
-                        remaining.substr(color_start, color_end - color_start + 1U));
-                    current_color = false;
-                    remaining.erase(color_start, color_end - color_start + 1U);
-                }
-            }
-            std::istringstream stream(remaining);
-            for (std::string token; stream >> token;) {
+            // Functional colors are single CSS components. Splitting their
+            // arguments at spaces turns color-mix percentages into border widths.
+            for (const auto& token : split_transition_tokens(value)) {
                 if (token == "none") {
                     width = {};
                     color = 0;
@@ -4016,6 +4005,7 @@
         dom_node& node,
         std::string_view reason = {})
     {
+        webscene_frame_trace::scope cascade_trace(frame_trace, "recascade-start", "recascade-end", 0);
         if (!is_connected(node)) return;
         auto* previous_cascade_root = const_cast<dom_node*>(active_css_cascade_root);
         auto* node_cascade_root = css_cascade_root_for_node(node);
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_css_parsing.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_css_parsing.inc
index 2b77912d9..5b345b1ba 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_css_parsing.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_css_parsing.inc
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@
     bool attribute_requires_recascade(std::string_view name) const
     {
         if (name == "id" || name == "class" || name == "style"
-            || name == "type" || name == "hidden") return true;
+            || name == "type" || name == "hidden" || name == "open") return true;
         return css_attribute_dependencies.contains(std::string(name));
     }
 
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_document.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_document.inc
index 017a36030..85000112c 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_document.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_document.inc
@@ -710,6 +710,7 @@
             return;
         }
         node->attributes[name] = value;
+        if ((name == "width" || name == "height")) reset_canvas_backing_store(*self, *node);
         if (name == "id") node->id_attribute = value;
         else if (name == "class") node->class_name = value;
         else if (name == "value" && node->tag == "input") {
@@ -778,6 +779,7 @@
             : std::optional<std::string>(previous->second);
         self->record_html_attribute_feature(name, "setAttributeNS");
         node->attributes[name] = value;
+        if ((!namespace_uri || namespace_uri->empty()) && (name == "width" || name == "height")) reset_canvas_backing_store(*self, *node);
         if (name == "id") node->id_attribute = value;
         else if (name == "class") node->class_name = value;
         if (self->attribute_requires_recascade(name)) {
@@ -807,6 +809,7 @@
         const auto old_value = std::optional<std::string>(node->attributes.at(name));
         self->detach_attr(*node, name, *old_value);
         node->attributes.erase(name);
+        if ((name == "width" || name == "height")) reset_canvas_backing_store(*self, *node);
         if (name == "id") node->id_attribute.clear();
         else if (name == "class") node->class_name.clear();
         else if (name == "src" && node->tag == "img") {
@@ -879,6 +882,7 @@
         const auto old_value = std::optional<std::string>(match->second);
         self->detach_attr(*node, name, *old_value);
         node->attributes.erase(name);
+        if ((!namespace_uri || namespace_uri->empty()) && (name == "width" || name == "height")) reset_canvas_backing_store(*self, *node);
         if (name == "id") node->id_attribute.clear();
         else if (name == "class") node->class_name.clear();
         else if (name == "src" && node->tag == "img") node->clear_replaced_image();
@@ -917,6 +921,7 @@
         }
         if (force_present) {
             node->attributes[name] = {};
+            if (name == "width" || name == "height") reset_canvas_backing_store(*self, *node);
             if (name == "id") node->id_attribute.clear();
             else if (name == "class") node->class_name.clear();
             self->notify_custom_element_attribute(
@@ -924,6 +929,7 @@
         } else {
             const auto old_value = std::optional<std::string>(node->attributes.at(name));
             node->attributes.erase(name);
+            if (name == "width" || name == "height") reset_canvas_backing_store(*self, *node);
             if (name == "id") node->id_attribute.clear();
             else if (name == "class") node->class_name.clear();
             self->notify_custom_element_attribute(
@@ -989,8 +995,9 @@
             result.push_back(frame_script{
                 extract_html_attribute(attributes, "src"),
                 html.substr(open_end + 1U, close - open_end - 1U),
-                attributes.find("defer") != std::string::npos,
-                index++});
+                attributes.find("defer") != std::string::npos || extract_html_attribute(attributes, "type") == "module",
+                index++,
+                extract_html_attribute(attributes, "type") == "module"});
             cursor = close + 9U;
         }
         return result;
@@ -1021,8 +1028,34 @@
         }
     }
 
+    static std::vector<std::string> parsed_inline_stylesheets(const dom_node& root)
+    {
+        std::vector<std::string> result;
+        const auto visit = [&](const auto& self, const dom_node& node) -> void {
+            // Tree construction handles raw text, comments and template contents.
+            // Never scan script strings for markup belonging to another document.
+            if (node.tag == "style") {
+                auto text = node.text_content;
+                for (const auto* child : node.children)
+                    if (child != nullptr && child->tag == "#text") text += child->text_content;
+                result.push_back(std::move(text));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (node.tag == "template") return;
+            for (const auto* child : node.children) if (child != nullptr) self(self, *child);
+        };
+        visit(visit, root);
+        return result;
+    }
+
     static std::vector<std::string> parse_inline_stylesheets(const std::string& html)
     {
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_HTML5EVER)
+        native_document parsed;
+        const auto status = parse_html_document(parsed, parsed.body(), html);
+        if (!status) return {};
+        return parsed_inline_stylesheets(parsed.body());
+#else
         std::vector<std::string> result;
         size_t cursor = 0U;
         while (true) {
@@ -1036,6 +1069,7 @@
             cursor = close + 8U;
         }
         return result;
+#endif
     }
 
     static std::string extract_element_contents(const std::string& html, const std::string& tag)
@@ -1181,6 +1215,40 @@
             local_context,
             js_string(isolate, "toString"),
             v8::Function::New(local_context, location_to_string).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
+        std::string secure_host = host;
+        if (const auto at = secure_host.rfind('@'); at != std::string::npos) secure_host.erase(0, at + 1);
+        if (secure_host.starts_with("[")) {
+            const auto close = secure_host.find(']');
+            secure_host = secure_host.substr(0, close == std::string::npos ? secure_host.size() : close + 1);
+        } else if (const auto colon = secure_host.find(':'); colon != std::string::npos) secure_host.resize(colon);
+        std::transform(secure_host.begin(), secure_host.end(), secure_host.begin(),
+            [](unsigned char c) { return static_cast<char>(std::tolower(c)); });
+        bool loopback = secure_host == "localhost" || secure_host.ends_with(".localhost")
+            || secure_host == "[::1]";
+        if (secure_host.starts_with("127.")) {
+            size_t start = 0, components = 0;
+            bool valid = true;
+            while (start < secure_host.size()) {
+                auto end = secure_host.find('.', start);
+                if (end == std::string::npos) end = secure_host.size();
+                unsigned value = 0;
+                const auto parsed = std::from_chars(secure_host.data() + start, secure_host.data() + end, value);
+                if (parsed.ec != std::errc{} || parsed.ptr != secure_host.data() + end || value > 255) valid = false;
+                ++components; start = end + 1;
+            }
+            loopback = valid && components == 4;
+        }
+        const auto protocol = scheme_end == std::string::npos ? std::string{} : href.substr(0, scheme_end);
+        bool secure = protocol == "https" || protocol == "wss" || protocol == "file"
+            || ((protocol == "http" || protocol == "ws") && loopback);
+        // A trustworthy child cannot escape an insecure top-level ancestor.
+        if (!context.IsEmpty() && local_context != context.Get(isolate)) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> parent_secure;
+            secure = secure && context.Get(isolate)->Global()->Get(context.Get(isolate),
+                js_string(isolate, "isSecureContext")).ToLocal(&parent_secure) && parent_secure->IsTrue();
+        }
+        global->DefineOwnProperty(local_context, js_string(isolate, "isSecureContext"),
+            v8::Boolean::New(isolate, secure), v8::ReadOnly).Check();
         global->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "location"), location).Check();
         v8::Local<v8::Value> document_value;
         if (global->Get(
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_dom_core.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_dom_core.inc
index aa6b72367..f3e0367ea 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_dom_core.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_dom_core.inc
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 
     void ensure_layout(const dom_node* reusable_client_geometry_subject = nullptr)
     {
+        webscene_frame_trace::scope trace(frame_trace, "layout-start", "layout-end", current_input_sequence);
         flush_pending_style_recascades();
         if (!document.dirty()) return;
         if (reusable_client_geometry_subject != nullptr
@@ -776,6 +777,11 @@
             [&](const auto& task) {
                 return task.target_context.Get(isolate) == local_context;
             });
+        std::erase_if(
+            pending_dialog_close_events,
+            [&](const auto& task) {
+                return task.context.Get(isolate) == local_context;
+            });
         std::erase_if(
             pending_programmatic_scroll_events,
             [&](const auto& task) {
@@ -1459,6 +1465,8 @@
             ? (node.namespace_uri() == dom_node::html_namespace_uri
                 ? (node.tag == "slot"
                     ? html_slot_element_template.Get(isolate)
+                    : node.tag == "dialog"
+                        ? html_dialog_element_template.Get(isolate)
                     : node.tag == "form"
                         ? html_form_element_template.Get(isolate)
                     : node.tag == "select"
@@ -1470,7 +1478,8 @@
                     : node.tag == "td" || node.tag == "th"
                         ? html_table_cell_element_template.Get(isolate)
                     : html_element_template.Get(isolate))
-                : element_template.Get(isolate))
+                : node.namespace_uri() == "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+                    ? svg_element_template.Get(isolate) : element_template.Get(isolate))
             : node.kind == dom_node_kind::document_fragment
                 ? (document.is_shadow_root(node)
                     ? shadow_root_template.Get(isolate)
@@ -1521,6 +1530,9 @@
                 js_string(isolate, "form"),
                 get_form_owner).Check();
         }
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+        attach_media_prototype(local_context,node,object);
+#endif
         auto& wrapper = node_wrappers[key];
         wrapper.Reset(isolate, object);
         if (!is_connected(node)) wrapper.SetWeak();
@@ -1634,6 +1646,7 @@
             if (detached_document_roots.contains(ancestor->id)) return;
         }
         if (node.tag == "script") {
+            bool module_script = false;
             const auto authored_type = node.attributes.find("type");
             if (authored_type != node.attributes.end()) {
                 auto type = lower_html_name(authored_type->second);
@@ -1642,6 +1655,7 @@
                 type = first == std::string::npos
                     ? std::string{}
                     : type.substr(first, last - first + 1U);
+                module_script = type == "module";
                 const auto executable = type.empty() || type == "module"
                     || type == "text/javascript"
                     || type == "application/javascript"
@@ -1685,12 +1699,11 @@
                             wrapper).Check();
                     }
                     std::string error;
-                    const auto executed = execute_in_context(
-                        resource_context,
-                        source,
-                        name,
-                        error,
-                        false);
+                    if (module_script && !document_value.IsEmpty() && document_value->IsObject())
+                        document_value.As<v8::Object>()->Set(resource_context,js_string(isolate,"currentScript"),v8::Null(isolate)).Check();
+                    const auto executed = module_script
+                        ? execute_module(resource_context, source, name, error)
+                        : execute_in_context(resource_context, source, name, error, false);
                     if (!document_value.IsEmpty() && document_value->IsObject()) {
                         document_value.As<v8::Object>()->Set(
                             resource_context,
@@ -3283,6 +3296,8 @@
             ? std::optional<std::string>(state->owner->attributes.at(state->name))
             : std::nullopt;
         state->owner->attributes[state->name] = text;
+        if (state->namespace_uri.empty() && (state->name == "width" || state->name == "height"))
+            reset_canvas_backing_store(*self, *state->owner);
         if (state->name == "id") state->owner->id_attribute = text;
         else if (state->name == "class") state->owner->class_name = text;
         if (state->name == "class") {
@@ -3353,6 +3368,8 @@
             ? std::optional<std::string>(owner->attributes.at(state->name))
             : std::nullopt;
         owner->attributes[state->name] = value;
+        if (state->namespace_uri.empty() && (state->name == "width" || state->name == "height"))
+            reset_canvas_backing_store(*self, *owner);
         if (state->name == "id") owner->id_attribute = value;
         else if (state->name == "class") owner->class_name = value;
         if (state->name == "class") {
@@ -3390,6 +3407,8 @@
         }
         const auto old_value = owner->attributes.at(state->name);
         owner->attributes.erase(state->name);
+        if (state->namespace_uri.empty() && (state->name == "width" || state->name == "height"))
+            reset_canvas_backing_store(*self, *owner);
         if (state->name == "id") owner->id_attribute.clear();
         else if (state->name == "class") owner->class_name.clear();
         state->value = old_value;
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_dom_properties.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_dom_properties.inc
index b48dcef2c..c13e5ccb1 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_dom_properties.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_dom_properties.inc
@@ -1471,11 +1471,12 @@
         }
     }
 
-    static void advance_canvas_generation(dom_node& node)
+    static void advance_canvas_generation(dom_node& node, bool publish_backing = true)
     {
         mark_canvas_scene_changed();
         auto& canvas = node.mutable_canvas();
         ++canvas.generation;
+        if (publish_backing) canvas.backing.publish_content();
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION)
         constexpr uint64_t retained_diagnostic_generations = 64U;
         if (canvas.generation <= retained_diagnostic_generations) return;
@@ -1496,13 +1497,34 @@
             element_dimension(*node, "width", node->tag == "canvas" ? 300 : node->layout.width)));
     }
 
+    static uint32_t canvas_bitmap_dimension(dom_node& node,const char* name,uint32_t fallback)
+    {
+        const auto value=element_dimension(node,name,fallback);
+        if (!std::isfinite(value)) return fallback;
+        return static_cast<uint32_t>(std::clamp(value,0.0,static_cast<double>(UINT32_MAX)));
+    }
+
     static void reset_canvas_backing_store(implementation& self, dom_node& node)
     {
         if (node.tag != "canvas") return;
         auto& canvas = node.mutable_canvas();
         canvas.rects.clear();
         canvas.lines.clear();
-        advance_canvas_generation(node);
+        canvas.backing.reset_bitmap(canvas_bitmap_dimension(node,"width",300),canvas_bitmap_dimension(node,"height",150));
+        canvas.gpu_image.reset();
+        canvas.gpu_snapshot.reset();
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+        const auto gpu=self.gpu_canvases.find(self.wrapper_key(node));
+        if(gpu!=self.gpu_canvases.end()) {
+            gpu->second.context->resize(canvas.backing.width(),canvas.backing.height());
+            // ResizeObserver may reset the bitmap and queue a redraw for the
+            // next host RAF. Keep the preceding coherent scene until that
+            // opportunity, rather than publishing an intermediate blank canvas.
+            gpu->second.bitmap_reset_awaiting_frame=true;
+            gpu->second.presentation_resize_pending=true;
+        }
+#endif
+        advance_canvas_generation(node,false);
         canvas.commands.clear();
         canvas.strings.clear();
         canvas.string_indices.clear();
@@ -1769,6 +1791,160 @@
         set_boolean_attribute(value, info, "readonly");
     }
 
+    static void open_dialog(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info, bool modal)
+    {
+        auto* self = current(info.GetIsolate());
+        auto* node = unwrap_node(info.This());
+        if (node->attributes.contains("open")) {
+            if (self->document.is_modal_dialog(*node) != modal)
+                throw_dom_exception(info, "Dialog is already open in a different mode", "InvalidStateError");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (modal && !self->is_connected(*node)) {
+            throw_dom_exception(info, "Modal dialog must be connected", "InvalidStateError");
+            return;
+        }
+        webscene_input_event input{};
+        bool prevented = false;
+        if (!self->dispatch_input_event_type(input, "beforetoggle", *node, &prevented) || prevented) return;
+        // A beforetoggle handler can open, detach or move this dialog.
+        if (node->attributes.contains("open") || (modal && !self->is_connected(*node))) return;
+        if (modal) {
+            auto* root = self->css_cascade_root_for_node(*node);
+            if (!root || !self->document.register_modal_dialog(*root, *node)) {
+                throw_dom_exception(info, "Modal dialog has no active document", "InvalidStateError");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!node->dialog_state) node->dialog_state = std::make_unique<dom_node::dialog_data>();
+        node->dialog_state->previously_focused_id = self->active_element ? self->active_element->id : 0;
+        node->attributes["open"] = "";
+        self->recascade_connected_subtree(*node);
+        self->ensure_layout(); // Opening changes the hidden subtree before focus selection.
+        // Dialog focus starts with autofocus, then a focusable descendant,
+        // otherwise the dialog itself. Do not change its authored tabindex.
+        dom_node* first = nullptr;
+        dom_node* autofocus = nullptr;
+        const auto visit = [&](const auto& recurse, dom_node& candidate) -> void {
+            if (candidate.attributes.contains("autofocus")
+                && (&candidate == node || self->is_programmatically_focusable(&candidate)))
+                if (!autofocus) autofocus = &candidate;
+            if (&candidate != node && !first && self->is_programmatically_focusable(&candidate)) first = &candidate;
+            for (auto* child : self->document.composed_children(candidate)) if (child) recurse(recurse, *child);
+        };
+        visit(visit, *node);
+        if (self->is_connected(*node)) self->set_active_element(autofocus ? autofocus : first ? first : node, input);
+    }
+
+    static void dialog_show(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) { open_dialog(info, false); }
+    static void dialog_show_modal(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) { open_dialog(info, true); }
+
+    void close_dialog(dom_node& node, const std::optional<std::string>& result)
+    {
+        if (!node.attributes.contains("open")) return;
+        const auto old_open = node.attributes.at("open");
+        detach_attr(node, "open", old_open);
+        node.attributes.erase("open");
+        document.unregister_modal_dialog(node);
+        if (result) {
+            if (!node.dialog_state) node.dialog_state = std::make_unique<dom_node::dialog_data>();
+            node.dialog_state->return_value = *result;
+        }
+        recascade_connected_subtree(node);
+        if (node.dialog_state && node.dialog_state->previously_focused_id) {
+            auto* previous = document.find_by_native_id(node.dialog_state->previously_focused_id);
+            node.dialog_state->previously_focused_id = 0;
+            if (previous && is_connected(*previous) && is_programmatically_focusable(previous)) {
+                webscene_input_event input{};
+                set_active_element(previous, input);
+            }
+        }
+        pending_dialog_close_events.push_back(pending_dialog_close_event{
+            node.id, v8::Global<v8::Context>(isolate, context_for_node(node)),
+            v8::Global<v8::Object>(isolate, wrap_node(node))});
+    }
+
+    static bool dialog_close_argument(
+        const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info, std::optional<std::string>& result)
+    {
+        if (info.Length() == 0 || info[0]->IsUndefined()) return true;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> converted;
+        if (!info[0]->ToString(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext()).ToLocal(&converted)) return false;
+        result = to_wtf8(info.GetIsolate(), converted);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static void dialog_close(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
+    {
+        auto* self = current(info.GetIsolate());
+        auto* node = unwrap_node(info.This());
+        std::optional<std::string> result;
+        if (!dialog_close_argument(info, result)) return;
+        self->close_dialog(*node, result);
+    }
+
+    static void dialog_request_close(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
+    {
+        auto* self = current(info.GetIsolate());
+        auto* node = unwrap_node(info.This());
+        std::optional<std::string> result;
+        if (!dialog_close_argument(info, result) || !node->attributes.contains("open")) return;
+        webscene_input_event input{};
+        bool prevented = false;
+        if (!self->dispatch_input_event_type(input, "cancel", *node, &prevented) || prevented) return;
+        self->close_dialog(*node, result);
+    }
+
+    static void get_dialog_open(
+        v8::Local<v8::Name>, const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
+    {
+        auto* node = unwrap_node(info.Holder());
+        if (node == nullptr) return;
+        info.GetReturnValue().Set(node->attributes.contains("open"));
+    }
+
+    static void set_dialog_open(
+        v8::Local<v8::Name>, v8::Local<v8::Value> value,
+        const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<void>& info)
+    {
+        set_boolean_attribute(value, info, "open");
+    }
+
+    static void get_dialog_return_value(
+        v8::Local<v8::Name>, const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
+    {
+        auto* node = unwrap_node(info.Holder());
+        if (node == nullptr) return;
+        info.GetReturnValue().Set(js_dom_string(info.GetIsolate(),
+            node->dialog_state == nullptr ? std::string{} : node->dialog_state->return_value));
+    }
+
+    static void set_dialog_return_value(
+        v8::Local<v8::Name>, v8::Local<v8::Value> value,
+        const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<void>& info)
+    {
+        auto* node = unwrap_node(info.Holder());
+        if (node == nullptr) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> converted;
+        if (!value->ToString(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext()).ToLocal(&converted)) return;
+        auto result = to_wtf8(info.GetIsolate(), converted);
+        if (node->dialog_state == nullptr) node->dialog_state = std::make_unique<dom_node::dialog_data>();
+        node->dialog_state->return_value = std::move(result);
+    }
+
+    static void get_inert(
+        v8::Local<v8::Name>, const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
+    {
+        get_boolean_attribute(info, "inert");
+    }
+
+    static void set_inert(
+        v8::Local<v8::Name>, v8::Local<v8::Value> value,
+        const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<void>& info)
+    {
+        set_boolean_attribute(value, info, "inert");
+    }
+
     static void get_hidden(
         v8::Local<v8::Name>,
         const v8::PropertyCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_lifecycle.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_lifecycle.inc
index 97b2c8b9a..590054c50 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_lifecycle.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_lifecycle.inc
@@ -49,6 +49,31 @@
 
     ~implementation()
     {
+        stop_workers();
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+        clear_media_bindings();
+        media_initializer_key.Reset();
+#endif
+        dedicated_workers.clear();
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+        // Stop native publication before releasing the dispatcher and isolate.
+        // Context disposal discards its JS promises; no late callback may enter it.
+        if(webgpu && isolate && !context.IsEmpty()) {
+            auto locker=lock_shared_isolate();
+            v8::Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+            v8::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
+            v8::Context::Scope context_scope(context.Get(isolate));
+#if (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+            gpu_canvases.clear();
+#endif
+            webgpu.reset();
+        }
+        webgpu_dom_exception.Reset();
+        webgpu_wake.reset();
+        webgpu_navigator.Reset();
+        graphics.reset();
+        graphics_deliver = {};
+#endif
         // Preparation workers may still be waiting on a document or adding
         // newly discovered CSS/script prefetches. Join them before taking the
         // final snapshot of the resource prefetch table.
@@ -117,6 +142,7 @@
         media_query_lists.clear();
         timers.clear();
         pending_window_messages.clear();
+        pending_dialog_close_events.clear();
         pending_programmatic_scroll_events.clear();
         pending_interop_promises.clear();
         pending_callback_promises.clear();
@@ -170,7 +196,9 @@
         element_template.Reset();
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_GENERATED_DOM_BINDINGS)
         html_element_template.Reset();
+        svg_element_template.Reset();
         html_table_cell_element_template.Reset();
+        html_dialog_element_template.Reset();
         html_form_element_template.Reset();
         html_select_element_template.Reset();
         html_script_element_template.Reset();
@@ -187,6 +215,7 @@
         event_target_template.Reset();
 #endif
         frame_context.Reset();
+        module_map.clear();
         context.Reset();
         release_external_dom_memory_accounting();
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION)
@@ -199,7 +228,7 @@
             isolate->Dispose();
         }
         isolate = nullptr;
-        delete allocator;
+        allocator.reset();
         allocator = nullptr;
         // The final shared owner disposes the isolate. Release the recursive
         // V8 lock first so its destructor never observes an already-disposed
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_media.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_media.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f044cb33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_media.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+struct media_image_wake final : webscene::graphics::completion_wake {
+    std::atomic<bool> ready{};
+    std::shared_ptr<webscene::graphics::completion_wake> host;
+    void signal() noexcept override {
+        ready.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
+        if (host)
+            host->signal();
+    }
+};
+std::shared_ptr<media_image_wake> media_images_ready;
+#endif
+struct media_binding {
+    std::unique_ptr<webscene::media::media_session> session;
+    std::shared_ptr<webscene::media::playback_control> control =
+        std::make_shared<webscene::media::playback_control>();
+    v8::Global<v8::Context> realm;
+    v8::Global<v8::Function> deliver;
+    v8::Global<v8::Object> owner;
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    std::unique_ptr<webscene::graphics::iosurface_canvas_images> images;
+    bool image_pending{};
+#endif
+    uint64_t generation{}, version{};
+    webscene::media::media_session::snapshot frame;
+};
+std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::unique_ptr<media_binding>> media_bindings;
+v8::Global<v8::Private> media_initializer_key;
+uint64_t media_dom_generation = UINT64_MAX;
+std::atomic<bool> media_work_ready{false};
+bool media_presentation_ready{};
+double media_host_offset{}, media_last_host_timestamp{-1}, media_presentation_time{};
+std::array<double, 8> media_refresh_intervals{};
+size_t media_refresh_count{}, media_refresh_index{};
+void signal_media_presentation(double timestamp_ms) {
+    if (media_bindings.empty()) return;
+    const auto now = std::chrono::duration<double>(
+        std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+    const auto host = timestamp_ms / 1000.0;
+    if (media_last_host_timestamp < 0 || host < media_last_host_timestamp ||
+        host - media_last_host_timestamp > .25)
+        media_host_offset = now - host;
+    const auto interval = host - media_last_host_timestamp;
+    if (interval >= .004 && interval <= .05) {
+        media_refresh_intervals[media_refresh_index++ % media_refresh_intervals.size()] = interval;
+        media_refresh_count = std::min(media_refresh_count + 1, media_refresh_intervals.size());
+    }
+    media_last_host_timestamp = host;
+    auto intervals = media_refresh_intervals;
+    std::sort(intervals.begin(), intervals.begin() + media_refresh_count);
+    const auto refresh = media_refresh_count ? intervals[(media_refresh_count - 1) / 2] : 1. / 60.;
+    // Map the host clock once, rather than incorporating JS/task latency into
+    // every sample. The host currently supplies a vsync timestamp, not verified
+    // physical scanout feedback; retain that distinction in qualification.
+    // Select by coverage of the upcoming refresh interval. Its midpoint
+    // avoids unstable boundary decisions when source/display rates match.
+    media_presentation_time = host + media_host_offset + refresh * .5;
+    media_presentation_ready = true;
+}
+void clear_media_bindings() {
+    clear_audio_bindings();
+    media_dom_generation = UINT64_MAX;
+    media_bindings.clear();
+    media_work_ready = false;
+    media_presentation_ready = false;
+    media_last_host_timestamp = -1;
+    media_refresh_count = media_refresh_index = 0;
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    media_images_ready.reset();
+#endif
+}
+static void media_native_call(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value> &info) {
+    auto *self = current(info.GetIsolate());
+    if (!self)
+        return;
+    try {
+        auto realm = info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext();
+        if (info.Length() < 2 || !info[1]->IsObject())
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Media element required");
+        auto *node = unwrap_node(info[1].As<v8::Object>());
+        if (!node || (node->tag != "video" && node->tag != "audio"))
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Media element required");
+        auto key = self->wrapper_key(*node);
+        auto op = to_utf8(info.GetIsolate(), info[0]);
+        if (op == "brand")
+            return;
+        if (op == "videoSupported") {
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(webscene::media::native_video_decode_available());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "release") {
+            auto old = self->media_bindings.find(key);
+            if (old != self->media_bindings.end())
+                old->second->control->set(0, 1, false, 1, false);
+            self->release_default_media_audio(key);
+            self->media_bindings.erase(key);
+            node->mutable_canvas().gpu_image.reset();
+            self->document.mark_scene_changed();
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "load") {
+            if (info.Length() < 5 || !info[2]->IsArrayBuffer() || !info[4]->IsFunction())
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid media load");
+            auto buffer = info[2].As<v8::ArrayBuffer>();
+            auto backing = buffer->GetBackingStore();
+            if (backing->ByteLength() > webscene::media::decode_limits{}.encoded_bytes)
+                throw std::length_error("Media input too large");
+            auto source = std::make_shared<webscene::media::encoded_source>();
+            if (backing->ByteLength()) {
+                auto p = static_cast<const uint8_t *>(backing->Data());
+                source->bytes.assign(p, p + backing->ByteLength());
+            }
+            source->extension = to_utf8(info.GetIsolate(), info[3]);
+            self->media_bindings.erase(key);
+            if (self->media_bindings.size() >= 32)
+                throw std::length_error("Media session limit reached");
+            auto binding = std::make_unique<media_binding>();
+            binding->realm.Reset(info.GetIsolate(), realm);
+            binding->owner.Reset(info.GetIsolate(), info[1].As<v8::Object>());
+            binding->deliver.Reset(info.GetIsolate(), info[4].As<v8::Function>());
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+            if (!self->media_images_ready) {
+                self->media_images_ready = std::make_shared<media_image_wake>();
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+                self->media_images_ready->host = self->webgpu_wake;
+#endif
+            }
+            binding->images = std::make_unique<webscene::graphics::iosurface_canvas_images>(
+                128ULL * 1024 * 1024, self->media_images_ready);
+#endif
+            binding->session = std::make_unique<webscene::media::media_session>([self] {
+                self->media_work_ready.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
+                if (self->runtime_work_available)
+                    self->runtime_work_available();
+            });
+            binding->session->load(std::move(source), node->tag == "video");
+            self->media_bindings.emplace(key, std::move(binding));
+            return;
+        }
+        auto found = self->media_bindings.find(key);
+        if (found == self->media_bindings.end())
+            return;
+        if (op == "time") {
+            info.GetReturnValue().Set(found->second->control->time());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "state") {
+            if (info.Length() < 7)
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid media control");
+            found->second->control->set(
+                info[2]->NumberValue(realm).FromMaybe(0), info[3]->NumberValue(realm).FromMaybe(1),
+                info[4]->BooleanValue(info.GetIsolate()), info[5]->NumberValue(realm).FromMaybe(1),
+                info[6]->BooleanValue(info.GetIsolate()));
+            self->start_default_media_audio(key, *found->second);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op == "seek") {
+            if (info.Length() < 3)
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Seek time required");
+            found->second->session->seek(info[2]->NumberValue(realm).FromMaybe(-1));
+            return;
+        }
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Unknown media operation");
+    } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+        info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(js_string(info.GetIsolate(), e.what())));
+    }
+}
+void synchronize_media_elements() {
+    if (media_dom_generation == document.scene_generation() || media_initializer_key.IsEmpty())
+        return;
+    media_dom_generation = document.scene_generation();
+    if (document.media_elements().empty())
+        return;
+    auto realm = context.Get(isolate);
+    v8::Context::Scope scope(realm);
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> initializer;
+    if (!realm->Global()->GetPrivate(realm, media_initializer_key.Get(isolate)).ToLocal(&initializer) ||
+        !initializer->IsFunction())
+        return;
+    // Registry is O(media elements), never a traversal of the application's
+    // DOM. Runs only on native content changes, including parser mutations.
+    auto registry = document.media_elements();
+    std::vector<dom_node*> elements(registry.begin(),registry.end());
+    for (auto *node : elements) {
+        if (node->namespace_uri() != dom_node::html_namespace_uri)
+            continue;
+        auto object = wrap_node(*node);
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> args[] = {object, v8::Boolean::New(isolate, is_connected(*node))};
+        auto result = initializer.As<v8::Function>()->Call(realm, realm->Global(), 2, args);
+        static_cast<void>(result);
+    }
+}
+bool drain_media() {
+    const bool presentation = std::exchange(media_presentation_ready, false);
+    bool ready = media_work_ready.exchange(false, std::memory_order_acq_rel) || presentation;
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    if (media_images_ready)
+        ready = media_images_ready->ready.exchange(false, std::memory_order_acq_rel) || ready;
+#endif
+    if (!ready)
+        return false;
+    drain_audio_decodes();
+    perform_microtask_checkpoint();
+    // Callback may call load()/release(); collect keys then reacquire each binding.
+    std::vector<uint64_t> keys;
+    for (auto &[key, binding] : media_bindings)
+        keys.push_back(key);
+    for (auto key : keys) {
+        auto found = media_bindings.find(key);
+        if (found == media_bindings.end())
+            continue;
+        auto &b = *found->second;
+        auto frame = presentation && b.control->playing.load()
+            ? b.session->present(b.control->time_at(media_presentation_time))
+            : b.session->read();
+        if (!frame.version)
+            continue;
+        const bool changed = frame.generation != b.generation || frame.version != b.version;
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        if (!changed && !b.image_pending)
+            continue;
+#else
+        if (!changed)
+            continue;
+#endif
+        if (presentation && std::getenv("WEBSCENE_MEDIA_TRACE")) {
+            std::fprintf(stderr, "media_present host=%.6f media=%.6f pts=%.6f selected=%llu dropped=%llu repeated=%llu changed=%d\n",
+                media_presentation_time, b.control->time_at(media_presentation_time), frame.video.timestamp,
+                static_cast<unsigned long long>(frame.selected), static_cast<unsigned long long>(frame.dropped),
+                static_cast<unsigned long long>(frame.repeated), changed ? 1 : 0);
+        }
+        if (changed) {
+            b.generation = frame.generation;
+            b.version = frame.version;
+            b.frame = std::move(frame);
+            refresh_audio_source(key, b);
+        }
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        try {
+            if (b.frame.video.native_surface) {
+                auto *node = unwrap_node(b.owner.Get(isolate));
+                auto &backing = node->mutable_canvas().backing;
+                backing.claim_context(webscene::graphics::canvas_context_mode::media);
+                if (backing.width() != b.frame.video.width || backing.height() != b.frame.video.height) {
+                    backing.reset_bitmap(b.frame.video.width, b.frame.video.height);
+                    document.mark_dirty();
+                } else
+                    backing.publish_content();
+                webscene::graphics::image_metadata metadata;
+                metadata.canvas = backing.identity();
+                metadata.allocation_generation = backing.allocation_generation();
+                metadata.content_serial = backing.content_serial();
+                metadata.producer_timeline = backing.identity();
+                metadata.producer_value = metadata.content_serial;
+                metadata.width = backing.width();
+                metadata.height = backing.height();
+                metadata.format = webscene::graphics::image_format::bgra8_unorm;
+                metadata.alpha = webscene::graphics::image_alpha::opaque;
+                auto color = webscene::graphics::iosurface_color::adopt_bgra8(
+                    static_cast<CVPixelBufferRef>(b.frame.video.native_surface.get()),
+                    b.frame.video.native_surface);
+                b.image_pending = true;
+                if (auto image = b.images->adopt(metadata, std::move(color))) {
+                    document.publish_gpu_canvas_image(
+                        *node, std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*image)));
+                    b.image_pending = false;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (const std::exception &error) {
+            b.image_pending = false;
+            b.frame.ready = false;
+            b.frame.error = error.what();
+            b.frame.video = {};
+        }
+#endif
+        if (!changed)
+            continue;
+        auto realm = b.realm.Get(isolate);
+        v8::Context::Scope scope(realm);
+        auto value = v8::Object::New(isolate);
+        auto put = [&](const char *name, v8::Local<v8::Value> data) {
+            value->CreateDataProperty(realm, js_string(isolate, name), data).Check();
+        };
+        put("seeking", v8::Boolean::New(isolate, b.frame.seeking));
+        put("ready", v8::Boolean::New(isolate, b.frame.ready));
+        put("error", js_string(isolate, b.frame.error.c_str()));
+        put("duration", v8::Number::New(isolate, b.frame.duration));
+        put("width", v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate, b.frame.video.width));
+        put("height", v8::Integer::NewFromUnsigned(isolate, b.frame.video.height));
+        auto callback = b.deliver.Get(isolate);
+        auto owner = b.owner.Get(isolate);
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> args[] = {value};
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+        auto ignored = callback->Call(realm, owner, 1, args);
+        static_cast<void>(ignored);
+        if (caught.HasCaught())
+            last_error = describe_exception(caught, realm);
+        perform_microtask_checkpoint();
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+void install_media_globals(v8::Local<v8::Context> realm) {
+    realm->Global()
+        ->Set(realm, js_string(isolate, "__websceneMedia"),
+              v8::Function::New(realm, media_native_call).ToLocalChecked())
+        .Check();
+    constexpr std::string_view source =
+#include "media/media_platform.js.inc"
+        ;
+    auto script = v8::Script::Compile(realm, js_dom_string(isolate, std::string(source))).ToLocalChecked();
+    script->Run(realm).ToLocalChecked();
+    auto init = realm->Global()->Get(realm, js_string(isolate, "__websceneInitializeMedia")).ToLocalChecked();
+    if (media_initializer_key.IsEmpty())
+        media_initializer_key.Reset(isolate, v8::Private::New(isolate));
+    realm->Global()->SetPrivate(realm, media_initializer_key.Get(isolate), init).Check();
+    realm->Global()->Delete(realm, js_string(isolate, "__websceneInitializeMedia")).Check();
+    install_audio_globals(realm);
+}
+void attach_media_prototype(v8::Local<v8::Context> realm, dom_node &node, v8::Local<v8::Object> object) {
+    if (node.namespace_uri() != dom_node::html_namespace_uri ||
+        (node.tag != "audio" && node.tag != "video") || media_initializer_key.IsEmpty())
+        return;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> initializer, prototype;
+    if (!realm->Global()->GetPrivate(realm, media_initializer_key.Get(isolate)).ToLocal(&initializer) ||
+        !initializer->IsFunction())
+        return;
+    if (!initializer.As<v8::Object>()
+             ->Get(realm, js_string(isolate, node.tag == "video" ? "videoPrototype" : "audioPrototype"))
+             .ToLocal(&prototype) ||
+        !prototype->IsObject())
+        return;
+    object->SetPrototype(realm, prototype).Check();
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> args[] = {object, v8::Boolean::New(isolate, is_connected(node))};
+    auto result = initializer.As<v8::Function>()->Call(realm, realm->Global(), 2, args);
+    static_cast<void>(result);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+#include "webscene_v8_runtime_audio.inc"
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_modules.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_modules.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb3370687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_modules.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+    struct module_entry {
+        std::string url;
+        v8::Global<v8::Context> realm;
+        v8::Global<v8::Module> module;
+    };
+    std::vector<module_entry> module_map;
+
+    std::string module_url(v8::Local<v8::Module> module) {
+        for (auto& entry : module_map)
+            if (entry.module.Get(isolate) == module) return entry.url;
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    static v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Module> resolve_module(
+        v8::Local<v8::Context> realm, v8::Local<v8::String> specifier,
+        v8::Local<v8::FixedArray> attributes, v8::Local<v8::Module> referrer) {
+        auto* self = current(v8::Isolate::GetCurrent());
+        if (!self) return {};
+        if (attributes->Length()) {
+            v8::Isolate::GetCurrent()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(
+                js_dom_string(v8::Isolate::GetCurrent(), "Import attributes are not supported")));
+            return {};
+        }
+        return self->fetch_module(realm, to_utf8(self->isolate, specifier), self->module_url(referrer));
+    }
+
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Module> compile_module(v8::Local<v8::Context> realm,
+        std::string_view source, const std::string& url) {
+        for (auto& entry : module_map)
+            if (entry.url == url && entry.realm.Get(isolate) == realm)
+                return entry.module.Get(isolate);
+        v8::ScriptOrigin origin(js_dom_string(isolate, url), 0, 0, false, -1, {}, false, false, true);
+        v8::ScriptCompiler::Source input(js_dom_string(isolate, std::string(source)), origin);
+        v8::Local<v8::Module> result;
+        if (!v8::ScriptCompiler::CompileModule(isolate, &input).ToLocal(&result)) return {};
+        module_map.push_back({url, v8::Global<v8::Context>(isolate, realm),
+            v8::Global<v8::Module>(isolate, result)});
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Module> fetch_module(v8::Local<v8::Context> realm,
+        const std::string& specifier, const std::string& base) {
+        if (!(specifier.starts_with("./") || specifier.starts_with("../")
+            || specifier.starts_with("/") || specifier.find(':') != std::string::npos)) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(js_dom_string(isolate,
+                "Unable to resolve bare module specifier: " + specifier)));
+            return {};
+        }
+        auto url = resolve_resource_url(specifier, base);
+        for (auto& entry : module_map)
+            if (entry.url == url && entry.realm.Get(isolate) == realm)
+                return entry.module.Get(isolate);
+        std::string source, resolved;
+        if (!load_text_resource(url, {}, WEBSCENE_RESOURCE_SCRIPT, source, resolved)) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(js_dom_string(isolate,
+                "Unable to load module: " + url)));
+            return {};
+        }
+        return compile_module(realm, source, resolved);
+    }
+
+    static void initialize_import_meta(v8::Local<v8::Context> realm,
+        v8::Local<v8::Module> module, v8::Local<v8::Object> meta) {
+        auto* self = current(v8::Isolate::GetCurrent());
+        if (self) meta->CreateDataProperty(realm, js_dom_string(self->isolate, "url"),
+            js_dom_string(self->isolate, self->module_url(module))).Check();
+    }
+
+    v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Value> evaluate_module(v8::Local<v8::Context> realm,
+        v8::Local<v8::Module> module) {
+        if (module->GetStatus() == v8::Module::kUninstantiated
+            && !module->InstantiateModule(realm, resolve_module).FromMaybe(false)) return {};
+        if (module->GetStatus() == v8::Module::kErrored) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(module->GetException()); return {};
+        }
+        return module->Evaluate(realm);
+    }
+
+    static v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Promise> import_module_dynamically(
+        v8::Local<v8::Context> realm, v8::Local<v8::Data>,
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> resource, v8::Local<v8::String> specifier,
+        v8::Local<v8::FixedArray> attributes) {
+        auto* isolate = v8::Isolate::GetCurrent();
+        auto* self = current(isolate);
+        v8::Local<v8::Promise::Resolver> resolver;
+        if (!v8::Promise::Resolver::New(realm).ToLocal(&resolver)) return {};
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+        v8::Local<v8::Module> module;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> evaluation;
+        if (self && attributes->Length() == 0
+            && self->fetch_module(realm, to_utf8(isolate, specifier),
+                to_utf8(isolate, resource)).ToLocal(&module)
+            && self->evaluate_module(realm, module).ToLocal(&evaluation)) {
+            auto fulfilled = v8::Function::New(realm, [](const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+                info.GetReturnValue().Set(info.Data());
+            }, module->GetModuleNamespace()).ToLocalChecked();
+            if (evaluation->IsPromise()) return evaluation.As<v8::Promise>()->Then(realm, fulfilled);
+            resolver->Resolve(realm, module->GetModuleNamespace()).FromMaybe(false);
+        } else {
+            auto error = caught.HasCaught() ? caught.Exception()
+                : v8::Exception::TypeError(js_dom_string(isolate, "Unable to import module"));
+            resolver->Reject(realm, error).FromMaybe(false);
+        }
+        return resolver->GetPromise();
+    }
+
+    bool execute_module(v8::Local<v8::Context> realm, std::string_view source,
+        const std::string& url, std::string& error) {
+        v8::Context::Scope scope(realm);
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+        v8::Local<v8::Module> module;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> evaluation;
+        if (!compile_module(realm, source, url).ToLocal(&module)
+            || !evaluate_module(realm, module).ToLocal(&evaluation)) {
+            error = describe_reported_exception(caught, realm); return false;
+        }
+        perform_microtask_checkpoint();
+        if (evaluation->IsPromise() && evaluation.As<v8::Promise>()->State() == v8::Promise::kRejected) {
+            error = to_utf8(isolate, evaluation.As<v8::Promise>()->Result()); return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_navigation.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_navigation.inc
index b6ffd2a7d..6ecf6e9fb 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_navigation.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_navigation.inc
@@ -1,3 +1,39 @@
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+    void retire_document_graphics()
+    {
+        if (graphics_transitioning || graphics_delivering) throw std::logic_error("Reentrant graphics document transition");
+        if (!graphics) return;
+        struct transition_guard {
+            bool& active;
+            explicit transition_guard(bool& value) : active(value) { active=true; }
+            ~transition_guard() { active=false; }
+        } guard(graphics_transitioning);
+        // Detach admission before cancellation delivery can run JS. The local
+        // service survives dispatch and closes native publication before reset.
+        if(!webgpu_navigator.IsEmpty()) {
+            webgpu_navigator.Get(isolate)->Delete(context.Get(isolate),js_string(isolate,"gpu")).FromMaybe(false);
+            webgpu_navigator.Reset();
+            for(const auto* name:webscene::graphics::webgpu_flag_namespaces)
+                context.Get(isolate)->Global()->Delete(context.Get(isolate),js_string(isolate,name)).FromMaybe(false);
+            context.Get(isolate)->Global()->Delete(context.Get(isolate),js_string(isolate,"GPUDeviceLostInfo")).FromMaybe(false);
+            for(const auto* name:webscene::graphics::webgpu_error_names)
+                context.Get(isolate)->Global()->Delete(context.Get(isolate),js_string(isolate,name)).FromMaybe(false);
+        }
+#if (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+        gpu_canvases.clear();gpu_rendering_opportunity=false;
+#endif
+        webgpu_dom_exception.Reset();
+        webgpu_wake.reset();
+        webgpu.reset();
+        auto previous=std::move(graphics);
+        auto deliver=std::move(graphics_deliver);
+        graphics_deliver={};
+        previous->close();
+        previous->pump(deliver,std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max());
+        perform_microtask_checkpoint();
+    }
+#endif
+
     bool execute(const std::string& source, const std::string& document_name)
     {
         auto isolate_locker = lock_shared_isolate();
@@ -20,6 +56,9 @@
         const std::string& url,
         std::vector<document_start_script> document_start_scripts)
     {
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+        if (graphics_transitioning || graphics_delivering) throw std::logic_error("Navigation during graphics completion delivery");
+#endif
         current_document_start_scripts = std::move(document_start_scripts);
         std::string html;
         std::string resolved_url;
@@ -55,7 +94,18 @@
         v8::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
         auto local_context = context.Get(isolate);
         v8::Context::Scope context_scope(local_context);
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+        retire_document_graphics();
+#endif
+        stop_workers();
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+        clear_media_bindings();
+#endif
+        module_map.clear();
         set_context_location(local_context, local_context->Global(), resolved_url);
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+        if(webgpu_document_policy)webgpu_document_policy(resolved_url);
+#endif
         auto outer_document = document_object.Get(isolate);
         outer_document->Set(
             local_context,
@@ -238,7 +288,11 @@
         css_variables.clear();
         important_css_variables.clear();
 
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_HTML5EVER)
+        for (auto stylesheet : parsed_inline_stylesheets(html_element)) {
+#else
         for (auto stylesheet : parse_inline_stylesheets(html)) {
+#endif
             add_stylesheet(std::move(stylesheet), document_base_address);
         }
         for (const auto& href : stylesheets) {
@@ -323,13 +377,11 @@
                 const auto script_source = immutable_source != nullptr
                     ? immutable_source->view()
                     : std::string_view(source);
-                if (!execute_in_context(
-                        local_context,
-                        script_source,
-                        name,
-                        error,
-                        true,
-                        std::move(immutable_source))) {
+                if (script.module) outer_document->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "currentScript"), v8::Null(isolate)).Check();
+                const bool executed = script.module
+                    ? execute_module(local_context, script_source, name, error)
+                    : execute_in_context(local_context, script_source, name, error, true, std::move(immutable_source));
+                if (!executed) {
                     frame_last_error_value = "Document script #" + std::to_string(script.index)
                         + " failed: " + error;
                     ++frame_script_error_count;
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_resources.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_resources.inc
index 185b88d5e..c26ed020b 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_resources.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_resources.inc
@@ -255,10 +255,9 @@
         bool settled = false;
         if (result.loaded) {
             auto value = v8::Object::New(isolate);
-            value->Set(
-                task_context,
-                js_string(isolate, "body"),
-                js_dom_string(isolate, result.body)).Check();
+            auto bytes=v8::ArrayBuffer::New(isolate,result.body.size());
+            if(!result.body.empty())std::memcpy(bytes->GetBackingStore()->Data(),result.body.data(),result.body.size());
+            value->Set(task_context,js_string(isolate,"body"),bytes).Check();
             value->Set(
                 task_context,
                 js_string(isolate, "url"),
@@ -746,13 +745,10 @@
             const auto script_source = immutable_source != nullptr
                 ? immutable_source->view()
                 : std::string_view(source);
-            if (!execute_in_context(
-                    local_context,
-                    script_source,
-                    script_name,
-                    error,
-                    false,
-                    std::move(immutable_source))) {
+            const auto type = node.attributes.find("type");
+            const bool module = type != node.attributes.end() && lower_html_name(type->second) == "module";
+            if (!(module ? execute_module(local_context,script_source,script_name,error)
+                : execute_in_context(local_context,script_source,script_name,error,false,std::move(immutable_source)))) {
                 frame_last_error_value = "Connected script failed: " + error;
                 ++frame_script_error_count;
                 return false;
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_state.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_state.inc
index 088a047bc..92bc3706a 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_state.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_state.inc
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     std::unordered_map<uint32_t, pending_frame_preparation>
         pending_frame_preparations;
     std::shared_ptr<shared_isolate_state> shared_isolate;
-    v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator* allocator{nullptr};
+    std::shared_ptr<v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator> allocator;
     v8::Isolate* isolate{nullptr};
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION)
     v8::CpuProfiler* cpu_profiler{nullptr};
@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@
     v8::Global<v8::FunctionTemplate> element_template;
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_GENERATED_DOM_BINDINGS)
     v8::Global<v8::FunctionTemplate> html_element_template;
+    v8::Global<v8::FunctionTemplate> svg_element_template;
     v8::Global<v8::FunctionTemplate> html_table_cell_element_template;
+    v8::Global<v8::FunctionTemplate> html_dialog_element_template;
     v8::Global<v8::FunctionTemplate> html_form_element_template;
     v8::Global<v8::FunctionTemplate> html_select_element_template;
     v8::Global<v8::FunctionTemplate> html_script_element_template;
@@ -119,6 +121,7 @@
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<media_query_list_state>> media_query_lists;
     std::vector<timer_task> timers;
     std::deque<pending_window_message> pending_window_messages;
+    std::vector<pending_dialog_close_event> pending_dialog_close_events;
     std::vector<pending_programmatic_scroll_event>
         pending_programmatic_scroll_events;
     native_websocket_transport websocket_transport;
@@ -153,6 +156,8 @@
     // the authored Blob text, while an <a download> activation needs the exact
     // byte payload and MIME type. Keep both representations under the same URL.
     std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> object_url_download_payloads;
+    struct binary_object_url {std::string bytes,origin;};
+    std::unordered_map<std::string,binary_object_url> object_url_binary;
     // Canvas.toBlob() intentionally carries no encoded bytes. Preserve its
     // retained canvas identity across URL.createObjectURL() so an anchor
     // download can ask the desktop compositor for the exact PNG pixels.
@@ -339,6 +344,7 @@
     float scrollbar_drag_thumb_travel{0};
     dom_node* hover_target{nullptr};
     uint32_t current_cursor_kind_value{WEBSCENE_CURSOR_DEFAULT};
+    bool pointer_cursor_update_pending{false};
     dom_node* current_related_target{nullptr};
     double pointer_down_x{0};
     double pointer_down_y{0};
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_state_types.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_state_types.inc
index 63b51eb37..b893583e7 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_state_types.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_state_types.inc
@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@
         std::string source_origin;
     };
 
+    struct pending_dialog_close_event final {
+        uint32_t target_id;
+        v8::Global<v8::Context> context;
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> target;
+    };
+
     struct pending_programmatic_scroll_event final {
         uint32_t target_id;
         v8::Global<v8::Context> context;
@@ -66,6 +72,7 @@
         std::string code;
         bool defer{false};
         size_t index{0};
+        bool module{false};
     };
 
     struct css_declaration final {
@@ -531,7 +538,7 @@ using css_index_string_set = std::unordered_set<std::string>;
     };
 
     struct shared_isolate_state final {
-        v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator* allocator{nullptr};
+        std::shared_ptr<v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator> allocator;
         v8::Isolate* isolate{nullptr};
         size_t slot_index{0U};
         std::atomic<size_t> active_contexts{0U};
@@ -554,7 +561,7 @@ using css_index_string_set = std::unordered_set<std::string>;
                 }
                 isolate->Dispose();
             }
-            delete allocator;
+            allocator.reset();
         }
     };
 
@@ -821,9 +828,9 @@ using css_index_string_set = std::unordered_set<std::string>;
         if (first_empty_slot == config.maximum_count) return {};
         auto state = std::make_shared<shared_isolate_state>();
         state->slot_index = first_empty_slot;
-        state->allocator = v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator::NewDefaultAllocator();
+        state->allocator.reset(v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator::NewDefaultAllocator());
         v8::Isolate::CreateParams params;
-        params.array_buffer_allocator = state->allocator;
+        params.array_buffer_allocator_shared = state->allocator;
         if (const auto maximum_heap_mib =
                 unsigned_environment_value("WEBSCENE_V8_MAX_HEAP_MIB");
             maximum_heap_mib.has_value() && *maximum_heap_mib > 0) {
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_support.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_support.inc
index d66d2fcf7..450f9a087 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_support.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_support.inc
@@ -694,6 +694,7 @@ display_mode default_display_for_node(const dom_node& node)
             : display_mode::none;
     }
     if (node.attributes.contains("hidden")) return display_mode::none;
+    if (node.tag == "dialog" && !node.attributes.contains("open")) return display_mode::none;
     if (node.tag == "input") {
         const auto type = node.attributes.find("type");
         if (type != node.attributes.end()) {
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_tasks.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_tasks.inc
index 701812274..ab999bc06 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_tasks.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_tasks.inc
@@ -443,6 +443,23 @@
         return true;
     }
 
+    bool drain_dialog_close_event_task()
+    {
+        auto task = std::move(pending_dialog_close_events.front());
+        pending_dialog_close_events.erase(pending_dialog_close_events.begin());
+        auto local_context = task.context.Get(isolate);
+        auto* target = document.find_by_native_id(task.target_id);
+        if (target == nullptr || local_context.IsEmpty()) return true;
+        v8::Context::Scope context_scope(local_context);
+        activate_css_cascade(local_context);
+        webscene_input_event input{};
+        v8::TryCatch try_catch(isolate);
+        if (dispatch_input_event_type(input, "close", *target)) return true;
+        last_error = "Dialog close dispatch failed: "
+            + describe_reported_exception(try_catch, local_context);
+        return false;
+    }
+
     void enqueue_programmatic_scroll_event(dom_node& target)
     {
         auto local_context = isolate->GetCurrentContext();
@@ -527,6 +544,30 @@
         // compilation and optimization work. An embedder must service that
         // queue; otherwise hot application code remains on its initial tier.
         pump_v8_platform_tasks();
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS)
+        if (graphics && !graphics_delivering && graphics->has_ready_work()) {
+            struct delivery_guard {
+                bool& active;
+                explicit delivery_guard(bool& value) : active(value) { active=true; }
+                ~delivery_guard() { active=false; }
+            } guard(graphics_delivering);
+            // execute() also reaches this path after its script context scope
+            // has unwound. Enter the owning context explicitly for delivery.
+            auto graphics_context = context.Get(isolate);
+            v8::Context::Scope graphics_context_scope(graphics_context);
+            // Bound each batch and continue task arbitration to avoid starving DOM.
+            if (graphics->pump(graphics_deliver, 64))
+                perform_microtask_checkpoint();
+        }
+#endif
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32))
+        publish_ready_gpu_canvases();
+#endif
+#if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA)
+        synchronize_media_elements();
+        if(drain_media())return true;
+#endif
+        if (has_worker_messages()) return drain_worker_message();
         if (websocket_transport.has_pending_events()) {
             return drain_websocket_event();
         }
@@ -536,6 +577,9 @@
         if (has_ready_fetch_task()) {
             return drain_fetch_task();
         }
+        if (!pending_dialog_close_events.empty()) {
+            return drain_dialog_close_event_task();
+        }
         if (!pending_programmatic_scroll_events.empty()) {
             return drain_programmatic_scroll_event_task();
         }
@@ -1385,6 +1429,7 @@
         bool* default_prevented = nullptr,
         dom_node* submitter = nullptr)
     {
+        webscene_frame_trace::scope trace(frame_trace, "event-start", "event-end", input.sequence);
         const auto previous_context = isolate->GetCurrentContext();
         auto local_context = context_for_node(target);
         v8::Context::Scope event_context_scope(local_context);
@@ -1414,14 +1459,18 @@
             event->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, name), v8::Number::New(isolate, value)).Check();
         };
         const auto type_view = std::string_view(type);
-        const auto bubbles = type_view != "blur"
+        const auto bubbles = type_view != "beforetoggle"
+            && type_view != "close"
+            && type_view != "cancel"
+            && type_view != "blur"
             && type_view != "focus"
             && type_view != "mouseenter"
             && type_view != "mouseleave"
             && type_view != "pointerenter"
             && type_view != "pointerleave"
             && type_view != "scroll";
-        const auto cancelable = type_view != "blur"
+        const auto cancelable = type_view != "close"
+            && type_view != "blur"
             && type_view != "focus"
             && type_view != "focusin"
             && type_view != "focusout"
@@ -1438,6 +1487,11 @@
         event->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "bubbles"), v8::Boolean::New(isolate, bubbles)).Check();
         event->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "cancelable"), v8::Boolean::New(isolate, cancelable)).Check();
         event->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "defaultPrevented"), v8::False(isolate)).Check();
+        if (type_view == "beforetoggle") {
+            event->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "oldState"), js_string(isolate, "closed")).Check();
+            event->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "newState"), js_string(isolate, "open")).Check();
+            event->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "source"), v8::Null(isolate)).Check();
+        }
         if (type_view == "submit") {
             event->Set(
                 local_context,
@@ -1800,6 +1854,7 @@
         event->Set(local_context, js_string(isolate, "currentTarget"), v8::Null(isolate)).Check();
         perform_microtask_checkpoint();
         style_batch.finish();
+
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION)
         event_callback_counts[type] +=
             input_callback_invocation_count - callback_count_before;
@@ -1946,6 +2001,7 @@
 
     bool is_effectively_visible_for_focus(const dom_node* node)
     {
+        if (node != nullptr && document.is_inert(*node)) return false;
         auto visibility_resolved = false;
         auto visibility_hidden = false;
         for (auto* current_node = node; current_node != nullptr;
@@ -2184,6 +2240,7 @@
 
     bool blur_active_element_before_detach(dom_node& detached_root)
     {
+        document.unregister_modal_subtree(detached_root);
         if (!subtree_contains(detached_root, active_element)) return true;
         webscene_input_event synthetic{};
         if (!set_active_element(nullptr, synthetic)) return false;
@@ -2253,6 +2310,9 @@
 
     bool dispatch_keyboard_or_text(const webscene_input_event& input)
     {
+        if (active_element != nullptr && document.is_inert(*active_element)) {
+            if (!set_active_element(nullptr, input)) return false;
+        }
         auto* target = active_element == nullptr ? &active_root() : active_element;
         if (input.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_KEY_UP) {
             pending_text_input_from_keydown = false;
@@ -2274,7 +2334,7 @@
                 target = find_node_by_native_id(active_root(), target_id);
                 if (target == nullptr) return true;
             }
-            if (!is_text_control(target)) return true;
+            if (!is_text_control(target) || document.is_inert(*target)) return true;
             bool prevented = false;
             if (!dispatch_input_event_type(input, "beforeinput", *target, &prevented)) return false;
             if (prevented) return true;
@@ -2729,7 +2789,7 @@
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    bool dispatch_input(const webscene_input_event& input)
+    bool dispatch_input(const webscene_input_event& input, bool defer_cursor_update = false)
     {
         current_input_sequence = input.sequence;
         auto isolate_locker = lock_shared_isolate();
@@ -2770,6 +2830,7 @@
             hover_target = nullptr;
             current_related_target = nullptr;
             current_cursor_kind_value = WEBSCENE_CURSOR_DEFAULT;
+            pointer_cursor_update_pending = false;
             has_pointer_position = false;
             current_movement_x = current_movement_y = 0;
             recascade_hover_transition(previous, nullptr, "host-pointer-exit");
@@ -3279,6 +3340,11 @@
         if (input.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_MOVE
             || input.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_DOWN
             || input.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_UP) {
+            if (defer_cursor_update && input.kind == WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_MOVE) {
+                pointer_cursor_update_pending = true;
+                return true;
+            }
+            pointer_cursor_update_pending = false;
             ensure_layout();
             auto* cursor_target = document.hit_test(
                 document.body(),
@@ -3287,6 +3353,7 @@
             current_cursor_kind_value = cursor_target == nullptr
                 ? WEBSCENE_CURSOR_DEFAULT
                 : cursor_kind_for(*cursor_target);
+
         }
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_workers.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_workers.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..beaad0c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/webscene_v8_runtime_workers.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+    struct worker_state {
+        std::mutex mutex;
+        std::condition_variable ready;
+        std::deque<clone_packet> incoming, outgoing;
+        std::deque<std::string> errors;
+        bool stopped{false};
+        bool wake_requested{false};
+        v8::Isolate* running_isolate{};
+        std::function<void()> notify_parent;
+        std::thread thread;
+        v8::Global<v8::Object> wrapper;
+        v8::Global<v8::Context> realm;
+        void stop() {
+            {
+                std::lock_guard lock(mutex);
+                stopped = true;
+                if (running_isolate) running_isolate->TerminateExecution();
+                incoming.clear(); outgoing.clear(); errors.clear();
+            }
+            ready.notify_all();
+            if (thread.joinable()) thread.join();
+        }
+        ~worker_state() { stop(); }
+    };
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<worker_state>> dedicated_workers;
+    worker_state* worker_owner{};
+    bool force_dedicated_isolate{false};
+
+    static v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Value> worker_transfer(
+        const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        if (info.Length() < 2) return v8::Undefined(info.GetIsolate());
+        if (info[1]->IsObject() && !info[1]->IsArray())
+            return info[1].As<v8::Object>()->Get(info.GetIsolate()->GetCurrentContext(), js_string(info.GetIsolate(), "transfer"));
+        return info[1];
+    }
+    static void worker_post_message_impl(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* state = static_cast<worker_state*>(info.Data().As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> transfer;
+        if (!worker_transfer(info).ToLocal(&transfer)) return;
+        clone_packet packet;
+        if (!serialize_clone(info, info[0], transfer, packet)) return;
+        { std::lock_guard lock(state->mutex); if (state->stopped) return; state->incoming.push_back(std::move(packet)); }
+        state->ready.notify_one();
+    }
+    static void worker_post_parent_impl(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* self = current(info.GetIsolate());
+        if (!self || !self->worker_owner) return;
+        auto* state = self->worker_owner;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> transfer;
+        if (!worker_transfer(info).ToLocal(&transfer)) return;
+        clone_packet packet;
+        if (!serialize_clone(info, info[0], transfer, packet)) return;
+        { std::lock_guard lock(state->mutex); if (state->stopped) return; state->outgoing.push_back(std::move(packet)); }
+        if (state->notify_parent) state->notify_parent();
+    }
+    static void worker_terminate(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* state = static_cast<worker_state*>(info.Data().As<v8::External>()->Value(v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault));
+        state->stop();
+    }
+    static void worker_close(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* self = current(info.GetIsolate());
+        if (self && self->worker_owner) {
+            std::lock_guard lock(self->worker_owner->mutex); self->worker_owner->stopped = true;
+        }
+    }
+    bool dispatch_worker_message(v8::Local<v8::Context> realm,
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> target, const clone_packet* packet, const std::string& error = {}) {
+        v8::Context::Scope scope(realm);
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+        auto event = v8::Object::New(isolate);
+        event->Set(realm, js_string(isolate,"type"), js_string(isolate, packet ? "message" : "error")).Check();
+        if (packet) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> value;
+            if (!deserialize_clone(isolate, realm, *packet).ToLocal(&value)) return false;
+            event->Set(realm, js_string(isolate,"data"), value).Check();
+        } else event->Set(realm, js_string(isolate,"message"), js_dom_string(isolate,error)).Check();
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> dispatch;
+        if (!target->Get(realm, js_string(isolate,"dispatchEvent")).ToLocal(&dispatch) || !dispatch->IsFunction()) return false;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> args[]{event};
+        if (dispatch.As<v8::Function>()->Call(realm,target,1,args).IsEmpty()) {
+            last_error = describe_reported_exception(caught,realm); return false;
+        }
+        perform_microtask_checkpoint();
+        return true;
+    }
+    bool has_worker_messages() const {
+        for (auto& state : dedicated_workers) {
+            std::lock_guard lock(state->mutex);
+            if (!state->outgoing.empty() || !state->errors.empty()) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    bool drain_worker_message() {
+        for (auto& state : dedicated_workers) {
+            std::optional<clone_packet> packet; std::string error;
+            {
+                std::lock_guard lock(state->mutex);
+                if (!state->errors.empty()) { error = std::move(state->errors.front()); state->errors.pop_front(); }
+                else if (!state->outgoing.empty()) { packet = std::move(state->outgoing.front()); state->outgoing.pop_front(); }
+                else continue;
+            }
+            return dispatch_worker_message(state->realm.Get(isolate),state->wrapper.Get(isolate),
+                packet ? &*packet : nullptr,error);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    void stop_workers() { for (auto& worker : dedicated_workers) worker->stop(); }
+
+    static void worker_construct_impl(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        auto* self = current(info.GetIsolate()); if (!self) return;
+        auto* isolate = info.GetIsolate(); auto realm = isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+        if (!info.IsConstructCall() || info.Length() < 1) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(js_string(isolate,"Worker requires new and a URL"))); return;
+        }
+        const auto url = resolve_resource_url(to_utf8(isolate,info[0]),self->current_base_address());
+        // Until worker CORS/credentials are qualified, enforce a same-origin script.
+        auto origin = [](const std::string& value) {
+            auto scheme = value.find("://");
+            return scheme == std::string::npos ? std::string{} : value.substr(0,value.find('/',scheme+3));
+        };
+        if (origin(url) != origin(self->current_base_address())) {
+            throw_dom_exception(info,"Worker script must be same origin","SecurityError"); return;
+        }
+        bool module = false;
+        std::string worker_name;
+        if (info.Length()>1 && info[1]->IsObject()) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> type;
+            if (!info[1].As<v8::Object>()->Get(realm,js_string(isolate,"type")).ToLocal(&type)) return;
+            if (!type->IsUndefined()) {
+                auto text=to_utf8(isolate,type);
+                if(text!="classic"&&text!="module"){
+                    isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::TypeError(js_string(isolate,"Invalid WorkerType")));return;
+                }
+                module=text=="module";
+            }
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> name;
+            if(!info[1].As<v8::Object>()->Get(realm,js_string(isolate,"name")).ToLocal(&name))return;
+            if(!name->IsUndefined())worker_name=to_utf8(isolate,name);
+        }
+        if (self->dedicated_workers.size() >= 1024) {
+            isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(js_string(isolate,"Worker capacity exhausted"))); return;
+        }
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> target_constructor;
+        if (!realm->Global()->Get(realm,js_string(isolate,"EventTarget")).ToLocal(&target_constructor) || !target_constructor->IsFunction()) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> target;
+        if (!target_constructor.As<v8::Function>()->NewInstance(realm,0,nullptr).ToLocal(&target)) return;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> prototype;
+        if(info.NewTarget().As<v8::Object>()->Get(realm,js_string(isolate,"prototype")).ToLocal(&prototype)
+            &&prototype->IsObject())target->SetPrototype(realm,prototype).FromMaybe(false);
+        auto state = std::make_unique<worker_state>();
+        auto* raw = state.get();
+        raw->notify_parent = self->runtime_work_available;
+        raw->wrapper.Reset(isolate,target);raw->realm.Reset(isolate,realm);
+        auto data=v8::External::New(isolate,raw,v8::kExternalPointerTypeTagDefault);
+        target->Set(realm,js_string(isolate,"postMessage"),v8::Function::New(realm,worker_post_message,data,1).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
+        target->Set(realm,js_string(isolate,"terminate"),v8::Function::New(realm,worker_terminate,data).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
+        auto loader=self->load_resource_callback;
+        auto root=self->resource_root;
+        self->dedicated_workers.push_back(std::move(state));
+        raw->thread=std::thread([raw,url,module,worker_name=std::move(worker_name),loader=std::move(loader),root=std::move(root)] {
+            auto report=[&](const std::string& text) {
+                {std::lock_guard lock(raw->mutex);if(raw->stopped)return;raw->errors.push_back(text);}
+                if(raw->notify_parent)raw->notify_parent();
+            };
+            try {
+                native_document document;
+                v8_dom_runtime runtime(document,[]{return v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{1,1,1,0};},{},loader);
+                auto* child=runtime.impl_.get();
+                struct running_guard {
+                    worker_state* state;implementation* child;
+                    ~running_guard(){
+                        std::lock_guard lock(state->mutex);state->running_isolate=nullptr;
+                        if(child->isolate)child->isolate->CancelTerminateExecution();
+                    }
+                } guard{raw,child};
+                child->force_dedicated_isolate=true;child->worker_owner=raw;
+                child->runtime_work_available=[raw]{
+                    {std::lock_guard lock(raw->mutex);raw->wake_requested=true;}
+                    raw->ready.notify_one();
+                };
+                runtime.set_resource_root(root.string());
+                if(!runtime.initialize())throw std::runtime_error(runtime.last_error());
+                {
+                    std::lock_guard lock(raw->mutex);
+                    if(raw->stopped)return;
+                    raw->running_isolate=child->isolate;
+                }
+                {
+                    v8::Isolate::Scope entered(child->isolate);v8::HandleScope handles(child->isolate);
+                    auto realm=child->context.Get(child->isolate);v8::Context::Scope scope(realm);
+                    auto global=realm->Global();
+                    child->document_base_address=url;
+                    child->set_context_location(realm,global,url);
+                    global->Set(realm,js_string(child->isolate,"postMessage"),v8::Function::New(realm,worker_post_parent,{},1).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
+                    global->Set(realm,js_string(child->isolate,"close"),v8::Function::New(realm,worker_close).ToLocalChecked()).Check();
+                    global->Set(realm,js_string(child->isolate,"self"),global).Check();
+                    global->Set(realm,js_string(child->isolate,"name"),js_dom_string(child->isolate,worker_name)).Check();
+                    global->Delete(realm,js_string(child->isolate,"document")).FromMaybe(false);
+                    global->Delete(realm,js_string(child->isolate,"window")).FromMaybe(false);
+                    std::string source,resolved,error;
+                    if(!child->load_text_resource(url,{},WEBSCENE_RESOURCE_SCRIPT,source,resolved))report("Unable to load worker: "+url);
+                    else if(!(module ? child->execute_module(realm,source,resolved,error)
+                                      : child->execute_in_context(realm,source,resolved,error)))report(error);
+                }
+                while(true) {
+                    std::optional<clone_packet> packet;
+                    {
+                        std::unique_lock lock(raw->mutex);
+                        raw->ready.wait_for(lock,runtime.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000)),
+                            [&]{return raw->stopped||raw->wake_requested||!raw->incoming.empty();});
+                        raw->wake_requested=false;
+                        if(raw->stopped)break;
+                        if(!raw->incoming.empty()){packet=std::move(raw->incoming.front());raw->incoming.pop_front();}
+                    }
+                    v8::Isolate::Scope entered(child->isolate);v8::HandleScope handles(child->isolate);
+                    auto realm=child->context.Get(child->isolate);v8::Context::Scope scope(realm);
+                    if(packet&&!child->dispatch_worker_message(realm,realm->Global(),&*packet))report(child->last_error);
+                    child->drain_tasks();
+                }
+                {std::lock_guard lock(raw->mutex);raw->running_isolate=nullptr;}
+                child->isolate->CancelTerminateExecution();
+            } catch(const std::exception& e) {
+                {std::lock_guard lock(raw->mutex);raw->running_isolate=nullptr;}
+                report(e.what());
+            }
+        });
+        info.GetReturnValue().Set(target);
+    }
+    static void worker_construct(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        try {worker_construct_impl(info);}
+        catch(const std::exception& e){
+            info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::Error(js_string(info.GetIsolate(),e.what())));
+        }
+    }
+    static void worker_post_message(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        try {worker_post_message_impl(info);}
+        catch(const std::exception& e){info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(js_string(info.GetIsolate(),e.what())));}
+    }
+    static void worker_post_parent(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
+        try {worker_post_parent_impl(info);}
+        catch(const std::exception& e){info.GetIsolate()->ThrowException(v8::Exception::RangeError(js_string(info.GetIsolate(),e.what())));}
+    }
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/audio_graph_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/audio_graph_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e605d967a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/audio_graph_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#include "audio_graph.h"
+#include <array>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+using namespace webscene::media;
+void check(bool value, const char *why) {
+    if (!value)
+        throw std::runtime_error(why);
+}
+template <class F> void rejects(F f) {
+    bool rejected = false;
+    try {
+        f();
+    } catch (const std::exception &) {
+        rejected = true;
+    }
+    check(rejected, "Expected rejection");
+}
+int main() {
+    try {
+        audio_graph graph(false);
+        auto source = graph.create(audio_graph::kind::source), gain = graph.create(audio_graph::kind::gain),
+             meter = graph.create(audio_graph::kind::analyser),
+             capture = graph.create(audio_graph::kind::stream);
+        auto pcm = std::make_shared<audio_buffer>();
+        pcm->channels = 2;
+        pcm->sample_rate = 48000;
+        pcm->samples.resize(48000 * 2);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < 48000; ++i) {
+            pcm->samples[i * 2] = .5f;
+            pcm->samples[i * 2 + 1] = -.25f;
+        }
+        auto control = std::make_shared<playback_control>();
+        control->set(0, 1, true, 1, false);
+        graph.set_source(source, pcm, control);
+        graph.connect(source, gain);
+        graph.connect(gain, meter);
+        graph.connect(meter, 0);
+        graph.connect(meter, capture);
+        auto recording = graph.capture(capture), sibling = recording->clone();
+        graph.set_gain(gain, .5f, 0, 0);
+        graph.resume();
+        std::array<float, 256> output{};
+        graph.render(output.data(), 128);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < 128; ++i) {
+            check(std::abs(output[i * 2] - .25) < 1e-6, "Left gain channel");
+            check(std::abs(output[i * 2 + 1] + .125) < 1e-6, "Right gain channel");
+        }
+        std::array<float, 128> samples{};
+        graph.analyser(meter, samples);
+        for (float s : samples)
+            check(std::abs(s - .0625) < 1e-6, "Analyser did not contain actual mix");
+        graph.analyser(capture, samples);
+        for (float s : samples)
+            check(std::abs(s - .0625) < 1e-6, "Capture bus did not contain actual mix");
+        std::array<float, 256> recorded{};
+        auto packet = recording->read(recorded);
+        check(packet.frames == 128 && packet.first_frame == 0 && packet.dropped == 0,
+              "Capture timestamp/frame count");
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < 128; ++i) {
+            check(std::abs(recorded[i * 2] - .25) < 1e-6, "Recorded left channel");
+            check(std::abs(recorded[i * 2 + 1] + .125) < 1e-6, "Recorded right channel");
+        }
+        recording->stop();
+        check(recording->ended() && !sibling->ended(), "Track stop affected sibling");
+        check(sibling->read(recorded).frames == 128, "Independent capture cursor");
+        const auto before = graph.time();
+        graph.suspend();
+        graph.render(output.data(), 128);
+        for (float f : output)
+            check(f == 0, "Suspended context not silent");
+        check(graph.time() == before, "Suspended clock advanced");
+        graph.resume();
+        graph.set_gain(gain, 0, graph.time(), .01);
+        graph.render(output.data(), 128);
+        check(output[0] > .24 && output[254] < output[0] && output[254] > 0,
+              "Target automation did not ramp");
+        control->set(0, 1, true, 1, true);
+        graph.render(output.data(), 128);
+        for (float f : output)
+            check(f == 0, "Muted media not silent");
+        rejects([&] { graph.connect(meter, source); });
+        rejects([&] { graph.set_gain(gain, 0, -1, .1); });
+        rejects([&] { graph.connect(999, 0); });
+        graph.suspend();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i)
+            graph.set_gain(gain, 1, 100 + i, 0);
+        rejects([&] { graph.set_gain(gain, 1, 200, 0); });
+        graph.close();
+        check(sibling->ended(), "Context close did not end capture");
+        rejects([&] { graph.resume(); });
+        {
+            audio_graph g(false);
+            auto input = g.create(audio_graph::kind::source);
+            auto data = std::make_shared<audio_buffer>();
+            data->channels = 1;
+            data->sample_rate = 48000;
+            data->samples.resize(2048);
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < data->samples.size(); ++i)
+                data->samples[i] = float(i) / 2048;
+            auto clock = std::make_shared<playback_control>();
+            clock->set(0, 2, true, 1, false);
+            clock->epoch = 0;
+            g.set_source(input, data, clock);
+            g.connect(input, 0);
+            g.resume();
+            std::array<float, 512> block{};
+            g.render_at(block.data(), 256, 0);
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+                check(std::abs(block[i * 2] - float(i * 2) / 2048) < 1e-6, "Rate/quantum continuity");
+                check(block[i * 2] == block[i * 2 + 1], "Mono to stereo conversion");
+            }
+            clock->set(.01, 1, true, 1, false);
+            clock->epoch = 0;
+            g.render_at(block.data(), 128, 0);
+            check(std::abs(block[0] - 480.f / 2048) < 1e-6, "Seek did not reset audio cursor");
+        }
+        {
+            audio_capture ring(48000);
+            uint64_t cursor = 0;
+            std::array<float, 256> signal{};
+            signal.fill(.2f);
+            for (int i = 0; i < 130; ++i)
+                ring.write(signal);
+            auto data = ring.read(cursor, signal);
+            check(data.dropped == 256 && data.first_frame == 256 && data.frames == 128,
+                  "Capture overrun not reported");
+        }
+        std::cout << "Audio graph: native mixing, gain automation, analyser/capture, suspend/mute, "
+                     "cycle/limit and teardown passed\n";
+        return 0;
+    } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/fixtures/media/README.md b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/fixtures/media/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acecb9ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/fixtures/media/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Synthetic video fixture
+
+`numbered-motion.mp4` is a two-second 64x48, 24 fps synthetic moving test pattern,
+created for WebScene tests (no third-party footage). Generated with:
+
+```
+ffmpeg -f lavfi -i testsrc2=size=64x48:rate=24 -t 2 -c:v libx264 \
+  -pix_fmt yuv420p -movflags +faststart numbered-motion.mp4
+```
+
+The name denotes a frame-ordered motion fixture; it has no burned-in timecode.
+FFmpeg is a fixture-generation tool only, not a WebScene runtime dependency.
+Tests decode different timestamps and verify changed pixels and native frame
+ownership. Generated stereo PCM fixtures in the test verify exact channel values.
+
+`flash-click.mp4` is a generated three-second 64x48/30fps H.264/AAC fixture: a white frame and 10ms/1kHz tone at each integer second, black/silence otherwise. It contains no third-party content. Native tests compare decoded frame timestamps with actual mixed/recorded PCM onset, with a 10ms tolerance; this measures pipeline timestamps, not physical speaker/display latency.
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/fixtures/media/flash-click.mp4 b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/fixtures/media/flash-click.mp4
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9dc0288f1
Binary files /dev/null and b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/fixtures/media/flash-click.mp4 differ
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/fixtures/media/numbered-motion.mp4 b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/fixtures/media/numbered-motion.mp4
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5482c257
Binary files /dev/null and b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/fixtures/media/numbered-motion.mp4 differ
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_angle_context_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_angle_context_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..512979a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_angle_context_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#include "graphics/angle_context.h"
+#include "graphics/angle_display.h"
+#include <GLES2/gl2.h>
+#include <GLES2/gl2ext_angle.h>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <array>
+#include <source_location>
+#include <string_view>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+void require(bool value, std::source_location where=std::source_location::current()) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error("requirement failed at line "+std::to_string(where.line())); }
+// Diagnostic readback proves storage isolation; it is not presentation transport.
+GLuint make_texture(const std::array<GLubyte,4>& pixel) {
+    GLuint texture=0;glGenTextures(1,&texture);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,GL_NEAREST);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,GL_NEAREST);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,GL_RGBA,1,1,0,GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,pixel.data());
+    require(texture!=0 && glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR);return texture;
+}
+void verify_texture(GLuint texture,const std::array<GLubyte,4>& expected) {
+    GLuint framebuffer=0;glGenFramebuffers(1,&framebuffer);
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,framebuffer);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture,0);
+    require(glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER)==GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE);
+    std::array<GLubyte,4> pixels{};
+    glReadPixels(0,0,1,1,GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,pixels.data());
+    require(glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR && pixels==expected);
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,0);glDeleteFramebuffers(1,&framebuffer);
+}
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    const EGLint major=argc==2 && std::string_view(argv[1])=="3" ? 3 : 2;
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    constexpr EGLint backend=EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_METAL_ANGLE;
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    constexpr EGLint backend=EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_D3D11_ANGLE;
+#else
+    constexpr EGLint backend=EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_VULKAN_ANGLE;
+#endif
+    auto lease=angle_display::acquire(backend);
+    const auto display=lease->get();
+    auto other_engine=angle_display::acquire(backend);
+    require(other_engine->get()==display);
+    other_engine.reset();
+    require(eglQueryString(display,EGL_VERSION)!=nullptr);
+    const EGLint config_attrs[]={EGL_SURFACE_TYPE,EGL_PBUFFER_BIT,EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE,major==2 ? EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT : EGL_OPENGL_ES3_BIT,EGL_NONE};
+    EGLConfig config{}; EGLint count{};
+    require(eglChooseConfig(display,config_attrs,&config,1,&count) && count==1);
+    angle_context first(lease,config,major);
+    GLuint retained_texture=0;
+    const std::array<GLubyte,4> red{255,0,0,255},green{0,255,0,255};
+    {
+        angle_context second(lease,config,major);
+        angle_context::scope active(first);
+        const auto first_context=eglGetCurrentContext();
+        glClearColor(1,0,0,1);
+        retained_texture=make_texture(red);
+        verify_texture(retained_texture,red);
+        {
+            angle_context::scope other(second);
+            require(eglGetCurrentContext()!=first_context);
+            glClearColor(0,1,0,1);
+            require(!glIsTexture(retained_texture));
+            const auto second_texture=make_texture(green);
+            verify_texture(second_texture,green);
+            glDeleteTextures(1,&second_texture);
+        }
+        require(eglGetCurrentContext()==first_context);
+        GLfloat color[4]{}; glGetFloatv(GL_COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE,color);
+        require(color[0]==1 && color[1]==0);
+        bool rejected=false;
+        std::thread wrong([&] { try { angle_context::scope invalid(first); } catch(const std::logic_error&) { rejected=true; } });
+        wrong.join(); require(rejected);
+    }
+    {
+        angle_context::scope still_valid(first);
+        require(glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR && glIsTexture(retained_texture));
+        verify_texture(retained_texture,red);
+        glDeleteTextures(1,&retained_texture);
+    }
+    for (const bool nested : {false,true}) {
+        angle_context lost(lease,config,major);
+        angle_context::scope surviving(first);
+        const auto previous=eglGetCurrentContext();
+        {
+            angle_context::scope losing(lost);
+            require(!lost.is_lost());
+            using lose_proc=void (GL_APIENTRY *)(GLenum,GLenum);
+            const auto lose=reinterpret_cast<lose_proc>(eglGetProcAddress("glLoseContextCHROMIUM"));
+            require(lose!=nullptr);
+            using request_proc=void (GL_APIENTRY *)(const GLchar*);
+            const auto request=reinterpret_cast<request_proc>(eglGetProcAddress("glRequestExtensionANGLE"));
+            require(request!=nullptr);
+            // WebGL-compatible contexts expose this diagnostic extension only
+            // after requesting it. Reset notification is configured by the owner.
+            require(glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR);
+            request("GL_CHROMIUM_lose_context");
+            require(glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR);
+            if (nested) {
+                {
+                    angle_context::scope same_context(lost);
+                    lose(GL_GUILTY_CONTEXT_RESET_EXT,GL_INNOCENT_CONTEXT_RESET_EXT);
+                }
+                // A nested scope must not restore its own now-lost context.
+                require(lost.is_lost() && eglGetCurrentContext()==EGL_NO_CONTEXT);
+            } else {
+                lose(GL_GUILTY_CONTEXT_RESET_EXT,GL_INNOCENT_CONTEXT_RESET_EXT);
+            }
+        }
+        require(lost.is_lost() && eglGetCurrentContext()==previous);
+        bool rejected=false;
+        try { angle_context::scope invalid(lost); } catch(const std::runtime_error&) { rejected=true; }
+        require(rejected && eglGetCurrentContext()==previous && !first.poll_loss());
+        const auto texture=make_texture(green);verify_texture(texture,green);glDeleteTextures(1,&texture);
+    }
+    require(eglGetCurrentContext()==EGL_NO_CONTEXT);
+    std::cout << "ANGLE isolated contexts, loss rejection, nested restoration and execution-thread checks passed\n";
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_canvas_backing_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_canvas_backing_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c8456ca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_canvas_backing_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include "graphics/canvas_backing.h"
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+void require(bool value) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error("canvas backing requirement failed"); }
+int main() {
+    canvas_backing a,b;
+    require(a.identity()!=b.identity());
+    require(a.width()==300 && a.height()==150 && a.mode()==canvas_context_mode::none);
+    require(!a.claim_context(canvas_context_mode::none));
+    require(a.claim_context(canvas_context_mode::webgpu));
+    require(a.claim_context(canvas_context_mode::webgpu));
+    require(!a.claim_context(canvas_context_mode::two_d) && !a.claim_context(canvas_context_mode::webgl2));
+    auto identity=a.identity(),generation=a.allocation_generation();
+    for (int i=0;i<1000;++i) a.publish_content();
+    require(a.content_serial()==1000 && a.allocation_generation()==generation && a.identity()==identity);
+    a.reset_bitmap(300,150);
+    require(a.content_serial()==1001 && a.allocation_generation()==generation);
+    a.reset_bitmap(640,480);
+    require(a.width()==640 && a.height()==480 && a.allocation_generation()==generation+1);
+    require(a.identity()==identity && a.mode()==canvas_context_mode::webgpu);
+    a.reset_bitmap(0,0);
+    require(a.width()==0 && a.height()==0 && !a.claim_context(canvas_context_mode::two_d));
+    require(b.claim_context(canvas_context_mode::two_d));
+    std::cout << "canvas identity, exclusive context and independent content/allocation versions passed\n";
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_completion_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_completion_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31c511d92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_completion_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+#include "graphics/completion_mailbox.h"
+#include "graphics/producer_completion_gate.h"
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+void require(bool value) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error("requirement failed"); }
+struct wake_counter : completion_wake {
+    std::atomic<int> count{};
+    void signal() noexcept override { ++count; }
+};
+int main() {
+    // Hold either producer phase indefinitely. No readiness or release signal
+    // is permitted until the other phase arrives, including on validation error.
+    for(bool queue_first:{false,true})for(bool queue_ok:{false,true})for(bool validation_ok:{false,true}) {
+        producer_completion_gate gate;
+        const auto first=queue_first ? producer_completion_gate::phase::queue : producer_completion_gate::phase::validation;
+        const auto second=queue_first ? producer_completion_gate::phase::validation : producer_completion_gate::phase::queue;
+        require(!gate.validated_for_gpu_wait());
+        require(!gate.finish(first,queue_first ? queue_ok : validation_ok));
+        require(gate.validated_for_gpu_wait()==(!queue_first && validation_ok));
+        for(int poll=0;poll<100;++poll)require(gate.state()==producer_completion_gate::result::pending);
+        require(!gate.finish(first,true)); // A duplicate cannot supply the missing phase.
+        require(gate.state()==producer_completion_gate::result::pending);
+        require(gate.finish(second,queue_first ? validation_ok : queue_ok));
+        const auto expected=queue_ok&&validation_ok ? producer_completion_gate::result::success : producer_completion_gate::result::failure;
+        require(gate.state()==expected);
+        require(gate.validated_for_gpu_wait()==(queue_ok && validation_ok));
+        require(!gate.finish(first,false)&&!gate.finish(second,false));
+        require(gate.state()==expected);
+    }
+    producer_completion_gate rejected;
+    rejected.reject();
+    require(!rejected.finish(producer_completion_gate::phase::queue,true));
+    require(rejected.finish(producer_completion_gate::phase::validation,true));
+    require(rejected.state()==producer_completion_gate::result::failure);
+
+    auto wake = std::make_shared<wake_counter>();
+    completion_mailbox box(2, wake);
+    resource_owner a{new_owner_token(),new_owner_token(),0};
+    auto b=a; b.device=new_owner_token();
+    auto first=box.reserve(1,a).value(), second=box.reserve(2,b).value();
+    require(!box.reserve(3,a) && box.has_pending());
+    bool rejected_thread=false;
+    std::thread callback([&] {
+        require(box.publish(second,completion_status::success));
+        require(!box.publish(second,completion_status::success));
+        try { box.drain_one([](auto) {}); } catch(const std::logic_error&) { rejected_thread=true; }
+    }); callback.join();
+    require(rejected_thread && wake->count==1 && box.has_pending());
+    box.cancel_owner(a);
+    require(box.has_pending());
+    require(!box.publish(first,completion_status::success));
+    require(box.drain_one([](auto record) { require(record.operation==2 && record.status==completion_status::success); }));
+    require(box.drain_one([](auto record) { require(record.operation==1 && record.status==completion_status::cancelled); }));
+    auto reused=box.reserve(3,a).value();
+    require(!box.publish(first,completion_status::success));
+    require(box.has_pending());
+    box.close();
+    require(box.has_pending());
+    require(!box.publish(reused,completion_status::success) && !box.reserve(4,b));
+    require(box.drain_one([](auto record) { require(record.operation==3 && record.status==completion_status::cancelled); }));
+    require(!box.has_ready());
+    auto counters=box.metrics();
+    require(counters.pending==0 && counters.ready==0 && counters.high_water==2);
+    require(counters.admitted==3 && counters.delivered==3 && counters.saturated_reservations==1);
+    require(counters.rejected_publications==4 && counters.latency_samples==0);
+    completion_mailbox delayed(1,wake);
+    auto cancelled=delayed.reserve(1,a).value();
+    delayed.cancel_owner(a);
+    require(delayed.drain_one([](auto record) { require(record.status==completion_status::cancelled); }));
+    require(delayed.has_pending() && !delayed.reserve(2,a));
+    require(delayed.metrics().occupied==1 && delayed.metrics().native_pending==1);
+    std::thread late([&] { require(!delayed.publish(cancelled,completion_status::success)); });
+    late.join();
+    require(!delayed.has_pending() && delayed.metrics().occupied==0);
+    auto next=delayed.reserve(2,a).value();
+    require(next.generation!=cancelled.generation);
+    require(!delayed.publish(cancelled,completion_status::success));
+    require(delayed.publish(next,completion_status::success));
+    require(delayed.drain_one([](auto) {}));
+    completion_mailbox dormant(2,wake);
+    auto lifetime=dormant.reserve(1,a,false).value();
+    require(dormant.has_pending()&&!dormant.has_pollable_pending()&&!dormant.has_ready());
+    auto active=dormant.reserve(2,b).value();
+    require(dormant.has_pollable_pending());
+    require(dormant.publish(active,completion_status::success));
+    require(dormant.drain_one([](auto){}));
+    require(!dormant.has_pollable_pending());
+    require(dormant.publish(lifetime,completion_status::success)&&dormant.has_ready());
+    require(dormant.drain_one([](auto){}));
+    require(!dormant.has_pending());
+    auto cancel_lifetime=dormant.reserve(3,a,false).value();
+    dormant.cancel_owner(a);
+    require(dormant.has_ready()&&!dormant.has_pollable_pending());
+    require(dormant.drain_one([](auto record){require(record.status==completion_status::cancelled);}));
+    require(!dormant.publish(cancel_lifetime,completion_status::success)&&!dormant.has_pending());
+    completion_mailbox timed(1,wake,true);
+    auto measured=timed.reserve(1,a).value();
+    require(timed.publish(measured,completion_status::success));
+    require(timed.drain_one([](auto) {}));
+    auto timings=timed.metrics();
+    require(timings.latency_samples==1 && timings.total_latency_ns==timings.max_latency_ns);
+    require(timings.pending==0 && timings.ready==0);
+    // Saturate reusable storage while driver completion races owner cancellation.
+    // Delivery stays on this engine thread; every native callback must retire,
+    // even if its logical cancellation was already delivered.
+    completion_mailbox stress(16,wake);
+    for(uint64_t round=0;round<1000;++round) {
+        std::vector<completion_ticket> tickets;
+        for(uint64_t index=0;index<16;++index)
+            tickets.push_back(stress.reserve(round*16+index,index%2 ? b : a).value());
+        require(!stress.reserve(UINT64_MAX,a));
+        std::atomic<bool> start{false};
+        std::thread driver([&] {
+            while(!start.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) std::this_thread::yield();
+            for(auto ticket:tickets) {
+                stress.publish(ticket,completion_status::success);
+                std::this_thread::yield();
+            }
+        });
+        start.store(true,std::memory_order_release);
+        stress.cancel_owner(a);
+        bool seen[16]{};
+        size_t delivered=0;
+        const auto deliver=[&](auto record) {
+            require(record.operation/16==round);
+            const auto index=record.operation%16;
+            require(!seen[index]);seen[index]=true;++delivered;
+            require(record.status==(index%2 ? completion_status::success : completion_status::cancelled));
+        };
+        while(stress.drain_one(deliver)) {}
+        driver.join();
+        while(stress.drain_one(deliver)) {}
+        require(delivered==16);
+        const auto metrics=stress.metrics();
+        require(metrics.pending==0 && metrics.ready==0 && metrics.native_pending==0 && metrics.occupied==0);
+        require(!stress.publish(tickets.front(),completion_status::success));
+    }
+    require(stress.metrics().admitted==16000 && stress.metrics().delivered==16000);
+    require(stress.metrics().high_water==16 && stress.metrics().saturated_reservations==1000);
+    // Shutdown can detach the wake target while the driver still owns mailbox
+    // tickets. Exercise both callback retirement orders across fresh mailboxes.
+    for(uint64_t round=0;round<500;++round) {
+        auto shutdown_wake=std::make_shared<wake_counter>();
+        std::weak_ptr<completion_wake> weak_wake=shutdown_wake;
+        auto closing=std::make_shared<completion_mailbox>(16,shutdown_wake);
+        std::vector<completion_ticket> tickets;
+        for(uint64_t index=0;index<16;++index)
+            tickets.push_back(closing->reserve(index,a).value());
+        std::atomic<bool> start{false};
+        std::thread driver([closing,&tickets,&start] {
+            while(!start.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) std::this_thread::yield();
+            for(auto ticket:tickets) {
+                closing->publish(ticket,completion_status::device_lost);
+                std::this_thread::yield();
+            }
+        });
+        start.store(true,std::memory_order_release);
+        closing->close();
+        shutdown_wake.reset();
+        require(!closing->reserve(99,b));
+        bool seen[16]{};
+        size_t delivered=0;
+        while(closing->drain_one([&](auto record) {
+            require(record.operation<16 && !seen[record.operation]);
+            seen[record.operation]=true;++delivered;
+            require(record.status==completion_status::cancelled);
+        })) {}
+        require(delivered==16);
+        driver.join();
+        require(weak_wake.expired());
+        require(!closing->has_ready() && !closing->has_pending());
+        const auto metrics=closing->metrics();
+        require(metrics.native_pending==0 && metrics.occupied==0 && metrics.delivered==16);
+        for(auto ticket:tickets) require(!closing->publish(ticket,completion_status::success));
+    }
+    std::cout << "completion capacity, engine affinity, isolation and late-callback cancellation passed\n";
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_dawn_event_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_dawn_event_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e0ce08a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_dawn_event_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@
+#include "graphics/graphics_service.h"
+#include "graphics/webgpu_adapter_options.h"
+#include "graphics/webgpu_feature_names.h"
+#include "graphics/webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h"
+#include "graphics/engine_wake.h"
+#include "graphics/dawn_canvas_images.h"
+#include "graphics/dawn_dxgi_image.h"
+#include <iostream>
+#include <set>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+// Synthetic exports exercise atomic handle ownership, not native fence signaling.
+struct fence_test_ops {
+    using handle_type=int;
+    static inline std::set<int> live;
+    static inline int next=100,duplicate_calls=0,fail_at=0;
+    static int empty() { return 0; }
+    static bool valid(int value) { return value>0; }
+    static int duplicate(int) {
+        if (++duplicate_calls==fail_at) throw std::system_error(std::make_error_code(std::errc::too_many_files_open));
+        live.insert(next); return next++;
+    }
+    static void close(int value) noexcept { if (live.erase(value)!=1) std::terminate(); }
+};
+void test_dxgi_fence_ownership() {
+    auto require=[](bool value) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error("DXGI fence handoff ownership failed"); };
+    std::array<wgpu::SharedFence,2> fences{};
+    std::array<uint64_t,2> values{7,UINT64_MAX};
+    std::vector<dxgi_fence_wait<fence_test_ops>> output;
+    auto exported=[](const wgpu::SharedFence&,int& handle) { handle=42; return true; };
+    require(duplicate_dxgi_fences<fence_test_ops>(fences,values,output,exported)==dxgi_fence_status::success);
+    require(output.size()==2 && output[0].value==7 && output[1].value==UINT64_MAX
+        && output[0].handle.get()!=output[1].handle.get() && fence_test_ops::live.size()==2);
+    // A replacement failure must discard old output and roll back earlier duplicates.
+    fence_test_ops::duplicate_calls=0; fence_test_ops::fail_at=2;
+    require(duplicate_dxgi_fences<fence_test_ops>(fences,values,output,exported)==dxgi_fence_status::handle_failure);
+    require(output.empty() && fence_test_ops::live.empty());
+    fence_test_ops::fail_at=0;
+    int calls=0;
+    auto unsupported=[&](const wgpu::SharedFence&,int& handle) { handle=42; return ++calls!=2; };
+    require(duplicate_dxgi_fences<fence_test_ops>(fences,values,output,unsupported)==dxgi_fence_status::unsupported_fence);
+    require(output.empty() && fence_test_ops::live.empty());
+    require(duplicate_dxgi_fences<fence_test_ops>(fences,{},output,exported)==dxgi_fence_status::invalid_argument);
+    require(duplicate_dxgi_fences<fence_test_ops>({}, {},output,exported)==dxgi_fence_status::success);
+    require(output.empty() && fence_test_ops::live.empty());
+}
+void test_canvas_consumer_pixels(dawn_event_service& service,const wgpu::Device& device) {
+    auto pool=std::make_unique<dawn_canvas_images>(device,2*64*64*4);
+    auto frame=pool->acquire(image_metadata{300,0,1,1,400,1,64,64});
+    auto queue=device.GetQueue();
+    auto encoder=device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment color{};
+    color.view=frame->texture.CreateView(); color.loadOp=wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
+    // Exact UNORM byte values avoid implementation-dependent rounding of .5
+    // while retaining an exact, channel-sensitive cross-backend pixel check.
+    color.storeOp=wgpu::StoreOp::Store; color.clearValue={64.0/255.0,128.0/255.0,191.0/255.0,1};
+    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor pass{}; pass.colorAttachmentCount=1; pass.colorAttachments=&color;
+    auto render=encoder.BeginRenderPass(&pass); render.End();
+    auto producer_commands=encoder.Finish();
+    auto submitted=pool->submit(std::move(*frame),producer_commands); frame.reset();
+    if (!submitted) throw std::runtime_error("canvas submission unexpectedly saturated");
+    auto producer_status=submitted->status;
+    auto consumer=submitted->image.begin_consumer();
+    auto resized=pool->acquire(image_metadata{300,0,2,2,400,2,32,32});
+    auto resized_encoder=device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment resized_color{};
+    resized_color.view=resized->texture.CreateView(); resized_color.loadOp=wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
+    resized_color.storeOp=wgpu::StoreOp::Store; resized_color.clearValue={1,0,0,1};
+    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor resized_pass{}; resized_pass.colorAttachmentCount=1; resized_pass.colorAttachments=&resized_color;
+    auto resized_render=resized_encoder.BeginRenderPass(&resized_pass); resized_render.End();
+    auto resized_commands=resized_encoder.Finish();
+    auto newer=pool->submit(std::move(*resized),resized_commands); resized.reset();
+    if (!newer || newer->image.describe().allocation==submitted->image.describe().allocation
+        || newer->image.describe().allocation_generation!=2 || consumer->describe().width!=64)
+        throw std::runtime_error("resize reused a retained image allocation");
+    auto resized_status=newer->status;
+    auto resized_consumer=newer->image.begin_consumer();
+    // Submit to the same queue before processing any completion. Queue order,
+    // rather than a CPU wait or a pixel upload, makes producer writes visible.
+    auto source_texture=dawn_canvas_images::resolve(*consumer,device);
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor buffer_descriptor{};
+    buffer_descriptor.size=(64+32)*256;
+    buffer_descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | wgpu::BufferUsage::MapRead;
+    auto readback=device.CreateBuffer(&buffer_descriptor);
+    auto copy=device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo source{}; source.texture=source_texture;
+    wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo destination{}; destination.buffer=readback;
+    destination.layout.bytesPerRow=256; destination.layout.rowsPerImage=64;
+    wgpu::Extent3D extent{64,64,1};
+    copy.CopyTextureToBuffer(&source,&destination,&extent);
+    source.texture=dawn_canvas_images::resolve(*resized_consumer,device);
+    destination.layout.offset=64*256; destination.layout.rowsPerImage=32;
+    extent={32,32,1}; copy.CopyTextureToBuffer(&source,&destination,&extent);
+    auto consumer_commands=copy.Finish(); queue.Submit(1,&consumer_commands);
+    submitted.reset(); newer.reset(); pool.reset();
+    bool completed=false,queue_success=false,mapped=false,map_success=false;
+    queue.OnSubmittedWorkDone(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [&](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+            consumer->complete(); consumer.reset();
+            resized_consumer->complete(); resized_consumer.reset();
+            queue_success=status==wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success; completed=true;
+        });
+    readback.MapAsync(wgpu::MapMode::Read,0,(64+32)*256,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [&](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status,wgpu::StringView) { map_success=status==wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success; mapped=true; });
+    const auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(10);
+    while ((!completed || !mapped || producer_status->load()==dawn_canvas_images::submission_status::pending
+        || resized_status->load()==dawn_canvas_images::submission_status::pending) && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline) {
+        service.instance().ProcessEvents();
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    if (!completed || !mapped || !queue_success || !map_success
+        || producer_status->load()!=dawn_canvas_images::submission_status::success
+        || resized_status->load()!=dawn_canvas_images::submission_status::success)
+        throw std::runtime_error("GPU image consumer completion failed");
+    const auto* pixels=static_cast<const uint8_t*>(readback.GetConstMappedRange(0,(64+32)*256));
+    if (!pixels) throw std::runtime_error("GPU image diagnostic mapping failed");
+    for (size_t i=0;i<64*64;++i) {
+        if (pixels[4*i]!=64 || pixels[4*i+1]!=128 || pixels[4*i+2]!=191 || pixels[4*i+3]!=255)
+            throw std::runtime_error("retained GPU image pixels differ from producer clear");
+    }
+    for (size_t y=0;y<32;++y) for (size_t x=0;x<32;++x) {
+        const auto* pixel=pixels+64*256+y*256+x*4;
+        if (pixel[0]!=255 || pixel[1]!=0 || pixel[2]!=0 || pixel[3]!=255)
+            throw std::runtime_error("resized GPU image pixels differ from new producer clear");
+    }
+    readback.Unmap();
+}
+void test_canvas_storage(dawn_event_service& service,const wgpu::Device& device,const wgpu::Device& foreign_device) {
+    auto require=[](bool v) { if (!v) throw std::runtime_error("Dawn canvas storage requirement failed"); };
+    dawn_canvas_images images(device,3*128*128*4);
+    image_metadata m{100,0,1,1,200,1,64,64};
+    std::vector<dawn_canvas_images::frame> frames;
+    for (int i=0;i<3;++i) frames.push_back(std::move(images.acquire(m).value()));
+    require(!images.acquire(m) && images.created_images()==3 && images.resident_bytes()==3*64*64*4);
+    auto encoder=device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    std::vector<owned_image_pool::retained> retained;
+    for (auto& frame:frames) {
+        frame.producer.begin();
+        wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment attachment{};
+        attachment.view=frame.texture.CreateView();
+        attachment.loadOp=wgpu::LoadOp::Clear; attachment.storeOp=wgpu::StoreOp::Store;
+        attachment.clearValue={0.25,0.5,0.75,1};
+        wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor pass{}; pass.colorAttachmentCount=1; pass.colorAttachments=&attachment;
+        auto render=encoder.BeginRenderPass(&pass); render.End();
+        retained.push_back(std::move(frame.producer.publish().value()));
+    }
+    auto commands=encoder.Finish(); auto queue=device.GetQueue(); queue.Submit(1,&commands);
+    bool complete=false,success=false;
+    queue.OnSubmittedWorkDone(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [&](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+            for (auto& frame:frames) frame.producer.complete();
+            success=status==wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success; complete=true;
+        });
+    const auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(10);
+    while (!complete && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline) {
+        service.instance().ProcessEvents();
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(complete && success && !images.acquire(m));
+    frames.clear(); retained.clear(); require(images.busy_images()==0);
+    for (int i=0;i<100;++i) {
+        ++m.content_serial;
+        auto frame=images.acquire(m);
+        require(frame && frame->metadata.allocation!=0);
+        // Metadata-only acquisition/cancellation performs no GPU submission.
+    }
+    require(images.created_images()==3 && images.resident_bytes()==3*64*64*4);
+    m.width=128; m.height=128; ++m.allocation_generation;
+    { auto resized=images.acquire(m); require(resized && images.created_images()==4); }
+    require(images.resident_bytes()==128*128*4+2*64*64*4);
+    m.width=512; m.height=512;
+    require(!images.acquire(m) && images.created_images()==4);
+    images.close(); require(!images.acquire(image_metadata{100,0,1,200,200,2,64,64}));
+    // A retained image must block an over-budget resize, but idle cache entries
+    // must not permanently strand it after that retained image is released.
+    auto capacity_signal=std::make_shared<engine_wake>();
+    dawn_canvas_images tight(device,3*64*64*4,128,capacity_signal);
+    auto small=image_metadata{500,0,1,1,600,1,64,64};
+    std::vector<dawn_canvas_images::frame> cached;
+    for (int i=0;i<3;++i) cached.push_back(std::move(tight.acquire(small).value()));
+    cached[1].producer.begin(); auto busy=cached[1].producer.publish();
+    cached[1].producer.complete(); cached.clear();
+    auto large=small; large.width=96; large.height=96; ++large.allocation_generation;
+    capacity_signal->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(0),[] { return false; });
+    require(!tight.acquire(large) && tight.created_images()==3);
+    require(!capacity_signal->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(0),[] { return false; }));
+    require(busy->describe().width==64 && tight.busy_images()==1);
+    busy.reset();
+    auto replacement=tight.acquire(large);
+    require(replacement && tight.created_images()==4 && tight.resident_bytes()==96*96*4);
+    replacement.reset(); require(tight.busy_images()==0);
+    dawn_canvas_images admission(device,2*64*64*4,1,capacity_signal);
+    auto first=admission.acquire(small);
+    auto empty_commands=device.CreateCommandEncoder().Finish();
+    auto accepted=admission.submit(std::move(*first),empty_commands); first.reset();
+    require(accepted.has_value());
+    auto refused=admission.acquire(small);
+    require(refused.has_value());
+    bool foreign_submission=false;
+    try { images.submit(std::move(*refused),empty_commands); }
+    catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { foreign_submission=true; }
+    require(foreign_submission); // Rejection must preserve the caller's frame.
+    capacity_signal->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(0),[] { return false; });
+    require(!admission.submit(std::move(*refused),empty_commands)); refused.reset();
+    require(admission.busy_images()==1);
+    require(!capacity_signal->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(0),[] { return false; }));
+    const auto accepted_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(10);
+    while (accepted->status->load()==dawn_canvas_images::submission_status::pending
+        && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<accepted_deadline) {
+        service.instance().ProcessEvents(); std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(accepted->status->load()==dawn_canvas_images::submission_status::success);
+    accepted.reset(); require(admission.busy_images()==0);
+    auto detached=std::make_unique<dawn_canvas_images>(device,64*64*4);
+    auto frame=detached->acquire(image_metadata{101,0,1,1,200,3,64,64});
+    const auto native_identity=frame->texture.Get();
+    frame->producer.begin(); auto scene=frame->producer.publish();
+    frame->producer.complete(); frame.reset();
+    auto consumer=scene->begin_consumer();
+    auto anchor=std::weak_ptr<image_provider_lifetime>(consumer->provider());
+    detached.reset(); scene.reset();
+    require(!anchor.expired());
+    bool rejected=false;
+    try { dawn_canvas_images::resolve(*consumer,foreign_device); }
+    catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { rejected=true; }
+    require(rejected);
+    std::thread presenter([&] {
+        { auto texture=dawn_canvas_images::resolve(*consumer,device);
+          require(texture.Get()==native_identity && texture.GetWidth()==64 && texture.CreateView()); }
+        consumer->complete();
+        bool stale=false;
+        try { dawn_canvas_images::resolve(*consumer,device); }
+        catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { stale=true; }
+        require(stale);
+    });
+    presenter.join(); consumer.reset(); require(anchor.expired());
+}
+int main() try {
+    test_dxgi_fence_ownership();
+    auto wake=std::make_shared<engine_wake>();
+    graphics_service root(wake),other_root(wake);
+    auto& service=root.dawn();
+    auto mailbox=service.completions();
+    resource_owner owner{new_owner_token(),new_owner_token(),0};
+    auto ticket=mailbox->reserve(1,owner).value();
+    struct result { wgpu::Adapter adapter; };
+    auto state=std::make_shared<result>();
+    webgpu_adapter_options browser_options;
+    auto converted=make_dawn_adapter_options(browser_options);
+    if (!converted || converted->featureLevel!=wgpu::FeatureLevel::Core ||
+        converted->backendType!=wgpu::BackendType::Undefined || converted->nextInChain ||
+        converted->powerPreference!=wgpu::PowerPreference::Undefined || converted->forceFallbackAdapter)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Default browser adapter selection changed");
+    browser_options.feature_level=u"compatibility";
+    browser_options.power_preference=wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower;
+    browser_options.force_fallback_adapter=true;
+    auto fallback=make_dawn_adapter_options(browser_options);
+    if (!fallback || fallback->featureLevel!=wgpu::FeatureLevel::Compatibility ||
+        !fallback->forceFallbackAdapter || fallback->powerPreference!=wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Browser adapter preferences were lost");
+    browser_options.feature_level=u"unknown";
+    if (make_dawn_adapter_options(browser_options)) throw std::runtime_error("Unknown feature level accepted");
+    browser_options.feature_level=u"core"; browser_options.xr_compatible=true;
+    if (make_dawn_adapter_options(browser_options)) throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported XR adapter accepted");
+    // Exercise the converted browser defaults through actual asynchronous Dawn discovery.
+    auto options=*converted;
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    options.backendType=wgpu::BackendType::Metal;
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    options.backendType=wgpu::BackendType::D3D12;
+#else
+    options.backendType=wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan;
+#endif
+    service.instance().RequestAdapter(&options,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,ticket,state](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status,wgpu::Adapter adapter,wgpu::StringView) {
+            state->adapter=std::move(adapter);
+            mailbox->publish(ticket,status==wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    bool done=false, success=false;
+    const auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+    while (!done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline) {
+        service.pump([&](auto record) { done=true; success=record.status==completion_status::success; });
+        if (!done) wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!done) { std::cerr << "Dawn headless completion timed out\n"; return 1; }
+    if (!success) { std::cerr << "Hardware adapter unavailable\n"; return 77; }
+    wgpu::AdapterInfo info{};
+    if (state->adapter.GetInfo(&info)!=wgpu::Status::Success) return 1;
+    if (info.adapterType!=wgpu::AdapterType::IntegratedGPU && info.adapterType!=wgpu::AdapterType::DiscreteGPU) return 77;
+    if (webgpu_feature_from_name("SharedTextureMemoryIOSurface")
+        || webgpu_feature_from_name("shared-texture-memory-iosurface")
+        || webgpu_feature_from_name("SHADER-F16")
+        || webgpu_feature_to_name(wgpu::FeatureName::SharedTextureMemoryIOSurface)
+        || webgpu_feature_to_name(wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceMTLSharedEvent)
+        || webgpu_feature_to_name(static_cast<wgpu::FeatureName>(0xffffffff))) return 1;
+    bool null_features=false;
+    try { webgpu_supported_feature_names(wgpu::Adapter{}); }
+    catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { null_features=true; }
+    if (!null_features) return 1;
+    const auto adapter_features=webgpu_supported_feature_names(state->adapter);
+    std::set<std::string_view> feature_names;
+    std::set<wgpu::FeatureName> native_features;
+    for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names) {
+        if (!feature_names.insert(feature.name).second || !native_features.insert(feature.native).second
+            || webgpu_feature_from_name(feature.name)!=feature.native
+            || webgpu_feature_to_name(feature.native)!=feature.name
+            || (std::find(adapter_features.begin(),adapter_features.end(),feature.name)!=adapter_features.end())
+                !=state->adapter.HasFeature(feature.native)) return 1;
+    }
+    auto adapter_handle=root.adopt_adapter(state->adapter);
+    bool foreign_adapter=false,active_destroy=false,active_close=false,stale_adapter=false;
+    try { other_root.with_adapter(adapter_handle,[](const auto&) {}); }
+    catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { foreign_adapter=true; }
+    wgpu::Adapter retained_adapter;
+    root.with_adapter(adapter_handle,[&](const auto& adapter) {
+        retained_adapter=adapter; // In-flight requests own a reference independent of the wrapper.
+        try { root.destroy_adapter(adapter_handle); }
+        catch (const std::logic_error&) { active_destroy=true; }
+        try { root.close(); }
+        catch (const std::logic_error&) { active_close=true; }
+    });
+    root.destroy_adapter(adapter_handle);
+    auto replacement_adapter=root.adopt_adapter(retained_adapter);
+    try { root.with_adapter(adapter_handle,[](const auto&) {}); }
+    catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { stale_adapter=true; }
+    if (!foreign_adapter || !active_destroy || !active_close || !stale_adapter
+        || replacement_adapter.slot!=adapter_handle.slot
+        || replacement_adapter.generation==adapter_handle.generation
+        || root.metrics().live_adapters!=1) return 1;
+    auto adapter_release=graphics_service::deferred_adapter_release(replacement_adapter);
+    auto adapter_commands=root.command_endpoint(2,0);
+    std::thread adapter_finalizer([&] {
+        if (adapter_commands->enqueue(adapter_release)!=enqueue_result::accepted
+            || adapter_commands->enqueue(adapter_release)!=enqueue_result::accepted) std::terminate();
+    });
+    adapter_finalizer.join();
+    root.drain_commands();
+    if (root.live_adapters()!=0 || retained_adapter.GetInfo(&info)!=wgpu::Status::Success) return 1;
+    bool null_adapter=false,adapter_limit=false;
+    try { root.adopt_adapter({}); }
+    catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { null_adapter=true; }
+    std::vector<resource_handle<wgpu::Adapter>> bounded_adapters;
+    for (size_t i=0;i<64;++i) bounded_adapters.push_back(root.adopt_adapter(retained_adapter));
+    try { root.adopt_adapter(retained_adapter); }
+    catch (const std::length_error&) { adapter_limit=true; }
+    if (!null_adapter || !adapter_limit || root.live_adapters()!=64) return 1;
+    for (auto handle:bounded_adapters) root.destroy_adapter(handle);
+    if (root.live_adapters()!=0) return 1;
+    retained_adapter=nullptr;
+    struct device_result { wgpu::Device device; };
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+    dawn_dxgi_image unopened;
+    wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryEndAccessState handoff;
+    if (unopened.begin(false)!=dxgi_access_status::invalid_state
+        || unopened.end(handoff)!=dxgi_access_status::invalid_state || unopened.abandon_lost_device()) return 1;
+    bool unopened_rejected=false;
+    try { unopened.texture(); } catch (const std::logic_error&) { unopened_rejected=true; }
+    if (!unopened_rejected) return 1;
+    std::unique_ptr<dawn_dxgi_image> unsupported;
+    if (dawn_dxgi_image::import({},nullptr,{},{},{},wgpu::TextureUsage::TextureBinding,unsupported)
+        !=dxgi_import_status::unsupported_platform || unsupported) return 1;
+#endif
+    auto native_device=std::make_shared<device_result>();
+    auto device_ticket=mailbox->reserve(10,owner).value();
+    wgpu::DeviceDescriptor device_descriptor{};
+    state->adapter.RequestDevice(&device_descriptor,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,device_ticket,native_device](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus status,wgpu::Device device,wgpu::StringView) {
+            native_device->device=std::move(device);
+            mailbox->publish(device_ticket,status==wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    const auto device_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+    bool device_done=false;
+    while (!device_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<device_deadline) {
+        service.pump([&](auto record) {
+            if (record.operation!=10 || record.status!=completion_status::success)
+                throw std::runtime_error("native device request failed");
+            device_done=true;
+        });
+        if (!device_done) wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!device_done || !native_device->device) return 1;
+    for (uint32_t bit=0;bit<32;++bit) {
+        const auto usage=webgpu_buffer_usage(1u<<bit);
+        if (usage.has_value()!=(bit<10)) return 1;
+    }
+    if (webgpu_buffer_usage(0x408) || webgpu_buffer_usage(0xffffffff)
+        || webgpu_buffer_usage(0)!=wgpu::BufferUsage::None) return 1;
+    webgpu_buffer_descriptor browser_buffer;
+    browser_buffer.label=std::string("browser\0buffer",14);
+    browser_buffer.size=64;
+    browser_buffer.usage=0x6; // MAP_WRITE | COPY_SRC
+    browser_buffer.mapped_at_creation=true;
+    auto translated_buffer=make_dawn_buffer_descriptor(browser_buffer);
+    if (!translated_buffer || translated_buffer->nextInChain
+        || translated_buffer->label.length!=14
+        || translated_buffer->label.data!=browser_buffer.label.data()
+        || translated_buffer->usage!=(wgpu::BufferUsage::MapWrite|wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc)) return 1;
+    auto created_buffer=native_device->device.CreateBuffer(&*translated_buffer);
+    if (!created_buffer || created_buffer.GetSize()!=64
+        || created_buffer.GetUsage()!=translated_buffer->usage
+        || created_buffer.GetMapState()!=wgpu::BufferMapState::Mapped
+        || !created_buffer.GetMappedRange(0,64)) return 1;
+    created_buffer.Unmap();
+    created_buffer.Destroy();
+    browser_buffer.usage=0x400;
+    if (make_dawn_buffer_descriptor(browser_buffer)) return 1;
+    const auto device_features=webgpu_supported_feature_names(native_device->device);
+    for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names) {
+        const bool exposed=std::find(device_features.begin(),device_features.end(),feature.name)!=device_features.end();
+        if (exposed!=native_device->device.HasFeature(feature.native)) return 1;
+        // No optional features were requested on this device. Adapter support
+        // must not silently become device enablement.
+        if (exposed && feature.native!=wgpu::FeatureName::CoreFeaturesAndLimits) return 1;
+    }
+    imported_dxgi_fences imported;
+    imported.values.push_back(99);
+    if (import_dxgi_fences({}, {}, {}, imported)!=dxgi_fence_status::invalid_argument
+        || !imported.values.empty() || !imported.fences.empty()) return 1;
+    std::array<void*,1> invalid_handles{nullptr};
+    std::array<uint64_t,1> wait_values{5};
+    if (import_dxgi_fences(native_device->device,invalid_handles,wait_values,imported)
+        !=dxgi_fence_status::invalid_argument) return 1;
+    if (import_dxgi_fences(native_device->device,invalid_handles,{},imported)
+        !=dxgi_fence_status::invalid_argument) return 1;
+    // The test device has no optional DXGI fence feature enabled. Refuse before
+    // calling ImportSharedFence, even if a caller supplies a non-null handle.
+    invalid_handles[0]=reinterpret_cast<void*>(uintptr_t{1});
+    if (import_dxgi_fences(native_device->device,invalid_handles,wait_values,imported)
+        !=dxgi_fence_status::missing_device_feature || !imported.fences.empty()) return 1;
+    auto owned_device=root.adopt_device(state->adapter,native_device->device,{},1,1,1,1,1,1);
+    if (root.live_devices()!=1) return 1;
+    root.with_device(owned_device,[&](auto& device) { owner=device.owner(); });
+    root.with_device(owned_device,[&](auto& device) {
+        wgpu::ShaderSourceWGSL source{};source.code="@compute @workgroup_size(1) fn main() {}";
+        wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.nextInChain=&source;
+        auto shader=device.create_shader_module(descriptor);
+        bool capacity=false;
+        try{device.create_shader_module(descriptor);}catch(const std::length_error&){capacity=true;}
+        if(!capacity || device.live_shader_modules()!=1)throw std::runtime_error("Shader capacity admission failed");
+        device.with_shader_module(shader,[&](const auto& native) {
+            if(!native)throw std::runtime_error("Owned shader is null");
+            bool release_guard=false,close_guard=false;
+            try{device.release_shader_module(shader);}catch(const std::logic_error&){release_guard=true;}
+            try{device.close();}catch(const std::logic_error&){close_guard=true;}
+            if(!release_guard || !close_guard)throw std::runtime_error("Shader borrowing did not guard lifetime");
+        });
+        device.release_shader_module(shader);
+        bool stale=false;try{device.with_shader_module(shader,[](const auto&){});}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){stale=true;}
+        auto replacement=device.create_shader_module(descriptor);
+        if(!stale || replacement.generation==shader.generation)throw std::runtime_error("Shader generation identity reused");
+        device.release_shader_module(replacement);
+    });
+    // An owned render pipeline must remain usable by an encoded command after
+    // its table reference and source shader have been released.
+    native_device->device.PushErrorScope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+    root.with_device(owned_device,[&](auto& device) {
+        wgpu::ShaderSourceWGSL source{};
+        source.code=R"WGSL(
+            @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) i:u32)->@builtin(position) vec4f {
+                let p=array<vec2f,3>(vec2f(-1,-1),vec2f(3,-1),vec2f(-1,3));
+                return vec4f(p[i],0,1);
+            }
+            @fragment fn fs()->@location(0) vec4f {return vec4f(1,0,0,1);}
+        )WGSL";
+        wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor shader_desc{};shader_desc.nextInChain=&source;
+        auto shader=device.create_shader_module(shader_desc);
+        wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor descriptor{};
+        wgpu::ColorTargetState target{};target.format=wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;
+        wgpu::FragmentState fragment{};fragment.entryPoint="fs";fragment.targetCount=1;fragment.targets=&target;
+        descriptor.fragment=&fragment;descriptor.vertex.entryPoint="vs";
+        resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPipeline> pipeline;
+        device.with_shader_module(shader,[&](const auto& module) {
+            descriptor.vertex.module=module;fragment.module=module;
+            pipeline=device.create_render_pipeline(descriptor);
+            bool full=false;try{device.create_render_pipeline(descriptor);}catch(const std::length_error&){full=true;}
+            if(!full || device.live_render_pipelines()!=1)throw std::runtime_error("Render pipeline capacity failed");
+        });
+        device.release_shader_module(shader);
+        wgpu::TextureDescriptor texture_desc{};texture_desc.size={4,4,1};texture_desc.format=target.format;
+        texture_desc.usage=wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment;
+        auto texture=device.create_texture(texture_desc);
+        auto view_handle=device.create_texture_view(texture,{});wgpu::TextureView view;
+        bool texture_full=false,view_full=false;
+        try{device.create_texture(texture_desc);}catch(const std::length_error&){texture_full=true;}
+        try{device.create_texture_view(texture,{});}catch(const std::length_error&){view_full=true;}
+        if(!texture_full || !view_full)throw std::runtime_error("Texture capacity admission failed");
+        device.with_texture_view(view_handle,[&](const auto& native) {
+            view=native;bool release_guard=false,destroy_guard=false,close_guard=false;
+            try{device.release_texture_view(view_handle);}catch(const std::logic_error&){release_guard=true;}
+            try{device.destroy_texture(texture);}catch(const std::logic_error&){destroy_guard=true;}
+            try{device.close();}catch(const std::logic_error&){close_guard=true;}
+            if(!release_guard || !destroy_guard || !close_guard)throw std::runtime_error("Borrowed texture view lifetime unguarded");
+        });
+        device.release_texture(texture); // The view retains its source texture.
+        device.release_texture_view(view_handle);
+        bool stale_texture=false,stale_view=false;
+        try{device.with_texture(texture,[](const auto&){});}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){stale_texture=true;}
+        try{device.with_texture_view(view_handle,[](const auto&){});}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){stale_view=true;}
+        if(!stale_texture || !stale_view || device.live_textures() || device.live_texture_views())throw std::runtime_error("Texture references did not retire");
+        wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment attachment{};attachment.view=view;
+        attachment.loadOp=wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;attachment.storeOp=wgpu::StoreOp::Store;
+        wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor pass_desc{};pass_desc.colorAttachmentCount=1;pass_desc.colorAttachments=&attachment;
+        auto encoder=device.create_command_encoder({});auto pass=device.begin_render_pass(encoder,pass_desc);
+        bool encoder_full=false,pass_full=false;
+        try{device.create_command_encoder({});}catch(const std::length_error&){encoder_full=true;}
+        try{device.begin_render_pass(encoder,pass_desc);}catch(const std::length_error&){pass_full=true;}
+        if(!encoder_full || !pass_full)throw std::runtime_error("Command resource capacity failed");
+        device.with_render_pipeline(pipeline,[&](const auto& native) {
+            bool guarded=false;try{device.release_render_pipeline(pipeline);}catch(const std::logic_error&){guarded=true;}
+            bool close_guarded=false;try{device.close();}catch(const std::logic_error&){close_guarded=true;}
+            if(!guarded || !close_guarded)throw std::runtime_error("Borrowed render pipeline lifetime unguarded");
+            device.with_render_pass(pass,[&](const auto& native_pass) {
+                bool guarded=false;try{device.release_render_pass(pass);}catch(const std::logic_error&){guarded=true;}
+                if(!guarded)throw std::runtime_error("Borrowed render pass release unguarded");
+                native_pass.SetPipeline(native);native_pass.Draw(3);native_pass.End();
+            });
+        });
+        device.release_render_pass(pass);
+        auto command=device.finish_command_encoder(encoder,{});
+        bool command_full=false;try{device.finish_command_encoder(encoder,{});}catch(const std::length_error&){command_full=true;}
+        if(!command_full)throw std::runtime_error("Command buffer capacity failed");
+        device.release_command_encoder(encoder);
+        device.release_render_pipeline(pipeline);
+        bool stale=false;try{device.with_render_pipeline(pipeline,[](const auto&){});}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){stale=true;}
+        if(!stale || device.live_render_pipelines()!=0)throw std::runtime_error("Render pipeline stale handle accepted");
+        device.with_command_buffer(command,[&](const auto& native_command) {
+            bool close_guard=false;try{device.close();}catch(const std::logic_error&){close_guard=true;}
+            if(!close_guard)throw std::runtime_error("Borrowed command buffer did not guard device close");
+            device.native().GetQueue().Submit(1,&native_command);
+        });
+        device.release_command_buffer(command);
+        bool stale_command=false;try{device.with_command_buffer(command,[](const auto&){});}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){stale_command=true;}
+        if(!stale_command || device.live_command_buffers() || device.live_command_encoders() || device.live_render_passes())throw std::runtime_error("Command handles did not retire");
+    });
+    bool render_checked=false;
+    native_device->device.PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [&](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus status,wgpu::ErrorType type,wgpu::StringView) {
+            if(status!=wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus::Success || type!=wgpu::ErrorType::NoError)
+                throw std::runtime_error("Owned render pipeline draw failed validation");
+            render_checked=true;
+        });
+    const auto render_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(10);
+    while(!render_checked && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<render_deadline) {
+        root.pump([](auto) {});
+        if(!render_checked)wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[]{return false;});
+    }
+    if(!render_checked)throw std::runtime_error("Render pipeline validation did not complete");
+    root.with_device(owned_device,[&](auto& device) {
+        wgpu::TextureDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.size={1,1,1};descriptor.format=wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;descriptor.usage=wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment;
+        auto imported=device.native().CreateTexture(&descriptor);
+        bool missing_source=false;try{device.adopt_texture({},imported);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){missing_source=true;}
+        if(!missing_source)throw std::runtime_error("Imported texture accepted without its source device");
+        auto texture=device.adopt_texture(device.native(),imported);
+        device.with_texture(texture,[&](const auto& native){if(native.Get()!=imported.Get())throw std::runtime_error("Texture adoption changed native identity");});
+        bool full=false;try{device.adopt_texture(device.native(),imported);}catch(const std::length_error&){full=true;}
+        if(!full||device.live_textures()!=1)throw std::runtime_error("Imported texture capacity admission failed");
+        auto view=device.create_texture_view(texture,{});
+        device.destroy_texture(texture);device.destroy_texture(texture);
+        if(device.live_textures()!=1 || device.live_texture_views()!=1)throw std::runtime_error("Texture destroy removed API handles");
+        device.release_texture_view(view);device.release_texture(texture);
+    });
+    auto shader_releases=root.release_endpoint();
+    resource_handle<wgpu::ShaderModule> retired_shader,reused_shader;
+    release_ticket retired_ticket;
+    root.with_device(owned_device,[&](auto& device) {
+        wgpu::ShaderSourceWGSL source{};source.code="@compute @workgroup_size(1) fn main() {}";
+        wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.nextInChain=&source;
+        retired_shader=device.create_shader_module(descriptor);
+        retired_ticket=shader_releases->reserve(graphics_service::deferred_shader_module_release(owned_device,retired_shader)).value();
+        device.release_shader_module(retired_shader);
+        reused_shader=device.create_shader_module(descriptor);
+    });
+    std::thread stale_shader_finalizer([&] {if(!shader_releases->publish(retired_ticket))std::terminate();});
+    stale_shader_finalizer.join();
+    root.drain_commands();
+    root.with_device(owned_device,[&](auto& device) {
+        device.with_shader_module(reused_shader,[](const auto& native) {if(!native)throw std::runtime_error("Stale finalizer released replacement shader");});
+        if(device.live_shader_modules()!=1)throw std::runtime_error("Stale shader release changed live count");
+    });
+    auto release_shader_ticket=shader_releases->reserve(graphics_service::deferred_shader_module_release(owned_device,reused_shader)).value();
+    std::thread shader_finalizer([&] {if(!shader_releases->publish(release_shader_ticket))std::terminate();});shader_finalizer.join();
+    root.with_device(owned_device,[&](auto& device) {if(device.live_shader_modules()!=1)throw std::runtime_error("Finalizer released native shader inline");});
+    root.drain_commands();
+    root.with_device(owned_device,[&](auto& device) {if(device.live_shader_modules()!=0)throw std::runtime_error("Shader finalizer did not retire handle");});
+    if(shader_releases->occupied()!=0)return 1;
+    auto second_adapter=std::make_shared<result>();
+    auto adapter_ticket=mailbox->reserve(19,owner).value();
+    service.instance().RequestAdapter(&options,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,adapter_ticket,second_adapter](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status,wgpu::Adapter adapter,wgpu::StringView) {
+            second_adapter->adapter=std::move(adapter);
+            mailbox->publish(adapter_ticket,status==wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    bool adapter_done=false;
+    const auto adapter_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+    while (!adapter_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<adapter_deadline) {
+        service.pump([&](auto record) {
+            if (record.operation!=19 || record.status!=completion_status::success)
+                throw std::runtime_error("second adapter request failed");
+            adapter_done=true;
+        });
+        if (!adapter_done) wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!adapter_done || !second_adapter->adapter) return 1;
+    auto second_native=std::make_shared<device_result>();
+    auto second_ticket=mailbox->reserve(20,owner).value();
+    wgpu::DeviceDescriptor second_descriptor{};
+    auto second_loss=std::make_shared<device_loss_signal>(wake);
+    device_loss_signal::configure(second_descriptor,second_loss);
+    second_adapter->adapter.RequestDevice(&second_descriptor,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,second_ticket,second_native](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus status,wgpu::Device device,wgpu::StringView) {
+            second_native->device=std::move(device);
+            mailbox->publish(second_ticket,status==wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    const auto second_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+    bool second_done=false;
+    while (!second_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<second_deadline) {
+        service.pump([&](auto record) {
+            if (record.operation!=20 || record.status!=completion_status::success)
+                throw std::runtime_error("native device request failed");
+            second_done=true;
+        });
+        if (!second_done) wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!second_done || !second_native->device) return 1;
+    auto second_owned=root.adopt_device(second_adapter->adapter,second_native->device,second_loss);
+    resource_owner second_owner{};
+    root.with_device(second_owned,[&](auto& device) { second_owner=device.owner(); });
+    if (root.live_devices()!=2 || owner==second_owner) return 1;
+    resource_handle<wgpu::Buffer> managed_buffer;
+    wgpu::Buffer borrowed_buffer_reference;
+    root.with_device(owned_device,[&](auto& device) {
+        browser_buffer.usage=0x6;
+        auto descriptor=make_dawn_buffer_descriptor(browser_buffer);
+        managed_buffer=device.create_buffer(*descriptor);
+        bool capacity_rejected=false;
+        try { device.create_buffer(*descriptor); }
+        catch (const std::length_error&) { capacity_rejected=true; }
+        if (!capacity_rejected || device.live_buffers()!=1) throw std::runtime_error("Buffer capacity was not enforced");
+        device.with_buffer(managed_buffer,[&](const auto& buffer) {
+            borrowed_buffer_reference=buffer;
+            bool destroy_guard=false,release_guard=false,close_guard=false;
+            try { device.destroy_buffer(managed_buffer); } catch (const std::logic_error&) { destroy_guard=true; }
+            try { device.release_buffer(managed_buffer); } catch (const std::logic_error&) { release_guard=true; }
+            try { device.close(); } catch (const std::logic_error&) { close_guard=true; }
+            if (!destroy_guard || !release_guard || !close_guard) throw std::runtime_error("Buffer execution guards failed");
+        });
+    });
+    bool foreign_buffer=false;
+    root.with_device(second_owned,[&](auto& device) {
+        try { device.with_buffer(managed_buffer,[](const auto&) {}); }
+        catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { foreign_buffer=true; }
+    });
+    if (!foreign_buffer) return 1;
+    auto buffer_release=root.release_endpoint();
+    const auto buffer_release_ticket=buffer_release->reserve(graphics_service::deferred_buffer_release(owned_device,managed_buffer));
+    if (!buffer_release_ticket) return 1;
+    std::thread buffer_finalizer([&] {
+        if (!buffer_release->publish(*buffer_release_ticket)) std::terminate();
+    });
+    buffer_finalizer.join();
+    root.drain_commands();
+    root.with_device(owned_device,[&](auto& device) {
+        bool stale=false;
+        try { device.with_buffer(managed_buffer,[](const auto&) {}); }
+        catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { stale=true; }
+        if (!stale || device.live_buffers()!=0 || borrowed_buffer_reference.GetMapState()!=wgpu::BufferMapState::Mapped
+            || !borrowed_buffer_reference.GetMappedRange(0,64)) throw std::runtime_error("Wrapper release destroyed native buffer");
+        auto descriptor=make_dawn_buffer_descriptor(browser_buffer);
+        auto replacement=device.create_buffer(*descriptor);
+        if (replacement.slot!=managed_buffer.slot || replacement.generation==managed_buffer.generation)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Buffer slot generation was not advanced");
+        device.destroy_buffer(replacement);
+        device.destroy_buffer(replacement);
+        device.with_buffer(replacement,[](const auto& buffer) {
+            if (buffer.GetSize()!=64 || buffer.GetMapState()!=wgpu::BufferMapState::Unmapped)
+                throw std::runtime_error("Destroyed buffer wrapper lost metadata");
+        });
+        device.release_buffer(replacement);
+    });
+    borrowed_buffer_reference.Unmap();
+    borrowed_buffer_reference=nullptr;
+    test_canvas_storage(service,native_device->device,second_native->device);
+    test_canvas_consumer_pixels(service,native_device->device);
+    bool foreign_rejected=false;
+    try { other_root.with_device(owned_device,[](auto&) {}); }
+    catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { foreign_rejected=true; }
+    if (!foreign_rejected) return 1;
+    // Resource-table destruction is logical until this device's GPU queue has
+    // completed. Exercise a real command buffer, rather than a synthetic serial.
+    resource_table<wgpu::Buffer> buffers(2,owner);
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor buffer_descriptor{};
+    buffer_descriptor.size=4096;
+    buffer_descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc;
+    auto buffer=buffers.insert(owner,std::make_unique<wgpu::Buffer>(
+        native_device->device.CreateBuffer(&buffer_descriptor)));
+    auto encoder=native_device->device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    encoder.ClearBuffer(buffers.get(buffer,owner),0,4096);
+    auto commands=encoder.Finish();
+    auto submitted=mailbox->reserve(11,owner).value();
+    buffers.mark_used(buffer,owner,1);
+    auto queue=native_device->device.GetQueue();
+    queue.Submit(1,&commands);
+    queue.OnSubmittedWorkDone(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,submitted](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+            mailbox->publish(submitted,status==wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    buffers.destroy(buffer,owner);
+    if (buffers.resident_count()!=1 || buffers.deferred_count()!=1) return 1;
+    bool submission_done=false;
+    const auto submission_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+    while (!submission_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<submission_deadline) {
+        service.pump([&](auto record) {
+            if (record.operation!=11 || record.status!=completion_status::success)
+                throw std::runtime_error("native queue completion failed");
+            buffers.complete(1);
+            submission_done=true;
+        });
+        if (!submission_done) wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!submission_done || buffers.resident_count()!=0 || buffers.deferred_count()!=0) return 1;
+    // Map completion must progress without presentation, including cancellation
+    // caused by destroying a buffer before ProcessEvents delivers the callback.
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor map_descriptor{};
+    map_descriptor.size=4096;
+    map_descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::MapRead | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
+    for (const bool destroy_pending : {false,true}) {
+        auto mapped=native_device->device.CreateBuffer(&map_descriptor);
+        auto map_ticket=mailbox->reserve(destroy_pending ? 13 : 12,owner).value();
+        auto map_status=std::make_shared<wgpu::MapAsyncStatus>();
+        mapped.MapAsync(wgpu::MapMode::Read,0,4096,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+            [mailbox,map_ticket,map_status](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+                *map_status=status;
+                mailbox->publish(map_ticket,status==wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success
+                    ? completion_status::success : completion_status::cancelled);
+            });
+        if (destroy_pending) mapped.Destroy();
+        bool map_done=false;
+        const auto map_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+        while (!map_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<map_deadline) {
+            service.pump([&](auto record) {
+                if (record.operation!=(destroy_pending ? 13u : 12u))
+                    throw std::runtime_error("unexpected map completion");
+                map_done=true;
+            });
+            if (!map_done) wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+        }
+        if (!map_done || *map_status!=(destroy_pending
+            ? wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Aborted : wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success)) return 1;
+        if (!destroy_pending) {
+            const auto* bytes=static_cast<const unsigned char*>(mapped.GetConstMappedRange(0,4096));
+            if (!bytes) return 1;
+            for (size_t i=0;i<4096;++i) if (bytes[i]!=0) return 1;
+            mapped.Unmap();
+            mapped.Destroy();
+        }
+        if (mailbox->has_pending() || mailbox->has_ready()) return 1;
+    }
+    auto pending_device=mailbox->reserve(14,owner).value();
+    auto pending_map=native_device->device.CreateBuffer(&map_descriptor);
+    struct cancelled_map_result { bool called{},accepted{}; };
+    auto cancelled_map=std::make_shared<cancelled_map_result>();
+    pending_map.MapAsync(wgpu::MapMode::Read,0,4096,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,pending_device,cancelled_map](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus,wgpu::StringView) {
+            cancelled_map->called=true;
+            cancelled_map->accepted=mailbox->publish(pending_device,completion_status::success);
+        });
+    auto independent_owner=second_owner;
+    auto independent=mailbox->reserve(15,independent_owner).value();
+    root.destroy_device(owned_device);
+    if (root.live_devices()!=1) return 1;
+    bool stale_rejected=false;
+    try { root.with_device(owned_device,[](auto&) {}); }
+    catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { stale_rejected=true; }
+    if (!stale_rejected || !mailbox->publish(independent,completion_status::success)) return 1;
+    size_t device_records=0;
+    service.pump([&](auto record) {
+        if ((record.operation==14 && record.status==completion_status::cancelled)
+            || (record.operation==15 && record.status==completion_status::success)) ++device_records;
+        else throw std::runtime_error("device cancellation crossed ownership boundary");
+    });
+    const auto cancellation_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+    while (!cancelled_map->called && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<cancellation_deadline) {
+        if (root.has_ready_work())
+            root.pump([](auto) { throw std::runtime_error("duplicate device cancellation"); });
+        if (!cancelled_map->called) wake->wait_for(
+            root.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100)),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (device_records!=2 || !cancelled_map->called || cancelled_map->accepted) return 1;
+    // The surviving native device must still execute an upload and map after
+    // its sibling was destroyed, with no presentation or animation-frame pump.
+    auto survivor_buffer=second_native->device.CreateBuffer(&map_descriptor);
+    std::vector<uint32_t> upload(1024,0x13579bdfu);
+    second_native->device.GetQueue().WriteBuffer(survivor_buffer,0,upload.data(),4096);
+    std::fill(upload.begin(),upload.end(),0u);
+    auto survivor_ticket=mailbox->reserve(21,second_owner).value();
+    survivor_buffer.MapAsync(wgpu::MapMode::Read,0,4096,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,survivor_ticket](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+            mailbox->publish(survivor_ticket,status==wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    bool survivor_done=false;
+    const auto survivor_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+    while (!survivor_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<survivor_deadline) {
+        service.pump([&](auto record) {
+            if (record.operation!=21 || record.status!=completion_status::success)
+                throw std::runtime_error("surviving device failed after sibling destruction");
+            survivor_done=true;
+        });
+        if (!survivor_done) wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!survivor_done) return 1;
+    const auto* uploaded=static_cast<const uint32_t*>(survivor_buffer.GetConstMappedRange(0,4096));
+    if (!uploaded) return 1;
+    for (size_t i=0;i<1024;++i) if (uploaded[i]!=0x13579bdfu) return 1;
+    survivor_buffer.Unmap();
+    survivor_buffer.Destroy();
+    wgpu::ShaderSourceWGSL wgsl{};
+    wgsl.code="@compute @workgroup_size(1) fn main() {}";
+    wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor shader_descriptor{};
+    shader_descriptor.nextInChain=&wgsl;
+    auto shader=second_native->device.CreateShaderModule(&shader_descriptor);
+    wgpu::ComputePipelineDescriptor pipeline_descriptor{};
+    pipeline_descriptor.compute.module=shader;
+    pipeline_descriptor.compute.entryPoint="main";
+    auto pipeline_ticket=mailbox->reserve(24,second_owner).value();
+    auto pipeline=std::make_shared<wgpu::ComputePipeline>();
+    second_native->device.CreateComputePipelineAsync(&pipeline_descriptor,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,pipeline_ticket,pipeline](wgpu::CreatePipelineAsyncStatus status,wgpu::ComputePipeline result,wgpu::StringView) {
+            *pipeline=std::move(result);
+            mailbox->publish(pipeline_ticket,status==wgpu::CreatePipelineAsyncStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    bool pipeline_done=false;
+    const auto pipeline_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(10);
+    while (!pipeline_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<pipeline_deadline) {
+        if (root.has_ready_work()) root.pump([&](auto record) {
+            if (record.operation!=24 || record.status!=completion_status::success)
+                throw std::runtime_error("asynchronous native compute pipeline failed");
+            pipeline_done=true;
+        });
+        if (!pipeline_done) wake->wait_for(root.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100)),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!pipeline_done || !*pipeline) return 1;
+    // Captured validation errors and empty scopes both complete independently
+    // of animation frames. A captured error must not poison the next scope.
+    for (const bool invalid : {true,false}) {
+        second_native->device.PushErrorScope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+        wgpu::BufferDescriptor scoped_descriptor{};
+        scoped_descriptor.size=4;
+        scoped_descriptor.usage=invalid ? wgpu::BufferUsage::None : wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
+        auto scoped_buffer=second_native->device.CreateBuffer(&scoped_descriptor);
+        auto error_ticket=mailbox->reserve(invalid ? 25 : 26,second_owner).value();
+        second_native->device.PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+            [mailbox,error_ticket,invalid](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus status,wgpu::ErrorType type,wgpu::StringView message) {
+                const bool expected=status==wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus::Success
+                    && type==(invalid ? wgpu::ErrorType::Validation : wgpu::ErrorType::NoError)
+                    && (!invalid || (message.data && message.length));
+                mailbox->publish(error_ticket,expected ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+            });
+        bool error_done=false;
+        const auto error_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+        while (!error_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<error_deadline) {
+            if (root.has_ready_work()) root.pump([&](auto record) {
+                if (record.operation!=(invalid ? 25u : 26u) || record.status!=completion_status::success)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("native error scope completion was incorrect");
+                error_done=true;
+            });
+            if (!error_done) wake->wait_for(root.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100)),[] { return false; });
+        }
+        if (!error_done || mailbox->metrics().occupied!=0) return 1;
+    }
+    for(const bool invalid:{false,true}) {
+        second_native->device.PushErrorScope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+        root.with_device(second_owned,[&](auto& device) {
+            wgpu::ShaderSourceWGSL source{};
+            source.code=invalid?"@compute fn broken( {":"@compute @workgroup_size(1) fn main() {}";
+            wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.nextInChain=&source;
+            auto shader=device.create_shader_module(descriptor);
+            // Invalid shader modules remain valid API objects; validation is
+            // delivered through the native scope rather than a null wrapper.
+            device.with_shader_module(shader,[&](const auto& native) {if(!native)throw std::runtime_error("Shader module wrapper missing");});
+            device.release_shader_module(shader);
+        });
+        auto shader_ticket=mailbox->reserve(30,second_owner).value();
+        second_native->device.PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+            [mailbox,shader_ticket,invalid](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus status,wgpu::ErrorType type,wgpu::StringView) {
+                mailbox->publish(shader_ticket,status==wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus::Success
+                    && type==(invalid?wgpu::ErrorType::Validation:wgpu::ErrorType::NoError)?completion_status::success:completion_status::failed);
+            });
+        bool compiled=false;auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+        while(!compiled && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline) {
+            root.pump([&](auto record) {if(record.operation!=30 || record.status!=completion_status::success)throw std::runtime_error("Owned WGSL validation result incorrect");compiled=true;});
+            if(!compiled)wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[]{return false;});
+        }
+        if(!compiled)return 1;
+    }
+    // Keep another adopted device alive across the sibling ForceLoss.
+    auto isolation_adapter=std::make_shared<result>();
+    auto isolation_adapter_ticket=mailbox->reserve(40,second_owner).value();
+    service.instance().RequestAdapter(&options,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,isolation_adapter_ticket,isolation_adapter](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status,wgpu::Adapter adapter,wgpu::StringView) {
+            isolation_adapter->adapter=std::move(adapter);
+            mailbox->publish(isolation_adapter_ticket,status==wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    bool isolation_adapter_done=false;
+    const auto isolation_adapter_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+    while (!isolation_adapter_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<isolation_adapter_deadline) {
+        service.pump([&](auto record) {
+            if (record.operation!=40 || record.status!=completion_status::success)
+                throw std::runtime_error("isolation adapter request failed");
+            isolation_adapter_done=true;
+        });
+        if (!isolation_adapter_done) wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!isolation_adapter_done || !isolation_adapter->adapter) return 1;
+    auto isolation_native=std::make_shared<device_result>();
+    auto isolation_ticket=mailbox->reserve(41,second_owner).value();
+    wgpu::DeviceDescriptor isolation_descriptor{};
+    auto isolation_loss=std::make_shared<device_loss_signal>(wake);
+    device_loss_signal::configure(isolation_descriptor,isolation_loss);
+    isolation_adapter->adapter.RequestDevice(&isolation_descriptor,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,isolation_ticket,isolation_native](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus status,wgpu::Device device,wgpu::StringView message) {
+            if(status!=wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success && message.data) std::cerr << "Isolation device request: " << std::string_view(message.data,message.length) << "\n";
+            isolation_native->device=std::move(device);
+            mailbox->publish(isolation_ticket,status==wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    const auto isolation_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+    bool isolation_done=false;
+    while (!isolation_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<isolation_deadline) {
+        service.pump([&](auto record) {
+            if (record.operation!=41 || record.status!=completion_status::success)
+                throw std::runtime_error("native device request failed");
+            isolation_done=true;
+        });
+        if (!isolation_done) wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!isolation_done || !isolation_native->device) return 1;
+    auto isolation_owned=root.adopt_device(isolation_adapter->adapter,isolation_native->device,isolation_loss);
+    resource_owner isolation_owner{};
+    root.with_device(isolation_owned,[&](auto& device) { isolation_owner=device.owner(); });
+    if (root.live_devices()!=2 || second_owner==isolation_owner) return 1;
+    auto loss_ticket=mailbox->reserve(22,second_owner).value();
+    auto loss_buffer=second_native->device.CreateBuffer(&map_descriptor);
+    struct loss_map_result { bool called{},accepted{}; };
+    auto loss_map=std::make_shared<loss_map_result>();
+    loss_buffer.MapAsync(wgpu::MapMode::Read,0,4096,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,loss_ticket,loss_map](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+            loss_map->called=true;
+            loss_map->accepted=mailbox->publish(loss_ticket,status==wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    second_native->device.ForceLoss(wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Unknown,"G02 loss test");
+    const auto loss_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while (!second_loss->lost.load(std::memory_order_acquire) && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<loss_deadline)
+        wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+    if (!second_loss->lost.load(std::memory_order_acquire) || !root.has_ready_work()) return 1;
+    bool loss_delivered=false;
+    root.pump([&](auto record) {
+        if (record.operation!=22 || record.status!=completion_status::device_lost)
+            throw std::runtime_error("device loss did not terminate its pending record");
+        loss_delivered=true;
+    });
+    bool lost_rejected=false;
+    root.with_device(second_owned,[&](auto& device) {
+        try { device.native(); } catch (const std::logic_error&) { lost_rejected=true; }
+    });
+    const auto map_retirement_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while (!loss_map->called && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<map_retirement_deadline) {
+        if (root.has_ready_work()) root.pump([](auto) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("lost mapping delivered twice");
+        });
+        if (!loss_map->called) wake->wait_for(root.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100)),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!loss_delivered || !lost_rejected || !loss_map->called || loss_map->accepted
+        || mailbox->metrics().occupied!=0 || mailbox->metrics().native_pending!=0) return 1;
+    loss_buffer.Destroy();
+    root.with_device(isolation_owned,[](auto& device) { (void)device.native(); });
+    auto isolated_buffer=isolation_native->device.CreateBuffer(&map_descriptor);
+    std::vector<uint32_t> isolated_upload(1024,0x13579bdfu);
+    isolation_native->device.GetQueue().WriteBuffer(isolated_buffer,0,isolated_upload.data(),4096);
+    std::fill(isolated_upload.begin(),isolated_upload.end(),0u);
+    auto isolated_ticket=mailbox->reserve(42,isolation_owner).value();
+    isolated_buffer.MapAsync(wgpu::MapMode::Read,0,4096,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [mailbox,isolated_ticket](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status,wgpu::StringView) {
+            mailbox->publish(isolated_ticket,status==wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success
+                ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+        });
+    bool isolated_done=false;
+    const auto isolated_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(30);
+    while (!isolated_done && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<isolated_deadline) {
+        service.pump([&](auto record) {
+            if (record.operation!=42 || record.status!=completion_status::success)
+                throw std::runtime_error("surviving device failed after sibling forced loss");
+            isolated_done=true;
+        });
+        if (!isolated_done) wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1),[] { return false; });
+    }
+    if (!isolated_done) return 1;
+    const auto* isolated_uploaded=static_cast<const uint32_t*>(isolated_buffer.GetConstMappedRange(0,4096));
+    if (!isolated_uploaded) return 1;
+    for (size_t i=0;i<1024;++i) if (isolated_uploaded[i]!=0x13579bdfu) return 1;
+    isolated_buffer.Unmap();
+    isolated_buffer.Destroy();
+    if(isolation_loss->lost.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) return 1;
+    root.destroy_device(isolation_owned);
+    if(root.live_devices()!=1 || mailbox->metrics().occupied!=0) return 1;
+    auto releases=root.command_endpoint(2,0);
+    auto release=graphics_service::deferred_device_release(second_owned);
+    std::thread finalizer([&] {
+        if (releases->enqueue(release)!=enqueue_result::accepted
+            || releases->enqueue(release)!=enqueue_result::accepted) std::terminate();
+    });
+    finalizer.join();
+    if (root.live_devices()!=1) return 1;
+    root.pump([](auto) { throw std::runtime_error("unexpected release completion"); });
+    if (root.live_devices()!=0 || mailbox->has_pending() || mailbox->has_ready()) return 1;
+    service.close();
+    bool rejected=false;
+    try { service.instance(); } catch (const std::logic_error&) { rejected=true; }
+    if (!rejected) return 1;
+    // Close before processing the next native request. The promise-side record
+    // must terminate once; the backend callback may arrive only after teardown.
+    auto cancelled=std::make_unique<dawn_event_service>(1,wake);
+    auto retained=cancelled->completions();
+    auto pending=retained->reserve(2,owner).value();
+    auto late_accepted=std::make_shared<bool>(false);
+    cancelled->instance().RequestAdapter(&options,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowProcessEvents,
+        [retained,pending,late_accepted](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus,wgpu::Adapter,wgpu::StringView) {
+            *late_accepted=retained->publish(pending,completion_status::success);
+        });
+    cancelled->close();
+    size_t terminated=0;
+    cancelled->pump([&](auto record) {
+        if (record.operation!=2 || record.status!=completion_status::cancelled)
+            throw std::runtime_error("pending operation not cancelled");
+        ++terminated;
+    });
+    cancelled.reset();
+    if (terminated!=1 || *late_accepted || retained->has_ready()
+        || retained->publish(pending,completion_status::success)) return 1;
+    std::cout << "Native Dawn adapter/device/submission completion and deferred buffer release passed without RAF/UI\n";
+} catch(const std::exception& error) {
+    std::cerr << "Dawn event test failed: " << error.what() << '\n';
+    return 1;
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_dxgi_contract_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_dxgi_contract_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ad2cba8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_dxgi_contract_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include "graphics/dxgi_bridge_contract.h"
+#include <stdexcept>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+int main() {
+    auto require=[](bool value) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error("DXGI negotiation requirement failed"); };
+    dxgi_endpoint producer{{10,-1,true},dxgi_api::d3d12,0x1f,0x7,true,false};
+    auto consumer=producer; consumer.api=dxgi_api::d3d11;
+    image_metadata image{1,2,1,1,3,1,64,64};
+    auto choice=choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image);
+    require(choice.status==dxgi_bridge_status::supported && choice.synchronization==dxgi_sync::shared_fence);
+    consumer.adapter.low=11; require(choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image).status==dxgi_bridge_status::cross_adapter);
+    consumer.adapter=producer.adapter; consumer.adapter.valid=false;
+    require(choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image).status==dxgi_bridge_status::unknown_adapter);
+    consumer=producer; consumer.color_formats=0;
+    require(choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image).status==dxgi_bridge_status::unsupported_format);
+    consumer=producer; consumer.alpha_modes=0;
+    require(choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image).status==dxgi_bridge_status::unsupported_alpha);
+    consumer=producer; require(choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image,4).status==dxgi_bridge_status::needs_resolve);
+    consumer.shared_fence=false; consumer.keyed_mutex=true; producer.keyed_mutex=true;
+    require(choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image).status==dxgi_bridge_status::unsupported_synchronization);
+    producer.api=consumer.api=dxgi_api::d3d11;
+    require(choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image).synchronization==dxgi_sync::keyed_mutex);
+    consumer.api=static_cast<dxgi_api>(99);
+    require(choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image).status==dxgi_bridge_status::unsupported_api);
+    consumer.api=dxgi_api::d3d11;
+    image.format=static_cast<image_format>(UINT32_MAX);
+    require(choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image).status==dxgi_bridge_status::unsupported_format);
+    image.format=image_format::rgba8_unorm; image.width=0;
+    require(choose_dxgi_bridge(producer,consumer,image).status==dxgi_bridge_status::invalid_dimensions);
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_fixture_dawn_clear.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_fixture_dawn_clear.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..103d02be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_fixture_dawn_clear.h
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/dawn_iosurface_submission.h"
+#include "graphics/dawn_iosurface_canvas_host.h"
+#include <IOSurface/IOSurface.h>
+#include <atomic>
+
+// Synchronous diagnostic producer only; never part of ordinary presentation.
+inline std::optional<webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool::retained> fixture_dawn_clear(
+    webscene::graphics::iosurface_canvas_images::frame&& frame) {
+    constexpr auto feature=wgpu::InstanceFeatureName::TimedWaitAny;
+    wgpu::InstanceDescriptor instanceDescription{};
+    instanceDescription.requiredFeatureCount=1;
+    instanceDescription.requiredFeatures=&feature;
+    auto instance=wgpu::CreateInstance(&instanceDescription);
+    if (!instance) return {};
+    auto wait=[&](wgpu::Future future) {
+        return instance.WaitAny(future,30'000'000'000ULL)==wgpu::WaitStatus::Success;
+    };
+    auto adapter=std::make_shared<wgpu::Adapter>();
+    wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions options{}; options.backendType=wgpu::BackendType::Metal;
+    if (!wait(instance.RequestAdapter(&options,wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+        [adapter](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status,wgpu::Adapter value,wgpu::StringView) {
+            if (status==wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success) *adapter=std::move(value);
+        })) || !*adapter) return {};
+    wgpu::AdapterInfo info{};
+    if (adapter->GetInfo(&info)!=wgpu::Status::Success ||
+        (info.adapterType!=wgpu::AdapterType::IntegratedGPU && info.adapterType!=wgpu::AdapterType::DiscreteGPU))
+        return {};
+    const wgpu::FeatureName features[]={wgpu::FeatureName::SharedTextureMemoryIOSurface,
+        wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceMTLSharedEvent};
+    for (auto required:features) if (!adapter->HasFeature(required)) return {};
+    auto error=std::make_shared<std::atomic<bool>>(false);
+    wgpu::DeviceDescriptor deviceDescription{};
+    deviceDescription.requiredFeatureCount=2; deviceDescription.requiredFeatures=features;
+    deviceDescription.SetUncapturedErrorCallback(
+        [](const wgpu::Device&,wgpu::ErrorType,wgpu::StringView,std::atomic<bool>* state) { state->store(true); },
+        error.get());
+    struct device_storage { std::shared_ptr<std::atomic<bool>> error; wgpu::Device device; };
+    auto storage=std::make_shared<device_storage>(device_storage{error,{}});
+    auto device=std::shared_ptr<wgpu::Device>(storage,&storage->device);
+    if (!wait(adapter->RequestDevice(&deviceDescription,wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+        [device](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus status,wgpu::Device value,wgpu::StringView) {
+            if (status==wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success) *device=std::move(value);
+        })) || !*device) return {};
+    // Recording rejection must release its slot without ever submitting GPU work.
+    using namespace webscene::graphics;
+    iosurface_canvas_images rejected(1024*1024);
+    auto empty=rejected.acquire(frame.metadata);
+    if (!empty || dawn_iosurface_submission::submit(std::move(*empty),*device,
+        [](const wgpu::Texture&) { return wgpu::CommandBuffer{}; },storage)) return {};
+    empty.reset();
+    if (rejected.busy_images()!=0) return {};
+    auto throwing=rejected.acquire(frame.metadata);
+    if (!throwing) return {};
+    bool caught=false;
+    try {
+        dawn_iosurface_submission::submit(std::move(*throwing),*device,
+            [](const wgpu::Texture&) -> wgpu::CommandBuffer { throw std::runtime_error("recording rejected"); },storage);
+    } catch (const std::runtime_error&) { caught=true; }
+    throwing.reset();
+    if (!caught || rejected.busy_images()!=0) return {};
+    struct counted_wake final : completion_wake {
+        std::atomic<unsigned> count{0};
+        void signal() noexcept override { ++count; }
+    };
+    auto invalid_frame=rejected.acquire(frame.metadata);
+    if (!invalid_frame) return {};
+    auto invalid_wake=std::make_shared<counted_wake>();
+    auto invalid=dawn_iosurface_submission::submit(std::move(*invalid_frame),*device,
+        [&](const wgpu::Texture&) {
+            wgpu::BufferDescriptor bad{}; bad.size=4; bad.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::None;
+            auto invalid_buffer=device->CreateBuffer(&bad);
+            return device->CreateCommandEncoder().Finish();
+        },storage,invalid_wake);
+    invalid_frame.reset();
+    if (!invalid || !wait(invalid->completion_future()) || !wait(invalid->validation_future()) ||
+        invalid->state()!=dawn_iosurface_submission::status::failed || invalid->take_ready() ||
+        invalid_wake->count.load()!=1 || rejected.busy_images()!=0) return {};
+    auto ready_wake=std::make_shared<counted_wake>();
+    wgpu::Texture expired_texture;
+    wgpu::TextureDescriptor description{};description.dimension=wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D;
+    description.size={frame.metadata.width,frame.metadata.height,1};description.format=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm;description.usage=wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment;
+    auto mismatch=description;mismatch.size.width++;
+    bool mismatch_rejected=false;
+    try{import_dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture(frame,*device,mismatch);}
+    catch(const std::invalid_argument&){mismatch_rejected=true;}
+    if(!mismatch_rejected)return {};
+    auto shared=import_dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture(frame,*device,description);
+    if(shared&&(shared->texture().GetUsage()!=description.usage||
+        !shared->matches(*device,frame.color->borrowed_handle())))return {};
+    wgpu::SharedTextureMemoryBeginAccessDescriptor access{};access.initialized=false;
+    if(!shared||!shared->begin(access))return {};
+    expired_texture=shared->texture();
+    auto encoder=device->CreateCommandEncoder();
+    wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment color{};color.view=shared->texture().CreateView();
+    color.loadOp=wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;color.storeOp=wgpu::StoreOp::Store;color.clearValue={0.2,0.4,0.6,1};
+    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor pass{};pass.colorAttachmentCount=1;pass.colorAttachments=&color;
+    auto recording=encoder.BeginRenderPass(&pass);recording.End();auto commands=encoder.Finish();
+    // Model application-owned submission: handoff must not submit this again.
+    auto foreign=rejected.acquire(frame.metadata);if(!foreign)return {};
+    bool foreign_rejected=false;
+    try{dawn_iosurface_submission::publish_submitted(std::move(*foreign),*device,shared,storage);}
+    catch(const std::invalid_argument&){foreign_rejected=true;}
+    if(!foreign_rejected||!foreign->color)return {};foreign.reset();
+    device->GetQueue().Submit(1,&commands);
+    auto submitted=dawn_iosurface_submission::publish_submitted(std::move(frame),*device,shared,storage,ready_wake);
+    auto captured=submitted ? submitted->capture_snapshot() : nullptr;
+    if(!captured)return {};
+    const auto captured_metadata=captured->describe();
+    // EndAccess's local output has been destroyed. Captured ownership must retain
+    // every exported Metal event/value, independently of callback completion.
+    const auto& handoff=captured->producer_handoff();
+    if(!handoff.initialized || !handoff.fenceCount ||
+        handoff.fenceCount!=handoff.signaledValueCount) return {};
+    for(size_t i=0;i<handoff.fenceCount;++i) {
+        wgpu::SharedFenceMTLSharedEventExportInfo metal;
+        wgpu::SharedFenceExportInfo info;info.nextInChain=&metal;
+        handoff.fences[i].ExportInfo(&info);
+        if(info.type!=wgpu::SharedFenceType::MTLSharedEvent || !metal.sharedEvent) return {};
+    }
+
+    if (!submitted || !wait(submitted->completion_future()) || !wait(submitted->validation_future()) ||
+        (ready_wake->count.load()<1 || ready_wake->count.load()>2) || error->load()) return {};
+    if(shared->begin(access)||!shared->expire_texture())return {};
+    device->PushErrorScope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+    auto invalid_view=expired_texture.CreateView();
+    auto expired_encoder=device->CreateCommandEncoder();
+    wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment expired_attachment{};expired_attachment.view=invalid_view;
+    expired_attachment.loadOp=wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;expired_attachment.storeOp=wgpu::StoreOp::Store;
+    expired_attachment.clearValue={1,0,1,1};
+    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor expired_pass{};expired_pass.colorAttachmentCount=1;expired_pass.colorAttachments=&expired_attachment;
+    auto expired_recording=expired_encoder.BeginRenderPass(&expired_pass);expired_recording.End();
+    auto expired_commands=expired_encoder.Finish();device->GetQueue().Submit(1,&expired_commands);
+    auto expired_rejected=std::make_shared<std::atomic<bool>>(false);
+    if(!wait(device->PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+        [expired_rejected](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus status,wgpu::ErrorType type,wgpu::StringView) {
+            expired_rejected->store(status==wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus::Success && type==wgpu::ErrorType::Validation);
+        })) || !expired_rejected->load())return {};
+    // Unconfigure/resize must retire submitted work without producing a scene
+    // lease. Even an uninitialized current texture is safe to discard.
+    for(bool submit_work:{false,true}) {
+    auto discarded_frame=rejected.acquire(frame.metadata);
+    if(!discarded_frame)return {};
+    auto discarded_shared=import_dawn_iosurface_canvas_texture(*discarded_frame,*device,description);
+    if(!discarded_shared||!discarded_shared->begin(access))return {};
+    if(submit_work) {
+        auto discard_encoder=device->CreateCommandEncoder();
+        wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment discard_color{};discard_color.view=discarded_shared->texture().CreateView();
+        discard_color.loadOp=wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;discard_color.storeOp=wgpu::StoreOp::Store;discard_color.clearValue={1,0,1,1};
+        wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor discard_pass{};discard_pass.colorAttachmentCount=1;discard_pass.colorAttachments=&discard_color;
+        auto discard_recording=discard_encoder.BeginRenderPass(&discard_pass);discard_recording.End();
+        auto discard_commands=discard_encoder.Finish();device->GetQueue().Submit(1,&discard_commands);
+    }
+    auto discarded_wake=std::make_shared<counted_wake>();
+    auto discarded=dawn_iosurface_submission::publish_submitted(std::move(*discarded_frame),*device,discarded_shared,storage,discarded_wake,false);
+    discarded_frame.reset();
+    if(!discarded||!wait(discarded->completion_future())||!wait(discarded->validation_future())||
+        discarded->state()!=dawn_iosurface_submission::status::discarded||discarded->take_ready()||
+        discarded_wake->count.load()!=1||rejected.busy_images()!=0||error->load())return {};
+    if(discarded_shared->begin(access)||!discarded_shared->expire_texture())return {};
+    }
+    dawn_iosurface_canvas_host canvas_provider(1024*1024);
+    auto host_texture=canvas_provider.acquire(frame.metadata,*device,description,storage);
+    if(!host_texture)return {};
+    bool duplicate_acquire=false;
+    try{canvas_provider.acquire(frame.metadata,*device,description,storage);}
+    catch(const std::logic_error&){duplicate_acquire=true;}
+    if(!duplicate_acquire)return {};
+    bool foreign_retirement=false;
+    try{canvas_provider.retire(expired_texture,false);}
+    catch(const std::invalid_argument&){foreign_retirement=true;}
+    if(!foreign_retirement)return {};
+    canvas_provider.retire(host_texture,false);
+    if(canvas_provider.capture_latest_submission())return {};
+    auto host_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while(!canvas_provider.idle()&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<host_deadline) {
+        instance.ProcessEvents();std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    if(!canvas_provider.idle()||canvas_provider.take_ready()||canvas_provider.busy_images()!=0)return {};
+    auto image=submitted->take_ready();
+    if (submitted->take_ready()) return {}; // A publication transfers once.
+    if(!image)return {};
+    if(image->describe().allocation!=captured_metadata.allocation ||
+        image->describe().content_serial!=captured_metadata.content_serial)return {};
+    image.reset();
+    // Draining the ordinary provider reference must not destroy a frozen
+    // scene's exact output. Its completion gate still resolves independently.
+    auto captured_image=captured->take_ready();
+    if(!captured_image || captured->take_ready() ||
+        captured_image->describe().allocation!=captured_metadata.allocation ||
+        captured_image->describe().content_serial!=captured_metadata.content_serial)return {};
+    captured_image.reset();captured.reset();
+    host_texture=canvas_provider.acquire(frame.metadata,*device,description,storage);
+    if(!host_texture)return {};
+    auto host_encoder=device->CreateCommandEncoder();
+    color.view=host_texture.CreateView();
+    auto host_recording=host_encoder.BeginRenderPass(&pass);host_recording.End();
+    auto host_commands=host_encoder.Finish();device->GetQueue().Submit(1,&host_commands);
+    canvas_provider.retire(host_texture,true);
+    auto provider_capture=canvas_provider.capture_latest_submission();
+    if(!provider_capture)return {};
+    const auto provider_metadata=provider_capture->describe();
+    host_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    do {
+        auto ready=canvas_provider.take_ready();
+        if(ready) {
+            auto captured_ready=provider_capture->take_ready();
+            if(!captured_ready || provider_capture->take_ready() ||
+                captured_ready->describe().allocation!=ready->describe().allocation ||
+                captured_ready->describe().content_serial!=provider_metadata.content_serial)return {};
+            ready.reset();
+            return captured_ready;
+        }
+        instance.ProcessEvents();std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }while(std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<host_deadline);
+    return {};
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_image_lease_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_image_lease_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc3c5dbd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_image_lease_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+#include "graphics/image_lease_pool.h"
+#include "graphics/owned_image_pool.h"
+#include "graphics/engine_wake.h"
+#include <atomic>
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+void require(bool v) { if (!v) throw std::runtime_error("image lease requirement failed"); }
+template<class F> void rejects(F f) { bool failed=false; try { f(); } catch(const std::invalid_argument&) { failed=true; } require(failed); }
+image_metadata metadata{1,2,1,3,4,5,640,480};
+image_write_token write(image_lease_pool& pool) {
+    auto writer=pool.acquire_write().value();
+    auto physical=metadata; physical.allocation=10+writer.slot;
+    pool.set_metadata(writer,physical);
+    return writer;
+}
+std::optional<image_lease_token> submit(image_lease_pool& pool,image_write_token writer) {
+    pool.begin_producer(writer);
+    return pool.publish(writer);
+}
+void test_capacity_wake() {
+    struct capacity_wake final : completion_wake {
+        image_lease_pool* pool{};
+        engine_wake latched;
+        size_t signals{},last_busy{};
+        void signal() noexcept override {
+            last_busy=pool->busy_images(); // Must run outside the pool mutex.
+            ++signals; latched.signal();
+        }
+    };
+    auto wake=std::make_shared<capacity_wake>();
+    image_lease_pool pool(1,wake); wake->pool=&pool;
+    auto writer=write(pool); auto retained=submit(pool,writer).value();
+    require(!pool.retain(retained) && !pool.begin_consumer(retained));
+    pool.finish_producer(writer); require(wake->signals==0); // No new capacity yet.
+    const auto cpu_only=pool.inspect_occupancy();
+    require(cpu_only.busy==1 && cpu_only.producer_pending==0
+        && cpu_only.retained==1 && cpu_only.consumer_pending==0);
+    std::thread release([&] { pool.release(retained); }); release.join();
+    require(wake->signals==1 && wake->last_busy==0);
+    const auto idle=pool.inspect_occupancy();
+    require(idle.busy==0 && idle.producer_pending==0 && idle.retained==0 && idle.consumer_pending==0);
+    require(wake->latched.wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(0),[] { return false; }));
+    auto abandoned=write(pool); pool.cancel_write(abandoned);
+    require(wake->signals==2);
+    writer=write(pool); retained=submit(pool,writer).value();
+    pool.release(retained); require(wake->signals==3 && wake->last_busy==1);
+    pool.finish_producer(writer); require(wake->signals==4 && wake->last_busy==0);
+    rejects([&] { pool.finish_producer(writer); }); require(wake->signals==4);
+}
+void test_four_image_capacity() {
+    rejects([] { image_lease_pool invalid(128, {}, 5); });
+    image_lease_pool pool(128, {}, 4);
+    std::array<image_write_token,4> writers;
+    std::array<image_lease_token,4> scenes;
+    for (size_t i=0;i<writers.size();++i) {
+        writers[i]=write(pool);
+        scenes[i]=submit(pool,writers[i]).value();
+    }
+    require(pool.busy_images()==4 && !pool.acquire_write());
+    auto consumer=pool.begin_consumer(scenes[0]).value();
+    pool.release(scenes[0]);
+    pool.finish_producer(writers[0]);
+    require(!pool.acquire_write()); // GPU consumer still owns the fourth slot.
+    pool.finish_consumer(consumer);
+    auto reused=pool.acquire_write().value();
+    require(reused.slot==writers[0].slot && reused.generation!=writers[0].generation);
+    pool.cancel_write(reused);
+    for(size_t i=1;i<writers.size();++i) {
+        pool.finish_producer(writers[i]); pool.release(scenes[i]);
+    }
+    require(pool.busy_images()==0);
+}
+void test_owned_lifetime() {
+    struct provider final : image_provider_lifetime {
+        std::atomic<int>& destroyed;
+        explicit provider(std::atomic<int>& count):destroyed(count) {}
+        ~provider() override { ++destroyed; }
+    };
+    std::atomic<int> destroyed=0;
+    auto backend=std::make_shared<provider>(destroyed);
+    std::weak_ptr<provider> weak=backend;
+    auto owner=std::make_unique<owned_image_pool>(backend);
+    backend.reset();
+    auto producer=owner->acquire();
+    producer->set_metadata(metadata); producer->begin();
+    auto scene=producer->publish();
+    auto redraw=scene->retain();
+    auto pending=scene->begin_consumer();
+    const auto occupied=owner->inspect_occupancy();
+    require(occupied.busy==1 && occupied.producer_pending==1
+        && occupied.retained==1 && occupied.consumer_pending==1);
+    scene.reset();
+    owner.reset(); // Engine/canvas ownership ends; GPU use is still outstanding.
+    require(!weak.expired() && destroyed==0);
+    producer->complete(); producer.reset();
+    require(redraw->describe().allocation==metadata.allocation);
+    auto second=redraw->begin_consumer(); // Retained redraw after engine disposal.
+    redraw.reset();
+    pending->complete(); pending.reset();
+    require(!weak.expired() && destroyed==0);
+    std::thread completion([use=std::move(*second)]() mutable {
+        require(use.describe().content_serial==metadata.content_serial);
+        use.complete();
+        rejects([&] { use.complete(); });
+    });
+    second.reset(); completion.join();
+    require(weak.expired() && destroyed==1);
+
+    auto bounded=std::make_unique<owned_image_pool>(std::make_shared<provider>(destroyed),1);
+    { auto abandoned=bounded->acquire(); } // Unsubmitted writers cancel automatically.
+    require(bounded->busy_images()==0);
+    auto frame=bounded->acquire(); frame->set_metadata(metadata); frame->begin();
+    auto held=frame->publish();
+    require(!held->retain() && !held->begin_consumer()); // Ticket backpressure.
+    frame->complete(); frame.reset();
+    require(bounded->busy_images()==1);
+    held.reset(); require(bounded->busy_images()==0);
+    bounded->close(); require(!bounded->acquire());
+    bounded.reset(); require(destroyed==2);
+}
+void test_cache_eviction_reservations() {
+    auto provider=std::make_shared<image_provider_lifetime>();
+    owned_image_pool pool(provider);
+    auto producer=pool.acquire();
+    const auto protected_slot=producer->slot();
+    producer->set_metadata(metadata); producer->begin();
+    auto scene=producer->publish();
+    auto consumer=scene->begin_consumer();
+    producer->complete(); producer.reset(); scene.reset();
+    // A GPU consumer alone protects its allocation from cache eviction.
+    auto first=pool.acquire(); auto second=pool.acquire();
+    require(first && second && first->slot()!=second->slot()
+        && first->slot()!=protected_slot && second->slot()!=protected_slot && !pool.acquire());
+    first->cancel(false); second->cancel(false);
+    require(pool.busy_images()==1);
+    consumer->complete(); consumer.reset();
+    auto reusable=pool.acquire();
+    require(reusable && reusable->slot()==protected_slot);
+}
+int main() {
+    test_four_image_capacity();
+    test_cache_eviction_reservations();
+    test_capacity_wake();
+    test_owned_lifetime();
+    image_lease_pool pool;
+    auto a=write(pool),b=write(pool),c=write(pool);
+    require(!pool.acquire_write() && pool.busy_images()==3);
+    auto scene=submit(pool,a).value();
+    auto retained=pool.retain(scene).value();
+    auto gpu=pool.begin_consumer(scene).value();
+    auto gpu_second=pool.begin_consumer(scene).value();
+    require(pool.describe(gpu).allocation==10+a.slot);
+    rejects([&] { pool.set_metadata(a,metadata); });
+    pool.release(scene);
+    rejects([&] { pool.describe(scene); });
+    rejects([&] { pool.release(scene); });
+    pool.finish_producer(a);
+    pool.release(retained);
+    require(pool.describe(gpu).width==640 && pool.describe(gpu).producer_timeline==4);
+    require(!pool.acquire_write()); // Scene release cannot finish consumer work.
+    rejects([&] { pool.release(gpu); });
+    std::thread presenter([&] { pool.finish_consumer(gpu); }); presenter.join();
+    rejects([&] { pool.finish_consumer(gpu); });
+    require(!pool.acquire_write());
+    pool.finish_consumer(gpu_second);
+    auto reused=write(pool);
+    require(reused.slot==a.slot && reused.generation!=a.generation);
+    rejects([&] { pool.finish_producer(a); });
+    rejects([&] { pool.finish_consumer(gpu); });
+    pool.cancel_write(reused); pool.cancel_write(b); pool.cancel_write(c);
+    require(pool.busy_images()==0);
+    auto frame=write(pool);
+    auto reference=submit(pool,frame).value();
+    auto consumer=pool.begin_consumer(reference).value();
+    pool.close();
+    require(!pool.acquire_write());
+    auto redraw=pool.retain(reference).value(); // Retained redraw survives close.
+    pool.release(reference); pool.release(redraw); pool.finish_consumer(consumer);
+    require(pool.busy_images()==1); // Producer notification can arrive last.
+    pool.finish_producer(frame); require(pool.busy_images()==0);
+    image_lease_pool bounded(1);
+    auto writer=write(bounded),waiting=write(bounded);
+    auto lease=submit(bounded,writer).value();
+    require(!bounded.retain(lease) && !bounded.begin_consumer(lease) && !submit(bounded,waiting));
+    bounded.release(lease); bounded.finish_producer(writer);
+    bounded.finish_producer(waiting); // GPU may finish before CPU publication.
+    auto published=bounded.publish(waiting).value();
+    bounded.release(published);
+    require(bounded.busy_images()==0);
+    image_lease_pool invalid;
+    auto unconfigured=invalid.acquire_write().value();
+    rejects([&] { invalid.publish(unconfigured); });
+    auto invalid_metadata=metadata; invalid_metadata.width=0;
+    rejects([&] { invalid.set_metadata(unconfigured,invalid_metadata); });
+    invalid_metadata=metadata; invalid_metadata.format=static_cast<image_format>(999);
+    rejects([&] { invalid.set_metadata(unconfigured,invalid_metadata); });
+    invalid.cancel_write(unconfigured);
+    auto abandoned=write(invalid);
+    rejects([&] { invalid.finish_producer(abandoned); });
+    invalid.begin_producer(abandoned);
+    rejects([&] { invalid.begin_producer(abandoned); });
+    rejects([&] { invalid.cancel_write(abandoned); });
+    rejects([&] { invalid.set_metadata(abandoned,metadata); });
+    invalid.close();
+    require(invalid.busy_images()==1);
+    invalid.finish_producer(abandoned);
+    invalid.cancel_write(abandoned);
+    require(invalid.busy_images()==0);
+    image_lease_pool resize;
+    auto old_frame=write(resize);
+    auto old_scene=submit(resize,old_frame).value();
+    auto new_frame=write(resize);
+    auto resized=metadata; resized.width=800; resized.allocation=6; resized.allocation_generation=2;
+    resize.set_metadata(new_frame,resized);
+    auto alias=resize.describe(old_scene);
+    alias.allocation_generation=99;
+    rejects([&] { resize.set_metadata(new_frame,alias); });
+    auto new_scene=submit(resize,new_frame).value();
+    require(resize.describe(old_scene).width==640 && resize.describe(old_scene).allocation_generation==1);
+    require(resize.describe(new_scene).width==800 && resize.describe(new_scene).allocation_generation==2);
+    rejects([&] { pool.describe(old_scene); });
+    resize.release(old_scene); resize.finish_producer(old_frame);
+    resize.finish_producer(new_frame); resize.release(new_scene);
+    require(resize.busy_images()==0);
+    std::cout << "three-slot backpressure, retained scenes and independent GPU completion passed\n";
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_iosurface_color_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_iosurface_color_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31c805cd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_iosurface_color_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#include "graphics/iosurface_color.h"
+#include "graphics/iosurface_canvas_images.h"
+#include <iostream>
+int main() {
+    using webscene::graphics::iosurface_color;
+    if (iosurface_color::create_bgra8(0,4,1024*1024) ||
+        iosurface_color::create_bgra8(17,0,1024*1024) ||
+        iosurface_color::create_bgra8(UINT32_MAX,4,UINT64_MAX) ||
+        iosurface_color::create_bgra8(17,4,17*4*4)) return 1;
+    auto image=iosurface_color::create_bgra8(17,4,1024*1024);
+    if (!image || image->allocation_bytes()>1024*1024 ||
+        IOSurfaceGetWidth(image->borrowed_handle())!=17 ||
+        IOSurfaceGetHeight(image->borrowed_handle())!=4) return 2;
+    const auto bytes=image->allocation_bytes();
+    if (iosurface_color::create_bgra8(17,4,bytes-1)) return 3;
+    auto exact=iosurface_color::create_bgra8(17,4,bytes);
+    if (!exact || exact->allocation_bytes()!=bytes) return 4;
+    using namespace webscene::graphics;
+    auto pool=std::make_unique<iosurface_canvas_images>(3*bytes);
+    image_metadata first{700,0,1,1,701,1,17,4,image_format::bgra8_unorm};
+    auto a=pool->acquire(first);
+    if (!a) return 5;
+    a->producer.begin();
+    auto old=a->producer.publish();
+    a->producer.complete(); a.reset();
+    if (!old) return 6;
+    auto reader=old->begin_consumer();
+    first.width=9; first.allocation_generation=2; first.content_serial=2; first.producer_value=2;
+    auto b=pool->acquire(first);
+    if (!b) return 7;
+    b->producer.begin();
+    auto resized=b->producer.publish();
+    b->producer.complete(); b.reset();
+    auto newReader=resized->begin_consumer();
+    old.reset(); resized.reset();
+    pool.reset();
+    bool retained=IOSurfaceGetWidth(iosurface_canvas_images::resolve(*reader).borrowed_handle())==17 &&
+        IOSurfaceGetWidth(iosurface_canvas_images::resolve(*newReader).borrowed_handle())==9;
+    reader->complete(); newReader->complete();
+    if (!retained) return 8;
+    iosurface_canvas_images bounded(3*bytes);
+    auto one=bounded.acquire(first), two=bounded.acquire(first), three=bounded.acquire(first);
+    if (!one || !two || !three || bounded.acquire(first)) return 9;
+    one.reset(); two.reset(); three.reset();
+    if (bounded.busy_images()!=0) return 10;
+    std::cout << "IOSurface padded budget verified: " << bytes << " bytes\n";
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_iosurface_fixture.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_iosurface_fixture.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69e569aed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_iosurface_fixture.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+#define GL_SILENCE_DEPRECATION
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdlib>
+// Test-only provider factory. Never linked into or installed with the runtime.
+#include "graphics/image_lease_abi.h"
+#include "graphics/iosurface_canvas_images.h"
+#include "graphics_fixture_dawn_clear.h"
+namespace {
+std::weak_ptr<webscene::graphics::image_provider_lifetime> observed;
+}
+static uint8_t create_iosurface(webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3** result,bool paint) {
+    if (!result) return 0;
+    *result=nullptr;
+    try {
+        using namespace webscene::graphics;
+        iosurface_canvas_images pool(1024*1024);
+        auto frame=pool.acquire({700,0,1,1,701,1,17,4,image_format::bgra8_unorm});
+        if (!frame) return 0;
+        auto image=[&]() -> std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> {
+            if (paint) return fixture_dawn_clear(std::move(*frame));
+            frame->producer.begin();
+            auto unpainted=frame->producer.publish();
+            frame->producer.complete();
+            return unpainted;
+        }();
+        frame.reset(); // The diagnostic wait has completed any submitted producer.
+        if (!image) return 0;
+        auto observer=image->begin_consumer();
+        if (!observer) return 0;
+        observed=observer->provider();
+        observer->complete();
+        auto lease=std::make_unique<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*image));
+        *result=lease.release();
+        return 1;
+    } catch (...) { return 0; }
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) uint8_t webscene_test_create_iosurface(webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3** result) {
+    return create_iosurface(result,false);
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) uint8_t webscene_test_create_dawn_iosurface(webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3** result) {
+    return create_iosurface(result,true);
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) uint8_t webscene_test_iosurface_alive() {
+    return observed.expired() ? 0 : 1;
+}
+
+// CGL context is confined to the test's calling thread. The fixture links only
+// Apple's OpenGL for GL symbols, avoiding the runtime's separate ANGLE entrypoints.
+#include <OpenGL/OpenGL.h>
+#include <OpenGL/gl3.h>
+namespace {
+thread_local CGLContextObj fixture_context=nullptr, previous_context=nullptr;
+thread_local GLuint fixture_texture=0, fixture_destination=0;
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) void webscene_test_end_cgl() {
+    if (!fixture_context) return;
+    CGLSetCurrentContext(fixture_context);
+    glFinish(); // Diagnostic failure cleanup only.
+    if (fixture_texture) glDeleteTextures(1,&fixture_texture);
+    if (fixture_destination) glDeleteTextures(1,&fixture_destination);
+    CGLSetCurrentContext(previous_context);
+    CGLReleaseContext(fixture_context);
+    fixture_context=nullptr; previous_context=nullptr; fixture_texture=0; fixture_destination=0;
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) uint8_t webscene_test_begin_cgl() {
+    if (fixture_context) return 0;
+    const CGLPixelFormatAttribute attributes[]={kCGLPFAAccelerated,kCGLPFAOpenGLProfile,
+        static_cast<CGLPixelFormatAttribute>(kCGLOGLPVersion_3_2_Core),
+        static_cast<CGLPixelFormatAttribute>(0)};
+    CGLPixelFormatObj format=nullptr; GLint count=0;
+    if (CGLChoosePixelFormat(attributes,&format,&count)!=kCGLNoError || !format) return 0;
+    previous_context=CGLGetCurrentContext();
+    const auto status=CGLCreateContext(format,nullptr,&fixture_context);
+    CGLReleasePixelFormat(format);
+    if (status!=kCGLNoError || !fixture_context) return 0;
+    if (CGLSetCurrentContext(fixture_context)!=kCGLNoError) { webscene_test_end_cgl(); return 0; }
+    glGenTextures(1,&fixture_texture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE,fixture_texture);
+    if (!fixture_texture || glGetError()!=GL_NO_ERROR) { webscene_test_end_cgl(); return 0; }
+    return 1;
+}
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) uint8_t webscene_test_cgl_image_bound() {
+    if (!fixture_context || CGLGetCurrentContext()!=fixture_context) return 0;
+    GLint width=0,height=0;
+    glGetTexLevelParameteriv(GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE,0,GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH,&width);
+    glGetTexLevelParameteriv(GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE,0,GL_TEXTURE_HEIGHT,&height);
+    return width==17 && height==4 && glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR;
+}
+
+
+// Queue an actual GPU read of the imported source before the managed fence.
+// This is one GPU-local copy; there is no CPU transport between APIs.
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) uint8_t webscene_test_cgl_copy() {
+    if (!fixture_context || CGLGetCurrentContext()!=fixture_context || fixture_destination) return 0;
+    glGenTextures(1,&fixture_destination);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D,fixture_destination);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,GL_RGBA8,17,4,0,GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,nullptr);
+    GLuint framebuffers[2]{}; glGenFramebuffers(2,framebuffers);
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER,framebuffers[0]);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER,GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE,fixture_texture,0);
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER,framebuffers[1]);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER,GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,GL_TEXTURE_2D,fixture_destination,0);
+    bool valid=glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)==GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE &&
+        glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)==GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE;
+    if (valid) glBlitFramebuffer(0,0,17,4,0,0,17,4,GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT,GL_NEAREST);
+    valid &= glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR;
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,0); glDeleteFramebuffers(2,framebuffers);
+    return valid ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+// Diagnostic readback occurs only after source-consumer fence retirement,
+// from independently owned destination storage.
+extern "C" __attribute__((visibility("default"))) uint8_t webscene_test_cgl_pixels() {
+    if (!fixture_context || CGLGetCurrentContext()!=fixture_context || !fixture_destination) return 0;
+    GLuint framebuffer=0; glGenFramebuffers(1,&framebuffer);
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,framebuffer);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,GL_TEXTURE_2D,fixture_destination,0);
+    bool valid=glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER)==GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE;
+    std::array<unsigned char,17*4*4> pixels{};
+    if (valid) glReadPixels(0,0,17,4,GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,pixels.data());
+    const int expected[]={51,102,153,255};
+    for (size_t i=0;i<pixels.size();++i) valid &= std::abs(int(pixels[i])-expected[i%4])<=1;
+    valid &= glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR;
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,0); glDeleteFramebuffers(1,&framebuffer);
+    return valid ? 1 : 0;
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_metal_event_handoff.mm b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_metal_event_handoff.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3e8fbd46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_metal_event_handoff.mm
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
+#import <Metal/Metal.h>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <thread>
+#include "../native/graphics/dawn_metal_producer_wait.h"
+
+// Hardware dependency test, not a presentation/FPS or Dawn/Skia interop test.
+int main() {
+    @autoreleasepool {
+        id<MTLDevice> device=MTLCreateSystemDefaultDevice();
+        if(!device) { std::fprintf(stderr,"Metal hardware unavailable\n"); return 1; }
+        id<MTLCommandQueue> producer=[device newCommandQueue];
+        id<MTLCommandQueue> consumer=[device newCommandQueue];
+        id<MTLSharedEvent> gate=[device newSharedEvent];
+        id<MTLSharedEvent> ready=[device newSharedEvent];
+        id<MTLBuffer> buffer=[device newBufferWithLength:4096 options:MTLResourceStorageModeShared];
+        if(!producer || !consumer || !gate || !ready || !buffer) return 2;
+        memset(buffer.contents,0,buffer.length);
+        id<MTLCommandBuffer> write=[producer commandBuffer];
+        [write encodeWaitForEvent:gate value:1];
+        id<MTLBlitCommandEncoder> fill=[write blitCommandEncoder];
+        [fill fillBuffer:buffer range:NSMakeRange(0,buffer.length) value:0x37];
+        [fill endEncoding];
+        [write encodeSignalEvent:ready value:7];
+        [write commit];
+        id<MTLSharedEvent> second=[device newSharedEvent];
+        const webscene::graphics::metal_producer_dependency invalid[]={{ready,7},{nil,1}};
+        if(webscene::graphics::submit_metal_producer_waits(consumer,invalid)) {
+            gate.signaledValue=1; return 6;
+        }
+        const webscene::graphics::metal_producer_dependency dependencies[]={{ready,7},{second,11}};
+        const wgpu::InstanceFeatureName timed=wgpu::InstanceFeatureName::TimedWaitAny;
+        wgpu::InstanceDescriptor instance_desc{}; instance_desc.requiredFeatureCount=1; instance_desc.requiredFeatures=&timed;
+        auto instance=wgpu::CreateInstance(&instance_desc);
+        wgpu::Adapter adapter;
+        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions options{}; options.backendType=wgpu::BackendType::Metal;
+        auto request=instance.RequestAdapter(&options,wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+            [&adapter](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status,wgpu::Adapter result,wgpu::StringView) {
+                if(status==wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success) adapter=std::move(result);
+            });
+        if(instance.WaitAny(request,5'000'000'000ULL)!=wgpu::WaitStatus::Success || !adapter) {
+            gate.signaledValue=1; return 9;
+        }
+        const wgpu::FeatureName feature=wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceMTLSharedEvent;
+        wgpu::DeviceDescriptor device_desc{}; device_desc.requiredFeatureCount=1; device_desc.requiredFeatures=&feature;
+        wgpu::Device dawn;
+        request=adapter.RequestDevice(&device_desc,wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+            [&dawn](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus status,wgpu::Device result,wgpu::StringView) {
+                if(status==wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success) dawn=std::move(result);
+            });
+        if(instance.WaitAny(request,5'000'000'000ULL)!=wgpu::WaitStatus::Success || !dawn) {
+            gate.signaledValue=1; return 10;
+        }
+        wgpu::SharedFence fences[2];
+        uint64_t values[2]={7,11};
+        for(size_t i=0;i<2;++i) {
+            wgpu::SharedFenceMTLSharedEventDescriptor metal;
+            metal.sharedEvent=(__bridge void*)dependencies[i].event;
+            wgpu::SharedFenceDescriptor desc{};desc.nextInChain=&metal;
+            fences[i]=dawn.ImportSharedFence(&desc);
+        }
+        if(webscene::graphics::submit_dawn_metal_producer_waits(consumer,fences,std::span(values,1))) {
+            gate.signaledValue=1;second.signaledValue=11;return 11;
+        }
+        auto barrier=webscene::graphics::submit_dawn_metal_producer_waits(consumer,fences,values);
+        if(!barrier) { gate.signaledValue=1; return 7; }
+        id<MTLCommandBuffer> read=[consumer commandBuffer];
+        id<MTLBuffer> result=[device newBufferWithLength:4096 options:MTLResourceStorageModeShared];
+        id<MTLBlitCommandEncoder> copy=[read blitCommandEncoder];
+        [copy copyFromBuffer:buffer sourceOffset:0 toBuffer:result destinationOffset:0 size:4096];
+        [copy endEncoding];
+        [read commit];
+        // CPU submission must return while the producer is deliberately blocked.
+        // The copy above is diagnostic verification only, never pixel transport.
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(30));
+        const bool completed_before_signal=read.status==MTLCommandBufferStatusCompleted || ready.signaledValue>=7;
+        gate.signaledValue=1;
+        if(completed_before_signal) { second.signaledValue=11; return 3; }
+        const auto producer_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+        while(ready.signaledValue<7 && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<producer_deadline)
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+        // The first producer has finished, but the second dependency still holds
+        // all subsequent work on the consumer queue.
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(30));
+        const bool missed_second=read.status==MTLCommandBufferStatusCompleted;
+        second.signaledValue=11;
+        if(missed_second || ready.signaledValue<7) return 8;
+        const auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+        while(read.status!=MTLCommandBufferStatusCompleted && read.status!=MTLCommandBufferStatusError
+            && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline)
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+        if(read.status!=MTLCommandBufferStatusCompleted || write.status==MTLCommandBufferStatusError) return 4;
+        const auto* bytes=static_cast<const unsigned char*>(result.contents);
+        for(unsigned i=0;i<4096;++i) if(bytes[i]!=0x37) return 5;
+        std::puts("Metal delayed producer dependency passed; CPU submission nonblocking; physical presentation unverified");
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_nt_handle_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_nt_handle_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..721cc06bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_nt_handle_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#include "graphics/nt_handle.h"
+#include "graphics/dxgi_device_identity.h"
+#include "graphics/d3d12_shared_color.h"
+#include "graphics/d3d12_canvas_images.h"
+#include "graphics/d3d12_fence_waits.h"
+#include <set>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+struct test_ops {
+    using handle_type=int;
+    static inline std::set<int> live;
+    static inline int next=1,closed=0;
+    static inline bool fail=false;
+    static int empty() noexcept { return 0; }
+    static bool valid(int value) noexcept { return value>0; }
+    static int create() { live.insert(next); return next++; }
+    static int duplicate(int source) {
+        if (fail || !live.contains(source)) throw std::runtime_error("duplicate failed");
+        return create();
+    }
+    static void close(int value) noexcept {
+        if (live.erase(value)!=1) std::terminate();
+        ++closed;
+    }
+};
+int main() {
+    auto require=[](bool value) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error("NT handle ownership requirement failed"); };
+    using owned=unique_nt_handle<test_ops>;
+    const auto borrowed=test_ops::create();
+    {
+        auto copy=owned::duplicate(borrowed);
+        require(copy.get()!=borrowed && test_ops::live.contains(borrowed));
+        auto moved=std::move(copy); require(!copy && moved);
+        auto replacement=owned::adopt(test_ops::create());
+        replacement=std::move(moved); require(!moved && test_ops::closed==1);
+        replacement.reset(); replacement.reset(); require(test_ops::closed==2);
+        test_ops::fail=true;
+        bool failed=false;
+        try { auto unexpected=owned::duplicate(borrowed); }
+        catch (const std::runtime_error&) { failed=true; }
+        require(failed && test_ops::live.size()==1);
+        test_ops::fail=false;
+        auto transferred=owned::duplicate(borrowed);
+        const auto raw=transferred.release(); require(!transferred); test_ops::close(raw);
+    }
+    require(test_ops::live.contains(borrowed) && test_ops::live.size()==1);
+    test_ops::close(borrowed); require(test_ops::live.empty());
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    require(dxgi_color_format(image_format::rgba8_unorm)==DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM
+        && dxgi_color_format(image_format::bgra8_unorm)==DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM
+        && dxgi_color_format(image_format::rgba16_float)==DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT
+        && dxgi_color_format(image_format::rgba8_srgb)==DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB
+        && dxgi_color_format(image_format::bgra8_srgb)==DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB
+        && dxgi_color_format(static_cast<image_format>(0))==DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN);
+    uint32_t formats=31;
+    require(query_dxgi_color_formats(static_cast<ID3D11Device*>(nullptr),formats)==E_INVALIDARG && formats==0);
+    formats=31;
+    require(query_dxgi_color_formats(static_cast<ID3D12Device*>(nullptr),formats)==E_INVALIDARG && formats==0);
+    d3d12_fence_waits unopened_waits;
+    require(unopened_waits.enqueue()==E_UNEXPECTED);
+    std::unique_ptr<d3d12_fence_waits> waits;
+    require(d3d12_fence_waits::prepare(nullptr,{1,2,true},{},waits)==E_INVALIDARG && !waits);
+    bool invalid_pool=false;
+    try { d3d12_canvas_images invalid(nullptr,1024); }
+    catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { invalid_pool=true; }
+    require(invalid_pool);
+    std::unique_ptr<d3d12_shared_color> color;
+    require(d3d12_shared_color::create(nullptr,{},1024,color)==E_INVALIDARG && !color);
+    adapter_luid identity{1,2,true};
+    require(query_adapter_luid(static_cast<ID3D11Device*>(nullptr),identity)==E_INVALIDARG && !identity.valid);
+    identity={1,2,true};
+    require(query_adapter_luid(static_cast<ID3D12Device*>(nullptr),identity)==E_INVALIDARG && !identity.valid);
+    dxgi_endpoint endpoint{{1,2,true},dxgi_api::d3d11,31,7,true,true};
+    require(identify_dxgi_endpoint(static_cast<ID3D12Device*>(nullptr),endpoint)==E_INVALIDARG
+        && !endpoint.adapter.valid && endpoint.api==dxgi_api::d3d12 && !endpoint.color_formats
+        && !endpoint.alpha_modes && !endpoint.shared_fence && !endpoint.keyed_mutex);
+    auto original=owned_nt_handle::adopt(::CreateEventW(nullptr,TRUE,FALSE,nullptr));
+    auto duplicate=owned_nt_handle::duplicate(original.get());
+    original.reset();
+    require(::SetEvent(duplicate.get())!=0 && ::WaitForSingleObject(duplicate.get(),0)==WAIT_OBJECT_0);
+    duplicate.reset();
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_queue_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_queue_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43adaabb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_queue_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#include "graphics/work_queue.h"
+#include <array>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <thread>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+void require(bool value) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error("requirement failed"); }
+int main() {
+    work_queue<uint64_t> queue(2, 4);
+    std::array<std::byte, 4> source{std::byte{42}};
+    require(queue.try_push(1, source) == enqueue_result::accepted);
+    source[0] = std::byte{99};
+    require(queue.try_push(2) == enqueue_result::accepted);
+    require(queue.try_push(3) == enqueue_result::full);
+    queue.consume_one([&](auto command, auto upload, auto serial) {
+        require(command == 1 && serial == 1 && upload[0] == std::byte{42});
+        require(queue.try_push(3) == enqueue_result::full);
+    });
+    require(queue.try_push(3) == enqueue_result::accepted);
+    queue.close();
+    require(queue.try_push(4) == enqueue_result::closed);
+    for (uint64_t expected = 2; expected <= 3; ++expected)
+        require(queue.consume_one([&](auto command, auto, auto serial) { require(command == expected && serial == expected); }));
+    require(queue.metrics().depth == 0 && queue.metrics().high_water == 2 && queue.metrics().upload_bytes == 4);
+    // Saturated producer and consumer progress without RAF, UI or GPU callbacks.
+    work_queue<uint64_t> concurrent(8, 0);
+    constexpr uint64_t count = 100000;
+    std::thread producer([&] {
+        for (uint64_t i = 1; i <= count; ++i)
+            while (concurrent.try_push(i) == enqueue_result::full) std::this_thread::yield();
+        concurrent.close();
+    });
+    uint64_t expected = 1;
+    while (expected <= count) {
+        if (!concurrent.consume_one([&](auto command, auto, auto serial) {
+            require(command == expected && serial == expected); ++expected;
+        })) std::this_thread::yield();
+    }
+    producer.join();
+    require(concurrent.metrics().depth == 0 && concurrent.metrics().high_water <= 8);
+    // Multiple producers copy call-time bytes into bounded slots. Admission
+    // serials define the global order; each producer's own sequence stays FIFO.
+    work_queue<uint64_t> uploads(8,32);
+    constexpr uint64_t producers=4, per_producer=5000;
+    std::vector<std::thread> writers;
+    for(uint64_t writer=0;writer<producers;++writer) writers.emplace_back([&,writer] {
+        for(uint64_t sequence=1;sequence<=per_producer;++sequence) {
+            const auto command=writer*per_producer+sequence;
+            std::array<std::byte,32> bytes;
+            for(size_t index=0;index<bytes.size();++index)
+                bytes[index]=static_cast<std::byte>((command+index)%251);
+            enqueue_result result;
+            do {
+                result=uploads.try_push(command,bytes);
+                if(result==enqueue_result::full) std::this_thread::yield();
+            } while(result==enqueue_result::full);
+            require(result==enqueue_result::accepted);
+            bytes.fill(std::byte{255}); // Mutation cannot change an accepted upload.
+        }
+    });
+    std::array<uint64_t,producers> sequences{};
+    uint64_t delivered=0;
+    while(delivered<producers*per_producer) {
+        if(!uploads.consume_one([&](auto command,auto bytes,auto serial) {
+            require(serial==delivered+1 && bytes.size()==32);
+            const auto writer=(command-1)/per_producer;
+            const auto sequence=(command-1)%per_producer+1;
+            require(writer<producers && sequence==++sequences[writer]);
+            for(int pass=0;pass<2;++pass) {
+                for(size_t index=0;index<bytes.size();++index)
+                    require(bytes[index]==static_cast<std::byte>((command+index)%251));
+                std::this_thread::yield(); // Slot must stay owned during consumption.
+            }
+            ++delivered;
+        })) std::this_thread::yield();
+    }
+    for(auto& writer:writers) writer.join();
+    uploads.close();
+    const auto upload_metrics=uploads.metrics();
+    require(upload_metrics.depth==0 && upload_metrics.high_water<=8);
+    require(upload_metrics.accepted==producers*per_producer);
+    require(upload_metrics.upload_bytes==producers*per_producer*32);
+    std::cout << "graphics queue call-time copy, FIFO, backpressure and concurrent stress passed\n";
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_resource_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_resource_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8be9d94e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_resource_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#include "graphics/resource_table.h"
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+void require(bool value) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error("requirement failed"); }
+template<class F> void rejects(F action) {
+    bool rejected = false;
+    try { action(); } catch (const std::exception&) { rejected = true; }
+    require(rejected);
+}
+struct tracked {
+    int& live;
+    explicit tracked(int& count) : live(count) { ++live; }
+    ~tracked() { --live; }
+};
+int main() {
+    int live = 0;
+    resource_owner a{new_owner_token(), new_owner_token(), new_owner_token()};
+    auto b = a; b.device = new_owner_token();
+    resource_table<tracked> table(2, a), foreign(2, b);
+    resource_table<tracked> zero(0,a);
+    require(!zero.can_insert() && table.can_insert());
+    auto retained=std::make_unique<tracked>(live);
+    bool insertion_rejected=false;
+    std::thread bad_insert([&] {
+        try { table.insert(a,std::move(retained)); }
+        catch (const std::logic_error&) { insertion_rejected=true; }
+    });
+    bad_insert.join();
+    require(insertion_rejected && retained && live==1);
+    rejects([&] { table.insert(b,std::move(retained)); });
+    require(retained && live==1);
+    auto first = table.insert(a,std::move(retained));
+    require(!retained && live==1);
+    rejects([&] { table.get(first, b); });
+    auto wrong_context = a; wrong_context.context = new_owner_token();
+    rejects([&] { table.get(first, wrong_context); });
+    rejects([&] { foreign.get(first, a); });
+    bool wrong_thread = false;
+    std::thread worker([&] { try { table.get(first, a); } catch (const std::logic_error&) { wrong_thread = true; } });
+    worker.join(); require(wrong_thread);
+    table.mark_used(first, a, 2);
+    table.destroy(first, a);
+    rejects([&] { table.get(first, a); });
+    require(live == 1 && table.deferred_count() == 1);
+    rejects([&] { table.insert(b, std::make_unique<tracked>(live)); });
+    auto second = table.insert(a, std::make_unique<tracked>(live));
+    rejects([&] { table.insert(a, std::make_unique<tracked>(live)); });
+    require(!table.can_insert());
+    auto overflow=std::make_unique<tracked>(live);
+    rejects([&] { table.insert(a,std::move(overflow)); });
+    require(overflow && live==3);
+    overflow.reset();
+    table.complete(1); require(live == 2 && !table.can_insert());
+    table.complete(2); require(live == 1 && table.deferred_count() == 0 && table.can_insert());
+    auto reused = table.insert(a, std::make_unique<tracked>(live));
+    require(reused.slot == first.slot && reused.generation != first.generation);
+    rejects([&] { table.get(first, a); });
+    table.destroy(reused, a); require(live == 1);
+    table.get(second, a);
+    rejects([&] { table.complete(1); });
+    table.destroy(second, a);
+    require(live == 0 && table.resident_count() == 0);
+    auto device_a = table.insert(a, std::make_unique<tracked>(live));
+    auto device_b = foreign.insert(b, std::make_unique<tracked>(live));
+    table.mark_used(device_a, a, 3);
+    foreign.mark_used(device_b, b, 1);
+    table.destroy_owner(a);
+    foreign.destroy_owner(b);
+    table.complete(100);
+    require(live == 1 && foreign.deferred_count() == 1);
+    foreign.complete(1);
+    require(live == 0);
+    std::cout << "graphics resource lifetime and owner isolation passed\n";
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_scene_abi_layout_tests.c b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_scene_abi_layout_tests.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96114a22d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_scene_abi_layout_tests.c
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include "webscene_native_engine.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+_Static_assert(sizeof(webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3)==16,"scene options wire size");
+_Static_assert(offsetof(webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3,consumer_capabilities)==8,"scene capability alignment");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(webscene_scene_acquire_status)==4,"scene status wire size");
+_Static_assert(offsetof(webscene_scene_view_v3,required_capabilities)==8,"scene capability prefix");
+_Static_assert(offsetof(webscene_scene_view_v3,cpu_view)==16,"scene CPU view prefix");
+_Static_assert(offsetof(webscene_scene_view_v3,lease_token)==16+sizeof(void*),"scene lease offset");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(webscene_scene_view_v3)==16+2*sizeof(void*),"scene view wire size");
+_Static_assert(sizeof(webscene_gpu_image_info_v3)==80,"image metadata wire size");
+_Static_assert(offsetof(webscene_gpu_image_info_v3,canvas)==8,"image identity alignment");
+_Static_assert(offsetof(webscene_gpu_image_info_v3,width)==56,"image dimensions offset");
+_Static_assert(offsetof(webscene_gpu_metal_event_view_v3,borrowed_shared_event)==8,"Metal event pointer prefix");
+#if UINTPTR_MAX == UINT64_MAX
+_Static_assert(sizeof(webscene_gpu_metal_event_view_v3)==24,"Metal event view wire size");
+_Static_assert(offsetof(webscene_gpu_metal_event_view_v3,signaled_value)==16,"Metal event timeline alignment");
+#endif
+int main(void) { return WEBSCENE_SCENE_VIEW_VERSION_3==3U ? 0 : 1; }
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_scene_lease_tests.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_scene_lease_tests.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b5482a26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_scene_lease_tests.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+// White-box fixture compiled only into the graphics runtime test executable.
+// Exercises the production acquisition core and exported scene/lease operations.
+#include <source_location>
+void test_native_gpu_scene_leases()
+{
+    const auto require=[](bool value, std::source_location location=std::source_location::current()) {
+        if (!value) {
+            const auto message="GPU scene lease requirement failed at line " + std::to_string(location.line());
+            std::fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",message.c_str());
+            throw std::runtime_error(message);
+        }
+    };
+    // Producer dependency ownership must follow every retained image and consumer,
+    // even after the originating scene/snapshot has gone away.
+    {
+        struct provider final : webscene::graphics::image_provider_lifetime {};
+        struct dependency final : webscene_gpu_producer_dependencies {
+            size_t count() const noexcept override { return 2; }
+            bool metal_event(size_t index,void*& event,uint64_t& value) const override {
+                event=index<2 ? const_cast<dependency*>(this) : nullptr;
+                value=index+7;return index<2;
+            }
+        };
+        webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool pool(std::make_shared<provider>());
+        auto writer=pool.acquire();
+        writer->set_metadata({1,1,1,1,1,1,16,16});
+        writer->begin();auto pixels=writer->publish();writer->complete();writer.reset();
+        auto owner=std::make_shared<dependency>();
+        std::weak_ptr<dependency> lifetime=owner;
+        auto source=std::make_unique<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*pixels),owner,true);
+        owner.reset();
+        webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* retained=nullptr;
+        require(webscene_gpu_image_retain_v3(source.get(),&retained)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+        source.reset();require(!lifetime.expired() && retained->dependencies);
+        require(retained->requires_producer_wait);
+        {
+            auto protected_scene=std::make_shared<scene>();
+            protected_scene->gpu_images.push_back(std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(
+                retained->value.retain().value(),retained->dependencies,true));
+            const webscene_scene_view_v3* view=nullptr;
+            require(acquire_scene_value_v3(protected_scene,{},WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES,&view)==
+                WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_UNSUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES && !view);
+            require(acquire_scene_value_v3(protected_scene,{},WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES |
+                WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_PRODUCER_GPU_WAITS,&view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+            require(view->required_capabilities & WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_PRODUCER_GPU_WAITS);
+            webscene_scene_release_v3(view);
+        }
+        webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer=nullptr;
+        require(webscene_gpu_image_begin_consumer_v3(retained,&consumer)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+        webscene_gpu_image_release_v3(retained);
+        require(!lifetime.expired() && consumer->dependencies);
+        uint32_t count=99;
+        require(!webscene_gpu_image_dependency_count_v3(nullptr,&count) && count==0);
+        require(!webscene_gpu_image_dependency_count_v3(consumer,nullptr));
+        require(webscene_gpu_image_dependency_count_v3(consumer,&count) && count==2);
+        webscene_gpu_metal_event_view_v3 event{sizeof(event),3,nullptr,0};
+        require(webscene_gpu_image_get_metal_event_v3(consumer,0,&event) && event.borrowed_shared_event && event.signaled_value==7);
+        require(webscene_gpu_image_get_metal_event_v3(consumer,1,&event) && event.signaled_value==8);
+        require(!webscene_gpu_image_get_metal_event_v3(consumer,2,&event) && !event.borrowed_shared_event && event.signaled_value==0);
+        event.version=4;require(!webscene_gpu_image_get_metal_event_v3(consumer,0,&event));
+        event.version=3;event.struct_size=0;require(!webscene_gpu_image_get_metal_event_v3(consumer,0,&event));
+        webscene_gpu_image_complete_consumer_v3(consumer);
+        require(lifetime.expired());
+    }
+    // A controlled backend proves early commit is independently gated by
+    // consumer capability and producer validation. It performs no GPU reads.
+    {
+        webscene_engine engine(nullptr);
+        struct provider final : webscene::graphics::image_provider_lifetime {};
+        struct output final : webscene_gpu_image_snapshot {
+            std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> image;
+            bool validated=false;
+            webscene::graphics::image_metadata describe() const override { return image->value.describe(); }
+            status state() const override { return status::pending; }
+            std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve() override { return {}; }
+            std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve_with_gpu_waits() override { return validated?image:nullptr; }
+        };
+        auto& canvas=engine.document_.create_element("canvas");
+        require(engine.document_.append_child(engine.document_.body(),canvas));
+        const auto& backing=canvas.mutable_canvas().backing;
+        require(canvas.mutable_canvas().backing.claim_context(webscene::graphics::canvas_context_mode::webgpu));
+        webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool pool(std::make_shared<provider>());
+        auto writer=pool.acquire();
+        writer->set_metadata({backing.identity(),100,backing.allocation_generation(),backing.content_serial(),1,1,backing.width(),backing.height()});
+        writer->begin();auto pixels=writer->publish();writer->complete();writer.reset();
+        auto pending=std::make_shared<output>();
+        pending->image=std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*pixels),nullptr,true);
+        canvas.mutable_canvas().gpu_snapshot=pending;
+        auto captured=std::make_shared<scene>();
+        captured->header.revision=1;captured->header.viewport_width=engine.viewport_width_;captured->header.viewport_height=engine.viewport_height_;
+        captured->gpu_bindings.push_back({canvas.id,pending->describe(),pending,{}});captured->gpu_images.resize(1);
+        const auto commit=[&]{return engine.commit_captured_scene(captured,std::chrono::steady_clock::now());};
+        using result=webscene_engine::publication_result;
+        require(commit()==result::deferred);
+        engine.set_producer_gpu_wait_consumer(true);
+        require(commit()==result::deferred);
+        pending->validated=true;
+        engine.set_producer_gpu_wait_consumer(false);
+        require(commit()==result::deferred);
+        engine.set_producer_gpu_wait_consumer(true);
+        require(commit()==result::published);
+        require(pending->state()==webscene_gpu_image_snapshot::status::pending);
+        require(engine.latest_->gpu_images[0]->requires_producer_wait);
+    }
+    // A presentation binding may retain an old bitmap only through its explicit
+    // owner and the generation of the resized canvas that captured it.
+    {
+        webscene_engine engine(nullptr);
+        struct provider final : webscene::graphics::image_provider_lifetime {};
+        webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool pool(std::make_shared<provider>());
+        auto& node=engine.document_.create_element("canvas");
+        require(engine.document_.append_child(engine.document_.body(),node));
+        auto& canvas=node.mutable_canvas();
+        require(canvas.backing.claim_context(webscene::graphics::canvas_context_mode::webgpu));
+        auto writer=pool.acquire();
+        writer->set_metadata({canvas.backing.identity(),100,canvas.backing.allocation_generation(),
+            canvas.backing.content_serial(),1,1,canvas.backing.width(),canvas.backing.height()});
+        writer->begin();auto image=writer->publish();writer->complete();writer.reset();
+        auto retained=std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*image));image.reset();
+        canvas.backing.reset_bitmap(640,480);
+        canvas.gpu_presentation_image=retained;
+        webscene_native::gpu_canvas_scene_binding binding{node.id,retained->value.describe(),{},retained,
+            canvas.backing.allocation_generation()};
+        require(engine.document_.validate_gpu_canvas_binding(binding));
+        auto ordinary=binding;ordinary.presentation_generation=0;
+        require(!engine.document_.validate_gpu_canvas_binding(ordinary));
+        canvas.backing.reset_bitmap(800,600);
+        require(!engine.document_.validate_gpu_canvas_binding(binding));
+        binding.presentation_generation=canvas.backing.allocation_generation();
+        require(engine.document_.validate_gpu_canvas_binding(binding));
+        canvas.gpu_presentation_image.reset();
+        require(!engine.document_.validate_gpu_canvas_binding(binding));
+        require(binding.resolve()==retained); // Immutable capture still owns its pixels.
+    }
+    // Exercise the production commit boundary with deliberately delayed outputs.
+    // This constructor disables the worker only in this test executable.
+    {
+        webscene_engine engine(nullptr);
+        struct test_provider final : webscene::graphics::image_provider_lifetime {};
+        webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool pool(std::make_shared<test_provider>());
+        struct delayed_output final : webscene_gpu_image_snapshot {
+            std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> image;
+            status completion=status::pending;
+            webscene::graphics::image_metadata describe()const override{return image->value.describe();}
+            status state()const override{return completion;}
+            std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve()override {
+                return completion==status::ready?image:nullptr;
+            }
+        };
+        auto& canvas=engine.document_.create_element("canvas");
+        require(engine.document_.append_child(engine.document_.body(),canvas));
+        const auto& backing=canvas.mutable_canvas().backing;
+        require(canvas.mutable_canvas().backing.claim_context(webscene::graphics::canvas_context_mode::webgpu));
+        auto writer=pool.acquire();
+        writer->set_metadata({backing.identity(),100,backing.allocation_generation(),backing.content_serial(),1,1,backing.width(),backing.height()});
+        writer->begin();auto retained=writer->publish();writer->complete();writer.reset();
+        auto output=std::make_shared<delayed_output>();
+        output->image=std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*retained));retained.reset();
+        const auto make_capture=[&](uint64_t revision,uint64_t base) {
+            auto value=std::make_shared<scene>();
+            value->header.revision=revision;value->header.base_revision=base;
+            value->header.viewport_width=static_cast<float>(engine.viewport_width_);
+            value->header.viewport_height=static_cast<float>(engine.viewport_height_);
+            value->captured_generation=engine.document_.scene_generation();
+            value->gpu_bindings.push_back({canvas.id,output->describe(),output,{}});
+            value->gpu_images.resize(1);
+            value->commands.push_back({});value->commands.back().x=static_cast<float>(revision);
+            return value;
+        };
+        const auto commit=[&](auto value){return engine.commit_captured_scene(value,std::chrono::steady_clock::now());};
+        using result=webscene_engine::publication_result;
+        canvas.mutable_canvas().gpu_snapshot=output;
+        engine.document_.mark_scene_changed(); // Rendering opportunity submission.
+        const auto submitted_generation=engine.document_.scene_generation();
+        output->completion=webscene_gpu_image_snapshot::status::ready;
+        engine.document_.publish_gpu_canvas_image(canvas,output->image);
+        require(engine.document_.scene_generation()==submitted_generation);
+        // A completed output without a captured dependency must still invalidate.
+        canvas.mutable_canvas().gpu_snapshot.reset();canvas.mutable_canvas().gpu_image.reset();
+        engine.document_.publish_gpu_canvas_image(canvas,output->image);
+        require(engine.document_.scene_generation()==submitted_generation+1);
+        auto a=make_capture(1,0);output->completion=webscene_gpu_image_snapshot::status::ready;
+        require(commit(a)==result::published);
+        engine.acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.clear();engine.acknowledgement_->revision=1;
+        auto b=make_capture(2,1);output->completion=webscene_gpu_image_snapshot::status::pending;
+        require(commit(b)==result::deferred && engine.latest_->header.revision==1);
+        engine.document_.mark_scene_changed();
+        auto c=make_capture(3,2); // Newer CPU capture must not replace frozen B.
+        require(commit(b)==result::deferred && engine.latest_->commands[0].x==1);
+        output->completion=webscene_gpu_image_snapshot::status::ready;
+        require(commit(b)==result::published && engine.latest_->commands[0].x==2);
+        require(engine.published_document_generation_!=engine.document_.scene_generation());
+        require(commit(c)==result::deferred); // Mailbox is full; input capture remains owned.
+        engine.acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.clear();engine.acknowledgement_->revision=2;
+        require(commit(c)==result::published && engine.latest_->commands[0].x==3);
+        engine.acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.clear();engine.acknowledgement_->revision=3;
+        auto failed=make_capture(4,3);output->completion=webscene_gpu_image_snapshot::status::failed;
+        require(commit(failed)==result::discarded && engine.latest_->header.revision==3);
+        output->completion=webscene_gpu_image_snapshot::status::ready;
+        auto missing=make_capture(4,3);
+        auto missing_output=std::make_shared<webscene_failed_gpu_image_snapshot>(output->describe());
+        canvas.mutable_canvas().gpu_snapshot=missing_output;
+        canvas.mutable_canvas().gpu_image=output->image; // Older completed image must not be substituted.
+        engine.document_.layout(engine.viewport_width_,engine.viewport_height_);
+        engine.document_.build_gpu_canvas_bindings(missing->gpu_bindings);
+        require(missing->gpu_bindings.size()==1 && missing->gpu_bindings[0].pending==missing_output);
+        require(!missing->gpu_bindings[0].resolve());
+        require(commit(missing)==result::discarded && engine.latest_->header.revision==3);
+        canvas.mutable_canvas().gpu_snapshot=output;
+        auto recovery=make_capture(4,3);
+        require(commit(recovery)==result::published && engine.latest_->header.revision==4);
+        engine.acknowledgement_->pending_scenes.clear();engine.acknowledgement_->revision=4;
+        auto stale=make_capture(5,2);
+        require(commit(stale)==result::deferred && !engine.staged_scene_ && engine.latest_->header.revision==4);
+        auto resized=make_capture(6,4);engine.viewport_width_+=1;
+        require(commit(resized)==result::deferred && engine.latest_->header.revision==4);
+        engine.viewport_width_-=1;
+        auto reset=make_capture(7,4);
+        canvas.mutable_canvas().backing.reset_bitmap(backing.width(),backing.height());
+        require(commit(reset)==result::deferred && engine.latest_->header.revision==4);
+    }
+    // Full production capture + commit: A remains published while B is pending,
+    // even after live DOM and GPU state advance to C. No manual scene assembly.
+    {
+        webscene_engine engine(nullptr);
+        engine.native_scene_active_=true;
+        engine.ordered_scene_consumer_.store(true);
+        struct capture_provider final : webscene::graphics::image_provider_lifetime {};
+        webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool pool(std::make_shared<capture_provider>());
+        struct captured_output final : webscene_gpu_image_snapshot {
+            std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> image;
+            bool ready=false,failed=false;
+            webscene::graphics::image_metadata describe()const override{return image->value.describe();}
+            status state()const override{return failed?status::failed:(ready?status::ready:status::pending);}
+            std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve()override{return state()==status::ready?image:nullptr;}
+        };
+        auto& node=engine.document_.create_element("canvas");
+        require(engine.document_.append_child(engine.document_.body(),node));
+        auto& backing=node.mutable_canvas().backing;
+        require(backing.claim_context(webscene::graphics::canvas_context_mode::webgpu));
+        const auto submit=[&](uint32_t color) {
+            backing.publish_content();
+            auto writer=pool.acquire();require(writer.has_value());
+            writer->set_metadata({backing.identity(),100+backing.content_serial(),backing.allocation_generation(),backing.content_serial(),1,1,backing.width(),backing.height()});
+            writer->begin();auto image=writer->publish();writer->complete();writer.reset();
+            auto output=std::make_shared<captured_output>();
+            output->image=std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*image));
+            node.mutable_canvas().gpu_snapshot=output;
+            engine.document_.body().style.background_rgba=color;
+            engine.document_.mark_dirty();
+            return output;
+        };
+        const auto check=[&](uint64_t serial,uint32_t color) {
+            require(engine.latest_ && engine.latest_->gpu_images.size()==1);
+            require(engine.latest_->gpu_images[0]->value.describe().content_serial==serial);
+            require(std::any_of(engine.latest_->commands.begin(),engine.latest_->commands.end(),
+                [&](const auto& command){return command.node_id==engine.document_.body().id && command.rgba==color;}));
+        };
+        const auto acknowledge=[&] {
+            const webscene_scene_view_v3* view=nullptr;
+            require(acquire_scene_value_v3(engine.latest_,engine.acknowledgement_,
+                WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES|WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_ORDERED_CANVAS,&view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+            require(webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(view));webscene_scene_release_v3(view);
+        };
+        using result=webscene_engine::publication_result;
+        auto a=submit(0xff0000ff);a->ready=true;
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::published);check(1,0xff0000ff);acknowledge();
+        auto b=submit(0x00ff00ff);
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::deferred);check(1,0xff0000ff);
+        auto c=submit(0x0000ffff);
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::deferred);check(1,0xff0000ff);
+        // A newer admitted GPU opportunity must not block the already captured B.
+        // Its own CPU/GPU state is frozen; C still waits for its rendering boundary.
+        struct publication_wake final : webscene::graphics::completion_wake {
+            void signal() noexcept override {}
+        };
+        engine.runtime_=std::make_unique<webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime>(
+            engine.document_,[]{return webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{800,600,1,0};});
+        require(engine.runtime_->initialize());
+        require(engine.runtime_->install_webgpu(std::make_shared<publication_wake>(),true,
+            webscene::graphics::webgpu_canvas_interop::none));
+        engine.runtime_->signal_animation_frame(16);
+        require(engine.runtime_->has_open_gpu_output());
+        b->ready=true;
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::published);check(2,0x00ff00ff);
+        require(engine.runtime_->has_open_gpu_output());
+        require(!engine.staged_scene_);
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::deferred);check(2,0x00ff00ff);
+        require(!engine.staged_scene_); // C cannot be captured before its boundary.
+        require(engine.runtime_->pump_animation_frame_task());
+        require(!engine.runtime_->has_open_gpu_output());
+        engine.runtime_.reset();
+        require(engine.published_document_generation_!=engine.document_.scene_generation());
+        acknowledge();
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::deferred);check(2,0x00ff00ff);
+        c->ready=true;
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::published);check(3,0x0000ffff);acknowledge();
+
+        // Add a first-ever pending second canvas. Neither completion order may
+        // expose a partially updated scene, and paint indices must remain exact.
+        a.reset();b.reset();
+        auto& second=engine.document_.create_element("canvas");
+        require(engine.document_.append_child(engine.document_.body(),second));
+        auto& second_backing=second.mutable_canvas().backing;
+        require(second_backing.claim_context(webscene::graphics::canvas_context_mode::webgpu));
+        webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool second_pool(std::make_shared<capture_provider>());
+        const auto submit_second=[&] {
+            second_backing.publish_content();
+            auto writer=second_pool.acquire();require(writer.has_value());
+            writer->set_metadata({second_backing.identity(),200+second_backing.content_serial(),second_backing.allocation_generation(),second_backing.content_serial(),1,1,second_backing.width(),second_backing.height()});
+            writer->begin();auto image=writer->publish();writer->complete();writer.reset();
+            auto output=std::make_shared<captured_output>();
+            output->image=std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*image));
+            second.mutable_canvas().gpu_snapshot=output;
+            engine.document_.mark_scene_changed();
+            return output;
+        };
+        const auto check_pair=[&](uint64_t first_serial,uint64_t second_serial,uint32_t color) {
+            require(engine.latest_->gpu_images.size()==2);
+            for(const auto& command:engine.latest_->commands) {
+                if(command.kind!=WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE)continue;
+                require(command.rgba<engine.latest_->gpu_images.size());
+                const auto metadata=engine.latest_->gpu_images[command.rgba]->value.describe();
+                require((command.node_id==node.id && metadata.canvas==backing.identity() && metadata.content_serial==first_serial)
+                    || (command.node_id==second.id && metadata.canvas==second_backing.identity() && metadata.content_serial==second_serial));
+            }
+            require(std::count_if(engine.latest_->commands.begin(),engine.latest_->commands.end(),
+                [](const auto& command){return command.kind==WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE;})==2);
+            require(std::any_of(engine.latest_->commands.begin(),engine.latest_->commands.end(),
+                [&](const auto& command){return command.node_id==engine.document_.body().id && command.rgba==color;}));
+        };
+        auto d=submit(0xffff00ff);auto second_a=submit_second();
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::deferred);check(3,0x0000ffff);
+        require(engine.staged_scene_ && engine.staged_scene_->gpu_bindings.size()==2);
+        second_a->ready=true;
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::deferred);check(3,0x0000ffff);
+        d->ready=true;
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::published);check_pair(4,1,0xffff00ff);acknowledge();
+        auto e=submit(0xff00ffff);auto second_b=submit_second();
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::deferred);check_pair(4,1,0xffff00ff);
+        e->ready=true;
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::deferred);check_pair(4,1,0xffff00ff);
+        second_b->ready=true;
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::published);check_pair(5,2,0xff00ffff);acknowledge();
+        c.reset();d.reset();
+        auto f=submit(0xabcdefFF);auto second_c=submit_second();
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::deferred);check_pair(5,2,0xff00ffff);
+        auto invalidated_capture=engine.staged_scene_;
+        second_c->failed=true;
+        require(engine.publish_scene()==result::discarded);
+        require(!engine.staged_scene_);check_pair(5,2,0xff00ffff);
+        second_backing.reset_bitmap(second_backing.width(),second_backing.height());
+        require(engine.commit_captured_scene(invalidated_capture,std::chrono::steady_clock::now())==result::deferred);
+        require(!engine.staged_scene_);check_pair(5,2,0xff00ffff);
+    }
+    // Ordered Canvas2D placement is independently negotiated, including a diff
+    // whose unchanged command payload has been stripped after capability hashing.
+    auto ordered=std::make_shared<scene>();
+    ordered->required_capabilities=scene_command_capabilities(WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_CANVAS_LAYER);
+    require(ordered->required_capabilities==WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_ORDERED_CANVAS);
+    require(scene_command_capabilities(1)==0);
+    require(scene_command_capabilities(WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES);
+    const webscene_scene_view_v3* ordered_view=nullptr;
+    for (const uint64_t offered : {uint64_t(0), uint64_t(WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES)}) {
+        require(acquire_scene_value_v3(ordered,{},offered,&ordered_view)==
+            WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_UNSUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES && !ordered_view);
+    }
+    require(acquire_scene_value_v3(ordered,{},WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_ORDERED_CANVAS,&ordered_view)==
+        WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    require(ordered_view->required_capabilities==WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_ORDERED_CANVAS);
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(ordered_view);
+    ordered->required_capabilities |= scene_command_capabilities(WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE);
+    require(acquire_scene_value_v3(ordered,{},WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_ORDERED_CANVAS,&ordered_view)==
+        WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_UNSUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES && !ordered_view);
+    require(acquire_scene_value_v3(ordered,{},WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_ORDERED_CANVAS |
+        WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES,&ordered_view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(ordered_view);
+    struct provider final : webscene::graphics::image_provider_lifetime {};
+    auto backend=std::make_shared<provider>();
+    auto weak=std::weak_ptr<provider>(backend);
+    auto pool=std::make_unique<webscene::graphics::owned_image_pool>(backend); backend.reset();
+    auto writer=pool->acquire();
+    writer->set_metadata({1,2,1,1,3,1,64,64}); writer->begin();
+    auto image=writer->publish(); writer->complete(); writer.reset();
+    auto first=std::make_shared<scene>();
+    first->header.revision=1;
+    first->header.flags=scene_flag_checkpoint | scene_flag_dom_replacement;
+    first->gpu_images.push_back(std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*image))); image.reset();
+    first->commands.push_back({WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE,0,0,0,64,64,0,1,0,0,0,0,0});
+    auto acknowledgement=std::make_shared<acknowledgement_state>();
+    acknowledgement->pending_scenes.push_back(first);
+    const webscene_scene_view_v3* view=nullptr;
+    require(acquire_scene_value_v3(first,acknowledgement,0,&view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_UNSUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES && !view);
+    require(acknowledgement->pending_scenes.size()==1 && acknowledgement->revision==0);
+    require(acquire_scene_value_v3(first,acknowledgement,WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES,&view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    require(view->required_capabilities==WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES && webscene_scene_gpu_image_count_v3(view)==1);
+    webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* retained=nullptr;
+    require(webscene_scene_retain_gpu_image_v3(view,1,&retained)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT && !retained);
+    require(webscene_scene_retain_gpu_image_v3(view,0,&retained)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer=nullptr;
+    require(webscene_gpu_image_begin_consumer_v3(retained,&consumer)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    auto removed=std::make_shared<scene>();
+    removed->header.revision=2; removed->header.base_revision=1;
+    removed->header.flags=scene_flag_dom_replacement;
+    acknowledgement->pending_scenes.push_back(removed);
+    const webscene_scene_view_v3* premature=nullptr;
+    require(acquire_scene_value_v3(removed,acknowledgement,0,&premature)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    require(!webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(premature) && acknowledgement->revision==0);
+    require(acknowledgement->presentation_images.empty());
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(premature);
+    require(webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(view) && acknowledgement->pending_scenes.size()==1);
+    require(acknowledgement->presentation_images==first->gpu_images);
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(view); first.reset();
+    // A later ordered scene drops the GPU image. Both independent CPU retention and
+    // already-submitted consumer work must survive acknowledgement of removal.
+    require(acquire_scene_value_v3(removed,acknowledgement,0,&view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    require(webscene_scene_gpu_image_count_v3(view)==0 && webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(view));
+    require(acknowledgement->presentation_images.empty());
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(view); removed.reset();
+    auto stale=std::make_shared<scene>();
+    stale->header.revision=3; stale->header.base_revision=1; // Current base is 2.
+    stale->gpu_images.push_back(std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(retained->value.retain().value()));
+    acknowledgement->pending_scenes.push_back(stale);
+    const webscene_scene_view_v3* stale_view=nullptr;
+    require(acquire_scene_value_v3(stale,acknowledgement,WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES,&stale_view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    require(!webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(stale_view) && acknowledgement->revision==2);
+    require(acknowledgement->presentation_images.empty());
+    acknowledgement->reset_for_checkpoint(); // Same reset used by the engine API.
+    require(acknowledgement->pending_scenes.empty() && acknowledgement->revision==0);
+    require(webscene_scene_gpu_image_count_v3(stale_view)==1);
+    auto recovery=std::make_shared<scene>();
+    recovery->header.revision=4;
+    recovery->header.flags=scene_flag_checkpoint | scene_flag_dom_replacement;
+    recovery->gpu_images=stale->gpu_images;
+    acknowledgement->pending_scenes.push_back(recovery);
+    require(acquire_scene_value_v3(recovery,acknowledgement,WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES,&view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    require(webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(view) && acknowledgement->revision==4);
+    require(acknowledgement->presentation_images==recovery->gpu_images);
+    require(!webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(stale_view));
+    // An image-only diff updates presentation ownership without replacing the
+    // retained DOM comparison snapshot. It must not keep using that old table.
+    auto image_only=std::make_shared<scene>();
+    image_only->header.revision=5; image_only->header.base_revision=4;
+    image_only->gpu_images.push_back(std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(retained->value.retain().value()));
+    acknowledgement->pending_scenes.push_back(image_only);
+    const webscene_scene_view_v3* image_only_view=nullptr;
+    require(acquire_scene_value_v3(image_only,acknowledgement,WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_GPU_IMAGES,&image_only_view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    require(webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(image_only_view));
+    require(acknowledgement->value==recovery && acknowledgement->presentation_images==image_only->gpu_images);
+    acknowledgement->reset_for_checkpoint();
+    require(acknowledgement->presentation_images.empty());
+    require(webscene_scene_gpu_image_count_v3(image_only_view)==1);
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(image_only_view); image_only.reset();
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(stale_view); stale.reset();
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(view); recovery.reset(); acknowledgement.reset(); pool.reset();
+    webscene_gpu_image_info_v3 info{}; info.struct_size=sizeof(info); info.version=3;
+    require(webscene_gpu_image_describe_v3(retained,&info) && info.content_serial==1 && !weak.expired());
+    webscene_gpu_image_release_v3(retained); require(!weak.expired());
+    webscene_gpu_iosurface_view_v3 native_view{sizeof(native_view),3,nullptr,0};
+    require(!webscene_gpu_image_get_iosurface_v3(consumer,&native_view) && !native_view.borrowed_iosurface);
+    webscene_gpu_image_complete_consumer_v3(consumer); require(weak.expired());
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    auto surfaces=std::make_unique<webscene::graphics::iosurface_canvas_images>(1024*1024);
+    auto surface=surfaces->acquire({700,0,1,1,701,1,17,4,webscene::graphics::image_format::bgra8_unorm});
+    require(surface.has_value());
+    surface->producer.begin();
+    auto published=surface->producer.publish();
+    surface->producer.complete(); surface.reset();
+    require(published.has_value());
+    auto surface_lease=std::make_unique<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*published));
+    webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* surface_consumer=nullptr;
+    require(webscene_gpu_image_begin_consumer_v3(surface_lease.get(),&surface_consumer)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS);
+    surface_lease.reset(); surfaces.reset();
+    require(webscene_gpu_image_get_iosurface_v3(surface_consumer,&native_view) &&
+        native_view.borrowed_iosurface && native_view.allocation_bytes>=17*4*4);
+    require(IOSurfaceGetWidth(static_cast<IOSurfaceRef>(native_view.borrowed_iosurface))==17);
+    native_view.version=2;
+    require(!webscene_gpu_image_get_iosurface_v3(surface_consumer,&native_view));
+    native_view.version=3; native_view.struct_size=0;
+    require(!webscene_gpu_image_get_iosurface_v3(surface_consumer,&native_view));
+    native_view.struct_size=sizeof(native_view);
+    require(!webscene_gpu_image_get_iosurface_v3(nullptr,&native_view) &&
+        !native_view.borrowed_iosurface && !native_view.allocation_bytes);
+    webscene_gpu_image_complete_consumer_v3(surface_consumer);
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_service_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_service_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11570cdac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_service_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+#include "graphics/graphics_service.h"
+#include "graphics/engine_wake.h"
+#include <GLES2/gl2.h>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstring>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+void require(bool value) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error("requirement failed"); }
+template<class F> void rejects(F action) { bool rejected=false; try { action(); } catch(const std::exception&) { rejected=true; } require(rejected); }
+int executed_commands=0;
+void set_color(graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte> upload,
+               const graphics_command::arguments& values) noexcept {
+    resource_handle<angle_context> handle{values[0],values[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(values[2])};
+    float color[4]{};
+    if (upload.size()!=sizeof(color)) std::terminate();
+    std::memcpy(color,upload.data(),sizeof(color));
+    service.with_angle_context(handle,[&] { glClearColor(color[0],color[1],color[2],color[3]); });
+    ++executed_commands;
+}
+// Commands translate expected context loss without dropping later FIFO work.
+std::array<int,4> loss_order{};
+size_t loss_count=0;
+void context_loss_command(graphics_service& service,std::span<const std::byte>,
+                          const graphics_command::arguments& values) noexcept {
+    resource_handle<angle_context> handle{values[0],values[1],static_cast<uint32_t>(values[2])};
+    bool entered=false;
+    try {
+        service.with_angle_context(handle,[&] {
+            entered=true;
+            if(values[3]==1) {
+                using request_proc=void (GL_APIENTRY *)(const GLchar*);
+                using lose_proc=void (GL_APIENTRY *)(GLenum,GLenum);
+                auto request=reinterpret_cast<request_proc>(eglGetProcAddress("glRequestExtensionANGLE"));
+                auto lose=reinterpret_cast<lose_proc>(eglGetProcAddress("glLoseContextCHROMIUM"));
+                require(request && lose);
+                request("GL_CHROMIUM_lose_context");
+                require(glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR);
+                lose(GL_GUILTY_CONTEXT_RESET_EXT,GL_INNOCENT_CONTEXT_RESET_EXT);
+            } else {
+                glClearColor(0.25f,0.5f,0.75f,1);
+                GLfloat color[4]{};glGetFloatv(GL_COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE,color);
+                require(glGetError()==GL_NO_ERROR && color[1]==0.5f);
+            }
+        });
+        loss_order.at(loss_count++)=3;
+    } catch(const angle_context_lost&) {
+        loss_order.at(loss_count++)=entered ? 1 : 2;
+    }
+}
+int main() {
+    auto wake=std::make_shared<engine_wake>();
+    graphics_service a(wake),b(wake);
+    require(!a.dawn_initialized() && !b.dawn_initialized());
+    require(!a.has_ready_work());
+    require(a.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100))==std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
+    require(a.pump([](auto) {})==0 && !a.dawn_initialized());
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    constexpr auto backend=EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_METAL_ANGLE;
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    constexpr auto backend=EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_D3D11_ANGLE;
+#else
+    constexpr auto backend=EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_VULKAN_ANGLE;
+#endif
+    auto first=a.create_angle_context(backend,2),second=b.create_angle_context(backend,2);
+    rejects([&] { b.with_angle_context(first,[] {}); });
+    a.with_angle_context(first,[] { glClearColor(1,0,0,1); });
+    b.with_angle_context(second,[] { glClearColor(0,1,0,1); });
+    a.with_angle_context(first,[&] {
+        rejects([&] { a.destroy_angle_context(first); });
+        rejects([&] { a.close(); });
+        require(a.live_contexts()==1);
+    });
+    rejects([&] { a.with_angle_context(first,[] { throw std::runtime_error("execution failed"); }); });
+    a.destroy_angle_context(first);
+    rejects([&] { a.with_angle_context(first,[] {}); });
+    a.close();
+    b.with_angle_context(second,[] { GLfloat color[4]{}; glGetFloatv(GL_COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE,color); require(color[1]==1); });
+    require(a.live_contexts()==0 && b.live_contexts()==1);
+    rejects([&] { a.dawn(); });
+    auto endpoint=b.command_endpoint(2,sizeof(float)*4);
+    graphics_command command{set_color,{second.table,second.generation,second.slot}};
+    std::array<float,4> upload{1,0,0,1};
+    std::thread producer([&] {
+        require(endpoint->enqueue(command,std::as_bytes(std::span(upload)))==enqueue_result::accepted);
+        upload={0,0,1,1};
+        require(endpoint->enqueue(command,std::as_bytes(std::span(upload)))==enqueue_result::accepted);
+        require(endpoint->enqueue(command,std::as_bytes(std::span(upload)))==enqueue_result::full);
+        upload={0,0,0,0};
+    });
+    producer.join();
+    require(b.has_ready_work() && executed_commands==0);
+    require(b.drain_commands(1)==1);
+    b.with_angle_context(second,[] { GLfloat color[4]{}; glGetFloatv(GL_COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE,color); require(color[0]==1 && color[2]==0); });
+    require(b.drain_commands(1)==1);
+    b.with_angle_context(second,[] { GLfloat color[4]{}; glGetFloatv(GL_COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE,color); require(color[0]==0 && color[2]==1); });
+    auto queue_counters=b.metrics().commands;
+    require(queue_counters.depth==0 && queue_counters.high_water==2 && queue_counters.upload_bytes==32);
+    require(executed_commands==2);
+    b.dawn(); require(b.dawn_initialized() && !b.has_ready_work());
+    require(b.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100))==std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
+    auto mailbox=b.dawn().completions();
+    resource_owner owner{b.engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0};
+    auto cancelled_ticket=mailbox->reserve(2,owner).value();
+    mailbox->cancel_owner(owner);
+    require(b.pump([](auto record) { require(record.status==completion_status::cancelled); })==1);
+    require(!mailbox->has_ready() && mailbox->has_pending());
+    require(b.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100))<=std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    require(!mailbox->publish(cancelled_ticket,completion_status::success));
+    require(!b.has_ready_work());
+    require(b.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100))==std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
+    auto ticket=mailbox->reserve(1,owner).value();
+    require(mailbox->has_pending());
+    require(b.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100))<=std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    b.pump([](auto) {});
+    require(b.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100))<=std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    require(endpoint->enqueue(command,std::as_bytes(std::span(upload)))==enqueue_result::accepted);
+    b.close(); require(b.live_contexts()==0);
+    require(executed_commands==3 && endpoint->metrics().depth==0);
+    require(endpoint->enqueue(command)==enqueue_result::closed);
+    require(b.has_ready_work());
+    require(b.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100))==std::chrono::milliseconds::zero());
+    require(!mailbox->publish(ticket,completion_status::success));
+    require(b.pump([](auto record) { require(record.status==completion_status::cancelled); })==1);
+    require(!b.has_ready_work());
+    require(b.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100))==std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
+    graphics_service gc(wake);
+    auto gc_context=gc.create_angle_context(backend,2);
+    auto gc_commands=gc.command_endpoint(2,sizeof(float)*4);
+    auto gc_releases=gc.release_endpoint(1);
+    auto release_record=graphics_service::deferred_context_release(gc_context);
+    auto registration=gc_releases->reserve(release_record).value();
+    require(!gc_releases->reserve(release_record));
+    graphics_command gc_command{set_color,{gc_context.table,gc_context.generation,gc_context.slot}};
+    require(gc_commands->enqueue(gc_command,std::as_bytes(std::span(upload)))==enqueue_result::accepted);
+    require(gc_commands->enqueue(gc_command,std::as_bytes(std::span(upload)))==enqueue_result::accepted);
+    require(gc_commands->enqueue(gc_command)==enqueue_result::full);
+    std::thread gc_finalizer([&] { require(gc_releases->publish(registration)); });
+    gc_finalizer.join();
+    require(!gc_releases->publish(registration));
+    require(gc.live_contexts()==1 && gc.metrics().release_registrations==1);
+    require(gc.drain_commands(1)==1 && gc.live_contexts()==1);
+    require(gc.drain_commands(1)==1 && gc.live_contexts()==0);
+    require(gc.metrics().release_registrations==0);
+    auto abandoned=gc_releases->reserve(release_record).value();
+    require(abandoned.generation!=registration.generation);
+    require(!gc_releases->publish(registration));
+    gc.close();
+    require(!gc_releases->publish(abandoned) && gc_releases->occupied()==0);
+    // A delayed finalizer may refer to a slot reused by a new native context.
+    // Repeat real context teardown/recreation while forcing slot reuse.
+    graphics_service recycled(wake,1);
+    recycled.command_endpoint(1,0);
+    auto recycled_releases=recycled.release_endpoint(1);
+    for (int iteration=0;iteration<64;++iteration) {
+        auto old=recycled.create_angle_context(backend,2);
+        auto late=recycled_releases->reserve(graphics_service::deferred_context_release(old)).value();
+        recycled.destroy_angle_context(old);
+        auto replacement=recycled.create_angle_context(backend,2);
+        require(replacement.slot==old.slot && replacement.generation!=old.generation);
+        require(recycled_releases->publish(late));
+        recycled.pump([](auto) { throw std::runtime_error("unexpected context completion"); });
+        require(recycled.live_contexts()==1);
+        recycled.with_angle_context(replacement,[] {
+            glClearColor(0.25f,0.5f,0.75f,1);
+            GLfloat color[4]{};
+            glGetFloatv(GL_COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE,color);
+            require(color[0]==0.25f && color[1]==0.5f && color[2]==0.75f);
+        });
+        recycled.destroy_angle_context(replacement);
+        auto baseline=recycled.metrics();
+        require(baseline.live_contexts==0 && baseline.release_registrations==0 && baseline.commands.depth==0);
+    }
+    recycled.close();
+    // Loss in one queued command is reported immediately, subsequent commands
+    // for that context reject before execution, and independent work continues.
+    graphics_service loss_service(wake);
+    auto lost_context=loss_service.create_angle_context(backend,2);
+    auto surviving_context=loss_service.create_angle_context(backend,2);
+    auto loss_queue=loss_service.command_endpoint(4,0);
+    const auto enqueue_loss=[&](auto handle,uint64_t inject) {
+        require(loss_queue->enqueue({context_loss_command,
+            {handle.table,handle.generation,handle.slot,inject}})==enqueue_result::accepted);
+    };
+    enqueue_loss(lost_context,1);
+    enqueue_loss(lost_context,0);
+    enqueue_loss(surviving_context,0);
+    enqueue_loss(lost_context,0);
+    require(loss_service.drain_commands(4)==4);
+    require(loss_count==4 && loss_order==std::array<int,4>{1,2,3,2});
+    require(eglGetCurrentContext()==EGL_NO_CONTEXT);
+    loss_service.destroy_angle_context(lost_context);
+    loss_service.destroy_angle_context(surviving_context);
+    require(loss_service.live_contexts()==0 && loss_queue->metrics().depth==0);
+    loss_service.close();
+    graphics_service delivery(wake);
+    auto delivery_mailbox=delivery.dawn().completions();
+    auto delivery_ticket=delivery_mailbox->reserve(1,{delivery.engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0}).value();
+    require(delivery_mailbox->publish(delivery_ticket,completion_status::success));
+    rejects([&] {
+        delivery.pump([&](auto) {
+            rejects([&] { delivery.close(); });
+            rejects([&] { delivery.pump([](auto) {}); });
+            throw std::runtime_error("delivery exception");
+        });
+    });
+    delivery.close(); // Exception unwinding must release the active pump guard.
+    auto disposed=std::make_unique<graphics_service>(wake);
+    auto late_endpoint=disposed->command_endpoint(1,0);
+    disposed.reset();
+    require(late_endpoint->enqueue(command)==enqueue_result::closed);
+    std::cout << "lazy graphics service and cross-engine ANGLE lifetime isolation passed\n";
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_iosurface_canvas_host.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_iosurface_canvas_host.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ad7fb744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_iosurface_canvas_host.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_iosurface_canvas_host.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_realm.h"
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+template<class Run>
+void test_v8_iosurface_canvas_host(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
+    graphics_service& service,Run run) {
+    auto exception=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+    auto realm=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_realm>(isolate,context,service,exception,webgpu_canvas_interop::iosurface,wgpu::BackendType::Metal);
+    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"sharedCanvasGPU"),realm->object()).FromMaybe(false),"Shared discovery publication failed");
+    require(run("globalThis.sharedCanvasAdapterPromise=sharedCanvasGPU.requestAdapter();"),"Shared canvas adapter request failed");
+    auto adapter_promise=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"sharedCanvasAdapterPromise")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+    auto adapter_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while(adapter_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kPending&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<adapter_deadline){
+        service.pump([&](auto completion){require(realm->complete(completion),"Shared adapter completion not routed");});
+        if(adapter_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kPending)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(adapter_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kFulfilled&&adapter_promise->Result()->IsObject(),"Shared canvas Metal adapter unavailable");
+    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"sharedCanvasAdapter"),adapter_promise->Result()).FromMaybe(false),"Shared adapter publication failed");
+    require(run("globalThis.privateCanvasFeaturePromise=sharedCanvasAdapter.requestDevice({requiredFeatures:['shared-texture-memory-iosurface']});"),"Private feature rejection dispatch failed");
+    auto rejected=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"privateCanvasFeaturePromise")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+    rejected->MarkAsHandled();
+    require(rejected->State()==v8::Promise::kRejected&&rejected->Result().As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"name")).ToLocalChecked()->StrictEquals(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"TypeError")),"Host policy allowed JavaScript to request a native feature");
+    require(run("globalThis.sharedCanvasDevicePromise=sharedCanvasAdapter.requestDevice();"),"Shared canvas requestDevice failed");
+    auto promise=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"sharedCanvasDevicePromise")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+    auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while(promise->State()==v8::Promise::kPending&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline){
+        service.pump([&](auto completion){require(realm->complete(completion),"Shared device completion not routed");});
+        if(promise->State()==v8::Promise::kPending)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(promise->State()==v8::Promise::kFulfilled,"Shared canvas device promise failed");
+    auto device=promise->Result().As<v8::Object>();
+    auto native=v8_webgpu_devices::native_reference(device);
+    for(auto feature:{wgpu::FeatureName::SharedTextureMemoryIOSurface,wgpu::FeatureName::SharedFenceMTLSharedEvent})require(native.HasFeature(feature),"Host sharing feature was not provisioned");
+    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"sharedCanvasDevice"),device).FromMaybe(false),"Shared device publication failed");
+    auto provider=std::make_shared<dawn_iosurface_canvas_host>(1024*1024);
+    uint64_t serial=0;
+    auto host=make_iosurface_webgpu_canvas_host(provider,[&]{image_metadata metadata;metadata.canvas=123;metadata.allocation_generation=7;metadata.content_serial=++serial;metadata.producer_timeline=456;metadata.producer_value=serial;return metadata;});
+    auto canvas=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_canvas_context>(isolate,context,v8::Object::New(isolate),exception,4,2,std::move(host));
+    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"sharedCanvas"),canvas->object()).FromMaybe(false),"Shared canvas publication failed");
+    require(run(R"JS(
+        (()=>{
+            if(sharedCanvasDevice.features.has('shared-texture-memory-iosurface')||sharedCanvasDevice.features.has('shared-fence-mtl-shared-event'))throw new Error('private feature exposed');
+            sharedCanvas.configure({device:sharedCanvasDevice,format:sharedCanvasGPU.getPreferredCanvasFormat()});
+            const texture=sharedCanvas.getCurrentTexture();
+            if(texture!==sharedCanvas.getCurrentTexture())throw new Error('shared texture identity');
+            const encoder=sharedCanvasDevice.createCommandEncoder();
+            const pass=encoder.beginRenderPass({colorAttachments:[{view:texture.createView(),loadOp:'clear',storeOp:'store',clearValue:[1,0,0,1]}]});
+            pass.end();sharedCanvasDevice.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+        })();
+    )JS"),"JavaScript shared canvas clear failed");
+    canvas->end_frame(true);
+    std::optional<owned_image_pool::retained> image;
+    deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while(!image&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline){
+        auto ready=provider->take_ready();if(ready)image.emplace(std::move(*ready));
+        else{service.dawn().instance().ProcessEvents();std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));}
+    }
+    require(image.has_value(),"JavaScript shared canvas image unavailable");
+    auto metadata=image->describe();require(metadata.canvas==123&&metadata.allocation_generation==7&&metadata.content_serial==1&&metadata.width==4&&metadata.height==2,"Shared canvas frame identity changed");
+    auto consumer=image->begin_consumer();require(consumer.has_value(),"Shared canvas consumer unavailable");
+    auto surface=iosurface_canvas_images::resolve(*consumer).borrowed_handle();
+    // Explicit diagnostic CPU inspection only, after the producer's GPU work.
+    require(IOSurfaceLock(surface,kIOSurfaceLockReadOnly,nullptr)==kIOReturnSuccess,"Shared canvas diagnostic lock failed");
+    auto pixels=static_cast<const uint8_t*>(IOSurfaceGetBaseAddress(surface));auto stride=IOSurfaceGetBytesPerRow(surface);
+    bool correct=pixels!=nullptr;
+    if(pixels)for(size_t y=0;y<2;++y)for(size_t x=0;x<4;++x){auto pixel=pixels+y*stride+x*4;correct&=pixel[0]==0&&pixel[1]==0&&pixel[2]==255&&pixel[3]==255;}
+    auto unlocked=IOSurfaceUnlock(surface,kIOSurfaceLockReadOnly,nullptr);consumer->complete();image.reset();
+    require(correct&&unlocked==kIOReturnSuccess,"JavaScript IOSurface canvas pixel mismatch");
+    require(run("sharedCanvas.unconfigure();delete globalThis.sharedCanvas;delete globalThis.sharedCanvasDevice;delete globalThis.sharedCanvasAdapter;delete globalThis.sharedCanvasDevicePromise;delete globalThis.privateCanvasFeaturePromise;delete globalThis.sharedCanvasAdapterPromise;"),"Shared canvas cleanup failed");
+    canvas.reset();require(provider->idle()&&provider->busy_images()==0,"Shared canvas provider retained completed frame");
+    realm.reset();
+    require(run("(()=>{let expired=false;try{sharedCanvasGPU.getPreferredCanvasFormat()}catch(e){expired=e instanceof TypeError}if(!expired)throw new Error('retired GPU realm callable');delete globalThis.sharedCanvasGPU;})();"),"GPU realm teardown left live discovery receiver");
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_modules.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_modules.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a0166874c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_modules.h
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+void test_modules_and_clone() {
+    webscene_native::native_document document;
+    unsigned dependency_loads = 0;
+    webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime runtime(document,
+        []{return webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{640,480,1,0};}, {},
+        [&](uint32_t, const std::string& url, const auto&, const std::string&, int64_t, auto& response) {
+            if (url.ends_with("/index.html")) response.content = R"HTML(
+                <script type="module" src="./main.js"></script>
+                <script>globalThis.executionOrder=['classic'];</script>)HTML";
+            else if (url.ends_with("/main.js")) response.content = R"JS(
+                import {count, increment} from './dep.js';
+                import './cycle.js';
+                globalThis.mainUrl=import.meta.url;
+                increment();
+                globalThis.moduleResult=count;
+                globalThis.moduleCurrentScript=document.currentScript;
+                executionOrder.push('module');
+                import('./dep.js').then(m=>globalThis.dynamicResult=m.count);
+            )JS";
+            else if (url.ends_with("/dep.js")) {
+                ++dependency_loads;
+                response.content = "export let count=40;export function increment(){count+=2;}";
+            } else if (url.ends_with("/cycle.js")) response.content = "import './main.js';export const cycle=true;";
+            else return false;
+            return true;
+        });
+    require(runtime.initialize(), "Module runtime initialization failed");
+    require(runtime.load_url("https://modules.test/index.html"), "Module navigation failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        if(moduleResult!==42||dynamicResult!==42)throw Error('module live binding/dynamic import');
+        if(mainUrl!=='https://modules.test/main.js'||moduleCurrentScript!==null)throw Error('module metadata');
+        if(executionOrder.join(',')!=='classic,module')throw Error('module defer');
+        const x={date:new Date(123),map:new Map([['key',42]]),set:new Set([1,2])};x.self=x;
+        const copy=structuredClone(x);
+        if(copy===x||copy.self!==copy||copy.date.getTime()!==123||copy.map.get('key')!==42||!copy.set.has(2))throw Error('structured clone');
+        const bytes=new Uint8Array([1,2,3]);const moved=structuredClone({bytes},{transfer:[bytes.buffer]});
+        if(bytes.byteLength!==0||moved.bytes[2]!==3)throw Error('buffer transfer');
+        const b=new ArrayBuffer(8);let duplicate=false;
+        try{structuredClone(b,{transfer:[b,b]})}catch(e){duplicate=e.name==='DataCloneError'}
+        if(!duplicate||b.byteLength!==8)throw Error('duplicate transfer atomicity');
+        let invalid=false;try{structuredClone(()=>{})}catch(e){invalid=e.name==='DataCloneError'}
+        if(!invalid)throw Error('uncloneable function');
+        import('unmapped').then(()=>globalThis.bareRejected=false,()=>globalThis.bareRejected=true);
+    )JS","https://modules.test/test.js"), "Modules/clone regression failed");
+    require(dependency_loads==1, "Module dependency was fetched more than once");
+    require(runtime.execute("if(!bareRejected)throw Error('bare import did not reject');", "assert"), "Dynamic import rejection failed");
+}
+void test_dedicated_module_worker() {
+    webscene_native::native_document document;
+    webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime runtime(document,
+        []{return webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{64,64,1,0};}, {},
+        [](uint32_t, const std::string& url, const auto&, const std::string&, int64_t, auto& response) {
+            if(url.ends_with("/index.html"))response.content=R"HTML(<script>
+                globalThis.workerMessages=[];
+                globalThis.workerError='';
+                globalThis.worker=new Worker('./worker.js',{type:'module'});
+                if(!(worker instanceof Worker)||!(worker instanceof EventTarget))throw Error('Worker interface inheritance');
+                worker.onmessage=e=>workerMessages.push(e.data);
+                worker.onerror=e=>workerError=e.message;
+                const array=new Uint8Array([4,8,12]);
+                worker.postMessage({array},[array.buffer]);
+                if(array.byteLength!==0)throw Error('parent buffer not transferred');
+                globalThis.parentRemainedResponsive=true;
+            </script>)HTML";
+            else if(url.ends_with("/worker.js"))response.content=R"JS(
+                import {factor} from './factor.js';
+                self.onmessage=e=>{
+                    const array=e.data.array;
+                    array[1]*=factor;
+                    postMessage({array,documentType:typeof document,url:import.meta.url},[array.buffer]);
+                    const workerOwned=new Uint8Array([31,47]);
+                    postMessage({detached:array.byteLength===0,workerOwned},[workerOwned.buffer]);
+                };
+            )JS";
+            else if(url.ends_with("/busy.js"))response.content="while(true){}";
+            else if(url.ends_with("/factor.js"))response.content="export const factor=3;";
+            else return false;
+            return true;
+        });
+    require(runtime.initialize()&&runtime.load_url("https://workers.test/index.html"),"Worker startup failed");
+    for(unsigned i=0;i<100;++i){runtime.pump_task();std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(5));}
+    if(!runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        if(workerError)throw Error(workerError);
+        if(!parentRemainedResponsive||workerMessages.length!==2)throw Error('missing ordered worker replies: '+workerMessages.length);
+        if(workerMessages[0].array[1]!==24||workerMessages[0].documentType!=='undefined'
+            ||workerMessages[0].url!=='https://workers.test/worker.js'||!workerMessages[1].detached)throw Error('worker transfer/isolation');
+        worker.terminate();worker.terminate();
+        // Originating isolate and allocator owner are gone; transferred memory remains valid.
+        if(workerMessages[1].workerOwned[1]!==47)throw Error('worker-owned buffer lifetime');
+        globalThis.busyWorker=new Worker('./busy.js');
+    )JS","worker-assert"))throw std::runtime_error(runtime.last_error());
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(50));
+    require(runtime.load_url("https://workers.test/index.html"),"Worker navigation shutdown failed");
+}
+void test_secure_context_reporting() {
+    webscene_native::native_document document;
+    webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime runtime(document,
+        []{return webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{64,64,1,0};},{},
+        [](uint32_t,const std::string&,const auto&,const std::string&,int64_t,auto& response){
+            response.content="<!doctype html><body>origin test</body>";return true;
+        });
+    require(runtime.initialize(),"Secure context runtime initialization failed");
+    for(auto [url,secure]:{
+        std::pair{"https://example.test/index.html",true},
+        std::pair{"http://example.test/index.html",false},
+        std::pair{"http://localhost:4173/index.html",true},
+        std::pair{"http://sub.localhost/index.html",true},
+        std::pair{"http://127.0.0.1:4173/index.html",true},
+        std::pair{"http://127.1.2.3/index.html",true},
+        std::pair{"http://[::1]:4173/index.html",true},
+        std::pair{"http://localhost.evil.test/index.html",false},
+        std::pair{"http://127.evil.test/index.html",false},
+        std::pair{"http://localhost@evil.test/index.html",false}
+    }){
+        require(runtime.load_url(url),"Origin navigation failed");
+        require(runtime.execute(std::string("if(isSecureContext!==")+(secure?"true":"false")+")throw Error('secure context classification');","secure-context"),"Secure context classification mismatch");
+        require(runtime.execute("if('gpu' in navigator)throw Error('origin reporting bypassed host GPU policy');","gpu-policy"),"Origin reporting granted GPU admission");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_runtime_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_runtime_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1aa3eecdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_runtime_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,2472 @@
+#include "webscene_v8_runtime.h"
+#include "webscene_native_dom.h"
+#include "graphics/graphics_service.h"
+#include "graphics/engine_wake.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_release_registry.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_request.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_device_request.h"
+#include "graphics/webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_buffers.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_devices.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_shaders.h"
+#include "graphics/webgpu_compilation_info.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_render_pipelines.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_bind_groups.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_views.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_adapters.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_discovery.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_canvas_context.h"
+#include "graphics/webgpu_adapter_info.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_map_request.h"
+#include "graphics/image_lease_abi.h"
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+void require(bool value,const char* message) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error(message); }
+#include "graphics_v8_webgpu_options.h"
+#include "graphics_v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h"
+#include "graphics_v8_webgpu_device_descriptor.h"
+#include "graphics_v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor.h"
+#include "graphics_v8_webgpu_programmable_stage.h"
+#include "graphics_v8_webgpu_render_state.h"
+#include "graphics_v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor.h"
+#include "graphics_v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor.h"
+#include "graphics_v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration.h"
+#include "graphics_v8_iosurface_canvas_host.h"
+int weak_releases=0;
+void test_native_gpu_scene_leases();
+void test_device_loss_signal() {
+    resource_owner owner{new_owner_token(),new_owner_token(),0};
+    for(bool early:{false,true}) {
+        auto mailbox=std::make_shared<completion_mailbox>(1,nullptr);
+        auto signal=std::make_shared<device_loss_signal>(nullptr);
+        auto ticket=mailbox->reserve(new_owner_token(),owner,false).value();
+        std::string message="driver loss";
+        auto publish=[&]{signal->publish(wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Unknown,wgpu::StringView(message.data(),message.size()));};
+        if(early){std::thread callback(publish);callback.join();}
+        signal->subscribe(mailbox,ticket);
+        if(!early){std::thread callback(publish);callback.join();}
+        message[0]='X';
+        require(signal->lost.load()&&signal->result()->message=="driver loss","Loss callback did not own its snapshot");
+        unsigned count=0;require(mailbox->drain_one([&](auto record){++count;require(record.status==completion_status::success,"Loss completion failed");}),"Loss notification missing");
+        signal->publish(wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed,wgpu::StringView("duplicate"));
+        require(count==1&&!mailbox->has_ready(),"Loss delivered twice");
+    }
+}
+void test_compilation_info_snapshot() {
+    std::string text="diagnostic";
+    wgpu::CompilationMessage message{};
+    message.message=wgpu::StringView(text.data(),text.size());
+    message.type=wgpu::CompilationMessageType::Error;
+    message.lineNum=2;message.linePos=3;message.offset=4;message.length=5;
+    wgpu::CompilationInfo info{};info.messageCount=1;info.messages=&message;
+    wgpu::DawnCompilationMessageUtf16 utf16{};
+    utf16.linePos=2;utf16.offset=3;utf16.length=4;
+    message.nextInChain=&utf16;
+    auto snapshot=webgpu_compilation_info::copy(info);
+    text[0]='X';
+    require(snapshot.messages.size()==1&&snapshot.messages[0].message=="diagnostic"
+        &&snapshot.messages[0].offset==4&&snapshot.messages[0].length==5
+        &&snapshot.messages[0].has_utf16&&snapshot.messages[0].utf16_offset==3
+        &&snapshot.messages[0].utf16_line_pos==2&&snapshot.messages[0].utf16_length==4,
+        "Compilation diagnostics did not retain callback data");
+    bool bounded=false;try{webgpu_compilation_info::copy(info,1,2);}catch(const std::length_error&){bounded=true;}
+    require(bounded,"Compilation diagnostic byte budget ignored");
+    bounded=false;try{webgpu_compilation_info::copy(info,0);}catch(const std::length_error&){bounded=true;}
+    require(bounded,"Compilation diagnostic count budget ignored");
+    message.message=wgpu::StringView("terminated");
+    require(webgpu_compilation_info::copy(info).messages[0].message=="terminated","NUL-terminated diagnostic copy failed");
+}
+void test_image_lease_abi() {
+    struct provider final : image_provider_lifetime {};
+    auto native=std::make_shared<provider>();
+    std::weak_ptr<provider> alive=native;
+    auto pool=std::make_unique<owned_image_pool>(native,3); native.reset();
+    auto writer=pool->acquire();
+    writer->set_metadata({1,2,3,4,5,6,640,480}); writer->begin();
+    auto frame=writer->publish();
+    auto* original=new webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3(std::move(*frame)); frame.reset();
+    webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* retained=nullptr;
+    require(webscene_gpu_image_retain_v3(original,&retained)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS,"ABI retain failed");
+    webscene_gpu_image_consumer_v3* consumer=nullptr;
+    require(webscene_gpu_image_begin_consumer_v3(retained,&consumer)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS,"ABI consumer failed");
+    webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3* saturated=nullptr;
+    require(webscene_gpu_image_retain_v3(retained,&saturated)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_BACKPRESSURE && !saturated,"ABI backpressure failed");
+    pool.reset(); writer->complete(); writer.reset();
+    webscene_gpu_image_release_v3(original);
+    webscene_gpu_image_info_v3 info{}; info.struct_size=sizeof(info); info.version=3;
+    require(webscene_gpu_image_describe_v3(retained,&info) && info.width==640 && info.allocation_generation==3,"ABI metadata failed");
+    info.version=99; require(!webscene_gpu_image_describe_v3(retained,&info),"ABI metadata version accepted");
+    webscene_gpu_image_release_v3(retained);
+    require(!alive.expired(),"ABI released pending GPU provider");
+    std::thread completion([&] { webscene_gpu_image_complete_consumer_v3(consumer); }); completion.join();
+    require(alive.expired(),"ABI completion leaked provider");
+}
+void test_scene_acquisition_v3() {
+    std::unique_ptr<webscene_engine,decltype(&webscene_engine_destroy)> engine(webscene_engine_create(64),webscene_engine_destroy);
+    require(engine!=nullptr,"scene ABI engine creation failed");
+    webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3 options{sizeof(options),WEBSCENE_SCENE_VIEW_VERSION_3,0};
+    const webscene_scene_view_v3* view=nullptr;
+    auto invalid=options; invalid.scene_version=99;
+    require(webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene_v3(engine.get(),&invalid,&view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_UNSUPPORTED_VERSION && !view,"scene version rejection failed");
+    invalid=options; invalid.struct_size=0;
+    require(webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene_v3(engine.get(),&invalid,&view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT && !view,"scene options size rejection failed");
+    require(webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene_v3(nullptr,&options,&view)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_INVALID_ARGUMENT,"null scene engine accepted");
+    auto status=webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene_v3(engine.get(),&options,&view);
+    if (view) { webscene_scene_release_v3(view); view=nullptr; }
+    constexpr char source[]="document.body.innerHTML='<div>scene lease ABI</div>';";
+    require(webscene_engine_execute_script(engine.get(),source,sizeof(source)-1,"scene-v3",8),"scene ABI script failed");
+    const auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    do {
+        status=webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene_v3(engine.get(),&options,&view);
+        if (status==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_EMPTY) std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    } while (status==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_EMPTY && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline);
+    require(status==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS && view,"versioned scene acquisition failed");
+    require(view->struct_size==sizeof(*view) && view->scene_version==3 && view->required_capabilities==0,"invalid versioned scene layout");
+    require(view->cpu_view && view->cpu_view->abi_version==2,"CPU scene compatibility view missing");
+    const auto* legacy=webscene_engine_acquire_latest_scene(engine.get());
+    require(legacy && legacy->abi_version==2,"legacy scene acquisition regressed");
+    webscene_scene_release(legacy);
+    auto incompatible=*view;
+    incompatible.struct_size=sizeof(uint32_t);
+    require(!webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(&incompatible),"short scene view acknowledged");
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(&incompatible);
+    incompatible=*view; incompatible.scene_version=99;
+    require(!webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(&incompatible),"unknown scene view acknowledged");
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(&incompatible);
+    const webscene_scene_view_v3* latest=nullptr;
+    require(webscene_engine_acquire_latest_scene_v3(engine.get(),&options,&latest)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS && latest,
+        "latest versioned acquisition failed");
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(latest);
+    require(webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(view),"versioned acknowledgement failed");
+    const auto revision=view->cpu_view->header.revision;
+    engine.reset();
+    require(view->cpu_view->header.revision==revision,"retained scene did not survive engine disposal");
+    webscene_scene_release_v3(view);
+}
+void test_navigation_stylesheet_raw_text_isolation() {
+    webscene_native::native_document document;
+    webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime runtime(document,
+        []{return webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{640,480,1,0};},
+        {},[](uint32_t,const std::string&,const auto&,const std::string&,int64_t,auto& response){
+            response.content=R"HTML(<!doctype html><html><head>
+                <style>svg{background:rgb(10,20,30)}button{position:static}</style>
+                <script>const preview='<style>svg{background:white}button{position:fixed}</style>';</script>
+                <!-- <style>svg{background:red}</style> -->
+                <template><style>svg{background:blue}</style></template>
+                </head><body><svg id="icon" width="20" height="20"></svg><button id="control">Control</button></body></html>)HTML";
+            return true;
+        });
+    require(runtime.initialize(),"Stylesheet navigation runtime failed");
+    require(runtime.load_url("https://graphics.test/style-isolation"),"Stylesheet navigation failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        if(getComputedStyle(document.getElementById('icon')).backgroundColor!=='rgb(10, 20, 30)')throw new Error('Inert markup activated stylesheet');
+        if(getComputedStyle(document.getElementById('control')).position!=='static')throw new Error('Print preview repositioned document controls');
+    )JS","style-isolation"),"Navigation leaked raw-text/comment/template CSS");
+}
+
+void test_inline_canvas_intrinsic_layout() {
+    webscene_native::native_document document;
+    webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime runtime(document,
+        []{return webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{640,480,1,0};});
+    require(runtime.initialize(),"Inline canvas runtime failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        document.body.innerHTML='<span><canvas id="intrinsic" width="256" height="128">fallback</canvas></span>';
+    )JS","inline-canvas"),"Inline canvas setup failed");
+    document.layout(640,480);
+    auto* canvas=document.find_by_id("intrinsic");
+    require(canvas&&canvas->layout.width==256&&canvas->layout.height==128,"Inline canvas lost intrinsic dimensions");
+    require(runtime.execute("document.getElementById('intrinsic').removeAttribute('width');document.getElementById('intrinsic').removeAttribute('height');","default-canvas"),"Canvas dimension removal failed");
+    document.layout(640,480);
+    require(canvas->layout.width==300&&canvas->layout.height==150,"Inline canvas defaults lost");
+}
+void test_runtime_webgpu_document_policy() {
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    webscene_native::native_document document;
+    std::vector<std::string> decisions;
+    webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime runtime(document,
+        []{return webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{64,64,1,0};},
+        {},[](uint32_t,const std::string& url,const auto&,const std::string&,int64_t,auto& response){
+            if(url=="https://graphics.test/missing")return false;
+            response.content="<!doctype html><html><body><script>globalThis.policySeenByScript=('gpu' in navigator);</script></body></html>";
+            return true;
+        });
+    runtime.set_webgpu_policy(std::make_shared<engine_wake>(),[&](const std::string& url){
+        decisions.push_back(url);
+        return url=="https://graphics.test/allowed" ? webgpu_canvas_interop::iosurface : webgpu_canvas_interop::none;
+    });
+    require(runtime.initialize(),"Policy runtime initialization failed");
+    require(decisions==std::vector<std::string>{"about:blank"},"Initial document policy missing");
+    require(runtime.execute("if('gpu' in navigator)throw new Error('blank admission');","blank-policy"),"Blank policy denied incorrectly");
+    require(runtime.load_url("https://graphics.test/allowed"),"Allowed policy navigation failed");
+    require(runtime.execute("if(!policySeenByScript||!navigator.gpu)throw new Error('late admission');","allowed-policy"),"Policy ran after application script");
+    require(!runtime.load_url("https://graphics.test/missing"),"Missing policy resource loaded");
+    require(decisions.size()==2,"Failed navigation changed admission");
+    require(runtime.execute("if(!navigator.gpu)throw new Error('failed navigation retired GPU');","failed-policy"),"Failed navigation changed GPU exposure");
+    require(runtime.load_url("https://graphics.test/denied"),"Denied policy navigation failed");
+    require(runtime.execute("if(policySeenByScript||('gpu' in navigator))throw new Error('stale admission');","denied-policy"),"Denied navigation retained GPU exposure");
+    require(decisions==std::vector<std::string>{"about:blank","https://graphics.test/allowed","https://graphics.test/denied"},"Document policy URL sequence incorrect");
+#endif
+}
+void test_positioned_auto_margins() {
+    using namespace webscene_native;
+    for(auto display : {display_mode::block,display_mode::grid}) {
+        native_document document;
+        auto& parent=document.create_element("div");
+        auto& box=document.create_element("div");
+        require(document.append_child(document.body(),parent)&&document.append_child(parent,box),"Auto margin fixture failed");
+        parent.style.display=display;
+        box.style.position=position_mode::fixed;
+        box.style.width={40,length_unit::pixels};box.style.height={20,length_unit::pixels};
+        box.style.left=box.style.right=box.style.top=box.style.bottom={0,length_unit::pixels};
+        box.style.margin_left_auto=box.style.margin_right_auto=true;
+        box.style.margin_top_auto=box.style.margin_bottom_auto=true;
+        for(const auto size : {std::pair{200.F,100.F},std::pair{300.F,180.F},std::pair{100.F,60.F}}) {
+            document.layout(size.first,size.second);
+            require(std::abs(box.layout.x-(size.first-40)/2)<0.01F
+                &&std::abs(box.layout.y-(size.second-20)/2)<0.01F,"Positioned auto margins did not center across resize");
+        }
+        box.style.margin_right_auto=false;box.style.margin_right={10,length_unit::pixels};
+        document.mark_dirty();document.layout(200,100);
+        require(std::abs(box.layout.x-150)<0.01F,"Single auto margin did not absorb remaining width");
+        box.style.margin_right_auto=true;box.style.margin_right={};
+        box.style.width={240,length_unit::pixels};box.style.height={140,length_unit::pixels};
+        document.mark_dirty();document.layout(200,100);
+        require(std::abs(box.layout.x)<0.01F&&std::abs(box.layout.y+20)<0.01F,"Oversized positioned auto margins failed");
+    }
+}
+
+void test_native_modal_ordering() {
+    webscene_native::native_document document;
+    auto& scope=document.body();
+    auto& host=document.create_element("div");
+    auto& first=document.create_element("dialog");
+    auto& second=document.create_element("dialog");
+    auto& control=document.create_element("input");
+    auto& background=document.create_element("button");
+    require(document.append_child(scope,host)&&document.append_child(host,first)
+        &&document.append_child(first,control)&&document.append_child(scope,second)
+        &&document.append_child(scope,background),"Modal fixture tree failed");
+    for(auto* dialog : {&first,&second}) {
+        dialog->style.position=webscene_native::position_mode::fixed;
+        dialog->style.left={0,webscene_native::length_unit::pixels};
+        dialog->style.top={0,webscene_native::length_unit::pixels};
+        dialog->style.width={60,webscene_native::length_unit::pixels};
+        dialog->style.height={40,webscene_native::length_unit::pixels};
+    }
+    control.style.width={10,webscene_native::length_unit::pixels};
+    control.style.height={10,webscene_native::length_unit::pixels};
+    background.style.position=webscene_native::position_mode::fixed;
+    background.style.left={0,webscene_native::length_unit::pixels};
+    background.style.top={0,webscene_native::length_unit::pixels};
+    background.style.width={100,webscene_native::length_unit::pixels};
+    background.style.height={100,webscene_native::length_unit::pixels};
+    background.style.z_index=1000000;
+    first.style.background_rgba=0x112233FF;
+    second.style.background_rgba=0x445566FF;
+    background.style.background_rgba=0x778899FF;
+    document.layout(200,200);
+    const auto hit_x=control.layout.x+control.layout.width/2;
+    const auto hit_y=control.layout.y+control.layout.height/2;
+    host.attributes["inert"]="";
+    require(document.is_inert(control),"Baseline inherited inert state missing");
+    require(document.register_modal_dialog(scope,first),"First modal registration failed");
+    require(document.active_modal_dialog(scope)==&first&&!document.is_inert(control)
+        &&document.is_inert(background),"Modal did not escape inert ancestor or block background");
+    require(document.hit_test(scope,hit_x,hit_y)==&control,"Active modal control was not hit above background");
+    require(document.hit_test(scope,150,150)==nullptr,"Modal background remained hit-testable");
+    first.attributes["inert"]="";
+    require(document.is_inert(control),"Explicit modal inert state was escaped");
+    require(document.hit_test(scope,hit_x,hit_y)==nullptr,"Explicitly inert modal accepted pointer input");
+    first.attributes.erase("inert");
+    require(document.register_modal_dialog(scope,second),"Second modal registration failed");
+    require(document.active_modal_dialog(scope)==&second&&document.is_inert(control)
+        &&!document.is_inert(second),"Second modal ordering failed");
+    require(document.hit_test(scope,hit_x,hit_y)==&second,"Top modal lost pointer ordering");
+    for(bool ordered_canvas : {false,true}) {
+        std::vector<webscene_scene_command> commands;
+        std::vector<webscene_scene_string> strings;
+        std::vector<char> bytes;
+        document.build_scene(commands,strings,bytes,ordered_canvas);
+        const auto painted_index=[&](const auto& node) {
+            size_t index=commands.size();unsigned count=0;
+            for(size_t i=0;i<commands.size();++i) {
+                if(commands[i].node_id==node.id&&commands[i].rgba==node.style.background_rgba
+                    &&(commands[i].kind==1||commands[i].kind==7||commands[i].kind==9||commands[i].kind==10)) {
+                    index=i;++count;
+                }
+            }
+            require(count==1,"Modal/background painted zero or multiple times");
+            return index;
+        };
+        require(painted_index(background)<painted_index(first)&&painted_index(first)<painted_index(second),
+            "Modal paint order did not override document z-index");
+    }
+
+    require(document.register_modal_dialog(scope,first)&&document.active_modal_dialog(scope)==&second,
+        "Duplicate modal registration changed ordering");
+    document.unregister_modal_dialog(second);
+    require(document.active_modal_dialog(scope)==&first&&!document.is_inert(control),"Previous modal was not restored");
+    require(document.hit_test(scope,hit_x,hit_y)==&control,"Previous modal pointer routing was not restored");
+    auto& innerScope=document.create_element("div");
+    auto& innerDialog=document.create_element("dialog");
+    require(document.append_child(scope,innerScope)&&document.append_child(innerScope,innerDialog)
+        &&document.register_modal_dialog(innerScope,innerDialog),"Nested scope fixture failed");
+    require(document.is_inert(innerDialog),"Nested scope escaped outer modal blockage");
+    document.unregister_modal_dialog(first);
+    require(!document.is_inert(background)&&!document.is_inert(innerDialog)&&document.is_inert(control),
+        "Modal removal did not restore attribute-only inert behavior");
+    webscene_native::native_document foreign;
+    require(!document.register_modal_dialog(scope,foreign.body()),"Foreign modal accepted");
+    require(!document.register_modal_dialog(scope,background),"Non-dialog modal accepted");
+    document.remove_all_children(innerScope);
+    require(document.active_modal_dialog(innerScope)==nullptr,"Detached dialog continued blocking its scope");
+    require(document.append_child(innerScope,innerDialog)&&document.active_modal_dialog(innerScope)==nullptr,
+        "Reattaching a dialog resurrected modal registration");
+    document.remove_all_children(innerScope);
+    document.erase_detached_subtree(innerDialog);
+    require(document.active_modal_dialog(innerScope)==nullptr,"Deleted modal retained native state");
+    document.clear();
+    require(document.active_modal_dialog(document.body())==nullptr,"Navigation retained modal ordering");
+}
+
+void test_runtime_webgpu_installation() {
+    webscene_native::native_document document;
+    webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime runtime(document,[]{return webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{64,64,1,0};},
+        {},[](uint32_t,const std::string&,const auto&,const std::string&,int64_t,auto& response){response.content="<!doctype html><html><body>next</body></html>";return true;});
+    require(runtime.initialize(),"WebGPU installation runtime failed");
+    auto wake=std::make_shared<engine_wake>();
+    require(!runtime.install_webgpu(wake,false,webgpu_canvas_interop::none),"Insecure WebGPU installation accepted");
+    require(runtime.execute("if('gpu' in navigator)throw new Error('insecure GPU exposure');","denied-gpu"),"Denied GPU exposure failed");
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    constexpr auto runtime_interop=webgpu_canvas_interop::iosurface;
+#else
+    constexpr auto runtime_interop=webgpu_canvas_interop::none;
+#endif
+    require(runtime.install_webgpu(wake,true,runtime_interop),"Secure WebGPU installation failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        if(navigator.gpu!==navigator.gpu)throw new Error('GPU identity');
+        navigator.gpu.requestAdapter().then(adapter=>{
+            if(!adapter)throw new Error('adapter unavailable');
+            return adapter.requestDevice();
+        }).then(device=>{
+            globalThis.installedDevice=device;
+            const ready=document.createElement('div');ready.id='gpu-installed-ready';document.body.appendChild(ready);
+        });
+    )JS","installed-gpu"),"Installed WebGPU request failed");
+    auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while(!document.find_by_id("gpu-installed-ready")&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline){
+        require(runtime.pump_task(),"Installed GPU completion failed");std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(document.find_by_id("gpu-installed-ready")!=nullptr,"Installed GPU did not create a device");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        {
+            if(!(installedDevice instanceof EventTarget))throw new Error('GPUDevice EventTarget inheritance');
+            let calls=0;
+            function listener(event){
+                if(this!==installedDevice||event.target!==installedDevice||event.currentTarget!==installedDevice)throw new Error('GPUDevice event target');
+                ++calls;
+            }
+            installedDevice.addEventListener('probe',listener);
+            installedDevice.addEventListener('probe',listener);
+            installedDevice.dispatchEvent(new Event('probe'));
+            if(calls!==1)throw new Error('GPUDevice duplicate listener');
+            installedDevice.removeEventListener('probe',listener);
+            installedDevice.dispatchEvent(new Event('probe'));
+            if(calls!==1)throw new Error('GPUDevice listener removal');
+            installedDevice.addEventListener('probe',listener,{once:true});
+            installedDevice.dispatchEvent(new Event('probe'));installedDevice.dispatchEvent(new Event('probe'));
+            if(calls!==2)throw new Error('GPUDevice once listener');
+            let windowCalls=0;const windowListener=()=>++windowCalls;
+            window.addEventListener('probe',windowListener);
+            installedDevice.dispatchEvent(new Event('probe'));
+            window.removeEventListener('probe',windowListener);
+            if(windowCalls)throw new Error('GPUDevice dispatched to window');
+        }
+    )JS","device-events"),"GPUDevice EventTarget integration failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        (async()=>{
+            if(!(installedDevice.lost instanceof Promise)||installedDevice.lost!==installedDevice.lost)throw new Error('lost SameObject promise');
+            const adapter=await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter();const device=await adapter.requestDevice();
+            const promise=device.lost;device.destroy();device.destroy();
+            const info=await promise;
+            if(!(info instanceof GPUDeviceLostInfo)||info.reason!=='destroyed'||typeof info.message!=='string')throw new Error('destroyed loss result');
+            if(Object.prototype.toString.call(info)!=='[object GPUDeviceLostInfo]')throw new Error('lost info tag');
+            if(device.lost!==promise||await device.lost!==info)throw new Error('lost identity changed');
+            let rejected=false;try{new GPUDeviceLostInfo()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!rejected)throw new Error('lost info constructible');
+            const getter=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(GPUDeviceLostInfo.prototype,'reason').get;
+            rejected=false;try{getter.call({})}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!rejected)throw new Error('lost info receiver accepted');
+            const node=document.createElement('div');node.id='loss-ready';document.body.appendChild(node);
+        })();
+    )JS","device-lost"),"GPUDevice lost request failed");
+    deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while(!document.find_by_id("loss-ready")&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline) {
+        require(runtime.pump_task(),"Device loss completion failed");std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(document.find_by_id("loss-ready")!=nullptr,"Device destruction did not resolve lost promise");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        (async()=>{
+            const queue=installedDevice.queue;
+            if(queue.writeBuffer.length!==3)throw new Error('writeBuffer arity');
+            const buffer=installedDevice.createBuffer({size:32,usage:9});
+            const source=new Uint32Array([11,22,33,44]);
+            queue.writeBuffer(buffer,0,source.subarray(1),1,1);
+            source.fill(99);
+            const bytes=new Uint8Array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]);
+            queue.writeBuffer(buffer,4,new DataView(bytes.buffer,2,6),1,4);
+            queue.writeBuffer(buffer,8,bytes.buffer,4,4);
+            const shared=new SharedArrayBuffer(8);new Uint32Array(shared).set([55,66]);
+            queue.writeBuffer(buffer,12,new Uint32Array(shared),1,1);
+            queue.writeBuffer(buffer,16,shared,0,4);
+            new Uint32Array(shared).fill(0); // Submitted shared bytes are call-time data.
+            const detachable=new Uint32Array([0x12345678]);
+            queue.writeBuffer(buffer,20,detachable);
+            new Uint8Array(detachable.buffer.transfer()).fill(0);
+            if(detachable.byteLength!==0)throw new Error('source view was not detached');
+            const direct=new Uint32Array([0x23456789]).buffer;
+            queue.writeBuffer(buffer,24,direct);
+            new Uint8Array(direct.transfer()).fill(0);
+            if(direct.byteLength!==0)throw new Error('source buffer was not detached');
+            queue.writeBuffer(buffer,32,new ArrayBuffer(0));
+            await buffer.mapAsync(1);
+            const result=new DataView(buffer.getMappedRange());
+            if(result.getUint32(0,true)!==33||result.getUint32(4,true)!==0x07060504
+                ||result.getUint32(8,true)!==0x08070605||result.getUint32(12,true)!==66||result.getUint32(16,true)!==55
+                ||result.getUint32(20,true)!==0x12345678||result.getUint32(24,true)!==0x23456789)
+                throw new Error('writeBuffer uploaded wrong bytes');
+            buffer.unmap();
+            for(const args of [[buffer,0,bytes,9],[buffer,0,bytes,0,3],[buffer,0,bytes,4,8]]) {
+                let rejected=false;try{queue.writeBuffer(...args)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof DOMException&&e.name==='OperationError'}
+                if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid source range accepted');
+            }
+            for(const args of [[],[{},0,bytes],[buffer,-1,bytes],[buffer,0,{}],[buffer,0,bytes,-1]]) {
+                let rejected=false;try{queue.writeBuffer(...args)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+                if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid writeBuffer conversion accepted');
+            }
+            const detached=new ArrayBuffer(8);detached.transfer();
+            const resizable=new ArrayBuffer(8,{maxByteLength:16});
+            for(const source of [detached,resizable]) {
+                let rejected=false;try{queue.writeBuffer(buffer,0,source)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+                if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid backing store accepted');
+            }
+            const reentrant=new ArrayBuffer(8);let detachedRejected=false;
+            try{queue.writeBuffer(buffer,0,reentrant,{valueOf(){reentrant.transfer();return 0}})}catch(e){detachedRejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!detachedRejected)throw new Error('detachment during conversion accepted');
+            const sentinel={};let propagated=false;
+            try{queue.writeBuffer(buffer,{valueOf(){throw sentinel}},bytes)}catch(e){propagated=e===sentinel}
+            if(!propagated)throw new Error('writeBuffer conversion exception lost');
+            installedDevice.pushErrorScope('validation');
+            queue.writeBuffer(buffer,2,new Uint32Array([1]));
+            if(!(await installedDevice.popErrorScope() instanceof GPUValidationError))throw new Error('unaligned destination did not reach Dawn validation');
+            const node=document.createElement('div');node.id='write-ready';document.body.appendChild(node);
+        })();
+    )JS","queue-write-buffer"),"writeBuffer request failed");
+    deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while(!document.find_by_id("write-ready")&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline) {
+        require(runtime.pump_task(),"writeBuffer completion failed");std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(document.find_by_id("write-ready")!=nullptr,"writeBuffer readback did not pass");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        {
+            const host=document.createElement('div');
+            host.innerHTML='<form id="form-data-probe"><input name="x" value="10"><input name="x" value="20"><input name="omit" disabled value="bad"><input type="checkbox" name="checked" checked><input type="checkbox" name="unchecked"><fieldset disabled><legend><input name="legend" value="yes"></legend><input name="blocked" value="bad"></fieldset><select name="choice" multiple><option value="a" selected>A</option><option value="b" selected disabled>B</option><optgroup disabled><option value="c" selected>C</option></optgroup></select><textarea name="text">hello</textarea><button name="send" value="go" type="submit">Go</button></form><input name="external" value="outside" form="form-data-probe">';
+            document.body.appendChild(host);
+            const form=document.getElementById('form-data-probe');
+            const data=new FormData(form);
+            const expected=[['x','10'],['x','20'],['checked','on'],['legend','yes'],['choice','a'],['text','hello'],['external','outside']];
+            if(JSON.stringify([...data])!==JSON.stringify(expected))throw new Error('form entries: '+JSON.stringify([...data]));
+            form.querySelector('[name=x]').value='changed';
+            if(data.get('x')!=='10')throw new Error('FormData was not a snapshot');
+            const submitter=form.querySelector('button');
+            if(new FormData(form,submitter).get('send')!=='go')throw new Error('submitter missing');
+            for(const value of [null,{},host]) {
+                let rejected=false;try{new FormData(value)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+                if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid form accepted');
+            }
+            let rejected=false;try{new FormData(form,form.querySelector('input'))}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid submitter accepted');
+            host.remove();
+        }
+    )JS","form-data-controls"),"FormData form control collection failed");
+    const bool dialog_layout_ok=runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        {
+            const dialog=document.createElement('dialog');dialog.textContent='Dialog contents';document.body.appendChild(dialog);
+            if(!(dialog instanceof HTMLDialogElement)||!(dialog instanceof HTMLElement)||Object.prototype.toString.call(dialog)!=='[object HTMLDialogElement]')throw new Error('dialog interface missing: '+[dialog instanceof HTMLDialogElement,dialog instanceof HTMLElement,Object.prototype.toString.call(dialog)]);
+            const tag=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(HTMLDialogElement.prototype,Symbol.toStringTag);
+            if(tag.value!=='HTMLDialogElement'||tag.writable||tag.enumerable||!tag.configurable)throw new Error('dialog tag descriptor');
+            if(dialog.open!==false||dialog.returnValue!=='')throw new Error('dialog initial state');
+            dialog.returnValue=42;
+            if(dialog.returnValue!=='42'||dialog.hasAttribute('returnValue'))throw new Error('dialog returnValue incorrectly reflected');
+            dialog.setAttribute('returnValue','authored');
+            if(dialog.returnValue!=='42')throw new Error('attribute changed returnValue');
+            let rejected=false;try{dialog.returnValue=Symbol()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!rejected||dialog.returnValue!=='42')throw new Error('dialog DOMString conversion');
+            const getter=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(HTMLDialogElement.prototype,'open').get;
+            rejected=false;try{getter.call(document.createElement('div'))}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!rejected)throw new Error('dialog getter brand');
+            dialog.returnValue='a\0\ud800z';
+            if(dialog.returnValue!=='a\0\ud800z')throw new Error('dialog DOMString roundtrip');
+            if(dialog.cloneNode().returnValue!=='')throw new Error('dialog clone copied internal state');
+            if(getComputedStyle(dialog).display!=='none'||dialog.getBoundingClientRect().height!==0)throw new Error('closed dialog participates in layout');
+            dialog.open=true;
+            if(!dialog.hasAttribute('open'))throw new Error('open did not reflect');
+            if(getComputedStyle(dialog).display==='none'||dialog.getBoundingClientRect().height<=0)throw new Error('open dialog stayed hidden');
+            dialog.removeAttribute('open');
+            if(dialog.open!==false)throw new Error('open getter ignored attribute removal');
+            dialog.open='nonempty';
+            if(!dialog.open)throw new Error('open truthy conversion');
+            dialog.open=0;
+            if(dialog.hasAttribute('open'))throw new Error('open false did not remove attribute');
+            if(getComputedStyle(dialog).display!=='none'||dialog.getBoundingClientRect().height!==0)throw new Error('closing dialog retained its box');
+            dialog.style.display='block';
+            if(getComputedStyle(dialog).display!=='block')throw new Error('author display did not override dialog default');
+            dialog.remove();
+        }
+    )JS","closed-dialog-layout");
+    if (!dialog_layout_ok) throw std::runtime_error("Dialog default visibility failed: " + runtime.last_error());
+    const bool dialog_close_ok=runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        globalThis.closingDialog=document.createElement('dialog');
+        document.body.append(closingDialog);
+        globalThis.dialogEvents=[];
+        closingDialog.addEventListener('close',event=>{
+            if(event.bubbles||event.cancelable||event.target!==closingDialog)throw new Error('close event flags');
+            dialogEvents.push('close');
+        });
+        closingDialog.returnValue='initial';
+        closingDialog.close('ignored');
+        if(closingDialog.returnValue!=='initial')throw new Error('closed dialog result changed');
+        closingDialog.open=true;
+        closingDialog.addEventListener('cancel',event=>{
+            if(event.bubbles||!event.cancelable)throw new Error('cancel event flags');
+            dialogEvents.push('cancel');event.preventDefault();
+        },{once:true});
+        closingDialog.requestClose('cancelled');
+        if(!closingDialog.open||closingDialog.returnValue!=='initial'||dialogEvents.join()!=='cancel')throw new Error('requestClose cancellation');
+        const openAttribute=Array.from(closingDialog.attributes).find(attribute=>attribute.name==='open');
+        closingDialog.requestClose('accepted');
+        if(openAttribute.ownerElement!==null||openAttribute.value!=='')throw new Error('close did not detach Attr');
+        if(closingDialog.open||closingDialog.returnValue!=='accepted'||dialogEvents.join()!=='cancel')throw new Error('close was not asynchronous');
+        closingDialog.close('duplicate');
+        if(closingDialog.returnValue!=='accepted')throw new Error('duplicate close changed result');
+    )JS","dialog-close-lifecycle");
+    if(!dialog_close_ok)throw std::runtime_error("Dialog closing failed: "+runtime.last_error());
+    for(int task=0;task<32&&runtime.has_pending_tasks();++task)
+        require(runtime.pump_task(),"Dialog close task failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        if(dialogEvents.join()!=='cancel,close')throw new Error('queued close missing or duplicated');
+        closingDialog.open=true;closingDialog.close(undefined);
+        if(closingDialog.returnValue!=='accepted')throw new Error('omitted close value was overwritten');
+        let rejected=false;try{closingDialog.close(Symbol())}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+        if(!rejected)throw new Error('close DOMString validation');
+        rejected=false;try{HTMLDialogElement.prototype.close.call(document.body)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+        if(!rejected)throw new Error('close receiver validation');
+        closingDialog.remove();
+    )JS","dialog-close-result"),"Dialog close result failed");
+    const bool inert_setup_ok=runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        globalThis.inertHost=document.createElement('div');
+        inertHost.innerHTML='<input id="inert-input" style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;width:30px;height:20px"><button id="inert-button" style="position:fixed;left:0;top:22px;width:30px;height:20px">Inside</button>';
+        document.body.append(inertHost);
+        globalThis.outsideInert=document.createElement('button');outsideInert.textContent='Outside';document.body.append(outsideInert);
+        outsideInert.focus();
+        inertHost.inert=true;
+        if(!inertHost.hasAttribute('inert')||!inertHost.inert||document.getElementById('inert-input').inert)throw new Error('inert reflection');
+        document.getElementById('inert-input').focus();
+        if(document.activeElement!==outsideInert)throw new Error('inert focus accepted');
+        const shadowHost=document.createElement('div');inertHost.append(shadowHost);
+        const shadow=shadowHost.attachShadow({mode:'open'});shadow.innerHTML='<button>Shadow</button>';
+        shadow.querySelector('button').focus();
+        if(document.activeElement!==outsideInert)throw new Error('inert shadow focus accepted');
+        inertHost.inert=false;
+        document.getElementById('inert-input').focus();
+        if(document.activeElement!==document.getElementById('inert-input'))throw new Error('removing inert did not restore focus');
+        inertHost.setAttribute('inert','');
+        inertHost.getBoundingClientRect();
+    )JS","inert-input-setup");
+    if(!inert_setup_ok)throw std::runtime_error("Inert setup failed: "+runtime.last_error());
+    auto* inert_input=document.find_by_id("inert-input");
+    auto* inert_button=document.find_by_id("inert-button");
+    require(inert_input&&inert_button&&document.is_inert(*inert_input),"Native inert state missing");
+    require(document.hit_test(document.body(),5,5)!=inert_input,"Inert fixed input remained hit-testable");
+    require(document.hit_test(document.body(),5,25)!=inert_button,"Inert fixed button remained hit-testable");
+    webscene_input_event inert_text{};inert_text.kind=WEBSCENE_INPUT_TEXT;inert_text.x=65;
+    require(runtime.dispatch_input(inert_text),"Inert text dispatch failed");
+    webscene_input_event inert_tab{};inert_tab.kind=WEBSCENE_INPUT_KEY_DOWN;inert_tab.x=9;
+    require(runtime.dispatch_input(inert_tab),"Inert Tab dispatch failed");
+    require(runtime.execute("if(document.activeElement!==outsideInert)throw new Error('Tab selected inert control');","inert-tab"),"Inert Tab validation failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        if(document.getElementById('inert-input').value!=='')throw new Error('inert input was edited');
+        inertHost.removeAttribute('inert');
+        inertHost.getBoundingClientRect();
+    )JS","inert-text"),"Inert text validation failed");
+    require(document.hit_test(document.body(),5,5)==inert_input,"Removing inert did not restore hit testing");
+    require(runtime.execute("inertHost.remove();outsideInert.remove();","inert-cleanup"),"Inert cleanup failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        if(installedDevice.createBindGroupLayout.length!==1)throw new Error('binding layout arity');
+        globalThis.bindingLayout=installedDevice.createBindGroupLayout({label:'camera',entries:new Set([{binding:0,visibility:1,buffer:{}}])});
+        if(Object.prototype.toString.call(bindingLayout)!=='[object GPUBindGroupLayout]'||bindingLayout.label!=='camera')throw new Error('binding layout wrapper');
+        for(const descriptor of [{},{entries:[{visibility:1}]},{entries:[{binding:0}]},{entries:[{binding:0,visibility:1,buffer:{type:'bad'}}]}]){
+            let rejected=false;try{installedDevice.createBindGroupLayout(descriptor)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!rejected)throw new Error('binding descriptor accepted');
+        }
+        bindingLayout.label='updated';if(bindingLayout.label!=='updated')throw new Error('binding layout label');
+    )JS","binding-layout"),"Binding layout creation failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        {
+        if(installedDevice.createBindGroup.length!==1)throw new Error('bind group arity');
+        const buffer=installedDevice.createBuffer({size:64,usage:64});
+        const order=[];
+        const binding=new Proxy({buffer,offset:0,size:64},{get(target,key){order.push('buffer.'+key);return target[key]}});
+        const entry=new Proxy({binding:0,resource:binding},{get(target,key){order.push('entry.'+key);return target[key]}});
+        const descriptor=new Proxy({label:'camera group',entries:new Set([entry]),layout:bindingLayout},{get(target,key){order.push(key);return target[key]}});
+        const group=installedDevice.createBindGroup(descriptor);
+        if(order.join(',')!=='label,entries,entry.binding,entry.resource,buffer.buffer,buffer.offset,buffer.size,layout')throw new Error('binding conversion order: '+order);
+        if(Object.prototype.toString.call(group)!=='[object GPUBindGroup]'||group.label!=='camera group')throw new Error('bind group wrapper');
+        group.label='renamed';if(group.label!=='renamed')throw new Error('bind group label');
+        installedDevice.createBindGroup({layout:bindingLayout,entries:[{binding:0,resource:buffer}]});
+        for(const bad of [{},{entries:[]},{layout:bindingLayout,entries:[{binding:0}]},
+            {layout:group,entries:[]},{layout:bindingLayout,entries:[{binding:0,resource:{buffer:{}}}]},
+            {layout:bindingLayout,entries:[{binding:0,resource:{buffer,offset:-1}}]}]) {
+            let rejected=false;try{installedDevice.createBindGroup(bad)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid bind group accepted');
+        }
+        const texture=installedDevice.createTexture({size:[2,2],format:'rgba8unorm',usage:4});
+        const textureLayout=installedDevice.createBindGroupLayout({entries:[{binding:0,visibility:2,texture:{}}]});
+        for(const resource of [texture,texture.createView()])
+            installedDevice.createBindGroup({layout:textureLayout,entries:[{binding:0,resource}]});
+        const sentinel={};let propagated=false;
+        try{installedDevice.createBindGroup({get entries(){throw sentinel}})}catch(e){propagated=e===sentinel}
+        if(!propagated)throw new Error('binding getter exception lost');
+        let receiverRejected=false;try{installedDevice.createBindGroup.call({}, {})}catch(e){receiverRejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+        if(!receiverRejected)throw new Error('binding receiver accepted');
+        }
+    )JS","binding-group"),"Bind group creation failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        {
+            if(installedDevice.createPipelineLayout.length!==1)throw new Error('pipeline layout arity');
+            const order=[];
+            const descriptor=new Proxy({label:'explicit layout',bindGroupLayouts:new Set([bindingLayout]),immediateSize:0},
+                {get(target,key){order.push(key);return target[key]}});
+            const layout=installedDevice.createPipelineLayout(descriptor);
+            if(order.join(',')!=='label,bindGroupLayouts,immediateSize')throw new Error('pipeline layout conversion order');
+            if(Object.prototype.toString.call(layout)!=='[object GPUPipelineLayout]'||layout.label!=='explicit layout')throw new Error('pipeline layout wrapper');
+            layout.label='updated';if(layout.label!=='updated')throw new Error('pipeline layout label');
+            installedDevice.createPipelineLayout({bindGroupLayouts:[null,undefined]});
+            for(const bad of [{},{bindGroupLayouts:[{}]},{bindGroupLayouts:[layout]},
+                {bindGroupLayouts:[],immediateSize:-1},{bindGroupLayouts:[],immediateSize:Infinity}]) {
+                let rejected=false;try{installedDevice.createPipelineLayout(bad)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+                if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid pipeline layout accepted');
+            }
+            const sentinel={};let propagated=false;
+            try{installedDevice.createPipelineLayout({get bindGroupLayouts(){throw sentinel}})}catch(e){propagated=e===sentinel}
+            if(!propagated)throw new Error('pipeline layout getter exception lost');
+            const module=installedDevice.createShaderModule({code:'@vertex fn main()->@builtin(position) vec4f{return vec4f(0,0,0,1);}',compilationHints:[{entryPoint:'main',layout}]});
+            const pipeline=installedDevice.createRenderPipeline({layout,vertex:{module},primitive:{topology:'point-list'}});
+            if(Object.prototype.toString.call(pipeline)!=='[object GPURenderPipeline]')throw new Error('explicit pipeline creation');
+        }
+    )JS","pipeline-layout"),"Pipeline layout creation failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        const namespaces={GPUBufferUsage:{MAP_READ:1,MAP_WRITE:2,COPY_SRC:4,COPY_DST:8,INDEX:16,VERTEX:32,UNIFORM:64,STORAGE:128,INDIRECT:256,QUERY_RESOLVE:512},
+          GPUTextureUsage:{COPY_SRC:1,COPY_DST:2,TEXTURE_BINDING:4,STORAGE_BINDING:8,RENDER_ATTACHMENT:16,TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT:32},
+          GPUMapMode:{READ:1,WRITE:2},GPUShaderStage:{VERTEX:1,FRAGMENT:2,COMPUTE:4},GPUColorWrite:{RED:1,GREEN:2,BLUE:4,ALPHA:8,ALL:15}};
+        for(const [name,values] of Object.entries(namespaces)){
+          const object=globalThis[name];if(Object.prototype.toString.call(object)!=='[object '+name+']')throw new Error('namespace brand');
+          for(const [key,value] of Object.entries(values)){const d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object,key);
+            if(d.value!==value||d.writable||d.configurable||!d.enumerable)throw new Error('flag descriptor');}
+        }
+    )JS","gpu-constants"),"GPU flag namespaces failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        (async()=>{
+            if(installedDevice.popErrorScope.length!==0)throw new Error('pop scope arity');
+            for(const Type of [GPUValidationError,GPUOutOfMemoryError,GPUInternalError]) {
+                const error=new Type('diagnostic');
+                if(!(error instanceof GPUError)||!(error instanceof Type)||error.message!=='diagnostic')throw new Error('GPUError inheritance');
+                if(Object.prototype.toString.call(error)!=='[object '+Type.name+']')throw new Error('GPUError tag');
+                let rejected=false;try{Type('message')}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+                if(!rejected)throw new Error('error constructor callable');
+            }
+            let rejected=false;try{new GPUError()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!rejected)throw new Error('base error constructible');
+            const getter=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(GPUError.prototype,'message').get;
+            rejected=false;try{getter.call({})}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!rejected)throw new Error('GPUError getter accepted wrong receiver');
+            const wrong=installedDevice.popErrorScope.call({});
+            if(!(wrong instanceof Promise))throw new Error('pop receiver did not return promise');
+            rejected=false;try{await wrong}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!rejected)throw new Error('pop receiver accepted');
+            rejected=false;try{await installedDevice.popErrorScope()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof DOMException&&e.name==='OperationError'}
+            if(!rejected)throw new Error('empty scope accepted');
+            installedDevice.pushErrorScope('validation');
+            installedDevice.pushErrorScope('out-of-memory');
+            installedDevice.createBuffer({size:16,usage:0});
+            const clean=installedDevice.popErrorScope();
+            const captured=installedDevice.popErrorScope();
+            if(clean===captured)throw new Error('scope promises reused');
+            if(await clean!==null)throw new Error('wrong scope captured validation');
+            const error=await captured;
+            if(!(error instanceof GPUValidationError)||!error.message.length)throw new Error('native validation missing');
+            installedDevice.pushErrorScope('validation');
+            if(await installedDevice.popErrorScope()!==null)throw new Error('clean scope failed');
+            const node=document.createElement('div');node.id='scope-ready';document.body.appendChild(node);
+        })();
+    )JS","pop-error-scope"),"GPU popErrorScope request failed");
+    deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while(!document.find_by_id("scope-ready")&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline) {
+        require(runtime.pump_task(),"Error scope completion failed");std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(document.find_by_id("scope-ready")!=nullptr,"Error scope promises did not settle correctly");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        if(installedDevice.pushErrorScope.length!==1)throw new Error('push scope arity');
+        for(const filter of ['validation','out-of-memory','internal'])installedDevice.pushErrorScope(filter);
+        for(const call of [
+            ()=>installedDevice.pushErrorScope(),()=>installedDevice.pushErrorScope(undefined),
+            ()=>installedDevice.pushErrorScope('Validation'),()=>installedDevice.pushErrorScope(null),
+            ()=>installedDevice.pushErrorScope(Symbol()),()=>installedDevice.pushErrorScope.call({},'validation')
+        ]){let rejected=false;try{call()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!rejected)throw new Error('scope filter accepted');}
+        let conversions=0;
+        installedDevice.pushErrorScope({toString(){++conversions;return 'validation';}});
+        if(conversions!==1)throw new Error('scope conversion count');
+        const sentinel={};let propagated=false;
+        try{installedDevice.pushErrorScope({toString(){throw sentinel;}})}catch(e){propagated=e===sentinel}
+        if(!propagated)throw new Error('scope conversion exception lost');
+    )JS","push-error-scope"),"GPU pushErrorScope binding failed");
+
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        (async()=>{
+            const valid=installedDevice.createShaderModule({code:'@compute @workgroup_size(1) fn main() {}'});
+            if(valid.getCompilationInfo.length!==0)throw new Error('compilation info arity');
+            const first=valid.getCompilationInfo(),second=valid.getCompilationInfo();
+            if(first===second)throw new Error('compilation promises reused');
+            if((await first).messages.length||(await second).messages.length)throw new Error('valid shader diagnostics');
+            let wrong=false;try{await valid.getCompilationInfo.call({})}catch(e){wrong=e instanceof TypeError}
+            if(!wrong)throw new Error('compilation receiver accepted');
+            const invalid=installedDevice.createShaderModule({code:'/* 😀 */ this is invalid WGSL'});
+            const info=await invalid.getCompilationInfo();
+            if(!Object.isFrozen(info.messages)||!info.messages.some(m=>m.type==='error'&&m.message.length&&m.offset>0))
+                throw new Error('invalid shader diagnostics absent');
+            const node=document.createElement('div');node.id='compilation-ready';document.body.appendChild(node);
+        })();
+    )JS","compilation-info"),"Compilation info request script failed");
+    deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while(!document.find_by_id("compilation-ready")&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline) {
+        require(runtime.pump_task(),"Compilation info completion failed");std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(document.find_by_id("compilation-ready")!=nullptr,"Compilation info promises did not settle");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        (async()=>{
+            const d=installedDevice;
+            const module=d.createShaderModule({code:`
+                @group(0) @binding(0) var<storage,read_write> values:array<u32>;
+                @compute @workgroup_size(1) fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id:vec3<u32>){
+                    values[id.x]=id.x*3u+7u;
+                }`});
+            const pipeline=await d.createComputePipelineAsync({layout:'auto',compute:{module,entryPoint:'main'}});
+            const buffer=d.createBuffer({size:16,usage:GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE|GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC|GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST});
+            const readback=d.createBuffer({size:16,usage:GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ|GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST});
+            const group=d.createBindGroup({layout:pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),entries:[{binding:0,resource:{buffer}}]});
+            const encoder=d.createCommandEncoder();encoder.clearBuffer(buffer);
+            const pass=encoder.beginComputePass();pass.setPipeline(pipeline);pass.setBindGroup(0,group);pass.dispatchWorkgroups(4);pass.end();
+            encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(buffer,0,readback,0,16);d.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+            await d.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();await readback.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
+            const values=new Uint32Array(readback.getMappedRange());
+            if(values.join(',')!=='7,10,13,16')throw Error('Compute dispatch readback mismatch: '+values);
+            readback.unmap();readback.destroy();buffer.destroy();
+            let invalid=false;
+            try{await d.createComputePipelineAsync({layout:'auto',compute:{module,entryPoint:'missing'}})}
+            catch(e){invalid=e.name==='GPUPipelineError'&&e.reason==='validation'}
+            if(!invalid)throw Error('Invalid async pipeline did not reject');
+            const texture=d.createTexture({size:[2,1],format:'rgba8unorm',usage:GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST|GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC});
+            d.queue.writeTexture({texture},new Uint8Array([255,0,0,255,0,255,0,255]),{bytesPerRow:8},[2,1]);
+            const pixels=d.createBuffer({size:256,usage:GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ|GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST});
+            const copy=d.createCommandEncoder();copy.copyTextureToBuffer({texture},{buffer:pixels,bytesPerRow:256},[2,1]);
+            d.queue.submit([copy.finish()]);await pixels.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
+            if(new Uint8Array(pixels.getMappedRange()).slice(0,8).join(',')!=='255,0,0,255,0,255,0,255')throw Error('Texture transfer mismatch');
+            pixels.unmap();pixels.destroy();texture.destroy();
+            const ready=document.createElement('div');ready.id='compute-copy-ready';document.body.appendChild(ready);
+        })();
+    )JS","compute-copy"),"Compute/copy regression execution failed");
+    deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(10);
+    while(!document.find_by_id("compute-copy-ready")&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline){
+        if(!runtime.pump_task())throw std::runtime_error(runtime.last_error());
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(document.find_by_id("compute-copy-ready")!=nullptr,"Compute dispatch/copies did not complete");
+
+    require(runtime.execute("globalThis.pressureTexture=installedDevice.createTexture({size:[1,1],format:'rgba8unorm',usage:16});globalThis.livePressureView=pressureTexture.createView();","view-pressure-setup"),"View pressure setup failed");
+    for(unsigned i=0;i<300;++i)
+        require(runtime.execute("pressureTexture.createView();","view-pressure"),"Unreachable texture views exhausted release tickets");
+    require(runtime.execute("livePressureView.label='still-live';if(livePressureView.label!=='still-live')throw new Error('live view collected');pressureTexture.destroy();delete globalThis.livePressureView;delete globalThis.pressureTexture;","view-pressure-cleanup"),"Pressure reclamation damaged a reachable view");
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        globalThis.domGPUCanvas=document.createElement('canvas');domGPUCanvas.width=4;domGPUCanvas.height=2;document.body.appendChild(domGPUCanvas);
+        globalThis.domGPUContext=domGPUCanvas.getContext('webgpu');
+        if(!domGPUContext||domGPUContext!==domGPUCanvas.getContext('webgpu')||domGPUContext.canvas!==domGPUCanvas||domGPUCanvas.getContext('2d')!==null)throw new Error('DOM GPU context ownership');
+        const twoD=document.createElement('canvas');twoD.getContext('2d');if(twoD.getContext('webgpu')!==null)throw new Error('2D ownership lost');
+        domGPUContext.configure({device:installedDevice,format:navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat()});
+        const initialTexture=domGPUContext.getCurrentTexture();if(initialTexture.width!==4||initialTexture.height!==2)throw new Error('DOM bitmap dimensions');
+        const domEncoder=installedDevice.createCommandEncoder();const domPass=domEncoder.beginRenderPass({colorAttachments:[{view:initialTexture.createView(),loadOp:'clear',storeOp:'store',clearValue:[1,0,0,1]}]});
+        domPass.end();installedDevice.queue.submit([domEncoder.finish()]);
+        domGPUCanvas.width=8;
+        const resizedTexture=domGPUContext.getCurrentTexture();if(resizedTexture===initialTexture||resizedTexture.width!==8)throw new Error('DOM GPU resize');
+        domGPUContext.unconfigure();if(domGPUCanvas.getContext('2d')!==null)throw new Error('unconfigure released canvas mode');
+    )JS","dom-gpu-canvas"),"DOM WebGPU canvas integration failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        domGPUCanvas.id='published-gpu-canvas';
+        domGPUContext.configure({device:installedDevice,format:navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat()});
+        globalThis.publicationTexture=domGPUContext.getCurrentTexture();
+        const publicationEncoder=installedDevice.createCommandEncoder();
+        const publicationPass=publicationEncoder.beginRenderPass({colorAttachments:[{view:publicationTexture.createView(),loadOp:'clear',storeOp:'store',clearValue:[1,0,0,1]}]});
+        publicationPass.end();installedDevice.queue.submit([publicationEncoder.finish()]);
+    )JS","gpu-publication"),"GPU publication drawing failed");
+    require((runtime.host_animation_frame_demand()&1U)!=0,"Canvas without RAF did not request a rendering opportunity");
+    runtime.signal_animation_frame(100);
+    require(runtime.has_pending_tasks()&&runtime.pump_task(),"Ordinary task pump did not service the GPU rendering opportunity");
+    auto* published_node=document.find_by_id("published-gpu-canvas");
+    deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+    while(!published_node->canvas().gpu_image&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline){
+        require(runtime.pump_task(),"GPU publication completion failed");std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    auto published=published_node->canvas().gpu_image;
+    require(published!=nullptr,"Completed DOM GPU image did not publish");
+    auto captured_output=published_node->canvas().gpu_snapshot;
+    require(captured_output!=nullptr,"Runtime did not capture submitted GPU output");
+    auto captured_image=captured_output->resolve();
+    require(captured_image&&captured_image==captured_output->resolve(),"Captured output resolution was not stable");
+    require(captured_image->value.describe().allocation==published->value.describe().allocation&&
+        captured_output->describe().content_serial==published->value.describe().content_serial,"Runtime capture changed output identity");
+    auto consumer=published->value.begin_consumer();require(consumer.has_value(),"Published DOM canvas consumer unavailable");
+    auto surface=iosurface_canvas_images::resolve(*consumer).borrowed_handle();
+    require(IOSurfaceLock(surface,kIOSurfaceLockReadOnly,nullptr)==kIOReturnSuccess,"DOM canvas pixel lock failed");
+    auto pixels=static_cast<const uint8_t*>(IOSurfaceGetBaseAddress(surface));auto stride=IOSurfaceGetBytesPerRow(surface);bool correct=pixels!=nullptr;
+    if(pixels)for(size_t y=0;y<2;++y)for(size_t x=0;x<8;++x){auto pixel=pixels+y*stride+x*4;correct&=pixel[0]==0&&pixel[1]==0&&pixel[2]==255&&pixel[3]==255;}
+    auto unlocked=IOSurfaceUnlock(surface,kIOSurfaceLockReadOnly,nullptr);consumer->complete();
+    require(correct&&unlocked==kIOReturnSuccess,"Published DOM canvas pixel mismatch");
+    require(runtime.host_animation_frame_demand()==0,"Published unchanged GPU canvas kept requesting frames");
+    require(runtime.execute("if(domGPUContext.getCurrentTexture()===publicationTexture)throw new Error('frame texture not expired');","gpu-publication-expire"),"GPU publication expiration failed");
+    require(published_node->canvas().backing.accepts_completed_content(published->value.describe().content_serial),
+        "Acquiring the next frame invalidated completed canvas content");
+    document.publish_gpu_canvas_image(*published_node,published);
+    require(runtime.execute("domGPUCanvas.width=10;globalThis.presentationRaf=requestAnimationFrame(()=>{});","gpu-presentation-resize"),"Presentation resize setup failed");
+    runtime.update_gpu_presentation_images({published});
+    require(published_node->canvas().gpu_presentation_image==published,
+        "Resize did not retain its compositor-accepted image");
+    require(!runtime.has_open_gpu_output(),"Retained presentation image still blocked shell publication");
+    require(runtime.execute("domGPUContext.unconfigure();","gpu-unconfigure"),"GPU unconfigure failed");
+    require(!published_node->canvas().gpu_presentation_image,"Unconfigure retained presentation fallback");
+    require(runtime.execute("cancelAnimationFrame(presentationRaf);","gpu-presentation-cleanup"),"Presentation RAF cleanup failed");
+    bool invalidated_image_rejected=false;
+    try { document.publish_gpu_canvas_image(*published_node,published); }
+    catch(const std::invalid_argument&) { invalidated_image_rejected=true; }
+    require(invalidated_image_rejected,"Unconfigure accepted a previous completed image");
+    require(!published_node->canvas().gpu_image&&!published_node->canvas().gpu_snapshot,"Unconfigure retained the displayed GPU output");
+    require(captured_output->resolve()==captured_image,"Unconfigure invalidated a frozen capture's ownership");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        domGPUContext.configure({device:installedDevice,format:navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat()});
+        requestAnimationFrame(()=>{globalThis.rafCanvasTexture=domGPUContext.getCurrentTexture();});
+        requestAnimationFrame(()=>{if(domGPUContext.getCurrentTexture()!==rafCanvasTexture)throw new Error('texture expired between RAF callbacks');});
+    )JS","gpu-raf-group"),"GPU RAF setup failed");
+    runtime.signal_animation_frame(116);
+    require(runtime.pump_animation_frame_task()&&runtime.has_pending_animation_frame_task(),"First GPU RAF lost remaining rendering work");
+    require(runtime.pump_animation_frame_task()&&!runtime.has_pending_animation_frame_task(),"GPU RAF group did not finish");
+    require(runtime.execute("domGPUContext.unconfigure();","gpu-raf-cleanup"),"GPU RAF cleanup failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        domGPUContext.configure({device:installedDevice,format:navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat()});
+        domGPUCanvas.width=12;
+    )JS","gpu-resize-no-redraw"),"Resize setup failed");
+    require(!runtime.has_open_gpu_output(),"Bitmap reset without redraw indefinitely held scene publication");
+    runtime.update_gpu_presentation_images({published});
+    require(!published_node->canvas().gpu_presentation_image,
+        "Resize resurrected a compositor image from an earlier configuration");
+
+    require(runtime.execute("requestAnimationFrame(()=>requestAnimationFrame(()=>{}));","gpu-resize-redraw"),"Resize redraw setup failed");
+    require(runtime.has_open_gpu_output(),"Queued resize redraw allowed an intermediate blank scene");
+    runtime.signal_animation_frame(132);
+    require(runtime.pump_animation_frame_task(),"Resize opportunity failed");
+    require(!runtime.has_open_gpu_output(),"Resize without drawing held publication beyond its rendering opportunity");
+    runtime.signal_animation_frame(148);
+    require(runtime.pump_animation_frame_task(),"Nested resize RAF failed");
+    require(runtime.execute("domGPUCanvas.height=3;requestAnimationFrame(()=>{});domGPUContext.unconfigure();","gpu-resize-unconfigure"),"Resize unconfigure setup failed");
+    require(!runtime.has_open_gpu_output(),"Unconfigured canvas held a resize redraw boundary");
+    runtime.signal_animation_frame(164);
+    require(runtime.pump_animation_frame_task(),"Unconfigured resize callback failed");
+    require(runtime.execute(R"JS(
+        domGPUContext.configure({device:installedDevice,format:navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat()});
+        requestAnimationFrame(()=>{
+            domGPUCanvas.width=14;
+            domGPUContext.getCurrentTexture();
+            requestAnimationFrame(()=>{});
+        });
+    )JS","gpu-reset-within-frame"),"Within-frame reset setup failed");
+    runtime.signal_animation_frame(180);
+    require(runtime.pump_animation_frame_task(),"Within-frame reset redraw failed");
+    require(!runtime.has_open_gpu_output(),"Submitted replacement retained the resize hold");
+    runtime.signal_animation_frame(196);
+    require(runtime.pump_animation_frame_task(),"Following frame callback failed");
+    require(runtime.execute("domGPUContext.unconfigure();","gpu-reset-within-frame-cleanup"),"Within-frame reset cleanup failed");
+
+
+#endif
+    require(runtime.load_url("https://graphics.test/webgpu-next"),"WebGPU navigation failed");
+    require(runtime.execute("if('gpu' in navigator||'GPUBufferUsage' in globalThis||'GPUDeviceLostInfo' in globalThis||'GPUError' in globalThis||'GPUValidationError' in globalThis||'GPUOutOfMemoryError' in globalThis||'GPUInternalError' in globalThis)throw new Error('GPU policy survived navigation');","navigated-gpu"),"Navigation retained GPU exposure");
+    require(runtime.install_webgpu(wake,true,webgpu_canvas_interop::none),"Navigated GPU reinstall failed");
+    require(runtime.execute("globalThis.retiredGPU=navigator.gpu;","retain-gpu"),"GPU retention failed");
+    runtime.shutdown_graphics();
+    require(runtime.execute("let invalidated=false;try{retiredGPU.getPreferredCanvasFormat()}catch(e){invalidated=e instanceof TypeError}if(!invalidated)throw new Error('shutdown GPU callable');","shutdown-gpu"),"GPU shutdown failed to invalidate receiver");
+    // Direct runtime destruction must enter the isolate before cancelling a
+    // live realm; hosts are not required to call shutdown_graphics separately.
+    webscene_native::native_document direct_document;
+    webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime direct(direct_document,[]{return webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{64,64,1,0};});
+    require(direct.initialize()&&direct.install_webgpu(wake,true,webgpu_canvas_interop::none),"Direct disposal GPU setup failed");
+    require(direct.execute("navigator.gpu.requestAdapter();","pending-disposal-gpu"),"Direct disposal request failed");
+}
+#include "graphics_v8_modules.h"
+int main() {
+    std::exception_ptr failure;
+    std::thread worker([&] {
+        try {
+            test_secure_context_reporting();
+            test_modules_and_clone();
+            test_dedicated_module_worker();
+            test_device_loss_signal();
+            test_compilation_info_snapshot();
+            test_navigation_stylesheet_raw_text_isolation();
+            test_inline_canvas_intrinsic_layout();
+            test_runtime_webgpu_document_policy();
+            test_positioned_auto_margins();
+            test_native_modal_ordering();
+            test_runtime_webgpu_installation();
+            webscene_native::native_document document;
+            webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime runtime(document,[] {
+                return webscene_native::v8_dom_runtime::viewport_metrics{640,480,1,0};
+            },{},[](uint32_t,const std::string& url,const auto&,const std::string&,int64_t,auto& response) {
+                if (url!="https://graphics.test/next") return false;
+                response.content="<!doctype html><html><body>next</body></html>";
+                return true;
+            });
+            require(runtime.initialize(),"runtime initialization failed");
+            require(runtime.execute("globalThis.gpuDone=0; globalThis.rafDone=0; new Promise(r=>globalThis.gpuResolve=r).then(()=>globalThis.gpuDone=1); requestAnimationFrame(()=>globalThis.rafDone=1);","graphics-test"),"promise setup failed");
+            require(runtime.execute("globalThis.canvasProbe=document.createElement('canvas'); canvasProbe.id='backing-probe'; document.body.appendChild(canvasProbe); globalThis.contextProbe=canvasProbe.getContext('2d');","backing-setup"),"canvas backing setup failed");
+            auto* canvas_node=document.find_by_id("backing-probe");
+            require(canvas_node!=nullptr,"canvas backing node missing");
+            const auto& backing=canvas_node->canvas().backing;
+            const auto backing_id=backing.identity(),allocation=backing.allocation_generation(),content=backing.content_serial();
+            require(runtime.execute("contextProbe.fillRect(0,0,10,10);","backing-draw"),"canvas draw failed");
+            require(backing.content_serial()>content && backing.allocation_generation()==allocation,"draw changed allocation generation");
+            const auto after_draw=backing.content_serial();
+            require(runtime.execute("canvasProbe.style.width='600px';","backing-css-size"),"canvas CSS resize failed");
+            require(backing.content_serial()==after_draw && backing.allocation_generation()==allocation,"CSS resize changed bitmap backing");
+            require(runtime.execute("canvasProbe.width=300;","backing-reset"),"canvas reset failed");
+            require(backing.content_serial()>after_draw,"same-size bitmap reset did not change content");
+            require(backing.identity()==backing_id && backing.allocation_generation()==allocation,"same-size reset changed allocation identity");
+            require(runtime.execute("canvasProbe.width=640;","backing-resize"),"canvas bitmap resize failed");
+            require(backing.width()==640 && backing.height()==150 && backing.allocation_generation()==allocation+1,"bitmap resize missed backing generation");
+            require(backing.mode()==canvas_context_mode::two_d,"bitmap reset released context ownership");
+            struct canvas_provider final : image_provider_lifetime {};
+            owned_image_pool images(std::make_shared<canvas_provider>());
+            auto image_writer=images.acquire();
+            image_writer->set_metadata({backing.identity(),100,backing.allocation_generation(),backing.content_serial(),1,1,backing.width(),backing.height()});
+            image_writer->begin(); auto image_frame=image_writer->publish();
+            image_writer->complete();
+            auto canvas_image=std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*image_frame)); image_frame.reset();
+            document.layout(640,480);
+            // The first submitted image can be pending while its CPU paint
+            // commands are captured. Never substitute live canvas state later.
+            {
+            struct delayed_image final : webscene_gpu_image_snapshot {
+                std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> image;
+                bool ready=false;
+                explicit delayed_image(std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> value):image(std::move(value)) {}
+                image_metadata describe()const override{return image->value.describe();}
+                status state()const override{return ready?status::ready:status::pending;}
+                std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3> resolve()override{return ready?image:nullptr;}
+            };
+            auto delayed=std::make_shared<delayed_image>(canvas_image);
+            canvas_node->mutable_canvas().gpu_snapshot=delayed;
+            std::vector<webscene_native::gpu_canvas_scene_binding> bindings;
+            document.build_gpu_canvas_bindings(bindings);
+            require(bindings.size()==1&&!bindings[0].resolve(),"Pending canvas binding escaped readiness gate");
+            std::vector<webscene_scene_command> pending_paint;
+            std::vector<webscene_scene_string> pending_strings;
+            std::vector<char> pending_bytes;
+            document.build_scene(pending_paint,pending_strings,pending_bytes,true,true);
+            require(std::any_of(pending_paint.begin(),pending_paint.end(),[&](const auto& command){return command.kind==WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE&&command.node_id==canvas_node->id;}),"First pending image had no GPU paint placeholder");
+            canvas_node->mutable_canvas().gpu_snapshot.reset();
+            delayed->ready=true;
+            require(bindings[0].resolve()==canvas_image,"Frozen binding consulted replacement live canvas state");
+            }
+            const auto before_publication=document.scene_generation();
+            document.publish_gpu_canvas_image(*canvas_node,canvas_image);
+            require(document.scene_generation()==before_publication+1 && !document.dirty(),
+                "GPU publication did not request a scene independently of layout");
+            document.publish_gpu_canvas_image(*canvas_node,canvas_image);
+            require(document.scene_generation()==before_publication+1,"same image requested redundant scene");
+            webscene_native::native_document foreign_document;
+            bool foreign_image_rejected=false;
+            try { foreign_document.publish_gpu_canvas_image(*canvas_node,canvas_image); }
+            catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { foreign_image_rejected=true; }
+            require(foreign_image_rejected,"foreign document accepted GPU canvas");
+
+            require(runtime.execute("globalThis.paintBefore=document.createElement('div'); paintBefore.id='gpu-before'; paintBefore.style.cssText='width:20px;height:20px;background:red'; document.body.insertBefore(paintBefore,canvasProbe); globalThis.paintAfter=document.createElement('div'); paintAfter.id='gpu-after'; paintAfter.style.cssText='width:20px;height:20px;background:blue'; document.body.appendChild(paintAfter);","gpu-paint-order"),"GPU paint siblings failed");
+            document.layout(640,480);
+            std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>> captured;
+            document.build_gpu_canvas_images(captured);
+            require(captured.size()==1 && captured[0]==canvas_image,"canvas GPU image capture failed");
+            std::vector<webscene_scene_command> paint;
+            std::vector<webscene_scene_string> paint_strings;
+            std::vector<char> paint_bytes;
+            document.build_scene(paint,paint_strings,paint_bytes);
+            const auto gpu_paint=std::find_if(paint.begin(),paint.end(),[](const auto& c) {
+                return c.kind==WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE;
+            });
+            require(gpu_paint!=paint.end() && gpu_paint->node_id==canvas_node->id
+                && gpu_paint->x==canvas_node->layout.x && gpu_paint->width==canvas_node->layout.width,
+                "GPU image paint placement missing");
+            const auto before_id=document.find_by_id("gpu-before")->id;
+            const auto after_id=document.find_by_id("gpu-after")->id;
+            const auto before_paint=std::find_if(paint.begin(),paint.end(),[&](const auto& c) { return (c.kind==1 || c.kind==9) && c.node_id==before_id; });
+            const auto after_paint=std::find_if(paint.begin(),paint.end(),[&](const auto& c) { return (c.kind==1 || c.kind==9) && c.node_id==after_id; });
+            require(before_paint<gpu_paint && after_paint!=paint.end() && gpu_paint<after_paint,
+                "GPU canvas did not interleave with sibling backgrounds");
+            require(runtime.execute("globalThis.mixedCanvas=document.createElement('canvas'); mixedCanvas.id='mixed-2d'; mixedCanvas.width=10; mixedCanvas.height=10; mixedCanvas.getContext('2d').fillRect(0,0,10,10); document.body.insertBefore(mixedCanvas,paintAfter);", "mixed-canvas-setup"), "mixed Canvas2D setup failed");
+            document.layout(640,480);
+            document.build_scene(paint,paint_strings,paint_bytes,true);
+            const auto mixed_id=document.find_by_id("mixed-2d")->id;
+            const auto mixed_marker=std::find_if(paint.begin(),paint.end(),[&](const auto& c) {
+                return c.kind==WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_CANVAS_LAYER && c.node_id==mixed_id;
+            });
+            const auto mixed_gpu=std::find_if(paint.begin(),paint.end(),[](const auto& c) {
+                return c.kind==WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE;
+            });
+            const auto mixed_after=std::find_if(paint.begin(),paint.end(),[&](const auto& c) {
+                return (c.kind==1 || c.kind==9) && c.node_id==after_id;
+            });
+            require(mixed_marker!=paint.end() && mixed_after!=paint.end() && mixed_gpu<mixed_marker && mixed_marker<mixed_after,
+                "Native mixed canvas placement order failed");
+            document.build_scene(paint,paint_strings,paint_bytes);
+            require(std::none_of(paint.begin(),paint.end(),[](const auto& c) {
+                return c.kind==WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_CANVAS_LAYER;
+            }), "Legacy DOM path unexpectedly emitted ordered canvas markers");
+            require(runtime.execute("mixedCanvas.style.position='fixed';", "mixed-fixed-canvas"), "fixed canvas setup failed");
+            document.layout(640,480); document.build_scene(paint,paint_strings,paint_bytes,true);
+            require(std::count_if(paint.begin(),paint.end(),[&](const auto& c) {
+                return c.kind==WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_CANVAS_LAYER && c.node_id==mixed_id;
+            })==1, "Fixed canvas lost or duplicated its ordered marker");
+            require(runtime.execute("mixedCanvas.remove();", "mixed-canvas-cleanup"), "mixed canvas cleanup failed");
+            const auto before_effects=backing.content_serial();
+            require(runtime.execute("canvasProbe.style.transform='scale(0.75) rotate(15deg)'; canvasProbe.style.opacity='0.5'; canvasProbe.style.overflow='hidden'; canvasProbe.style.borderRadius='8px';","gpu-paint-effects"),"GPU paint effects setup failed");
+            document.layout(640,480); document.build_scene(paint,paint_strings,paint_bytes);
+            int clips=0,scales=0,rotations=0,opacity_groups=0,gpu_draws=0;
+            for (const auto& command:paint) {
+                if (command.node_id!=canvas_node->id) continue;
+                switch (command.kind) {
+                    case 12: ++clips; if (command.radius_top_left!=8) throw std::runtime_error("GPU clip radius="+std::to_string(command.radius_top_left)+" bounds="+std::to_string(command.width)+"x"+std::to_string(command.height)); break;
+                    case 13: --clips; break;
+                    case 15: ++scales; require(command.width==0.75F,"GPU scale missing"); break;
+                    case 16: --scales; break;
+                    case 19: ++rotations; require(command.stroke_width==15,"GPU rotation missing"); break;
+                    case 20: --rotations; break;
+                    case 30: ++opacity_groups; require(command.rgba==128,"GPU group opacity missing"); break;
+                    case 31: --opacity_groups; break;
+                    case WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE:
+                        ++gpu_draws;
+                        require(clips==1 && scales==1 && rotations==1 && opacity_groups==1,
+                            "GPU sampling escaped its paint scopes"); break;
+                }
+                require(clips>=0 && scales>=0 && rotations>=0 && opacity_groups>=0,"GPU paint scope underflow");
+            }
+            require(gpu_draws==1 && clips==0 && scales==0 && rotations==0 && opacity_groups==0,
+                "GPU paint scopes did not balance");
+            require(backing.content_serial()==before_effects,"CSS paint effects changed GPU bitmap content");
+            require(runtime.execute("canvasProbe.remove();","gpu-remove"),"canvas removal failed");
+            std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>> detached;
+            document.build_gpu_canvas_images(detached);
+            require(detached.empty() && captured[0]->value.describe().width==640,"detachment lost retained image");
+            require(runtime.execute("document.body.appendChild(canvasProbe);","gpu-reinsert"),"canvas reinsertion failed");
+            document.layout(640,480); document.build_gpu_canvas_images(detached);
+            require(detached.size()==1,"reinserted canvas lost image");
+            require(runtime.execute("canvasProbe.width=800;","gpu-resize"),"GPU canvas reset failed");
+            document.build_gpu_canvas_images(detached);
+            require(detached.empty() && !canvas_node->canvas().gpu_image,"reset kept stale canvas image");
+            document.build_scene(paint,paint_strings,paint_bytes);
+            require(std::none_of(paint.begin(),paint.end(),[](const auto& c) {
+                return c.kind==WEBSCENE_SCENE_COMMAND_GPU_IMAGE;
+            }),"reset kept stale GPU paint operation");
+            require(captured[0]->value.describe().width==640,"resize mutated retained frame");
+            bool rejected=false;
+            try { document.publish_gpu_canvas_image(*canvas_node,canvas_image); }
+            catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { rejected=true; }
+            require(rejected,"stale image generation accepted");
+            image_writer.reset();
+            captured.clear(); canvas_image.reset();
+            require(images.busy_images()==0,"captured image leaked pool slot");
+            auto verify_attribute_reset=[&](const char* script,uint32_t expected_width,uint32_t expected_height,bool changes_size) {
+                const auto generation=backing.allocation_generation(),serial=backing.content_serial();
+                auto before=images.acquire();
+                before->set_metadata({backing.identity(),101,generation,serial,1,2,backing.width(),backing.height()});
+                before->begin(); auto ticket=before->publish(); before->complete(); before.reset();
+                auto old_image=std::make_shared<webscene_gpu_image_lease_v3>(std::move(*ticket)); ticket.reset();
+                document.publish_gpu_canvas_image(*canvas_node,old_image);
+                require(runtime.execute(script,"canvas-attribute-reset"),"canvas attribute operation failed");
+                require(backing.width()==expected_width && backing.height()==expected_height
+                    && backing.content_serial()==serial+1
+                    && backing.allocation_generation()==generation+(changes_size ? 1 : 0),
+                    "canvas attribute reset missed bitmap version");
+                require(!canvas_node->canvas().gpu_image && old_image->value.describe().content_serial==serial,
+                    "attribute reset kept current image or mutated retained content");
+            };
+            verify_attribute_reset("canvasProbe.setAttribute('width','800');",800,150,false);
+            verify_attribute_reset("canvasProbe.setAttribute('height','200');",800,200,true);
+            verify_attribute_reset("canvasProbe.removeAttribute('width');",300,200,true);
+            verify_attribute_reset("canvasProbe.setAttributeNS(null,'width','400');",400,200,true);
+            verify_attribute_reset("canvasProbe.removeAttributeNS(null,'width');",300,200,true);
+            verify_attribute_reset("globalThis.widthAttr=document.createAttribute('width'); widthAttr.value='500'; canvasProbe.setAttributeNode(widthAttr);",500,200,true);
+            verify_attribute_reset("widthAttr.value='600';",600,200,true);
+            verify_attribute_reset("canvasProbe.removeAttributeNode(widthAttr);",300,200,true);
+            verify_attribute_reset("canvasProbe.toggleAttribute('width',true);",300,200,false);
+            verify_attribute_reset("canvasProbe.toggleAttribute('width',false);",300,200,false);
+            const auto removed_serial=backing.content_serial();
+            require(runtime.execute("canvasProbe.removeAttribute('width'); canvasProbe.toggleAttribute('width',false); widthAttr.value='700';","detached-attribute"),"detached attribute mutation failed");
+            require(backing.content_serial()==removed_serial,"absent or detached attribute reset canvas");
+            runtime.set_visible(false);
+            auto wake=std::make_shared<engine_wake>();
+            const auto owner_thread=std::this_thread::get_id();
+            bool delivered=false, adapter_delivered=false, adapter_cancelled=false;
+            graphics_service* adapter_service=nullptr;
+            std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_adapter_request> adapter_request, cancelled_adapter;
+            std::array<std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_adapter_request>,2> failed_wrappers;
+            size_t failed_wrapper_count=0;
+            bool buffer_wrappers_tested=false;
+            std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_device_request> device_request,failed_device_request,cancelled_device_request;
+            bool cancelled_device_retired=false;
+            bool device_failure_seen=false;
+            auto buffer_test_device=std::make_shared<wgpu::Device>();
+            resource_handle<wgpu::Adapter> discovered_adapter;
+            std::shared_ptr<release_channel> releases;
+            std::unique_ptr<v8_release_registry> wrappers;
+            std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_buffers> gc_buffers,async_buffers;
+            size_t binding_map_completions=0;
+            std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_devices> device_registry;
+            v8::Global<v8::Object> retired_device_probe;
+            bool device_map_retired=false;
+            bool buffer_validation_seen=false;
+            resource_handle<dawn_device> gc_buffer_device;
+            std::array<std::unique_ptr<v8_webgpu_map_request>,3> map_requests;
+            size_t map_completions=0;
+            std::array<uint64_t,14> test_operations;
+            for(auto& operation:test_operations)operation=new_owner_token();
+            auto& graphics=runtime.initialize_graphics(wake,[&](completion_record record) {
+                if (device_registry && device_registry->complete(record)) {
+                    auto* isolate=v8::Isolate::GetCurrent(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+                    device_registry.reset();
+                    {
+                        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+                        auto object=retired_device_probe.Get(isolate);
+                        auto method=object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"destroy")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+                        require(method->Call(context,object,0,nullptr).IsEmpty() && caught.HasCaught(),"Retired device wrapper retained native access");
+                    }
+                    retired_device_probe.Reset(); device_map_retired=true;
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (record.operation==test_operations[13]) {
+                    auto* isolate=v8::Isolate::GetCurrent();
+                    require(!cancelled_device_request->pending(),"Cancelled device request remained pending");
+                    require(!cancelled_device_request->complete(isolate,isolate->GetCurrentContext(),record,[](wgpu::Device) -> v8::Local<v8::Value> {
+                        throw std::runtime_error("Cancelled device wrapped after native callback");
+                    }),"Cancelled device completion was consumed twice");
+                    cancelled_device_request.reset(); cancelled_device_retired=true; return;
+                }
+                if (record.operation==test_operations[11]) {
+                    auto* isolate=v8::Isolate::GetCurrent(); auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+                    require(record.status==completion_status::failed,"Impossible device limit unexpectedly accepted");
+                    require(failed_device_request->complete(isolate,context,record,[](wgpu::Device) -> v8::Local<v8::Value> {
+                        throw std::runtime_error("Failed device was wrapped");
+                    }),"Device failure promise did not settle");
+                    auto promise=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"failedDevicePromise")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+                    require(promise->State()==v8::Promise::kRejected,"Device failure did not reject");
+                    auto name=promise->Result().As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"name")).ToLocalChecked();
+                    require(name->StrictEquals(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"OperationError")),"Device failure has wrong exception type");
+                    failed_device_request.reset();device_failure_seen=true;return;
+                }
+                if (record.operation==test_operations[10]) {
+                    require(record.status==completion_status::success,"Invalid browser usage did not generate native validation");
+                    buffer_validation_seen=true; return;
+                }
+                if (async_buffers && async_buffers->complete(record)) { ++binding_map_completions; return; }
+                if (record.operation==test_operations[6] || record.operation==test_operations[7] || record.operation==test_operations[8]) {
+                    auto& request=map_requests[std::find(test_operations.begin()+6,test_operations.begin()+9,record.operation)-(test_operations.begin()+6)];
+                    require(request->complete(record,[&](const auto& buffer,auto) {
+                        if (record.operation==test_operations[8]) throw std::bad_alloc();
+                        require(record.operation==test_operations[6],"Canceled mapping attached native memory");
+                        require(buffer.GetMapState()==wgpu::BufferMapState::Mapped && buffer.GetMappedRange(8,16),"Asynchronous subrange mapping failed");
+                    }),"Map promise completion was not handled");
+                    require(!request->pending(),"Map promise remained pending");
+                    require(!request->complete(record,[](const auto&,auto) { throw std::runtime_error("Map attached twice"); }),"Duplicate map completion was accepted");
+                    request.reset();
+                    ++map_completions;
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (record.operation==test_operations[4]) {
+                    auto* isolate=v8::Isolate::GetCurrent();
+                    auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+                    bool wrong_realm=false;
+                    try { device_request->complete(isolate,v8::Context::New(isolate),record,[](wgpu::Device) -> v8::Local<v8::Value> {
+                        throw std::runtime_error("Wrong realm wrapped device");
+                    }); } catch (const std::logic_error&) { wrong_realm=true; }
+                    require(wrong_realm && device_request->pending(),"Wrong realm consumed device completion");
+                    require(device_request->complete(isolate,context,record,[&](wgpu::Device device) -> v8::Local<v8::Value> {
+                        *buffer_test_device=std::move(device);
+                        return v8::Object::New(isolate);
+                    }),"Native device promise completion failed");
+                    require(!device_request->pending(),"Native device promise remained pending");
+                    require(!device_request->complete(isolate,context,record,[](wgpu::Device) -> v8::Local<v8::Value> {
+                        throw std::runtime_error("Device was wrapped twice");
+                    }),"Duplicate device completion accepted");
+                    auto settled=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"deviceRequestPromise")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+                    require(settled->State()==v8::Promise::kFulfilled && settled->Result()->IsObject(),"Device request did not fulfill with wrapper");
+                    device_request.reset();
+                    require(record.status==completion_status::success && *buffer_test_device,"Buffer wrapper fixture device failed");
+                    wgpu::Adapter adapter;
+                    adapter_service->with_adapter(discovered_adapter,[&](const auto& native) { adapter=native; });
+                    auto device_handle=adapter_service->adopt_device(std::move(adapter),std::move(*buffer_test_device));
+                    resource_handle<wgpu::Buffer> buffer_handle;
+                    adapter_service->with_device(device_handle,[&](auto& device) {
+                        wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{};
+                        descriptor.size=64; descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
+                        descriptor.mappedAtCreation=true;
+                        buffer_handle=device.create_buffer(descriptor);
+                    });
+                    auto buffer_registry=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_buffers>(isolate,context,1,context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>());
+                    auto object=buffer_registry->wrap(context,*adapter_service,device_handle,buffer_handle).ToLocalChecked();
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"bufferProbe"),object).FromMaybe(false),"Buffer wrapper publication failed");
+                    bool duplicate_rejected=false,realm_rejected=false;
+                    try { buffer_registry->wrap(context,*adapter_service,device_handle,buffer_handle); }
+                    catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { duplicate_rejected=true; }
+                    try { buffer_registry->wrap(v8::Context::New(isolate),*adapter_service,device_handle,buffer_handle); }
+                    catch (const std::logic_error&) { realm_rejected=true; }
+                    require(duplicate_rejected && realm_rejected,"Buffer ownership or realm identity was duplicated");
+
+                    auto run=[&](const char* source) {
+                        v8::Local<v8::Script> script;
+                        return v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocal(&script)
+                            && !script->Run(context).IsEmpty();
+                    };
+                    adapter_service->with_device(device_handle,[&](auto& device) {
+                        device.with_buffer(buffer_handle,[&](const auto& buffer) {
+                            auto* data=buffer.GetMappedRange(0,64);
+                            require(data!=nullptr,"Mapped fixture memory unavailable");
+                            v8_webgpu_mapped_ranges ranges(isolate,context,object,data,0,64);
+                            auto first=ranges.create(context,0,16).ToLocalChecked();
+                            auto second=ranges.create(context,16,16).ToLocalChecked();
+                            require(first->Data()==data && second->Data()==static_cast<uint8_t*>(data)+16,"Mapped range copied native storage");
+                            for (auto request:std::array<std::pair<uint64_t,uint64_t>,4>{{{8,8},{4,4},{32,6},{64,4}}}) {
+                                bool rejected=false;
+                                try { ranges.create(context,request.first,request.second); }
+                                catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { rejected=true; }
+                                require(rejected,"Invalid mapped range accepted");
+                            }
+                            require(!ranges.create(context,0,0).IsEmpty(),"Empty mapped range rejected");
+                            require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"mappedProbe"),first).FromMaybe(false),"Mapped view publication failed");
+                            require(run("globalThis.mappedWords=new Uint32Array(mappedProbe);mappedWords[0]=0x12345678;"),"Mapped JS write failed");
+                            uint32_t word{}; std::memcpy(&word,data,sizeof(word));
+                            require(word==0x12345678,"JavaScript write did not reach Dawn mapped memory");
+                            {
+                                v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+                                require(first->Detach(v8::Undefined(isolate)).IsNothing() && caught.HasCaught()
+                                    && !first->WasDetached(),"Mapped view allowed foreign detachment");
+                            }
+                            ranges.detach();
+                            require(run("if(mappedProbe.byteLength!==0||mappedWords.length!==0)throw new Error('mapped views not detached');delete globalThis.mappedProbe;delete globalThis.mappedWords;"),"Mapped view detachment failed");
+                            bool detached_rejected=false;
+                            try { ranges.create(context,32,4); } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { detached_rejected=true; }
+                            require(detached_rejected,"Detached mapping accepted a new view");
+                        });
+                    });
+                    require(run(R"JS(
+                        globalThis.publicMapped=bufferProbe.getMappedRange(32,16);
+                        globalThis.publicMappedWords=new Uint32Array(publicMapped);
+                        publicMappedWords[0]=0x87654321;
+                        if(bufferProbe.getMappedRange(48).byteLength!==16)throw new Error('default mapped size');
+                        for(let args of [[32,8],[4,4],[64,4]]){
+                            let rejected=false;try{bufferProbe.getMappedRange(...args)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof DOMException&&e.name==='OperationError'}
+                            if(!rejected)throw new Error('mapped range validation');
+                        }
+                        for(let args of [[-1],[Infinity],[1n],[0,9007199254740992]]){
+                            let rejected=false;try{bufferProbe.getMappedRange(...args)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+                            if(!rejected)throw new Error('mapped range WebIDL');
+                        }
+                    )JS"),"JavaScript getMappedRange failed");
+                    adapter_service->with_device(device_handle,[&](auto& device) { device.with_buffer(buffer_handle,[&](const auto& buffer) {
+                        uint32_t word{}; std::memcpy(&word,static_cast<const uint8_t*>(buffer.GetConstMappedRange(0,64))+32,sizeof(word));
+                        require(word==0x87654321,"Public mapped range write missed native memory");
+                    }); });
+                    require(run("if(bufferProbe.size!==64||bufferProbe.usage!==8||bufferProbe.mapState!=='mapped')throw new Error('buffer metadata'); let p=Object.getPrototypeOf(bufferProbe); for(let f of [p.destroy,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(p,'size').get,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(p,'usage').get,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(p,'mapState').get]){let ok=false;try{f.call({})}catch(e){ok=e instanceof TypeError}if(!ok)throw new Error('buffer brand')} bufferProbe.destroy();bufferProbe.destroy();if(bufferProbe.size!==64||bufferProbe.mapState!=='unmapped')throw new Error('destroy metadata/state');"),"Native buffer wrapper behavior failed");
+                    require(run("if(publicMapped.byteLength!==0||publicMappedWords.length!==0)throw new Error('destroy did not detach');delete globalThis.publicMapped;delete globalThis.publicMappedWords;bufferProbe.unmap();"),"Destroy mapping detachment failed");
+                    auto unmap_registry=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_buffers>(isolate,context,1,context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>());
+                    adapter_service->with_device(device_handle,[&](auto& device) {
+                        wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{}; descriptor.size=32; descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst; descriptor.mappedAtCreation=true;
+                        auto handle=device.create_buffer(descriptor);
+                        auto wrapped=unmap_registry->wrap(context,*adapter_service,device_handle,handle).ToLocalChecked();
+                        require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"unmapProbe"),wrapped).FromMaybe(false),"Unmap fixture publication failed");
+                    });
+                    require(run(R"JS(
+                        {
+                            let view=unmapProbe.getMappedRange(), bytes=new Uint8Array(view);
+                            if(view.byteLength!==32)throw new Error('default full mapped range');
+                            let conversionUnmapped=false;
+                            try{unmapProbe.getMappedRange({valueOf(){unmapProbe.unmap();return 0}})}catch(e){conversionUnmapped=e instanceof DOMException&&e.name==='OperationError'}
+                            if(!conversionUnmapped)throw new Error('mapping state not rechecked after conversion');
+                            unmapProbe.unmap();
+                            if(view.byteLength!==0||bytes.length!==0||unmapProbe.mapState!=='unmapped')throw new Error('unmap did not detach');
+                            let rejected=false;try{unmapProbe.getMappedRange()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof DOMException&&e.name==='OperationError'}
+                            if(!rejected)throw new Error('unmapped range accepted');
+                            delete globalThis.unmapProbe;
+                        }
+                    )JS"),"JavaScript unmap failed");
+                    unmap_registry.reset();
+                    require(run(R"JS(
+                        if(bufferProbe.label!=='')throw new Error('label default');
+                        bufferProbe.label='a\0\ud800';
+                        if(bufferProbe.label!=='a\0\ufffd')throw new Error('label USVString');
+                        let labelError={};
+                        try {bufferProbe.label={toString(){throw labelError}}}catch(e){if(e!==labelError)throw e}
+                        if(bufferProbe.label!=='a\0\ufffd')throw new Error('failed label mutation');
+                        let symbolRejected=false;try{bufferProbe.label=Symbol()}catch(e){symbolRejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+                        if(!symbolRejected)throw new Error('symbol label accepted');
+                        bufferProbe.label={toString(){bufferProbe.destroy();return 'after destroy'}};
+                        if(bufferProbe.label!=='after destroy')throw new Error('reentrant label');
+                        let brandRejected=false,coerced=false;
+                        try{Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Object.getPrototypeOf(bufferProbe),'label').set.call({}, {toString(){coerced=true;return ''}})}catch(e){brandRejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+                        if(!brandRejected||coerced)throw new Error('label brand ordering');
+                    )JS"),"Buffer label behavior failed");
+                    buffer_registry.reset();
+                    require(run("let stale=false;try{bufferProbe.destroy()}catch(e){stale=e instanceof TypeError}if(!stale)throw new Error('stale buffer realm');delete globalThis.bufferProbe;"),"Buffer wrapper teardown left native access");
+                    gc_buffer_device=device_handle;
+                    gc_buffers=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_buffers>(isolate,context,1,context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>());
+                    adapter_service->with_device(device_handle,[&](auto& device) {
+                        wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{};
+                        descriptor.size=32; descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst; descriptor.mappedAtCreation=true;
+                        auto collectible=device.create_buffer(descriptor);
+                        auto gc_object=gc_buffers->wrap(context,*adapter_service,device_handle,collectible).ToLocalChecked();
+                        require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"gcBufferProbe"),gc_object).FromMaybe(false),"Collectible buffer wrapper failed");
+                        auto get_range=gc_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"getMappedRange")).ToLocalChecked().template As<v8::Function>();
+                        auto held_range=get_range->Call(context,gc_object,0,nullptr).ToLocalChecked();
+                        require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"gcMappedProbe"),held_range).FromMaybe(false),"Retained mapped view publication failed");
+                        auto overflow=device.create_buffer(descriptor);
+                        require(gc_buffers->wrap(context,*adapter_service,device_handle,overflow).IsEmpty(),"Buffer wrapper registry was not bounded");
+                        device.release_buffer(overflow); // Failed wrap did not take ownership.
+                    });
+                    require(run("globalThis.mapExceptionSentinel={};globalThis.throwingMapException=class {constructor(){throw mapExceptionSentinel}};"),"Map exception fixture setup failed");
+                    adapter_service->with_device(device_handle,[&](auto& device) {
+                        for (size_t i=0;i<map_requests.size();++i) {
+                            wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{}; descriptor.size=64;
+                            descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::MapWrite|wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc;
+                            auto buffer=device.native().CreateBuffer(&descriptor);
+                            map_requests[i]=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_map_request>(isolate,context,v8::Object::New(isolate),
+                                context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,i==1 ? "throwingMapException" : "DOMException").ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>(),
+                                std::move(buffer),device.owner(),test_operations[6+i]);
+                            auto promise=map_requests[i]->start(adapter_service->dawn().completions(),wgpu::MapMode::Write,8,16).ToLocalChecked();
+                            require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,i==0 ? "asyncMapProbe" : i==1 ? "cancelMapProbe" : "allocationMapProbe").ToLocalChecked(),promise).FromMaybe(false),"Map promise publication failed");
+                        }
+                    });
+                    require(run("globalThis.asyncMapDone=false;globalThis.cancelMapDone=false;globalThis.allocationMapDone=false;allocationMapProbe.catch(e=>{if(!(e instanceof RangeError))throw e;allocationMapDone=true});asyncMapProbe.then(v=>{if(v!==undefined)throw new Error('map result');asyncMapDone=true});cancelMapProbe.catch(e=>{if(e!==mapExceptionSentinel)throw e;cancelMapDone=true});"),"Map promise observers failed");
+                    require(map_requests[1]->cancel() && !map_requests[1]->pending() && !map_requests[1]->cancel(),"Map cancellation with throwing exception factory failed");
+                    async_buffers=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_buffers>(isolate,context,4,context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>());
+                    adapter_service->with_device(device_handle,[&](auto& device) {
+                        auto count=device.live_buffers();
+                        {
+                            v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+                            auto invalid_size=v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"({size:3,usage:8,mappedAtCreation:true})")).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
+                            require(async_buffers->create(context,*adapter_service,device_handle,invalid_size).IsEmpty()
+                                && caught.HasCaught() && device.live_buffers()==count,"Misaligned mapped creation allocated a buffer");
+                            require(caught.Exception().As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"name")).ToLocalChecked()->StrictEquals(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"RangeError")),"Mapped size error was not RangeError");
+                        }
+                        device.native().PushErrorScope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+                        auto invalid_usage=v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"({size:64,usage:1024,mappedAtCreation:true,label:'invalid usage'})")).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
+                        auto error_buffer=async_buffers->create(context,*adapter_service,device_handle,invalid_usage).ToLocalChecked();
+                        require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"errorBufferProbe"),error_buffer).FromMaybe(false),"Error buffer publication failed");
+                        require(run("if(errorBufferProbe.usage!==1024||errorBufferProbe.size!==64||errorBufferProbe.label!=='invalid usage'||errorBufferProbe.getMappedRange().byteLength!==64)throw new Error('invalid buffer metadata/mapping');errorBufferProbe.unmap();delete globalThis.errorBufferProbe;"),"Browser error buffer behavior failed");
+                        auto error_mailbox=adapter_service->dawn().completions();
+                        auto error_ticket=error_mailbox->reserve(test_operations[10],device.owner()).value();
+                        device.native().PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                            [error_mailbox,error_ticket](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus status,wgpu::ErrorType type,wgpu::StringView) {
+                                error_mailbox->publish(error_ticket,status==wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus::Success && type==wgpu::ErrorType::Validation
+                                    ? completion_status::success : completion_status::failed);
+                            });
+                        for (const char* name:{"bindingBuffer","bindingCancelBuffer","bindingReadBuffer"}) {
+                            const bool read=std::string_view(name)=="bindingReadBuffer";
+                            v8::Local<v8::Object> object;
+                            if (read) {
+                                wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{}; descriptor.size=64;
+                                descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::MapRead|wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
+                                auto handle=device.create_buffer(descriptor);
+                                device.with_buffer(handle,[&](const auto& buffer) {
+                                    std::array<uint32_t,16> data; data.fill(0x11223344);
+                                    device.native().GetQueue().WriteBuffer(buffer,0,data.data(),sizeof(data));
+                                });
+                                object=async_buffers->wrap(context,*adapter_service,device_handle,handle).ToLocalChecked();
+                            } else {
+                                auto input=v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"({size:64,usage:6,label:'created from JS'})")).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
+                                object=async_buffers->create(context,*adapter_service,device_handle,input).ToLocalChecked();
+                            }
+                            require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,name).ToLocalChecked(),object).FromMaybe(false),"Async binding buffer publication failed");
+                        }
+                    });
+                    {
+                        auto saturated_registry=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_buffers>(isolate,context,1,context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>());
+                        auto input=v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"({size:4,usage:8})")).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
+                        size_t before=0; adapter_service->with_device(device_handle,[&](auto& device) { before=device.live_buffers(); });
+                        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+                        require(saturated_registry->create(context,*adapter_service,device_handle,input).IsEmpty() && caught.HasCaught(),"Release saturation silently returned an empty wrapper");
+                        adapter_service->with_device(device_handle,[&](auto& device) { require(device.live_buffers()==before,"Wrapper registration failure leaked a native buffer"); });
+                    }
+                    require(run(R"JS(
+                        globalThis.bindingMapDone=false;globalThis.bindingCancelDone=false;globalThis.bindingRemapDone=false;globalThis.bindingConversionDone=false;globalThis.bindingReadDone=false;
+                        {
+                            if(bindingBuffer.label!=='created from JS'||bindingBuffer.usage!==6)throw new Error('JS-created buffer metadata');if(bindingBuffer.mapAsync.length!==1)throw new Error('mapAsync length');
+                            let conversion=bindingBuffer.mapAsync(1n);
+                            if(!(conversion instanceof Promise))throw new Error('mapAsync conversion threw synchronously');
+                            conversion.catch(e=>{if(!(e instanceof TypeError))throw e;bindingConversionDone=true});
+                            let promise=bindingBuffer.mapAsync(2,8,16);
+                            if(!(promise instanceof Promise)||bindingBuffer.mapState!=='pending')throw new Error('pending map state');
+                            promise.then(()=>{
+                                if(bindingBuffer.mapState!=='mapped')throw new Error('completed map state');
+                                let view=bindingBuffer.getMappedRange(8,16);new Uint32Array(view)[0]=42;
+                                bindingBuffer.unmap();
+                                if(view.byteLength!==0||bindingBuffer.mapState!=='unmapped')throw new Error('async view detach');
+                                bindingMapDone=true;delete globalThis.bindingBuffer;
+                            });
+                            bindingReadBuffer.mapAsync(1,8,16).then(()=>{
+                                let words=new Uint32Array(bindingReadBuffer.getMappedRange(8,16));
+                                if(words[0]!==0x11223344)throw new Error('read mapping data');
+                                words[0]=0xffffffff;bindingReadBuffer.unmap();
+                                return bindingReadBuffer.mapAsync(1,8,16);
+                            }).then(()=>{
+                                if(new Uint32Array(bindingReadBuffer.getMappedRange(8,16))[0]!==0x11223344)throw new Error('READ writes reached GPU buffer');
+                                bindingReadBuffer.unmap();bindingReadDone=true;delete globalThis.bindingReadBuffer;
+                            });
+                            bindingCancelBuffer.mapAsync(2,0,16).catch(e=>{
+                                if(!(e instanceof DOMException)||e.name!=='AbortError')throw e;bindingCancelDone=true;
+                            });
+                            bindingCancelBuffer.unmap();
+                            bindingCancelBuffer.mapAsync(2,16,16).then(()=>{
+                                if(bindingCancelBuffer.getMappedRange(16,16).byteLength!==16)throw new Error('remap range');
+                                bindingCancelBuffer.unmap();bindingRemapDone=true;delete globalThis.bindingCancelBuffer;
+                            });
+                        }
+                    )JS"),"JavaScript mapAsync dispatch failed");
+                    graphics_service adapter_fixture(wake,2);
+                    auto fresh_adapter=std::make_shared<wgpu::Adapter>();
+                    auto fixture_mailbox=adapter_fixture.dawn().completions();
+                    auto adapter_ticket=fixture_mailbox->reserve(new_owner_token(),{adapter_fixture.engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0}).value();
+                    auto adapter_options=make_dawn_adapter_options(webgpu_adapter_options{},wgpu::BackendType::Undefined).value();
+                    adapter_fixture.dawn().instance().RequestAdapter(&adapter_options,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                        [fresh_adapter,fixture_mailbox,adapter_ticket](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status,wgpu::Adapter adapter,wgpu::StringView) {
+                            *fresh_adapter=std::move(adapter);
+                            fixture_mailbox->publish(adapter_ticket,status==wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success?completion_status::success:completion_status::failed);
+                        });
+                    bool fresh_adapter_ready=false;
+                    auto fresh_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+                    while(!fresh_adapter_ready && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<fresh_deadline) {
+                        adapter_fixture.pump([&](auto completion) { require(completion.status==completion_status::success,"Fresh adapter request failed");fresh_adapter_ready=true; });
+                        if(!fresh_adapter_ready)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+                    }
+                    require(fresh_adapter_ready && *fresh_adapter,"Fresh adapter unavailable");
+                    auto adapter_handle=adapter_fixture.adopt_adapter(std::move(*fresh_adapter));
+                    auto exception_constructor=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+                    auto adapter_devices=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_devices>(isolate,context,exception_constructor,2,4);
+                    auto adapter_registry=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_adapters>(isolate,context,*adapter_devices,exception_constructor,1);
+                    auto adapter_object=adapter_registry->wrap(context,adapter_fixture,adapter_handle).ToLocalChecked();
+                    bool duplicate_adapter=false,foreign_realm=false;
+                    try { adapter_registry->wrap(context,adapter_fixture,adapter_handle); } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { duplicate_adapter=true; }
+                    try { adapter_registry->wrap(v8::Context::New(isolate),adapter_fixture,adapter_handle); } catch (const std::logic_error&) { foreign_realm=true; }
+                    require(duplicate_adapter && foreign_realm,"Adapter identity or realm ownership duplicated");
+                    auto adapter_features=adapter_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"features")).ToLocalChecked();
+                    require(adapter_features->StrictEquals(adapter_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"features")).ToLocalChecked()),"Adapter feature identity changed");
+                    auto feature_has=adapter_features.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"has")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+                    adapter_fixture.with_adapter(adapter_handle,[&](const auto& native) {
+                        verify_v8_limits(isolate,context,adapter_object,native);
+                        auto info=read_webgpu_adapter_info(native);
+                        require(webgpu_adapter_is_fallback(wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan,0x1ae0,0xc0de)
+                            && !webgpu_adapter_is_fallback(wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan,0x1ae0,0)
+                            && !webgpu_adapter_is_fallback(wgpu::BackendType::Metal,0x1ae0,0xc0de),"Fallback classification differs from pinned Dawn");
+                        auto exposed_info=adapter_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"info")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Object>();
+                        for(const auto& field:std::array<std::pair<const char*,const std::string*>,4>{{{"vendor",&info.vendor},{"architecture",&info.architecture},{"device",&info.device},{"description",&info.description}}}) {
+                            auto value=exposed_info->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,field.first).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked();
+                            v8::String::Utf8Value text(isolate,value);
+                            require(*text && std::string(*text,text.length())==*field.second,"Adapter info string differs from native snapshot");
+                        }
+                        wgpu::AdapterInfo native_info{};require(native.GetInfo(&native_info)==wgpu::Status::Success,"Adapter info query failed");
+                        require(info.description==webgpu_info_string(native_info.description) && !info.is_fallback_adapter,"Adapter info snapshot incorrect");
+                        require(info.subgroup_min_size==(native.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::Subgroups)?native_info.subgroupMinSize:4)
+                            && info.subgroup_max_size==(native.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::Subgroups)?native_info.subgroupMaxSize:128),"Adapter subgroup information incorrect");
+                        require(webgpu_info_identifier(wgpu::StringView("vendor-123"))=="vendor-123"
+                            && webgpu_info_identifier(wgpu::StringView("Vendor Name")).empty()
+                            && webgpu_info_identifier(wgpu::StringView("a--b")).empty(),"Adapter identifier normalization rules incorrect");
+                        for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names) {
+                            v8::Local<v8::Value> name=v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,feature.name.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(feature.name.size())).ToLocalChecked();
+                            require(feature_has->Call(context,adapter_features,1,&name).ToLocalChecked()->BooleanValue(isolate)==native.HasFeature(feature.native),"Adapter capability snapshot differs from Dawn");
+                        }
+                    });
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"adapterWrapperProbe"),adapter_object).FromMaybe(false),"Adapter wrapper publication failed");
+                    require(run("globalThis.adapterDevicePromise=adapterWrapperProbe.requestDevice({label:'via adapter',defaultQueue:{label:'JS queue'}});"),"Adapter requestDevice call failed");
+                    auto requested_device_promise=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"adapterDevicePromise")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+                    auto request_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+                    while (requested_device_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kPending && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<request_deadline) {
+                        adapter_fixture.pump([&](auto completion) { require(adapter_registry->complete(completion),"Adapter request completion not routed"); });
+                        if (requested_device_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kPending) std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+                    }
+                    require(requested_device_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kFulfilled,"Adapter request did not produce a native device wrapper");
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"adapterDeviceProbe"),requested_device_promise->Result()).FromMaybe(false),"Adapter device publication failed");
+                    test_v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration(isolate,context);
+                    size_t canvas_acquisitions=0,canvas_retirements=0;
+                    webgpu_canvas_host canvas_host;
+                    canvas_host.validate=[](const auto& config){if(config.color_space!="srgb")throw std::invalid_argument("Diagnostic canvas supports sRGB");};
+                    canvas_host.acquire=[&](const auto& config,const auto& descriptor){++canvas_acquisitions;wgpu::Texture texture;descriptor.with_native([&](const auto& native){texture=config.device.CreateTexture(&native);});return texture;};
+                    canvas_host.retire=[&](const auto& texture,bool){++canvas_retirements;texture.Destroy();};
+                    auto canvas_context=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_canvas_context>(isolate,context,v8::Object::New(isolate),context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>(),4,2,std::move(canvas_host));
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"canvasContextProbe"),canvas_context->object()).FromMaybe(false),"Canvas context publication failed");
+                    require(run(R"JS(
+                        if(canvasContextProbe.getConfiguration()!==null)throw new Error('initial canvas config');
+                        let unconfigured=false;try{canvasContextProbe.getCurrentTexture()}catch(e){unconfigured=e instanceof DOMException&&e.name==='InvalidStateError'}if(!unconfigured)throw new Error('unconfigured canvas texture');
+                        canvasContextProbe.configure({device:adapterDeviceProbe,format:'rgba8unorm',usage:17});
+                        const snapshot=canvasContextProbe.getConfiguration();snapshot.viewFormats.push('invalid');snapshot.toneMapping.mode='invalid';
+                        if(canvasContextProbe.getConfiguration().viewFormats.length!==0||canvasContextProbe.getConfiguration().toneMapping.mode!=='standard')throw new Error('canvas snapshot mutation');
+                        if(canvasContextProbe.canvas!==canvasContextProbe.canvas)throw new Error('canvas identity');
+                    )JS"),"Canvas configuration lifecycle failed");
+
+                    {
+                        auto device_object=requested_device_promise->Result().As<v8::Object>();auto device=v8_webgpu_devices::native_reference(device_object);
+                        webgpu_texture_descriptor metadata;metadata.size={4,2,1};metadata.format=wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;metadata.usage=16;metadata.label="imported canvas";
+                        wgpu::Texture native;metadata.with_native([&](const auto& descriptor){native=device.CreateTexture(&descriptor);});
+                        auto mismatch=metadata;mismatch.size.width=8;bool rejected=false;
+                        try{v8_webgpu_devices::adopt_canvas_texture(context,device_object,device,native,mismatch);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){rejected=true;}
+                        require(rejected,"Canvas adoption accepted mismatched metadata");
+                        auto wrapper=v8_webgpu_devices::adopt_canvas_texture(context,device_object,device,native,metadata).ToLocalChecked();
+                        require(v8_webgpu_textures::native_reference(wrapper).Get()==native.Get(),"Canvas adoption replaced native texture");
+                        require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"importedCanvasTexture"),wrapper).FromMaybe(false),"Imported texture publication failed");
+                        require(run("if(importedCanvasTexture.width!==4||importedCanvasTexture.label!=='imported canvas')throw new Error('imported metadata');const importedView=importedCanvasTexture.createView();if(Object.prototype.toString.call(importedView)!=='[object GPUTextureView]')throw new Error('imported view');delete globalThis.importedCanvasTexture;"),"Imported canvas texture JavaScript access failed");
+                    }
+
+                    require(run(R"JS(
+                        if(adapterWrapperProbe.requestDevice.length!==0)throw new Error('requestDevice arity');
+                        const ai=adapterWrapperProbe.info,di=adapterDeviceProbe.adapterInfo;
+                        if(ai!==adapterWrapperProbe.info||di!==adapterDeviceProbe.adapterInfo||Object.prototype.toString.call(ai)!=='[object GPUAdapterInfo]')throw new Error('adapter info identity');
+                        for(const key of ['vendor','architecture','device','description','subgroupMinSize','subgroupMaxSize','isFallbackAdapter'])if(ai[key]!==di[key])throw new Error('device adapter info mismatch');
+                        const savedVendor=ai.vendor;let infoReadOnly=false;try{(()=>{'use strict';ai.vendor='changed'})()}catch(e){infoReadOnly=e instanceof TypeError}
+                        if(!infoReadOnly||ai.vendor!==savedVendor||'backendType' in ai||'vendorID' in ai)throw new Error('adapter info mutation or private fields');
+                        let infoBrand=false;try{Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Object.getPrototypeOf(ai),'vendor').get.call({})}catch(e){infoBrand=e instanceof TypeError}if(!infoBrand)throw new Error('adapter info receiver');
+                        globalThis.retainedAdapterInfo=ai;
+                        if(adapterDeviceProbe.label!=='via adapter')throw new Error('requested device label');
+                        if(adapterDeviceProbe.queue!==adapterDeviceProbe.queue||adapterDeviceProbe.queue.label!=='JS queue'||Object.prototype.toString.call(adapterDeviceProbe.queue)!=='[object GPUQueue]')throw new Error('device queue identity');
+                        adapterDeviceProbe.queue.label='updated queue';if(adapterDeviceProbe.queue.label!=='updated queue')throw new Error('queue label');
+                        {const encoder=adapterDeviceProbe.createCommandEncoder({label:'JS encoder'});
+                         if(Object.prototype.toString.call(encoder)!=='[object GPUCommandEncoder]'||encoder.label!=='JS encoder'||encoder.finish.length!==0)throw new Error('encoder wrapper');
+                         const sentinel={};let propagated=false;try{encoder.finish({get label(){throw sentinel}})}catch(e){propagated=e===sentinel}if(!propagated)throw new Error('finish exception');
+                         const command=encoder.finish({label:'JS commands'});
+                         if(Object.prototype.toString.call(command)!=='[object GPUCommandBuffer]'||command.label!=='JS commands')throw new Error('command buffer wrapper');
+                         command.label='updated commands';if(command.label!=='updated commands')throw new Error('command label');
+                         for(const call of [()=>adapterDeviceProbe.createCommandEncoder(1),()=>encoder.finish.call({}),()=>encoder.finish(1)]) {
+                             let rejected=false;try{call()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid encoder call');
+                         }
+                         const empty=adapterDeviceProbe.createCommandEncoder().finish();if(empty.label!=='')throw new Error('encoder defaults');}
+
+                        {const texture=canvasContextProbe.getCurrentTexture();texture.label='JS texture';
+                         if(texture!==canvasContextProbe.getCurrentTexture())throw new Error('current texture identity');
+                         if(texture.width!==4||texture.height!==2||texture.depthOrArrayLayers!==1||texture.mipLevelCount!==1||texture.sampleCount!==1||texture.dimension!=='2d'||texture.format!=='rgba8unorm'||texture.usage!==17)throw new Error('texture metadata');
+                         if(Object.prototype.toString.call(texture)!=='[object GPUTexture]'||texture.label!=='JS texture')throw new Error('texture wrapper');
+                         const view=texture.createView({label:'JS view'});
+                         if(Object.prototype.toString.call(view)!=='[object GPUTextureView]'||view.label!=='JS view')throw new Error('view wrapper');
+                         view.label='updated view';texture.label='updated texture';
+                         let readonly=false;try{(()=>{'use strict';texture.width=8})()}catch(e){readonly=e instanceof TypeError}if(!readonly||texture.width!==4)throw new Error('texture readonly metadata');
+                         for(const call of [()=>adapterDeviceProbe.createTexture(),()=>adapterDeviceProbe.createTexture({size:[],format:'rgba8unorm',usage:16}),()=>texture.createView.call({}),()=>texture.destroy.call({})]) {
+                             let rejected=false;try{call()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid texture call');
+                         }
+                         const shader=adapterDeviceProbe.createShaderModule({code:'@vertex fn vs(@location(0) p:vec2f)->@builtin(position) vec4f {return vec4f(p,0,1);} @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> color:vec4f; @fragment fn fs()->@location(0) vec4f {return color;}'});
+                         const vertices=adapterDeviceProbe.createBuffer({size:32,usage:32,mappedAtCreation:true});
+                         new Float32Array(vertices.getMappedRange()).set([-1,-1,3,-1,-1,3],2);vertices.unmap();
+                         const uniform=adapterDeviceProbe.createBuffer({size:512,usage:64,mappedAtCreation:true});
+                         new Float32Array(uniform.getMappedRange()).set([1,0,0,1],64);uniform.unmap();
+                         const bindingLayout=adapterDeviceProbe.createBindGroupLayout({entries:[{binding:0,visibility:2,buffer:{hasDynamicOffset:true}}]});
+                         const layout=adapterDeviceProbe.createPipelineLayout({bindGroupLayouts:[bindingLayout]});
+                         const group=adapterDeviceProbe.createBindGroup({layout:bindingLayout,entries:[{binding:0,resource:{buffer:uniform,size:16}}]});
+                         const pipeline=adapterDeviceProbe.createRenderPipeline({layout,vertex:{module:shader,entryPoint:'vs',buffers:[{arrayStride:8,attributes:[{format:'float32x2',offset:0,shaderLocation:0}]}]},fragment:{module:shader,entryPoint:'fs',targets:[{format:'rgba8unorm'}]}});
+                         const drawEncoder=adapterDeviceProbe.createCommandEncoder();
+                         let shapeRejected=false;try{drawEncoder.beginRenderPass({colorAttachments:[{view,loadOp:'clear',storeOp:'store',clearValue:[0,0]}]})}catch(e){shapeRejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!shapeRejected)throw new Error('clear color shape');
+                         const pass=drawEncoder.beginRenderPass({label:'triangle pass',colorAttachments:[{view,loadOp:'clear',storeOp:'store',clearValue:[0,0,0,1]}]});
+                         if(Object.prototype.toString.call(pass)!=='[object GPURenderPassEncoder]'||pass.label!=='triangle pass')throw new Error('render pass wrapper');
+                         for(const call of [()=>pass.draw(),()=>pass.draw(-1),()=>pass.draw(1n),()=>pass.setPipeline({}),()=>pass.end.call({})]) {
+                             let rejected=false;try{call()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid pass call');
+                         }
+                         if(pass.setBindGroup.length!==2)throw new Error('setBindGroup arity');
+                         for(const call of [()=>pass.setBindGroup(),()=>pass.setBindGroup(-1,group),()=>pass.setBindGroup(0,{}),
+                             ()=>pass.setBindGroup(0,group,[-1]),()=>pass.setBindGroup(0,group,new Uint32Array(1),0),
+                             ()=>pass.setBindGroup(0,group,[],0,1)]) {
+                             let rejected=false;try{call()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid bind group call');
+                         }
+                         for(const [start,count] of [[2,0],[0,2]]) {
+                             let rejected=false;try{pass.setBindGroup(0,group,new Uint32Array(1),start,count)}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof RangeError}
+                             if(!rejected)throw new Error('dynamic offset bounds accepted');
+                         }
+                         const bindingSentinel={};let bindingException=false;
+                         try{pass.setBindGroup(0,group,{[Symbol.iterator](){throw bindingSentinel}})}catch(e){bindingException=e===bindingSentinel}
+                         if(!bindingException)throw new Error('binding iterator exception lost');
+                         if(pass.setVertexBuffer.length!==2)throw new Error('setVertexBuffer arity');
+                         for(const call of [()=>pass.setVertexBuffer(),()=>pass.setVertexBuffer(-1,vertices),()=>pass.setVertexBuffer(0,{}),
+                             ()=>pass.setVertexBuffer(0,vertices,-1),()=>pass.setVertexBuffer(0,vertices,0,1n)]) {
+                             let rejected=false;try{call()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid vertex buffer call');
+                         }
+                         pass.setVertexBuffer(0,null);
+                         pass.setVertexBuffer(0,vertices,8,24);
+                         pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
+                         pass.setBindGroup(0,null);
+                         pass.setBindGroup(0,group,new Set([256]));pass.draw(3);
+                         const dynamic=new Uint32Array([77,256,88]);
+                         pass.setBindGroup(0,group,dynamic.subarray(1),0,1);pass.draw(3);
+                         const sharedDynamic=new Uint32Array(new SharedArrayBuffer(8));sharedDynamic[1]=256;
+                         pass.setBindGroup(0,group,sharedDynamic,1,1);pass.draw(3);pass.end();
+                         const drawCommands=drawEncoder.finish({label:'triangle commands'});
+                         if(drawCommands.label!=='triangle commands')throw new Error('recorded draw commands');
+                         for(const call of [()=>adapterDeviceProbe.queue.submit(),()=>adapterDeviceProbe.queue.submit([{}]),()=>adapterDeviceProbe.queue.submit.call({},[])]) {
+                             let rejected=false;try{call()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid queue call');
+                         }
+                         const queueSentinel={};let queueException=false;
+                         try{adapterDeviceProbe.queue.submit({[Symbol.iterator](){throw queueSentinel}})}catch(e){queueException=e===queueSentinel}
+                         if(!queueException)throw new Error('queue iterator exception');
+                         adapterDeviceProbe.queue.submit(new Set([drawCommands]));
+                         globalThis.triangleTextureProbe=texture;
+
+                         // Keep the submitted texture alive for diagnostic pixel verification.
+                         if(texture.width!==4||texture.label!=='updated texture'||view.label!=='updated view')throw new Error('destroyed texture metadata');}
+
+                        {let b=adapterDeviceProbe.createBuffer({size:16,usage:8,mappedAtCreation:true});
+                         let range=b.getMappedRange();new Uint32Array(range)[0]=123;b.unmap();
+                         if(range.byteLength!==0 || b.size!==16)throw new Error('adapter device buffer');b.destroy();}
+                        globalThis.consumedAdapterPromise=adapterWrapperProbe.requestDevice();
+                        consumedAdapterPromise.catch(()=>{});
+                        globalThis.badAdapterReceiverPromise=adapterWrapperProbe.requestDevice.call({});
+                        badAdapterReceiverPromise.catch(()=>{});
+                    )JS"),"Adapter device resource operations failed");
+                    {
+                        auto native_device=v8_webgpu_devices::native_reference(requested_device_promise->Result());
+                        auto native_texture=v8_webgpu_textures::native_reference(context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"triangleTextureProbe")).ToLocalChecked());
+                        wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.size=512;descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst|wgpu::BufferUsage::MapRead;
+                        auto readback=native_device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);auto copy=native_device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+                        wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo source{};source.texture=native_texture;
+                        wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo destination{};destination.buffer=readback;destination.layout.bytesPerRow=256;destination.layout.rowsPerImage=2;
+                        wgpu::Extent3D extent{4,2,1};copy.CopyTextureToBuffer(&source,&destination,&extent);
+                        auto commands=copy.Finish();native_device.GetQueue().Submit(1,&commands);
+                        auto map_status=std::make_shared<std::atomic<int>>(0);
+                        readback.MapAsync(wgpu::MapMode::Read,0,512,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,[map_status](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status,wgpu::StringView){map_status->store(status==wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success?1:-1);});
+                        auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+                        while(map_status->load()==0&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline){adapter_fixture.pump([](auto){});std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));}
+                        require(map_status->load()==1,"Triangle diagnostic readback did not complete");
+                        const auto* pixels=static_cast<const uint8_t*>(readback.GetConstMappedRange(0,512));require(pixels!=nullptr,"Triangle readback mapping missing");
+                        for(size_t y=0;y<2;++y)for(size_t x=0;x<4;++x){const auto* pixel=pixels+y*256+x*4;require(pixel[0]==255&&pixel[1]==0&&pixel[2]==0&&pixel[3]==255,"JavaScript triangle pixel mismatch");}
+                        readback.Unmap();readback.Destroy();
+                        require(run("triangleTextureProbe.destroy();triangleTextureProbe.destroy();if(triangleTextureProbe.width!==4)throw new Error('destroyed texture metadata');delete globalThis.triangleTextureProbe;"),"Triangle texture cleanup failed");
+                    }
+                    require(canvas_acquisitions==1&&canvas_retirements==0,"Canvas acquired more than once per frame");
+                    canvas_context->end_frame(true);
+                    require(canvas_retirements==1,"Canvas frame did not retire");
+                    canvas_context->resize(8,3);
+                    require(run("const resized=canvasContextProbe.getCurrentTexture();if(resized.width!==8||resized.height!==3)throw new Error('canvas resize');canvasContextProbe.unconfigure();if(canvasContextProbe.getConfiguration()!==null)throw new Error('canvas unconfigure');"),"Canvas resize/unconfigure failed");
+                    require(canvas_acquisitions==2&&canvas_retirements==2,"Canvas texture replacement lifetime failed");
+                    canvas_context.reset();
+                    require(run("let releasedCanvas=false;try{canvasContextProbe.getCurrentTexture()}catch(e){releasedCanvas=e instanceof TypeError}if(!releasedCanvas)throw new Error('released canvas receiver');delete globalThis.canvasContextProbe;"),"Released canvas wrapper remained callable");
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+                    test_v8_iosurface_canvas_host(isolate,context,adapter_fixture,run);
+                    adapter_fixture.drain_commands();
+#endif
+                    for(const char* name:{"consumedAdapterPromise","badAdapterReceiverPromise"}) {
+                        auto rejected=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,name).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+                        require(rejected->State()==v8::Promise::kRejected,"Invalid adapter request did not reject");
+                        auto error_name=rejected->Result().As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"name")).ToLocalChecked();
+                        const char* expected=std::string_view(name)=="consumedAdapterPromise"?"OperationError":"TypeError";
+                        require(error_name->StrictEquals(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,expected).ToLocalChecked()),"Adapter rejection type incorrect");
+                    }
+                    // Dispose the registry before delivering successful native
+                    // device completion. Use a fresh, unconsumed adapter.
+                    auto cancel_adapter=std::make_shared<wgpu::Adapter>();
+                    const auto cancel_adapter_operation=new_owner_token();
+                    auto cancel_adapter_ticket=fixture_mailbox->reserve(cancel_adapter_operation,{adapter_fixture.engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0}).value();
+                    adapter_fixture.dawn().instance().RequestAdapter(&adapter_options,wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                        [cancel_adapter,fixture_mailbox,cancel_adapter_ticket](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status,wgpu::Adapter adapter,wgpu::StringView) {
+                            *cancel_adapter=std::move(adapter);
+                            fixture_mailbox->publish(cancel_adapter_ticket,status==wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success?completion_status::success:completion_status::failed);
+                        });
+                    bool cancel_adapter_ready=false;
+                    auto cancel_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+                    while(!cancel_adapter_ready && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<cancel_deadline) {
+                        adapter_fixture.pump([&](auto completion) { if(completion.operation!=cancel_adapter_operation)return;require(completion.status==completion_status::success,"Cancellation fixture adapter failed");cancel_adapter_ready=true; });
+                        if(!cancel_adapter_ready)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+                    }
+                    require(cancel_adapter_ready && *cancel_adapter,"Cancellation fixture adapter unavailable");
+                    auto cancel_handle=adapter_fixture.adopt_adapter(std::move(*cancel_adapter));
+                    auto cancel_registry=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_adapters>(isolate,context,*adapter_devices,exception_constructor,1);
+                    auto cancel_object=cancel_registry->wrap(context,adapter_fixture,cancel_handle).ToLocalChecked();
+                    auto request_method=cancel_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"requestDevice")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+                    const auto lifetime_completions=fixture_mailbox->metrics().occupied;
+                    auto cancel_promise=request_method->Call(context,cancel_object,0,nullptr).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+                    require(cancel_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kPending,"Teardown fixture did not admit native request");
+                    cancel_promise->MarkAsHandled();
+                    cancel_registry.reset();
+                    require(cancel_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kRejected,"Registry teardown left pending device promise");
+                    auto cancelled_reason=cancel_promise->Result();
+                    size_t successful_retirements=0;
+                    cancel_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+                    while(fixture_mailbox->metrics().occupied>lifetime_completions && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<cancel_deadline) {
+                        adapter_fixture.pump([&](auto completion) {
+                            require(completion.status==completion_status::success,"Native creation did not succeed in teardown race");++successful_retirements;
+                        });
+                        if(fixture_mailbox->metrics().occupied>lifetime_completions)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+                    }
+                    require(successful_retirements==1 && fixture_mailbox->metrics().occupied==lifetime_completions
+                        && adapter_fixture.live_devices()==1 && adapter_fixture.live_adapters()==1,
+                        "Successful teardown race leaked completion or adopted an orphan device");
+                    require(cancel_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kRejected && cancel_promise->Result()->StrictEquals(cancelled_reason),
+                        "Late native success replaced cancellation rejection");
+                    adapter_registry.reset();
+                    { v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+                        require(adapter_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"features")).IsEmpty() && caught.HasCaught(),"Retired adapter retained native access");
+                    }
+                    require(adapter_features.As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"size")).ToLocalChecked()->IsUint32(),"Retained adapter features lost after disposal");
+                    adapter_devices.reset();
+                    require(run("if(typeof retainedAdapterInfo.vendor!=='string')throw new Error('retained adapter info');delete globalThis.retainedAdapterInfo;"),"Adapter info did not survive teardown");
+                    require(run("delete globalThis.adapterWrapperProbe;delete globalThis.adapterDeviceProbe;delete globalThis.adapterDevicePromise;delete globalThis.consumedAdapterPromise;delete globalThis.badAdapterReceiverPromise;"),"Adapter probe cleanup failed");
+                    require(adapter_fixture.live_adapters()==1,"Adapter disposal bypassed deferred release");
+                    adapter_fixture.pump([](completion_record) {});
+                    require(adapter_fixture.live_adapters()==0 && adapter_fixture.live_devices()==0,"Adapter/device deferred release leaked native handles");
+                    auto discovery_devices=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_devices>(isolate,context,exception_constructor,2,4);
+                    auto discovery_adapters=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_adapters>(isolate,context,*discovery_devices,exception_constructor,2);
+                    auto discovery=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_discovery>(isolate,context,adapter_fixture,*discovery_adapters);
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"gpuDiscoveryProbe"),discovery->object()).FromMaybe(false),"Discovery object publication failed");
+                    auto language_set=discovery->object()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"wgslLanguageFeatures")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Object>();
+                    auto language_has=language_set->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"has")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+                    size_t language_count=0;
+                    for(const auto& feature:wgsl_language_feature_names) {
+                        v8::Local<v8::Value> name=v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,feature.name.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(feature.name.size())).ToLocalChecked();
+                        bool expected=adapter_fixture.dawn().instance().HasWGSLLanguageFeature(feature.native);
+                        require(language_has->Call(context,language_set,1,&name).ToLocalChecked()->BooleanValue(isolate)==expected,"WGSL capability differs from native instance");
+                        language_count+=expected;
+                    }
+                    require(language_set->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"size")).ToLocalChecked()->Uint32Value(context).FromJust()==language_count,"WGSL snapshot count incorrect");
+                    { v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);v8::Local<v8::Value> name=v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"x");
+                        require(feature_has->Call(context,language_set,1,&name).IsEmpty() && caught.HasCaught(),"WGSL set accepted GPU feature-set receiver brand");
+                    }
+                    require(run("{let f=gpuDiscoveryProbe.wgslLanguageFeatures;if(f!==gpuDiscoveryProbe.wgslLanguageFeatures||Object.prototype.toString.call(f)!=='[object WGSLLanguageFeatures]'||[...f].length!==f.size||f.has('chromium_testing_shipped')||f.has('chromium_print')||f.has('f16')||f.add)throw new Error('WGSL snapshot');}"),"WGSL snapshot semantics failed");
+                    require(run("if(gpuDiscoveryProbe.getPreferredCanvasFormat()!=='bgra8unorm'||gpuDiscoveryProbe.getPreferredCanvasFormat.length!==0)throw new Error('preferred format');let badFormatReceiver=false;try{gpuDiscoveryProbe.getPreferredCanvasFormat.call({})}catch(e){badFormatReceiver=e instanceof TypeError}if(!badFormatReceiver)throw new Error('format receiver');"),"Preferred canvas format behavior failed");
+                    bool invalid_format=false;
+                    try { v8_webgpu_discovery invalid(isolate,context,adapter_fixture,*discovery_adapters,wgpu::BackendType::Undefined,wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Float); }
+                    catch(const std::invalid_argument&) { invalid_format=true; }
+                    require(invalid_format,"Unsupported preferred format admitted");
+                    { v8_webgpu_discovery rgba(isolate,context,adapter_fixture,*discovery_adapters,wgpu::BackendType::Undefined,wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm);
+                        auto object=rgba.object();
+                        auto method=object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"getPreferredCanvasFormat")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+                        require(method->Call(context,object,0,nullptr).ToLocalChecked()->StrictEquals(v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"rgba8unorm")),"Host RGBA format selection ignored");
+                    }
+                    require(run("globalThis.discoveryPromise=gpuDiscoveryProbe.requestAdapter();"),"JavaScript adapter discovery failed");
+                    auto discovery_promise=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"discoveryPromise")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+                    auto discovery_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+                    while(discovery_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kPending && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<discovery_deadline) {
+                        adapter_fixture.pump([&](auto completion) { require(discovery->complete(completion),"Discovery completion routing failed"); });
+                        if(discovery_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kPending)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+                    }
+                    require(discovery_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kFulfilled && discovery_promise->Result()->IsObject(),"Discovery did not return a hardware adapter wrapper");
+                    auto discovered_object=discovery_promise->Result().As<v8::Object>();
+                    auto device_method=discovered_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"requestDevice")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+                    auto chain_device=device_method->Call(context,discovered_object,0,nullptr).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+                    discovery_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+                    while(chain_device->State()==v8::Promise::kPending && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<discovery_deadline) {
+                        adapter_fixture.pump([&](auto completion) { require(discovery_adapters->complete(completion),"Discovered device completion routing failed"); });
+                        if(chain_device->State()==v8::Promise::kPending)std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+                    }
+                    require(chain_device->State()==v8::Promise::kFulfilled,"Discovered adapter could not create device");
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"discoveryDevice"),chain_device->Result()).FromMaybe(false),"Discovered device publication failed");
+                    require(run("{let buffer=discoveryDevice.createBuffer({size:16,usage:8,mappedAtCreation:true});let view=buffer.getMappedRange();new Uint32Array(view)[0]=99;buffer.unmap();if(view.byteLength!==0)throw new Error('discovery mapping');buffer.destroy();}"),"Discovered device could not execute buffer operations");
+                    auto unavailable=run("globalThis.unavailableAdapter=gpuDiscoveryProbe.requestAdapter({featureLevel:'not-supported'});globalThis.invalidDiscovery=gpuDiscoveryProbe.requestAdapter({powerPreference:'invalid'});invalidDiscovery.catch(()=>{});");
+                    require(unavailable,"Discovery failure paths threw synchronously");
+                    auto unavailable_promise=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"unavailableAdapter")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+                    require(unavailable_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kFulfilled && unavailable_promise->Result()->IsNull(),"Unavailable adapter did not resolve null");
+                    auto invalid_discovery=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"invalidDiscovery")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Promise>();
+                    require(invalid_discovery->State()==v8::Promise::kRejected,"Invalid discovery options did not reject");
+                    discovery.reset(); discovery_adapters.reset(); discovery_devices.reset();
+                    require(run("delete globalThis.gpuDiscoveryProbe;delete globalThis.discoveryPromise;delete globalThis.discoveryDevice;delete globalThis.unavailableAdapter;delete globalThis.invalidDiscovery;"),"Discovery cleanup failed");
+                    adapter_fixture.pump([](completion_record) {});
+                    require(adapter_fixture.live_adapters()==0 && adapter_fixture.live_devices()==0,"Discovery chain leaked native ownership");
+                    buffer_wrappers_tested=true;
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (record.operation==test_operations[2] || record.operation==test_operations[3]) {
+                    auto* isolate=v8::Isolate::GetCurrent();
+                    auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+                    auto& request=failed_wrappers[std::find(test_operations.begin()+2,test_operations.begin()+4,record.operation)-(test_operations.begin()+2)];
+                    require(record.status==completion_status::success,"Wrapper failure test needs a hardware adapter");
+                    require(request->complete(isolate,context,record,[&](wgpu::Adapter) -> v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Value> {
+                        if (record.operation==test_operations[2]) throw std::length_error("resource table full");
+                        auto sentinel=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"wrapperSentinel")).ToLocalChecked();
+                        isolate->ThrowException(sentinel);
+                        return {};
+                    }),"Wrapper failure did not reject its promise");
+                    require(!request->pending(),"Failed wrapper left request pending");
+                    require(!request->complete(isolate,context,record,[](wgpu::Adapter) -> v8::Local<v8::Value> {
+                        throw std::runtime_error("duplicate completion wrapped twice");
+                    }),"Duplicate completion was accepted");
+                    ++failed_wrapper_count;
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (record.operation==test_operations[1]) {
+                    auto* isolate=v8::Isolate::GetCurrent();
+                    require(record.status==completion_status::cancelled,"Adapter cancellation lost");
+                    require(cancelled_adapter->complete(isolate,isolate->GetCurrentContext(),record,
+                        [](wgpu::Adapter) -> v8::Local<v8::Value> { throw std::runtime_error("Cancelled adapter was wrapped"); }),
+                        "Cancelled adapter promise did not resolve");
+                    adapter_cancelled=true;
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (record.operation==test_operations[0]) {
+                    auto* isolate=v8::Isolate::GetCurrent();
+                    auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+                    require(adapter_request->complete(isolate,context,record,[&](wgpu::Adapter adapter) -> v8::Local<v8::Value> {
+                        auto mailbox=adapter_service->dawn().completions();
+                        webgpu_device_descriptor requested;
+                        auto js_descriptor=v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"({label:'requested device',defaultQueue:{label:'requested queue'},requiredLimits:{maxBufferSize:8192}})")).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
+                        require(read_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context,js_descriptor,requested),"Device descriptor conversion failed");
+                        webgpu_device_request_error preparation_error;
+                        auto prepared=webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor::prepare(requested,adapter,false,preparation_error);
+                        require(prepared && preparation_error==webgpu_device_request_error::none,"Actual adapter device preparation failed");
+                        auto descriptor=prepared->native();
+                        requested.label="mutated source"; requested.queue_label="mutated queue";
+                        require(std::string_view(descriptor.label.data,descriptor.label.length)=="requested device"
+                            && std::string_view(descriptor.defaultQueue.label.data,descriptor.defaultQueue.label.length)=="requested queue",
+                            "Prepared device labels borrow mutable source storage");
+                        require(!webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor::prepare(requested,adapter,true,preparation_error)
+                            && preparation_error==webgpu_device_request_error::operation_error,"Consumed adapter accepted");
+                        auto invalid_request=requested; invalid_request.required_features.push_back(wgpu::FeatureName::DawnInternalUsages);
+                        require(!webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor::prepare(invalid_request,adapter,true,preparation_error)
+                            && preparation_error==webgpu_device_request_error::unsupported_feature,"Private feature or feature-error precedence incorrect");
+                        invalid_request=requested; invalid_request.required_limits.emplace_back(u"unknownLimit",1);
+                        require(!webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor::prepare(invalid_request,adapter,false,preparation_error)
+                            && preparation_error==webgpu_device_request_error::operation_error,"Unknown required limit accepted");
+                        for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names) {
+                            auto feature_request=requested; feature_request.required_features={feature.native,feature.native};
+                            auto feature_prepared=webgpu_prepared_device_descriptor::prepare(feature_request,adapter,false,preparation_error);
+                            if (adapter.HasFeature(feature.native)) {
+                                require(feature_prepared && feature_prepared->native().requiredFeatureCount==1
+                                    && feature_prepared->native().requiredFeatures[0]==feature.native,"Supported feature set preparation failed");
+                            } else require(!feature_prepared && preparation_error==webgpu_device_request_error::unsupported_feature,"Unsupported adapter feature accepted");
+                        }
+                        for (const auto& [source,expected]:std::vector<std::pair<const char*,const char*>>{
+                            {"({requiredFeatures:['unknown-feature']})","TypeError"},
+                            {"({requiredLimits:{unknown:1}})","OperationError"},
+                            {"({get label(){throw globalThis.requestSentinel=new Error('sentinel')}})","Error"}}) {
+                            auto input=v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
+                            const auto occupied=mailbox->metrics().occupied;
+                            v8::Local<v8::Promise> rejected;
+                            auto invalid=v8_webgpu_device_request::start_checked(isolate,context,input,[&] { return std::pair{adapter,false}; },mailbox,
+                                {adapter_service->engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0},new_owner_token(),
+                                context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>(),rejected);
+                            require(invalid && !invalid->pending() && rejected->State()==v8::Promise::kRejected
+                                && mailbox->metrics().occupied==occupied,"Invalid descriptor reached native admission or failed to reject");
+                            rejected->MarkAsHandled();
+                            auto error_name=rejected->Result().As<v8::Object>()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"name")).ToLocalChecked();
+                            require(error_name->StrictEquals(v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,expected).ToLocalChecked()),"Checked device rejection type incorrect");
+                            if (std::string_view(expected)=="Error") require(rejected->Result()->StrictEquals(context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"requestSentinel")).ToLocalChecked()),"Descriptor exception identity lost");
+                        }
+                        auto changing_input=v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"({get label(){globalThis.adapterConsumedDuringConversion=true;return ''}})")).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
+                        v8::Local<v8::Promise> consumed_promise;
+                        bool consumed_observed=false;
+                        auto consumed_request=v8_webgpu_device_request::start_checked(isolate,context,changing_input,[&] {
+                            bool consumed=context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"adapterConsumedDuringConversion")).ToLocalChecked()->IsTrue();
+                            consumed_observed=consumed;return std::pair{adapter,consumed};
+                        },mailbox,{adapter_service->engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0},new_owner_token(),
+                            context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>(),consumed_promise);
+                        require(consumed_observed && consumed_request && !consumed_request->pending() && consumed_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kRejected,"Consumed adapter did not reject");
+                        consumed_promise->MarkAsHandled();
+                        v8::Local<v8::Promise> promise;
+                        device_request=v8_webgpu_device_request::start_checked(isolate,context,js_descriptor,[&] { return std::pair{adapter,false}; },mailbox,
+                            {adapter_service->engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0},test_operations[4],
+                            context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>(),promise);
+                        require(device_request && device_request->pending(),"Device promise did not start");
+                        require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"deviceRequestPromise"),promise).FromMaybe(false),"Device promise publication failed");
+                        wgpu::Limits impossible_limits{}; impossible_limits.maxBufferSize=uint64_t{1}<<63;
+                        wgpu::DeviceDescriptor impossible_descriptor{}; impossible_descriptor.requiredLimits=&impossible_limits;
+                        v8::Local<v8::Promise> failure_promise;
+                        failed_device_request=v8_webgpu_device_request::start(isolate,context,impossible_descriptor,adapter,mailbox,
+                            {adapter_service->engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0},test_operations[11],
+                            context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>(),failure_promise);
+                        require(failed_device_request && failed_device_request->pending(),"Failure device promise did not start");
+                        failure_promise->MarkAsHandled();
+                        require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"failedDevicePromise"),failure_promise).FromMaybe(false),"Failure promise publication failed");
+                        v8::Local<v8::Promise> cancelled_promise;
+                        cancelled_device_request=v8_webgpu_device_request::start(isolate,context,impossible_descriptor,adapter,mailbox,
+                            {adapter_service->engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0},test_operations[13],
+                            context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>(),cancelled_promise);
+                        require(cancelled_device_request && cancelled_device_request->pending(),"Cancellable device request did not start");
+                        bool wrong_cancel_realm=false;
+                        try { cancelled_device_request->cancel(v8::Context::New(isolate)); } catch (const std::logic_error&) { wrong_cancel_realm=true; }
+                        require(wrong_cancel_realm && cancelled_device_request->pending(),"Foreign cancellation consumed request");
+                        require(cancelled_device_request->cancel(context) && !cancelled_device_request->cancel(context),"Device cancellation was not idempotent");
+                        require(cancelled_promise->State()==v8::Promise::kRejected,"Cancellation left an unresolved device promise");
+                        cancelled_promise->MarkAsHandled();
+                        discovered_adapter=adapter_service->adopt_adapter(std::move(adapter));
+                        // Diagnostic wrapper only; the standards GPUAdapter registry is separate work.
+                        return v8::Object::New(isolate);
+                    }), "Adapter promise completion failed");
+                    require(!adapter_request->pending(), "Adapter promise remained pending");
+                    adapter_delivered=true;
+                    return;
+                }
+                require(((record.operation==1 || record.operation==2) && record.status==completion_status::success)
+                    || (record.operation==3 && record.status==completion_status::cancelled),"unexpected completion");
+                if (record.operation==3) {
+                    bool rejected=false;
+                    try { runtime.initialize_graphics(wake,[](auto) {}); }
+                    catch (const std::logic_error&) { rejected=true; }
+                    require(rejected,"navigation allowed reentrant graphics initialization");
+                    rejected=false;
+                    try { runtime.load_url("https://graphics.test/next"); }
+                    catch (const std::logic_error&) { rejected=true; }
+                    require(rejected,"cancellation delivery allowed reentrant navigation");
+                }
+                require(std::this_thread::get_id()==owner_thread,"completion left runtime thread");
+                auto* isolate=v8::Isolate::GetCurrent();
+                require(isolate!=nullptr && isolate->InContext(),"completion has no V8 context");
+                auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+                if (record.operation==1) {
+                    test_v8_webgpu_adapter_options(isolate,context);
+                    test_v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(isolate,context);
+                    test_v8_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context);
+                    test_v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor(isolate,context);
+                test_v8_webgpu_render_state(isolate,context);
+                test_v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor(isolate,context);
+                {
+                    auto evaluate=[&](const char* source){return v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();};
+                    webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor descriptor;
+                    require(read_webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({entries:[{binding:0,visibility:1,buffer:{}},{binding:1,visibility:2,sampler:{}},{binding:2,visibility:2,texture:{}},{binding:3,visibility:4,storageTexture:{format:'rgba8unorm'}},{binding:4,visibility:2,externalTexture:{}}]})"),descriptor),"Binding variant conversion failed");
+                    descriptor.with_native([&](const auto& native){
+                        require(native.entryCount==5&&native.entries[0].buffer.type==wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform
+                            &&native.entries[1].sampler.type==wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Filtering
+                            &&native.entries[2].texture.sampleType==wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float
+                            &&native.entries[3].storageTexture.access==wgpu::StorageTextureAccess::WriteOnly
+                            &&native.entries[4].nextInChain&&native.entries[4].nextInChain->sType==wgpu::SType::ExternalTextureBindingLayout,
+                            "Binding defaults or external chain incorrect");
+                    });
+                    require(read_webgpu_bind_group_layout_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.bindingOrder=[];return {entries:[new Proxy({binding:0,visibility:1,buffer:new Proxy({},{get(o,k){bindingOrder.push('buffer.'+k);return o[k]}})},{get(o,k){bindingOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})]}})()"),descriptor)
+                        &&evaluate("bindingOrder.join(',')==='binding,buffer,buffer.hasDynamicOffset,buffer.minBindingSize,buffer.type,externalTexture,sampler,storageTexture,texture,visibility'")->IsTrue(),"Binding dictionary conversion order incorrect");
+                }
+
+                test_v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor(isolate,context);
+                    v8::Local<v8::Promise> promise;
+                    webgpu_adapter_options options;
+                    adapter_request=v8_webgpu_adapter_request::start(isolate,context,options,
+                        adapter_service->dawn().instance(),adapter_service->dawn().completions(),
+                        {adapter_service->engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0},test_operations[0],wgpu::BackendType::Undefined,promise);
+                    require(adapter_request && adapter_request->pending(), "Adapter request did not become pending");
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"adapterProbePromise"),promise).FromMaybe(false),
+                        "Adapter promise publication failed");
+                    const resource_owner cancelled_owner{adapter_service->engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0};
+                    v8::Local<v8::Promise> cancelled_promise;
+                    cancelled_adapter=v8_webgpu_adapter_request::start(isolate,context,options,
+                        adapter_service->dawn().instance(),adapter_service->dawn().completions(),
+                        cancelled_owner,test_operations[1],wgpu::BackendType::Undefined,cancelled_promise);
+                    require(cancelled_adapter && cancelled_adapter->pending(),"Cancelled request was not admitted");
+                    adapter_service->dawn().completions()->cancel_owner(cancelled_owner);
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"cancelledAdapterPromise"),cancelled_promise).FromMaybe(false),
+                        "Cancelled adapter promise publication failed");
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"wrapperSentinel"),v8::Object::New(isolate)).FromMaybe(false),"Sentinel publication failed");
+                    for (size_t i=0;i<failed_wrappers.size();++i) {
+                        v8::Local<v8::Promise> failed_promise;
+                        failed_wrappers[i]=v8_webgpu_adapter_request::start(isolate,context,options,
+                            adapter_service->dawn().instance(),adapter_service->dawn().completions(),
+                            {adapter_service->engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0},test_operations[2+i],wgpu::BackendType::Undefined,failed_promise);
+                        require(failed_wrappers[i] && failed_wrappers[i]->pending(),"Failure test request was not admitted");
+                        require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,i==0 ? "nativeWrapperFailure" : "jsWrapperFailure").ToLocalChecked(),failed_promise).FromMaybe(false),
+                            "Failure test promise publication failed");
+                    }
+                    // Install rejection observers before returning to the event pump;
+                    // spontaneous discovery may finish in this same delivery batch.
+                    auto observers=v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"globalThis.wrapperFailures=0; nativeWrapperFailure.catch(e=>{if(!(e instanceof Error))throw e;wrapperFailures++}); jsWrapperFailure.catch(e=>{if(e!==wrapperSentinel)throw e;wrapperFailures++}); globalThis.adapterPromiseDone=false; globalThis.cancelledAdapterDone=false; adapterProbePromise.then(a=>{if(!a)throw new Error('adapter absent');adapterPromiseDone=true}); cancelledAdapterPromise.then(a=>{if(a!==null)throw new Error('cancelled adapter present');cancelledAdapterDone=true});");
+                    v8::Local<v8::Script> observer_script;
+                    require(v8::Script::Compile(context,observers).ToLocal(&observer_script)
+                        && !observer_script->Run(context).IsEmpty(),"Adapter observer failed");
+                    bool rejected=false;
+                    try { runtime.load_url("https://graphics.test/next"); }
+                    catch (const std::logic_error&) { rejected=true; }
+                    require(rejected,"completion delivery allowed destructive navigation");
+                    rejected=false;
+                    try { runtime.shutdown_graphics(); }
+                    catch (const std::logic_error&) { rejected=true; }
+                    require(rejected,"completion delivery allowed destructive shutdown");
+                    wrappers=std::make_unique<v8_release_registry>(isolate,releases,1);
+                    graphics_command release{[](graphics_service&,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments&) noexcept { ++weak_releases; }};
+                    auto weak_probe=v8::Object::New(isolate);
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"weakReleaseProbe"),weak_probe).FromMaybe(false),"Weak probe root failed");
+                    require(wrappers->attach(weak_probe,release),"weak wrapper registration failed");
+                    require(!wrappers->attach(v8::Object::New(isolate),release),"weak wrapper capacity was not bounded");
+                }
+                if (record.operation==2) {
+                    adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& device) {
+                        require(device.live_buffers()==0,"Collected buffer native handle survived engine drain");
+                        wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{};
+                        descriptor.size=16; descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst; descriptor.mappedAtCreation=true;
+                        auto replacement=device.create_buffer(descriptor);
+                        auto replacement_object=gc_buffers->wrap(context,*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device,replacement).ToLocalChecked();
+                        auto method=replacement_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"getMappedRange")).ToLocalChecked().template As<v8::Function>();
+                        auto view=method->Call(context,replacement_object,0,nullptr).ToLocalChecked().template As<v8::ArrayBuffer>();
+                        require(view->ByteLength()==16,"Replacement buffer mapping failed");
+                        auto stale_device=gc_buffer_device; ++stale_device.generation;
+                        require(gc_buffers->detach_device(*adapter_service,stale_device)==0 && view->ByteLength()==16,"Stale device detached a live mapping");
+                        require(gc_buffers->detach_device(*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device)==1 && view->ByteLength()==0,"Device-wide detachment failed");
+                        require(gc_buffers->detach_device(*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device)==0,"Device detachment was not idempotent");
+
+                    });
+                    device_registry=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_devices>(isolate,context,context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"DOMException")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>(),1,2);
+                    auto device_object=device_registry->wrap(context,*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device).ToLocalChecked();
+                    adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) { verify_v8_limits(isolate,context,device_object,owned.native()); });
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"deviceProbe"),device_object).FromMaybe(false),"Device wrapper publication failed");
+                    auto feature_object=device_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"features")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Object>();
+                    auto feature_has=feature_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"has")).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+                    adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) {
+                        size_t enabled=0;
+                        for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names) {
+                            v8::Local<v8::Value> argument=v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,feature.name.data(),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(feature.name.size())).ToLocalChecked();
+                            const bool expected=owned.native().HasFeature(feature.native);
+                            require(feature_has->Call(context,feature_object,1,&argument).ToLocalChecked()->BooleanValue(isolate)==expected,"Device feature differs from native enabled set");
+                            enabled+=expected;
+                        }
+                        require(feature_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"size")).ToLocalChecked()->Uint32Value(context).FromJust()==enabled,"Device feature count differs from native enabled set");
+                    });
+                    resource_handle<wgpu::ShaderModule> shader_handle;
+                    adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) {
+                        wgpu::ShaderSourceWGSL source{};source.code="@vertex fn vs()->@builtin(position) vec4f {return vec4f(0,0,0,1);}@fragment fn fs()->@location(0) vec4f {return vec4f(1,0,0,1);}";
+                        wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.nextInChain=&source;
+                        shader_handle=owned.create_shader_module(descriptor);
+                    });
+                    auto shaders=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_shaders>(isolate,context,1);
+                    auto shader_object=shaders->wrap(context,*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device,shader_handle,device_object,"initial shader").ToLocalChecked();
+                    bool duplicate_shader=false,foreign_shader_realm=false;
+                    try{shaders->wrap(context,*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device,shader_handle,device_object);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){duplicate_shader=true;}
+                    try{shaders->wrap(v8::Context::New(isolate),*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device,shader_handle,device_object);}catch(const std::logic_error&){foreign_shader_realm=true;}
+                    require(duplicate_shader && foreign_shader_realm,"Shader wrapper ownership duplicated");
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"shaderProbe"),shader_object).FromMaybe(false),"Shader wrapper publication failed");
+                    auto shader_script=v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,R"JS(
+                        {if(Object.prototype.toString.call(shaderProbe)!=='[object GPUShaderModule]')throw new Error('shader tag');if(shaderProbe.label!=='initial shader')throw new Error('shader initial label');
+                        shaderProbe.label='shader\0\ud800';if(shaderProbe.label!=='shader\0\ufffd')throw new Error('shader USV label');
+                        let error={};try{shaderProbe.label={toString(){throw error}}}catch(e){if(e!==error)throw e}
+                        if(shaderProbe.label!=='shader\0\ufffd')throw new Error('shader failed label committed');
+                        let symbolError=false;try{shaderProbe.label=Symbol()}catch(e){symbolError=e instanceof TypeError}if(!symbolError)throw new Error('shader symbol label');
+                        let brand=false;try{Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Object.getPrototypeOf(shaderProbe),'label').get.call({})}catch(e){brand=e instanceof TypeError}if(!brand)throw new Error('shader receiver');}
+                    )JS");
+                    require(!v8::Script::Compile(context,shader_script).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).IsEmpty(),"Shader wrapper label behavior failed");
+                    test_v8_webgpu_programmable_stage(isolate,context);
+                    {
+                        resource_handle<wgpu::Texture> texture;resource_handle<wgpu::TextureView> view;
+                        adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) {
+                            wgpu::TextureDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.size={4,4,1};descriptor.format=wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;descriptor.usage=wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment;
+                            texture=owned.create_texture(descriptor);view=owned.create_texture_view(texture,{});
+                        });
+                        auto views=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_texture_views>(isolate,context,1);
+                        auto object=views->wrap(context,*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device,view,device_object,"view").ToLocalChecked();
+                        auto retained=v8_webgpu_texture_views::native_reference(object);
+                        bool wrong=false;try{v8_webgpu_shaders::native_reference(object);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){wrong=true;}
+                        require(wrong&&retained,"Texture view interface conversion failed");
+                        views.reset();bool retired=false;
+                        try{v8_webgpu_texture_views::native_reference(object);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){retired=true;}
+                        adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) {require(retired&&owned.live_texture_views()==1,"Texture view released inline");});
+                        adapter_service->drain_commands();
+                        adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) {require(owned.live_texture_views()==0,"Texture view deferred release failed");owned.release_texture(texture);});
+                    }
+                    auto retained_shader=v8_webgpu_shaders::native_reference(shader_object);
+                    resource_handle<wgpu::RenderPipeline> pipeline_handle;
+                    adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) {
+                        owned.with_shader_module(shader_handle,[&](const auto& native) {require(native.Get()==retained_shader.Get(),"Shader conversion changed native identity");});
+                        wgpu::ColorTargetState target{};target.format=wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;
+                        wgpu::FragmentState fragment{};fragment.module=retained_shader;fragment.entryPoint="fs";fragment.targetCount=1;fragment.targets=&target;
+                        wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.vertex.module=retained_shader;descriptor.vertex.entryPoint="vs";descriptor.fragment=&fragment;
+                        pipeline_handle=owned.create_render_pipeline(descriptor);
+                    });
+                    auto pipelines=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_render_pipelines>(isolate,context,1);
+                    auto pipeline_object=pipelines->wrap(context,*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device,pipeline_handle,device_object,"render pipeline").ToLocalChecked();
+                    auto retained_pipeline=v8_webgpu_render_pipelines::native_reference(pipeline_object);
+                    adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) {
+                        owned.with_render_pipeline(pipeline_handle,[&](const auto& native) {require(native.Get()==retained_pipeline.Get(),"Pipeline conversion changed native identity");});
+                    });
+                    bool wrong_shader=false,wrong_pipeline=false,forged_pipeline=false;
+                    try{v8_webgpu_shaders::native_reference(pipeline_object);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){wrong_shader=true;}
+                    try{v8_webgpu_render_pipelines::native_reference(shader_object);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){wrong_pipeline=true;}
+                    try{v8_webgpu_render_pipelines::native_reference(v8::Object::New(isolate));}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){forged_pipeline=true;}
+                    require(wrong_shader && wrong_pipeline && forged_pipeline,"GPU resource native conversion accepted wrong brand");
+                    require(context->Global()->Set(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"pipelineProbe"),pipeline_object).FromMaybe(false),"Pipeline publication failed");
+                    auto pipeline_script=v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,R"JS(
+                        {if(Object.prototype.toString.call(pipelineProbe)!=='[object GPURenderPipeline]' || pipelineProbe.label!=='render pipeline')throw new Error('pipeline metadata');
+                        pipelineProbe.label='pipeline\0\ud800';if(pipelineProbe.label!=='pipeline\0\ufffd')throw new Error('pipeline label');
+                        let wrong=false;try{Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Object.getPrototypeOf(pipelineProbe),'label').get.call(shaderProbe)}catch(e){wrong=e instanceof TypeError}if(!wrong)throw new Error('cross resource getter');}
+                    )JS");
+                    require(!v8::Script::Compile(context,pipeline_script).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).IsEmpty(),"Pipeline wrapper behavior failed");
+                    pipelines.reset();
+                    bool retired_pipeline=false;
+                    try{v8_webgpu_render_pipelines::native_reference(pipeline_object);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){retired_pipeline=true;}
+                    require(retired_pipeline && retained_pipeline,"Disposed pipeline conversion remained available");
+                    adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) {require(owned.live_render_pipelines()==1,"Pipeline disposal released native resources inline");});
+                    require(context->Global()->Delete(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"pipelineProbe")).FromMaybe(false),"Pipeline cleanup failed");
+                    shaders.reset();
+                    {v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);require(shader_object->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"label")).IsEmpty()&&caught.HasCaught(),"Disposed shader retained native access");}
+                    adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) {require(owned.live_shader_modules()==1,"Shader registry released native module inline");});
+                    require(context->Global()->Delete(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"shaderProbe")).FromMaybe(false),"Shader probe cleanup failed");
+                    {
+                        auto push=v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"deviceProbe.pushErrorScope('validation');");
+                        require(!v8::Script::Compile(context,push).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).IsEmpty(),"Native scope push script failed");
+                        auto native=v8_webgpu_devices::native_reference(device_object);
+                        native.InjectError(wgpu::ErrorType::Validation,"scope capture sentinel");
+                        auto captured=std::make_shared<std::atomic<int>>(0);
+                        native.PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                            [captured](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus status,wgpu::ErrorType type,wgpu::StringView message){
+                                const bool correct=status==wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus::Success&&type==wgpu::ErrorType::Validation
+                                    && std::string_view(message.data,message.length).find("scope capture sentinel")!=std::string_view::npos;
+                                captured->store(correct?1:-1);
+                            });
+                        auto until=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+                        while(captured->load()==0&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<until){
+                            adapter_service->pump([](auto){});
+                            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+                        }
+                        require(captured->load()==1,"JavaScript scope did not capture Dawn validation error");
+                        native.PushErrorScope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+                        wgpu::ShaderSourceWGSL invalid_source{};invalid_source.code="/* 😀 */ this is invalid WGSL";
+                        wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor invalid_descriptor{};invalid_descriptor.nextInChain=&invalid_source;
+                        auto invalid_shader=native.CreateShaderModule(&invalid_descriptor);
+                        native.PopErrorScope(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                            [](wgpu::PopErrorScopeStatus,wgpu::ErrorType,wgpu::StringView){});
+                        auto diagnostics=std::make_shared<std::atomic<int>>(0);
+                        invalid_shader.GetCompilationInfo(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                            [diagnostics](wgpu::CompilationInfoRequestStatus status,const wgpu::CompilationInfo* info){
+                                try{
+                                    if(status!=wgpu::CompilationInfoRequestStatus::Success||!info){diagnostics->store(-1);return;}
+                                    auto snapshot=webgpu_compilation_info::copy(*info);
+                                    bool error=false;
+                                    for(const auto& message:snapshot.messages)
+                                        error|=message.type==wgpu::CompilationMessageType::Error&&!message.message.empty()&&message.has_utf16&&message.offset>message.utf16_offset;
+                                    diagnostics->store(error?1:-1);
+                                }catch(...){diagnostics->store(-1);}
+                            });
+                        until=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+                        while(diagnostics->load()==0&&std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<until){
+                            adapter_service->pump([](auto){});
+                            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+                        }
+                        require(diagnostics->load()==1,"Invalid WGSL did not produce owned Dawn diagnostics");
+
+                    }
+                    {
+                        resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> binding_handle;
+                        resource_handle<wgpu::PipelineLayout> layout_handle;
+                        adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned){
+                            wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry entry{};entry.binding=0;
+                            entry.visibility=wgpu::ShaderStage::Vertex;entry.buffer.type=wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform;
+                            wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.entryCount=1;descriptor.entries=&entry;
+                            binding_handle=owned.create_bind_group_layout(descriptor);
+                            owned.with_bind_group_layout(binding_handle,[&](const auto& binding){
+                                bool guarded=false;try{owned.release_bind_group_layout(binding_handle);}catch(const std::logic_error&){guarded=true;}
+                                require(guarded,"Binding layout released inside native access scope");
+                                wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor pipeline{};pipeline.bindGroupLayoutCount=1;pipeline.bindGroupLayouts=&binding;
+                                layout_handle=owned.create_pipeline_layout(pipeline);
+                            });
+                            owned.release_bind_group_layout(binding_handle);
+                            require(owned.live_bind_group_layouts()==0&&owned.live_pipeline_layouts()==1,"Layout handle ownership mismatch");
+                            owned.with_pipeline_layout(layout_handle,[&](const auto& layout){
+                                require(static_cast<bool>(layout),"Pipeline layout lost native dependency");
+                                bool guarded=false;try{owned.release_pipeline_layout(layout_handle);}catch(const std::logic_error&){guarded=true;}
+                                require(guarded,"Pipeline layout released inside native access scope");
+                                guarded=false;try{owned.close();}catch(const std::logic_error&){guarded=true;}
+                                require(guarded,"Device closed inside pipeline layout access scope");
+                            });
+                        });
+                        auto layouts=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts>(isolate,context,1);
+                        auto wrapper=layouts->wrap(context,*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device,layout_handle,device_object).ToLocalChecked();
+                        auto native=v8_webgpu_pipeline_layouts::native_reference(wrapper);
+                        bool wrong=false;try{v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts::native_reference(wrapper);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){wrong=true;}
+                        require(wrong,"Layout wrappers accepted the wrong interface brand");
+                        layouts.reset();
+                        adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned){require(owned.live_pipeline_layouts()==1,"Layout wrapper released native resource inline");});
+                        adapter_service->drain_commands();
+                        adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned){require(owned.live_pipeline_layouts()==0,"Deferred pipeline layout release failed");});
+                        require(static_cast<bool>(native),"Retained native layout reference lost");
+                    }
+                    {
+                        resource_handle<wgpu::BindGroup> group_handle;
+                        adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned){
+                            wgpu::BufferDescriptor buffer_descriptor{};
+                            buffer_descriptor.size=64;buffer_descriptor.usage=wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform;
+                            auto buffer_handle=owned.create_buffer(buffer_descriptor);
+                            wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry layout_entry{};layout_entry.binding=0;
+                            layout_entry.visibility=wgpu::ShaderStage::Vertex;
+                            layout_entry.buffer.type=wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform;
+                            wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor layout_descriptor{};
+                            layout_descriptor.entryCount=1;layout_descriptor.entries=&layout_entry;
+                            auto layout_handle=owned.create_bind_group_layout(layout_descriptor);
+                            owned.with_bind_group_layout(layout_handle,[&](const auto& layout){
+                                owned.with_buffer(buffer_handle,[&](const auto& buffer){
+                                    wgpu::BindGroupEntry entry{};entry.binding=0;entry.buffer=buffer;entry.size=64;
+                                    wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor descriptor{};descriptor.layout=layout;
+                                    descriptor.entryCount=1;descriptor.entries=&entry;
+                                    group_handle=owned.create_bind_group(descriptor);
+                                });
+                            });
+                            owned.release_buffer(buffer_handle);
+                            owned.release_bind_group_layout(layout_handle);
+                            owned.with_bind_group(group_handle,[&](const auto& group){
+                                require(static_cast<bool>(group),"Bind group lost native dependencies");
+                                bool guarded=false;try{owned.release_bind_group(group_handle);}catch(const std::logic_error&){guarded=true;}
+                                require(guarded,"Bind group released during native access");
+                                guarded=false;try{owned.close();}catch(const std::logic_error&){guarded=true;}
+                                require(guarded,"Device closed during bind group access");
+                            });
+                        });
+                        auto groups=std::make_unique<v8_webgpu_bind_groups>(isolate,context,1);
+                        auto wrapper=groups->wrap(context,*adapter_service,gc_buffer_device,group_handle,device_object).ToLocalChecked();
+                        auto native=v8_webgpu_bind_groups::native_reference(wrapper);
+                        bool wrong=false;try{v8_webgpu_bind_group_layouts::native_reference(wrapper);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){wrong=true;}
+                        require(wrong,"Bind group accepted as a bind group layout");
+                        groups.reset();
+                        adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned){require(owned.live_bind_groups()==1,"Bind group released inline");});
+                        adapter_service->drain_commands();
+                        adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned){require(owned.live_bind_groups()==0,"Deferred bind group release failed");});
+                        require(static_cast<bool>(native),"Retained native bind group reference lost");
+                    }
+                    auto device_script=v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,R"JS(
+                        {
+                            if(deviceProbe.createShaderModule.length!==1)throw new Error('shader arity');
+                            const module=deviceProbe.createShaderModule({label:'JS shader',code:'@compute @workgroup_size(1) fn main() {} @vertex fn vs()->@builtin(position) vec4f {return vec4f(0,0,0,1);} @fragment fn fs()->@location(0) vec4f {return vec4f(1,0,0,1);}',compilationHints:[{entryPoint:'main',layout:'auto'}]});
+                            if(Object.prototype.toString.call(module)!=='[object GPUShaderModule]' || module.label!=='JS shader')throw new Error('shader creation');
+                            if(deviceProbe.createRenderPipeline.length!==1)throw new Error('pipeline arity');
+                            const pipeline=deviceProbe.createRenderPipeline({label:'JS pipeline',layout:'auto',vertex:{module,entryPoint:'vs'},fragment:{module,entryPoint:'fs',targets:[{format:'rgba8unorm'}]}});
+                            if(Object.prototype.toString.call(pipeline)!=='[object GPURenderPipeline]'||pipeline.label!=='JS pipeline')throw new Error('pipeline creation');
+                            pipeline.label='updated pipeline';if(pipeline.label!=='updated pipeline')throw new Error('pipeline label');
+                            for(const call of [()=>deviceProbe.createRenderPipeline(),()=>deviceProbe.createRenderPipeline({}),()=>deviceProbe.createRenderPipeline.call({},{}),()=>deviceProbe.createRenderPipeline({layout:'auto',vertex:{module:{}}})]) {
+                                let rejected=false;try{call()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!rejected)throw new Error('invalid pipeline call');
+                            }
+                            module.label='updated shader';if(module.label!=='updated shader')throw new Error('created shader label');
+                            for(const call of [()=>deviceProbe.createShaderModule(),()=>deviceProbe.createShaderModule({}),()=>deviceProbe.createShaderModule.call({}, {code:''})]) {
+                                let rejected=false;try{call()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!rejected)throw new Error('shader invalid call');
+                            }
+                            const shaderSentinel={};let propagated=false;
+                            try{deviceProbe.createShaderModule({get code(){throw shaderSentinel}})}catch(e){propagated=e===shaderSentinel}
+                            if(!propagated)throw new Error('shader getter exception');
+                            const limits=deviceProbe.limits;globalThis.retainedLimits=limits;
+                            const originalLimit=limits.maxBufferSize;
+                            if(Object.prototype.toString.call(limits)!=='[object GPUSupportedLimits]')throw new Error('limits tag');
+                            let readOnly=false;try{(()=>{'use strict';limits.maxBufferSize=1})()}catch(e){readOnly=e instanceof TypeError}
+                            if(!readOnly||limits.maxBufferSize!==originalLimit)throw new Error('limits mutable');
+                            const getter=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Object.getPrototypeOf(limits),'maxBufferSize').get;
+                            let wrongLimits=false;try{getter.call({})}catch(e){wrongLimits=e instanceof TypeError}if(!wrongLimits)throw new Error('limits receiver');
+                            const features=deviceProbe.features;
+                            globalThis.retainedFeatures=features;
+                            if(features!==deviceProbe.features)throw new Error('features identity');
+                            if(Object.prototype.toString.call(features)!=='[object GPUSupportedFeatures]')throw new Error('features brand');
+                            const names=[...features];
+                            if(names.length!==features.size || new Set(names).size!==names.length)throw new Error('features size');
+                            if(features.keys!==features.values || features.values!==features[Symbol.iterator])throw new Error('features iterator identity');
+                            if(features.has('dawn-internal-usages') || features.has('shared-texture-memory-iosurface'))throw new Error('private feature exposed');
+                            for(const name of names)if(!features.has({toString(){return name}}))throw new Error('feature coercion');
+                            for(const [a,b] of features.entries())if(a!==b || !features.has(a))throw new Error('feature entries');
+                            let count=0;const thisArg={};features.forEach(function(a,b,set){if(this!==thisArg || a!==b || set!==features)throw new Error('forEach arguments');count++},thisArg);
+                            if(count!==features.size || features.add || features.delete || features.clear)throw new Error('immutable features');
+                            for(const operation of [()=>features.has(),()=>features.has(Symbol()),()=>features.has.call({},'x'),()=>features.forEach(null),()=>Set.prototype.add.call(features,'x')]) {
+                                let rejected=false;try{operation()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}if(!rejected)throw new Error('features validation');
+                            }
+                            const featureFailure={};let featureThrown=false;
+                            try{features.has({toString(){throw featureFailure}})}catch(e){featureThrown=e===featureFailure}
+                            if(!featureThrown)throw new Error('feature coercion exception');
+                            if(deviceProbe.label!=='')throw new Error('device label default');
+                            deviceProbe.label='device\0\ud800';
+                            if(deviceProbe.label!=='device\0\ufffd')throw new Error('device label conversion');
+                            let labelFailure={};
+                            try{deviceProbe.label={toString(){throw labelFailure}}}catch(e){if(e!==labelFailure)throw e}
+                            if(deviceProbe.label!=='device\0\ufffd')throw new Error('failed device label changed value');
+                            let symbolRejected=false;try{deviceProbe.label=Symbol()}catch(e){symbolRejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+                            if(!symbolRejected)throw new Error('device Symbol label accepted');
+                            if(deviceProbe.createBuffer.length!==1)throw new Error('createBuffer arity');
+                            for(let operation of [()=>deviceProbe.createBuffer(),()=>deviceProbe.createBuffer.call({},{}),()=>deviceProbe.destroy.call({})]) {
+                                let rejected=false;try{operation()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof TypeError}
+                                if(!rejected)throw new Error('device brand or required descriptor');
+                            }
+                            let buffer=deviceProbe.createBuffer({size:32,usage:8,mappedAtCreation:true,label:'via device'});
+                            if(buffer.size!==32||buffer.usage!==8||buffer.label!=='via device')throw new Error('device-created buffer metadata');
+                            let range=buffer.getMappedRange(),words=new Uint32Array(range);words[0]=123;
+                            let pending=deviceProbe.createBuffer({size:16,usage:6});
+                            globalThis.deviceMapCancelled=false;
+                            pending.mapAsync(2).catch(e=>{if(!(e instanceof DOMException)||e.name!=='AbortError')throw e;deviceMapCancelled=true});
+                            if(pending.mapState!=='pending')throw new Error('device map did not become pending');
+                            deviceProbe.destroy();deviceProbe.destroy();
+                            deviceProbe.label='destroyed device';
+                            if(deviceProbe.label!=='destroyed device')throw new Error('destroyed device label');
+                            if(pending.mapState!=='unmapped')throw new Error('device destroy did not cancel map');
+                            if(range.byteLength!==0||words.length!==0||buffer.mapState!=='unmapped'||buffer.size!==32)throw new Error('device destroy mapping lifetime');
+                            let rejected=false;try{buffer.getMappedRange()}catch(e){rejected=e instanceof DOMException&&e.name==='OperationError'}
+                            if(!rejected)throw new Error('destroyed device mapping remained available');
+                            delete globalThis.deviceProbe;
+                        }
+                    )JS");
+                    size_t shaders_before_device_script=0,pipelines_before_device_script=0;
+                    adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned){
+                        shaders_before_device_script=owned.live_shader_modules();
+                        pipelines_before_device_script=owned.live_render_pipelines();
+                    });
+                    v8::Local<v8::Script> device_test;
+                    require(v8::Script::Compile(context,device_script).ToLocal(&device_test) && !device_test->Run(context).IsEmpty(),"JavaScript device buffer creation/destruction failed");
+                    adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& owned) {
+                        require(owned.live_shader_modules()==shaders_before_device_script+1,"JavaScript shader creation did not adopt exactly one native module");
+                        require(owned.live_render_pipelines()==pipelines_before_device_script+1,"JavaScript pipeline creation did not adopt exactly one native pipeline");
+                    });
+                    retired_device_probe.Reset(isolate,device_object);
+                    async_buffers.reset();
+                    adapter_service->destroy_device(gc_buffer_device);
+                    gc_buffers.reset(); // Delayed wrapper releases tolerate retired native devices.
+                    // Retire disposed shader/pipeline fixture tickets before the
+                    // next registration in this deliberately eight-ticket queue.
+                    adapter_service->drain_commands();
+
+                    graphics_command release{[](graphics_service&,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments&) noexcept { ++weak_releases; }};
+                    auto reachable=v8::Object::New(isolate);
+                    require(wrappers->attach(reachable,release),"weak wrapper slot was not reusable");
+                    wrappers.reset();
+                    require(weak_releases==1,"registry disposal executed graphics inline");
+                }
+
+                auto key=v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"gpuResolve");
+                auto resolve=context->Global()->Get(context,key).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+                v8::Local<v8::Value> outcome=v8::Integer::New(isolate,record.status==completion_status::cancelled ? 2 : 1);
+                require(!resolve->Call(context,context->Global(),1,&outcome).IsEmpty(),"promise resolution failed");
+                delivered=true;
+            });
+            bool wrong_thread_rejected=false;
+            std::thread wrong([&] {
+                try { runtime.initialize_graphics(wake,[](auto) {}); }
+                catch (const std::logic_error&) { wrong_thread_rejected=true; }
+            });
+            wrong.join();
+            require(wrong_thread_rejected,"wrong-thread initialization accepted");
+            adapter_service=&graphics;
+            releases=graphics.release_endpoint(8);
+            auto mailbox=graphics.dawn().completions();
+            auto ticket=mailbox->reserve(1,{graphics.engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0}).value();
+            std::thread native_callback([mailbox,ticket] { mailbox->publish(ticket,completion_status::success); });
+            native_callback.join();
+            require(!delivered,"native callback entered V8 directly");
+            const auto deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+            while (!delivered && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline) {
+                if (runtime.has_pending_tasks()) require(runtime.pump_task(),"runtime task failed");
+                else wake->wait_for(runtime.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100)),[] { return false; });
+            }
+            require(delivered,"hidden completion did not progress");
+
+            while ((!adapter_delivered || !adapter_cancelled || !cancelled_device_retired || !device_failure_seen || !buffer_wrappers_tested || !buffer_validation_seen || binding_map_completions!=5 || map_completions!=3 || failed_wrapper_count!=2 || mailbox->metrics().native_pending!=0) && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<deadline) {
+                if (runtime.has_pending_tasks()) require(runtime.pump_task(),"Adapter task failed");
+                else wake->wait_for(runtime.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100)),[] { return false; });
+            }
+            require(adapter_delivered && discovered_adapter.table && adapter_cancelled,"Actual Dawn adapter discovery/cancellation failed");
+            require(buffer_validation_seen && binding_map_completions==5 && map_completions==3 && mailbox->metrics().native_pending==0,"Buffer verification timed out before native retirement");
+            require(runtime.execute("if(!allocationMapDone || !bindingReadDone || !bindingMapDone || !bindingCancelDone || !bindingRemapDone || !bindingConversionDone || !asyncMapDone || !cancelMapDone || !adapterPromiseDone || !cancelledAdapterDone || wrapperFailures!==2 || rafDone!==0)throw new Error('adapter promise did not progress while hidden');", "adapter-promise-check"),"Adapter promise checkpoint failed");
+            adapter_service->with_adapter(discovered_adapter,[](const auto& adapter) {
+                require(static_cast<bool>(adapter),"Discovered adapter lost its native reference");
+            });
+            adapter_service->destroy_adapter(discovered_adapter);
+            adapter_request.reset(); cancelled_adapter.reset();
+            for (auto& request:failed_wrappers) request.reset();
+            require(runtime.execute("delete globalThis.gcBufferProbe;delete globalThis.weakReleaseProbe;", "buffer-drop-reference"),"Buffer reference removal failed");
+            size_t buffers_before_gc=0;
+            adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& device) { buffers_before_gc=device.live_buffers(); });
+            require(buffers_before_gc>=1,"Collectible buffer disappeared before GC");
+            runtime.notify_low_memory();
+            adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& device) {
+                require(device.live_buffers()==buffers_before_gc,"GC performed native buffer release inline");
+            });
+            require(weak_releases==0,"GC callback executed a native graphics release");
+            require(runtime.has_pending_tasks(),"GC did not enqueue release work");
+            require(runtime.pump_task(),"GC release task failed");
+            require(weak_releases==1 && releases->occupied()==1,"Reachable mapped view did not retain its wrapper registration");
+            adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& device) {
+                require(device.live_buffers()==1,"Mapped view lost its native buffer after wrapper references were dropped");
+            });
+            require(runtime.execute("if(gcMappedProbe.byteLength!==32)throw new Error('retained mapping detached');new Uint8Array(gcMappedProbe)[0]=91;delete globalThis.gcMappedProbe;", "mapped-owner-drop"),"Mapped view did not survive owner GC");
+            runtime.notify_low_memory();
+            adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& device) {
+                require(device.live_buffers()==1,"Mapped-view GC released native storage inline");
+            });
+            require(runtime.has_pending_tasks() && runtime.pump_task(),"Mapped-view release did not wake the engine");
+            adapter_service->with_device(gc_buffer_device,[&](auto& device) {
+                require(device.live_buffers()==0 && releases->occupied()==0,"Mapped-view owner release did not drain");
+            });
+            require(runtime.execute("if(gpuDone!==1 || rafDone!==0) throw new Error('completion or RAF scheduling failed');","graphics-check"),"promise continuation failed without RAF");
+            require(runtime.execute("globalThis.gpuDone=0; new Promise(r=>globalThis.gpuResolve=r).then(()=>globalThis.gpuDone=1);","graphics-second-setup"),"second promise setup failed");
+            delivered=false;
+            auto second=mailbox->reserve(2,{graphics.engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0}).value();
+            require(mailbox->publish(second,completion_status::success),"second completion rejected");
+            require(runtime.execute("void 0","graphics-execute-drain"),"execute completion drain failed");
+            require(delivered,"execute did not drain completion");
+            require(runtime.execute("if(gpuDone!==1 || rafDone!==0) throw new Error('execute checkpoint failed');","graphics-second-check"),"execute promise checkpoint failed");
+            const auto device_map_deadline=std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(5);
+            while (!device_map_retired && std::chrono::steady_clock::now()<device_map_deadline) {
+                if (runtime.has_pending_tasks()) require(runtime.pump_task(),"Device map retirement task failed");
+                else wake->wait_for(runtime.recommended_idle_wait(std::chrono::milliseconds(100)),[] { return false; });
+            }
+            require(cancelled_device_retired,"Cancelled native device callback did not retire");
+            require(device_failure_seen,"Device failure completion was not observed");
+            require(device_map_retired,"Device map native completion did not retire");
+            require(runtime.execute("if(!(retainedLimits.maxBufferSize>0))throw new Error('retained limits');delete globalThis.retainedLimits;if([...retainedFeatures].length!==retainedFeatures.size)throw new Error('retained features');delete globalThis.retainedFeatures;", "retained-features"),"Feature snapshot did not survive registry disposal");
+            require(runtime.execute("if(!deviceMapCancelled)throw new Error('device cancellation promise not delivered');", "device-map-cancel-check"),"Device map rejection failed");
+            require(weak_releases==2 && releases->occupied()==0,"registry disposal release did not drain");
+            require(mailbox->metrics().occupied==0,"completion storage not reclaimed");
+            require(!runtime.load_url("https://graphics.test/missing"),"missing navigation unexpectedly succeeded");
+            const auto old_identity=graphics.engine_identity();
+            auto endpoint=graphics.command_endpoint(1,0);
+            require(runtime.execute("globalThis.gpuDone=0; new Promise(r=>globalThis.gpuResolve=r).then(status=>globalThis.gpuDone=status);","navigation-setup"),"navigation promise setup failed");
+            auto pending=mailbox->reserve(3,{old_identity,new_owner_token(),0}).value();
+            require(runtime.load_url("https://graphics.test/next"),"navigation failed");
+            require(runtime.execute("if(gpuDone!==2) throw new Error('navigation cancellation missing');","navigation-check"),"navigation did not terminate pending promise");
+            require(!mailbox->publish(pending,completion_status::success),"old document callback delivered after navigation");
+            graphics_command no_op{[](graphics_service&,std::span<const std::byte>,const graphics_command::arguments&) noexcept {}};
+            require(endpoint->enqueue(no_op)==enqueue_result::closed,"old document command endpoint remained open");
+            bool disposed=false;
+            require(runtime.execute("globalThis.disposeDone=0; new Promise(r=>globalThis.disposeResolve=r).then(()=>globalThis.disposeDone=1);","dispose-setup"),"disposal promise setup failed");
+            auto& next_graphics=runtime.initialize_graphics(wake,[&](auto record) {
+                require(record.operation==4 && record.status==completion_status::cancelled,"disposal cancellation missing");
+                require(std::this_thread::get_id()==owner_thread,"disposal left engine thread");
+                auto* isolate=v8::Isolate::GetCurrent();
+                require(isolate && isolate->InContext(),"disposal has no context");
+                auto context=isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+                auto key=v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"disposeResolve");
+                auto resolve=context->Global()->Get(context,key).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Function>();
+                require(!resolve->Call(context,context->Global(),0,nullptr).IsEmpty(),"disposal resolution failed");
+                disposed=true;
+            });
+            require(next_graphics.engine_identity()!=old_identity,"navigation reused graphics identity");
+            auto final_mailbox=next_graphics.dawn().completions();
+            auto final_ticket=final_mailbox->reserve(4,{next_graphics.engine_identity(),new_owner_token(),0}).value();
+            runtime.shutdown_graphics();
+            runtime.shutdown_graphics();
+            require(disposed,"shutdown did not deliver cancellation");
+            require(runtime.execute("if(disposeDone!==1) throw new Error('disposal checkpoint missing');","dispose-check"),"disposal checkpoint failed");
+            require(!final_mailbox->publish(final_ticket,completion_status::success),"late disposal callback delivered");
+            bool restart_rejected=false;
+            try { runtime.initialize_graphics(wake,[](auto) {}); }
+            catch (const std::logic_error&) { restart_rejected=true; }
+            require(restart_rejected,"disposed graphics runtime restarted");
+        } catch (...) { failure=std::current_exception(); }
+    });
+    worker.join();
+    if (failure) {
+        try { std::rethrow_exception(failure); }
+        catch (const std::exception& error) { std::cerr << error.what() << '\n'; }
+        return 1;
+    }
+    test_native_gpu_scene_leases();
+    test_image_lease_abi();
+    test_scene_acquisition_v3();
+    std::cout << "Hidden V8 graphics completion, context affinity and promise checkpoint passed without RAF\n";
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22832f752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor.h"
+inline void test_v8_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+    using namespace webscene::graphics;
+    const auto evaluate=[&](const char* source) {
+        return v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
+    };
+    webgpu_buffer_descriptor descriptor;
+    require(read_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({size:16,usage:8})"),descriptor)
+        && descriptor.size==16 && descriptor.usage==8 && descriptor.label.empty() && !descriptor.mapped_at_creation,"Buffer defaults incorrect");
+    require(read_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({size:9007199254740991,usage:4294967295,mappedAtCreation:{},label:'a\\u0000\\ud800\\ud83d\\ude00'})"),descriptor)
+        && descriptor.size==9007199254740991ull && descriptor.usage==0xffffffffu && descriptor.mapped_at_creation
+        && descriptor.label==std::string("a\0\xef\xbf\xbd\xf0\x9f\x98\x80",9),"Buffer boundaries or USVString incorrect");
+    require(read_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("Object.create({size:'12.9',usage:3.9,label:null})"),descriptor)
+        && descriptor.size==12 && descriptor.usage==3 && descriptor.label=="null","Buffer coercion/inheritance incorrect");
+    require(read_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({size:-0.9,usage:null})"),descriptor)
+        && descriptor.size==0 && descriptor.usage==0,"Buffer truncation before range check incorrect");
+    require(read_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.bufferOrder=[];return new Proxy({size:4,usage:8},{get:(o,k)=>{bufferOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})})()"),descriptor)
+        && evaluate("bufferOrder.join(',')==='label,mappedAtCreation,size,usage'")->IsTrue(),"Buffer getter order incorrect");
+    for (const char* source:{"undefined","null","{}","({size:4})","1","({size:undefined,usage:8})",
+        "({size:-1,usage:8})","({size:NaN,usage:8})","({size:Infinity,usage:8})","({size:9007199254740992,usage:8})",
+        "({size:1n,usage:8})","({size:Symbol(),usage:8})","({size:4,usage:4294967296})","({size:4,usage:-1})",
+        "({size:4,usage:NaN})","({size:4,usage:8,label:Symbol()})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+        descriptor.size=123;
+        require(!read_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate(source),descriptor) && caught.HasCaught()
+            && descriptor.size==123,"Invalid buffer descriptor accepted or partially committed");
+    }
+    v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+    auto input=evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.bufferError={};return {size:{valueOf(){throw bufferError}},get usage(){throw 'wrong getter'}}})()");
+    require(!read_webgpu_buffer_descriptor(isolate,context,input,descriptor) && caught.HasCaught()
+        && caught.Exception()->StrictEquals(context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"bufferError")).ToLocalChecked()),"Buffer coercion exception replaced");
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d776c47c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration.h"
+#include "graphics/webgpu_canvas_texture_descriptor.h"
+inline void test_v8_webgpu_canvas_configuration(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+    const auto evaluate=[&](const char* source){return v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();};
+    const auto device=[](auto value){return v8_webgpu_devices::native_reference(value);};
+    webgpu_canvas_configuration configuration;
+    require(read_webgpu_canvas_configuration(isolate,context,evaluate("({device:adapterDeviceProbe,format:'bgra8unorm'})"),configuration,device)
+        && configuration.device&&configuration.alpha_mode=="opaque"&&configuration.color_space=="srgb"&&configuration.tone_mapping=="standard"
+        && configuration.usage==16&&configuration.view_formats.empty(),"Canvas defaults failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_canvas_configuration(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.canvasOrder=[];return new Proxy({device:adapterDeviceProbe,format:'rgba16float',alphaMode:'premultiplied',colorSpace:'display-p3-linear',toneMapping:new Proxy({mode:'extended'},{get(o,k){canvasOrder.push(k);return o[k]}}),viewFormats:new Set(['rgba16float'])},{get(o,k){canvasOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})})()"),configuration,device)
+        && configuration.alpha_mode=="premultiplied"&&configuration.color_space=="display-p3-linear"&&configuration.tone_mapping=="extended"
+        && configuration.view_formats.size()==1
+        && evaluate("canvasOrder.join(',')==='alphaMode,colorSpace,device,format,toneMapping,mode,usage,viewFormats'")->IsTrue(),"Canvas configuration order or requested modes changed");
+    for(const char* source:{"undefined","{}","({device:{},format:'bgra8unorm'})","({device:adapterDeviceProbe,format:'invalid'})",
+        "({device:adapterDeviceProbe,format:'bgra8unorm',colorSpace:'invalid'})","({device:adapterDeviceProbe,format:'bgra8unorm',toneMapping:{mode:'invalid'}})",
+        "({device:adapterDeviceProbe,format:'bgra8unorm',usage:-1})","({device:adapterDeviceProbe,format:'bgra8unorm',viewFormats:null})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);configuration.alpha_mode="unchanged";
+        require(!read_webgpu_canvas_configuration(isolate,context,evaluate(source),configuration,device)&&caught.HasCaught()&&configuration.alpha_mode=="unchanged","Invalid canvas configuration accepted or committed");
+    }
+    for(auto format:{wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm,wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm,wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Float}) {
+        configuration.format=format;configuration.usage=1;
+        validate_webgpu_canvas_format_usage(configuration);
+        auto texture=webgpu_canvas_texture_descriptor(configuration,0,17);
+        require(texture.size.width==0&&texture.size.height==17&&texture.size.depthOrArrayLayers==1&&texture.usage==1
+            &&texture.mip_levels==1&&texture.samples==1&&texture.dimension==wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D
+            &&texture.format==format&&texture.view_formats==configuration.view_formats,"Canvas texture descriptor altered requested metadata");
+    }
+    configuration.format=wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8UnormSrgb;bool bad_format=false;
+    try{validate_webgpu_canvas_format_usage(configuration);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){bad_format=true;}
+    configuration.format=wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm;configuration.usage=0x30;bool transient=false;
+    try{validate_webgpu_canvas_format_usage(configuration);}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){transient=true;}
+    require(bad_format&&transient,"Canvas-only format/usage validation missing");
+    auto throwing=evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.canvasConfigError={};return {get colorSpace(){throw canvasConfigError},get device(){throw 'wrong getter'}}})()");
+    v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+    require(!read_webgpu_canvas_configuration(isolate,context,throwing,configuration,device)&&caught.HasCaught()
+        &&caught.Exception()->StrictEquals(evaluate("canvasConfigError")),"Canvas configuration exception replaced");
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_device_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_device_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9be9c003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_device_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_device_descriptor.h"
+#include "graphics/webgpu_limit_names.h"
+#include "graphics/webgpu_required_limits.h"
+inline void test_v8_webgpu_device_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+    const auto evaluate=[&](const char* source) {
+        return v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
+    };
+    wgpu::Limits native_limits{};
+    wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits compatibility_limits{};
+    for (const auto& limit:webgpu_limit_names) {
+        require(webgpu_limit_from_name(limit.name)==&limit,"Limit name roundtrip failed");
+        require(limit.write(native_limits,compatibility_limits,1234) && limit.read(native_limits,compatibility_limits)==1234,"Native limit member mapping failed");
+        const bool wide=std::holds_alternative<uint64_t wgpu::Limits::*>(limit.member);
+        require(limit.write(native_limits,compatibility_limits,9007199254740991ull)==wide,"Limit width check failed");
+        require(!limit.write(native_limits,compatibility_limits,UINT64_MAX),"Dawn undefined sentinel accepted as requested limit");
+        if (!wide) require(!limit.write(native_limits,compatibility_limits,UINT32_MAX),"Dawn 32-bit undefined sentinel accepted");
+    }
+    require(!webgpu_limit_from_name(u"maxPixelLocalStorageSize") && !webgpu_limit_from_name(u"unknown"),"Private/unknown native limit exposed");
+    wgpu::Limits available{}; available.maxBufferSize=8192; available.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment=256;
+    wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits available_compatibility{}; available_compatibility.maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage=4;
+    std::vector<webgpu_required_limit> requested{{u"maxBufferSize",4096},{u"minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment",512},
+        {u"maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage",2},{u"unknown",std::nullopt}};
+    require(prepare_webgpu_required_limits(requested,available,available_compatibility,native_limits,compatibility_limits)
+        && native_limits.maxBufferSize==4096 && native_limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment==512
+        && compatibility_limits.maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage==2,"Required limit mapping failed");
+    for (const webgpu_required_limit invalid:std::vector<webgpu_required_limit>{{u"unknown",0},{u"maxBufferSize",8193},
+        {u"minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment",128},{u"minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment",257},{u"minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment",0},
+        {u"minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment",uint64_t{1}<<32},{u"maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage",5}}) {
+        requested.push_back(invalid);
+        require(!prepare_webgpu_required_limits(requested,available,available_compatibility,native_limits,compatibility_limits)
+            && native_limits.maxBufferSize==4096 && compatibility_limits.maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage==2,"Invalid limits accepted or partially committed");
+        requested.pop_back();
+    }
+    webgpu_device_descriptor descriptor;
+    for (const char* source:{"undefined","null","{}"}) {
+        require(read_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate(source),descriptor)
+            && descriptor.label.empty() && descriptor.queue_label.empty() && descriptor.required_features.empty()
+            && descriptor.required_limits.empty(),"Device defaults incorrect");
+    }
+    require(read_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({label:'a\\0\\ud800',defaultQueue:{label:null},requiredFeatures:new Set(['shader-f16','timestamp-query']),requiredLimits:{maxBufferSize:9007199254740991,unknown:undefined,'\\ud800':-0.9}})"),descriptor)
+        && descriptor.label==std::string("a\0\xef\xbf\xbd",5) && descriptor.queue_label=="null"
+        && descriptor.required_features==std::vector<wgpu::FeatureName>{wgpu::FeatureName::ShaderF16,wgpu::FeatureName::TimestampQuery}
+        && descriptor.required_limits.size()==3 && descriptor.required_limits[0].second==9007199254740991ull
+        && !descriptor.required_limits[1].second && descriptor.required_limits[2].first==std::u16string(1,char16_t{0xd800})
+        && descriptor.required_limits[2].second==0,"Device descriptor conversion incorrect");
+    require(read_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.deviceOrder=[];return new Proxy({defaultQueue:new Proxy({},{get(o,k){deviceOrder.push('queue.'+k);return o[k]}})},{get(o,k){deviceOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})})()"),descriptor)
+        && evaluate("deviceOrder.join(',')==='label,defaultQueue,queue.label,requiredFeatures,requiredLimits'")->IsTrue(),"Device dictionary order incorrect");
+    require(read_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({requiredLimits:Object.setPrototypeOf({get first(){Object.defineProperty(this,'second',{enumerable:false});return 12.9},second:4},{inherited:8})})"),descriptor)
+        && descriptor.required_limits.size()==1 && descriptor.required_limits[0].second==12,"Record enumeration mutation incorrect");
+    require(read_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({requiredFeatures:{*[Symbol.iterator](){yield {toString(){return 'shader-f16'}};yield 'shader-f16'}}})"),descriptor)
+        && descriptor.required_features.size()==2,"Feature iterable conversion or duplicates incorrect");
+    for (const char* source:{"1","({defaultQueue:1})","({label:Symbol()})","({requiredFeatures:null})",
+        "({requiredFeatures:'shader-f16'})","({requiredFeatures:[Symbol()]})","({requiredFeatures:['dawn-internal-usages']})",
+        "({requiredFeatures:{[Symbol.iterator]:3}})","({requiredFeatures:{[Symbol.iterator](){return 1}}})",
+        "({requiredFeatures:{[Symbol.iterator](){return {next(){return 1}}}}})","({requiredLimits:null})",
+        "({requiredLimits:{[Symbol()]:1}})","({requiredLimits:{x:NaN}})","({requiredLimits:{x:Infinity}})",
+        "({requiredLimits:{x:9007199254740992}})","({requiredLimits:{x:-1}})","({requiredLimits:{x:1n}})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate); descriptor.label="unchanged";
+        require(!read_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate(source),descriptor) && caught.HasCaught()
+            && descriptor.label=="unchanged","Invalid device descriptor accepted or partially committed");
+    }
+    require(read_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.limitOrder=[];return {requiredLimits:new Proxy({a:4,b:8},{ownKeys(o){limitOrder.push('keys');return Reflect.ownKeys(o)},getOwnPropertyDescriptor(o,k){limitOrder.push('desc:'+k);return Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(o,k)},get(o,k){limitOrder.push('get:'+k);return o[k]}})}})()"),descriptor)
+        && evaluate("limitOrder.join(',')==='keys,desc:a,get:a,desc:b,get:b'")->IsTrue(),"Record proxy trap order incorrect");
+    auto input=evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.deviceDescriptorFailure={};return {requiredFeatures:{[Symbol.iterator](){return {next(){throw deviceDescriptorFailure}}}},get requiredLimits(){throw 'wrong getter'}}})()");
+    v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+    require(!read_webgpu_device_descriptor(isolate,context,input,descriptor) && caught.HasCaught()
+        && caught.Exception()->StrictEquals(context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"deviceDescriptorFailure")).ToLocalChecked()),"Feature iterator exception replaced");
+}
+
+template<class Source> void verify_v8_limits(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context,v8::Local<v8::Object> wrapper,const Source& source) {
+    auto key=v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"limits");
+    auto snapshot=wrapper->Get(context,key).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Object>();
+    require(snapshot->StrictEquals(wrapper->Get(context,key).ToLocalChecked()),"Limit snapshot identity changed");
+    wgpu::Limits native{};wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits compatibility{};native.nextInChain=&compatibility;
+    require(source.GetLimits(&native)==wgpu::Status::Success,"Test native limit query failed");
+    for(const auto& limit:webgpu_limit_names) {
+        auto property=v8::String::NewFromTwoByte(isolate,reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(limit.name.data()),v8::NewStringType::kNormal,static_cast<int>(limit.name.size())).ToLocalChecked();
+        require(snapshot->Get(context,property).ToLocalChecked()->NumberValue(context).FromJust()==static_cast<double>(limit.read(native,compatibility)),"JavaScript limit differs from native source");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_options.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_options.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72d82b3fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_options.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_adapter_options.h"
+
+inline void test_v8_webgpu_adapter_options(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+    using namespace webscene::graphics;
+    auto evaluate=[&](const char* source) {
+        auto code=v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked();
+        return v8::Script::Compile(context,code).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();
+    };
+    for (const char* source : {"undefined","null","({})"}) {
+        webgpu_adapter_options options;
+        require(read_webgpu_adapter_options(isolate,context,evaluate(source),options),"adapter defaults rejected");
+        require(options.feature_level==u"core" && !options.power_preference &&
+            !options.force_fallback_adapter && !options.xr_compatible,"adapter defaults incorrect");
+    }
+    webgpu_adapter_options options;
+    require(read_webgpu_adapter_options(isolate,context,evaluate(
+        "({featureLevel:'compatibility',powerPreference:'low-power',forceFallbackAdapter:1,xrCompatible:{}})"),options),
+        "adapter dictionary conversion failed");
+    require(options.feature_level==u"compatibility" && options.power_preference==wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower &&
+        options.force_fallback_adapter && options.xr_compatible,"adapter converted values incorrect");
+    require(read_webgpu_adapter_options(isolate,context,evaluate("({featureLevel:String.fromCharCode(0xd800)})"),options) &&
+        options.feature_level.size()==1 && options.feature_level[0]==0xd800,"DOMString lost an unpaired surrogate");
+    require(read_webgpu_adapter_options(isolate,context,evaluate("Object.create({powerPreference:'high-performance'})"),options) &&
+        options.power_preference==wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,"inherited adapter option ignored");
+    require(read_webgpu_adapter_options(isolate,context,evaluate(
+        "(()=>{globalThis.adapterOptionOrder=[];return new Proxy({},{get:(o,k)=>{adapterOptionOrder.push(k);return undefined}})})()"),options),
+        "adapter proxy conversion failed");
+    require(evaluate("adapterOptionOrder.join(',')==='featureLevel,forceFallbackAdapter,powerPreference,xrCompatible'")->IsTrue(),
+        "adapter dictionary getter order incorrect");
+    for (const char* source : {"1","'x'","true","({powerPreference:null})","({powerPreference:'LOW-POWER'})",
+        "({featureLevel:Symbol()})","({get forceFallbackAdapter(){throw new Error('getter')}})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+        auto input=evaluate(source);
+        options.feature_level=u"unchanged";
+        require(!read_webgpu_adapter_options(isolate,context,input,options) && caught.HasCaught(),"invalid adapter options accepted");
+        require(options.feature_level==u"unchanged","failed conversion changed native descriptor");
+    }
+    v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+    auto input=evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.adapterGetterError={};return {get featureLevel(){throw adapterGetterError},get forceFallbackAdapter(){throw 'wrong getter'}}})()");
+    require(!read_webgpu_adapter_options(isolate,context,input,options) && caught.HasCaught(),"throwing getter accepted");
+    require(caught.Exception()->StrictEquals(context->Global()->Get(context,
+        v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"adapterGetterError")).ToLocalChecked()),"getter exception replaced");
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_programmable_stage.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_programmable_stage.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c559a564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_programmable_stage.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_programmable_stage.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_vertex_state.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_render_descriptor.h"
+inline void test_v8_webgpu_programmable_stage(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+    const auto evaluate=[&](const char* source){return v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();};
+    webgpu_programmable_stage stage;
+    require(read_webgpu_programmable_stage(isolate,context,evaluate("({module:shaderProbe})"),stage)
+        && stage.module && !stage.entry_point && stage.constants.empty(),"Programmable stage defaults failed");
+    auto module=stage.module;
+    require(read_webgpu_programmable_stage(isolate,context,evaluate("({module:shaderProbe,entryPoint:'m\\0\\ud800',constants:{a:true,b:null,c:'2.5','\\ud800':1,'\\ud801':2}})"),stage)
+        && stage.module.Get()==module.Get() && stage.entry_point==std::string("m\0\xef\xbf\xbd",5)
+        && stage.constants.size()==4 && stage.constants[0].second==1 && stage.constants[1].second==0
+        && stage.constants[2].second==2.5 && stage.constants[3].second==2,"Programmable stage USV record conversion failed");
+    auto native=stage.native_constants();
+    require(native.size()==4 && native[3].key.length==3 && native[3].value==2,"Pipeline native constants changed converted values");
+    auto ordered=evaluate(R"JS((()=>{
+        globalThis.stageOrder=[];
+        let constants=new Proxy({a:1,b:2},{ownKeys(o){stageOrder.push('keys');return Reflect.ownKeys(o)},getOwnPropertyDescriptor(o,k){stageOrder.push('desc:'+k);return Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(o,k)},get(o,k){stageOrder.push('get:'+k);if(k==='a')delete o.b;return o[k]}});
+        return new Proxy({module:shaderProbe,constants},{get(o,k){stageOrder.push(k);return o[k]}});
+    })())JS");
+    require(read_webgpu_programmable_stage(isolate,context,ordered,stage) && stage.constants.size()==1
+        && evaluate("stageOrder.join(',')==='constants,keys,desc:a,get:a,desc:b,entryPoint,module'")->IsTrue(),"Pipeline constant record order or deletion semantics failed");
+    for(const char* source:{"undefined","null","1","{}","({module:{}})","({module:shaderProbe,constants:null})",
+        "({module:shaderProbe,constants:{x:NaN}})","({module:shaderProbe,constants:{x:Infinity}})","({module:shaderProbe,constants:{x:1n}})",
+        "({module:shaderProbe,constants:{[Symbol()]:1}})","({module:shaderProbe,entryPoint:Symbol()})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);stage.entry_point="unchanged";
+        require(!read_webgpu_programmable_stage(isolate,context,evaluate(source),stage) && caught.HasCaught()
+            && stage.entry_point=="unchanged","Invalid programmable stage accepted or partially committed");
+    }
+    webgpu_vertex_state vertex;
+    require(read_webgpu_vertex_state(isolate,context,evaluate("({module:shaderProbe})"),vertex)&&vertex.buffers.empty(),"Vertex buffer defaults failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_vertex_state(isolate,context,evaluate("({module:shaderProbe,buffers:new Set([null,undefined,{arrayStride:16,stepMode:'instance',attributes:[{format:'float32x3',offset:0,shaderLocation:2}]}])})"),vertex)
+        && vertex.buffers.size()==3 && !vertex.buffers[0] && !vertex.buffers[1] && vertex.buffers[2]
+        && vertex.buffers[2]->step_mode==wgpu::VertexStepMode::Instance && vertex.buffers[2]->native().attributeCount==1
+        && vertex.buffers[2]->native().attributes[0].shaderLocation==2,"Vertex nullable iterable layout failed");
+    for(const char* source:{"({module:shaderProbe,buffers:null})","({module:shaderProbe,buffers:[{}]})",
+        "({module:shaderProbe,buffers:[{arrayStride:9007199254740992,attributes:[]}]})",
+        "({module:shaderProbe,buffers:[{arrayStride:16,attributes:[{format:'float32',offset:0}]}]})",
+        "({module:shaderProbe,buffers:[{arrayStride:16,attributes:[{format:'float32',offset:-1,shaderLocation:0}]}]})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+        require(!read_webgpu_vertex_state(isolate,context,evaluate(source),vertex) && caught.HasCaught() && vertex.buffers.size()==3,"Invalid vertex layout accepted or committed");
+    }
+    webgpu_vertex_buffer_layout layout;
+    require(read_webgpu_vertex_buffer_layout(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.vertexOrder=[];const attr=new Proxy({format:'float32',offset:0,shaderLocation:0},{get(o,k){vertexOrder.push(k);return o[k]}});return new Proxy({arrayStride:4,attributes:[attr]},{get(o,k){vertexOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})})()"),layout)
+        && evaluate("vertexOrder.join(',')==='arrayStride,attributes,format,offset,shaderLocation,stepMode'")->IsTrue(),"Vertex layout property order failed");
+    webgpu_render_descriptor render;
+    const auto no_layout=[](auto){return std::optional<wgpu::PipelineLayout>{};};
+    require(read_webgpu_render_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.pipelineOrder=[];return new Proxy({layout:'auto',vertex:{module:shaderProbe,buffers:[null]},fragment:{module:shaderProbe,targets:[null,{format:'rgba8unorm',blend:{alpha:{},color:{}}}]}},{get(o,k){pipelineOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})})()"),render,no_layout)
+        && evaluate("pipelineOrder.join(',')==='label,layout,depthStencil,fragment,multisample,primitive,vertex'")->IsTrue(),"Render descriptor order failed");
+    auto moved_render=std::move(render);
+    moved_render.with_native([&](const auto& native) {
+        require(!native.layout && native.vertex.bufferCount==1 && native.vertex.buffers[0].stepMode==wgpu::VertexStepMode::Undefined
+            && native.fragment && native.fragment->targetCount==2 && native.fragment->targets[0].format==wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined
+            && native.fragment->targets[1].blend && native.fragment->targets[1].blend->color.srcFactor==wgpu::BlendFactor::One,"Render descriptor nested native storage failed");
+    });
+    auto throwing=evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.stageError={};return {constants:{get x(){throw stageError}},get module(){throw 'wrong getter'}}})()");
+    v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+    require(!read_webgpu_programmable_stage(isolate,context,throwing,stage) && caught.HasCaught()
+        && caught.Exception()->StrictEquals(evaluate("stageError")),"Pipeline constant exception was replaced");
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ec36ac82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor.h"
+inline void test_v8_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+    const auto evaluate=[&](const char* source){return v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();};
+    wgpu::Color color{};bool shape=false;
+    require(read_webgpu_color(isolate,context,evaluate("[1,.5,0,1]"),color,shape)&&shape&&color.g==.5,"Color sequence failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_color(isolate,context,evaluate("({r:1,g:0,b:0,a:1})"),color,shape)&&shape&&color.r==1,"Color dictionary failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_color(isolate,context,evaluate("[1,2]"),color,shape)&&!shape,"Color shape was lost");
+    for(const char* source:{"{}","[1,2,3,Infinity]","({r:0,g:0,b:0,a:Symbol()})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);require(!read_webgpu_color(isolate,context,evaluate(source),color,shape)&&caught.HasCaught(),"Invalid color accepted");
+    }
+    webgpu_render_pass_descriptor pass;
+    require(read_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.passOrder=[];return new Proxy({colorAttachments:[null],maxDrawCount:123},{get(o,k){passOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})})()"),pass)
+        && pass.colors.size()==1&&!pass.colors[0]&&pass.max_draw_count==123
+        && evaluate("passOrder.join(',')==='label,colorAttachments,depthStencilAttachment,maxDrawCount,occlusionQuerySet,timestampWrites'")->IsTrue(),"Render pass descriptor order failed");
+    pass.with_native([&](const auto& native){require(native.colorAttachmentCount==1&&!native.colorAttachments[0].view&&native.nextInChain,"Render pass native storage failed");});
+    for(const char* source:{"{}","({colorAttachments:null})","({colorAttachments:[{}]})","({colorAttachments:[],occlusionQuerySet:{}})","({colorAttachments:[],timestampWrites:{}})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);pass.label="unchanged";
+        require(!read_webgpu_render_pass_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate(source),pass)&&caught.HasCaught()&&pass.label=="unchanged","Invalid pass accepted or committed");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_render_state.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_render_state.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93e20a4d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_render_state.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_render_state.h"
+inline void test_v8_webgpu_render_state(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+    const auto evaluate=[&](const char* source){return v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();};
+    wgpu::PrimitiveState primitive{};
+    require(read_webgpu_primitive_state(isolate,context,v8::Undefined(isolate),primitive)
+        && primitive.topology==wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleList && primitive.frontFace==wgpu::FrontFace::CCW
+        && primitive.cullMode==wgpu::CullMode::None && primitive.stripIndexFormat==wgpu::IndexFormat::Undefined && !primitive.unclippedDepth,"Primitive defaults failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_primitive_state(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.renderOrder=[];return new Proxy({topology:'triangle-strip',stripIndexFormat:'uint16',frontFace:'cw',cullMode:'back',unclippedDepth:{}},{get(o,k){renderOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})})()"),primitive)
+        && primitive.topology==wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleStrip && primitive.stripIndexFormat==wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16
+        && primitive.unclippedDepth && evaluate("renderOrder.join(',')==='cullMode,frontFace,stripIndexFormat,topology,unclippedDepth'")->IsTrue(),"Primitive conversion order failed");
+    wgpu::MultisampleState multisample{};
+    require(read_webgpu_multisample_state(isolate,context,evaluate("({count:4.9,mask:'4294967295',alphaToCoverageEnabled:1})"),multisample)
+        && multisample.count==4 && multisample.mask==0xffffffff && multisample.alphaToCoverageEnabled,"Multisample integer conversion failed");
+    for(const char* source:{"({count:NaN})","({count:4294967296})","({mask:-1})","({count:1n})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);multisample.count=17;
+        require(!read_webgpu_multisample_state(isolate,context,evaluate(source),multisample) && caught.HasCaught() && multisample.count==17,"Invalid multisample integer accepted or committed");
+    }
+    wgpu::BlendState blend{};
+    require(read_webgpu_blend_state(isolate,context,evaluate("({alpha:null,color:{srcFactor:'src-alpha',dstFactor:'one-minus-src-alpha',operation:'add'}})"),blend)
+        && blend.alpha.srcFactor==wgpu::BlendFactor::One && blend.alpha.dstFactor==wgpu::BlendFactor::Zero
+        && blend.color.srcFactor==wgpu::BlendFactor::SrcAlpha && blend.color.dstFactor==wgpu::BlendFactor::OneMinusSrcAlpha,"Blend conversion failed");
+    for(const char* source:{"{}","({alpha:{}})","({alpha:{},color:{srcFactor:'undefined'}})","({alpha:{},color:{operation:Symbol()}})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);require(!read_webgpu_blend_state(isolate,context,evaluate(source),blend)&&caught.HasCaught(),"Invalid blend accepted");
+    }
+    wgpu::StencilFaceState stencil{};
+    require(read_webgpu_stencil_face(isolate,context,evaluate("({compare:'less-equal',depthFailOp:'increment-wrap',failOp:'replace',passOp:'invert'})"),stencil)
+        && stencil.compare==wgpu::CompareFunction::LessEqual && stencil.depthFailOp==wgpu::StencilOperation::IncrementWrap
+        && stencil.failOp==wgpu::StencilOperation::Replace && stencil.passOp==wgpu::StencilOperation::Invert,"Stencil conversion failed");
+    wgpu::DepthStencilState depth{};
+    require(read_webgpu_depth_stencil(isolate,context,evaluate("({format:'depth24plus'})"),depth)
+        && depth.depthWriteEnabled==wgpu::OptionalBool::Undefined && depth.depthCompare==wgpu::CompareFunction::Undefined
+        && depth.stencilFront.compare==wgpu::CompareFunction::Always && depth.stencilReadMask==0xffffffff,"Depth optional defaults lost");
+    require(read_webgpu_depth_stencil(isolate,context,evaluate("({format:'depth32float',depthWriteEnabled:null,depthCompare:'less',depthBias:-2.9,depthBiasClamp:1.5,stencilBack:{passOp:'replace'}})"),depth)
+        && depth.depthWriteEnabled==wgpu::OptionalBool::False && depth.depthBias==-2 && depth.depthBiasClamp==1.5f
+        && depth.stencilBack.passOp==wgpu::StencilOperation::Replace,"Depth state conversion failed");
+    for(const char* source:{"{}","({format:'depth24plus',depthBias:2147483648})","({format:'depth24plus',depthBias:-2147483649})",
+        "({format:'depth24plus',depthBiasClamp:Infinity})","({format:'depth24plus',depthBiasSlopeScale:1e100})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);depth.depthBias=123;
+        require(!read_webgpu_depth_stencil(isolate,context,evaluate(source),depth)&&caught.HasCaught()&&depth.depthBias==123,"Invalid depth state accepted or committed");
+    }
+    webgpu_color_target target;
+    require(read_webgpu_color_target(isolate,context,evaluate("({format:'bgra8unorm'})"),target)
+        && target.format==wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm && !target.blend && target.write_mask==15,"Color target defaults failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_color_target(isolate,context,evaluate("({format:'rgba8unorm',blend:{alpha:{},color:{srcFactor:'src-alpha'}},writeMask:16})"),target)
+        && target.blend && target.native().blend==&*target.blend && target.write_mask==16,"Color target storage or invalid-mask preservation failed");
+    for(const char* source:{"{}","({format:'invalid'})","({format:'rgba8unorm',blend:null})","({format:'rgba8unorm',writeMask:-1})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);target.write_mask=123;
+        require(!read_webgpu_color_target(isolate,context,evaluate(source),target)&&caught.HasCaught()&&target.write_mask==123,"Invalid color target accepted or committed");
+    }
+    auto throwing=evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.renderError={};return {get cullMode(){throw renderError},get topology(){throw 'wrong getter'}}})()");
+    v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+    require(!read_webgpu_primitive_state(isolate,context,throwing,primitive) && caught.HasCaught()
+        && caught.Exception()->StrictEquals(evaluate("renderError")),"Render state exception replaced");
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a03fae09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor.h"
+inline void test_v8_webgpu_shader_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+    const auto evaluate=[&](const char* source){return v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();};
+    const auto recognize=[](auto){return std::optional<wgpu::PipelineLayout>{};};
+    webgpu_shader_descriptor output;
+    require(read_webgpu_shader_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({code:'@compute @workgroup_size(1) fn main() {}'})"),output,recognize)
+        && output.label.empty() && output.hints.empty() && !output.code.empty(),"Shader descriptor defaults failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_shader_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({label:'s\\0\\ud800',code:null,compilationHints:new Set([{entryPoint:'main',layout:{toString(){return 'auto'}}},{entryPoint:'other'}])})"),output,recognize)
+        && output.label==std::string("s\0\xef\xbf\xbd",5) && output.code=="null" && output.hints.size()==2
+        && output.hints[0].kind==webgpu_shader_hint::layout_kind::automatic && output.hints[1].kind==webgpu_shader_hint::layout_kind::omitted,"Shader hint union/default conversion failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_shader_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.shaderOrder=[];return new Proxy({code:'',compilationHints:[new Proxy({entryPoint:'main'},{get(o,k){shaderOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})]},{get(o,k){shaderOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})})()"),output,recognize)
+        && evaluate("shaderOrder.join(',')==='label,code,compilationHints,entryPoint,layout'")->IsTrue(),"Shader dictionary access order failed");
+    for(const char* source:{"undefined","null","{}","1","({code:Symbol()})","({code:'',compilationHints:null})",
+        "({code:'',compilationHints:[{}]})","({code:'',compilationHints:[{entryPoint:'main',layout:null}]})",
+        "({code:'',compilationHints:[{entryPoint:'main',layout:'bad'}]})","({code:'',compilationHints:[{entryPoint:Symbol()}]})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);output.code="unchanged";
+        require(!read_webgpu_shader_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate(source),output,recognize) && caught.HasCaught()
+            && output.code=="unchanged","Invalid shader descriptor accepted or partially committed");
+    }
+    auto input=evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.shaderDescriptorError={};return {get code(){throw shaderDescriptorError},get compilationHints(){throw 'wrong getter'}}})()");
+    v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);
+    require(!read_webgpu_shader_descriptor(isolate,context,input,output,recognize) && caught.HasCaught()
+        && caught.Exception()->StrictEquals(context->Global()->Get(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate,"shaderDescriptorError")).ToLocalChecked()),"Shader conversion exception replaced");
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor.h b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f31e99030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor.h"
+#include "graphics/v8_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor.h"
+inline void test_v8_webgpu_texture_descriptor(v8::Isolate* isolate,v8::Local<v8::Context> context) {
+    const auto evaluate=[&](const char* source){return v8::Script::Compile(context,v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate,source).ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->Run(context).ToLocalChecked();};
+    webgpu_texture_descriptor texture;
+    require(read_webgpu_texture_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({size:[32],format:'rgba8unorm',usage:16})"),texture)
+        && texture.size.width==32&&texture.size.height==1&&texture.size.depthOrArrayLayers==1&&texture.valid_extent_shape,"Texture extent defaults failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_texture_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.textureIteratorReads=0;return {size:{get [Symbol.iterator](){textureIteratorReads++;return function*(){yield 8;yield 4;yield 2}}},format:'rgba8unorm',usage:16,viewFormats:new Set(['rgba8unorm-srgb']),textureBindingViewDimension:'2d-array'}})()"),texture)
+        && texture.size.depthOrArrayLayers==2&&evaluate("textureIteratorReads===1")->IsTrue(),"Extent iterator was reacquired");
+    texture.with_native([&](const auto& native) {
+        require(native.viewFormatCount==1&&native.viewFormats[0]==wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8UnormSrgb&&native.nextInChain,"Texture native storage failed");
+    });
+    require(read_webgpu_texture_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("(()=>{globalThis.textureOrder=[];return new Proxy({size:new Proxy({width:4},{get(o,k){textureOrder.push(typeof k==='symbol'?'iterator':k);return o[k]}}),format:'rgba8unorm',usage:16},{get(o,k){textureOrder.push(k);return o[k]}})})()"),texture)
+        && evaluate("textureOrder.join(',')==='label,dimension,format,mipLevelCount,sampleCount,size,iterator,depthOrArrayLayers,height,width,textureBindingViewDimension,usage,viewFormats'")->IsTrue(),"Texture dictionary order failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_texture_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({size:[1,2,3,4],format:'rgba8unorm',get usage(){globalThis.textureUsageRead=true;return 16}})"),texture)
+        && !texture.valid_extent_shape && evaluate("textureUsageRead")->IsTrue(),"Extent shape validation occurred before dictionary conversion finished");
+    bool invalid_shape=false;try{texture.with_native([](const auto&){});}catch(const std::invalid_argument&){invalid_shape=true;}
+    require(invalid_shape,"Invalid extent reached native descriptor");
+    for(const char* source:{"{}","({size:[],format:'invalid',usage:16})","({size:{},format:'rgba8unorm',usage:16})",
+        "({size:[-1],format:'rgba8unorm',usage:16})","({size:[1],format:'rgba8unorm'})","({size:[1],format:'rgba8unorm',usage:16,viewFormats:['invalid']})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);texture.label="unchanged";
+        require(!read_webgpu_texture_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate(source),texture)&&caught.HasCaught()&&texture.label=="unchanged","Invalid texture descriptor accepted or committed");
+    }
+    webgpu_texture_view_descriptor view;
+    require(read_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor(isolate,context,v8::Undefined(isolate),view)&&!view.mip_count&&!view.layer_count&&view.swizzle==u"rgba","View defaults failed");
+    require(read_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({mipLevelCount:4294967295,swizzle:'bgra'})"),view)&&view.mip_count==4294967295u,"Explicit view sentinel lost");
+    view.with_native([&](const auto& native){require(native.dimension==static_cast<wgpu::TextureViewDimension>(0xffffffffu)&&native.nextInChain,"Invalid explicit count became unspecified");});
+    require(read_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate("({swizzle:'\\ud800gba'})"),view)&&view.swizzle[0]==0xd800,"Swizzle DOMString surrogate changed");
+    for(const char* source:{"({mipLevelCount:-1})","({aspect:'invalid'})","({swizzle:Symbol()})"}) {
+        v8::TryCatch caught(isolate);view.label="unchanged";
+        require(!read_webgpu_texture_view_descriptor(isolate,context,evaluate(source),view)&&caught.HasCaught()&&view.label=="unchanged","Invalid view accepted or committed");
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_wake_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_wake_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa920741a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/graphics_wake_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#include "graphics/engine_wake.h"
+#include <future>
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace webscene::graphics;
+void require(bool value) { if (!value) throw std::runtime_error("requirement failed"); }
+int main() {
+    auto wake=std::make_shared<engine_wake>();
+    wake->signal();
+    require(wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(0),[] { return false; }));
+    require(!wake->wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(0),[] { return false; }));
+    std::promise<void> waiting;
+    auto future=std::async(std::launch::async,[wake,&waiting] {
+        waiting.set_value();
+        return wake->wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(5),[] { return false; });
+    });
+    waiting.get_future().wait();
+    wake->signal();
+    require(future.get());
+    std::shared_ptr<completion_wake> late=wake;
+    wake.reset();
+    late->signal();
+    std::cout << "engine wake latching, headless progress and retained signal lifetime passed\n";
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/media_decode_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/media_decode_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41aad5056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/media_decode_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+#include "audio_graph.h"
+#include "decode_service.h"
+#include "media_session.h"
+#include <thread>
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+#include "../native/graphics/iosurface_canvas_images.h"
+#endif
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+#include <CoreVideo/CoreVideo.h>
+#endif
+using namespace webscene::media;
+void check(bool value, const char *message) {
+    if (!value)
+        throw std::runtime_error(message);
+}
+template <class F> void rejects(F function) {
+    bool failed = false;
+    try {
+        function();
+    } catch (const std::exception &) {
+        failed = true;
+    }
+    check(failed, "Expected decode rejection");
+}
+std::vector<uint8_t> wav() {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data(44 + 480 * 4);
+    auto word = [&](size_t i, uint16_t v) {
+        data[i] = v;
+        data[i + 1] = v >> 8;
+    };
+    auto dword = [&](size_t i, uint32_t v) {
+        word(i, v);
+        word(i + 2, v >> 16);
+    };
+    memcpy(data.data(), "RIFF", 4);
+    dword(4, data.size() - 8);
+    memcpy(data.data() + 8, "WAVEfmt ", 8);
+    dword(16, 16);
+    word(20, 1);
+    word(22, 2);
+    dword(24, 48000);
+    dword(28, 192000);
+    word(32, 4);
+    word(34, 16);
+    memcpy(data.data() + 36, "data", 4);
+    dword(40, data.size() - 44);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 480; ++i) {
+        word(44 + i * 4, 16384);
+        word(46 + i * 4, static_cast<uint16_t>(-8192));
+    }
+    return data;
+}
+std::shared_ptr<encoded_source> load(const char *path, const char *extension) {
+    std::ifstream file(path, std::ios::binary);
+    check(bool(file), "Fixture missing");
+    auto source = std::make_shared<encoded_source>();
+    source->extension = extension;
+    source->bytes.assign(std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(file), {});
+    return source;
+}
+void cadence_tests() {
+    playback_control clock;
+    clock.set(0, 1, true, 1, false);
+    clock.observe_output(clock.sequence.load(), 2., 100.);
+    check(std::abs(clock.time_at(100.01) - 2.01) < 1e-6, "Video did not follow rendered audio clock");
+    clock.set(5, 1, false, 1, false);
+    check(clock.time_at(100.02) == 5, "Stale audio feedback survived pause/seek");
+    for (const double fps : {24., 30., 60., 24000./1001., 60000./1001.}) {
+        for (const double hz : {60., 120., 60000./1001.}) {
+            std::deque<video_frame> queue;
+            video_frame current;
+            size_t next = 1;
+            // Ten minutes with bounded decode ahead. Selection must remain
+            // timestamp-correct without accumulated rounding error.
+            for (size_t refresh = 0; refresh < size_t(hz * 600); ++refresh) {
+                const auto time = double(refresh) / hz;
+                while (queue.size() < 4) {
+                    video_frame frame;
+                    frame.timestamp = double(next++) / fps;
+                    queue.push_back(std::move(frame));
+                }
+                select_video_frame(queue, time, current);
+                const auto expected = std::floor((time + 1e-7) * fps) / fps;
+                check(std::abs(current.timestamp - expected) < 1e-6, "Video cadence drift/skipped frame");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    std::deque<video_frame> queue;
+    video_frame current;
+    for (double pts : {.01, .05, .12}) {
+        video_frame frame; frame.timestamp = pts; queue.push_back(frame);
+    }
+    check(select_video_frame(queue, .009, current) == 0, "Future VFR frame displayed early");
+    check(select_video_frame(queue, .08, current) == 2 && current.timestamp == .05,
+          "Late deadline did not discard obsolete frames");
+    check(select_video_frame(queue, .10, current) == 0 && current.timestamp == .05,
+          "Decode stall must retain complete frame");
+    check(select_video_frame(queue, .12, current) == 1 && current.timestamp == .12,
+          "VFR next interval not selected");
+}
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    try {
+        cadence_tests();
+        auto bytes = wav();
+        auto result = decode_audio(bytes);
+        check(result.channels == 2 && result.sample_rate == 48000 && result.frames() == 480,
+              "WAV format/frame count");
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < result.frames(); ++i) {
+            check(std::abs(result.samples[i * 2] - .5f) < 1e-6, "Left channel wrong");
+            check(std::abs(result.samples[i * 2 + 1] + .25f) < 1e-6, "Right channel wrong");
+        }
+        rejects([&] { decode_audio({}); });
+        rejects([&] { decode_audio(std::vector<uint8_t>{1, 2, 3}); });
+        decode_limits small;
+        small.decoded_audio_bytes = 16;
+        rejects([&] { decode_audio(bytes, small); });
+        small = {};
+        small.encoded_bytes = 4;
+        rejects([&] { decode_audio(bytes, small); });
+        std::stop_source cancelled;
+        cancelled.request_stop();
+        rejects([&] { decode_audio(bytes, {}, cancelled.get_token()); });
+        std::future<audio_buffer> future;
+        {
+            decode_service service;
+            auto source = std::make_shared<encoded_source>();
+            source->bytes = bytes;
+            future = service.audio(source);
+            check(future.get().frames() == 480, "Asynchronous decode failed");
+            service.close();
+            rejects([&] { service.audio(source); });
+        }
+        // Service destruction settles pending work instead of stranding futures.
+        {
+            decode_service service;
+            auto source = std::make_shared<encoded_source>();
+            source->bytes = bytes;
+            future = service.audio(source);
+        }
+        check(future.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(0)) == std::future_status::ready,
+              "Future stranded by teardown");
+        try {
+            future.get();
+        } catch (const std::exception &) {
+        }
+        {
+            media_session session;
+            auto source = std::make_shared<encoded_source>();
+            source->bytes = bytes;
+            session.load(source, false);
+            auto ready = [&] {
+                for (int i = 0; i < 500; ++i) {
+                    auto frame = session.read();
+                    if (frame.ready && !frame.seeking)
+                        return frame;
+                    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(2));
+                }
+                throw std::runtime_error("Media session timeout");
+            };
+            check(ready().audio->frames() == 480, "Session PCM");
+            for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
+                session.seek(i * .00001);
+            check(ready().ready, "Coalesced seek");
+            auto replacement = std::make_shared<encoded_source>();
+            replacement->bytes = bytes;
+            session.load(replacement, false);
+            check(ready().generation == 2, "Stale media generation");
+            session.close();
+            rejects([&] { session.seek(0); });
+        }
+        if (argc > 1 && std::string(argv[1]) != "-") {
+            auto source = load(argv[1], ".wav");
+            decode_service service;
+            auto audio = service.audio(source).get();
+            check(audio.frames() > audio.sample_rate, "Demo score too short");
+            double energy = 0;
+            for (float x : audio.samples) {
+                check(std::isfinite(x), "Nonfinite demo audio");
+                energy += x * x;
+            }
+            check(energy > 1, "Silent demo audio");
+            std::cout << "Original score: " << audio.frames() << " frames, " << audio.sample_rate << " Hz, "
+                      << audio.channels << " channels\n";
+        }
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        if (argc > 2) {
+            auto source = load(argv[2], ".mp4");
+            // Decode-ahead must remain bounded and must not advance the public
+            // frame until a presentation opportunity selects it.
+            {
+                media_session session;
+                session.load(source, true);
+                auto buffered = [&] {
+                    for (int retry = 0; retry < 1000; ++retry) {
+                        const auto state = session.read();
+                        if (!state.error.empty()) throw std::runtime_error(state.error);
+                        if (state.ready && state.buffered_frames >= 2) return state;
+                        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(2));
+                    }
+                    throw std::runtime_error("Video decode-ahead timeout");
+                };
+                auto initial = buffered();
+                check(initial.buffered_frames <= 4, "Unbounded video queue");
+                std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(20));
+                check(session.read().video.timestamp == initial.video.timestamp,
+                      "Decoder completion advanced presentation");
+                for (int tick = 0; tick < 60; ++tick) {
+                    buffered();
+                    const auto target = double(tick) / 120.;
+                    const auto state = session.present(target);
+                    check(state.video.timestamp <= target + 1e-7, "Video frame selected early");
+                    check(target - state.video.timestamp < .05, "Queued video did not advance");
+                }
+                session.seek(.1);
+                buffered();
+                check(session.read().video.timestamp < .15, "Seek retained stale queued video");
+            }
+            video_frame first, later;
+            {
+                decode_service service;
+                first = service.video(source, 0).get();
+                later = service.video(source, 1).get();
+            }
+            check(first.native_surface && later.native_surface && first.width && first.height,
+                  "No native video surface");
+            check(later.timestamp >= .95 && later.timestamp > first.timestamp,
+                  "Seek did not advance decoded frame");
+            auto checksum = [](const video_frame &f) {
+                auto pixel = static_cast<CVPixelBufferRef>(f.native_surface.get());
+                CVPixelBufferLockBaseAddress(pixel, kCVPixelBufferLock_ReadOnly);
+                auto p = static_cast<const uint8_t *>(CVPixelBufferGetBaseAddress(pixel));
+                uint64_t hash = 1469598103934665603ULL;
+                for (size_t y = 0; y < f.height; ++y)
+                    for (size_t x = 0; x < f.width * 4; ++x)
+                        hash = (hash ^ p[y * CVPixelBufferGetBytesPerRow(pixel) + x]) * 1099511628211ULL;
+                CVPixelBufferUnlockBaseAddress(pixel, kCVPixelBufferLock_ReadOnly);
+                return hash;
+            };
+            auto decoder = open_video(*source);
+            auto end = decoder->read(decoder->duration());
+            check(end.native_surface && end.timestamp > 0, "End seek failed");
+            auto back = decoder->read(0);
+            check(back.timestamp < .1, "Backward seek failed");
+            using namespace webscene::graphics;
+            std::optional<owned_image_pool::consumer> consumer;
+            std::weak_ptr<void> lifetime;
+            {
+                iosurface_canvas_images pool(128ULL * 1024 * 1024);
+                auto decoded = decoder->read(.5);
+                lifetime = decoded.native_surface;
+                auto color = iosurface_color::adopt_bgra8(
+                    static_cast<CVPixelBufferRef>(decoded.native_surface.get()), decoded.native_surface);
+                image_metadata metadata;
+                metadata.canvas = 1;
+                metadata.producer_timeline = 1;
+                metadata.producer_value = 1;
+                metadata.allocation_generation = 1;
+                metadata.content_serial = 1;
+                metadata.width = decoded.width;
+                metadata.height = decoded.height;
+                metadata.format = image_format::bgra8_unorm;
+                auto image = pool.adopt(metadata, std::move(color));
+                check(bool(image), "No adopted decoder image");
+                consumer.emplace(image->begin_consumer().value());
+                decoder.reset();
+                decoded = {};
+                image.reset();
+                check(!lifetime.expired(), "Decoder frame recycled before consumer completion");
+                check(iosurface_canvas_images::resolve(*consumer).borrowed_handle() != nullptr,
+                      "Adopted surface missing");
+            }
+            {
+                struct wake final : completion_wake {
+                    int count{};
+                    void signal() noexcept override { ++count; }
+                };
+                auto signal = std::make_shared<wake>();
+                iosurface_canvas_images pool(128ULL * 1024 * 1024, signal);
+                auto color = iosurface_color::adopt_bgra8(
+                    static_cast<CVPixelBufferRef>(first.native_surface.get()), first.native_surface);
+                image_metadata m{1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, first.width, first.height, image_format::bgra8_unorm};
+                std::vector<owned_image_pool::retained> held;
+                for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+                    ++m.content_serial;
+                    held.push_back(pool.adopt(m, color).value());
+                }
+                auto consuming = held.back().begin_consumer();
+                held.pop_back();
+                check(!pool.adopt(m, color), "Reused surface before GPU completion");
+                auto before = signal->count;
+                consuming->complete();
+                consuming.reset();
+                check(signal->count > before, "GPU completion did not wake blocked image publication");
+                check(bool(pool.adopt(m, color)), "Latest frame could not publish after backpressure");
+            }
+            check(!lifetime.expired(), "Pool destruction released a live GPU frame");
+            consumer->complete();
+            consumer.reset();
+            check(lifetime.expired(), "Completed GPU frame leaked");
+            check(checksum(first) != checksum(later), "Video frames did not change");
+            check(CVPixelBufferGetIOSurface(static_cast<CVPixelBufferRef>(first.native_surface.get())) !=
+                      nullptr,
+                  "Missing shareable IOSurface");
+            rejects([&] { decode_video_frame(*source, -1); });
+            rejects([&] { decode_video_frame(*source, 0, {}, cancelled.get_token()); });
+            std::cout << "Original video: " << first.width << "x" << first.height << ", timestamps "
+                      << first.timestamp << " and " << later.timestamp
+                      << ", retained IOSurface frames survive decoder teardown\n";
+        }
+#endif
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        if (argc > 3) {
+            auto source = load(argv[3], ".mp4");
+            auto decoder = open_video(*source);
+            auto pcm = std::make_shared<audio_buffer>(decoder->audio());
+            check(pcm->sample_rate == 48000 && pcm->frames() >= 144000, "Flash/click audio decode");
+            audio_graph graph(false);
+            auto input = graph.create(audio_graph::kind::source),
+                 bus = graph.create(audio_graph::kind::stream);
+            auto track = graph.capture(bus);
+            auto control = std::make_shared<playback_control>();
+            control->set(0, 1, true, 1, false);
+            control->epoch = 0;
+            graph.set_source(input, pcm, control);
+            graph.connect(input, bus);
+            graph.resume();
+            std::vector<float> mix(144000 * 2), packet(256);
+            double maximum = 0;
+            for (uint32_t offset = 0; offset < 144000; offset += 128) {
+                auto size = std::min(128U, 144000 - offset);
+                graph.render_at(mix.data() + offset * 2, size, double(offset) / 48000);
+                auto result = track->read(std::span<float>(packet.data(), size * 2));
+                check(result.frames == size && result.first_frame == offset && !result.dropped,
+                      "Recording time continuity");
+                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+                    mix[(offset + i) * 2] = packet[i * 2];
+            }
+            for (int second = 0; second < 3; ++second) {
+                auto frame = decoder->read(second);
+                auto pixel = static_cast<CVPixelBufferRef>(frame.native_surface.get());
+                CVPixelBufferLockBaseAddress(pixel, kCVPixelBufferLock_ReadOnly);
+                auto value = static_cast<uint8_t *>(CVPixelBufferGetBaseAddress(pixel))[0];
+                CVPixelBufferUnlockBaseAddress(pixel, kCVPixelBufferLock_ReadOnly);
+                check(value > 200, "Missing numbered flash");
+                uint32_t onset = second * 48000;
+                while (onset < static_cast<uint32_t>((second + .05) * 48000) &&
+                       std::abs(mix[onset * 2]) < .1f)
+                    ++onset;
+                double drift = std::abs(double(onset) / 48000 - frame.timestamp);
+                maximum = std::max(maximum, drift);
+                check(drift < .01, "Decoded video / recorded audio drift exceeds 10ms");
+            }
+            std::cout << "Flash/click decoded presentation versus recorded PCM max drift: " << maximum * 1000
+                      << " ms (10 ms limit; excludes physical display/device latency)\n";
+        }
+#endif
+        std::cout << "Native media decode tests passed\n";
+        return 0;
+    } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_browser_dom_tests.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_browser_dom_tests.inc
index 298a46228..02844753d 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_browser_dom_tests.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_browser_dom_tests.inc
@@ -1391,6 +1391,12 @@ void test_async_save_acknowledgement_publishes_without_pointer_input()
           });
         })()
     )JS", "async-save-publication-setup.js");
+    // Host scripts and input have separate queues. An input/frame consumption
+    // counter is not a barrier for installing the document and click listener.
+    require(evaluate(engine,
+        "document.getElementById('save').isConnected && __saveState.activations === 0",
+        "async-save-publication-ready.js") == "true",
+        "async-save fixture setup did not complete before activation");
     animation_frame_and_wait(engine, 0.0, 9101U);
 
     const auto consumed_before = consumed_input_count(engine);
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_canvas_tests.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_canvas_tests.inc
index 4c8bcfafc..b0dbcdf40 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_canvas_tests.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_canvas_tests.inc
@@ -1,3 +1,112 @@
+void test_canvas_prefix_hint_tracks_append_and_reset()
+{
+    {
+        webscene_native::native_document document;
+        auto& target = document.create_element("canvas");
+        auto& source = document.create_element("canvas");
+        auto& nested = document.create_element("canvas");
+        document.append_child(document.body(), target);
+        webscene_canvas_command fill{}; fill.kind = 20;
+        target.mutable_canvas().commands.push_back(fill);
+        source.mutable_canvas().commands.push_back(fill);
+        nested.mutable_canvas().commands.push_back(fill);
+        document.layout(640, 360);
+        std::vector<webscene_canvas_layer> layers;
+        std::vector<webscene_canvas_command> commands;
+        std::vector<webscene_scene_string> strings;
+        std::vector<char> bytes;
+        const auto capture_dependencies = [&] {
+            document.build_canvas_display_lists(layers, commands, strings, bytes);
+            return layers.size();
+        };
+        require(capture_dependencies() == 1, "detached canvas retained without dependency");
+        webscene_canvas_command image{}; image.kind = 27; image.resource_id = source.id;
+        target.mutable_canvas().commands.push_back(image);
+        image.resource_id = nested.id;
+        source.mutable_canvas().commands.push_back(image);
+        require(capture_dependencies() == 3, "appended transitive canvas dependency was lost");
+        require(capture_dependencies() == 3, "cached transitive canvas dependency was lost");
+        ++target.mutable_canvas().generation;
+        target.mutable_canvas().commands.clear();
+        target.mutable_canvas().commands.push_back(fill);
+        require(capture_dependencies() == 1, "canvas reset retained stale dependencies");
+    }
+    auto* engine=webscene_engine_create(0);
+    require(engine!=nullptr,"canvas prefix engine creation failed");
+    resize(engine,640,360,1);
+    struct capture { uint64_t generation{};uint32_t flags{},node_id{};
+        std::vector<webscene_canvas_command> commands;std::vector<std::string> strings; };
+    const auto read=[&](auto accept) {
+        for(int attempt=0;attempt<250;++attempt) {
+            const webscene_scene_view_v3* lease=nullptr;
+            const webscene_scene_acquire_options_v3 options{sizeof(options),3,WEBSCENE_SCENE_CAPABILITY_CANVAS_CHECKPOINTS};
+            if(webscene_engine_acquire_latest_scene_v3(engine,&options,&lease)==WEBSCENE_SCENE_ACQUIRE_SUCCESS) {
+                const auto* scene=lease->cpu_view;
+                capture result;
+                if(scene->header.canvas_layer_count==1) {
+                    const auto& layer=scene->canvas_layers[0];
+                    result.generation=layer.generation;result.flags=layer.flags;
+                    result.node_id=layer.node_id;
+                    result.commands.assign(scene->canvas_commands+layer.command_offset,
+                        scene->canvas_commands+layer.command_offset+layer.command_count);
+                    for(uint32_t index=0;index<layer.string_count;++index) {
+                        const auto& value=scene->strings[layer.string_offset+index];
+                        result.strings.emplace_back(scene->string_bytes+value.byte_offset,value.byte_length);
+                    }
+                }
+                webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3(lease);webscene_scene_release_v3(lease);
+                if(!result.commands.empty() && accept(result))return result;
+            }
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(2));
+        }
+        fail("canvas prefix scene was not published");
+    };
+    execute_and_wait(engine,R"JS(document.body.innerHTML='<canvas width="20" height="10"></canvas>';
+      globalThis.prefixCanvas=document.body.firstElementChild;
+      globalThis.prefixContext=prefixCanvas.getContext('2d');prefixContext.fillRect(0,0,20,10);)JS","prefix-setup.js");
+    auto previous=read([](const capture&){return true;});
+    for(int frame=0;frame<4;++frame) {
+        execute_and_wait(engine,R"JS(prefixContext.clearRect(0,0,19.5,10);
+          prefixContext.fillStyle='blue';prefixContext.fillRect(1,1,3,3);)JS","prefix-append.js");
+        const auto next=read([&](const capture& value){return value.commands.size()>previous.commands.size();});
+        require((next.flags&WEBSCENE_CANVAS_LAYER_UNCHANGED_PREFIX)!=0,"append lost prefix hint across a DOM-unchanged diff");
+        require(next.generation==previous.generation,"partial clear reset canvas generation");
+        require(std::memcmp(next.commands.data(),previous.commands.data(),previous.commands.size()*sizeof(webscene_canvas_command))==0,
+            "canvas prefix hint covered modified commands");
+        require(next.strings.size()>=previous.strings.size()
+            && std::equal(previous.strings.begin(),previous.strings.end(),next.strings.begin()),
+            "canvas prefix hint covered modified strings");
+        previous=next;
+    }
+    execute_and_wait(engine,"prefixCanvas.width=20;prefixContext.fillRect(0,0,20,10)","prefix-reset.js");
+    auto reset=read([&](const capture& value){return value.generation!=previous.generation;});
+    require((reset.flags&WEBSCENE_CANVAS_LAYER_UNCHANGED_PREFIX)==0,"bitmap reset claimed an unchanged prefix");
+    execute_and_wait(engine,"prefixContext.clearRect(0,0,20,10);prefixContext.fillRect(1,1,3,3)","prefix-full-clear.js");
+    auto cleared=read([&](const capture& value){return value.generation!=reset.generation;});
+    require((cleared.flags&WEBSCENE_CANVAS_LAYER_UNCHANGED_PREFIX)==0,"full-overwrite compaction claimed an unchanged prefix");
+    constexpr auto payload="native checkpoint protocol test";
+    require(webscene_engine_submit_canvas_checkpoint_v3(engine,cleared.node_id,cleared.generation,
+        static_cast<uint32_t>(cleared.commands.size()),payload,std::strlen(payload)),"checkpoint submission failed");
+    execute_and_wait(engine,"prefixContext.fillText('checkpoint-tail',2,3)","checkpoint-tail.js");
+    // Checkpoint installation can publish before the following script runs.
+    // Wait for the appended drawing command as well as the new generation;
+    // otherwise an intermediate checkpoint-only scene races this assertion.
+    auto checkpoint=read([&](const capture& value){
+        return value.generation!=cleared.generation && value.commands.size()>1;
+    });
+    require(checkpoint.commands.front().kind==WEBSCENE_CANVAS_COMMAND_RASTER_CHECKPOINT,"checkpoint prefix was not installed");
+    require(checkpoint.strings.front()==payload,"checkpoint payload changed");
+    require(std::find(checkpoint.strings.begin(),checkpoint.strings.end(),"checkpoint-tail")!=checkpoint.strings.end(),
+        "commands appended after checkpoint capture lost their resources");
+    require(webscene_engine_acquire_latest_scene(engine)==nullptr,"legacy consumer accepted a raster checkpoint");
+    require(webscene_engine_submit_canvas_checkpoint_v3(engine,cleared.node_id,cleared.generation,
+        static_cast<uint32_t>(cleared.commands.size()),payload,std::strlen(payload)),"stale checkpoint could not be queued");
+    execute_and_wait(engine,"prefixContext.fillRect(2,2,3,3)","checkpoint-stale.js");
+    auto after_stale=read([&](const capture& value){return value.commands.size()>checkpoint.commands.size();});
+    require(after_stale.generation==checkpoint.generation,"stale checkpoint replaced a newer canvas generation");
+    webscene_engine_destroy(engine);
+}
+
 struct canvas_text_measurement_probe final {
     std::string text;
     std::string family;
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_frame_scheduling_tests.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_frame_scheduling_tests.inc
index 1bd40c0fe..7c06e4daf 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_frame_scheduling_tests.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_frame_scheduling_tests.inc
@@ -835,11 +835,13 @@ void test_detached_dom_wrappers_do_not_permanently_root_nodes(webscene_engine* e
         if (after.dom_nodes <= before.dom_nodes + 8U) break;
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(2));
     }
-    require(
-        after.dom_nodes <= before.dom_nodes + 8U,
-        "unreachable detached DOM nodes remained permanently owned after V8 collection (before="
+    if (after.dom_nodes > before.dom_nodes + 8U) {
+        require(false,
+        "unreachable detached DOM nodes remained after the idle collection deadline (before="
             + std::to_string(before.dom_nodes)
-            + ", after=" + std::to_string(after.dom_nodes) + ")");
+            + ", after=" + std::to_string(after.dom_nodes) + "): "
+            + diagnostics(engine));
+    }
 #if defined(WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_CERTIFICATION)
     require(
         diagnostic_value("detached-dom-release-batches", release_batches_before + 2U)
@@ -1522,6 +1524,12 @@ void test_animation_frame_callback_list_timestamp_and_cancellation(webscene_engi
         cancelled = requestAnimationFrame(timestamp => {
           __frameBatchEvents.push(['cancelled', timestamp]);
         });
+        // A larger admitted batch must remain indivisible even when host
+        // evaluation work arrives while its callbacks are running.
+        for (let i = 0; i < 40; ++i) requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+          const started = performance.now();
+          while (performance.now() - started < 0.2) {}
+        });
         requestAnimationFrame(timestamp => {
           __frameBatchEvents.push(['last', timestamp]);
         });
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_input_tests.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_input_tests.inc
index c53727dc9..d29057813 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_input_tests.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_input_tests.inc
@@ -178,6 +178,10 @@ void test_host_pointer_exit_clears_tooltip_without_another_move()
 
     // Many chart gestures use document mousemove/up rather than DOM capture.
     pointer_move(engine, 20, 20, 9U);
+    // The down event flushes the pending frame-paced entry move. Install
+    // counters afterward so worker timing cannot count that setup movement
+    // as part of the outside-host drag being tested.
+    pointer_button(engine, WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_DOWN, 20, 20, 10U, true);
     execute(engine, R"JS(
         globalThis.dragMoves = 0;
         globalThis.dragUps = 0;
@@ -186,13 +190,13 @@ void test_host_pointer_exit_clears_tooltip_without_another_move()
     )JS", "host-exit-document-drag.js");
     require(evaluate(engine, "dragUps", "host-exit-document-drag-ready.js") == "0",
         "document drag fixture not ready");
-    pointer_button(engine, WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_DOWN, 20, 20, 10U, true);
     exit(11U, 1U);
     pointer_move(engine, -20, -20, 12U, true);
     pointer_button(engine, WEBSCENE_INPUT_POINTER_UP, -20, -20, 13U, false);
-    require(evaluate(engine, "[dragMoves, dragUps, getComputedStyle(tip).display]",
-        "host-exit-document-drag-result.js") == R"([1,1,"none"])",
-        "host exit interrupted document-level drag movement or release");
+    const auto drag_result = evaluate(engine, "[dragMoves, dragUps, getComputedStyle(tip).display]",
+        "host-exit-document-drag-result.js");
+    require(drag_result == R"([1,1,"none"])",
+        "host exit interrupted document-level drag movement or release: " + drag_result);
 
     pointer_move(engine, 20, 20, 14U);
     execute(engine, R"JS(
@@ -1205,7 +1209,36 @@ void test_pressed_drag_moves_remain_dispatchable_after_threshold()
 
 void test_mouse_moves_are_raf_aligned_at_compositor_cadence()
 {
-    auto* engine = webscene_engine_create(0);
+    struct pointer_handler_gate {
+        std::mutex mutex;
+        std::condition_variable changed;
+        bool entered{false};
+        bool released{false};
+        bool timed_out{false};
+    } gate;
+    webscene_engine_options options{};
+    options.struct_size = sizeof(options);
+    options.text_measure_user_data = &gate;
+    options.text_measure_callback = +[](
+        void* user_data, const char* text, size_t length, const char*, size_t,
+        float font_size, int32_t, float, float, webscene_text_metrics* metrics) -> uint8_t {
+        if (text != nullptr && std::string_view(text, length) == "pointer-handoff-gate") {
+            auto& state = *static_cast<pointer_handler_gate*>(user_data);
+            std::unique_lock lock(state.mutex);
+            state.entered = true;
+            state.changed.notify_all();
+            // Test-only rendezvous inside the synchronous pointer handler.
+            // Production text callbacks must not block. This holds the handler
+            // open without depending on relative JS/test-thread sleep durations.
+            if (!state.changed.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::seconds(5),
+                    [&] { return state.released; })) state.timed_out = true;
+        }
+        metrics->advance_width = static_cast<float>(length) * font_size * 0.5F;
+        metrics->ascent = font_size * 0.75F;
+        metrics->descent = font_size * 0.25F;
+        return 1U;
+    };
+    auto* engine = webscene_engine_create_with_options(&options);
     require(engine != nullptr, "rAF-aligned mouse engine creation failed");
     resize(engine, 640, 360, 1U);
     execute(engine, R"JS(
@@ -1324,6 +1357,79 @@ void test_mouse_moves_are_raf_aligned_at_compositor_cadence()
             && after.coalesced_pointer_move_inputs
                 - before.coalesced_pointer_move_inputs == 2U,
         "rAF-aligned mouse metrics did not report coalesced device samples");
+
+    // The host can enqueue the RAF belonging to a boundary after a newer
+    // device sample has already been retained. That old RAF must not release
+    // the sample; only a subsequent display boundary or discrete input may.
+    pointer_move(engine, 70, 20, 9U);
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(20));
+    animation_frame(engine, 1016.666, 10U);
+    wait_for_consumed_inputs(engine, after.consumed_inputs + 1U,
+        "already-observed RAF was not consumed");
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(20));
+    require(consumed_input_count(engine) == after.consumed_inputs + 1U,
+        "already-observed RAF prematurely released a newer pointer sample");
+    webscene_engine_observe_compositor_frame(engine, 1025.0);
+    wait_for_consumed_inputs(engine, after.consumed_inputs + 2U,
+        "next boundary did not release the retained sample after an old RAF");
+    require(evaluate(engine, "globalThis.__pacedPointerMoves",
+        "native-frame-paced-old-raf.js") == "[30,40,60,70]",
+        "old RAF handling lost or duplicated pointer movement");
+
+    execute_and_wait(engine, R"JS(document.body.firstElementChild.addEventListener('pointermove', () => {
+      document.createElement('canvas').getContext('2d').measureText('pointer-handoff-gate');
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => {});
+    }, {once:true}))JS", "native-pointer-demand-handoff-setup.js");
+    const auto handoff_inputs = consumed_input_count(engine);
+    pointer_move(engine, 80, 20, 11U);
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(20));
+    webscene_engine_observe_compositor_frame(engine, 1041.666);
+    {
+        std::unique_lock lock(gate.mutex);
+        require(gate.changed.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::seconds(5),
+            [&] { return gate.entered; }), "pointer handler did not enter its handoff gate");
+    }
+    require((webscene_engine_requires_animation_frame(engine) & 4U) != 0,
+        "in-flight pointer handler temporarily lost its frame demand");
+    // This sample arrives while the previous handler is busy, before the
+    // next boundary. Dequeuing it after that boundary must not make it wait
+    // for yet another refresh. No script barrier is used to flush the input.
+    pointer_move(engine, 90, 20, 12U);
+    webscene_engine_observe_compositor_frame(engine, 1058.333);
+    {
+        std::lock_guard lock(gate.mutex);
+        require(!gate.timed_out, "pointer handler handoff gate timed out");
+        gate.released = true;
+    }
+    gate.changed.notify_all();
+    wait_for_consumed_inputs(engine, handoff_inputs + 2,
+        "pointer handler did not finish its demand handoff");
+    require(evaluate(engine, "globalThis.__pacedPointerMoves.slice(-2)",
+        "native-frame-paced-busy-worker.js") == "[80,90]",
+        "busy worker deferred an eligible sample into an extra display interval");
+    require((webscene_engine_requires_animation_frame(engine) & 1U) != 0,
+        "pointer demand was cleared before publishing the handler's RAF demand");
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    execute_and_wait(engine, R"JS(
+      document.body.firstElementChild.addEventListener('pointermove', event => {
+        event.target.style.cursor = 'ew-resize';
+        requestAnimationFrame(() => { event.target.style.cursor = 'ns-resize'; });
+      }, {once:true});
+    )JS", "native-paced-cursor-setup.js");
+    const auto cursor_inputs = consumed_input_count(engine);
+    pointer_move(engine, 100, 20, 13U);
+    webscene_engine_observe_compositor_frame(engine, 1075.0);
+    animation_frame(engine, 1075.0, 14U);
+    wait_for_consumed_inputs(engine, cursor_inputs + 2,
+        "paced cursor input and frame were not consumed");
+    const auto cursor_deadline = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + std::chrono::seconds(2);
+    while (webscene_engine_get_cursor(engine) != WEBSCENE_CURSOR_NS_RESIZE
+        && std::chrono::steady_clock::now() < cursor_deadline) {
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+    require(webscene_engine_get_cursor(engine) == WEBSCENE_CURSOR_NS_RESIZE,
+        "paced cursor was not resolved from the final animation/publication layout");
+#endif
     webscene_engine_destroy(engine);
 }
 
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_resource_tests.inc b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_resource_tests.inc
index 48a04fa89..9cf7dcc89 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_resource_tests.inc
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_resource_tests.inc
@@ -1883,8 +1883,10 @@ void test_process_wide_resource_load_single_flight()
     const auto origin = "https://resource-single-flight-" + unique_suffix + ".test/";
     const auto document_url = origin + "index.html";
     const auto script_url = origin + "shared.js";
+    const auto warmup_url = origin + "warmup.html";
     resource_server server{
         .content = {
+            {warmup_url, "<html><body>Warmup</body></html>"},
             {document_url,
                 "<html><body><script src=\"shared.js\"></script>"
                 "<script src=\"shared-ascii.js\"></script></body></html>"},
@@ -1915,6 +1917,15 @@ void test_process_wide_resource_load_single_flight()
     std::array<std::string, engine_count> results;
     for (size_t index = 0U; index < engine_count; ++index) {
         workers[index] = std::thread([&, index] {
+            // Engine creation is lazy: initialize each V8 realm on its owning
+            // thread before the release barrier. Otherwise a slow cold isolate
+            // can miss the entire resource flight (observed on Windows CI).
+            // Keep the waiter assertion below: this test must exercise overlap,
+            // not merely sequential cache hits.
+            require(webscene_engine_load_url(engines[index], warmup_url.data(), warmup_url.size()) != 0,
+                "resource single-flight warmup navigation was rejected");
+            require(evaluate(engines[index], "1", "single-flight-warmup.js") == "1",
+                "resource single-flight warmup was rejected");
             ready.fetch_add(1U, std::memory_order_release);
             while (!start.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
                 std::this_thread::yield();
@@ -1969,6 +1980,14 @@ void test_process_wide_resource_load_single_flight()
             memory.v8_external_script_source_bytes
                 >= shared_script.size() + shared_ascii_script.size(),
             "large UTF-8 script source was copied into the V8 heap");
+        // Memory telemetry is sampled, not refreshed synchronously by its getter.
+        // A warmed realm can finish navigation within the five-second sample window.
+        for (int attempt = 0; memory.process_resource_mapped_cache_bytes < shared_script.size()
+                && attempt < 600; ++attempt) {
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
+            evaluate(engines[index], "1", "single-flight-memory-sample.js");
+            webscene_engine_get_memory_metrics(engines[index], &memory);
+        }
         mapped_resource_bytes = std::max(
             mapped_resource_bytes,
             memory.process_resource_mapped_cache_bytes);
@@ -1977,9 +1996,9 @@ void test_process_wide_resource_load_single_flight()
         mapped_resource_bytes >= shared_script.size(),
         "large persisted script resource was not retained as file-backed memory");
     require(
-        server.requests.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == 3,
-        "identical resources were loaded more than once across four engines");
-    require(leaders == 3U, "resource loads did not elect one producer per URL");
+        server.requests.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == 4,
+        "identical resources (including warmup) were loaded more than once across four engines");
+    require(leaders == 4U, "resource loads did not elect one producer per URL");
     require(waiters > 0U, "concurrent resource loads did not record waiters");
     require(memory_hits > 0U, "resource waiters did not consume shared results");
     require(shared_bytes > 0U, "resource waiters did not share immutable response bytes");
diff --git a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_tests.cpp b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_tests.cpp
index 45f850c46..24f31d183 100644
--- a/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_tests.cpp
+++ b/experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/tests/native_v8_runtime_tests.cpp
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ int main()
     if (const auto* filter = std::getenv("WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_TEST_FILTER");
         filter != nullptr) {
         const auto selected = std::string_view(filter);
+        if (selected == "async-save-publication") { test_async_save_acknowledgement_publishes_without_pointer_input(); return 0; }
         if (selected == "youtube-embed") { test_youtube_embed_fallback(); return 0; }
         if (selected == "table-cell-copy") { test_table_cell_click_copies_text_to_host(); return 0; }
         if (selected == "resource-failure-diagnostics") { test_resource_failure_diagnostics(); return 0; }
@@ -340,6 +341,7 @@ int main()
             auto* engine = webscene_engine_create(0);
             require(engine != nullptr, "inheritance engine creation failed");
             test_dimension_custom_property_inheritance(engine);
+    test_geometry_variable_positions(engine);
             webscene_engine_destroy(engine);
             return 0;
         }
@@ -375,6 +377,7 @@ int main()
             webscene_engine_destroy(focused_engine);
             return 0;
         }
+        if (selected == "canvas-prefix-hint") { test_canvas_prefix_hint_tracks_append_and_reset(); return 0; }
         if (selected == "canvas-text-metrics") {
             test_canvas_text_metrics_use_host_font_axes();
             return 0;
@@ -558,6 +561,7 @@ int main()
     test_mixed_continuous_input_backlog_is_coalesced();
     test_pressed_drag_moves_remain_dispatchable_after_threshold();
     test_mouse_moves_are_raf_aligned_at_compositor_cadence();
+    test_canvas_prefix_hint_tracks_append_and_reset();
     test_controlled_switch_native_activation_matches_browser_semantics();
     test_tradingview_switch_repeated_transitions_publish_dense_scenes();
     test_loaded_document_keeps_html_and_body_cascade_distinct();
diff --git a/packaging/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime.csproj b/packaging/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime.csproj
index 1d5d7f405..039f36b91 100644
--- a/packaging/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime.csproj
+++ b/packaging/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime.csproj
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
   <PropertyGroup>
     <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <IsPackable>true</IsPackable>
+    <WebSceneNativeEngineMedia Condition="'$(WebSceneNativeEngineMedia)' == ''">false</WebSceneNativeEngineMedia>
+    <WebSceneNativeEngineGraphics>false</WebSceneNativeEngineGraphics>
+    <WebSceneNativeEngineGraphics Condition="'$(WebSceneGraphicsPackageProps)' != ''">true</WebSceneNativeEngineGraphics>
     <IncludeBuildOutput>false</IncludeBuildOutput>
     <SuppressDependenciesWhenPacking>true</SuppressDependenciesWhenPacking>
     <PackageId Condition="'$(WebSceneNativeEngineRid)' != ''">WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime.$(WebSceneNativeEngineRid)</PackageId>
@@ -50,6 +53,7 @@
     <WebSceneNativeV8LicensePackagePath>$(WebSceneNativePackageMetadataDir)V8-LICENSE.txt</WebSceneNativeV8LicensePackagePath>
     <WebSceneNativeIcuLicensePackagePath>$(WebSceneNativePackageMetadataDir)ICU-LICENSE.txt</WebSceneNativeIcuLicensePackagePath>
     <WebSceneNativeIXWebSocketLicensePackagePath>$(WebSceneNativePackageMetadataDir)IXWebSocket-LICENSE.txt</WebSceneNativeIXWebSocketLicensePackagePath>
+    <WebSceneNativeMiniaudioLicensePackagePath>$(WebSceneNativePackageMetadataDir)Miniaudio-LICENSE.txt</WebSceneNativeMiniaudioLicensePackagePath>
     <WebSceneNativeMbedTlsLicensePackagePath>$(WebSceneNativePackageMetadataDir)MbedTLS-LICENSE.txt</WebSceneNativeMbedTlsLicensePackagePath>
     <WebSceneNativeHtmlParserNoticesPackagePath>$(WebSceneNativePackageMetadataDir)HTML-PARSER-THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES.md</WebSceneNativeHtmlParserNoticesPackagePath>
   </PropertyGroup>
@@ -84,6 +88,8 @@
     <None Include="$(WebSceneNativeIXWebSocketLicensePackagePath)"
           Pack="true"
           PackagePath="licenses\IXWebSocket-LICENSE.txt" />
+    <None Include="$(WebSceneNativeMiniaudioLicensePackagePath)" Pack="true" Visible="false"
+          PackagePath="licenses\Miniaudio-LICENSE.txt" Condition="'$(WebSceneNativeEngineMedia)' == 'true'" />
     <None Include="$(WebSceneNativeMbedTlsLicensePackagePath)"
           Pack="true"
           PackagePath="licenses\MbedTLS-LICENSE.txt"
@@ -100,6 +106,8 @@
           PackagePath="buildTransitive\$(PackageId).props" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
+  <Import Project="$(WebSceneGraphicsPackageProps)" Condition="'$(WebSceneGraphicsPackageProps)' != ''" />
+
   <Target Name="ValidateWebSceneNativeEnginePackage" BeforeTargets="GenerateNuspec">
     <Error Condition="'$(WebSceneNativeEngineRid)' == '' or '$(WebSceneNativeEnginePath)' == '' or '$(WebSceneNativeEngineIcuDataPath)' == ''"
            Text="Packing the native WebScene runtime requires WebSceneNativeEngineRid, WebSceneNativeEnginePath, and WebSceneNativeEngineIcuDataPath." />
@@ -109,6 +117,8 @@
            Text="The configured WebScene native engine does not exist: $(WebSceneNativeEnginePath)" />
     <Error Condition="!Exists('$(WebSceneNativeEngineIcuDataPath)')"
            Text="The configured V8 ICU data does not exist: $(WebSceneNativeEngineIcuDataPath)" />
+    <Error Condition="'$(WebSceneNativeEngineMedia)' == 'true' and !Exists('$(WebSceneNativeEngineMiniaudioLicensePath)')"
+           Text="Media-enabled runtime packaging requires the pinned Miniaudio license." />
     <Error Condition="!Exists('$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8LicensePath)') or !Exists('$(WebSceneNativeEngineIcuLicensePath)') or !Exists('$(WebSceneNativeEngineIXWebSocketLicensePath)')"
            Text="Packing the native WebScene runtime requires valid V8, ICU, and IXWebSocket license files." />
     <Error Condition="$([System.String]::Copy('$(WebSceneNativeEngineRid)').StartsWith('win-')) and !Exists('$(WebSceneNativeEngineMbedTlsLicensePath)')"
@@ -165,6 +175,8 @@
           BeforeTargets="GenerateNuspec"
           DependsOnTargets="ValidateWebSceneNativeEnginePackage">
     <MakeDir Directories="$(WebSceneNativePackageMetadataDir)" />
+    <Copy SourceFiles="$(WebSceneNativeEngineMiniaudioLicensePath)" DestinationFiles="$(WebSceneNativeMiniaudioLicensePackagePath)"
+          Condition="'$(WebSceneNativeEngineMedia)' == 'true'" />
     <Copy SourceFiles="$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8LicensePath)"
           DestinationFiles="$(WebSceneNativeV8LicensePackagePath)" />
     <Copy SourceFiles="$(WebSceneNativeEngineIcuLicensePath)"
@@ -201,7 +213,7 @@
                       Lines="{&quot;schemaVersion&quot;:2,&quot;packageVersion&quot;:&quot;$(PackageVersion)&quot;,&quot;runtimeIdentifier&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineRid)&quot;,&quot;fileName&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedFileName)&quot;,&quot;sha256&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineHash)&quot;,&quot;icuFileName&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedIcuFileName)&quot;,&quot;icuSha256&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineIcuHash)&quot;,&quot;snapshotFileName&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedSnapshotFileName)&quot;,&quot;snapshotSha256&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineSnapshotHash)&quot;,&quot;snapshotMetadataFileName&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedSnapshotMetadataFileName)&quot;,&quot;snapshotMetadataSha256&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineSnapshotMetadataHash)&quot;,&quot;abiVersion&quot;:$(WebSceneNativeEngineAbiVersion),&quot;v8Revision&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8Revision)&quot;,&quot;htmlParser&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineHtmlParser)&quot;,&quot;cssParser&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineCssParser)&quot;,&quot;selectorParser&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineSelectorParser)&quot;,&quot;domBindings&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineDomBindings)&quot;,&quot;v8Snapshot&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8Snapshot)&quot;,&quot;v8PointerCompression&quot;:$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8PointerCompression),&quot;v8SharedCage&quot;:$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8SharedCage),&quot;v8OptimizeForSizeDefault&quot;:$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8OptimizeForSizeDefault),&quot;v8PartitionAlloc&quot;:$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8PartitionAlloc),&quot;v8Inspector&quot;:$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8Inspector),&quot;denseLink&quot;:$(WebSceneNativeEngineDenseLink),&quot;thinLto&quot;:$(WebSceneNativeEngineThinLto),&quot;certificationTelemetry&quot;:$(WebSceneNativeEngineCertificationTelemetry),&quot;configuration&quot;:&quot;$(WebSceneNativeEngineConfiguration)&quot;}"
                       Overwrite="true" />
     <WriteLinesToFile File="$(WebSceneNativePropsPath)"
-                      Lines="&lt;Project&gt;&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedRid&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineRid)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedRid&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedFileName&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedFileName)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedFileName&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedIcuFileName&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedIcuFileName)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedIcuFileName&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedSnapshotFileName&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedSnapshotFileName)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedSnapshotFileName&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedSnapshotMetadataFileName&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedSnapshotMetadataFileName)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedSnapshotMetadataFileName&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedAbi&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineAbiVersion)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedAbi&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineHtmlParser&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineHtmlParser)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineHtmlParser&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineCssParser&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineCssParser)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineCssParser&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineSelectorParser&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineSelectorParser)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineSelectorParser&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineDomBindings&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineDomBindings)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineDomBindings&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineV8Snapshot&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8Snapshot)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineV8Snapshot&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineV8PointerCompression&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8PointerCompression)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineV8PointerCompression&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineV8SharedCage&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8SharedCage)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineV8SharedCage&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineV8OptimizeForSizeDefault&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8OptimizeForSizeDefault)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineV8OptimizeForSizeDefault&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineV8PartitionAlloc&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8PartitionAlloc)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineV8PartitionAlloc&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineDenseLink&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineDenseLink)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineDenseLink&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineThinLto&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineThinLto)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineThinLto&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineCertificationTelemetry&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineCertificationTelemetry)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineCertificationTelemetry&gt;&lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;&lt;/Project&gt;"
+                      Lines="&lt;Project&gt;&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedRid&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineRid)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedRid&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedFileName&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedFileName)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedFileName&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedIcuFileName&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedIcuFileName)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedIcuFileName&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedSnapshotFileName&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedSnapshotFileName)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedSnapshotFileName&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedSnapshotMetadataFileName&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineExpectedSnapshotMetadataFileName)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedSnapshotMetadataFileName&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineGraphics&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineGraphics)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineGraphics&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedAbi&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineAbiVersion)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedAbi&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineHtmlParser&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineHtmlParser)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineHtmlParser&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineCssParser&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineCssParser)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineCssParser&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineSelectorParser&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineSelectorParser)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineSelectorParser&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineDomBindings&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineDomBindings)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineDomBindings&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineV8Snapshot&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8Snapshot)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineV8Snapshot&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineV8PointerCompression&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8PointerCompression)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineV8PointerCompression&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineV8SharedCage&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8SharedCage)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineV8SharedCage&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineV8OptimizeForSizeDefault&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8OptimizeForSizeDefault)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineV8OptimizeForSizeDefault&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineV8PartitionAlloc&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8PartitionAlloc)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineV8PartitionAlloc&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineDenseLink&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineDenseLink)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineDenseLink&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineThinLto&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineThinLto)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineThinLto&gt;&lt;WebSceneNativeEngineCertificationTelemetry&gt;$(WebSceneNativeEngineCertificationTelemetry)&lt;/WebSceneNativeEngineCertificationTelemetry&gt;&lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;&lt;/Project&gt;"
                       Overwrite="true" />
   </Target>
 </Project>
diff --git a/packaging/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime.targets b/packaging/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime.targets
index 782f6047b..84ac9b113 100644
--- a/packaging/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime.targets
+++ b/packaging/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime/WebScene.NativeEngine.Runtime.targets
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@
   <Target Name="ValidateWebSceneNativeRuntimePackage"
           BeforeTargets="PrepareForBuild"
           Condition="'$(WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedRid)' != ''">
+    <Error Condition="'$(WebSceneNativeEngineGraphics)' == 'true' and !Exists('$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)graphics/WebScene.NativeEngine.Graphics.targets')"
+           Text="Native graphics package is corrupt; its graphics build targets are missing." />
     <Error Condition="'$(RuntimeIdentifier)' != '' and '$(RuntimeIdentifier)' != '$(WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedRid)'"
            Text="WebScene native runtime package RID '$(WebSceneNativeEnginePackagedRid)' does not match target RuntimeIdentifier '$(RuntimeIdentifier)'." />
     <Error Condition="!Exists('$(WebSceneNativeEnginePackageAsset)')"
@@ -54,4 +56,6 @@
     <Error Condition="'$(WebSceneNativeEngineV8Snapshot)' == 'bootstrap' and !Exists('$(WebSceneNativeEnginePackageSnapshotMetadata)')"
            Text="WebScene native runtime package is corrupt; V8 bootstrap snapshot metadata is missing: $(WebSceneNativeEnginePackageSnapshotMetadata)" />
   </Target>
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)graphics/WebScene.NativeEngine.Graphics.targets"
+          Condition="Exists('$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)graphics/WebScene.NativeEngine.Graphics.targets')" />
 </Project>
diff --git a/scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.ps1 b/scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.ps1
index 923fb8c0e..ee40f55e8 100644
--- a/scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.ps1
+++ b/scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.ps1
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ param(
     [string] $V8Root,
     [string] $V8Workspace,
     [string] $V8Revision = "15.3.10",
+    [string] $GraphicsSdk,
 
     [ValidateSet("legacy", "html5ever")]
     [string] $HtmlParser = "html5ever",
@@ -43,6 +44,12 @@ $buildVariant = "-$HtmlParser-$CssParser-$SelectorParser-$DomBindings-$V8Snapsho
 $buildVariant += if ($ThinLto) { "-thinlto" } else { "" }
 $buildVariant += if ($PartitionAlloc) { "-partitionalloc" } else { "" }
 $buildVariant += "-inspector"
+$graphicsCMake = "OFF"
+if ($GraphicsSdk) {
+    $GraphicsSdk = (Resolve-Path $GraphicsSdk).Path
+    $graphicsCMake = "ON"
+    $buildVariant += "-graphics"
+}
 if (($CssParser -eq "cssparser" -or $SelectorParser -eq "servo") -and $HtmlParser -ne "html5ever") {
     throw "Servo CSS components require -HtmlParser html5ever."
 }
@@ -199,6 +206,9 @@ $buildDir = if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($BuildDirectory)) {
 & cmake -S (Join-Path $repoRoot "experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe") -B $buildDir `
     -A $(if ($cpu -eq "arm64") { "ARM64" } else { "x64" }) `
     -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8=ON `
+    -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA=ON `
+    "-DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS=$graphicsCMake" `
+    "-DWEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT=$GraphicsSdk" `
     -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8_INSPECTOR=ON `
     -DWEBSCENE_V8_POINTER_COMPRESSION=ON `
     -DWEBSCENE_V8_POINTER_COMPRESSION_SHARED_CAGE=ON `
@@ -227,11 +237,15 @@ if ($V8Snapshot -eq "bootstrap") {
     Copy-Item $snapshotPath (Join-Path $buildDir "Release/webscene_bootstrap_snapshot.bin") -Force
     Copy-Item $snapshotMetadataPath (Join-Path $buildDir "Release/webscene_bootstrap_snapshot.meta") -Force
 }
-& ctest --test-dir $buildDir -C Release --output-on-failure
+$ctestArgs = @('--test-dir', $buildDir, '-C', 'Release', '--output-on-failure')
+if ($env:WEBSCENE_NATIVE_SKIP_HARDWARE_TESTS -eq '1') { $ctestArgs += @('-LE', 'hardware') }
+& ctest @ctestArgs
 if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "Native WebScene engine tests failed." }
 
 $nativePath = Join-Path $buildDir "Release/webscene_native_engine.dll"
 if (-not (Test-Path $nativePath)) { throw "Native engine build did not produce '$nativePath'." }
+$miniaudioLicense = Join-Path $buildDir "webscene-miniaudio-LICENSE"
+if (-not (Test-Path $miniaudioLicense)) { throw "Miniaudio license is missing from the media-enabled native build." }
 $ixWebSocketLicense = Join-Path $buildDir "_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/LICENSE.txt"
 $mbedTlsLicense = Join-Path $buildDir "_deps/webscene_mbedtls-src/LICENSE"
 if (-not (Test-Path $ixWebSocketLicense)) {
@@ -247,6 +261,8 @@ $packArguments = @(
     "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineRid=$Rid",
     "-p:WebSceneNativeEnginePath=$nativePath",
     "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineIcuDataPath=$icuData",
+    "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineMedia=true",
+    "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineMiniaudioLicensePath=$miniaudioLicense",
     "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineV8LicensePath=$v8License",
     "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineIcuLicensePath=$icuLicense",
     "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineIXWebSocketLicensePath=$ixWebSocketLicense",
@@ -273,6 +289,13 @@ if ($HtmlParser -eq "html5ever") {
     $packArguments += "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineHtmlParserNoticesPath=$(Join-Path $repoRoot 'experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/html_parser/THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES.md')"
 }
 $packArguments += "-p:PackageVersion=$PackageVersion"
+if ($GraphicsSdk) {
+    $graphicsStage = Join-Path $buildDir ("graphics-package-" + [guid]::NewGuid().ToString('N'))
+    & python (Join-Path $repoRoot 'eng/graphics/stage-runtime.py') --sdk $GraphicsSdk `
+        --native (Join-Path $buildDir 'Release') --rid $Rid --output $graphicsStage
+    if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw 'Failed to stage verified graphics dependencies.' }
+    $packArguments += "-p:WebSceneGraphicsPackageProps=$(Join-Path $graphicsStage 'GraphicsPackage.props')"
+}
 & dotnet @packArguments
 if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "Failed to pack the native WebScene engine." }
 
@@ -298,6 +321,11 @@ try {
         --output (Join-Path $buildDir "wpt-results")
     if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "Required native compatibility profile failed." }
 
+    & dotnet run --project (Join-Path $repoRoot "tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/WebScene.WebPlatformSubset.Runner.csproj") `
+        -c Release -- --manifest (Join-Path $repoRoot "tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-media-runtime-profile.json") `
+        --selection required --native-library $packageNativePath --output (Join-Path $buildDir "media-contracts")
+    if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "Required native media/audio contracts failed." }
+
     $previousNativeEnginePath = $env:WEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_PATH
     $previousTestNativeLibrary = $env:WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY
     $env:WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY = $packageNativePath
@@ -354,6 +382,9 @@ try {
     if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "Failed to build the native runtime package consumer." }
     $consumerOutput = Join-Path $consumerDir "bin/Release/net8.0/$Rid"
     $copiedAssets = @("webscene_native_engine.dll", "icudtl.dat", "webscene-native-runtime.json")
+    if ($GraphicsSdk) {
+        $copiedAssets += @("webgpu_dawn.dll", "d3dcompiler_47.dll", "libEGL.dll", "libGLESv2.dll", "webscene-graphics-runtime.json")
+    }
     if ($V8Snapshot -eq "bootstrap") {
         $copiedAssets += @("webscene_bootstrap_snapshot.bin", "webscene_bootstrap_snapshot.meta")
     }
diff --git a/scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.sh b/scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.sh
index 218fd2fda..bfc37a780 100755
--- a/scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.sh
+++ b/scripts/build-native-engine-runtime.sh
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@ thin_lto=false
 upstream_v8=false
 disable_wasm=false
 partition_alloc=false
+graphics_sdk=
 cmake_build_type=Release
 
 usage() {
-  echo "Usage: $0 --rid osx-arm64|osx-x64|linux-arm64|linux-x64 [--output DIR] [--package-version VERSION] [--v8-root DIR] [--v8-output-root DIR] [--v8-workspace DIR] [--v8-revision REVISION] [--html-parser legacy|html5ever] [--css-parser legacy|cssparser] [--selector-parser legacy|servo] [--dom-bindings legacy|generated] [--v8-snapshot none|bootstrap] [--cmake-build-type Release|RelWithDebInfo] [--upstream-v8] [--thin-lto] [--disable-wasm] [--partition-alloc]" >&2
+  echo "Usage: $0 --rid osx-arm64|osx-x64|linux-arm64|linux-x64 [--output DIR] [--package-version VERSION] [--v8-root DIR] [--v8-output-root DIR] [--v8-workspace DIR] [--v8-revision REVISION] [--html-parser legacy|html5ever] [--css-parser legacy|cssparser] [--selector-parser legacy|servo] [--dom-bindings legacy|generated] [--v8-snapshot none|bootstrap] [--cmake-build-type Release|RelWithDebInfo] [--upstream-v8] [--thin-lto] [--disable-wasm] [--partition-alloc] [--graphics-sdk DIR]" >&2
 }
 
 while (($# > 0)); do
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ while (($# > 0)); do
     --thin-lto) thin_lto=true; shift ;;
     --disable-wasm) disable_wasm=true; shift ;;
     --partition-alloc) partition_alloc=true; shift ;;
+    --graphics-sdk) graphics_sdk="${2:-}"; shift 2 ;;
     -h|--help) usage; exit 0 ;;
     *) echo "Unknown option: $1" >&2; usage; exit 1 ;;
   esac
@@ -88,6 +90,12 @@ fi
 
 v8_configuration=Release
 build_variant="-$html_parser-$css_parser-$selector_parser-$dom_bindings-$v8_snapshot"
+graphics_cmake=OFF
+if [[ -n "$graphics_sdk" ]]; then
+  graphics_sdk="$(cd "$graphics_sdk" && pwd)"
+  graphics_cmake=ON
+  build_variant+=-graphics
+fi
 if [[ "$cmake_build_type" == RelWithDebInfo ]]; then
   build_variant+=-symbols
 fi
@@ -298,6 +306,9 @@ cmake_args=(
   -B "$build_dir"
   -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE="$cmake_build_type"
   -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8=ON
+  -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_MEDIA=ON
+  -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_GRAPHICS="$graphics_cmake"
+  -DWEBSCENE_GRAPHICS_SDK_ROOT="$graphics_sdk"
   -DWEBSCENE_NATIVE_ENGINE_ENABLE_V8_INSPECTOR=ON
   -DWEBSCENE_V8_POINTER_COMPRESSION=ON
   -DWEBSCENE_V8_POINTER_COMPRESSION_SHARED_CAGE=ON
@@ -367,7 +378,13 @@ fi
 cmake "${cmake_args[@]}"
 cmake --build "$build_dir" --config "$cmake_build_type" --parallel
 cmake -E copy_if_different "$icu_data" "$build_dir/icudtl.dat"
-ctest --test-dir "$build_dir" -C "$cmake_build_type" --output-on-failure
+ctest_args=(--test-dir "$build_dir" -C "$cmake_build_type" --output-on-failure)
+# Hosted package builders prove linkage and CPU contracts; real GPU execution
+# remains mandatory on the explicitly enrolled hardware qualification runners.
+if [[ "${WEBSCENE_NATIVE_SKIP_HARDWARE_TESTS:-0}" == 1 ]]; then
+  ctest_args+=(-LE hardware)
+fi
+ctest "${ctest_args[@]}"
 
 native_path="$build_dir/$native_name"
 if [[ ! -f "$native_path" ]]; then
@@ -390,6 +407,11 @@ if [[ "$v8_snapshot" == bootstrap \
   echo "Native engine build did not produce its bootstrap snapshot sidecars." >&2
   exit 1
 fi
+miniaudio_license="$build_dir/webscene-miniaudio-LICENSE"
+if [[ ! -f "$miniaudio_license" ]]; then
+  echo "Miniaudio license is missing from the media-enabled native build." >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
 ixwebsocket_license="$build_dir/_deps/webscene_ixwebsocket-src/LICENSE.txt"
 if [[ ! -f "$ixwebsocket_license" ]]; then
   echo "IXWebSocket license was not found at '$ixwebsocket_license'." >&2
@@ -410,6 +432,8 @@ pack_args=(
   "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineRid=$rid"
   "-p:WebSceneNativeEnginePath=$native_path"
   "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineIcuDataPath=$icu_data"
+  "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineMedia=true"
+  "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineMiniaudioLicensePath=$miniaudio_license"
   "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineV8LicensePath=$v8_license"
   "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineIcuLicensePath=$icu_license"
   "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineIXWebSocketLicensePath=$ixwebsocket_license"
@@ -428,6 +452,12 @@ pack_args=(
   "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineV8Snapshot=$v8_snapshot"
   "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineConfiguration=$cmake_build_type"
 )
+if [[ -n "$graphics_sdk" ]]; then
+  graphics_stage_root="$(mktemp -d "$build_dir/graphics-package.XXXXXX")"
+  python3 "$repo_root/eng/graphics/stage-runtime.py" --sdk "$graphics_sdk" --native "$build_dir" \
+    --rid "$rid" --output "$graphics_stage_root/assets"
+  pack_args+=("-p:WebSceneGraphicsPackageProps=$graphics_stage_root/assets/GraphicsPackage.props")
+fi
 if [[ "$v8_snapshot" == bootstrap ]]; then
   pack_args+=(
     "-p:WebSceneNativeEngineSnapshotPath=$snapshot_path"
@@ -459,6 +489,16 @@ WEBSCENE_VARIABLE_FONT_INSTANCING=1 dotnet run \
   --native-cache-directory "$build_dir/code-cache" \
   --output "$build_dir/wpt-results"
 
+media_profiles=(webscene-media-runtime-profile.json)
+if [[ "$expected_kernel" == Darwin ]]; then
+  media_profiles+=(webscene-macos-video-runtime-profile.json)
+fi
+for profile in "${media_profiles[@]}"; do
+  dotnet run --project "$repo_root/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/WebScene.WebPlatformSubset.Runner.csproj" \
+    -c Release -- --manifest "$repo_root/tests/WebPlatformSubset/$profile" --selection required \
+    --native-library "$package_native_path" --output "$build_dir/$profile-results"
+done
+
 WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY="$package_native_path" \
   WEBSCENE_VARIABLE_FONT_INSTANCING=1 \
   dotnet test "$repo_root/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests.csproj" \
@@ -498,6 +538,14 @@ NUGET_PACKAGES="$consumer_root/packages" dotnet restore \
 NUGET_PACKAGES="$consumer_root/packages" dotnet build \
   "$consumer_dir/consumer.csproj" -c Release -r "$rid" --no-restore
 copied_assets=("$native_name" icudtl.dat webscene-native-runtime.json)
+if [[ -n "$graphics_sdk" ]]; then
+  graphics_suffix=.so
+  if [[ "$expected_kernel" == Darwin ]]; then graphics_suffix=.dylib; fi
+  copied_assets+=("libwebgpu_dawn$graphics_suffix" webscene-graphics-runtime.json)
+  if [[ "$expected_kernel" != Darwin ]]; then
+    copied_assets+=("libEGL$graphics_suffix" "libGLESv2$graphics_suffix")
+  fi
+fi
 if [[ "$v8_snapshot" == bootstrap ]]; then
   copied_assets+=(webscene_bootstrap_snapshot.bin webscene_bootstrap_snapshot.meta)
 fi
diff --git a/scripts/compare-native-resize-cadence.py b/scripts/compare-native-resize-cadence.py
index 9996a4746..07833600c 100755
--- a/scripts/compare-native-resize-cadence.py
+++ b/scripts/compare-native-resize-cadence.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def read_samples(directory: pathlib.Path, minimum: int) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
         raise RuntimeError(
             f"{directory}: expected at least {minimum} JSON samples, found {len(paths)}")
     samples = [json.loads(path.read_text()) for path in paths]
-    if any(sample.get("schema") != "webscene-native-resize-cadence-v1" for sample in samples):
+    if any(sample.get("schema") != "webscene-native-resize-cadence-v2" for sample in samples):
         raise RuntimeError(f"{directory}: contains a non-resize-cadence sample")
     return samples
 
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ def main() -> int:
     parser.add_argument("--output", required=True, type=pathlib.Path)
     parser.add_argument("--minimum-samples", type=int, default=10)
     parser.add_argument("--require-material-improvement", action="store_true")
-    parser.add_argument("--require-vsync", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument("--require-vsync", action="store_true", help="Require actual presentation evidence; headless samples cannot pass")
+    parser.add_argument("--require-cpu-cadence", action="store_true")
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     control = read_samples(args.control_dir, args.minimum_samples)
@@ -73,15 +74,15 @@ def main() -> int:
         "renderLatencyMilliseconds.p95",
         "publicationLatencyMilliseconds.p95",
         "publicationToRenderLatencyMilliseconds.p95",
-        "presentationIntervalMilliseconds.p95",
-        "presentationIntervalMilliseconds.maximum",
+        "drawCallbackIntervalMilliseconds.p95",
+        "drawCallbackIntervalMilliseconds.maximum",
         "dispatchMilliseconds.average",
         "normalizedProcessCpuPercent",
         "layoutPassesPerAppliedResize",
     )
     higher_is_better = (
         "renderedFramesPerSecond",
-        "presentationFramesPerSecond",
+        "drawCallbackCompletionsPerSecond",
     )
     metrics: dict[str, Any] = {}
     failures: list[str] = []
@@ -112,17 +113,22 @@ def main() -> int:
     if args.require_material_improvement and not material:
         failures.append("candidate did not meet the material-improvement threshold")
     vsync_passes = sum(
-        sample["practicalVsyncGate"]["passed"] is True for sample in candidate)
-    if args.require_vsync and vsync_passes != len(candidate):
+        sample["cpuCadenceGate"]["passed"] is True for sample in candidate)
+    if args.require_cpu_cadence and vsync_passes != len(candidate):
         failures.append(
-            f"practical vsync gate passed in {vsync_passes}/{len(candidate)} candidate runs")
+            f"CPU cadence gate passed in {vsync_passes}/{len(candidate)} candidate runs")
+
+    if args.require_vsync:
+        failures.append("Physical vsync is not measurable by this headless draw-callback benchmark")
 
     report = {
-        "schema": "webscene-native-resize-comparison-v1",
+        "measurementScope": "headless-cpu-draw-callback",
+        "physicalPresentationVerified": False,
+        "schema": "webscene-native-resize-comparison-v2",
         "controlSamples": len(control),
         "candidateSamples": len(candidate),
         "materialImprovement": material,
-        "candidateVsyncPasses": vsync_passes,
+        "candidateCpuCadencePasses": vsync_passes,
         "metrics": metrics,
         "failures": failures,
         "passed": not failures,
diff --git a/scripts/test-windows-kestrel.ps1 b/scripts/test-windows-kestrel.ps1
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c654c0c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/test-windows-kestrel.ps1
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+[CmdletBinding()]
+param(
+    [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)] [string] $NativeLibrary,
+    [string] $OutputDirectory,
+    [switch] $VSync,
+    [ValidateRange(1, 20)] [int] $StartupRepetitions = 3
+)
+
+$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+if (-not [System.Runtime.InteropServices.RuntimeInformation]::IsOSPlatform(
+    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.OSPlatform]::Windows)) { throw 'This probe requires Windows.' }
+$repoRoot = Split-Path -Parent $PSScriptRoot
+$NativeLibrary = (Resolve-Path -LiteralPath $NativeLibrary).Path
+if (-not $OutputDirectory) { $OutputDirectory = Join-Path $repoRoot 'artifacts/windows-kestrel-verification' }
+$OutputDirectory = [IO.Path]::GetFullPath($OutputDirectory)
+New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $OutputDirectory -Force | Out-Null
+$probeProject = Join-Path $repoRoot 'experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe'
+$probe = Join-Path $probeProject 'bin/Release/net10.0/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe.dll'
+$fixture = Join-Path $repoRoot 'tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-CAD.zip'
+& python (Join-Path $repoRoot 'tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py')
+if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw 'Immutable Kestrel fixture verification failed.' }
+& dotnet build $probeProject -c Release *> (Join-Path $OutputDirectory 'build.log')
+if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw 'GPU host probe build failed; see build.log.' }
+
+$workloads = @(
+    @{ Name = 'pan'; Arguments = @('--pan-kestrel'); Marker = 'Kestrel pan workload validated' },
+    @{ Name = 'sidebar-resize'; Arguments = @('--sidebar-kestrel', '--resize-kestrel'); Marker = 'Kestrel sidebar workload validated' },
+    @{ Name = 'continuous-resize'; Arguments = @('--continuous-resize-kestrel'); Marker = 'Kestrel continuous window resize workload validated' },
+    @{ Name = 'edit'; Arguments = @('--edit-kestrel'); Marker = 'Kestrel edit:' }
+)
+for ($index = 1; $index -le $StartupRepetitions; $index++) {
+    $workloads += @{ Name = "startup-$index"; Arguments = @(); Marker = 'Kestrel WebGPU startup check passed' }
+}
+$previousLibrary = $env:WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY
+$results = @()
+try {
+    $env:WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY = $NativeLibrary
+    foreach ($workload in $workloads) {
+        $log = Join-Path $OutputDirectory ($workload.Name + '.log')
+        $hostMode = if ($VSync) { '--webgpu-vsync' } else { '--webgpu-document' }
+        $probeArguments = @($probe, $hostMode, '--kestrel', $fixture, '--verify-kestrel') + $workload.Arguments
+        & dotnet @probeArguments *> $log
+        $exitCode = $LASTEXITCODE
+        $passed = $exitCode -eq 0 -and
+            (Select-String -LiteralPath $log -SimpleMatch 'Kestrel WebGPU startup check passed' -Quiet) -and
+            (Select-String -LiteralPath $log -SimpleMatch $workload.Marker -Quiet)
+        $results += @{ workload = $workload.Name; exitCode = $exitCode; passed = $passed; log = $log }
+        Write-Host "$($workload.Name): $(if ($passed) {'passed'} else {'FAILED'})"
+        if (-not $passed) { throw "Kestrel workload failed: $log" }
+    }
+}
+finally {
+    $env:WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY = $previousLibrary
+    @{
+        scope = 'Windows Avalonia WebGPU workloads and awaited shutdown; not physical presentation or epic qualification'
+        capturedAtUtc = [DateTime]::UtcNow.ToString('o')
+        nativeLibrary = $NativeLibrary
+        hostMode = $(if ($VSync) { 'compositor-clock' } else { 'default' })
+        incrementalCanvasGpu = ($env:WEBSCENE_INCREMENTAL_CANVAS_GPU -eq '1')
+        asynchronousCanvasPreparation = ($env:WEBSCENE_ASYNC_CANVAS_PREPARATION -eq '1')
+        nativeSha256 = (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $NativeLibrary -Algorithm SHA256).Hash.ToLowerInvariant()
+        fixtureSha256 = (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $fixture -Algorithm SHA256).Hash.ToLowerInvariant()
+        workloads = $results
+    } | ConvertTo-Json -Depth 5 | Set-Content -LiteralPath (Join-Path $OutputDirectory 'results.json')
+}
diff --git a/scripts/test_compare_native_resize_cadence.py b/scripts/test_compare_native_resize_cadence.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b0cf4392
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/test_compare_native_resize_cadence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""Keep headless callback measurements separate from physical presentation gates."""
+import contextlib
+import importlib.util
+import io
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("resize_compare", Path(__file__).with_name("compare-native-resize-cadence.py"))
+compare = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(compare)
+
+
+class ResizeMeasurementScopeTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_legacy_ambiguous_measurement_is_rejected(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
+            root = Path(directory)
+            (root / "sample.json").write_text(json.dumps({"schema": "webscene-native-resize-cadence-v1"}))
+            with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+                compare.read_samples(root, 1)
+
+    def test_good_cpu_cadence_cannot_pass_physical_vsync(self):
+        sample = {"schema": "webscene-native-resize-cadence-v2",
+                  "cpuCadenceGate": {"passed": True},
+                  "renderedFramesPerSecond": 60,
+                  "drawCallbackCompletionsPerSecond": 60,
+                  "normalizedProcessCpuPercent": 10,
+                  "layoutPassesPerAppliedResize": 1,
+                  "dispatchMilliseconds": {"average": 1}}
+        for name in ["renderLatencyMilliseconds", "publicationLatencyMilliseconds",
+                     "publicationToRenderLatencyMilliseconds", "drawCallbackIntervalMilliseconds"]:
+            sample[name] = {"p95": 1, "maximum": 2}
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
+            root = Path(directory)
+            for name in ["control", "candidate"]:
+                (root / name).mkdir()
+                (root / name / "sample.json").write_text(json.dumps(sample))
+            output = root / "comparison.json"
+            args = ["compare", "--control-dir", str(root / "control"),
+                    "--candidate-dir", str(root / "candidate"), "--minimum-samples", "1",
+                    "--output", str(output), "--require-vsync"]
+            with patch.object(sys, "argv", args), contextlib.redirect_stdout(io.StringIO()):
+                self.assertEqual(compare.main(), 1)
+            report = json.loads(output.read_text())
+            self.assertFalse(report["passed"])
+            self.assertFalse(report["physicalPresentationVerified"])
+            self.assertEqual(report["candidateCpuCadencePasses"], 1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/scripts/verify-aot-warnings.py b/scripts/verify-aot-warnings.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0d7426de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/verify-aot-warnings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Reject trimming/AOT warnings in production source reached by a published host.
+
+Probe-only diagnostics and third-party warnings remain visible in the build log;
+this gate makes no claim about unreachable APIs or those external assemblies.
+"""
+import pathlib
+import re
+import sys
+
+lines = pathlib.Path(sys.argv[1]).read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace").splitlines()
+failures = [line for line in lines if re.search(r"(?:^|[/\\])src[/\\].*?: (?:Trim analysis |AOT analysis )warning IL\d+:", line)]
+if failures:
+    print("Production NativeAOT/trim warnings must be resolved:\n" + "\n".join(failures))
+    raise SystemExit(1)
+print("No NativeAOT/trim warnings in reachable production source.")
diff --git a/scripts/verify-release-packages.py b/scripts/verify-release-packages.py
index f72cf4c4d..a566fb9a7 100755
--- a/scripts/verify-release-packages.py
+++ b/scripts/verify-release-packages.py
@@ -130,6 +130,34 @@ def required_text(name: str) -> str:
     }
 
 
+def validate_graphics_runtime(archive: zipfile.ZipFile, rid: str) -> None:
+    expected = {
+        "osx-arm64": {"libwebgpu_dawn.dylib"},
+        "win-x64": {"webgpu_dawn.dll", "libEGL.dll", "libGLESv2.dll", "d3dcompiler_47.dll"},
+    }.get(rid)
+    if expected is None:
+        return  # Existing Linux packages remain non-GPU in this milestone.
+    prefix = f"runtimes/{rid}/native/"
+    name = prefix + "webscene-graphics-runtime.json"
+    if name not in archive.namelist():
+        raise RuntimeError(f"{rid}: missing graphics runtime manifest")
+    manifest = json.loads(archive.read(name))
+    if manifest.get("rid") != rid or set(manifest.get("libraries", {})) != expected:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"{rid}: graphics runtime library set is incomplete or unexpected")
+    components = {"dawn"} if rid == "osx-arm64" else {"dawn", "angle"}
+    if set(manifest.get("components", {})) != components:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"{rid}: incorrect graphics SDK components")
+    targets = "buildTransitive/graphics/WebScene.NativeEngine.Graphics.targets"
+    if targets not in archive.namelist():
+        raise RuntimeError(f"{rid}: missing transitive graphics publish targets")
+    for library, digest in manifest["libraries"].items():
+        asset = prefix + library
+        if asset not in archive.namelist() or hashlib.sha256(archive.read(asset)).hexdigest() != digest:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"{rid}: missing or corrupt graphics asset {library}")
+    if rid == "osx-arm64" and any(prefix + name in archive.namelist() for name in ("libEGL.dylib", "libGLESv2.dylib")):
+        raise RuntimeError("macOS Metal runtime must not ship ANGLE")
+
+
 def validate_native_runtime(
     package: pathlib.Path,
     runtime_identifier: str,
@@ -139,6 +167,7 @@ def validate_native_runtime(
         f"runtimes/{runtime_identifier}/native/webscene-native-runtime.json"
     )
     with zipfile.ZipFile(package) as archive:
+        validate_graphics_runtime(archive, runtime_identifier)
         if manifest_name not in archive.namelist():
             raise RuntimeError(f"{package}: missing {manifest_name}")
         manifest = json.loads(archive.read(manifest_name))
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AssemblyInfo.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AssemblyInfo.cs
index a7179b839..e16068aa1 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AssemblyInfo.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AssemblyInfo.cs
@@ -4,3 +4,5 @@
 [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("WebScene.NativeEngine.Benchmarks")]
 [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("WebScene.WebPlatformSubset.Runner")]
 [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("WebScene.GlyphDiagnostics")]
+
+[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("WebScene.GpuHost.Probe")]
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AvaloniaHostServices.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AvaloniaHostServices.cs
index f8c268ea3..d2b59d4e5 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AvaloniaHostServices.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AvaloniaHostServices.cs
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 using Avalonia;
 using Avalonia.Controls;
 using Avalonia.Input;
+#if WEBSCENE_AVALONIA12
+using Avalonia.Input.Platform;
+#endif
 using Avalonia.Platform;
 using Avalonia.Threading;
 using WebScene.Core;
@@ -348,20 +351,21 @@ public WebSceneTextResource LoadText(in WebSceneResourceRequest request)
         var specifier = request.Specifier;
         if (specifier.StartsWith("data:", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
         {
-            return new WebSceneTextResource(specifier, DecodeDataUri(specifier), specifier, null);
+            return new WebSceneTextResource(specifier, DecodeDataUri(specifier), specifier, null) { BinaryContent = request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Data ? new ReadOnlyMemory<byte>(DecodeBinaryDataUri(specifier)) : (ReadOnlyMemory<byte>?)null };
         }
 
         var resolved = ResolveAddress(specifier, request.BaseAddress);
         if (resolved.IsFile)
         {
-            return LoadFile(resolved.LocalPath);
+            return LoadFile(resolved.LocalPath, request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Data);
         }
 
         if (resolved.Scheme.Equals("avares", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
         {
             using var stream = AssetLoader.Open(resolved);
-            using var reader = new StreamReader(stream);
-            return new WebSceneTextResource(resolved.ToString(), reader.ReadToEnd(), resolved.ToString(), null);
+            using var memory = new MemoryStream();stream.CopyTo(memory);var bytes=memory.ToArray();
+            return new WebSceneTextResource(resolved.ToString(), Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes), resolved.ToString(), null)
+            { BinaryContent = request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Data ? new ReadOnlyMemory<byte>(bytes) : (ReadOnlyMemory<byte>?)null };
         }
 
         if (resolved.Scheme is "http" or "https")
@@ -386,11 +390,11 @@ public WebSceneTextResource LoadText(in WebSceneResourceRequest request)
             WebSceneTextResource resource;
             if (isSafeRead && TryResolveMountedResource(resolved, out var mountedPath))
             {
-                resource = LoadFile(mountedPath);
+                resource = LoadFile(mountedPath, request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Data);
             }
             else if (isSafeRead && TryResolvePackagedResource(resolved.AbsolutePath, out var packagedPath))
             {
-                resource = LoadFile(packagedPath);
+                resource = LoadFile(packagedPath, request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Data);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -464,14 +468,16 @@ public WebSceneTextResource LoadText(in WebSceneResourceRequest request)
                             null,
                             response.StatusCode);
                     }
+                    var binaryBytes = request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Data ? response.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult() : null;
                     resource = new WebSceneTextResource(
                         resolved.ToString(),
-                        request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Image
+                        binaryBytes is not null ? Encoding.UTF8.GetString(binaryBytes) : request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Image
                             ? Native.NativeImageResource.ToMarkup(response.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult())
                             : response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult(),
                         resolved.ToString(),
                         null)
                     {
+                        BinaryContent = binaryBytes is null ? (ReadOnlyMemory<byte>?)null : new ReadOnlyMemory<byte>(binaryBytes),
                         EntityTag = responseEntityTag,
                         LastModified = responseLastModified,
                         FreshUntil = cachePolicy.FreshUntil,
@@ -756,7 +762,7 @@ private Uri ResolveAddress(string specifier, string? baseAddress)
         return new Uri(Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(ScriptBaseDirectory, specifier)));
     }
 
-    private WebSceneTextResource LoadFile(string path)
+    private WebSceneTextResource LoadFile(string path, bool binary = false)
     {
         var fullPath = Path.GetFullPath(path);
         if (!File.Exists(fullPath) && string.IsNullOrEmpty(Path.GetExtension(fullPath)) && File.Exists(fullPath + ".js"))
@@ -780,7 +786,9 @@ private WebSceneTextResource LoadFile(string path)
             _resourceSearchDirectories.Add(directory);
         }
 
-        return new WebSceneTextResource(fullPath, File.ReadAllText(fullPath), fullPath, directory);
+        var bytes = binary ? File.ReadAllBytes(fullPath) : null;
+        return new WebSceneTextResource(fullPath, bytes is null ? File.ReadAllText(fullPath) : Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes), fullPath, directory)
+        { BinaryContent = bytes is null ? (ReadOnlyMemory<byte>?)null : new ReadOnlyMemory<byte>(bytes) };
     }
 
     private bool TryResolvePackagedResource(string resourcePath, out string fullPath)
@@ -940,7 +948,11 @@ internal sealed class AvaloniaClipboard : IWebSceneClipboard
     {
         try
         {
+#if WEBSCENE_AVALONIA12
+            return _topLevel.Clipboard?.TryGetTextAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult() ?? _lastText;
+#else
             return _topLevel.Clipboard?.GetTextAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult() ?? _lastText;
+#endif
         }
         catch
         {
@@ -974,6 +986,18 @@ public void SetData(string format, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> data)
 
         try
         {
+#if WEBSCENE_AVALONIA12
+            var item = new DataTransferItem();
+            item.Set(DataFormat.CreateBytesPlatformFormat(format), bytes);
+            if (format.Equals("image/png", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                item.Set(DataFormat.CreateBytesPlatformFormat("public.png"), bytes);
+                item.Set(DataFormat.CreateBytesPlatformFormat("PNG"), bytes);
+            }
+            var clipboardData = new DataTransfer();
+            clipboardData.Add(item);
+            _topLevel.Clipboard?.SetDataAsync(clipboardData).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+#else
             var clipboardData = new DataObject();
             clipboardData.Set(format, bytes);
             if (format.Equals("image/png", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
@@ -984,6 +1008,7 @@ public void SetData(string format, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> data)
                 clipboardData.Set("PNG", bytes);
             }
             _topLevel.Clipboard?.SetDataObjectAsync(clipboardData).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+#endif
         }
         catch
         {
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AvaloniaResourceArchive.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AvaloniaResourceArchive.cs
index 82d0d01f6..8cf863a1d 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AvaloniaResourceArchive.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/AvaloniaResourceArchive.cs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 using System.Security.Cryptography;
 using System.Text;
 using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
 using WebScene.Core;
 
 namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia;
 
-internal sealed class AvaloniaResourceArchive
+internal sealed partial class AvaloniaResourceArchive
 {
     private const int CurrentSchemaVersion = 2;
     private const string ManifestFileName = "manifest.json";
@@ -51,8 +52,8 @@ internal static AvaloniaResourceArchive OpenReplay(string directory)
                 manifestPath);
         }
 
-        var manifest = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<ResourceArchiveManifest>(
-                           File.ReadAllText(manifestPath))
+        var manifest = JsonSerializer.Deserialize(
+                           File.ReadAllText(manifestPath), ArchiveJsonContext.Default.ResourceArchiveManifest)
                        ?? throw new InvalidDataException(
                            $"WebScene resource replay manifest '{manifestPath}' is empty.");
         if (manifest.SchemaVersion is < 1 or > CurrentSchemaVersion)
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ internal void CaptureText(
                 + "Use an empty WebScene resource cache for the capture run.");
         }
 
-        var content = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(resource.Content);
+        var content = resource.BinaryContent?.ToArray() ?? Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(resource.Content);
         lock (_gate)
         {
             var key = TextKey(address, kind, context.Origin);
@@ -127,6 +128,7 @@ internal WebSceneTextResource ReplayText(
             resource.DisplayName,
             resource.Directory)
         {
+            BinaryContent = kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Data ? resource.Content : (ReadOnlyMemory<byte>?)null,
             EntityTag = resource.EntityTag,
             LastModified = resource.LastModified,
             FreshUntil = resource.FreshUntil,
@@ -234,7 +236,7 @@ internal void Flush()
                 temporaryPath,
                 JsonSerializer.Serialize(
                     manifest,
-                    new JsonSerializerOptions { WriteIndented = true }));
+                    ArchiveJsonContext.Default.ResourceArchiveManifest));
             File.Move(temporaryPath, manifestPath, overwrite: true);
             _dirty = false;
         }
@@ -307,6 +309,10 @@ private static string LegacyTextKey(Uri address, WebSceneResourceKind kind)
 
     private static string BinaryKey(Uri address) => $"binary:{address}";
 
+    [JsonSourceGenerationOptions(WriteIndented = true)]
+    [JsonSerializable(typeof(ResourceArchiveManifest))]
+    private partial class ArchiveJsonContext : JsonSerializerContext { }
+
     private sealed class ResourceArchiveManifest
     {
         public int SchemaVersion { get; set; }
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/INativeRetainedGpuImage.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/INativeRetainedGpuImage.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16bdb9ebc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/INativeRetainedGpuImage.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using SkiaSharp;
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+internal interface INativeRetainedGpuImage
+{
+    void Draw(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease, SKRect destination, SKPaint? paint = null);
+    void Retire(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease);
+    bool TryComplete(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease);
+    bool TryRetireWithoutVisual();
+    // Called synchronously on the composition owner before detached polling.
+    void SealForDetachedRetirement() { TryRetireWithoutVisual(); }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasBacking.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasBacking.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..256f09439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasBacking.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+#if WEBSCENE_UNO
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Uno.Native;
+#else
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+#endif
+
+internal sealed unsafe partial class NativeCanvasSceneRenderer
+{
+    internal long ResumedCanvasCompilations { get; private set; }
+    internal bool UseIncrementalCanvasBacking { get; set; }
+        = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_INCREMENTAL_CANVAS_GPU") == "1";
+
+    private RetainedLayer CompileIncrementalCanvasLayer(NativeSceneView* view, in NativeCanvasLayer layer)
+    {
+        var isolation = RequiresIsolation(view, layer);
+        var prefix = FindReplayPrefix(view, layer);
+        s_layers.TryGetValue(layer.NodeId, out var previous);
+
+        var bounds = new SKRect(0, 0, Math.Max(1, layer.BitmapWidth), Math.Max(1, layer.BitmapHeight));
+        using var recorder = new SKPictureRecorder();
+        var canvas = recorder.BeginRecording(bounds);
+        var continuation = Replay(canvas, view, layer, !isolation, prefix, captureContinuation: true);
+        using var suffix = recorder.EndRecording();
+        SKPicture? full = null, gpu = null;
+        var history = prefix is null ? new List<CanvasPictureNode>()
+            : previous!.CpuHistory!.Select(node => node.Retain()).ToList();
+        try
+        {
+            canvas = recorder.BeginRecording(bounds);
+            canvas.DrawPicture(suffix);
+            history.Add(new CanvasPictureNode(recorder.EndRecording(), 1));
+            // A persistent balanced forest avoids a deep DrawPicture chain and
+            // periodic full recompilation. Export still sees the complete CPU
+            // history; appending only creates O(log n) lightweight picture nodes.
+            while (history.Count >= 2 && history[^1].Weight == history[^2].Weight)
+            {
+                var right = history[^1]; var left = history[^2];
+                canvas = recorder.BeginRecording(bounds);
+                canvas.DrawPicture(left.Picture); canvas.DrawPicture(right.Picture);
+                var combined = new CanvasPictureNode(recorder.EndRecording(), left.Weight + right.Weight);
+                history.RemoveRange(history.Count - 2, 2);
+                left.Dispose(); right.Dispose(); history.Add(combined);
+            }
+            canvas = recorder.BeginRecording(bounds);
+            foreach (var node in history) canvas.DrawPicture(node.Picture);
+            full = recorder.EndRecording();
+            if (prefix is not null)
+            {
+                ResumedCanvasCompilations++;
+                if (previous!.GpuPicture is not null)
+                {
+                    canvas = recorder.BeginRecording(bounds);
+                    canvas.DrawPicture(previous.GpuPicture);
+                    canvas.DrawPicture(suffix);
+                    gpu = recorder.EndRecording();
+                }
+            }
+            var result = new RetainedLayer(layer.NodeId, layer.Generation,
+                layer.Reserved & ~OffscreenCanvasLayer, (layer.Reserved & OffscreenCanvasLayer) != 0,
+                layer.X, layer.Y, layer.Width, layer.Height, layer.BitmapWidth, layer.BitmapHeight,
+                layer.CommandCount, isolation, full)
+            {
+                ReplaySnapshot = continuation, GpuPicture = gpu,
+                GpuContext = gpu is null ? null : previous!.GpuContext,
+                CpuHistory = history.ToArray()
+            };
+            history.Clear();
+            full = null; gpu = null; continuation = null;
+            return result;
+        }
+        finally { foreach (var node in history) node.Dispose(); full?.Dispose(); gpu?.Dispose(); continuation?.Dispose(); }
+    }
+
+    private CanvasReplaySnapshot? FindReplayPrefix(NativeSceneView* view, in NativeCanvasLayer layer)
+        => UseIncrementalCanvasBacking
+            && s_layers.TryGetValue(layer.NodeId, out var previous)
+            && previous.Generation == layer.Generation
+            && previous.BitmapWidth == layer.BitmapWidth && previous.BitmapHeight == layer.BitmapHeight
+            && previous.ReplaySnapshot is { } retained
+            && retained.Matches(view, layer, _presenterDeviceScaleFactor, s_revision)
+                ? retained : null;
+
+    internal sealed class CanvasPictureNode(SKPicture picture, long weight) : IDisposable
+    {
+        internal readonly SKPicture Picture = picture;
+        internal readonly long Weight = weight;
+        private int _references = 1;
+        internal CanvasPictureNode Retain() { Interlocked.Increment(ref _references); return this; }
+        public void Dispose() { if (Interlocked.Decrement(ref _references) == 0) Picture.Dispose(); }
+    }
+
+    // Called only while the owning graphics lease is current. All pixels stay
+    // on the GPU: the previous immutable image plus appended commands becomes
+    // the next backing image. The CPU picture remains intact for export and
+    // context-loss fallback. No native WebGPU image lifetime is changed here.
+    private static SKPicture? MaterializeCanvasBacking(RetainedLayer layer, GRContext context)
+    {
+        if (layer.ReplaySnapshot is null || !layer.RequiresIsolation || context.IsAbandoned
+            || (ulong)layer.BitmapWidth * layer.BitmapHeight > 4 * 1024 * 1024) return null;
+        if (layer.IsMaterialized && ReferenceEquals(layer.GpuContext, context)) return layer.GpuPicture;
+        using var surface = SKSurface.Create(context, false, new SKImageInfo(
+            checked((int)layer.BitmapWidth), checked((int)layer.BitmapHeight),
+            SKColorType.Rgba8888, SKAlphaType.Premul));
+        if (surface is null) return null;
+        surface.Canvas.Clear(SKColors.Transparent);
+        surface.Canvas.DrawPicture(ReferenceEquals(layer.GpuContext, context) && layer.GpuPicture is not null
+            ? layer.GpuPicture : layer.Picture);
+        SKImage? image = surface.Snapshot();
+        try
+        {
+            using var recorder = new SKPictureRecorder();
+            var canvas = recorder.BeginRecording(new SKRect(0, 0, layer.BitmapWidth, layer.BitmapHeight));
+            canvas.DrawImage(image, 0, 0);
+            var picture = recorder.EndRecording();
+            layer.GpuPicture?.Dispose();
+            layer.GpuPicture = picture;
+            layer.GpuContext = context;
+            layer.IsMaterialized = true;
+            layer.CheckpointImage?.Dispose();
+            layer.CheckpointImage = image;
+            image = null;
+            return picture;
+        }
+        finally { image?.Dispose(); }
+    }
+
+    // An exact immutable prefix is required; generation alone does not prove
+    // that commands or string resources remained unchanged. Active save/clip
+    // stacks and mutable canvas/image dependencies deliberately use full replay.
+    internal sealed class CanvasReplaySnapshot : IDisposable
+    {
+        internal readonly CanvasState State;
+        internal readonly SKMatrix Matrix;
+        internal readonly SKPath Path;
+        internal readonly bool HasDrawn;
+        internal readonly int CommandCount, Depth;
+        private readonly byte[][] _commandChunks;
+        private readonly bool _hasExactCommands;
+        private readonly string[] _strings;
+        private readonly float _scale;
+        private readonly long _fontVersion = NativeTextShaping.FontRegistrationVersion;
+
+        internal CanvasReplaySnapshot(NativeSceneView* view, in NativeCanvasLayer layer,
+            CanvasState state, SKMatrix matrix, SKPath path, bool hasDrawn, float scale, CanvasReplaySnapshot? prefix)
+        {
+            State = state; Matrix = matrix; Path = new SKPath(path); HasDrawn = hasDrawn;
+            CommandCount = checked((int)layer.CommandCount); Depth = (prefix?.Depth ?? -1) + 1; _scale = scale;
+            _hasExactCommands = (layer.Flags & LayerUnchangedPrefix) == 0
+                && (prefix is null || prefix._hasExactCommands)
+                && CommandCount * (long)sizeof(NativeCanvasCommand) <= 16 * 1024 * 1024;
+            if (_hasExactCommands)
+            {
+                var start = prefix?.CommandCount ?? 0;
+                var appended = new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(view->CanvasCommands + layer.CommandOffset + start,
+                    checked((CommandCount - start) * sizeof(NativeCanvasCommand))).ToArray();
+                _commandChunks = prefix is null ? [appended] : [..prefix._commandChunks, appended];
+            }
+            else _commandChunks = [];
+            _strings = new string[checked((int)layer.StringCount)];
+            for (var index = 0; index < _strings.Length; ++index)
+                _strings[index] = DomStringAt(view, layer.StringOffset + (uint)index);
+        }
+
+        internal bool Matches(NativeSceneView* view, in NativeCanvasLayer layer, float scale, ulong revision)
+        {
+            if (_scale != scale || _fontVersion != NativeTextShaping.FontRegistrationVersion
+                || layer.CommandCount < CommandCount || layer.StringCount < _strings.Length) return false;
+            // The engine verified these prefixes against this exact base
+            // revision. Older runtimes omit the hint and use byte comparisons.
+            if ((layer.Flags & LayerUnchangedPrefix) != 0 && view->Header.BaseRevision == revision) return true;
+            if (!_hasExactCommands) return false;
+            var current = (byte*)(view->CanvasCommands + layer.CommandOffset);
+            foreach (var chunk in _commandChunks)
+            {
+                if (!chunk.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(current, chunk.Length))) return false;
+                current += chunk.Length;
+            }
+            for (var index = 0; index < _strings.Length; ++index)
+                if (_strings[index] != DomStringAt(view, layer.StringOffset + (uint)index)) return false;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose() => Path.Dispose();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasCheckpoint.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasCheckpoint.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa260c9c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasCheckpoint.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+#if WEBSCENE_UNO
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Uno.Native;
+#else
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+#endif
+
+internal sealed unsafe partial class NativeCanvasSceneRenderer
+{
+    internal const uint CanvasCheckpointCommand = 58;
+    internal const uint CanvasCheckpointInterval = 32768;
+    private readonly Dictionary<uint, (ulong Generation, uint Count)> _checkpointAttempts = [];
+    private long _checkpointSubmissions, _maximumCheckpointCommands;
+    private double _maximumCheckpointMilliseconds;
+    private long _checkpointDeferredReadbacks = 0, _checkpointFencePolls = 0;
+    private long _checkpointWorkerReadbacks = 0;
+    private bool _checkpointApiAvailable = true;
+    private sealed record PendingCheckpoint(uint NodeId, ulong Generation, uint Count, Task<byte[]> Encoding);
+    private PendingCheckpoint? _pendingCheckpoint;
+#if !WEBSCENE_UNO
+    private sealed record PendingReadback(uint NodeId, ulong Generation, uint Count,
+        SKImage Image, RasterCheckpoint State, GRContext Context, NativeCanvasCheckpointFence? Fence) : IDisposable
+    {
+        internal NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer? Transfer { get; set; }
+        internal bool IsReady() => Transfer?.IsReady() ?? Fence!.IsReady();
+        public void Dispose() { try { Transfer?.Dispose(); Fence?.Dispose(); } finally { Image.Dispose(); } }
+    }
+    private PendingReadback? _pendingReadback;
+#endif
+
+    internal sealed class RasterCheckpoint
+    {
+        public int Version { get; set; } = 1;
+        public string Png { get; set; } = "";
+        public List<float[]> Path { get; set; } = [];
+        public int FillType { get; set; }
+        public float[] Matrix { get; set; } = [];
+        public CanvasState State { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    internal static byte[] EncodeCheckpoint(SKImage image, CanvasReplaySnapshot snapshot)
+        => EncodeCheckpoint(image, CaptureCheckpointState(snapshot));
+
+    private static byte[] EncodeCheckpoint(SKImage image, RasterCheckpoint checkpoint)
+    {
+        using var png = image.Encode(SKEncodedImageFormat.Png, 100);
+        if (png is null) throw new InvalidOperationException("Canvas checkpoint encoding failed.");
+        checkpoint.Png = Convert.ToBase64String(png.ToArray());
+        return JsonSerializer.SerializeToUtf8Bytes(checkpoint, CanvasCheckpointJsonContext.Default.RasterCheckpoint);
+    }
+
+    private static RasterCheckpoint CaptureCheckpointState(CanvasReplaySnapshot snapshot)
+    {
+        var m = snapshot.Matrix;
+        return new RasterCheckpoint
+        {
+            Path = EncodePath(snapshot.Path),
+            FillType = (int)snapshot.Path.FillType, State = snapshot.State,
+            Matrix = [m.ScaleX,m.SkewX,m.TransX,m.SkewY,m.ScaleY,m.TransY,m.Persp0,m.Persp1,m.Persp2]
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static List<float[]> EncodePath(SKPath path)
+    {
+        var result = new List<float[]>();
+        using var iterator = path.CreateRawIterator();
+        var points = new SKPoint[4];
+        for (var verb=iterator.Next(points);verb!=SKPathVerb.Done;verb=iterator.Next(points))
+            result.Add([(float)verb,points[0].X,points[0].Y,points[1].X,points[1].Y,
+                points[2].X,points[2].Y,points[3].X,points[3].Y,verb==SKPathVerb.Conic ? iterator.ConicWeight() : 0]);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    internal byte[] EncodeRetainedCanvasCheckpoint(uint nodeId)
+    {
+        var layer = s_layers[nodeId];
+        var state = layer.ReplaySnapshot ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Canvas state cannot be checkpointed.");
+        if (layer.CheckpointImage is { } image) return EncodeCheckpoint(image,state);
+        using var surface = SKSurface.Create(new SKImageInfo((int)layer.BitmapWidth,(int)layer.BitmapHeight,
+            SKColorType.Rgba8888,SKAlphaType.Premul));
+        surface.Canvas.Clear(SKColors.Transparent);
+        surface.Canvas.DrawPicture(layer.Picture);
+        using var raster = surface.Snapshot();
+        return EncodeCheckpoint(raster,state);
+    }
+
+    // Called under the owning GPU lease. Checkpoint readback is periodic
+    // recovery storage, never the presenter path or a per-frame pixel transfer.
+    internal void CheckpointCanvasHistory(IntPtr engine
+#if !WEBSCENE_UNO
+        , global::Avalonia.Skia.ISkiaSharpApiLease? lease = null
+#endif
+        )
+    {
+        if (!UseIncrementalCanvasBacking || !_checkpointApiAvailable) return;
+        foreach (var layer in s_layers.Values)
+            _maximumCheckpointCommands = Math.Max(_maximumCheckpointCommands,layer.CommandCount);
+#if !WEBSCENE_UNO
+        if (_pendingReadback is not null) return;
+#endif
+        if (_pendingCheckpoint is { } pending)
+        {
+            if (!pending.Encoding.IsCompleted) return;
+            _pendingCheckpoint = null;
+            if (pending.Encoding.IsCompletedSuccessfully)
+            {
+                var payload = pending.Encoding.Result;
+                try
+                {
+                    // Native access stays on the composition owner. The encoder
+                    // never borrows an engine handle or a GPU object.
+                    if (NativeWebSceneApi.SubmitCanvasCheckpoint(engine,pending.NodeId,pending.Generation,
+                            pending.Count,payload,(nuint)payload.Length) != 0) _checkpointSubmissions++;
+                }
+                catch (EntryPointNotFoundException) { _checkpointApiAvailable=false; return; }
+            }
+            else { _ = pending.Encoding.Exception; }
+        }
+        foreach (var layer in s_layers.Values)
+        {
+            if (layer.CommandCount < CanvasCheckpointInterval || layer.ReplaySnapshot is not { } state
+                || layer.CheckpointImage is not { } image || layer.GpuContext is not { IsAbandoned: false }) continue;
+            if (_checkpointAttempts.TryGetValue(layer.NodeId, out var attempt)
+                && attempt.Generation == layer.Generation
+                && layer.CommandCount - Math.Min(layer.CommandCount,attempt.Count) < CanvasCheckpointInterval) continue;
+            var started=System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+            try
+            {
+                var capturedState = CaptureCheckpointState(state);
+#if !WEBSCENE_UNO
+                if (lease is not null && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_ASYNC_CANVAS_READBACK") == "1"
+                    && NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer.Create(image, lease) is { } transfer)
+                {
+                    _pendingReadback = new(layer.NodeId, layer.Generation, layer.CommandCount,
+                        image, capturedState, layer.GpuContext, null) { Transfer = transfer };
+                    layer.CheckpointImage = null;
+                    _checkpointAttempts[layer.NodeId] = (layer.Generation, layer.CommandCount);
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (lease is not null && NativeCanvasCheckpointFence.Create(lease) is { } fence)
+                {
+                    // Transfer ownership: the retained picture keeps its own native
+                    // image reference, while this immutable snapshot survives rebasing.
+                    _pendingReadback = new(layer.NodeId, layer.Generation, layer.CommandCount,
+                        image, capturedState, layer.GpuContext, fence);
+                    layer.CheckpointImage = null;
+                    _checkpointAttempts[layer.NodeId] = (layer.Generation,layer.CommandCount);
+                    break;
+                }
+#endif
+                var raster = image.ToRasterImage(true);
+                if (raster is null) continue;
+                var encoding = StartCheckpointEncoding(raster, capturedState);
+                _pendingCheckpoint = new(layer.NodeId,layer.Generation,layer.CommandCount,encoding);
+                _checkpointAttempts[layer.NodeId] = (layer.Generation,layer.CommandCount);
+                break;
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _maximumCheckpointMilliseconds=Math.Max(_maximumCheckpointMilliseconds,
+                    System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(started).TotalMilliseconds);
+                TraceCheckpointStage("queue", started);
+            }
+        }
+        foreach (var id in _checkpointAttempts.Keys.Where(id => !s_layers.ContainsKey(id)).ToArray())
+            _checkpointAttempts.Remove(id);
+    }
+
+
+#if !WEBSCENE_UNO
+    internal void PollCanvasCheckpointReadback(global::Avalonia.Skia.ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if (_pendingReadback is { } readback)
+        {
+            if (readback.Context.IsAbandoned || !ReferenceEquals(lease?.GrContext, readback.Context)
+                || !s_layers.TryGetValue(readback.NodeId, out var retained)
+                || retained.Generation != readback.Generation)
+            {
+                _pendingReadback = null;
+                readback.Dispose();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _checkpointFencePolls++;
+                if (!readback.IsReady()) return;
+                _pendingReadback = null;
+                var started = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                using (readback)
+                {
+                    if (readback.Transfer is { } transfer)
+                    {
+                        readback.Transfer = null; // Worker now owns the buffer, including on failure/reset.
+                        var task = Task.Run(() =>
+                        {
+                            using (transfer)
+                            {
+                                var copyStarted = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                                using var raster = transfer.ReadOnWorker();
+                                TraceCheckpointStage("worker-copy", copyStarted);
+                                return EncodeCheckpoint(raster, readback.State);
+                            }
+                        });
+                        ObserveCheckpointTask(task);
+                        _pendingCheckpoint = new(readback.NodeId, readback.Generation, readback.Count, task);
+                        _checkpointWorkerReadbacks++;
+                        _checkpointDeferredReadbacks++;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        var raster = readback.Image.ToRasterImage(true);
+                        if (raster is not null)
+                        {
+                            _checkpointDeferredReadbacks++;
+                            _pendingCheckpoint = new(readback.NodeId, readback.Generation, readback.Count,
+                                StartCheckpointEncoding(raster, readback.State));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                _maximumCheckpointMilliseconds = Math.Max(_maximumCheckpointMilliseconds,
+                    System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(started).TotalMilliseconds);
+                TraceCheckpointStage("complete", started);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    private static void TraceCheckpointStage(string stage, long started)
+    {
+        if (Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TRACE_CANVAS_CHECKPOINTS") != "1") return;
+        var timing = new System.Text.Json.Nodes.JsonObject
+        {
+            ["stage"] = stage, ["started"] = started,
+            ["ended"] = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp(),
+            ["frequency"] = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency
+        };
+        Console.WriteLine("Canvas checkpoint timing: " + timing.ToJsonString());
+    }
+
+    private static Task<byte[]> StartCheckpointEncoding(SKImage raster, RasterCheckpoint state)
+    {
+        var task = Task.Run(() => { using (raster) return EncodeCheckpoint(raster, state); });
+        ObserveCheckpointTask(task);
+        return task;
+    }
+
+    private static void ObserveCheckpointTask(Task<byte[]> task)
+    {
+        _ = task.ContinueWith(static failed => { _ = failed.Exception; }, CancellationToken.None,
+            TaskContinuationOptions.OnlyOnFaulted | TaskContinuationOptions.ExecuteSynchronously,
+            TaskScheduler.Default);
+    }
+
+    private static CanvasState ReplayCheckpoint(SKCanvas canvas, SKPath path, string resource,
+        uint width, uint height)
+    {
+        var checkpoint = JsonSerializer.Deserialize(resource, CanvasCheckpointJsonContext.Default.RasterCheckpoint)
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid canvas checkpoint.");
+        if (checkpoint.Version != 1 || checkpoint.Matrix.Length != 9)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Unsupported canvas checkpoint.");
+        using var image = SKImage.FromEncodedData(Convert.FromBase64String(checkpoint.Png));
+        if (image is null || image.Width != width || image.Height != height)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Canvas checkpoint dimensions differ.");
+        canvas.ResetMatrix();
+        using (var paint = new SKPaint { BlendMode = SKBlendMode.Src }) canvas.DrawImage(image,0,0,paint);
+        var m = checkpoint.Matrix;
+        canvas.SetMatrix(new SKMatrix { ScaleX=m[0],SkewX=m[1],TransX=m[2],SkewY=m[3],ScaleY=m[4],
+            TransY=m[5],Persp0=m[6],Persp1=m[7],Persp2=m[8] });
+        path.Reset();
+        foreach (var segment in checkpoint.Path)
+        {
+            if(segment.Length!=10)throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid checkpoint path.");
+            switch((SKPathVerb)segment[0])
+            {
+                case SKPathVerb.Move:path.MoveTo(segment[1],segment[2]);break;
+                case SKPathVerb.Line:path.LineTo(segment[3],segment[4]);break;
+                case SKPathVerb.Quad:path.QuadTo(segment[3],segment[4],segment[5],segment[6]);break;
+                case SKPathVerb.Conic:path.ConicTo(segment[3],segment[4],segment[5],segment[6],segment[9]);break;
+                case SKPathVerb.Cubic:path.CubicTo(segment[3],segment[4],segment[5],segment[6],segment[7],segment[8]);break;
+                case SKPathVerb.Close:path.Close();break;
+                default:throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid checkpoint path verb.");
+            }
+        }
+        path.FillType=(SKPathFillType)checkpoint.FillType;
+        return checkpoint.State;
+    }
+}
+
+[JsonSourceGenerationOptions(IncludeFields = true)]
+[JsonSerializable(typeof(NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.RasterCheckpoint))]
+internal partial class CanvasCheckpointJsonContext : JsonSerializerContext
+{
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasCheckpointFence.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasCheckpointFence.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d81817e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasCheckpointFence.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Avalonia.OpenGL.Egl;
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// A zero-timeout poll never waits for the GPU on the composition thread.
+internal sealed class NativeCanvasCheckpointFence : IDisposable
+{
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate IntPtr Fence(uint condition, uint flags);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate uint Wait(IntPtr sync, uint flags, ulong timeout);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void Delete(IntPtr sync);
+    private readonly EglContext _context;
+    private readonly Wait _wait;
+    private readonly Delete _delete;
+    private IntPtr _sync;
+    private NativeCanvasCheckpointFence(EglContext context, Wait wait, Delete delete, IntPtr sync)
+        => (_context, _wait, _delete, _sync) = (context, wait, delete, sync);
+
+    internal static NativeCanvasCheckpointFence? Create(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows()) return null;
+        using var platform = lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi();
+        if (platform?.Context is not EglContext context) return null;
+        return Create(context, lease.GrContext!);
+    }
+
+    internal static NativeCanvasCheckpointFence? Create(EglContext context, SkiaSharp.GRContext skia)
+    {
+        var gl = context.GlInterface;
+        var create = gl.GetProcAddress("glFenceSync");
+        var wait = gl.GetProcAddress("glClientWaitSync");
+        var delete = gl.GetProcAddress("glDeleteSync");
+        if (create == IntPtr.Zero || wait == IntPtr.Zero || delete == IntPtr.Zero) return null;
+        skia.Flush();
+        var sync = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<Fence>(create)(0x9117, 0);
+        if (sync == IntPtr.Zero) return null;
+        gl.Flush();
+        return new(context, Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<Wait>(wait),
+            Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<Delete>(delete), sync);
+    }
+
+    internal bool IsReady()
+    {
+        using var current = _context.EnsureCurrent();
+        var status = _wait(_sync, 0, 0);
+        if (status == 0x911D) throw new InvalidOperationException("Canvas checkpoint GPU fence failed.");
+        return status is 0x911A or 0x911C;
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_sync == IntPtr.Zero) return;
+        using var current = _context.EnsureCurrent();
+        _delete(_sync);
+        _sync = IntPtr.Zero;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68c42d738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Avalonia.OpenGL.Egl;
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// One immutable checkpoint transfer. The pack buffer is never reused until its
+// GPU fence completed and the worker copied its contents into independent RAM.
+internal sealed unsafe class NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer : IDisposable
+{
+    private const uint PackBuffer = 0x88EB, Texture = 0x0DE1, Framebuffer = 0x8D40;
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void Gen(int count, out uint value);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void Delete(int count, ref uint value);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void Bind(uint target, uint value);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void Integer(uint name, out int value);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void Store(uint name, int value);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void Active(uint texture);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void TexImage(uint target, int level, int format, int width, int height, int border, uint pixelFormat, uint type, IntPtr data);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void Attach(uint target, uint attachment, uint textureTarget, uint texture, int level);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate uint Status(uint target);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void Allocate(uint target, nint size, IntPtr data, uint usage);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate void Read(int x, int y, int width, int height, uint format, uint type, IntPtr data);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate IntPtr Map(uint target, nint offset, nint length, uint access);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)] private delegate byte Unmap(uint target);
+    private readonly EglContext _context;
+    private readonly Bind _bind;
+    private readonly Delete _delete;
+    private readonly Integer _integer;
+    private readonly Map _map;
+    private readonly Unmap _unmap;
+    private readonly int _width, _height;
+    private uint _buffer;
+    private NativeCanvasCheckpointFence? _fence;
+
+    private NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer(EglContext context, int width, int height)
+    {
+        _context = context; _width = width; _height = height;
+        _bind = Get<Bind>("glBindBuffer"); _delete = Get<Delete>("glDeleteBuffers");
+        _integer = Get<Integer>("glGetIntegerv"); _map = Get<Map>("glMapBufferRange");
+        _unmap = Get<Unmap>("glUnmapBuffer");
+    }
+    private T Get<T>(string name) where T : Delegate
+    {
+        var address = _context.GlInterface.GetProcAddress(name);
+        if (address == IntPtr.Zero) throw new NotSupportedException(name);
+        return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<T>(address);
+    }
+
+    internal static NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer? Create(SKImage image, ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows() || lease.GrContext is null) return null;
+        using var platform = lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi();
+        if (platform?.Context is not EglContext context || context.Version.Major < 3) return null;
+        NativeCanvasCheckpointTransfer? result = null;
+        try
+        {
+            result = new(context, image.Width, image.Height);
+            result.Queue(image, lease);
+            return result;
+        }
+        catch (NotSupportedException) { result?.Dispose(); return null; }
+        catch { result?.Dispose(); throw; }
+    }
+
+    private void Queue(SKImage image, ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        var genTextures = Get<Gen>("glGenTextures"); var deleteTextures = Get<Delete>("glDeleteTextures");
+        var bindTexture = Get<Bind>("glBindTexture"); var texImage = Get<TexImage>("glTexImage2D");
+        var genFrames = Get<Gen>("glGenFramebuffers"); var deleteFrames = Get<Delete>("glDeleteFramebuffers");
+        var bindFrame = Get<Bind>("glBindFramebuffer"); var attach = Get<Attach>("glFramebufferTexture2D");
+        var status = Get<Status>("glCheckFramebufferStatus"); var allocate = Get<Allocate>("glBufferData");
+        var read = Get<Read>("glReadPixels"); var store = Get<Store>("glPixelStorei");
+        lease.GrContext!.Flush();
+        _integer(0x8CAA, out var oldRead); _integer(0x8CA6, out var oldDraw);
+        _integer(0x8069, out var oldTexture); _integer(0x88ED, out var oldPack);
+        _integer(0x84E0, out var oldActiveTexture);
+        _integer(0x88EF, out var oldUnpack);
+        _integer(0x0D05, out var alignment); _integer(0x0D02, out var rowLength);
+        _integer(0x0D03, out var skipRows); _integer(0x0D04, out var skipPixels);
+        uint texture = 0, framebuffer = 0;
+        try
+        {
+            _bind(0x88EC, 0); // Null texture data must not address an unpack buffer.
+            genTextures(1, out texture); bindTexture(Texture, texture);
+            texImage(Texture, 0, 0x8058, _width, _height, 0, 0x1908, 0x1401, IntPtr.Zero);
+            genFrames(1, out framebuffer); bindFrame(Framebuffer, framebuffer);
+            attach(Framebuffer, 0x8CE0, Texture, texture, 0);
+            if (status(Framebuffer) != 0x8CD5) throw new NotSupportedException("Checkpoint framebuffer incomplete");
+            using (var target = new GRBackendRenderTarget(_width, _height, 0, 0, new GRGlFramebufferInfo(framebuffer, 0x8058)))
+            using (var surface = SKSurface.Create(lease.GrContext, target, GRSurfaceOrigin.BottomLeft, SKColorType.Rgba8888))
+            {
+                if (surface is null) throw new NotSupportedException("Checkpoint staging surface unavailable");
+                lease.GrContext.ResetContext();
+                surface.Canvas.Clear(SKColors.Transparent);
+                using var paint = new SKPaint { BlendMode = SKBlendMode.Src };
+                surface.Canvas.DrawImage(image, 0, 0, paint);
+                lease.GrContext.Flush();
+                bindFrame(Framebuffer, framebuffer);
+                Get<Gen>("glGenBuffers")(1, out _buffer); _bind(PackBuffer, _buffer);
+                allocate(PackBuffer, checked(_width * _height * 4), IntPtr.Zero, 0x88E1);
+                store(0x0D05, 4); store(0x0D02, 0); store(0x0D03, 0); store(0x0D04, 0);
+                read(0, 0, _width, _height, 0x1908, 0x1401, IntPtr.Zero);
+                _fence = NativeCanvasCheckpointFence.Create(_context, lease.GrContext)
+                    ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Checkpoint transfer fence unavailable");
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _bind(PackBuffer, (uint)oldPack); _bind(0x88EC, (uint)oldUnpack);
+            store(0x0D05, alignment); store(0x0D02, rowLength); store(0x0D03, skipRows); store(0x0D04, skipPixels);
+            bindFrame(0x8CA8, (uint)oldRead); bindFrame(0x8CA9, (uint)oldDraw);
+            Get<Active>("glActiveTexture")((uint)oldActiveTexture);
+            bindTexture(Texture, (uint)oldTexture);
+            if (framebuffer != 0) deleteFrames(1, ref framebuffer);
+            if (texture != 0) deleteTextures(1, ref texture);
+            lease.GrContext.ResetContext();
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal bool IsReady() => _fence!.IsReady();
+
+    // Only called once readiness was observed. EnsureCurrent serializes the
+    // short map/copy/unmap with Avalonia's context use; encoding holds no GL lock.
+    internal SKImage ReadOnWorker()
+    {
+        using var current = _context.EnsureCurrent();
+        _integer(0x88ED, out var oldPack);
+        _bind(PackBuffer, _buffer);
+        try
+        {
+            var address = _map(PackBuffer, 0, checked(_width * _height * 4), 1);
+            if (address == IntPtr.Zero) throw new InvalidOperationException("Checkpoint buffer map failed");
+            using var bitmap = new SKBitmap(new SKImageInfo(_width, _height, SKColorType.Rgba8888, SKAlphaType.Premul));
+            try
+            {
+                // GL packs bottom row first; the checkpoint bitmap is top-down.
+                for (var row = 0; row < _height; row++)
+                    Buffer.MemoryCopy((byte*)address + (_height - row - 1) * _width * 4,
+                        (byte*)bitmap.GetPixels() + row * bitmap.RowBytes, bitmap.RowBytes, _width * 4);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (_unmap(PackBuffer) == 0) throw new InvalidOperationException("Checkpoint buffer contents became invalid");
+            }
+            return SKImage.FromBitmap(bitmap);
+        }
+        finally { _bind(PackBuffer, (uint)oldPack); }
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_buffer == 0 && _fence is null) return;
+        try
+        {
+            using var current = _context.EnsureCurrent();
+            _fence?.Dispose();
+            if (_buffer != 0) _delete(1, ref _buffer);
+        }
+        catch (global::Avalonia.Platform.PlatformGraphicsContextLostException) { }
+        catch (ObjectDisposedException) { }
+        finally { _fence = null; _buffer = 0; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.cs
index 83b5f31f0..b70dca875 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.cs
@@ -33,19 +33,44 @@ namespace WebScene.Backends.Uno.Native;
 namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
 #endif
 
-internal sealed unsafe class NativeCanvasSceneRenderer
+internal sealed unsafe partial class NativeCanvasSceneRenderer
 {
     private const uint CanvasCommandEvenOdd = 1u << 16;
     private const uint SceneCheckpoint = 1;
     private const uint SceneDomReplacement = 2;
     private const uint LayerReplace = 1;
     private const uint LayerRemove = 2;
+    private const uint LayerUnchangedPrefix = 4;
     private const uint OffscreenCanvasLayer = 1u << 31;
 
     private readonly Dictionary<uint, RetainedLayer> s_layers = new();
     private readonly List<RetainedLayer> s_orderedLayers = [];
     private readonly List<RetainedLayer> s_viewportLayers = [];
     private readonly Dictionary<StringKey, string> s_strings = new();
+    private readonly Dictionary<SKTypeface, SKShaper> _cachedShapers = new(ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance);
+    private long _shaperFontVersion;
+
+    private SKShaper GetShaper(SKTypeface typeface)
+    {
+        if (_cachedShapers.TryGetValue(typeface, out var shaper)) return shaper;
+        shaper = new SKShaper(typeface);
+        // Do not evict a shaper that a local compilation dictionary may still
+        // be using. Overflow shapers belong to that compilation only.
+        if (_cachedShapers.Count < 64) _cachedShapers.Add(typeface, shaper);
+        return shaper;
+    }
+
+    private void ReleaseShaper(SKShaper shaper)
+    {
+        if (!_cachedShapers.TryGetValue(shaper.Typeface, out var cached) || !ReferenceEquals(cached, shaper))
+            shaper.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    private void ClearShapers()
+    {
+        foreach (var shaper in _cachedShapers.Values) shaper.Dispose();
+        _cachedShapers.Clear();
+    }
     private readonly Dictionary<string, SKTypeface> s_typefaces = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
     private readonly Dictionary<string, SharedSvgPictureLease> s_svgPictures =
         new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
@@ -54,6 +79,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe class NativeCanvasSceneRenderer
     private float _presenterDeviceScaleFactor = 1f;
 
     internal float PresenterDeviceScaleFactor => _presenterDeviceScaleFactor;
+    private List<OrderedGpuPaint>? _orderedGpuPaint;
     private SKPicture? s_domBackdropPicture;
     private SKPicture? s_domOverlayPicture;
     private uint s_domCommandCount;
@@ -129,7 +155,15 @@ internal NativeRendererMemoryMetrics ReadMemoryMetrics()
             s_svgPictures.Count,
             SharedSvgPictureCache.EntryCount,
             SharedSvgPictureCache.ReferenceCount,
-            SharedSvgPictureCache.MemoryHitCount);
+            SharedSvgPictureCache.MemoryHitCount)
+        {
+            CanvasCheckpointSubmissions = _checkpointSubmissions,
+            MaximumRetainedCanvasCommands = _maximumCheckpointCommands,
+            MaximumCanvasCheckpointMilliseconds = _maximumCheckpointMilliseconds,
+            CanvasCheckpointDeferredReadbacks = _checkpointDeferredReadbacks,
+            CanvasCheckpointFencePolls = _checkpointFencePolls,
+            CanvasCheckpointWorkerReadbacks = _checkpointWorkerReadbacks
+        };
     }
 
     public bool ApplyDiffAndRender(SKCanvas canvas, NativeSceneView* view)
@@ -146,10 +180,54 @@ public bool ApplyDiffAndRender(SKCanvas canvas, NativeSceneView* view)
         return true;
     }
 
-    public bool ApplyDiff(NativeSceneView* view)
+    internal sealed class PreparedCanvasLayers(ulong revision, float scale, long fontVersion) : IDisposable
+    {
+        internal readonly Dictionary<uint, RetainedLayer> Layers = [];
+        internal bool Matches(ulong candidateRevision, float candidateScale)
+            => revision == candidateRevision && scale == candidateScale
+                && fontVersion == NativeTextShaping.FontRegistrationVersion;
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var layer in Layers.Values) layer.Dispose();
+            Layers.Clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Called under the renderer owner's serialization. Only immutable pictures
+    // are prepared; visible layer dictionaries and GPU bindings are untouched.
+    // Canvas-to-canvas dependencies retain the existing synchronous path.
+    internal PreparedCanvasLayers? PrepareCanvasLayers(NativeSceneView* view)
+    {
+        if (!NativeSceneViewValidation.IsValid(view) || view->Header.CanvasLayerCount == 0) return null;
+        var changes = new ReadOnlySpan<NativeCanvasLayer>(view->CanvasLayers, checked((int)view->Header.CanvasLayerCount));
+        foreach (var layer in changes)
+        {
+            if ((layer.Flags & LayerRemove) != 0) continue;
+            if ((layer.Flags & LayerReplace) == 0 || !ValidateLayer(view, layer)) return null;
+            // A resumable prefix has already been checked and cannot contain
+            // mutable canvas dependencies. Inspect only its appended suffix.
+            var prefixCount = FindReplayPrefix(view, layer)?.CommandCount ?? 0;
+            foreach (ref readonly var command in new ReadOnlySpan<NativeCanvasCommand>(view->CanvasCommands + layer.CommandOffset + prefixCount,
+                         checked((int)layer.CommandCount) - prefixCount))
+                if (command.Kind == 27) return null;
+        }
+        var prepared = new PreparedCanvasLayers(view->Header.Revision, _presenterDeviceScaleFactor,
+            NativeTextShaping.FontRegistrationVersion);
+        try
+        {
+            foreach (var layer in changes)
+                if ((layer.Flags & LayerRemove) == 0) prepared.Layers.Add(layer.NodeId, CompileLayer(view, layer));
+            return prepared;
+        }
+        catch { prepared.Dispose(); throw; }
+    }
+
+    public bool ApplyDiff(NativeSceneView* view, bool orderedGpuImages = false, PreparedCanvasLayers? prepared = null)
     {
         var header = view->Header;
         var checkpoint = (header.Flags & SceneCheckpoint) != 0;
+        if (orderedGpuImages && (!ValidateOrderedGpuState(view) ||
+            !ValidateOrderedCanvasPlacements(view, checkpoint))) return false;
         if (!checkpoint
             && header.Revision != s_revision
             && header.BaseRevision != s_revision)
@@ -182,10 +260,19 @@ public bool ApplyDiff(NativeSceneView* view)
 
         if (shouldApply)
         {
+            var fontVersion = NativeTextShaping.FontRegistrationVersion;
+            if (_shaperFontVersion != fontVersion)
+            {
+                ClearShapers();
+                _shaperFontVersion = fontVersion;
+            }
             _webTypefaceReference ??= _webTypefaces?.Retain();
             if ((header.Flags & SceneDomReplacement) != 0)
             {
-                var compiledDom = CompileDom(view);
+                var ordered = orderedGpuImages ? CompileOrderedGpuDom(view) : null;
+                var compiledDom = orderedGpuImages ? default : CompileDom(view);
+                DisposeOrderedGpuDom(ordered);
+                _orderedGpuPaint = ordered;
                 s_domBackdropPicture?.Dispose();
                 s_domOverlayPicture?.Dispose();
                 s_domBackdropPicture = compiledDom.Backdrop;
@@ -254,7 +341,7 @@ public bool ApplyDiff(NativeSceneView* view)
                         InstallReplacement(
                             view,
                             changes[index],
-                            ref layerOrderChanged);
+                            ref layerOrderChanged, prepared);
                         compiled[index] = 1;
                         remaining--;
                         madeProgress = true;
@@ -270,7 +357,7 @@ public bool ApplyDiff(NativeSceneView* view)
                         InstallReplacement(
                             view,
                             changes[index],
-                            ref layerOrderChanged);
+                            ref layerOrderChanged, prepared);
                         compiled[index] = 1;
                         remaining--;
                         break;
@@ -294,15 +381,16 @@ public bool ApplyDiff(NativeSceneView* view)
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static bool LayerDependenciesAreCompiled(
+    private bool LayerDependenciesAreCompiled(
         NativeSceneView* view,
         in NativeCanvasLayer layer,
         ReadOnlySpan<NativeCanvasLayer> changes,
         ReadOnlySpan<byte> compiled)
     {
+        var prefixCount = FindReplayPrefix(view, layer)?.CommandCount ?? 0;
         var commands = new ReadOnlySpan<NativeCanvasCommand>(
-            view->CanvasCommands + layer.CommandOffset,
-            checked((int)layer.CommandCount));
+            view->CanvasCommands + layer.CommandOffset + prefixCount,
+            checked((int)layer.CommandCount) - prefixCount);
         foreach (ref readonly var command in commands)
         {
             if (command.Kind != 27 || command.ResourceId == layer.NodeId) continue;
@@ -322,12 +410,17 @@ private static bool LayerDependenciesAreCompiled(
     private void InstallReplacement(
         NativeSceneView* view,
         in NativeCanvasLayer change,
-        ref bool layerOrderChanged)
+        ref bool layerOrderChanged,
+        PreparedCanvasLayers? prepared = null)
     {
-        var replacement = CompileLayer(view, change);
+        var replacement = prepared?.Matches(view->Header.Revision, _presenterDeviceScaleFactor) == true
+            && prepared.Layers.Remove(change.NodeId, out var compiled) ? compiled : CompileLayer(view, change);
         var orderChanged = true;
         if (s_layers.Remove(change.NodeId, out var previous))
         {
+            if (previous.Generation != replacement.Generation)
+                foreach (var key in s_strings.Keys.Where(key => key.NodeId == previous.NodeId).ToArray())
+                    s_strings.Remove(key);
             orderChanged = previous.ZOrder == replacement.ZOrder
                 ? !ReplaceOrderedLayer(previous, replacement)
                 : !RepositionOrderedLayer(previous, replacement);
@@ -364,8 +457,15 @@ public void RenderRetained(
         SKCanvas canvas,
         float viewportWidth,
         float viewportHeight,
-        Func<SKRect, bool>? intersects)
+        Func<SKRect, bool>? intersects,
+        Action<uint, SKRect>? drawGpuImage = null,
+        GRContext? canvasGpuContext = null)
     {
+        if (_orderedGpuPaint is not null)
+        {
+            RenderOrderedGpuDom(canvas, drawGpuImage, canvasGpuContext);
+            return;
+        }
         if (s_domBackdropPicture is not null
             && (intersects is null || intersects(new SKRect(0, 0, viewportWidth, viewportHeight))))
         {
@@ -378,19 +478,7 @@ public void RenderRetained(
             {
                 continue;
             }
-            var save = canvas.Save();
-            canvas.ClipRect(new SKRect(layer.X, layer.Y, layer.X + layer.Width, layer.Y + layer.Height));
-            if (layer.RequiresIsolation)
-            {
-                // Browser canvases are independent transparent bitmaps. A
-                // destructive operation must affect this canvas only, then the
-                // result is source-over composited with lower siblings.
-                canvas.SaveLayer();
-            }
-            canvas.Translate(layer.X, layer.Y);
-            canvas.Scale(layer.Width / layer.BitmapWidth, layer.Height / layer.BitmapHeight);
-            canvas.DrawPicture(layer.Picture);
-            canvas.RestoreToCount(save);
+            DrawRetainedCanvasLayer(canvas, layer, canvasGpuContext);
         }
         if (s_domOverlayPicture is not null
             && (intersects is null || intersects(new SKRect(0, 0, viewportWidth, viewportHeight))))
@@ -399,6 +487,21 @@ public void RenderRetained(
         }
     }
 
+    private static void DrawRetainedCanvasLayer(SKCanvas canvas, RetainedLayer layer, GRContext? gpuContext = null)
+    {
+        var backing = gpuContext is null ? null : MaterializeCanvasBacking(layer, gpuContext);
+        var save = canvas.Save();
+        try
+        {
+            canvas.ClipRect(new SKRect(layer.X, layer.Y, layer.X + layer.Width, layer.Y + layer.Height));
+            if (layer.RequiresIsolation && backing is null) canvas.SaveLayer();
+            canvas.Translate(layer.X, layer.Y);
+            canvas.Scale(layer.Width / layer.BitmapWidth, layer.Height / layer.BitmapHeight);
+            canvas.DrawPicture(backing ?? layer.Picture);
+        }
+        finally { canvas.RestoreToCount(save); }
+    }
+
     internal byte[]? CaptureCanvasPng(uint nodeId)
     {
         if (!s_layers.TryGetValue(nodeId, out var layer)
@@ -499,7 +602,9 @@ private static bool ValidateLayer(NativeSceneView* view, in NativeCanvasLayer la
             && layer.StringOffset <= view->StringCount
             && layer.StringCount <= view->StringCount - layer.StringOffset;
 
-    private (SKPicture Backdrop, SKPicture Overlay) CompileDom(NativeSceneView* view)
+    private (SKPicture Backdrop, SKPicture Overlay) CompileDom(NativeSceneView* view,
+        int startIndex = 0, int endIndex = -1, bool mergePaintOrder = false,
+        Dictionary<string, SKShaper>? sharedShapers = null)
     {
         using var backdropRecorder = new SKPictureRecorder();
         using var overlayRecorder = new SKPictureRecorder();
@@ -509,7 +614,8 @@ private static bool ValidateLayer(NativeSceneView* view, in NativeCanvasLayer la
             Math.Max(1, view->Header.ViewportWidth),
             Math.Max(1, view->Header.ViewportHeight));
         var backdrop = backdropRecorder.BeginRecording(recordingBounds);
-        var overlay = overlayRecorder.BeginRecording(recordingBounds);
+        var overlayRecording = overlayRecorder.BeginRecording(recordingBounds);
+        var overlay = mergePaintOrder ? backdrop : overlayRecording;
         var commands = new ReadOnlySpan<SceneCommand>(
             view->Commands,
             checked((int)view->Header.CommandCount));
@@ -522,12 +628,13 @@ private static bool ValidateLayer(NativeSceneView* view, in NativeCanvasLayer la
             Style = SKPaintStyle.Fill,
             TextAlign = SKTextAlign.Left
         };
-        var textShapers = new Dictionary<string, SKShaper>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        var textShapers = sharedShapers ?? new Dictionary<string, SKShaper>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
         try
         {
-            for (var commandIndex = 0; commandIndex < commands.Length; commandIndex++)
+            var end = endIndex < 0 ? commands.Length : endIndex;
+            for (var commandIndex = startIndex; commandIndex < end; commandIndex++)
             {
-                if (BackgroundPaintIsFullyOccludedByLaterRoundedFill(
+                if (!mergePaintOrder && BackgroundPaintIsFullyOccludedByLaterRoundedFill(
                     commands,
                     commandIndex))
                 {
@@ -710,10 +817,8 @@ private static bool ValidateLayer(NativeSceneView* view, in NativeCanvasLayer la
         }
         finally
         {
-            foreach (var shaper in textShapers.Values)
-            {
-                shaper.Dispose();
-            }
+            if (sharedShapers is null)
+                foreach (var shaper in textShapers.Values) ReleaseShaper(shaper);
         }
         return (backdropRecorder.EndRecording(), overlayRecorder.EndRecording());
     }
@@ -1781,7 +1886,7 @@ private void DrawDomText(
         var shaperKey = parts[4] + '\t' + fontWeight.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
         if (!shapers.TryGetValue(shaperKey, out var shaper))
         {
-            shaper = new SKShaper(typeface);
+            shaper = GetShaper(typeface);
             shapers.Add(shaperKey, shaper);
         }
         var tabularDigitScale = NativeTextShaping.ResolveTabularDigitScale(
@@ -2452,6 +2557,8 @@ private static string DomStringAt(NativeSceneView* view, uint index)
 
     private RetainedLayer CompileLayer(NativeSceneView* view, in NativeCanvasLayer layer)
     {
+        if (UseIncrementalCanvasBacking)
+            return CompileIncrementalCanvasLayer(view, layer);
         var requiresIsolation = RequiresIsolation(view, layer);
         using var recorder = new SKPictureRecorder();
         var canvas = recorder.BeginRecording(new SKRect(
@@ -2493,6 +2600,7 @@ private bool RequiresIsolation(
                 // A clear before the first draw is a no-op on the initially
                 // transparent browser canvas and is omitted from the picture.
                 case 24 when hasDrawn:
+                case CanvasCheckpointCommand:
                 // drawImage(canvas) needs source-bitmap isolation semantics.
                 case 27:
                 // drawImage(SVGImageElement) needs the same crop/composite semantics.
@@ -2630,21 +2738,26 @@ or 48 or 49 or 50 or 52 or 53 or 54
         }
     }
 
-    private void Replay(
+    private CanvasReplaySnapshot? Replay(
         SKCanvas canvas,
         NativeSceneView* view,
         in NativeCanvasLayer layer,
-        bool skipLeadingClears = false)
+        bool skipLeadingClears = false,
+        CanvasReplaySnapshot? prefix = null,
+        bool captureContinuation = false)
     {
-        var state = CanvasState.Default;
+        var state = prefix?.State ?? CanvasState.Default;
         var states = new Stack<CanvasState>();
         var textShapers = new Dictionary<string, SKShaper>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
-        var hasDrawn = false;
-        using var path = new SKPath();
+        using var paints = new ReplayPaints(this);
+        var hasDrawn = prefix?.HasDrawn ?? false;
+        using var path = prefix is null ? new SKPath() : new SKPath(prefix.Path);
+        if (prefix is not null) canvas.SetMatrix(prefix.Matrix);
+        var canResume = true;
         var commands = new ReadOnlySpan<NativeCanvasCommand>(
             view->CanvasCommands + layer.CommandOffset,
             checked((int)layer.CommandCount));
-        foreach (ref readonly var command in commands)
+        foreach (ref readonly var command in commands[(prefix?.CommandCount ?? 0)..])
         {
             switch (command.Kind)
             {
@@ -2761,6 +2874,7 @@ private void Replay(
                         (float)(command.V1 + command.V3)));
                     break;
                 case 18:
+                    canResume = false;
                     path.FillType = (command.Flags & CanvasCommandEvenOdd) != 0
                         ? SKPathFillType.EvenOdd
                         : SKPathFillType.Winding;
@@ -2783,38 +2897,33 @@ private void Replay(
                     break;
                 }
                 case 20:
-                    using (var stroke = CreatePaint(state, false, SKPaintStyle.Stroke))
-                    {
-                        canvas.DrawPath(path, stroke);
-                    }
+                    canvas.DrawPath(path, paints.Get(state, false).Paint);
                     hasDrawn = true;
                     break;
                 case 21:
-                    using (var fill = CreatePaint(state, true, SKPaintStyle.Fill))
                     {
                         path.FillType = (command.Flags & CanvasCommandEvenOdd) != 0
                             ? SKPathFillType.EvenOdd
                             : SKPathFillType.Winding;
-                        canvas.DrawPath(path, fill);
+                        canvas.DrawPath(path, paints.Get(state, true).Paint);
                     }
                     hasDrawn = true;
                     break;
                 case 22:
-                    using (var fill = CreatePaint(state, true, SKPaintStyle.Fill))
-                    {
-                        canvas.DrawRect(ToRect(command), fill);
-                    }
+                    canvas.DrawRect(ToRect(command), paints.Get(state, true).Paint);
                     hasDrawn = true;
                     break;
                 case 23:
-                    using (var stroke = CreatePaint(state, false, SKPaintStyle.Stroke))
-                    {
-                        canvas.DrawRect(ToRect(command), stroke);
-                    }
+                    canvas.DrawRect(ToRect(command), paints.Get(state, false).Paint);
                     hasDrawn = true;
                     break;
                 case 24 when skipLeadingClears && !hasDrawn:
                     break;
+                case CanvasCheckpointCommand:
+                    state = ReplayCheckpoint(canvas, path, StringAt(view, layer, command.ResourceId),
+                        layer.BitmapWidth, layer.BitmapHeight);
+                    hasDrawn = true;
+                    break;
                 case 24:
                     using (var clear = new SKPaint { BlendMode = SKBlendMode.Clear, Style = SKPaintStyle.Fill })
                     {
@@ -2822,14 +2931,15 @@ private void Replay(
                     }
                     break;
                 case 25:
-                    DrawText(canvas, view, layer, command, state, false, textShapers);
+                    DrawText(canvas, view, layer, command, state, false, textShapers, paints);
                     hasDrawn = true;
                     break;
                 case 26:
-                    DrawText(canvas, view, layer, command, state, true, textShapers);
+                    DrawText(canvas, view, layer, command, state, true, textShapers, paints);
                     hasDrawn = true;
                     break;
                 case 27:
+                    canResume = false;
                     DrawCanvas(canvas, command, state);
                     hasDrawn = true;
                     break;
@@ -2845,6 +2955,7 @@ private void Replay(
                     AppendEllipse(path, command);
                     break;
                 case 31:
+                    canResume = false;
                     DrawSvgImage(canvas, view, layer, command, state);
                     hasDrawn = true;
                     break;
@@ -2870,8 +2981,13 @@ private void Replay(
         }
         foreach (var shaper in textShapers.Values)
         {
-            shaper.Dispose();
+            ReleaseShaper(shaper);
         }
+        return captureContinuation && canResume && states.Count == 0
+            && ((layer.Flags & LayerUnchangedPrefix) != 0 || commands.Length * (long)sizeof(NativeCanvasCommand) <= 16 * 1024 * 1024)
+            && layer.StringCount <= 4096
+            ? new CanvasReplaySnapshot(view, layer, state, canvas.TotalMatrix, path, hasDrawn,
+                _presenterDeviceScaleFactor, prefix) : null;
     }
 
     private void DrawSvgCanvasPath(
@@ -3000,27 +3116,20 @@ private void DrawText(
         in NativeCanvasCommand command,
         in CanvasState state,
         bool stroke,
-        Dictionary<string, SKShaper> shapers)
+        Dictionary<string, SKShaper> shapers,
+        ReplayPaints paints)
     {
         var text = StringAt(view, layer, command.ResourceId);
         if (text.Length == 0) return;
-        using var paint = CreatePaint(
-            state,
-            !stroke,
-            stroke ? SKPaintStyle.Stroke : SKPaintStyle.Fill);
-        var font = ConfigureFont(paint, state.Font);
-        paint.TextAlign = state.TextAlign switch
-        {
-            "center" => SKTextAlign.Center,
-            "right" or "end" => SKTextAlign.Right,
-            _ => SKTextAlign.Left
-        };
+        var prepared = paints.Get(state, !stroke, text: true);
+        var paint = prepared.Paint;
+        var font = prepared.Font;
         var y = (float)command.V1;
         var metrics = paint.FontMetrics;
         y += ResolveCanvasTextBaselineOffset(state.TextBaseline, metrics);
         if (!shapers.TryGetValue(state.Font, out var shaper))
         {
-            shaper = new SKShaper(paint.Typeface);
+            shaper = GetShaper(paint.Typeface);
             shapers.Add(state.Font, shaper);
         }
         var featureFlags = NativeTextShaping.ResolveFeatureFlags(
@@ -3111,6 +3220,48 @@ internal static float ConstrainCanvasTextWidth(
             : widthScale;
     }
 
+    // Paints are immutable after preparation and live only for one replay.
+    // Font registration cannot change mid-replay; the next scene resolves it
+    // again. Array identity makes dash changes safe (at worst a cache miss).
+    private sealed class ReplayPaints(NativeCanvasSceneRenderer owner) : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly record struct Key(string Color, double Alpha, bool Fill,
+            double Width, double Miter, string Cap, string Join, string Composite,
+            double[]? Dash, double DashOffset, string? Font, string? Align);
+        private readonly Dictionary<Key, (SKPaint Paint, NativeTextShaping.CanvasFontDescription Font)> _paints = [];
+
+        public (SKPaint Paint, NativeTextShaping.CanvasFontDescription Font) Get(
+            in CanvasState state, bool fill, bool text = false)
+        {
+            var key = new Key(fill ? state.FillStyle : state.StrokeStyle, state.GlobalAlpha, fill,
+                state.LineWidth, state.MiterLimit, state.LineCap, state.LineJoin, state.Composite,
+                !fill && state.LineDash.Length > 0 ? state.LineDash : null, state.LineDashOffset,
+                text ? state.Font : null, text ? state.TextAlign : null);
+            if (_paints.TryGetValue(key, out var existing)) return existing;
+            if (_paints.Count >= 128) Dispose();
+            var paint = CreatePaint(state, fill, fill ? SKPaintStyle.Fill : SKPaintStyle.Stroke);
+            try
+            {
+                var font = text ? owner.ConfigureFont(paint, state.Font) : default;
+                if (text) paint.TextAlign = state.TextAlign switch
+                {
+                    "center" => SKTextAlign.Center,
+                    "right" or "end" => SKTextAlign.Right,
+                    _ => SKTextAlign.Left
+                };
+                _paints.Add(key, (paint, font));
+                return (paint, font);
+            }
+            catch { paint.Dispose(); throw; }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var entry in _paints.Values) entry.Paint.Dispose();
+            _paints.Clear();
+        }
+    }
+
     private static SKPaint CreatePaint(in CanvasState state, bool fill, SKPaintStyle style)
     {
         var color = ParseColor(fill ? state.FillStyle : state.StrokeStyle);
@@ -3451,8 +3602,163 @@ private static SKColor Rgba(uint rgba)
             (byte)(rgba >> 8),
             (byte)rgba);
 
+    internal long ReusedDomPictureCount { get; private set; }
+    private sealed record DomPictureInput(byte[] Commands, string[] Resources,
+        float Width, float Height, float DeviceScale, long FontVersion)
+    {
+        public bool Matches(DomPictureInput other) => Width == other.Width && Height == other.Height
+            && DeviceScale == other.DeviceScale && FontVersion == other.FontVersion
+            && Commands.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(other.Commands)
+            && Resources.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(other.Resources);
+    }
+    private sealed record OrderedGpuPaint(SceneCommand Command, DomCornerRadii Radii, SKPicture? Picture,
+        DomPictureInput? Input = null);
+
+    private bool ValidateOrderedCanvasPlacements(NativeSceneView* view, bool checkpoint)
+    {
+        if (view->Header.CanvasLayerCount != 0 && view->CanvasLayers == null) return false;
+        var visible = new HashSet<uint>();
+        if (!checkpoint) foreach (var layer in s_layers.Values)
+            if (!layer.IsOffscreen) visible.Add(layer.NodeId);
+        foreach (var layer in new ReadOnlySpan<NativeCanvasLayer>(view->CanvasLayers,
+            checked((int)view->Header.CanvasLayerCount)))
+        {
+            if ((layer.Flags & LayerRemove) != 0 || (layer.Reserved & OffscreenCanvasLayer) != 0)
+                visible.Remove(layer.NodeId);
+            else visible.Add(layer.NodeId);
+        }
+        var placed = new HashSet<uint>();
+        if ((view->Header.Flags & SceneDomReplacement) != 0)
+        {
+            foreach (var command in new ReadOnlySpan<SceneCommand>(view->Commands,
+                checked((int)view->Header.CommandCount)))
+                if (command.Kind == 257 && (!visible.Contains(command.NodeId) || !placed.Add(command.NodeId)))
+                    return false;
+        }
+        else if (_orderedGpuPaint is not null && !checkpoint)
+        {
+            foreach (var entry in _orderedGpuPaint)
+                if (entry.Command.Kind == 257 && (!visible.Contains(entry.Command.NodeId) || !placed.Add(entry.Command.NodeId)))
+                    return false;
+        }
+        return placed.SetEquals(visible);
+    }
+
+    private static bool ValidateOrderedGpuState(NativeSceneView* view)
+    {
+        var stack = new Stack<uint>();
+        foreach (var command in new ReadOnlySpan<SceneCommand>(view->Commands, checked((int)view->Header.CommandCount)))
+        {
+            if (command.Kind is 12 or 15 or 19 or 30) stack.Push(command.Kind);
+            else if (command.Kind is 13 or 16 or 20 or 31)
+            {
+                if (stack.Count == 0 || stack.Pop() != command.Kind - 1) return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return stack.Count == 0;
+    }
+
+    private List<OrderedGpuPaint> CompileOrderedGpuDom(NativeSceneView* view)
+    {
+        var result = new List<OrderedGpuPaint>();
+        var shapers = new Dictionary<string, SKShaper>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        var commands = new ReadOnlySpan<SceneCommand>(view->Commands, checked((int)view->Header.CommandCount));
+        var start = 0;
+        try
+        {
+            for (var index = 0; index <= commands.Length; ++index)
+            {
+                if (index != commands.Length && commands[index].Kind is not (12 or 13 or 15 or 16 or 19 or 20 or 30 or 31 or 256 or 257))
+                    continue;
+                if (start < index)
+                {
+                    // Compare exact commands and resolved resources, not string
+                    // IDs or a hash. Include the preceding command because it
+                    // can supply corner radii for the first command in a span.
+                    var input = new DomPictureInput(
+                        MemoryMarshal.AsBytes(commands.Slice(Math.Max(0, start - 1), index - Math.Max(0, start - 1))).ToArray(),
+                        commands.Slice(start, index - start).ToArray()
+                            .Select(command => DomStringAt(view, command.Flags)).ToArray(),
+                        view->Header.ViewportWidth, view->Header.ViewportHeight,
+                        _presenterDeviceScaleFactor, NativeTextShaping.FontRegistrationVersion);
+                    var previous = _orderedGpuPaint is not null && result.Count < _orderedGpuPaint.Count
+                        ? _orderedGpuPaint[result.Count] : null;
+                    if (previous?.Picture is not null && previous.Input?.Matches(input) == true)
+                    {
+                        ReusedDomPictureCount++;
+                        result.Add(previous);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        var pictures = CompileDom(view, start, index, mergePaintOrder: true, sharedShapers: shapers);
+                        pictures.Overlay.Dispose();
+                        result.Add(new(default, default, pictures.Backdrop, input));
+                    }
+                }
+                if (index != commands.Length)
+                    result.Add(new(commands[index], ResolveDomCornerRadii(commands, index), null));
+                start = index + 1;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            var previousPictures = _orderedGpuPaint?.Select(entry => entry.Picture).ToHashSet();
+            foreach (var entry in result)
+                if (previousPictures?.Contains(entry.Picture) != true) entry.Picture?.Dispose();
+            throw;
+        }
+        finally { foreach (var shaper in shapers.Values) ReleaseShaper(shaper); }
+    }
+    private void DisposeOrderedGpuDom(List<OrderedGpuPaint>? retained = null)
+    {
+        if (_orderedGpuPaint is null) return;
+        var retainedPictures = retained?.Select(entry => entry.Picture).ToHashSet();
+        foreach (var entry in _orderedGpuPaint)
+            if (retainedPictures?.Contains(entry.Picture) != true) entry.Picture?.Dispose();
+        _orderedGpuPaint = null;
+    }
+    private void RenderOrderedGpuDom(SKCanvas canvas, Action<uint, SKRect>? drawGpuImage, GRContext? gpuContext)
+    {
+        if (drawGpuImage is null) throw new InvalidOperationException("Ordered GPU replay requires an image renderer.");
+        var save = canvas.Save();
+        using var opacity = new SKPaint();
+        try
+        {
+            foreach (var entry in _orderedGpuPaint!)
+            {
+                if (entry.Picture is not null) { canvas.DrawPicture(entry.Picture); continue; }
+                var command = entry.Command;
+                switch (command.Kind)
+                {
+                    case 12:
+                        canvas.Save(); ClipDomRoundedRect(canvas, command, entry.Radii); break;
+                    case 15: ApplyScale(canvas, command); break;
+                    case 19: ApplyRotation(canvas, command); break;
+                    case 30:
+                        opacity.Color = new SKColor(255, 255, 255, (byte)(command.Rgba & 255));
+                        canvas.SaveLayer(opacity); break;
+                    case 13: case 16: case 20: case 31:
+                        // Never allow an invalid stream to pop the host's state.
+                        if (canvas.SaveCount <= save + 1) throw new InvalidOperationException("Unbalanced GPU scene state.");
+                        canvas.Restore(); break;
+                    case 257:
+                        if (!s_layers.TryGetValue(command.NodeId, out var layer) || layer.IsOffscreen)
+                            throw new InvalidOperationException("Ordered canvas layer is unavailable.");
+                        DrawRetainedCanvasLayer(canvas, layer, gpuContext);
+                        break;
+                    case 256:
+                        drawGpuImage(command.Rgba, new SKRect(command.X, command.Y,
+                            command.X + command.Width, command.Y + command.Height)); break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        finally { canvas.RestoreToCount(save); }
+    }
+
     internal void Reset()
     {
+        DisposeOrderedGpuDom();
         s_domBackdropPicture?.Dispose();
         s_domBackdropPicture = null;
         s_domOverlayPicture?.Dispose();
@@ -3468,6 +3774,13 @@ internal void Reset()
         foreach (var svg in s_svgPictures.Values) svg.Dispose();
         s_svgPictures.Clear();
         s_strings.Clear();
+        _checkpointAttempts.Clear();
+#if !WEBSCENE_UNO
+        _pendingReadback?.Dispose();
+        _pendingReadback = null;
+#endif
+        _pendingCheckpoint = null; // Encoder owns only its independent CPU snapshot.
+        ClearShapers();
         s_revision = 0;
         s_totalCommandCount = 0;
         _webTypefaceReference?.Dispose();
@@ -3581,7 +3894,7 @@ public CanvasAffine Multiply(in CanvasAffine value)
             => (A * x + C * y + E, B * x + D * y + F);
     }
 
-    private sealed record RetainedLayer(
+    internal sealed record RetainedLayer(
         uint NodeId,
         ulong Generation,
         uint ZOrder,
@@ -3597,11 +3910,21 @@ private sealed record RetainedLayer(
         SKPicture Picture) : IDisposable
     {
         public int OrderedIndex { get; set; } = -1;
+        internal CanvasReplaySnapshot? ReplaySnapshot { get; init; }
+        internal SKPicture? GpuPicture { get; set; }
+        internal GRContext? GpuContext { get; set; }
+        internal bool IsMaterialized { get; set; }
+        internal SKImage? CheckpointImage { get; set; }
+        internal CanvasPictureNode[]? CpuHistory { get; init; }
 
-        public void Dispose() => Picture.Dispose();
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            ReplaySnapshot?.Dispose(); GpuPicture?.Dispose(); CheckpointImage?.Dispose(); Picture.Dispose();
+            if (CpuHistory is not null) foreach (var node in CpuHistory) node.Dispose();
+        }
     }
 
-    private struct CanvasState
+    internal struct CanvasState
     {
         public string FillStyle;
         public string StrokeStyle;
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCompositorFrameClock.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCompositorFrameClock.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fcd0a308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeCompositorFrameClock.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Diagnostic render timers may supply the display's QPC phase for the duration
+// of their synchronous render-loop tick. Other hosts retain their existing clock.
+internal static class NativeCompositorFrameClock
+{
+    [ThreadStatic] internal static long CurrentTimestamp;
+    internal static long AppliedTimestamps;
+    internal static long ReadTimestamp()
+    {
+        if (CurrentTimestamp != 0) Interlocked.Increment(ref AppliedTimestamps);
+        return CurrentTimestamp;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuImageSampling.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuImageSampling.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3964b6180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuImageSampling.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+internal static class NativeGpuImageSampling
+{
+#if !WEBSCENE_AVALONIA12
+    // Immutable shared default: no paint allocation for each video frame.
+    private static readonly SKPaint LinearPaint = new() { FilterQuality = SKFilterQuality.Low };
+#endif
+
+    internal static void Draw(SKCanvas canvas, SKImage image, SKRect destination, SKPaint? paint = null)
+    {
+        // Imported textures have no mip chain. Bilinear sampling smooths Retina
+        // enlargement without CPU resizing, texture copies or per-frame mipmaps.
+#if WEBSCENE_AVALONIA12
+        canvas.DrawImage(image, destination, new SKSamplingOptions(SKFilterMode.Linear, SKMipmapMode.None), paint);
+#else
+        if (paint is null)
+        {
+            canvas.DrawImage(image, destination, LinearPaint);
+            return;
+        }
+        // The active drawing lease owns the paint on this thread. Preserve its
+        // opacity/blend settings and restore it after the synchronous draw.
+        var quality = paint.FilterQuality;
+        try
+        {
+            paint.FilterQuality = SKFilterQuality.Low;
+            canvas.DrawImage(image, destination, paint);
+        }
+        finally { paint.FilterQuality = quality; }
+#endif
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuRetirement.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuRetirement.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c19008156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuRetirement.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Owns detached presenters independently of their removed composition visual.
+// Failed retirement stays retained for diagnosis; timeout/loss is not completion.
+internal static class NativeGpuRetirement
+{
+    private sealed class Pending(NativeGpuScenePresenter presenter)
+    {
+        internal readonly NativeGpuScenePresenter Presenter = presenter;
+        internal readonly TaskCompletionSource Completion = new(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+    }
+    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<long, Pending> Owners = new();
+    private static long _nextId;
+    internal static int RetainedCount => Owners.Count;
+
+    internal static Task Start(NativeGpuScenePresenter presenter)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(presenter);
+        presenter.BeginShutdown();
+        if (presenter.TryDiscardUnprepared()) return Task.CompletedTask;
+        var pending = new Pending(presenter);
+        var id = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextId);
+        if (!Owners.TryAdd(id, pending)) throw new InvalidOperationException("GPU retirement identity collision.");
+        try
+        {
+            // Stop is delivered on the composition owner. Seal GPU reads here,
+            // before handing polling to a background task. In particular Metal
+            // session finalization is not covered by only the GRContext monitor.
+            presenter.SealForDetachedRetirement();
+            if (presenter.TryCompleteWithoutVisual())
+            {
+                Owners.TryRemove(id, out _);
+                pending.Completion.TrySetResult();
+                return pending.Completion.Task;
+            }
+            _ = Task.Run(async () =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var started = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                    while (!presenter.TryCompleteWithoutVisual())
+                    {
+                        if (Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(started) > TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15))
+                            throw new TimeoutException("GPU retirement did not complete; resources remain retained.");
+                        await Task.Delay(4).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    }
+                    Owners.TryRemove(id, out _);
+                    pending.Completion.TrySetResult();
+                }
+                catch (Exception error)
+                {
+                    Trace.TraceError($"GPU retirement {id} failed and retains its resources: {error}");
+                    pending.Completion.TrySetException(error);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        catch (Exception error) { pending.Completion.TrySetException(error); }
+        return pending.Completion.Task;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuSceneImages.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuSceneImages.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2670589d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuSceneImages.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Indexed image ownership for one immutable scene version. Retain/Acquire are
+// CPU-only; preparation, drawing and retirement require the presenter's lease.
+// Keep this owner until TryComplete succeeds. GC cannot certify GPU completion.
+internal sealed class NativeGpuSceneImages
+{
+    private readonly NativeGpuImageLeaseV3?[] _sources;
+    private readonly INativeRetainedGpuImage?[] _images;
+    private readonly NativeGpuImageInfoV3[] _metadata;
+    internal bool IsRetiring { get; private set; }
+    internal int ImportedCount { get; private set; }
+    internal int ImageCount => _images.Length;
+    private NativeGpuSceneImages(int count)
+    {
+        _sources = new NativeGpuImageLeaseV3?[count];
+        _images = new INativeRetainedGpuImage?[count];
+        _metadata = new NativeGpuImageInfoV3[count];
+    }
+
+    internal static NativeSceneAcquireStatus Acquire(NativeSceneLeaseV3 scene, out NativeGpuSceneImages? images)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(scene);
+        return Capture(checked((int)scene.ImageCount),
+            (int index, out NativeGpuImageLeaseV3? image) => NativeGpuImageLeaseV3.Acquire(scene, (uint)index, out image), out images);
+    }
+
+    internal static NativeSceneAcquireStatus Retain(IReadOnlyList<NativeGpuImageLeaseV3> sources,
+        out NativeGpuSceneImages? images)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(sources);
+        return Capture(sources.Count, (int index, out NativeGpuImageLeaseV3? image) => sources[index].Retain(out image), out images);
+    }
+
+    private delegate NativeSceneAcquireStatus CaptureImage(int index, out NativeGpuImageLeaseV3? image);
+    private static NativeSceneAcquireStatus Capture(int count, CaptureImage capture, out NativeGpuSceneImages? images)
+    {
+        images = null;
+        var candidate = new NativeGpuSceneImages(count);
+        try
+        {
+            for (var index = 0; index < count; ++index)
+            {
+                var status = capture(index, out candidate._sources[index]);
+                if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success) return status;
+                var metadata = candidate._sources[index]!.Describe();
+                if (metadata.Format != 2 || metadata.ColorSpace != 1 ||
+                    metadata.Alpha is not (1 or 2) || metadata.Orientation is not (1 or 2))
+                    throw new NotSupportedException("The scene importer requires BGRA8 sRGB with opaque or premultiplied alpha.");
+                candidate._metadata[index] = metadata;
+            }
+            images = candidate;
+            return NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (images is null) candidate.ReleaseSources();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Rejecting an unapplied scene needs no graphics context because no import
+    // or GPU read has started. Imported groups must use Retire/TryComplete.
+    internal void DiscardUnprepared()
+    {
+        if (ImportedCount != 0) throw new InvalidOperationException("Imported scene images require GPU retirement.");
+        IsRetiring = true;
+        ReleaseSources();
+    }
+
+    private void ReleaseSources()
+    {
+        for (var index = 0; index < _sources.Length; ++index)
+        {
+            _sources[index]?.Dispose();
+            _sources[index] = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Prepare every image before replaying the scene, so admission backpressure
+    // cannot leave only part of its GPU content drawn. Completed imports survive
+    // a retry and are never imported again for unchanged frames.
+    internal bool TryPrepare(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if (IsRetiring) throw new InvalidOperationException("A retiring scene cannot be prepared.");
+        for (var index = 0; index < _sources.Length; ++index)
+        {
+            if (_images[index] is not null) continue;
+            var metadata = _metadata[index];
+            var origin = metadata.Orientation == 1 ? GRSurfaceOrigin.TopLeft : GRSurfaceOrigin.BottomLeft;
+            var alpha = metadata.Alpha == 1 ? SKAlphaType.Opaque : SKAlphaType.Premul;
+            INativeRetainedGpuImage? image = OperatingSystem.IsWindows()
+                ? NativeWindowsRetainedGpuImage.Import(_sources[index]!, lease, origin, alpha)
+                : NativeMetalRetainedGpuImage.Supports(lease)
+                ? NativeMetalRetainedGpuImage.Import(_sources[index]!, lease, origin, alpha)
+                : NativeMacOSRetainedGpuImage.Import(_sources[index]!, lease,
+                metadata.Orientation == 1 ? GRSurfaceOrigin.TopLeft : GRSurfaceOrigin.BottomLeft,
+                metadata.Alpha == 1 ? SKAlphaType.Opaque : SKAlphaType.Premul);
+            if (image is null) return false;
+            _images[index] = image;
+            _sources[index]!.Dispose(); _sources[index] = null;
+            ++ImportedCount;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    internal void Draw(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease, uint index, SKRect destination)
+    {
+        if (IsRetiring || index >= _images.Length || _images[index] is not { } image)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Scene image is unavailable or retiring.");
+        image.Draw(lease, destination);
+    }
+
+    internal void Retire(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        IsRetiring = true;
+        ReleaseSources();
+        foreach (var image in _images) image?.Retire(lease);
+    }
+
+    internal bool TryComplete(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if (!IsRetiring) throw new InvalidOperationException("Scene retirement has not started.");
+        var complete = true;
+        for (var index = 0; index < _images.Length; ++index)
+        {
+            if (_images[index] is not { } image) continue;
+            // Retry a retirement that was interrupted by a host lease failure.
+            image.Retire(lease);
+            if (image.TryComplete(lease)) _images[index] = null;
+            else complete = false;
+        }
+        return complete;
+    }
+    internal bool TryRetireWithoutVisual()
+    {
+        IsRetiring = true;
+        ReleaseSources();
+        var complete = true;
+        for (var index = 0; index < _images.Length; ++index)
+        {
+            if (_images[index] is not { } image) continue;
+            if (image.TryRetireWithoutVisual()) _images[index] = null;
+            else complete = false;
+        }
+        return complete;
+    }
+
+    internal void SealForDetachedRetirement()
+    {
+        IsRetiring = true;
+        ReleaseSources();
+        foreach (var image in _images) image?.SealForDetachedRetirement();
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuSceneInterop.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuSceneInterop.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bd73dd81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuSceneInterop.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+#if WEBSCENE_UNO
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Uno.Native;
+#else
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+#endif
+
+internal enum NativeSceneAcquireStatus : uint
+{
+    Success, Empty, InvalidArgument, UnsupportedVersion, UnsupportedCapabilities,
+    OutOfMemory, InternalError, Backpressure
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+internal struct NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3
+{
+    public uint StructSize, SceneVersion;
+    public ulong ConsumerCapabilities;
+    public static NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3 CpuOnly => new() { StructSize = 16, SceneVersion = 3 };
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+internal struct NativeSceneViewV3
+{
+    public uint StructSize, SceneVersion;
+    public ulong RequiredCapabilities;
+    // Borrowed until SceneReleaseV3; never release this CPU view separately.
+    public IntPtr CpuView, LeaseToken;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+internal struct NativeGpuImageInfoV3
+{
+    public uint StructSize, Version;
+    public ulong Canvas, Allocation, AllocationGeneration, ContentSerial;
+    public ulong ProducerTimeline, ProducerValue;
+    public uint Width, Height, Format, Alpha, ColorSpace, Orientation;
+    public static NativeGpuImageInfoV3 Empty => new() { StructSize = 80, Version = 3 };
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+internal struct NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3
+{
+    public uint StructSize, Version;
+    public IntPtr BorrowedIOSurface;
+    public ulong AllocationBytes;
+    public static NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3 Empty => new()
+    {
+        StructSize = (uint)Marshal.SizeOf<NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3>(), Version = 3
+    };
+}
+
+public static unsafe partial class NativeWebSceneApi
+{
+    // These declarations do not opt the existing renderer into GPU scenes.
+    internal const ulong GpuImageCapability = 1;
+    internal const uint GpuImagePaintCommand = 256;
+    internal const ulong OrderedCanvasCapability = 2;
+    internal const ulong ProducerGpuWaitCapability = 4;
+    internal const ulong CanvasCheckpointCapability = 8;
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_engine_submit_canvas_checkpoint_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern byte SubmitCanvasCheckpoint(IntPtr engine, uint nodeId, ulong generation,
+        uint commandCount, byte[] payload, nuint payloadLength);
+    internal const uint OrderedCanvasPaintCommand = 257;
+
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_engine_acquire_latest_scene_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern NativeSceneAcquireStatus AcquireLatestSceneV3(IntPtr engine, in NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3 options, out IntPtr scene);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_engine_acquire_next_scene_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern NativeSceneAcquireStatus AcquireNextSceneV3(IntPtr engine, in NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3 options, out IntPtr scene);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern byte SceneAcknowledgeV3(IntPtr scene);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_scene_release_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern void SceneReleaseV3(IntPtr scene);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_scene_gpu_image_count_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern uint SceneGpuImageCountV3(IntPtr scene);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_scene_retain_gpu_image_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern NativeSceneAcquireStatus SceneRetainGpuImageV3(IntPtr scene, uint index, out IntPtr image);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_image_retain_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern NativeSceneAcquireStatus GpuImageRetainV3(IntPtr image, out IntPtr retained);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_image_describe_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern byte GpuImageDescribeV3(IntPtr image, ref NativeGpuImageInfoV3 info);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_image_release_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern void GpuImageReleaseV3(IntPtr image);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_image_begin_consumer_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern NativeSceneAcquireStatus GpuImageBeginConsumerV3(IntPtr image, out IntPtr consumer);
+    // Completion consumes the handle. Call only from a GPU completion path;
+    // Dispose/finalization of a CPU wrapper is not a GPU completion event.
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_image_complete_consumer_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern void GpuImageCompleteConsumerV3(IntPtr consumer);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_image_get_iosurface_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern byte GpuImageGetIOSurfaceV3(IntPtr consumer, ref NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3 view);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint="webscene_gpu_image_dependency_count_v3", CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern byte GpuImageDependencyCountV3(IntPtr consumer,out uint count);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint="webscene_gpu_image_get_metal_event_v3", CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern byte GpuImageGetMetalEventV3(IntPtr consumer,uint index,ref NativeGpuMetalEventViewV3 view);
+
+
+}
+
+// CPU scene retention only: disposing this handle does not complete GPU work.
+internal sealed class NativeSceneLeaseV3 : SafeHandle
+{
+    private NativeSceneLeaseV3() : base(IntPtr.Zero, ownsHandle: true) { }
+    public override bool IsInvalid => handle == IntPtr.Zero;
+
+    internal static NativeSceneAcquireStatus Acquire(IntPtr engine, in NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3 options,
+        bool ordered, out NativeSceneLeaseV3? lease)
+    {
+        lease = null;
+        // Allocate managed ownership before native acquisition, so an allocation
+        // failure cannot strand a newly acquired native lease.
+        var candidate = new NativeSceneLeaseV3();
+        try
+        {
+            var status = ordered
+                ? NativeWebSceneApi.AcquireNextSceneV3(engine, in options, out var pointer)
+                : NativeWebSceneApi.AcquireLatestSceneV3(engine, in options, out pointer);
+            candidate.SetHandle(pointer);
+            if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success)
+            {
+                candidate.Dispose();
+                return status;
+            }
+            if (candidate.IsInvalid) throw new InvalidOperationException("Native acquisition returned an empty successful lease.");
+            lease = candidate;
+            return status;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            candidate.Dispose();
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal bool Acknowledge() => NativeWebSceneApi.SceneAcknowledgeV3(this) != 0;
+    internal uint ImageCount => NativeWebSceneApi.SceneGpuImageCountV3(this);
+
+    // All borrowed pointers are valid only during this callback. The SafeHandle
+    // reference protects the native lease even if another thread calls Dispose.
+    internal void WithView(Action<NativeSceneViewV3> read)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(read);
+        var added = false;
+        try
+        {
+            DangerousAddRef(ref added);
+            read(Marshal.PtrToStructure<NativeSceneViewV3>(handle));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (added) DangerousRelease();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected override bool ReleaseHandle()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.SceneReleaseV3(handle);
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+public static unsafe partial class NativeWebSceneApi
+{
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_scene_acknowledge_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern byte SceneAcknowledgeV3(NativeSceneLeaseV3 scene);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_scene_gpu_image_count_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern uint SceneGpuImageCountV3(NativeSceneLeaseV3 scene);
+}
+
+internal sealed class NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 : SafeHandle
+{
+    private NativeGpuImageLeaseV3() : base(IntPtr.Zero, ownsHandle: true) { }
+    public override bool IsInvalid => handle == IntPtr.Zero;
+
+    internal static NativeSceneAcquireStatus Acquire(NativeSceneLeaseV3 scene, uint index,
+        out NativeGpuImageLeaseV3? image)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(scene);
+        image = null;
+        var candidate = new NativeGpuImageLeaseV3();
+        try
+        {
+            var status = NativeWebSceneApi.SceneRetainGpuImageV3(scene, index, out var pointer);
+            return Adopt(candidate, status, pointer, out image);
+        }
+        catch { candidate.Dispose(); throw; }
+    }
+
+    internal NativeSceneAcquireStatus Retain(out NativeGpuImageLeaseV3? retained)
+    {
+        retained = null;
+        var candidate = new NativeGpuImageLeaseV3();
+        try
+        {
+            var status = NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageRetainV3(this, out var pointer);
+            return Adopt(candidate, status, pointer, out retained);
+        }
+        catch { candidate.Dispose(); throw; }
+    }
+
+    private static NativeSceneAcquireStatus Adopt(NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 candidate,
+        NativeSceneAcquireStatus status, IntPtr pointer, out NativeGpuImageLeaseV3? image)
+    {
+        image = null;
+        candidate.SetHandle(pointer);
+        if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success)
+        {
+            candidate.Dispose();
+            return status;
+        }
+        if (candidate.IsInvalid) throw new InvalidOperationException("Native retain returned an empty successful lease.");
+        image = candidate;
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    internal NativeGpuImageInfoV3 Describe()
+    {
+        var info = NativeGpuImageInfoV3.Empty;
+        if (NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageDescribeV3(this, ref info) == 0)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Native image metadata is unavailable.");
+        return info;
+    }
+
+    protected override bool ReleaseHandle()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageReleaseV3(handle);
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+public static unsafe partial class NativeWebSceneApi
+{
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_scene_retain_gpu_image_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern NativeSceneAcquireStatus SceneRetainGpuImageV3(NativeSceneLeaseV3 scene, uint index, out IntPtr image);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_image_retain_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern NativeSceneAcquireStatus GpuImageRetainV3(NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 image, out IntPtr retained);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_image_describe_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern byte GpuImageDescribeV3(NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 image, ref NativeGpuImageInfoV3 info);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_image_begin_consumer_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern NativeSceneAcquireStatus GpuImageBeginConsumerV3(NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 image, out IntPtr consumer);
+}
+
+
+// Explicit GPU completion ownership: deliberately neither IDisposable nor a
+// finalizable SafeHandle. The presenter must retain this wrapper until its GPU
+// completion path calls Complete; GC cannot certify that GPU use has ended.
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+internal struct NativeGpuMetalEventViewV3
+{
+    internal uint StructSize, Version;
+    internal IntPtr BorrowedSharedEvent;
+    internal ulong SignaledValue;
+    internal static NativeGpuMetalEventViewV3 Empty => new() { StructSize=(uint)Marshal.SizeOf<NativeGpuMetalEventViewV3>(), Version=3 };
+}
+
+internal sealed class NativeGpuImageConsumerV3
+{
+    private readonly object _gate = new();
+    private IntPtr _handle;
+    private int _borrows;
+    private bool _completionRequested;
+    private NativeGpuImageConsumerV3() { }
+
+    internal static NativeSceneAcquireStatus Acquire(NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 image,
+        out NativeGpuImageConsumerV3? consumer)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(image);
+        consumer = null;
+        var candidate = new NativeGpuImageConsumerV3();
+        var status = NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageBeginConsumerV3(image, out candidate._handle);
+        if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success) return status;
+        if (candidate._handle == IntPtr.Zero)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Native consumer acquisition returned an empty handle.");
+        consumer = candidate;
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    // Borrow is synchronous. Importers must take their own required native
+    // references and preserve this consumer until the associated GPU fence.
+    internal bool WithIOSurface(Action<NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3> import)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(import);
+        IntPtr pointer;
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (_completionRequested) throw new InvalidOperationException("GPU consumer already completed.");
+            _borrows++;
+            pointer = _handle;
+        }
+        try
+        {
+            var view = NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3.Empty;
+            try
+            {
+                if (NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageGetIOSurfaceV3(pointer, ref view) == 0) return false;
+            }
+            catch (EntryPointNotFoundException) { return false; } // Older v3 runtime lacks this optional hook.
+            if (view.BorrowedIOSurface == IntPtr.Zero || view.AllocationBytes == 0)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Native IOSurface lookup returned an invalid view.");
+            import(view);
+            return true;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            IntPtr retired = IntPtr.Zero;
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                _borrows--;
+                if (_completionRequested && _borrows == 0) { retired = _handle; _handle = IntPtr.Zero; }
+            }
+            if (retired != IntPtr.Zero) NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageCompleteConsumerV3(retired);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Event pointers are borrowed only for this callback. Consumer completion
+    // requested concurrently or reentrantly waits for this borrow to leave.
+    internal void WithMetalEvents(Action<NativeGpuMetalEventViewV3[]> use)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(use);
+        IntPtr pointer;
+        lock(_gate) {
+            if(_completionRequested) throw new InvalidOperationException("GPU consumer already completed.");
+            ++_borrows; pointer=_handle;
+        }
+        try {
+            if(NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageDependencyCountV3(pointer,out var count)==0)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Producer dependency lookup failed.");
+            var events=new NativeGpuMetalEventViewV3[checked((int)count)];
+            for(uint i=0;i<count;++i) {
+                events[i]=NativeGpuMetalEventViewV3.Empty;
+                if(NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageGetMetalEventV3(pointer,i,ref events[i])==0 || events[i].BorrowedSharedEvent==IntPtr.Zero)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Producer Metal event lookup failed.");
+            }
+            use(events);
+        } finally {
+            IntPtr retired=IntPtr.Zero;
+            lock(_gate) {
+                --_borrows;
+                if(_completionRequested && _borrows==0) { retired=_handle;_handle=IntPtr.Zero; }
+            }
+            if(retired!=IntPtr.Zero) NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageCompleteConsumerV3(retired);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal void Complete()
+    {
+        IntPtr retired = IntPtr.Zero;
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (_completionRequested) throw new InvalidOperationException("Duplicate GPU consumer completion.");
+            _completionRequested = true;
+            if (_borrows == 0) { retired = _handle; _handle = IntPtr.Zero; }
+        }
+        // Outstanding synchronous imports defer deletion without blocking a
+        // completion thread or freeing a pointer still borrowed by an importer.
+        if (retired != IntPtr.Zero) NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageCompleteConsumerV3(retired);
+    }
+
+    internal T WithNativeHandle<T>(Func<IntPtr, T> use)
+    {
+        IntPtr pointer;
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (_completionRequested) throw new InvalidOperationException("GPU consumer already completed.");
+            ++_borrows; pointer = _handle;
+        }
+        try { return use(pointer); }
+        finally
+        {
+            IntPtr retired = IntPtr.Zero;
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                --_borrows;
+                if (_completionRequested && _borrows == 0) { retired = _handle; _handle = IntPtr.Zero; }
+            }
+            if (retired != IntPtr.Zero) NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageCompleteConsumerV3(retired);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuScenePresenter.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuScenePresenter.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72bd95bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeGpuScenePresenter.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Serialized by the composition owner. Replacement is CPU-only; all imported
+// resources stay here until retirement completes under the host graphics lease.
+internal enum NativeGpuSceneApplyResult { Applied, Backpressure, InvalidScene, RejectedDiff, AcknowledgementFailed }
+
+internal sealed class NativeGpuScenePresenter
+{
+    private NativeGpuSceneImages? _current;
+    private bool _hostInspected;
+    internal bool SupportsProducerGpuWaits { get; private set; }
+    private readonly NativeGpuSceneImages?[] _retiring = new NativeGpuSceneImages?[2];
+    private bool _prepared;
+    internal bool IsStopping { get; private set; }
+    internal int ImportedCount { get; private set; }
+    internal bool HasPendingRetirements => Array.Exists(_retiring, image => image is not null) || (IsStopping && _current is not null);
+
+    // On false, ownership remains with the caller. Never replace a visible
+    // group's ownership until there is bounded space to retire it safely.
+    internal bool TryReplace(NativeGpuSceneImages images)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(images);
+        if (IsStopping) return false;
+        if (images.IsRetiring || Array.Exists(_retiring, image => ReferenceEquals(image, images)))
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("A retiring scene cannot become current.");
+        if (ReferenceEquals(_current, images)) return true;
+        if (_current is not null)
+        {
+            if (_current.ImportedCount == 0)
+            {
+                // An intermediate mailbox scene never borrowed a GPU image.
+                // Release its CPU leases without consuming a fence-retirement slot.
+                _current.DiscardUnprepared();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var slot = Array.FindIndex(_retiring, image => image is null);
+                if (slot < 0) return false;
+                _retiring[slot] = _current;
+            }
+        }
+        _current = images;
+        _prepared = false;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Apply under the composition owner's serialization. Image retention is
+    // completed before mutating the renderer; acknowledge only after both the
+    // renderer and its indexed image bindings have accepted the same version.
+    internal unsafe NativeGpuSceneApplyResult ApplyScene(NativeSceneLeaseV3 scene, NativeCanvasSceneRenderer renderer, NativeSceneRenderObserver? observer = null,
+        NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.PreparedCanvasLayers? prepared = null)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(scene);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(renderer);
+        if (IsStopping || ((_current?.ImportedCount ?? 0) != 0 && Array.TrueForAll(_retiring, image => image is not null)))
+            return NativeGpuSceneApplyResult.Backpressure;
+        var result = NativeGpuSceneApplyResult.InvalidScene;
+        scene.WithView(view =>
+        {
+            var supported = NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageCapability | NativeWebSceneApi.OrderedCanvasCapability | NativeWebSceneApi.CanvasCheckpointCapability
+                | (SupportsProducerGpuWaits ? NativeWebSceneApi.ProducerGpuWaitCapability : 0UL);
+            if (view.SceneVersion != 3 || view.StructSize != System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.SizeOf<NativeSceneViewV3>() ||
+                (view.RequiredCapabilities & ~supported) != 0 || !NativeSceneViewValidation.IsValid((NativeSceneView*)view.CpuView)) return;
+            var status = NativeGpuSceneImages.Acquire(scene, out var images);
+            observer?.RecordScheduling("apply:images-retained", 0, ((NativeSceneView*)view.CpuView)->Header.Revision, HasPendingRetirements);
+            if (status == NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Backpressure) { result = NativeGpuSceneApplyResult.Backpressure; return; }
+            if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success || images is null)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Scene image retention failed: {status}");
+            try
+            {
+                var cpu = (NativeSceneView*)view.CpuView;
+                foreach (var command in new ReadOnlySpan<SceneCommand>(cpu->Commands, checked((int)cpu->Header.CommandCount)))
+                    if (command.Kind == NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImagePaintCommand &&
+                        ((view.RequiredCapabilities & NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageCapability) == 0 || command.Rgba >= images.ImageCount)) return;
+                if (!renderer.ApplyDiff((NativeSceneView*)view.CpuView, orderedGpuImages: (view.RequiredCapabilities & supported) != 0, prepared))
+                { result = NativeGpuSceneApplyResult.RejectedDiff; return; }
+                observer?.RecordScheduling("apply:cpu-applied", 0, cpu->Header.Revision, HasPendingRetirements);
+                if (!TryReplace(images)) throw new InvalidOperationException("Scene replacement lost its serialized admission slot.");
+                images = null; // Presenter now owns the bindings used by this renderer version.
+                observer?.RecordScheduling("apply:replaced", 0, cpu->Header.Revision, HasPendingRetirements);
+                result = scene.Acknowledge() ? NativeGpuSceneApplyResult.Applied : NativeGpuSceneApplyResult.AcknowledgementFailed;
+            }
+            finally { images?.DiscardUnprepared(); }
+        });
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    // A visual that never imported an image can stop synchronously. Once an
+    // import exists, shutdown must retain the visual's graphics retirement path.
+    internal bool TryDiscardUnprepared()
+    {
+        if ((_current?.ImportedCount ?? 0) != 0 || Array.Exists(_retiring, image => (image?.ImportedCount ?? 0) != 0)) return false;
+        IsStopping = true;
+        _current?.DiscardUnprepared(); _current = null;
+        for (var index = 0; index < _retiring.Length; ++index)
+        { _retiring[index]?.DiscardUnprepared(); _retiring[index] = null; }
+        _prepared = false;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void DrainRetirements(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        for (var index = 0; index < _retiring.Length; ++index)
+        {
+            if (_retiring[index] is not { } image) continue;
+            image.Retire(lease);
+            if (image.TryComplete(lease)) _retiring[index] = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Recheck retired groups after recording the current frame, while the
+    // composition owner still holds its graphics lease. Never poll by waiting.
+    internal void PollRetirementsAfterDraw(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if (!IsStopping) DrainRetirements(lease);
+    }
+
+    // Windows retirement is sealed on the graphics owner during draw. Poll its
+    // D3D11 completion fences before admitting the next producer frame, so an
+    // already completed consumer does not occupy a pool slot for another vsync.
+    // No GL context, new signal or CPU wait is allowed on this path.
+    internal void PollWindowsRetirementsBeforeFrame()
+    {
+        if (IsStopping || !OperatingSystem.IsWindows()) return;
+        for (var index = 0; index < _retiring.Length; ++index)
+            if (_retiring[index] is { } image && image.TryRetireWithoutVisual())
+                _retiring[index] = null;
+    }
+
+    internal bool TryPrepare(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if (IsStopping) throw new InvalidOperationException("Scene presenter is stopping.");
+        if (!_hostInspected)
+        {
+            SupportsProducerGpuWaits = OperatingSystem.IsWindows()
+                ? NativeWindowsRetainedGpuImage.Supports(lease)
+                : NativeMetalRetainedGpuImage.Supports(lease);
+            _hostInspected = true;
+        }
+        DrainRetirements(lease);
+        if (_current is null) return false;
+        var before = _current.ImportedCount;
+        try { return _prepared = _current.TryPrepare(lease); }
+        finally { ImportedCount += _current.ImportedCount - before; }
+    }
+
+    internal void Draw(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease, uint index, SKRect destination)
+    {
+        if (IsStopping || !_prepared || _current is null)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Scene presenter is not ready to draw.");
+        _current.Draw(lease, index, destination);
+    }
+
+    // The host must continue graphics callbacks until TryComplete returns true,
+    // including when ordinary scene rendering has stopped or is hidden.
+    internal void BeginShutdown() => IsStopping = true;
+    internal void SealForDetachedRetirement()
+    {
+        if (!IsStopping) throw new InvalidOperationException("Scene presenter has not begun shutdown.");
+        foreach (var image in _retiring) image?.SealForDetachedRetirement();
+        _current?.SealForDetachedRetirement();
+    }
+    internal bool TryComplete(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if (!IsStopping) throw new InvalidOperationException("Scene presenter has not begun shutdown.");
+        DrainRetirements(lease);
+        if (_current is not null)
+        {
+            _current.Retire(lease);
+            if (_current.TryComplete(lease)) _current = null;
+        }
+        return !HasPendingRetirements;
+    }
+    // Transfer this presenter exclusively to the retirement worker after stop.
+    // No replacement, preparation or drawing may run concurrently with it.
+    internal bool TryCompleteWithoutVisual()
+    {
+        if (!IsStopping) throw new InvalidOperationException("Scene presenter has not begun shutdown.");
+        for (var index = 0; index < _retiring.Length; ++index)
+            if (_retiring[index] is { } image && image.TryRetireWithoutVisual()) _retiring[index] = null;
+        if (_current is not null && _current.TryRetireWithoutVisual()) _current = null;
+        return !HasPendingRetirements;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d107eeac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using Avalonia.OpenGL;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Owns consumer retirement after the host's final GL use. The host must retain
+// and poll this object in its current context; there is no GC-based completion.
+internal sealed class NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence
+{
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate IntPtr FenceSync(uint condition, uint flags);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate uint ClientWaitSync(IntPtr sync, uint flags, ulong timeout);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate void DeleteSync(IntPtr sync);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate void Flush();
+
+    private readonly IntPtr _context;
+    private readonly int _thread = Environment.CurrentManagedThreadId;
+    private readonly ClientWaitSync _wait;
+    private readonly DeleteSync _delete;
+    private readonly NativeGpuImageConsumerV3 _consumer;
+    private IntPtr _fence;
+
+    private NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence(IntPtr context, ClientWaitSync wait, DeleteSync delete,
+        NativeGpuImageConsumerV3 consumer)
+    {
+        _context = context; _wait = wait; _delete = delete; _consumer = consumer;
+    }
+
+    // Resolve from the host GlInterface.GetProcAddress, not global GL symbols
+    // that might name ANGLE. Ownership transfers only when this call succeeds.
+    internal static NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence Create(Func<string, IntPtr> getProcAddress,
+        NativeGpuImageConsumerV3 consumer)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(getProcAddress);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(consumer);
+        var context = NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.CurrentContext;
+        if (context == IntPtr.Zero) throw new InvalidOperationException("A current CGL context is required.");
+        T Resolve<T>(string name) where T : Delegate
+        {
+            var address = getProcAddress(name);
+            if (address == IntPtr.Zero) throw new NotSupportedException($"Host GL entry point {name} is unavailable.");
+            return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<T>(address);
+        }
+        var insert = Resolve<FenceSync>("glFenceSync");
+        var wait = Resolve<ClientWaitSync>("glClientWaitSync");
+        var delete = Resolve<DeleteSync>("glDeleteSync");
+        var flush = Resolve<Flush>("glFlush");
+        var result = new NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence(context, wait, delete, consumer);
+        result._fence = insert(0x9117, 0); // GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE
+        if (result._fence == IntPtr.Zero) throw new InvalidOperationException("Host GL fence creation failed.");
+        flush();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    internal bool TryComplete() => Poll(requireOriginalThread: true);
+
+    // Avalonia can migrate its context between UI and compositor threads. The
+    // live platform lease supplies host serialization; native context identity
+    // must still match. Standalone callers retain the strict thread check above.
+    internal bool TryCompleteInHostLease(ISkiaSharpPlatformGraphicsApiLease lease)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(lease);
+        if (lease.Context is not IGlContext) throw new NotSupportedException("A host GL lease is required.");
+        return Poll(requireOriginalThread: false);
+    }
+
+    // Caller holds this host context's EnsureCurrent scope. Retirement code
+    // also holds Avalonia's GRContext monitor before touching Skia resources.
+    internal bool TryCompleteInSerializedHostContext(IGlContext context)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(context);
+        if (context.IsLost) throw new InvalidOperationException("Host graphics context is lost.");
+        return Poll(requireOriginalThread: false);
+    }
+
+    private bool Poll(bool requireOriginalThread)
+    {
+        if ((requireOriginalThread && _thread != Environment.CurrentManagedThreadId) ||
+            _context != NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.CurrentContext)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("GPU fence polling requires its owning thread and CGL context.");
+        if (_fence == IntPtr.Zero) return true;
+        var status = _wait(_fence, 0, 0); // Zero timeout: never wait for the device on the CPU.
+        if (status == 0x911B) return false; // GL_TIMEOUT_EXPIRED
+        if (status != 0x911A && status != 0x911C) // ALREADY_SIGNALED / CONDITION_SATISFIED
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Host GL fence polling failed; consumer remains retained.");
+        _delete(_fence);
+        _fence = IntPtr.Zero;
+        _consumer.Complete();
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c83e5493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Import into a rectangle texture already bound by the host's GlInterface.
+// The caller owns GL state and must keep the consumer through GPU completion.
+// This does not opt the retained renderer into GPU scenes or synchronize writes.
+internal static class NativeMacOSGpuImageImport
+{
+    private const string OpenGL = "/System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/OpenGL";
+    private const string IOSurface = "/System/Library/Frameworks/IOSurface.framework/IOSurface";
+
+    internal static IntPtr CurrentContext => OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? CGLGetCurrentContext() : IntPtr.Zero;
+
+    internal static bool TryBindCurrentRectangleTexture(NativeGpuImageConsumerV3 consumer)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(consumer);
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsMacOS()) return false;
+        var context = CGLGetCurrentContext();
+        if (context == IntPtr.Zero) return false;
+        var imported = false;
+        return consumer.WithIOSurface(view =>
+        {
+            var width = IOSurfaceGetWidth(view.BorrowedIOSurface);
+            var height = IOSurfaceGetHeight(view.BorrowedIOSurface);
+            if (width == 0 || height == 0 || width > int.MaxValue || height > int.MaxValue) return;
+            // The native pool exposes negotiated BGRA8 only. CGL requires this
+            // tuple for the packed BGRA IOSurface storage on the tested route.
+            imported = CGLTexImageIOSurface2D(context, 0x84F5, 0x8058,
+                (int)width, (int)height, 0x80E1, 0x8367, view.BorrowedIOSurface, 0) == 0;
+        }) && imported;
+    }
+
+    // Wrap the texture successfully imported above in the same host GL context.
+    // Neither this SKImage nor its disposal owns/completes the native consumer.
+    // Keep both the GL texture and consumer until the last submitted Skia read
+    // has completed; retained redraw also needs a live image/consumer lease.
+    internal static SKImage? TryWrapRectangleTexture(NativeGpuImageConsumerV3 consumer,
+        GRContext context, uint texture, GRSurfaceOrigin origin, SKAlphaType alpha)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(consumer);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(context);
+        if (CurrentContext == IntPtr.Zero || texture == 0) return null;
+        SKImage? image = null;
+        consumer.WithIOSurface(view =>
+        {
+            var width = IOSurfaceGetWidth(view.BorrowedIOSurface);
+            var height = IOSurfaceGetHeight(view.BorrowedIOSurface);
+            if (width == 0 || height == 0 || width > int.MaxValue || height > int.MaxValue) return;
+            using var backend = new GRBackendTexture((int)width, (int)height, false,
+                new GRGlTextureInfo(0x84F5, texture, 0x8058));
+            // GL exposes RGBA channels despite the IOSurface's BGRA byte storage.
+            image = SKImage.FromTexture(context, backend, origin, SKColorType.Rgba8888, alpha);
+        });
+        return image;
+    }
+
+    [DllImport(OpenGL, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private static extern IntPtr CGLGetCurrentContext();
+    [DllImport(OpenGL, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private static extern int CGLTexImageIOSurface2D(IntPtr context, uint target, uint internalFormat,
+        int width, int height, uint format, uint type, IntPtr surface, uint plane);
+    [DllImport(IOSurface, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private static extern nuint IOSurfaceGetWidth(IntPtr surface);
+    [DllImport(IOSurface, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private static extern nuint IOSurfaceGetHeight(IntPtr surface);
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMacOSRetainedGpuImage.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMacOSRetainedGpuImage.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03e5166dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMacOSRetainedGpuImage.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+using System;
+using Avalonia.OpenGL;
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Host-context ownership of one imported image version. The scene cache must
+// retain this object through Retire/TryComplete; GC is never GPU completion.
+internal sealed class NativeMacOSRetainedGpuImage : INativeRetainedGpuImage
+{
+    private readonly IGlContext _host;
+    private readonly GRContext _skia;
+    private readonly IntPtr _nativeContext = NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.CurrentContext;
+    private NativeGpuImageConsumerV3? _consumer;
+    private SKImage? _image;
+    private NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence? _fence;
+    private int _texture;
+    internal bool IsRetiring { get; private set; }
+    private NativeMacOSRetainedGpuImage(IGlContext host, GRContext skia)
+    { _host = host; _skia = skia; }
+
+    // The producer must already have certified readiness. Admission failure
+    // leaves the scene's retained lease untouched so the caller can retry.
+    internal static NativeMacOSRetainedGpuImage? Import(NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 image,
+        ISkiaSharpApiLease lease, GRSurfaceOrigin origin, SKAlphaType alpha)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(image);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(lease);
+        var skia = lease.GrContext ?? throw new NotSupportedException("A GPU Skia context is required.");
+        using var platform = lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi()
+            ?? throw new NotSupportedException("A host graphics API lease is required.");
+        if (platform.Context is not IGlContext host || NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.CurrentContext == IntPtr.Zero)
+            throw new NotSupportedException("The macOS IOSurface route requires a current host CGL context.");
+        var result = new NativeMacOSRetainedGpuImage(host, skia);
+        var status = NativeGpuImageConsumerV3.Acquire(image, out result._consumer);
+        if (status == NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Backpressure) return null;
+        if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"GPU image consumer acquisition failed: {status}.");
+        try
+        {
+            result._texture = host.GlInterface.GenTexture();
+            if (result._texture == 0) throw new InvalidOperationException("Host texture allocation failed.");
+            host.GlInterface.BindTexture(0x84F5, result._texture);
+            if (!NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.TryBindCurrentRectangleTexture(result._consumer!))
+                throw new NotSupportedException("Host IOSurface import failed.");
+            result._image = NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.TryWrapRectangleTexture(result._consumer!, skia,
+                (uint)result._texture, origin, alpha)
+                ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Host Ganesh rectangle wrapping failed.");
+            return result;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            // Import has not issued a draw: no consumer GPU read needs fencing.
+            result._image?.Dispose();
+            if (result._texture != 0) host.GlInterface.DeleteTexture(result._texture);
+            result._consumer!.Complete();
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+    private void Check(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        // Avalonia may migrate the same context between its UI and render
+        // threads. Its active drawing lease serializes access to the GRContext.
+        if (!ReferenceEquals(lease.GrContext, _skia) ||
+            NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.CurrentContext != _nativeContext)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("GPU image use requires its owning leased Skia and CGL contexts.");
+    }
+    public void Draw(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease, SKRect destination, SKPaint? paint = null)
+    {
+        Check(lease);
+        if (IsRetiring) throw new InvalidOperationException("A retiring GPU image cannot be drawn again.");
+        NativeGpuImageSampling.Draw(lease.SkCanvas, _image!, destination, paint);
+    }
+    public void Retire(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        Check(lease);
+        if (_fence is not null || _consumer is null) return;
+        IsRetiring = true;
+        _image?.Dispose(); _image = null;
+        using var platform = lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi()
+            ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Host graphics API lease disappeared during retirement.");
+        if (!ReferenceEquals(platform.Context, _host)) throw new InvalidOperationException("Host graphics context changed.");
+        // Entering Avalonia's platform lease flushes Skia's final reads. On fence
+        // failure retain ownership and allow retry; never fabricate completion.
+        _fence = NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence.Create(_host.GlInterface.GetProcAddress, _consumer);
+    }
+    public bool TryComplete(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        Check(lease);
+        if (!IsRetiring) throw new InvalidOperationException("Retire the GPU image before polling completion.");
+        if (_consumer is null) return true;
+        if (_fence is null) return false;
+        using var platform = lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi()
+            ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Host graphics API lease disappeared during completion.");
+        if (!ReferenceEquals(platform.Context, _host)) throw new InvalidOperationException("Host graphics context changed.");
+        if (!_fence.TryCompleteInHostLease(platform)) return false;
+        _consumer = null;
+        _host.GlInterface.DeleteTexture(_texture); _texture = 0;
+        return true;
+    }
+    // Avalonia 11.3.4 takes the CGL lock via EnsureCurrent before the GRContext
+    // monitor during drawing. Use the same order after a visual is detached;
+    // never touch a live drawing lease or wait for GPU completion on the CPU.
+    public bool TryRetireWithoutVisual()
+    {
+        using var current = _host.EnsureCurrent();
+        lock (_skia)
+        {
+            if (NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.CurrentContext != _nativeContext || _skia.IsAbandoned)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Detached retirement lost its host context.");
+            IsRetiring = true;
+            try
+            {
+                _image?.Dispose(); _image = null;
+                if (_consumer is null) return true;
+                _skia.Flush();
+                _fence ??= NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence.Create(_host.GlInterface.GetProcAddress, _consumer);
+                if (!_fence.TryCompleteInSerializedHostContext(_host)) return false;
+                _consumer = null;
+                _host.GlInterface.DeleteTexture(_texture); _texture = 0;
+                return true;
+            }
+            finally { _skia.ResetContext(); }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalBackendTexture.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalBackendTexture.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72a120cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalBackendTexture.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Pinned SkiaSharp 2.88 native Metal entry point; its generic managed assembly
+// omits the Metal constructor. This owns the backend wrapper, not the texture.
+internal static unsafe class NativeMetalBackendTexture
+{
+    [DllImport("libSkiaSharp", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private static extern IntPtr gr_backendtexture_new_metal(int width, int height,
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)] bool mipmapped, IntPtr* textureInfo);
+    [DllImport("libSkiaSharp", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private static extern void gr_backendtexture_delete(IntPtr texture);
+
+    [DynamicDependency(DynamicallyAccessedMemberTypes.NonPublicConstructors, typeof(GRBackendTexture))]
+    internal static GRBackendTexture Create(int width, int height, IntPtr metalTexture)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsMacOS()) throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
+        if (width <= 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(width));
+        if (height <= 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(height));
+        if (metalTexture == IntPtr.Zero) throw new ArgumentException("A retained Metal texture is required.", nameof(metalTexture));
+        var constructor = typeof(GRBackendTexture).GetConstructor(
+            BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic, null,
+            new[] { typeof(IntPtr), typeof(bool) }, null)
+            ?? throw new MissingMethodException("GRBackendTexture(IntPtr, bool)");
+        var handle = gr_backendtexture_new_metal(width, height, false, &metalTexture);
+        if (handle == IntPtr.Zero) throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal backend texture wrapping failed.");
+        try { return (GRBackendTexture)constructor.Invoke(new object[] { handle, true }); }
+        catch { gr_backendtexture_delete(handle); throw; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalConsumerFence.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalConsumerFence.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2a357b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalConsumerFence.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Caller must flush/submit Skia reads before inserting this marker while holding
+// the same host queue lease. Own this fence and the image until TryComplete succeeds.
+internal sealed class NativeMetalConsumerFence
+{
+    private IntPtr _command;
+    private bool _completed;
+    private NativeMetalConsumerFence(IntPtr command) => _command = command;
+
+    internal static NativeMetalConsumerFence Insert(IntPtr queue)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsMacOS()) throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
+        if (queue == IntPtr.Zero) throw new ArgumentException("A leased Metal queue is required.", nameof(queue));
+        var command = SendObject(queue, Selector("commandBuffer"));
+        if (command == IntPtr.Zero) throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal retirement marker allocation failed.");
+        SendObject(command, Selector("retain"));
+        SendVoid(command, Selector("commit"));
+        return new NativeMetalConsumerFence(command);
+    }
+
+    internal bool TryComplete()
+    {
+        if (_completed) return true;
+        var status = SendUInt(_command, Selector("status"));
+        if (status == 5) throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal retirement command failed; image ownership must remain retained.");
+        if (status != 4) return false; // MTLCommandBufferStatusCompleted
+        SendVoid(_command, Selector("release"));
+        _command = IntPtr.Zero;
+        _completed = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+    // No finalizer: abandoning this object must not fabricate consumer completion.
+    private const string ObjC = "/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib";
+    [DllImport(ObjC, EntryPoint="sel_registerName")] private static extern IntPtr Selector(string name);
+    [DllImport(ObjC, EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")] private static extern IntPtr SendObject(IntPtr receiver, IntPtr selector);
+    [DllImport(ObjC, EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")] private static extern void SendVoid(IntPtr receiver, IntPtr selector);
+    [DllImport(ObjC, EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")] private static extern nuint SendUInt(IntPtr receiver, IntPtr selector);
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c49d399f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Owns a Metal texture view of an existing IOSurface; does not copy pixels.
+// The caller must keep the consumer and this texture until GPU reads complete.
+internal sealed class NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture : IDisposable
+{
+    internal IntPtr Handle { get; private set; }
+    internal int Width { get; }
+    internal int Height { get; }
+    private NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture(IntPtr texture, int width, int height)
+    { Handle = texture; Width = width; Height = height; }
+
+    internal static NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture Import(IntPtr device, NativeGpuImageConsumerV3 consumer)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsMacOS()) throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(consumer);
+        if (device == IntPtr.Zero) throw new ArgumentException("A leased Metal device is required.", nameof(device));
+        NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture? result = null;
+        consumer.WithIOSurface(view =>
+        {
+            var width = IOSurfaceGetWidth(view.BorrowedIOSurface);
+            var height = IOSurfaceGetHeight(view.BorrowedIOSurface);
+            if (width == 0 || height == 0 || width > int.MaxValue || height > int.MaxValue
+                || IOSurfaceGetPixelFormat(view.BorrowedIOSurface) != 0x42475241)
+                throw new NotSupportedException("Metal import requires a nonempty BGRA IOSurface.");
+            var descriptor = CreateDescriptor(GetClass("MTLTextureDescriptor"),
+                Selector("texture2DDescriptorWithPixelFormat:width:height:mipmapped:"),
+                80, width, height, false); // MTLPixelFormatBGRA8Unorm
+            SetValue(descriptor, Selector("setUsage:"), 1); // ShaderRead
+            var texture = CreateTexture(device, Selector("newTextureWithDescriptor:iosurface:plane:"),
+                descriptor, view.BorrowedIOSurface, 0);
+            if (texture == IntPtr.Zero) throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal IOSurface import failed.");
+            result = new NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture(texture, (int)width, (int)height);
+        });
+        return result ?? throw new NotSupportedException("The native consumer exposes no IOSurface.");
+    }
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        var texture = Handle; Handle = IntPtr.Zero;
+        if (texture != IntPtr.Zero) Release(texture, Selector("release"));
+    }
+    private const string ObjC = "/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib";
+    private const string Surface = "/System/Library/Frameworks/IOSurface.framework/IOSurface";
+    [DllImport(ObjC, EntryPoint="objc_getClass")] private static extern IntPtr GetClass(string name);
+    [DllImport(ObjC, EntryPoint="sel_registerName")] private static extern IntPtr Selector(string name);
+    [DllImport(ObjC, EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")] private static extern IntPtr CreateDescriptor(IntPtr receiver, IntPtr selector, ulong format, nuint width, nuint height, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)] bool mipmapped);
+    [DllImport(ObjC, EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")] private static extern IntPtr CreateTexture(IntPtr receiver, IntPtr selector, IntPtr descriptor, IntPtr surface, nuint plane);
+    [DllImport(ObjC, EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")] private static extern void SetValue(IntPtr receiver, IntPtr selector, ulong value);
+    [DllImport(ObjC, EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")] private static extern void Release(IntPtr receiver, IntPtr selector);
+    [DllImport(Surface)] private static extern nuint IOSurfaceGetWidth(IntPtr surface);
+    [DllImport(Surface)] private static extern nuint IOSurfaceGetHeight(IntPtr surface);
+    [DllImport(Surface)] private static extern uint IOSurfaceGetPixelFormat(IntPtr surface);
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalProducerWait.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalProducerWait.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5c03dced
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalProducerWait.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+internal static class NativeMetalProducerWait
+{
+    // Caller holds the Metal platform lease. Native consumer owns every borrowed
+    // event until submission; Metal command encoding retains its dependencies.
+    internal static void Submit(IntPtr queue, NativeGpuImageConsumerV3 consumer)
+    {
+        if(queue==IntPtr.Zero) throw new ArgumentException("A leased Metal queue is required.",nameof(queue));
+        consumer.WithMetalEvents(events => {
+            if(events.Length==0) return;
+            // WithMetalEvents validates the entire list before invoking us.
+            var command=SendObject(queue,Selector("commandBuffer"));
+            if(command==IntPtr.Zero) throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal producer barrier allocation failed.");
+            foreach(var dependency in events)
+                EncodeWait(command,Selector("encodeWaitForEvent:value:"),dependency.BorrowedSharedEvent,dependency.SignaledValue);
+            SendVoid(command,Selector("commit"));
+        });
+    }
+    private const string ObjC="/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib";
+    [DllImport(ObjC,EntryPoint="sel_registerName")] private static extern IntPtr Selector(string name);
+    [DllImport(ObjC,EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")] private static extern IntPtr SendObject(IntPtr receiver,IntPtr selector);
+    [DllImport(ObjC,EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")] private static extern void EncodeWait(IntPtr receiver,IntPtr selector,IntPtr sharedEvent,ulong value);
+    [DllImport(ObjC,EntryPoint="objc_msgSend")] private static extern void SendVoid(IntPtr receiver,IntPtr selector);
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalRetainedGpuImage.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalRetainedGpuImage.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ef1d785b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeMetalRetainedGpuImage.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+using System;
+using Avalonia.Platform;
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using SkiaSharp;
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Completion-certified producer route. Early producer admission remains disabled.
+internal sealed class NativeMetalRetainedGpuImage : INativeRetainedGpuImage
+{
+    private readonly IPlatformGraphicsContext _host;
+    private readonly GRContext _skia;
+    private readonly IntPtr _queue;
+    private NativeGpuImageConsumerV3? _consumer;
+    private NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture? _texture;
+    private SKImage? _image;
+    private NativeMetalConsumerFence? _fence;
+    private bool _retiring;
+    private NativeMetalRetainedGpuImage(IPlatformGraphicsContext host, GRContext skia, IntPtr queue)
+    { _host=host; _skia=skia; _queue=queue; }
+    internal static bool Supports(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        using var platform=lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi();
+        return platform?.Context is global::Avalonia.Metal.IMetalDevice;
+    }
+    internal static NativeMetalRetainedGpuImage? Import(NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 source,
+        ISkiaSharpApiLease lease, GRSurfaceOrigin origin, SKAlphaType alpha)
+    {
+        var skia=lease.GrContext ?? throw new NotSupportedException("GPU Skia context required");
+        NativeMetalRetainedGpuImage result;
+        using(var platform=lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi()
+            ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Metal platform lease required"))
+        {
+            var host=platform.Context;
+            var metal=host as global::Avalonia.Metal.IMetalDevice
+                ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Metal host required");
+            // Avalonia hides these members in its reference assembly. Reflect on
+            // the known interface type so NativeAOT preserves the accessors.
+            var type=typeof(global::Avalonia.Metal.IMetalDevice);
+            var device=(IntPtr)type.GetProperty("Device")!.GetValue(metal)!;
+            var queue=(IntPtr)type.GetProperty("CommandQueue")!.GetValue(metal)!;
+            result=new(host,skia,queue);
+            var status=NativeGpuImageConsumerV3.Acquire(source,out result._consumer);
+            if(status==NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Backpressure) return null;
+            if(status!=NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success) throw new InvalidOperationException($"Metal consumer acquisition failed: {status}");
+            try {
+                result._texture=NativeMetalIOSurfaceTexture.Import(device,result._consumer!);
+                NativeMetalProducerWait.Submit(queue,result._consumer!);
+            }
+            catch { result._texture?.Dispose(); result._consumer!.Complete(); throw; }
+        }
+        try {
+            using var backend=NativeMetalBackendTexture.Create(result._texture.Width,result._texture.Height,result._texture.Handle);
+            result._image=SKImage.FromTexture(skia,backend,origin,SKColorType.Bgra8888,alpha)
+                ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal Skia image wrapping failed");
+            return result;
+        } catch { result._texture.Dispose(); result._consumer!.Complete(); throw; }
+    }
+    private void Check(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if(!ReferenceEquals(lease.GrContext,_skia)) throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal image belongs to another Skia context");
+        // The GRContext identifies the owning device/queue. The active Skia lease
+        // serializes it; opening a platform lease here would flush every draw.
+    }
+    public void Draw(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease,SKRect destination,SKPaint? paint=null)
+    {
+        Check(lease);
+        if(_retiring) throw new InvalidOperationException("Retiring image cannot be drawn");
+        NativeGpuImageSampling.Draw(lease.SkCanvas, _image!, destination, paint);
+    }
+    public void Retire(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        Check(lease);
+        _retiring=true;
+        if(_fence is not null || _consumer is null) return;
+        _image?.Dispose(); _image=null;
+        _skia.Flush(true,false);
+        using var platform=lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi()
+            ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Metal retirement requires a host lease");
+        _fence=NativeMetalConsumerFence.Insert(_queue);
+    }
+    public bool TryComplete(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        Check(lease);
+        if(!_retiring) throw new InvalidOperationException("Retirement not started");
+        return Complete();
+    }
+    private bool Complete()
+    {
+        if(_consumer is null) return true;
+        if(_fence is null || !_fence.TryComplete()) return false;
+        _texture!.Dispose(); _texture=null;
+        _consumer.Complete(); _consumer=null;
+        return true;
+    }
+    public bool TryRetireWithoutVisual()
+    {
+        // Once sealed on the composition owner, background retirement only
+        // observes the command buffer. Never flush a live Skia session there.
+        if (_fence is not null || _consumer is null) return Complete();
+        using var current=_host.EnsureCurrent();
+        lock(_skia)
+        {
+            if(_skia.IsAbandoned) throw new InvalidOperationException("Metal context abandoned before retirement");
+            _retiring=true;
+            if(_consumer is null) return true;
+            _image?.Dispose(); _image=null;
+            _skia.Flush(true,false);
+            _fence ??= NativeMetalConsumerFence.Insert(_queue);
+            return Complete();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneComposition.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneComposition.cs
index 6fe923ae0..9a2a92899 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneComposition.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneComposition.cs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Text;
 using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
 #if !WEBSCENE_UNO
 using Avalonia;
 using Avalonia.Controls;
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ internal enum NativeSceneCompositionMessage
 
 internal sealed class NativeScenePublicationMailbox
 {
+    internal event Action? Published;
     private long _published;
     private long _consumed;
 
@@ -63,7 +65,10 @@ public long PendingCount
     }
 
     public void Publish()
-        => Interlocked.Increment(ref _published);
+    {
+        Interlocked.Increment(ref _published);
+        Published?.Invoke();
+    }
 
     public bool TryConsume()
     {
@@ -180,7 +185,12 @@ public readonly record struct NativeResizeSubmissionSample(
 public readonly record struct NativeSceneRenderSample(
     long Timestamp,
     ulong Revision,
-    ulong ConsumedInputSequence);
+    ulong ConsumedInputSequence)
+{
+    // Stopwatch timestamp after the compositor accepts this revision; zero
+    // when unavailable. Neither timestamp certifies platform presentation.
+    public long AcceptedTimestamp { get; init; }
+}
 
 internal static class NativeSceneResizeProjection
 {
@@ -225,6 +235,16 @@ internal readonly record struct NativeSceneDamage(
     double SummedArea)
 {
     public static NativeSceneDamage None => default;
+
+    internal NativeSceneDamage Combine(in NativeSceneDamage following)
+    {
+        if (!RequiresRender) return following;
+        if (!following.RequiresRender) return this;
+        return new NativeSceneDamage(true, IsFull || following.IsFull,
+            Bounds.Union(following.Bounds),
+            RectangleCount + following.RectangleCount,
+            SummedArea + following.SummedArea);
+    }
 }
 
 internal static class NativeSceneDamagePolicy
@@ -431,6 +451,94 @@ internal sealed unsafe class NativeSceneCompositionHandler
     : CompositionCustomVisualHandler
 {
     private readonly IntPtr _engine;
+    private bool _stopped;
+    private readonly object _engineAccessGate = new();
+    private bool _engineAccessRevoked;
+    private readonly bool _asyncCanvasPreparation;
+    private readonly bool _singleScenePerFrame =
+        OperatingSystem.IsWindows()
+        && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_SINGLE_SCENE_PER_FRAME") == "1";
+    private int _canvasPreparationQueued;
+    private bool _canvasPreparationFailed;
+    private PreparedCanvasScene? _preparedCanvasScene;
+
+    private sealed class PreparedCanvasScene(NativeSceneLeaseV3 scene, NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.PreparedCanvasLayers layers) : IDisposable
+    {
+        private NativeSceneLeaseV3? _scene = scene;
+        public NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.PreparedCanvasLayers Layers => layers;
+        public NativeSceneLeaseV3 TakeScene()
+        {
+            var result = _scene ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Prepared scene was already consumed.");
+            _scene = null;
+            return result;
+        }
+        public void Dispose() { _scene?.Dispose(); _scene = null; layers.Dispose(); }
+    }
+
+    private void OnCanvasPublication() => QueueCanvasPreparation(fromPublication: true);
+
+    private void QueueCanvasPreparation(bool fromPublication = false)
+    {
+        if (!_asyncCanvasPreparation || (!fromPublication && (_canvasPreparationFailed || !_running || _manualFrames
+            || _preparedCanvasScene is not null || _publicationMailbox.PendingCount == 0))
+            || Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _canvasPreparationQueued, 1, 0) != 0) return;
+        ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(state =>
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                lock (_engineAccessGate)
+                {
+                    if (_engineAccessRevoked || _stopped || _canvasPreparationFailed || !_running || _manualFrames
+                        || _hasPendingRenderMetrics
+                        || _preparedCanvasScene is not null || _publicationMailbox.PendingCount == 0) return;
+                    var options = NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3.CpuOnly;
+                    options.ConsumerCapabilities = NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageCapability | NativeWebSceneApi.OrderedCanvasCapability | NativeWebSceneApi.CanvasCheckpointCapability
+                        | (_gpuPresenter?.SupportsProducerGpuWaits == true ? NativeWebSceneApi.ProducerGpuWaitCapability : 0UL);
+                    var status = NativeSceneLeaseV3.Acquire(_engine, in options, true, out var scene);
+                    if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success || scene is null) return;
+                    NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.PreparedCanvasLayers? layers = null;
+                    try
+                    {
+                        scene.WithView(view =>
+                        {
+                            if (view.SceneVersion == 3 && view.StructSize == System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.SizeOf<NativeSceneViewV3>())
+                            {
+                                var cpu = (NativeSceneView*)view.CpuView;
+                                _renderObserver.RecordScheduling("prepare:start", 0, cpu->Header.Revision, false);
+                                layers = _renderer.PrepareCanvasLayers((NativeSceneView*)view.CpuView);
+                                _renderObserver.RecordScheduling("prepare:end", 0, cpu->Header.Revision, false);
+                            }
+                        });
+                        if (layers is null) return;
+                        _preparedCanvasScene = new PreparedCanvasScene(scene, layers);
+                        scene = null; layers = null;
+                    }
+                    finally { scene?.Dispose(); layers?.Dispose(); }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception error)
+            {
+                lock (_engineAccessGate) _canvasPreparationFailed = true;
+                Console.Error.WriteLine("Canvas preparation fell back to synchronous compilation: " + error);
+            }
+            finally { Volatile.Write(ref _canvasPreparationQueued, 0); }
+        });
+    }
+
+    internal void RevokeEngineAccess()
+    {
+        // Join any engine-using callback before the UI destroys the engine.
+        // No compositor tick or GPU completion is needed to revoke access.
+        lock (_engineAccessGate)
+        {
+            _engineAccessRevoked = true;
+            _publicationMailbox.Published -= OnCanvasPublication;
+            _preparedCanvasScene?.Dispose(); _preparedCanvasScene = null;
+        }
+    }
+    private NativeGpuScenePresenter? _gpuPresenter;
+    private bool _gpuNeedsRender;
+    internal Task GpuRetirement { get; private set; } = Task.CompletedTask;
     private readonly NativeCanvasSceneRenderer _renderer = new();
     private readonly NativeSceneRenderObserver _renderObserver;
     private readonly NativePerformanceInstrumentation _performanceInstrumentation;
@@ -446,6 +554,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe class NativeSceneCompositionHandler
     private bool _animationFrameScheduled;
     private long _liveResizeFrameDeadlineTimestamp;
     private bool _hasPendingRenderMetrics;
+    private long _pendingAcceptedTimestamp;
     private NativeSceneDamage _pendingDamage;
     private SceneHeader _pendingRenderHeader;
     private long _pendingDiffApplyTicks;
@@ -474,8 +583,12 @@ public NativeSceneCompositionHandler(
         NativeSceneUiWakeGate uiWakeGate,
         NativePerformanceInstrumentation performanceInstrumentation,
         Action scheduleUiWake,
-        double deviceScaleFactor)
+        double deviceScaleFactor,
+        bool enableGpuScenes = false)
     {
+        if (enableGpuScenes && !OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() && !OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+            throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("GPU composition requires a supported macOS or Windows graphics host.");
+        _gpuPresenter = enableGpuScenes ? new NativeGpuScenePresenter() : null;
         _engine = engine;
         _renderObserver = renderObserver;
         _publicationMailbox = publicationMailbox;
@@ -483,9 +596,28 @@ public NativeSceneCompositionHandler(
         _performanceInstrumentation = performanceInstrumentation;
         _scheduleUiWake = scheduleUiWake;
         _renderer.SetPresenterDeviceScaleFactor(deviceScaleFactor);
+        _asyncCanvasPreparation = enableGpuScenes && OperatingSystem.IsWindows()
+            && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_ASYNC_CANVAS_PREPARATION") == "1";
+        if (_asyncCanvasPreparation) _publicationMailbox.Published += OnCanvasPublication;
     }
 
     public override void OnMessage(object message)
+    {
+        lock (_engineAccessGate)
+        {
+            if (_engineAccessRevoked && !Equals(message, NativeSceneCompositionMessage.Stop))
+            {
+                if (message is NativeCanvasCaptureRequest canvas)
+                    canvas.TrySetException(new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(NativeSceneCompositionHandler)));
+                if (message is NativeSceneCaptureRequest scene)
+                    scene.TrySetException(new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(NativeSceneCompositionHandler)));
+                return;
+            }
+            OnMessageCore(message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void OnMessageCore(object message)
     {
         if (message is NativeCanvasCaptureRequest canvasCapture)
         {
@@ -523,6 +655,10 @@ public override void OnMessage(object message)
             return;
         }
 
+        // A detached handler can still receive messages already queued by the UI.
+        // Stop is terminal: its engine may be destroyed once this batch applies.
+        if (_stopped) return;
+
         if (command is NativeSceneCompositionMessage.TextScale1X
             or NativeSceneCompositionMessage.TextScaleRetina)
         {
@@ -621,10 +757,16 @@ public override void OnMessage(object message)
             return;
         }
 
+        _stopped = true;
+        _publicationMailbox.Published -= OnCanvasPublication;
+        _preparedCanvasScene?.Dispose(); _preparedCanvasScene = null;
         _running = false;
         _manualFrames = false;
         _animationFrameScheduled = false;
         _uiWakeGate.Complete();
+        var retiring = _gpuPresenter;
+        _gpuPresenter = null; _gpuNeedsRender = false;
+        if (retiring is not null) GpuRetirement = NativeGpuRetirement.Start(retiring);
         _renderer.Reset();
         _appliedRevision = 0;
         _viewportWidth = 0;
@@ -636,6 +778,15 @@ public override void OnMessage(object message)
     }
 
     public override void OnAnimationFrameUpdate()
+    {
+        lock (_engineAccessGate)
+        {
+            if (_engineAccessRevoked) return;
+            OnAnimationFrameUpdateCore();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void OnAnimationFrameUpdateCore()
     {
         _animationFrameScheduled = false;
         if (!_running)
@@ -648,13 +799,17 @@ public override void OnAnimationFrameUpdate()
         {
             Interlocked.Increment(ref AnimationFrameCount);
         }
-        var frameTimestamp = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+        _renderObserver.RecordScheduling("frame", _publicationMailbox.PendingCount,
+            _appliedRevision, _gpuPresenter?.HasPendingRetirements == true);
+        var frameTimestamp = NativeCompositorFrameClock.ReadTimestamp();
+        if (frameTimestamp == 0) frameTimestamp = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
         var frameTimestampMilliseconds =
             frameTimestamp * 1000.0 / Stopwatch.Frequency;
+        _gpuPresenter?.PollWindowsRetirementsBeforeFrame();
         NativeWebSceneApi.EngineObserveCompositorFrame(
             _engine,
             frameTimestampMilliseconds);
-        if (frameTimestamp
+        if (Stopwatch.GetTimestamp()
             > Interlocked.Read(ref _liveResizeFrameDeadlineTimestamp))
         {
             var demand = NativeWebSceneApi.EngineRequiresAnimationFrame(_engine);
@@ -722,10 +877,28 @@ private void RequestRenderIfNeeded()
         if (!_hasPendingRenderMetrics
             && (!TryAcquireNextDiff(out damage) || !damage.RequiresRender))
         {
-            _invalidationGate.Complete();
-            return;
+            if (!_gpuNeedsRender && _gpuPresenter?.HasPendingRetirements != true)
+            { _invalidationGate.Complete(); return; }
+            damage = new NativeSceneDamage(true, true, default, 0, 0);
         }
 
+        // Consume at most the second slot already offered by the ordered
+        // mailbox. Apply both diffs in order, then draw the newest coherent
+        // scene once. Manual certification retains one scene per boundary.
+        // Optional single-scene pacing preserves queued intermediate frames,
+        // trading one refresh of latency for steadier drawing cadence.
+        if (_gpuPresenter is not null && _running && !_manualFrames
+            && !_singleScenePerFrame
+            && _publicationMailbox.PendingCount > 0
+            && TryAcquireNextDiff(out var followingDamage))
+        {
+            damage = damage.Combine(followingDamage);
+            _pendingDamage = damage;
+        }
+
+        if (_gpuNeedsRender && !damage.RequiresRender)
+        { damage = new NativeSceneDamage(true, true, default, 0, 0); _pendingDamage = damage; }
+
         if (_performanceInstrumentation.IsEnabled)
         {
             Interlocked.Increment(ref InvalidationCallCount);
@@ -745,6 +918,7 @@ private void RequestRenderIfNeeded()
 
     private bool TryAcquireNextDiff(out NativeSceneDamage damage)
     {
+        if (_gpuPresenter is not null) return TryAcquireNextGpuDiff(out damage);
         damage = NativeSceneDamage.None;
         var scene = NativeWebSceneApi.EngineAcquireNextScene(_engine);
         if (scene == IntPtr.Zero)
@@ -793,6 +967,7 @@ private bool TryAcquireNextDiff(out NativeSceneDamage damage)
                 {
                     _pendingDamage = damage;
                     _pendingRenderHeader = header;
+                    _pendingAcceptedTimestamp = monitoring ? Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() : 0;
                     if (monitoring)
                     {
                         _pendingDiffApplyTicks += diffApplyTicks;
@@ -821,6 +996,66 @@ private bool TryAcquireNextDiff(out NativeSceneDamage damage)
         return accepted;
     }
 
+    private bool TryAcquireNextGpuDiff(out NativeSceneDamage damage)
+    {
+        damage = NativeSceneDamage.None;
+        using var prepared = _preparedCanvasScene;
+        _preparedCanvasScene = null;
+        var options = NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3.CpuOnly;
+        options.ConsumerCapabilities = NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageCapability | NativeWebSceneApi.OrderedCanvasCapability | NativeWebSceneApi.CanvasCheckpointCapability
+            | (_gpuPresenter?.SupportsProducerGpuWaits == true ? NativeWebSceneApi.ProducerGpuWaitCapability : 0UL);
+        NativeSceneLeaseV3? scene;
+        NativeSceneAcquireStatus status;
+        if (prepared is not null)
+        {
+            scene = prepared.TakeScene();
+            status = NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success;
+        }
+        else status = NativeSceneLeaseV3.Acquire(_engine, in options, true, out scene);
+        if (_performanceInstrumentation.IsEnabled)
+            _renderObserver.RecordScheduling("acquire:" + status, _publicationMailbox.PendingCount,
+            _appliedRevision, _gpuPresenter?.HasPendingRetirements == true);
+        if (status is NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Empty or NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Backpressure) return false;
+        if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success || scene is null) throw new InvalidOperationException($"GPU scene acquisition failed: {status}");
+        using (scene)
+        {
+            var accepted = false;
+            var nextDamage = NativeSceneDamage.None;
+            scene.WithView(versioned =>
+            {
+                var view = (NativeSceneView*)versioned.CpuView;
+                if (!NativeSceneViewValidation.IsValid(view) || view->Header.Revision <= _appliedRevision) return;
+                var monitoring = _performanceInstrumentation.IsEnabled;
+                var started = monitoring ? Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() : 0;
+                var applied = _gpuPresenter!.ApplyScene(scene, _renderer, monitoring ? _renderObserver : null, prepared?.Layers);
+                if (monitoring) _renderObserver.RecordScheduling("apply:" + applied, _publicationMailbox.PendingCount,
+                    view->Header.Revision, _gpuPresenter.HasPendingRetirements);
+                if (applied == NativeGpuSceneApplyResult.Backpressure) return;
+                _publicationMailbox.TryConsume();
+                if (applied != NativeGpuSceneApplyResult.Applied)
+                {
+                    _publicationMailbox.Reset(); NativeWebSceneApi.EngineRequestSceneCheckpoint(_engine); return;
+                }
+                var header = view->Header;
+                var changed = Math.Abs(_viewportWidth - header.ViewportWidth) > 0.01f || Math.Abs(_viewportHeight - header.ViewportHeight) > 0.01f;
+                _viewportWidth = header.ViewportWidth; _viewportHeight = header.ViewportHeight;
+                nextDamage = EvaluateDamage(view, changed);
+                _appliedRevision = header.Revision; _gpuNeedsRender = true;
+                _pendingDamage = nextDamage; _pendingRenderHeader = header; _hasPendingRenderMetrics = true;
+                _pendingAcceptedTimestamp = monitoring ? Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() : 0;
+                if (monitoring)
+                {
+                    Interlocked.Increment(ref AppliedDiffCount);
+                    _pendingDiffApplyTicks += Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() - started;
+                    _pendingDiffCanvasCommandCount += view->CanvasCommandCount;
+                }
+                accepted = true;
+            });
+            damage = nextDamage;
+            return accepted;
+        }
+    }
+
     private NativeSceneDamage EvaluateDamage(
         NativeSceneView* view,
         bool viewportChanged)
@@ -871,6 +1106,15 @@ private NativeSceneDamage EvaluateDamage(
     }
 
     public override void OnRender(ImmediateDrawingContext drawingContext)
+    {
+        lock (_engineAccessGate)
+        {
+            if (_engineAccessRevoked || _stopped) return;
+            OnRenderCore(drawingContext);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void OnRenderCore(ImmediateDrawingContext drawingContext)
     {
         var requestedByWebScene = _invalidationGate.Complete();
         var monitoring = _performanceInstrumentation.IsEnabled;
@@ -932,6 +1176,10 @@ public override void OnRender(ImmediateDrawingContext drawingContext)
         }
 
         using var lease = feature.Lease();
+        // Finish an older checkpoint before submitting this frame's GPU draws.
+        _renderer.PollCanvasCheckpointReadback(lease);
+        if (_gpuPresenter is not null && !_gpuPresenter.TryPrepare(lease))
+        { _gpuNeedsRender = true; _scheduleUiWake(); return; }
         var skiaStarted = monitoring ? Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() : 0;
         var canvas = lease.SkCanvas;
         var effective = EffectiveSize;
@@ -959,7 +1207,11 @@ public override void OnRender(ImmediateDrawingContext drawingContext)
                 canvas,
                 _viewportWidth,
                 _viewportHeight,
-                null);
+                null,
+                _gpuPresenter is null ? null : (index, destination) => _gpuPresenter.Draw(lease, index, destination),
+                OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? lease.GrContext : null);
+            if (_gpuPresenter is not null) _renderer.CheckpointCanvasHistory(_engine, lease);
+            _gpuNeedsRender = false;
             if (monitoring)
             {
                 retainedDrawTicks = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() - retainedStarted;
@@ -969,6 +1221,7 @@ public override void OnRender(ImmediateDrawingContext drawingContext)
         {
             canvas.RestoreToCount(save);
         }
+        _gpuPresenter?.PollRetirementsAfterDraw(lease);
         NativePresenterTextDiagnostics.TryCapture(
             lease.SkSurface,
             presenterMatrix,
@@ -997,7 +1250,7 @@ public override void OnRender(ImmediateDrawingContext drawingContext)
                     _pendingDiffCanvasCommandCount,
                     _renderer.TotalCommandCount);
             }
-            _renderObserver.RecordRendered(_pendingRenderHeader);
+            _renderObserver.RecordRendered(_pendingRenderHeader, _pendingAcceptedTimestamp);
             if (monitoring
                 && renderStarted - _lastRendererMetricsTimestamp
                     >= Stopwatch.Frequency)
@@ -1012,6 +1265,8 @@ public override void OnRender(ImmediateDrawingContext drawingContext)
             _pendingDiffCanvasCommandCount = 0;
         }
 
+        QueueCanvasPreparation();
+
         // An ordered producer may publish two diffs before Avalonia processes
         // their coalesced notification. Active composition drains the second
         // diff on its next animation frame. During the nested macOS live-resize
@@ -1055,7 +1310,9 @@ public override Rect GetRenderBounds()
 
     private bool HasPendingPresentation
         => _hasPendingRenderMetrics
-            || _publicationMailbox.PendingCount > 0;
+            || _publicationMailbox.PendingCount > 0
+            || _gpuNeedsRender
+            || _gpuPresenter?.HasPendingRetirements == true;
 
 }
 
@@ -1484,46 +1741,36 @@ internal static void TryCapture(
             var colorSpace = image.ColorSpace;
             var rasterization = NativeTextShaping.ResolveFontRasterizationProfile(
                 presenterDeviceScaleFactor);
-            var metadata = new
+            var metadata = new JsonObject
             {
-                CapturedUtc = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow,
-                RasterizationMode = NativeTextShaping.ActiveFontRasterizationMode.ToString(),
-                RasterizationOverride = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
-                    NativeTextShaping.RasterizationModeEnvironmentVariable),
-                Rasterization = new
+                ["CapturedUtc"] = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow,
+                ["RasterizationMode"] = NativeTextShaping.ActiveFontRasterizationMode.ToString(),
+                ["RasterizationOverride"] = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(NativeTextShaping.RasterizationModeEnvironmentVariable),
+                ["Rasterization"] = new JsonObject
                 {
-                    rasterization.Subpixel,
-                    rasterization.BaselineSnap,
-                    Edging = rasterization.Edging.ToString(),
-                    Hinting = rasterization.Hinting.ToString(),
-                    rasterization.LinearMetrics,
-                    rasterization.EmbeddedBitmaps
+                    ["Subpixel"] = rasterization.Subpixel, ["BaselineSnap"] = rasterization.BaselineSnap,
+                    ["Edging"] = rasterization.Edging.ToString(), ["Hinting"] = rasterization.Hinting.ToString(),
+                    ["LinearMetrics"] = rasterization.LinearMetrics, ["EmbeddedBitmaps"] = rasterization.EmbeddedBitmaps
                 },
-                PresenterDeviceScaleFactor = presenterDeviceScaleFactor,
-                EffectiveSize = new { effectiveSize.X, effectiveSize.Y },
-                Viewport = new { Width = viewportWidth, Height = viewportHeight },
-                ContentScale = new { contentScale.X, contentScale.Y },
-                PresenterMatrix = MatrixValues(presenterMatrix),
-                ContentMatrix = MatrixValues(contentMatrix),
-                Surface = new
+                ["PresenterDeviceScaleFactor"] = presenterDeviceScaleFactor,
+                ["EffectiveSize"] = new JsonObject { ["X"] = effectiveSize.X, ["Y"] = effectiveSize.Y },
+                ["Viewport"] = new JsonObject { ["Width"] = viewportWidth, ["Height"] = viewportHeight },
+                ["ContentScale"] = new JsonObject { ["X"] = contentScale.X, ["Y"] = contentScale.Y },
+                ["PresenterMatrix"] = MatrixValues(presenterMatrix),
+                ["ContentMatrix"] = MatrixValues(contentMatrix),
+                ["Surface"] = new JsonObject
                 {
-                    image.Width,
-                    image.Height,
-                    ColorType = image.ColorType.ToString(),
-                    AlphaType = image.AlphaType.ToString(),
-                    IsSrgb = colorSpace?.IsSrgb,
-                    GammaIsCloseToSrgb = colorSpace?.GammaIsCloseToSrgb,
-                    GammaIsLinear = colorSpace?.GammaIsLinear,
-                    PixelGeometry = surface.SurfaceProperties.PixelGeometry.ToString(),
-                    Flags = surface.SurfaceProperties.Flags.ToString(),
-                    Backend = surface.Context?.Backend.ToString() ?? "CPU"
+                    ["Width"] = image.Width, ["Height"] = image.Height,
+                    ["ColorType"] = image.ColorType.ToString(), ["AlphaType"] = image.AlphaType.ToString(),
+                    ["IsSrgb"] = colorSpace?.IsSrgb, ["GammaIsCloseToSrgb"] = colorSpace?.GammaIsCloseToSrgb,
+                    ["GammaIsLinear"] = colorSpace?.GammaIsLinear,
+                    ["PixelGeometry"] = surface.SurfaceProperties.PixelGeometry.ToString(),
+                    ["Flags"] = surface.SurfaceProperties.Flags.ToString(),
+                    ["Backend"] = surface.Context?.Backend.ToString() ?? "CPU"
                 }
             };
-            File.WriteAllText(
-                Path.Combine(OutputDirectory, "presenter-metadata.json"),
-                JsonSerializer.Serialize(
-                    metadata,
-                    new JsonSerializerOptions { WriteIndented = true }));
+            File.WriteAllText(Path.Combine(OutputDirectory, "presenter-metadata.json"),
+                metadata.ToJsonString(new JsonSerializerOptions { WriteIndented = true }));
             Console.WriteLine(
                 $"WebScene text presenter diagnostic captured to {OutputDirectory}");
             Interlocked.Exchange(ref s_captureState, 2);
@@ -1535,18 +1782,12 @@ internal static void TryCapture(
             Interlocked.Exchange(ref s_captureState, 0);
         }
 
-        static object MatrixValues(SKMatrix matrix)
-            => new
+        static JsonObject MatrixValues(SKMatrix matrix)
+            => new()
             {
-                matrix.ScaleX,
-                matrix.SkewX,
-                matrix.TransX,
-                matrix.SkewY,
-                matrix.ScaleY,
-                matrix.TransY,
-                matrix.Persp0,
-                matrix.Persp1,
-                matrix.Persp2
+                ["ScaleX"] = matrix.ScaleX, ["SkewX"] = matrix.SkewX, ["TransX"] = matrix.TransX,
+                ["SkewY"] = matrix.SkewY, ["ScaleY"] = matrix.ScaleY, ["TransY"] = matrix.TransY,
+                ["Persp0"] = matrix.Persp0, ["Persp1"] = matrix.Persp1, ["Persp2"] = matrix.Persp2
             };
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneInteropTypes.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneInteropTypes.cs
index 7741b224e..709ec5e2d 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneInteropTypes.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneInteropTypes.cs
@@ -647,6 +647,8 @@ internal struct EngineOptions
     public IntPtr ResourceLoadV3UserData;
     public IntPtr StylesheetConsumedCallback;
     public IntPtr StylesheetConsumedUserData;
+    public IntPtr WebGpuPolicyCallback;
+    public IntPtr WebGpuPolicyUserData;
 }
 
 [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneRenderingTypes.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneRenderingTypes.cs
index dce613e84..f14f27b58 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneRenderingTypes.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneRenderingTypes.cs
@@ -46,7 +46,15 @@ public readonly record struct NativeRendererMemoryMetrics(
     int SvgPictureCount,
     int ProcessSvgPictureCount,
     int ProcessSvgPictureReferenceCount,
-    long ProcessSvgPictureMemoryHits);
+    long ProcessSvgPictureMemoryHits)
+{
+    public long CanvasCheckpointSubmissions { get; init; }
+    public long MaximumRetainedCanvasCommands { get; init; }
+    public double MaximumCanvasCheckpointMilliseconds { get; init; }
+    public long CanvasCheckpointDeferredReadbacks { get; init; }
+    public long CanvasCheckpointFencePolls { get; init; }
+    public long CanvasCheckpointWorkerReadbacks { get; init; }
+}
 
 internal sealed class SharedSvgPictureLease : IDisposable
 {
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneRuntime.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneRuntime.cs
index f11e652cf..df58e51f2 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneRuntime.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneRuntime.cs
@@ -89,13 +89,20 @@ internal NativeRendererMemoryMetrics ReadRendererMetrics()
     }
 }
 
+public readonly record struct NativeSceneSchedulingSample(
+    long Timestamp, string Stage, long PendingPublications, ulong Revision, bool PendingRetirements);
+
 internal sealed class NativeSceneRenderObserver
 {
     private const uint SceneComponentReady = 4;
     private readonly object _viewportGate = new();
     private readonly List<int> _renderedViewportHeights = [];
     private readonly Queue<NativeSceneRenderSample> _renderedScenes = new(4096);
+    private readonly Queue<NativeSceneSchedulingSample> _scheduling = new(4096);
     private readonly Queue<long> _presentations = new(4096);
+    // Optional draw-only timing avoids enabling the full performance census.
+    private readonly bool _traceDrawCallbacks =
+        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TRACE_DRAW_CALLBACKS") == "1";
     private readonly NativePerformanceInstrumentation _instrumentation;
     private long _renderedSceneCount;
     private long _firstRenderedSceneTimestamp;
@@ -161,9 +168,24 @@ public long[] Presentations
         }
     }
 
+    public NativeSceneSchedulingSample[] SchedulingSamples
+    {
+        get { lock (_viewportGate) return _scheduling.ToArray(); }
+    }
+
+    public void RecordScheduling(string stage, long pending, ulong revision, bool retiring)
+    {
+        if (!_instrumentation.IsEnabled) return;
+        lock (_viewportGate)
+        {
+            if (_scheduling.Count == 4096) _scheduling.Dequeue();
+            _scheduling.Enqueue(new(Stopwatch.GetTimestamp(), stage, pending, revision, retiring));
+        }
+    }
+
     public void RecordPresented()
     {
-        if (!_instrumentation.IsEnabled)
+        if (!_instrumentation.IsEnabled && !_traceDrawCallbacks)
         {
             return;
         }
@@ -177,7 +199,7 @@ public void RecordPresented()
         }
     }
 
-    public void RecordRendered(in SceneHeader header)
+    public void RecordRendered(in SceneHeader header, long acceptedTimestamp = 0)
     {
         var monitoring = _instrumentation.IsEnabled;
         var needsFirstRenderTimestamp =
@@ -210,7 +232,7 @@ public void RecordRendered(in SceneHeader header)
             _renderedScenes.Enqueue(new NativeSceneRenderSample(
                 timestamp,
                 header.Revision,
-                header.ConsumedInputSequence));
+                header.ConsumedInputSequence) { AcceptedTimestamp = acceptedTimestamp });
             if (_renderedViewportHeights.Count == 0
                 || _renderedViewportHeights[^1] != viewportHeight)
             {
@@ -238,6 +260,8 @@ public static void SetLegacyConsoleCapture(IntPtr engine, bool enabled)
     private static readonly IntPtr ResourceLoadV2Address =
         Marshal.GetFunctionPointerForDelegate(ResourceLoadV2);
     private static readonly ResourceLoadCallbackV3 ResourceLoadV3 = LoadResourceV3;
+    private static readonly WebGpuPolicyCallback WebGpuPolicy = EvaluateWebGpuPolicy;
+    private static readonly IntPtr WebGpuPolicyAddress = Marshal.GetFunctionPointerForDelegate(WebGpuPolicy);
     private static readonly StylesheetConsumedCallback StylesheetConsumed = NotifyStylesheetConsumed;
     private static readonly IntPtr StylesheetConsumedAddress =
         Marshal.GetFunctionPointerForDelegate(StylesheetConsumed);
@@ -313,7 +337,8 @@ public static IntPtr EngineCreate(
         Action<NativeScenePublished> scenePublished,
         Action? hostRequestAvailable = null,
         Action? interopCallbackAvailable = null,
-        Action? animationFrameRequested = null)
+        Action? animationFrameRequested = null,
+        Func<string, bool>? admitWebGpuDocument = null)
     {
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(resourceLoader);
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(scenePublished);
@@ -326,7 +351,8 @@ public static IntPtr EngineCreate(
                 scenePublished,
                 hostRequestAvailable,
                 interopCallbackAvailable,
-                animationFrameRequested));
+                animationFrameRequested,
+                admitWebGpuDocument));
         try
         {
             fixed (byte* directory = directoryBytes)
@@ -366,7 +392,9 @@ public static IntPtr EngineCreate(
                     ResourceLoadCallbackV3 = ResourceLoadV3Address,
                     ResourceLoadV3UserData = GCHandle.ToIntPtr(bridgeHandle),
                     StylesheetConsumedCallback = StylesheetConsumedAddress,
-                    StylesheetConsumedUserData = GCHandle.ToIntPtr(bridgeHandle)
+                    StylesheetConsumedUserData = GCHandle.ToIntPtr(bridgeHandle),
+                    WebGpuPolicyCallback = admitWebGpuDocument is null ? IntPtr.Zero : WebGpuPolicyAddress,
+                    WebGpuPolicyUserData = admitWebGpuDocument is null ? IntPtr.Zero : GCHandle.ToIntPtr(bridgeHandle)
                 };
                 var engine = EngineCreateWithOptions(in options);
                 if (engine == IntPtr.Zero) return IntPtr.Zero;
@@ -588,6 +616,27 @@ private delegate nuint ResourceLoadCallbackV3(
         IntPtr destination,
         nuint destinationCapacity);
 
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate uint WebGpuPolicyCallback(IntPtr userData, IntPtr url, nuint urlLength);
+
+    // Admission selects the platform transport for a trusted secure document.
+    // The bridge and static delegate stay rooted until native engine destruction.
+    private static uint EvaluateWebGpuPolicy(IntPtr userData, IntPtr url, nuint urlLength)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var bridge = (ResourceBridge?)GCHandle.FromIntPtr(userData).Target;
+            return bridge?.AdmitWebGpuDocument(
+                Marshal.PtrToStringUTF8(url, checked((int)urlLength)) ?? string.Empty) == true
+                ? (OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? 2u : 1u) : 0u;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            // Deny on policy failure; exceptions cannot cross reverse P/Invoke.
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
     [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
     private delegate void StylesheetConsumedCallback(
         IntPtr userData, IntPtr address, nuint addressLength, IntPtr css, nuint cssLength);
@@ -939,8 +988,12 @@ internal sealed class ResourceBridge(
         Action<NativeScenePublished> scenePublished,
         Action? hostRequestAvailable,
         Action? interopCallbackAvailable,
-        Action? animationFrameRequested) : IDisposable
+        Action? animationFrameRequested,
+        Func<string, bool>? admitWebGpuDocument = null) : IDisposable
     {
+        public bool AdmitWebGpuDocument(string url)
+            => (OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() || OperatingSystem.IsWindows()) && admitWebGpuDocument?.Invoke(url) == true;
+
         private const int EnvelopeHeaderSize = 2 + sizeof(uint) + sizeof(long) + sizeof(long);
         [ThreadStatic]
         private static PendingResourceCopy? _pendingCopy;
@@ -1136,7 +1189,7 @@ private static PreparedResource PrepareResource(
             var responseEntityTagLength = Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(responseEntityTag);
             var contentLength = resource.NotModified
                 ? 0
-                : Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(resource.Content);
+                : resource.BinaryContent?.Length ?? Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(resource.Content);
             return new PreparedResource(
                 resource.NotModified,
                 resource.IsCacheable,
@@ -1145,8 +1198,8 @@ private static PreparedResource PrepareResource(
                 responseEntityTag,
                 responseEntityTagLength,
                 resource.Content,
-                default,
-                false,
+                resource.BinaryContent.GetValueOrDefault(),
+                resource.BinaryContent.HasValue,
                 contentLength,
                 checked((nuint)(
                     EnvelopeHeaderSize + responseEntityTagLength + contentLength)));
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneSurface.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneSurface.cs
index 99fc8c178..42ab41d97 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneSurface.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeSceneSurface.cs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ public sealed class NativeSceneSurface : Control, INativeWebSceneRenderDiagnosti
 {
     private IntPtr _engine;
     private readonly bool _useCompositionVisual;
+    private readonly bool _enableGpuScenes;
     private readonly bool _submitAnimationFrames;
     private readonly NativeCanvasSceneRenderer _renderer = new();
     private readonly object _rendererGate = new();
@@ -69,12 +70,14 @@ public sealed class NativeSceneSurface : Control, INativeWebSceneRenderDiagnosti
     private int _compositionProjectionActive;
     private long _compositionUiWakeCount;
     private CompositionCustomVisual? _customVisual;
+    private NativeSceneCompositionHandler? _compositionHandler;
 
     public NativeSceneSurface(
         IntPtr engine,
         bool useCompositionVisual = false,
-        bool submitAnimationFrames = true)
-        : this(engine, useCompositionVisual, submitAnimationFrames, null)
+        bool submitAnimationFrames = true,
+        bool enableGpuScenes = false)
+        : this(engine, useCompositionVisual, submitAnimationFrames, null, enableGpuScenes)
     {
     }
 
@@ -82,7 +85,8 @@ internal NativeSceneSurface(
         IntPtr engine,
         bool useCompositionVisual,
         bool submitAnimationFrames,
-        Func<InputEvent, bool>? enqueuePointerInput)
+        Func<InputEvent, bool>? enqueuePointerInput,
+        bool enableGpuScenes = false)
     {
         _performanceInstrumentation = new NativePerformanceInstrumentation();
         _renderObserver = new NativeSceneRenderObserver(_performanceInstrumentation);
@@ -94,6 +98,9 @@ internal NativeSceneSurface(
                     "WEBSCENE_AVALONIA_DIRECT_DRAW"),
                 "1",
                 StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        if (enableGpuScenes && ((!OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() && !OperatingSystem.IsWindows()) || !_useCompositionVisual))
+            throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("GPU scenes require macOS or Windows composition rendering.");
+        _enableGpuScenes = enableGpuScenes;
         _submitAnimationFrames = submitAnimationFrames;
         Focusable = true;
         ClipToBounds = true;
@@ -162,6 +169,8 @@ public void SetEngine(IntPtr engine)
         if (_customVisual is not null)
         {
             Volatile.Write(ref _compositionProjectionActive, 0);
+            _compositionHandler?.RevokeEngineAccess();
+            _compositionHandler = null;
             _customVisual.SendHandlerMessage(NativeSceneCompositionMessage.Stop);
             ElementComposition.SetElementChildVisual(this, null);
             _customVisual = null;
@@ -212,15 +221,16 @@ private void StartProjection()
             var compositor = ElementComposition.GetElementVisual(this)?.Compositor;
             if (compositor is not null)
             {
-                _customVisual = compositor.CreateCustomVisual(
-                    new NativeSceneCompositionHandler(
+                _compositionHandler = new NativeSceneCompositionHandler(
                         _engine,
                         _renderObserver,
                         _compositionMailbox,
                         _compositionUiWakeGate,
                         _performanceInstrumentation,
                         ScheduleCompositionUiWake,
-                        TopLevel.GetTopLevel(this)?.RenderScaling ?? 1));
+                        TopLevel.GetTopLevel(this)?.RenderScaling ?? 1,
+                        enableGpuScenes: _enableGpuScenes);
+                _customVisual = compositor.CreateCustomVisual(_compositionHandler);
                 _customVisual.Size = new Vector2((float)Bounds.Width, (float)Bounds.Height);
                 ElementComposition.SetElementChildVisual(this, _customVisual);
                 Volatile.Write(ref _compositionProjectionActive, 1);
@@ -229,6 +239,8 @@ private void StartProjection()
             }
         }
 
+        if (_enableGpuScenes)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("GPU scene rendering requires an attached compositor.");
         _frameLoopActive = true;
         RequestNextFrame();
     }
@@ -239,6 +251,8 @@ private void OnSurfaceDetached(object? sender, VisualTreeAttachmentEventArgs arg
         if (_customVisual is not null)
         {
             Volatile.Write(ref _compositionProjectionActive, 0);
+            _compositionHandler?.RevokeEngineAccess();
+            _compositionHandler = null;
             _customVisual.SendHandlerMessage(NativeSceneCompositionMessage.Stop);
             ElementComposition.SetElementChildVisual(this, null);
             _customVisual = null;
@@ -364,6 +378,8 @@ public int[] RenderedViewportHeights
     public long[] RenderedSceneTimestamps
         => _renderObserver.RenderedSceneTimestamps;
 
+    public NativeSceneSchedulingSample[] SchedulingSamples => _renderObserver.SchedulingSamples;
+
     public NativeSceneRenderSample[] RenderedScenes
         => _renderObserver.RenderedScenes;
 
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeTextShaping.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeTextShaping.cs
index 9eb26bcfc..f207909c7 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeTextShaping.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeTextShaping.cs
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ public struct NativeTextMetrics
 
 public static class NativeTextShaping
 {
+    private static long _fontRegistrationVersion;
+    internal static long FontRegistrationVersion => Interlocked.Read(ref _fontRegistrationVersion);
     private static readonly ShapedRunCache ShapedRuns = new(2048, 4 * 1024 * 1024);
     private static readonly TextBlobCache TextBlobs = new();
     // Cache the immutable native glyph container as well as HarfBuzz output.
@@ -298,6 +300,7 @@ internal bool Register(string family, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int? minimumWeigh
                     return true;
                 }
                 _typefaces[normalizedFamily] = [.. existing, new(lease, min, max, faceSlant)];
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref _fontRegistrationVersion);
                 return true;
             }
         }
@@ -358,6 +361,7 @@ private void Release()
                 foreach (var faces in _typefaces.Values)
                     foreach (var face in faces) face.Lease.Dispose();
                 _typefaces.Clear();
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref _fontRegistrationVersion);
             }
         }
         public void Dispose()
@@ -406,7 +410,11 @@ public static bool RegisterWebTypeface(string family, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
         if (typeface is null) return false;
 
         var normalizedFamily = family.Trim().Trim('"', '\'');
-        if (WebTypefaces.TryAdd(normalizedFamily, typeface)) return true;
+        if (WebTypefaces.TryAdd(normalizedFamily, typeface))
+        {
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _fontRegistrationVersion);
+            return true;
+        }
 
         typeface.Dispose();
         return true;
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeWebSceneView.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeWebSceneView.cs
index 117769f38..57f467ec7 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeWebSceneView.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeWebSceneView.cs
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using Avalonia.Controls;
 using Avalonia.Input;
+#if WEBSCENE_AVALONIA12
+using Avalonia.Input.Platform;
+#endif
 using Avalonia.Platform.Storage;
 using Avalonia.Styling;
 using Avalonia.Threading;
@@ -20,6 +23,7 @@ public sealed partial class NativeWebSceneView : ContentControl, IAsyncDisposabl
     private static long s_nextContextId;
     private readonly SemaphoreSlim _lifecycleGate = new(1, 1);
     private readonly NativeSceneSurface _surface;
+    private readonly Func<string, bool>? _admitWebGpuDocument;
     private IntPtr _engine;
     private long _contextId;
     private NativeInteropInvoker? _interop;
@@ -35,8 +39,20 @@ public NativeWebSceneView()
     }
 
     public NativeWebSceneView(bool useCompositionVisual)
+        : this(useCompositionVisual, null)
     {
-        _surface = new NativeSceneSurface(IntPtr.Zero, useCompositionVisual);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Enables the experimental macOS IOSurface WebGPU route when a policy is supplied.
+    /// The host must provide a CGL/Skia compositor and approve only secure documents.
+    /// The policy runs on the native runtime worker before each document's scripts.
+    /// </summary>
+    public NativeWebSceneView(bool useCompositionVisual, Func<string, bool>? admitWebGpuDocument)
+    {
+        _admitWebGpuDocument = admitWebGpuDocument;
+        _surface = new NativeSceneSurface(IntPtr.Zero, useCompositionVisual,
+            enableGpuScenes: admitWebGpuDocument is not null);
         Content = _surface;
         InitializeRuntimeDiagnostics();
         ActualThemeVariantChanged += OnActualThemeVariantChanged;
@@ -430,7 +446,8 @@ await NativeWebSceneRuntime
                 _surface.OnNativeScenePublished,
                 hostRequestAvailable: OnNativeHostRequestAvailable,
                 interopCallbackAvailable: callbackSignal.Notify,
-                animationFrameRequested: _surface.OnNativeAnimationFrameRequested);
+                animationFrameRequested: _surface.OnNativeAnimationFrameRequested,
+                admitWebGpuDocument: _admitWebGpuDocument);
             if (engine == IntPtr.Zero)
             {
                 throw new InvalidOperationException(
@@ -572,11 +589,21 @@ private async Task HandleHostRequestAsync(string request)
                     "image/png",
                     StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
+#if WEBSCENE_AVALONIA12
+                var item = new DataTransferItem();
+                item.Set(DataFormat.CreateBytesPlatformFormat("image/png"), clipboardBytes);
+                item.Set(DataFormat.CreateBytesPlatformFormat("public.png"), clipboardBytes);
+                item.Set(DataFormat.CreateBytesPlatformFormat("PNG"), clipboardBytes);
+                var data = new DataTransfer();
+                data.Add(item);
+                await topLevel.Clipboard.SetDataAsync(data).ConfigureAwait(true);
+#else
                 var data = new DataObject();
                 data.Set("image/png", clipboardBytes);
                 data.Set("public.png", clipboardBytes);
                 data.Set("PNG", clipboardBytes);
                 await topLevel.Clipboard.SetDataObjectAsync(data).ConfigureAwait(true);
+#endif
             }
             else if (clipboardWrite.ContentType.StartsWith(
                          "text/",
@@ -587,9 +614,17 @@ await topLevel.Clipboard.SetTextAsync(
             }
             else
             {
+#if WEBSCENE_AVALONIA12
+                var item = new DataTransferItem();
+                item.Set(DataFormat.CreateBytesPlatformFormat(clipboardWrite.ContentType), clipboardBytes);
+                var data = new DataTransfer();
+                data.Add(item);
+                await topLevel.Clipboard.SetDataAsync(data).ConfigureAwait(true);
+#else
                 var data = new DataObject();
                 data.Set(clipboardWrite.ContentType, clipboardBytes);
                 await topLevel.Clipboard.SetDataObjectAsync(data).ConfigureAwait(true);
+#endif
             }
             return;
         }
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeWindowsRetainedGpuImage.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeWindowsRetainedGpuImage.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61be91ae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia/NativeWindowsRetainedGpuImage.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Avalonia.OpenGL.Egl;
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+
+// Imports on the actual ANGLE/D3D11 device behind the active Skia lease.
+// Native queue waits order producer writes; a native fence retires final reads.
+internal sealed class NativeWindowsRetainedGpuImage : INativeRetainedGpuImage
+{
+    private readonly EglContext _host;
+    private readonly GRContext _skia;
+    private NativeGpuImageConsumerV3? _consumer;
+    private IntPtr _bridge;
+    private EglSurface? _surface;
+    private SKImage? _image;
+    private int _texture;
+    private bool _retiring, _sealed;
+    private NativeWindowsRetainedGpuImage(EglContext host, GRContext skia) { _host = host; _skia = skia; }
+
+    internal static bool Supports(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows() || lease.GrContext is null) return false;
+        using var platform = lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi();
+        return platform?.Context is EglContext context && TryGetDevice(context, out var device)
+            && NativeWebSceneApi.GpuD3D11SupportedV3(device) == 0;
+    }
+    private static bool TryGetDevice(EglContext host, out IntPtr device)
+    {
+        device = IntPtr.Zero;
+        return host.EglInterface.QueryDisplayAttribExt(host.Display.Handle, 0x322C, out var eglDevice)
+            && host.EglInterface.QueryDeviceAttribExt(eglDevice, 0x33A1, out device) && device != IntPtr.Zero;
+    }
+    internal static NativeWindowsRetainedGpuImage? Import(NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 source,
+        ISkiaSharpApiLease lease, GRSurfaceOrigin origin, SKAlphaType alpha)
+    {
+        var skia = lease.GrContext ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Windows GPU composition requires a Skia GPU context.");
+        using var platform = lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi()
+            ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Windows GPU composition requires a platform graphics lease.");
+        if (platform.Context is not EglContext host || !TryGetDevice(host, out var device))
+            throw new NotSupportedException("Windows GPU composition requires an ANGLE D3D11 host.");
+        var result = new NativeWindowsRetainedGpuImage(host, skia);
+        var status = NativeGpuImageConsumerV3.Acquire(source, out result._consumer);
+        if (status == NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Backpressure) return null;
+        if (status != NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success) throw new InvalidOperationException($"DXGI consumer acquisition failed: {status}");
+        try
+        {
+            var metadata = source.Describe();
+            IntPtr texture = IntPtr.Zero;
+            result._consumer!.WithNativeHandle(pointer =>
+            {
+                Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(NativeWebSceneApi.GpuD3D11ImportV3(pointer, device, out result._bridge, out texture));
+                return true;
+            });
+            result._surface = host.Display.CreatePBufferFromClientBuffer(0x33A3, texture, new[]
+            {
+                0x3057, checked((int)metadata.Width), 0x3056, checked((int)metadata.Height),
+                0x3080, 0x305E, 0x3081, 0x305F, 0x345D, 0x1908, 0x3038
+            });
+            result._texture = host.GlInterface.GenTexture();
+            if (result._texture == 0) throw new InvalidOperationException("ANGLE texture allocation failed.");
+            host.GlInterface.BindTexture(0x0DE1, result._texture);
+            if (host.EglInterface.BindTexImage(host.Display.Handle, result._surface.DangerousGetHandle(), 0x3084) == 0)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"ANGLE shared texture binding failed: 0x{host.EglInterface.GetError():X}");
+            using var backend = new GRBackendTexture(checked((int)metadata.Width), checked((int)metadata.Height), false,
+                new GRGlTextureInfo(0x0DE1, (uint)result._texture, 0x8058));
+            result._image = SKImage.FromTexture(skia, backend, origin, SKColorType.Rgba8888, alpha)
+                ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Skia could not wrap the ANGLE shared image.");
+            return result;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            result.ReleaseHostObjects(); // No drawing has sampled this image.
+            if (result._bridge != IntPtr.Zero) NativeWebSceneApi.GpuD3D11DestroyV3(result._bridge);
+            result._consumer!.Complete();
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+    private void Check(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        if (!ReferenceEquals(lease.GrContext, _skia) || !_host.IsCurrent || _host.IsLost)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("DXGI image requires its owning Skia and ANGLE contexts.");
+    }
+    public void Draw(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease, SKRect destination, SKPaint? paint = null)
+    {
+        Check(lease);
+        if (_retiring) throw new InvalidOperationException("Retiring DXGI image cannot be drawn.");
+        NativeGpuImageSampling.Draw(lease.SkCanvas, _image!, destination, paint);
+    }
+    private void ReleaseHostObjects()
+    {
+        _image?.Dispose(); _image = null;
+        if (_texture != 0) { _host.GlInterface.DeleteTexture(_texture); _texture = 0; }
+        _surface?.Dispose(); _surface = null;
+    }
+    public void Retire(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease)
+    {
+        Check(lease); _retiring = true;
+        if (_sealed || _consumer is null) return;
+        _image?.Dispose(); _image = null;
+        using var platform = lease.TryLeasePlatformGraphicsApi()
+            ?? throw new NotSupportedException("DXGI retirement requires a platform lease.");
+        if (!ReferenceEquals(platform.Context, _host)) throw new InvalidOperationException("ANGLE host changed during retirement.");
+        // Entering the platform lease submits Skia's final reads. GL deletion
+        // retains in-flight driver references; the native bridge owns the D3D
+        // texture until its signal completes, so background polling needs no GL.
+        ReleaseHostObjects();
+        _host.GlInterface.Flush();
+        Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(NativeWebSceneApi.GpuD3D11SealV3(_bridge));
+        _sealed = true;
+    }
+    private bool Complete()
+    {
+        if (_consumer is null) return true;
+        if (!_sealed) return false;
+        var status = NativeWebSceneApi.GpuD3D11PollV3(_bridge);
+        Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(status);
+        if (status != 0) return false;
+        NativeWebSceneApi.GpuD3D11DestroyV3(_bridge); _bridge = IntPtr.Zero;
+        _consumer.Complete(); _consumer = null;
+        return true;
+    }
+    public bool TryComplete(ISkiaSharpApiLease lease) { Check(lease); return Complete(); }
+    public bool TryRetireWithoutVisual() => Complete();
+    public void SealForDetachedRetirement()
+    {
+        if (_sealed || _consumer is null) return;
+        using var current = _host.EnsureCurrent();
+        lock (_skia)
+        {
+            if (_skia.IsAbandoned || _host.IsLost) throw new InvalidOperationException("DXGI host lost before retirement.");
+            _retiring = true;
+            _image?.Dispose(); _image = null;
+            _skia.Flush();
+            try
+            {
+                ReleaseHostObjects();
+                _host.GlInterface.Flush();
+                Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(NativeWebSceneApi.GpuD3D11SealV3(_bridge));
+                _sealed = true;
+            }
+            finally { _skia.ResetContext(); }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+public static unsafe partial class NativeWebSceneApi
+{
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_d3d11_supported_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern int GpuD3D11SupportedV3(IntPtr device);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_d3d11_import_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern int GpuD3D11ImportV3(IntPtr consumer, IntPtr device, out IntPtr owner, out IntPtr texture);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_d3d11_seal_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern int GpuD3D11SealV3(IntPtr owner);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_d3d11_poll_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern int GpuD3D11PollV3(IntPtr owner);
+    [DllImport(LibraryName, EntryPoint = "webscene_gpu_d3d11_destroy_v3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    internal static extern void GpuD3D11DestroyV3(IntPtr owner);
+}
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Uno/UnoNativeSceneSurface.cs b/src/WebScene.Backend.Uno/UnoNativeSceneSurface.cs
index 09733428a..ca948dc67 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Uno/UnoNativeSceneSurface.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Uno/UnoNativeSceneSurface.cs
@@ -1061,12 +1061,14 @@ public WebSceneTextResource LoadText(in WebSceneResourceRequest request)
         var uri = new Uri(address);
         if (uri.IsFile)
         {
+            var bytes = request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Data ? File.ReadAllBytes(uri.LocalPath) : null;
             return new WebSceneTextResource(
                 address,
-                File.ReadAllText(uri.LocalPath),
+                bytes is null ? File.ReadAllText(uri.LocalPath) : System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes),
                 address,
                 null)
             {
+                BinaryContent = bytes is null ? (ReadOnlyMemory<byte>?)null : new ReadOnlyMemory<byte>(bytes),
                 LastModified = File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(uri.LocalPath),
                 IsCacheable = true
             };
@@ -1086,7 +1088,10 @@ public WebSceneTextResource LoadText(in WebSceneResourceRequest request)
                 ? System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(
                     Convert.FromBase64String(payload))
                 : Uri.UnescapeDataString(payload);
-            return new WebSceneTextResource(address, dataContent, address, null);
+            return new WebSceneTextResource(address, dataContent, address, null)
+            { BinaryContent = request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Data
+                ? new ReadOnlyMemory<byte>(metadata.EndsWith(";base64", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                    ? Convert.FromBase64String(payload) : System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(dataContent)) : (ReadOnlyMemory<byte>?)null };
         }
         if (uri.Scheme is not ("http" or "https"))
         {
@@ -1163,11 +1168,13 @@ public WebSceneTextResource LoadText(in WebSceneResourceRequest request)
                 inner: null,
                 response.StatusCode);
         }
-        var content = request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Image
+        var binaryBytes = request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Data ? response.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult() : null;
+        var content = binaryBytes is not null ? System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(binaryBytes) : request.Kind == WebSceneResourceKind.Image
             ? NativeImageResource.ToMarkup(response.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult())
             : response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
         return new WebSceneTextResource(address, content, address, null)
         {
+            BinaryContent = binaryBytes is null ? (ReadOnlyMemory<byte>?)null : new ReadOnlyMemory<byte>(binaryBytes),
             EntityTag = responseEntityTag,
             LastModified = responseLastModified,
             FreshUntil = cachePolicy.FreshUntil,
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Backend.Uno/WebScene.Backend.Uno.csproj b/src/WebScene.Backend.Uno/WebScene.Backend.Uno.csproj
index 347c56e55..440d300e4 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Backend.Uno/WebScene.Backend.Uno.csproj
+++ b/src/WebScene.Backend.Uno/WebScene.Backend.Uno.csproj
@@ -33,8 +33,11 @@
     <!-- The native scene reader and retained Skia renderer are shared with the
          reference backend; WEBSCENE_UNO removes only Avalonia's surface adapter. -->
     <Compile Include="..\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia\NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.cs" Link="NativeCanvasSceneRenderer.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="..\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia\NativeCanvasBacking.cs" Link="NativeCanvasBacking.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="..\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia\NativeCanvasCheckpoint.cs" Link="NativeCanvasCheckpoint.cs" />
     <Compile Include="..\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia\NativeSceneComposition.cs" Link="NativeSceneComposition.cs" />
     <Compile Include="..\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia\NativeSceneInteropTypes.cs" Link="NativeSceneInteropTypes.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="..\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia\NativeGpuSceneInterop.cs" Link="NativeGpuSceneInterop.cs" />
     <Compile Include="..\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia\NativeSceneRenderingTypes.cs" Link="NativeSceneRenderingTypes.cs" />
     <Compile Include="..\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia\NativeSceneRuntime.cs" Link="NativeSceneRuntime.cs" />
     <Compile Include="..\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia\NativeImageResource.cs" Link="NativeImageResource.cs" />
diff --git a/src/WebScene.Core/HostContracts.cs b/src/WebScene.Core/HostContracts.cs
index 64429f4c5..6760dfab4 100644
--- a/src/WebScene.Core/HostContracts.cs
+++ b/src/WebScene.Core/HostContracts.cs
@@ -154,6 +154,10 @@ public readonly record struct WebSceneTextResource(
     string DisplayName,
     string? Directory)
 {
+    /// <summary>Optional original bytes for binary resources. Native hosts must prefer
+    /// these over UTF-8 encoding Content when present, including an empty payload.</summary>
+    public ReadOnlyMemory<byte>? BinaryContent { get; init; }
+
     public string? EntityTag { get; init; }
 
     public DateTimeOffset? LastModified { get; init; }
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/README.md b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3888cccf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Graphics compatibility inputs
+
+Tracks the reproducible fixture portion of [G01 #23](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/WebScene/issues/23), under [epic #22](https://github.com/wieslawsoltes/WebScene/issues/22).
+
+`fixtures/Kestrel-CAD.zip` is the exact user-provided archive, redistributed under its included MIT license. `fixtures/kestrel.json` records its SHA-256, every member's SHA-256 and provenance. Keeping the original archive makes the fixture available to developers and CI without a local Downloads path or mutable external download. Do not edit application code to make compatibility tests pass.
+
+From any working directory:
+
+```sh
+python3 /path/to/WebScene/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py
+python3 /path/to/WebScene/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py --destination /new/disposable/directory
+```
+
+Extraction requires a new directory. Run application tests against disposable extracted copies; never regenerate the committed input from test outputs. Verification checks both the archive and member hashes and the separately distributed license. Fixture documents describe the upstream app and are not implementation instructions for WebScene.
+
+The archive contains historical screenshots, test reports and build metadata. They are **not** WebScene results or a hardware Chrome baseline. A successful fixture verification proves input integrity only. See `docs/graphics/evidence` for actual partial G01 results. Issue #23 must stay open until all its gates pass; implementation of #24 follows completion of #23.
+
+## Hardware Chrome reference capture
+
+Run a headed Chrome on a real GPU, with an available desktop session:
+
+```sh
+node --test tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-tests.mjs
+node tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs --chrome /path/to/chrome --output artifacts/chrome-reference-new
+```
+
+The output directory must be new. Chrome uses a disposable profile and a local HTTP server; the harness verifies and extracts the original archive without editing Kestrel's sources. It opens the courtyard, the supplied drawing fixture, and deterministic seeded 10,000/100,000-line project data. Each runs at DPR 1 and 2, in light and dark themes, twice by default. `--case courtyard-dpr1-dark --repeat 2 --frames 30` provides a shorter diagnostic run, not a complete matrix.
+
+The document viewport is 1920×1080 CSS pixels. The CAD canvas occupies the remaining app area (currently 1446×743 CSS pixels); metadata records its actual bounds and physical size. Do not describe this as a 1920×1080 CAD render target. The app's ordinary UI handlers dismiss command suggestions before captures. Screenshots and explicit GPU/overlay canvas exports happen outside timed interaction; these diagnostic readbacks are not part of WebScene's intended GPU-resident presentation path.
+
+`reference.json` records browser revision, system GPU identity, non-fallback adapter evidence, fixture and harness hashes, camera state, inputs, errors, retained buffer checks, CPU submission samples, and per-file hashes. Each run saves before/after composite and canvas-layer PNGs plus a compressed Chromium trace. Repeatability compares exact PNG bytes separately for composition, GPU content and overlay; inspect any differences before accepting reference pixels.
+
+Presentation analysis uses Chromium `PipelineReporter` termination timestamps whose source has been verified to consume platform presentation feedback at the recorded Chrome revision. It does not treat rAF callbacks or CPU submission time as presentation. Unknown Chrome revisions, incomplete traces or missing hardware evidence remain unavailable; verify the new Chromium source contract before extending the analyzer's revision allowlist. Reported frame-state counts describe Chromium reporters and must not be relabelled as Kestrel dropped frames. A `captured` result means evidence acquisition succeeded, not that WebScene compatibility or the epic's performance gates passed.
+
+### Analyze native Kestrel pan timing
+
+Capture the probe's stdout/stderr when running `--pan-kestrel --verify-kestrel`,
+then run:
+
+```sh
+python3 tests/GraphicsCompatibility/analyze-kestrel-pan.py /path/to/probe.log
+python3 -m unittest discover -s tests/GraphicsCompatibility -p test_pan_analysis.py
+```
+
+The analyzer requires the pan-workload validation marker, matches publication and
+rendered revision timestamps, and separates acceptance wait from draw-callback
+work. Missing acceptance samples remain unavailable. If input sequence samples
+are present it reports progress to a published consumption watermark; coalesced
+inputs need not each be drawn. These distributions include the probe's settling
+period and never establish physical presentation FPS. Logs rejected by workload
+validation must not be used for performance comparisons.
+
+For viewport alignment, the native GPU document probe accepts `--document-width 792 --document-height 878` (positive integer CSS dimensions). Sidebar timelines record actual viewport/DPR/canvas geometry; verify these against the browser instead of assuming the requested window size or scale was applied. Matching geometry alone is not a matched performance workload.
+
+After a capture finishes, verify its retained file bytes before copying or archiving:
+
+```sh
+python3 tests/GraphicsCompatibility/verify-reference-archive.py artifacts/chrome-reference-new
+python3 -m unittest discover -s tests/GraphicsCompatibility -p test_reference_archive.py
+```
+
+This rejects incomplete captures, missing harness sources, missing or changed referenced artifacts, and paths outside the archive. It checks archive integrity only; it does not establish full matrix coverage, pixel correctness, hardware qualification or performance. Preserve the complete directory, including its exact harness sources and generated inputs.
+
+New captures retain all six capture-tool sources, including the fixture preparation script and imported CDP client, under `harness/tests/` with their relative paths preserved. The integrity verifier now requires these helpers. Earlier four-source captures retain their historical verification results but fail this strengthened source-completeness requirement; do not silently relabel those archives as complete. Reproduction still uses the repository and verified original fixture, not the archived scripts as a standalone package.
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/analyze-kestrel-pan.py b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/analyze-kestrel-pan.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3452b34cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/analyze-kestrel-pan.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Analyze a validated probe log without claiming physical presentation timing."""
+import argparse
+import json
+import math
+import statistics
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def distribution(values):
+    values = sorted(values)
+    if not values:
+        return {"count": 0}
+    return {"count": len(values), "medianMilliseconds": statistics.median(values),
+            "p95Milliseconds": values[math.ceil(len(values) * .95) - 1],
+            "maximumMilliseconds": values[-1]}
+
+
+def analyze(log):
+    lines = log.splitlines()
+    if not any(line.startswith("Kestrel pan workload validated (") for line in lines):
+        raise ValueError("Pan workload was not validated; reject timing comparison")
+    prefix = "Kestrel pan composition timeline: "
+    timelines = [json.loads(line[len(prefix):]) for line in lines if line.startswith(prefix)]
+    if len(timelines) != 1:
+        raise ValueError("Expected exactly one pan timeline")
+    timeline = timelines[0]
+    frequency = timeline["timestampFrequency"]
+    if not math.isfinite(frequency) or frequency <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid timestamp frequency")
+    publications = {sample["Revision"]: sample for sample in timeline["publications"]}
+    if len(publications) != len(timeline["publications"]):
+        raise ValueError("Duplicate published revision")
+    queue, draw, total = [], [], []
+    for sample in timeline["renderedScenes"]:
+        publication = publications.get(sample["Revision"])
+        if publication is None:
+            continue  # Revision may have been published before the measurement.
+        published, rendered = publication["Timestamp"], sample["Timestamp"]
+        accepted = sample.get("AcceptedTimestamp", 0)
+        if rendered < published or accepted and not published <= accepted <= rendered:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid publication/acceptance/draw timestamp order")
+        total.append((rendered - published) * 1000 / frequency)
+        if accepted:
+            queue.append((accepted - published) * 1000 / frequency)
+            draw.append((rendered - accepted) * 1000 / frequency)
+    moves = timeline.get("submittedMoves", [])
+    if moves and (len(moves) != 80 or any(
+            a["sequence"] >= b["sequence"] or a["submittedAt"] > b["submittedAt"]
+            for a, b in zip(moves, moves[1:]))):
+        raise ValueError("Invalid injected move sequence")
+    progress = []
+    for move in moves:
+        candidates = [sample["Timestamp"] for sample in timeline["publications"]
+                      if sample["ConsumedInputSequence"] >= move["sequence"]
+                      and sample["Timestamp"] >= move["submittedAt"]]
+        if candidates:
+            progress.append((min(candidates) - move["submittedAt"]) * 1000 / frequency)
+    return {"physicalPresentationVerified": False,
+            "publicationToAcceptance": distribution(queue),
+            "acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd": distribution(draw),
+            "publicationToDrawCallbackEnd": distribution(total),
+            "inputToPublishedConsumptionWatermark": distribution(progress),
+            "unmatchedInputCount": len(moves) - len(progress),
+            "limitations": ["Draw callback completion is not physical presentation.",
+                            "A consumption watermark does not prove each coalesced move was drawn.",
+                            "Measurement includes settling; no FPS qualification is derived."]}
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("log", type=Path)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    try:
+        print(json.dumps(analyze(args.log.read_text()), indent=2))
+    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError) as error:
+        parser.exit(1, f"Invalid trace: {error}\n")
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11848ef9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/capture-chrome-reference.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
+import { spawnSync } from "node:child_process";
+import { createServer } from "node:http";
+import { existsSync } from "node:fs";
+import { mkdir, readFile, writeFile } from "node:fs/promises";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
+import { gzipSync } from "node:zlib";
+import { startChrome, stopChrome, evaluate, waitFor, delay } from "./chrome-session.mjs";
+import { lineProject, referenceCases } from "./reference-workloads.mjs";
+import { analyzePresentation, distribution } from "./presentation-trace.mjs";
+
+const here = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const root = path.resolve(here, "../..");
+const sha = bytes => createHash("sha256").update(bytes).digest("hex");
+
+export function hardwareAssessment(system, app) {
+  const descriptions = [system.gpu?.auxAttributes?.glRenderer, app.adapter?.description,
+    ...(system.gpu?.devices ?? []).map(device => device.deviceString)].join(" ");
+  const confirmed = app.secureContext === true && app.backend === "WebGPU"
+    && app.adapter?.isFallbackAdapter === false && system.gpu?.featureStatus?.webgpu === "enabled"
+    && system.gpu?.featureStatus?.gpu_compositing === "enabled"
+    && system.gpu?.devices?.length > 0 && !/swiftshader|llvmpipe|softpipe|software|warp/i.test(descriptions);
+  return { status: confirmed ? "confirmed" : "unavailable", hardwareAccelerated: confirmed,
+    reason: confirmed ? "Non-fallback WebGPU adapter and hardware browser GPU features confirmed"
+      : "Required hardware/non-fallback evidence is missing or reports software" };
+}
+
+function options(argv) {
+  const result = { chrome: process.env.CHROME_BIN, repeat: 2, frames: 180 };
+  for (let index = 0; index < argv.length; index += 2) {
+    const key = argv[index], value = argv[index + 1];
+    if (!value) throw new Error(`Missing value for ${key}`);
+    if (key === "--chrome") result.chrome = value;
+    else if (key === "--output") result.output = path.resolve(value);
+    else if (key === "--case") result.case = value;
+    else if (key === "--repeat") result.repeat = Number(value);
+    else if (key === "--frames") result.frames = Number(value);
+    else throw new Error(`Unknown option ${key}`);
+  }
+  if (!result.output) throw new Error("--output must name a new evidence directory");
+  if (!Number.isInteger(result.repeat) || result.repeat < 1 || result.repeat > 10) throw new Error("Invalid repeat count");
+  if (!Number.isInteger(result.frames) || result.frames < 10 || result.frames > 1800) throw new Error("Invalid frame count");
+  if (result.case && !referenceCases.some(test => test.id === result.case)) throw new Error("Unknown reference case");
+  result.chrome ??= ["/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome",
+    "/Volumes/SSD/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome",
+    "/usr/bin/google-chrome", "/usr/bin/chromium",
+    path.join(process.env.PROGRAMFILES ?? "", "Google/Chrome/Application/chrome.exe")].find(existsSync);
+  if (!result.chrome || !existsSync(result.chrome)) throw new Error("Set --chrome or CHROME_BIN to a hardware-capable Chrome installation");
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function fixtureServer(directory, generated) {
+  const types = { ".html": "text/html", ".js": "text/javascript", ".css": "text/css",
+    ".json": "application/json", ".kcad": "application/json", ".png": "image/png" };
+  const server = createServer(async (request, response) => {
+    try {
+      const pathname = decodeURIComponent(new URL(request.url, "http://localhost").pathname);
+      if (request.method !== "GET") { response.writeHead(405).end(); return; }
+      let content = generated.get(pathname);
+      if (!content) {
+        const filename = path.resolve(directory, "." + (pathname === "/" ? "/index.html" : pathname));
+        if (!filename.startsWith(directory + path.sep)) { response.writeHead(403).end(); return; }
+        content = await readFile(filename);
+      }
+      response.writeHead(200, { "Content-Type": types[path.extname(pathname)] ?? "application/octet-stream",
+        "Cache-Control": "no-store" });
+      response.end(content);
+    } catch { response.writeHead(404).end(); }
+  });
+  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => { server.once("error", reject); server.listen(0, "127.0.0.1", resolve); });
+  return { server, url: `http://127.0.0.1:${server.address().port}` };
+}
+
+async function settled(page) {
+  await evaluate(page, `(async()=>{
+    await new Promise(resolve=>requestAnimationFrame(()=>requestAnimationFrame(resolve)));
+    if(kestrel.renderer.device) await kestrel.renderer.device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+    return true;
+  })()`);
+}
+
+async function settleUi(page) {
+  // A neutral title click blurs the command input through the app's normal handlers.
+  // Merely moving the pointer leaves its startup suggestion menu open on some navigations.
+  const point = await evaluate(page, "(()=>{const r=document.getElementById('title-name').getBoundingClientRect();return {x:r.x+r.width/2,y:r.y+r.height/2};})()");
+  for (const event of [{ type: "mouseMoved", ...point },
+    { type: "mousePressed", ...point, button: "left", buttons: 1, clickCount: 1 },
+    { type: "mouseReleased", ...point, button: "left", buttons: 0, clickCount: 1 }])
+    await page.send("Input.dispatchMouseEvent", event);
+  await waitFor(page, "document.getElementById('command-suggestions').hidden && document.getElementById('file-menu').hidden");
+  await delay(200); // Allow the app's 150 ms blur handler and hover transitions to finish.
+  await settled(page);
+}
+
+export function validateReferenceUi(state) {
+  if (!state || state.tool !== null || state.bannerHidden !== true
+      || state.suggestionsHidden !== true || state.fileMenuHidden !== true) {
+    throw new Error(`Reference UI is not neutral: ${JSON.stringify(state)}`);
+  }
+}
+
+async function referenceUiState(page) {
+  const state = await evaluate(page, `({tool:kestrel.tool?.id ?? null,
+    bannerHidden:document.getElementById('tool-banner').hidden,
+    suggestionsHidden:document.getElementById('command-suggestions').hidden,
+    fileMenuHidden:document.getElementById('file-menu').hidden})`);
+  validateReferenceUi(state);
+  return state;
+}
+
+async function snapshot(page, output, name, clip) {
+  const uiBefore = await referenceUiState(page);
+  const capture = await page.send("Page.captureScreenshot", { format: "png", fromSurface: true,
+    captureBeyondViewport: false, clip: { ...clip, scale: 1 } });
+  const bytes = Buffer.from(capture.data, "base64");
+  await writeFile(path.join(output, name), bytes);
+  const canvasData = await evaluate(page, "({gpu:kestrel.renderer.canvas.toDataURL('image/png'),overlay:kestrel.renderer.overlay.toDataURL('image/png')})");
+  const layers = {};
+  for (const [layer, dataUrl] of Object.entries(canvasData)) {
+    if (!dataUrl.startsWith("data:image/png;base64,")) throw new Error("Canvas PNG serialization failed");
+    const layerBytes = Buffer.from(dataUrl.slice("data:image/png;base64,".length), "base64");
+    const layerName = name.replace(/\.png$/, `-${layer}.png`);
+    await writeFile(path.join(output, layerName), layerBytes);
+    layers[layer] = { file: layerName, sha256: sha(layerBytes), width: layerBytes.readUInt32BE(16), height: layerBytes.readUInt32BE(20) };
+  }
+  const uiAfter = await referenceUiState(page);
+  return { uiBefore, uiAfter, file: name, sha256: sha(bytes), width: bytes.readUInt32BE(16), height: bytes.readUInt32BE(20),
+    layers, purpose: "Diagnostic reference capture outside the timed interaction; not a presentation path" };
+}
+
+async function beginTrace(browser) {
+  let timer;
+  const completion = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Trace completion timed out")), 120_000);
+    browser.on("Tracing.tracingComplete", event => { clearTimeout(timer); resolve(event); });
+  });
+  // Avoid an unhandled rejection if an earlier page command fails; callers still observe rejection.
+  completion.catch(() => {});
+  await browser.send("Tracing.start", { transferMode: "ReturnAsStream", streamFormat: "json",
+    traceConfig: { recordMode: "recordAsMuchAsPossible", includedCategories: ["benchmark", "cc", "gpu", "viz",
+      "blink.user_timing", "devtools.timeline", "disabled-by-default-devtools.timeline.frame"] } });
+  return { completion, cancel: () => clearTimeout(timer) };
+}
+
+async function endTrace(browser, tracing, output, filename, revision) {
+  await browser.send("Tracing.end");
+  const result = await tracing.completion;
+  if (result.dataLossOccurred) throw new Error("Chrome lost trace events");
+  if (!result.stream) throw new Error("Chrome returned no trace stream");
+  const chunks = [];
+  try {
+    while (true) {
+      const chunk = await browser.send("IO.read", { handle: result.stream, size: 1024 * 1024 });
+      chunks.push(Buffer.from(chunk.data, chunk.base64Encoded ? "base64" : "utf8"));
+      if (chunk.eof) break;
+    }
+  } finally { await browser.send("IO.close", { handle: result.stream }); }
+  const raw = Buffer.concat(chunks);
+  const presentationTiming = analyzePresentation(JSON.parse(raw.toString("utf8")), revision);
+  const bytes = gzipSync(raw);
+  await writeFile(path.join(output, filename), bytes);
+  return { file: filename, sha256: sha(bytes), dataLossOccurred: false,
+    presentationTiming };
+}
+
+async function captureCase(chrome, serverUrl, output, test, repetition) {
+  const page = chrome.page, errors = [];
+  page.on("Runtime.exceptionThrown", error => errors.push(error));
+  await page.send("Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride", { ...test.documentViewport, deviceScaleFactor: test.dpr, mobile: false });
+  await page.send("Page.navigate", { url: `${serverUrl}/index.html?reference=${test.id}&repeat=${repetition}` });
+  await page.send("Page.bringToFront");
+  await waitFor(page, "document.documentElement?.dataset.ready==='true' && !!window.kestrel?.backendReady");
+  const projectPath = test.scene.startsWith("lines-") ? `/reference/${test.scene}.kcad` : `/examples/${test.scene}.kcad`;
+  await evaluate(page, `(async()=>{
+    const response=await fetch(${JSON.stringify(projectPath)});
+    if(!response.ok) throw new Error('Project fetch failed');
+    await kestrel.openFile(new File([await response.text()],${JSON.stringify(test.scene + ".kcad")},{type:'application/json'}));
+    kestrel.theme=${JSON.stringify(test.theme)}; kestrel.applyTheme();
+    kestrel.setView(${JSON.stringify(test.view)}); kestrel.setStyle(${JSON.stringify(test.style)});
+    kestrel.settings.grid=true; kestrel.settings.lineweights=false; kestrel.fit(false);
+    return true;
+  })()`);
+  // Let the app's own transient UI expire; do not patch/remove its DOM for stable screenshots.
+  await waitFor(page, "document.querySelectorAll('#toast-stack .toast').length===0");
+  await settleUi(page);
+  const app = await evaluate(page, `(()=>{
+    const r=kestrel.renderer, info=r.adapter?.info, rect=document.getElementById('viewport').getBoundingClientRect();
+    return {backend:r.backend,secureContext:isSecureContext,fallbackReason:r.fallbackReason,
+      adapter:info?{vendor:info.vendor,architecture:info.architecture,device:info.device,description:info.description,isFallbackAdapter:info.isFallbackAdapter}:null,
+      clip:{x:rect.x,y:rect.y,width:rect.width,height:rect.height},
+      documentViewport:{width:innerWidth,height:innerHeight,dpr:devicePixelRatio},
+      canvas:{width:r.canvas.width,height:r.canvas.height},stats:{...r.stats},
+      entities:kestrel.doc.entities.length,camera:kestrel.camera.serialize(),visibility:document.visibilityState,focused:document.hasFocus()};
+  })()`);
+  const system = await chrome.browser.send("SystemInfo.getInfo");
+  const hardware = hardwareAssessment(system, app);
+  if (!hardware.hardwareAccelerated) return { test, repetition, status: "unavailable", hardware, app, system };
+  if (app.documentViewport.width !== test.documentViewport.width || app.documentViewport.height !== test.documentViewport.height
+      || Math.abs(app.documentViewport.dpr - test.dpr) > 1e-6 || app.visibility !== "visible") throw new Error(
+        `Viewport/DPR/visibility mismatch: ${JSON.stringify({ actual: app.documentViewport, visibility: app.visibility,
+          expected: test.documentViewport, dpr: test.dpr })}`);
+  const prefix = `${test.id}-run${repetition}`;
+  const before = await snapshot(page, output, `${prefix}-before.png`, app.clip);
+  const tracing = await beginTrace(chrome.browser);
+  let trace, samples, input;
+  try {
+    // Exercise real browser mouse input once, then restore the camera for deterministic timed pans.
+    const x = app.clip.x + app.clip.width / 2, y = app.clip.y + app.clip.height / 2;
+    const events = [{ type: "mouseMoved", x, y }, { type: "mousePressed", x, y, button: "middle", buttons: 4, clickCount: 1 },
+      { type: "mouseMoved", x: x + 40, y: y + 20, button: "middle", buttons: 4 },
+      { type: "mouseReleased", x: x + 40, y: y + 20, button: "middle", buttons: 0, clickCount: 1 }];
+    for (const event of events) await page.send("Input.dispatchMouseEvent", event);
+    await settled(page);
+    input = await evaluate(page, "({target:kestrel.camera.target.slice(),camera:kestrel.camera.serialize()})");
+    input.events = events;
+    input.changedCamera = JSON.stringify(input.target) !== JSON.stringify(app.camera.target);
+    if (!input.changedCamera) throw new Error("Middle-button input did not pan the Kestrel camera");
+    await settleUi(page);
+    await evaluate(page, `kestrel.camera.restore(${JSON.stringify(app.camera)});kestrel.invalidate();true`);
+    await settled(page);
+    samples = await evaluate(page, `new Promise(resolve=>{
+      const app=kestrel, config=${JSON.stringify(test.interaction)}, samples=[];
+      const buffers=Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(app.renderer.buffers).map(([key,value])=>[key,value.buffer]));
+      let previous=null, moved=0;
+      performance.mark('webscene-reference-pan-start');
+      const step=timestamp=>{
+        if(previous!==null) samples.push({rafIntervalMs:timestamp-previous,cpuRenderSubmissionMs:app.renderer.stats.cpuMs});
+        if(moved===config.frames) {
+          performance.mark('webscene-reference-pan-end');
+          resolve({samples,finalCamera:app.camera.serialize(),stats:{...app.renderer.stats},
+            retainedBuffers:Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(buffers).map(([key,value])=>[key,app.renderer.buffers[key]?.buffer===value])),gpuErrors:app.renderer.gpuErrors.slice()});
+          return;
+        }
+        app.camera.pan(config.dxCssPixels,config.dyCssPixels);app.invalidate();moved++;previous=timestamp;
+        requestAnimationFrame(step);
+      }; requestAnimationFrame(step);
+    })`);
+    await settled(page);
+    await delay(100); // Allow platform presentation feedback for the last submitted update to arrive.
+    trace = await endTrace(chrome.browser, tracing, output, `${prefix}-trace.json.gz`, chrome.revision);
+  } finally { tracing.cancel(); }
+  await settled(page);
+  const after = await snapshot(page, output, `${prefix}-after.png`, app.clip);
+  if (samples.gpuErrors.length || errors.length) throw new Error("Kestrel reported browser/GPU errors");
+  samples.cpuRenderSubmissionMilliseconds = distribution(samples.samples.map(sample => sample.cpuRenderSubmissionMs));
+  samples.rafIntervalMilliseconds = distribution(samples.samples.map(sample => sample.rafIntervalMs));
+  return { test, repetition, status: "captured", hardware, app, system, input, before, after, trace, samples,
+    timingScope: "Application CPU render/submission plus rAF intervals; GPU execution and presentation require separate trace analysis" };
+}
+
+export async function main(argv) {
+  const args = options(argv);
+  await mkdir(path.dirname(args.output), { recursive: true });
+  await mkdir(args.output); // Never overwrite evidence, including failed attempts.
+  const evidence = { schemaVersion: 1, status: "running", capturedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+    scope: "Hardware Chrome reference for G01; not WebScene support or full epic qualification",
+    host: { platform: os.platform(), release: os.release(), architecture: os.arch() }, results: [] };
+  let chrome, service;
+  try {
+    const fixtureRoot = path.join(args.output, "fixture-input");
+    const validation = spawnSync(process.env.PYTHON ?? (process.platform === "win32" ? "python" : "python3"),
+      [path.join(here, "prepare-kestrel.py"), "--destination", fixtureRoot], { encoding: "utf8" });
+    if (validation.status !== 0) throw new Error(validation.stderr || validation.stdout);
+    evidence.fixture = JSON.parse(await readFile(path.join(here, "fixtures/kestrel.json"), "utf8"));
+    evidence.repositoryCommit = spawnSync("git", ["rev-parse", "HEAD"], { cwd: root, encoding: "utf8" }).stdout.trim();
+    const harnessArchive = await archiveReferenceHarness(args.output);
+    evidence.harness = harnessArchive.hashes;
+    evidence.harnessFiles = harnessArchive.files;
+    await mkdir(path.join(args.output, "generated-inputs"), { recursive: true });
+    const generated = new Map();
+    evidence.generatedProjects = {};
+    for (const count of [10_000, 100_000]) {
+      const bytes = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(lineProject(count)));
+      generated.set(`/reference/lines-${count}.kcad`, bytes);
+      const file = `generated-inputs/lines-${count}.kcad`;
+      await writeFile(path.join(args.output, file), bytes);
+      evidence.generatedProjects[`lines-${count}`] = { file, sha256: sha(bytes), bytes: bytes.length, count };
+    }
+    service = await fixtureServer(path.join(fixtureRoot, "Kestrel-CAD"), generated);
+    chrome = await startChrome(args.chrome);
+    evidence.browser = await chrome.browser.send("Browser.getVersion");
+    chrome.revision = evidence.browser.revision;
+    evidence.launch = { executable: args.chrome, args: chrome.args, headless: false };
+    await chrome.page.send("Page.addScriptToEvaluateOnNewDocument", { source: "try { localStorage.clear(); } catch {}" });
+    for (const test of referenceCases.filter(test => !args.case || test.id === args.case)) {
+      for (let repetition = 1; repetition <= args.repeat; ++repetition) {
+        const configured = { ...test, interaction: { ...test.interaction, frames: args.frames } };
+        const result = await captureCase(chrome, service.url, args.output, configured, repetition);
+        evidence.results.push(result);
+        await writeFile(path.join(args.output, "reference.json"), JSON.stringify(evidence, null, 2) + "\n");
+        console.log(`${test.id} run ${repetition}: ${result.status}`);
+        if (result.status === "unavailable") break;
+      }
+    }
+    evidence.status = evidence.results.every(result => result.status === "captured") ? "captured" : "unavailable";
+    evidence.repeatability = referenceCases.filter(test => !args.case || test.id === args.case).map(test => {
+      const runs = evidence.results.filter(result => result.test.id === test.id && result.status === "captured");
+      return { case: test.id, runs: runs.length, beforeExactPngMatch: runs.length >= 2 && new Set(runs.map(run => run.before.sha256)).size === 1,
+        afterExactPngMatch: runs.length >= 2 && new Set(runs.map(run => run.after.sha256)).size === 1,
+        layerMatches: Object.fromEntries(["before", "after"].flatMap(phase => ["gpu", "overlay"].map(layer =>
+          [`${phase}-${layer}`, runs.length >= 2 && new Set(runs.map(run => run[phase].layers[layer].sha256)).size === 1]))) };
+    });
+    evidence.remainingVerification = ["Presentation timing is unavailable for unverified Chrome revisions or incomplete traces",
+      "Repeat pixel differences require inspection if hashes differ",
+      "Other target hardware and WebScene comparison remain separate gates"];
+  } catch (error) {
+    evidence.status = "failed"; evidence.error = error.stack ?? String(error);
+    console.error(evidence.error);
+  } finally {
+    if (chrome) { evidence.chromeStderr = chrome.stderr; await stopChrome(chrome); }
+    if (service) await new Promise(resolve => service.server.close(resolve));
+    await writeFile(path.join(args.output, "reference.json"), JSON.stringify(evidence, null, 2) + "\n");
+  }
+  return evidence.status === "captured" ? 0 : evidence.status === "unavailable" ? 77 : 1;
+}
+
+if (process.argv[1] && path.resolve(process.argv[1]) === fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)) {
+  main(process.argv.slice(2)).then(code => { process.exitCode = code; }).catch(error => { console.error(error); process.exitCode = 1; });
+}
+
+// Persist the exact source bytes used to identify a reference capture, including
+// uncommitted harness edits. A repository SHA alone cannot recover those bytes.
+export async function archiveReferenceHarness(output, sourceDirectory = here) {
+  const hashes = {}, files = {};
+  await mkdir(path.join(output, "harness"), { recursive: true });
+  for (const name of ["capture-chrome-reference.mjs", "chrome-session.mjs", "reference-workloads.mjs", "presentation-trace.mjs",
+    "prepare-kestrel.py", "../WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs"]) {
+    const bytes = await readFile(path.join(sourceDirectory, name));
+    const file = path.posix.join("harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility", name);
+    await mkdir(path.dirname(path.join(output, file)), { recursive: true });
+    await writeFile(path.join(output, file), bytes);
+    hashes[name] = sha(bytes);
+    files[name] = { file, sha256: hashes[name], bytes: bytes.length };
+  }
+  return { hashes, files };
+}
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/chrome-session.mjs b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/chrome-session.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d01e6d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/chrome-session.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
+import { mkdtemp, rm } from "node:fs/promises";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { CdpClient } from "../WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs";
+
+export const delay = milliseconds => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, milliseconds));
+
+export async function evaluate(client, expression) {
+  const response = await client.send("Runtime.evaluate", { expression, awaitPromise: true, returnByValue: true }, 60_000);
+  if (response.exceptionDetails) throw new Error(response.exceptionDetails.exception?.description ?? response.exceptionDetails.text);
+  return response.result.value;
+}
+
+export async function startChrome(executable) {
+  const userDataDirectory = await mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "webscene-kestrel-chrome-"));
+  const args = ["--disable-background-networking", "--disable-component-update", "--disable-default-apps",
+    "--disable-extensions", "--disable-sync", "--no-first-run", "--no-default-browser-check",
+    "--remote-debugging-port=0", "--window-size=1960,1200", `--user-data-dir=${userDataDirectory}`, "about:blank"];
+  const child = spawn(executable, args, { stdio: ["ignore", "ignore", "pipe"] });
+  const session = { child, userDataDirectory, args, stderr: "", browser: null, page: null };
+  try {
+    const endpoint = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Chrome DevTools startup timed out")), 30_000);
+      child.stderr.setEncoding("utf8");
+      child.stderr.on("data", chunk => {
+        session.stderr += chunk;
+        const match = session.stderr.match(/DevTools listening on (ws:\/\/[^\s]+)/);
+        if (match) { clearTimeout(timer); resolve(match[1]); }
+      });
+      child.once("error", error => { clearTimeout(timer); reject(error); });
+      child.once("exit", code => { clearTimeout(timer); reject(new Error(`Chrome exited: ${code}`)); });
+    });
+    session.browser = await CdpClient.connect(endpoint);
+    const url = new URL(endpoint);
+    let target;
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 100 && !target; ++attempt) {
+      const targets = await (await fetch(`http://${url.host}/json/list`)).json();
+      target = targets.find(value => value.type === "page" && value.webSocketDebuggerUrl);
+      if (!target) await delay(50);
+    }
+    if (!target) throw new Error("Chrome page target unavailable");
+    session.page = await CdpClient.connect(target.webSocketDebuggerUrl);
+    await session.page.send("Page.enable");
+    await session.page.send("Runtime.enable");
+    await session.page.send("Page.bringToFront");
+    return session;
+  } catch (error) {
+    await stopChrome(session);
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function stopChrome(session) {
+  try { await session.browser?.send("Browser.close", {}, 2_000); }
+  catch { session.child.kill("SIGTERM"); }
+  session.page?.close();
+  session.browser?.close();
+  if (session.child.exitCode === null && session.child.signalCode === null) {
+    await new Promise(resolve => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => { session.child.kill("SIGKILL"); resolve(); }, 2_000);
+      session.child.once("exit", () => { clearTimeout(timer); resolve(); });
+    });
+  }
+  await rm(session.userDataDirectory, { recursive: true, force: true });
+}
+
+export async function waitFor(client, expression) {
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 300; ++attempt) {
+    if (await evaluate(client, expression)) return;
+    await delay(100);
+  }
+  throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for ${expression}`);
+}
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-CAD.zip b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-CAD.zip
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..199e4376b
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-CAD.zip differ
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-LICENSE.txt b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54d8dc79e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/Kestrel-LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 Kestrel CAD contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/kestrel.json b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/kestrel.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa1ee1450
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/fixtures/kestrel.json
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 1,
+  "archive": "Kestrel-CAD.zip",
+  "sha256": "1e9a272449923ea1d2a24b4ce7f1a1f424d0a6c9a979ef155e2a67c1424d9f7d",
+  "license": "MIT",
+  "licenseFile": "Kestrel-LICENSE.txt",
+  "provenance": "User-provided Kestrel-CAD.zip; original bytes preserved. No public upstream URL supplied.",
+  "historicalEvidence": "Archive previews, build-info and tests/results are upstream historical data, not WebScene qualification evidence.",
+  "files": {
+    "Kestrel-CAD/.gitignore": "39f5c28d03671d72064ba9108bc8da5b872788d83d778eff7cdb9c80140e84e8",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/Kestrel-CAD.html": "0549ac0817db91f4df5ff8e6274843a72cec3b91a5aa6e32101e3f2a888c0563",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/LICENSE": "9a035f4c57fe14149c39dd1b9fcd666e67c3a9870eef51e8aeaff8fcf4c622d0",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/README.md": "a70e33ee93e994293d193c167c59aee7e52551fe7a091dc735ce54a2b3e8363c",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/SHA256SUMS": "390e38e19de6c19c5dbfaa1dc8c084405bfaaec6510b7f2bd8e2e36f4f2e4287",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/VERIFICATION.md": "5c867724bdb24b23874d9456f6deb6cdeef6c565b3830cf185409cfef49324ef",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/build-info.json": "ee495ccd680959e66b276899865ef8147bf71a482debd8683475487f2c3b496d",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/examples/courtyard.dxf": "5cacf27957ad08c1cbe7dd88002e7f6f3b755f35ca6a72fc912dff4aa2b05c87",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/examples/courtyard.kcad": "8473f6d6b83ef9028465b9894e7e6e21d6821ca222eaf5d193fb230fe96538be",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/examples/fixture.dxf": "d3c670409e14b3b50d4336ec9d322ecfcdbc56ce5c6910c5c42e88aaedde7f59",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/examples/fixture.kcad": "6dc578e996607ee0258b8039847cdcadacd1cc155e7f3f5712eebf0ac76d94d2",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/index.html": "f05dd7b7a887dc1eb9388655b5b17fb497987eae5e60b03f4a9144b8b6001303",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/previews/capture-info.json": "4f4d3685ca9467bdb503f11d4d3651eacd77f612c8f708560a344cd922e6c149",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/previews/kestrel-2d-dark.png": "461daeb602f6dbb6f76cf0aa7e47d8fee3d520e08c543f2e8eac94b6d72f4664",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/previews/kestrel-2d-light.png": "9caae4a044c2a3a87e7eec500c39d3e371f47a88ca0f2688821f114ce8e139b7",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/previews/kestrel-3d-dark.png": "d7f561df1393d1034fc90c8c40938513d64ff925f6ae7a6654ae0fa7d411a794",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/app.js": "24e3b4d8027bce246aad982b01410d0ed3d068c21e059f24e0f4168674aba5d4",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/csg.js": "083c341c3706b7d15dd6a35bde5cf3aca7f66d6be441d8c5672bf4dfba624d8f",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/examples.js": "3a253a200858e00eb5ae55356eaceec471ca3c87e039e51497d7cfb7dcad9b1a",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/exchange.js": "e574d8b761d4ab233f59351fa4ce5ebf4f9f035503b1121ea05ec8d0f3371e7b",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/geometry.js": "dfee94fe15d204f1f9f784f5f08674b12653b9bff94f211a3415f16b8fb8550f",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/io-worker.js": "c45a8a173281dc9628340844b1d1d0eeede1bec604e5083dc323702fdf276210",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/math.js": "63b6d9a251c5416cd24100b887c2db73603b91bccdbdec9d00357d57e5e68847",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/model.js": "ff1b537629166fed88687bee4bcbbbd675e152b81882149b13ebbd2a184bd268",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/renderer.js": "3dd46d236c3ba1a1966660e5e4ced3d4bb42a53fdb1e2a43acc1504e9bf3f982",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/style.css": "b8c9f3935d46e503ca539fe6e893015968d3f27f79f5df074e101902dc1338c3",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/src/ui.js": "1a3e9418139ed04dcd84e9c10a583e44c70e9ca622927d042a603b176d9cfb72",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/start.bat": "1b2f9341ebb577c66f7e0a3ed587a97d546654117d58a0f2475f81bb36918281",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/start.sh": "98e41a32e1172f8eca22319ae5c620cf16fc028027fabd9106709f67686d5d2e",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/browser.test.py": "9ec357b237aca2e77e580fc3a3d6017109eda320fa44f8756013e07146d40552",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/core.test.js": "f37e5110011236ef5687aabee1d8ac554aff663cbc782a2c78608442db82f829",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/dxf_interop.py": "dd424003de96a4c5312e66ab63f62107e29377e4d8723d98cb61af19a40b1fc9",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/fixtures/analytic-roundtrip.dxf": "0f0006b38d10461f9adc46a29cf1b40f9c14b1b13947acb3b8cd06c9a77901d6",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/fixtures/external-expected.json": "18fb2fcc034de09de3f96fb8a5087e35f190a3ac1d424869a45b4e3306e864ad",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/fixtures/external.dxf": "d52ed14bb6fc12de6550ab6273edd4cde6b9182e23441623dc384644767ee843",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/gpu.test.js": "eb31261838219fa769fbad9d0f7666277bdf1af58e1f662cd1ffb1d4f738ab13",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/browser-export.dxf": "5cacf27957ad08c1cbe7dd88002e7f6f3b755f35ca6a72fc912dff4aa2b05c87",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/browser-export.kcad": "4b086701ceb3b9e21a1d4d0b835e55a00505907d122dba6b5062c50e525a7abc",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/browser-export.png": "4e179044dbff598b684e2dfcc6c2dee9232583feecf2f8a963cb6bfa1297706c",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/browser-export.svg": "6ddae088fa30821bf022d9a6663ca196161890696c645a1f178ce75b3b142ee6",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/browser-results.json": "b465001ff757382191a7d1ca1e70e5bea54ae3318483e04b99b51b4f6596a6d8",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/core-results.json": "3779a30b3bdf1e41b978b25bca8d73a9ccdd62242ef56de98bfd3d8581f9ce64",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/dxf-interop-results.json": "a31b85ec685b09ab431136cca9ea7907b8aa49c9967362c22f713c175df5ae18",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/external-import.json": "c5657d68853779d878273b0b45c8763977684c31a44f95b08b1fb51cd2566940",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/gpu-environment.json": "4970faace8ff84468d3e1afaeec1d61a0e7f8b3ad22faf57cd9879f4b1aef4f5",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/kestrel-2d-dark.png": "5b229229d2bcda1fc1b3c1276fc6e86aee3fc34fea2f4088e8d83f040afb2514",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/kestrel-2d-light.png": "f09392e1901dc708d335dccfa9e31accdab9e8ef224f940675ec4fc83f4528de",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/kestrel-3d-dark.png": "5c764128b0a560f90e455ffc4cec0e2fa3d1902fa897902bce707da754e514f9",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/results/server-results.json": "f14c8265f1c7a9fc764643728bae2d27aaa21d4a1a4e2152695e28bd8ff2ef64",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/server.test.py": "04d39242bd8455b581cbad160f1bf99d6f3415ee3f2af41b9e951617113dce2f",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tests/webgpu.html": "70c24b80339514772fda94faac1feeccdd3a3ebf21b12c7fd21ca8d57d67c532",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tools/build.py": "f0eeb9d213f429b4f4503348bf794bacb2715a35e2b9adcb440f2ffd6d24f269",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tools/capture_previews.py": "5b7d9d28883323a5ae532e916e140fed68f9533631708570be17cba902e8eb14",
+    "Kestrel-CAD/tools/serve.py": "559b13fc63cec38c7cf1527695a82ba1986816ecf441045645981917c5547b3d"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e8780b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/prepare-kestrel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Verify the immutable Kestrel input and optionally extract a disposable copy."""
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
+import zipfile
+
+
+def prepare(destination=None):
+    fixtures = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "fixtures"
+    manifest = json.loads((fixtures / "kestrel.json").read_text())
+    archive = fixtures / manifest["archive"]
+    if hashlib.sha256(archive.read_bytes()).hexdigest() != manifest["sha256"]:
+        raise ValueError("Kestrel archive checksum mismatch")
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(archive) as bundle:
+        entries = bundle.infolist()
+        names = [entry.filename for entry in entries]
+        if len(set(names)) != len(names) or set(names) != set(manifest["files"]):
+            raise ValueError("Kestrel archive inventory mismatch")
+        for entry in entries:
+            path = PurePosixPath(entry.filename)
+            if path.is_absolute() or ".." in path.parts or "\\" in entry.filename:
+                raise ValueError("Unsafe archive path")
+            data = bundle.read(entry)
+            if hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest() != manifest["files"][entry.filename]:
+                raise ValueError(f"Kestrel file checksum mismatch: {entry.filename}")
+        if bundle.read("Kestrel-CAD/LICENSE") != (fixtures / manifest["licenseFile"]).read_bytes():
+            raise ValueError("Kestrel license mismatch")
+        if destination is not None:
+            # A fresh destination prevents prior test output or symlinks contaminating the fixture.
+            destination.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=False)
+            for entry in entries:
+                output = destination / entry.filename
+                output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+                output.write_bytes(bundle.read(entry))
+    print(f"Verified {len(names)} immutable Kestrel files; no GPU qualification implied.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--destination", type=Path, help="New directory for a disposable extraction")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    prepare(args.destination)
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/presentation-trace.mjs b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/presentation-trace.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04110e097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/presentation-trace.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// This source contract was inspected at the Chrome revision below. Unknown revisions stay unqualified.
+export const supportedChromeRevision = "@529d9a34b491745086b59458f58a5aae8292adaa";
+const sourceRoot = `https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/${supportedChromeRevision.slice(1)}/cc/metrics/`;
+
+export function distribution(values) {
+  if (!values.length || values.some(value => !Number.isFinite(value))) return null;
+  const sorted = [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  const percentile = fraction => sorted[Math.max(0, Math.ceil(fraction * sorted.length) - 1)];
+  return { count: sorted.length, min: sorted[0], median: percentile(0.5), p95: percentile(0.95),
+    max: sorted.at(-1), mean: sorted.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0) / sorted.length };
+}
+
+export function analyzePresentation(trace, revision) {
+  const unavailable = reason => ({ status: "unavailable", reason });
+  if (revision !== supportedChromeRevision) return unavailable("Chrome revision has not had its presentation trace source contract verified");
+  const events = trace.traceEvents;
+  if (!Array.isArray(events)) return unavailable("Missing trace event array");
+  const starts = events.filter(event => event.name === "webscene-reference-pan-start" && event.ph === "I");
+  const ends = events.filter(event => event.name === "webscene-reference-pan-end" && event.ph === "I");
+  if (starts.length !== 1 || ends.length !== 1 || starts[0].pid !== ends[0].pid || ends[0].ts <= starts[0].ts)
+    return unavailable("Missing or ambiguous interaction markers");
+  const start = starts[0], end = ends[0], active = new Map(), frames = [], reporterStates = {};
+  let ambiguous = false;
+  const reporters = events.filter(event => event.name === "PipelineReporter" && event.pid === start.pid)
+    .sort((a, b) => a.ts - b.ts);
+  for (const event of reporters) {
+    // Trace local IDs are strings. Do not use the 64-bit numeric surface/display IDs: JSON loses precision.
+    const identity = event.id2?.local ?? event.id2?.global;
+    if (!identity) continue;
+    if (event.ph === "b") {
+      if (active.has(identity)) ambiguous = true;
+      active.set(identity, event);
+    } else if (event.ph === "e") {
+      const begin = active.get(identity);
+      active.delete(identity);
+      if (!begin || begin.ts < start.ts || begin.ts > end.ts) continue;
+      const info = begin.args?.frame_reporter;
+      if (!info?.state || event.ts < begin.ts || !Number.isFinite(event.ts)) { ambiguous = true; continue; }
+      reporterStates[info.state] = (reporterStates[info.state] ?? 0) + 1;
+      if (["STATE_PRESENTED_ALL", "STATE_PRESENTED_PARTIAL"].includes(info.state)) {
+        frames.push({ beginMicroseconds: begin.ts, presentedMicroseconds: event.ts,
+          sequence: info.frame_sequence, source: info.frame_source, layerTreeHost: info.layer_tree_host_id,
+          partial: info.state === "STATE_PRESENTED_PARTIAL", missingContent: info.has_missing_content === true });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (ambiguous) return unavailable("Ambiguous or malformed PipelineReporter event pairing");
+  if ([...active.values()].some(event => event.ts >= start.ts && event.ts <= end.ts))
+    return unavailable("Trace ended before all interaction reporters completed");
+  const timestamps = [...new Set(frames.map(frame => frame.presentedMicroseconds))].sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  if (timestamps.length < 2) return unavailable("Fewer than two distinct platform presentation feedback timestamps");
+  const intervals = timestamps.slice(1).map((timestamp, index) => (timestamp - timestamps[index]) / 1000);
+  return { status: "measured", source: "Presented PipelineReporter termination timestamps (platform presentation feedback)",
+    sourceContract: [sourceRoot + "compositor_frame_reporting_controller.cc", sourceRoot + "compositor_frame_reporter.cc"],
+    revision, rendererPid: start.pid, interactionStartMicroseconds: start.ts, interactionEndMicroseconds: end.ts,
+    uniquePresentedFrames: timestamps.length,
+    framesPerSecond: (timestamps.length - 1) * 1e6 / (timestamps.at(-1) - timestamps[0]),
+    intervalMilliseconds: distribution(intervals), partialReporters: frames.filter(frame => frame.partial).length,
+    missingContentReporters: frames.filter(frame => frame.missingContent).length,
+    reporterStates, frames,
+    note: "Reporter state counts include compositor bookkeeping; they are not counts of distinct application frames. Presentation feedback is separate from CPU submission and rAF delivery." };
+}
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-tests.mjs b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-tests.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd2246a25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-tests.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import test from "node:test";
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
+import { lineProject, referenceCases } from "./reference-workloads.mjs";
+import { hardwareAssessment, archiveReferenceHarness, validateReferenceUi } from "./capture-chrome-reference.mjs";
+import { analyzePresentation, supportedChromeRevision } from "./presentation-trace.mjs";
+
+test("seeded line input has stable bytes and complete unique entities", () => {
+  const project = lineProject(10_000);
+  assert.equal(createHash("sha256").update(JSON.stringify(project)).digest("hex"),
+    "07ebda76dc757bb365a092f9ed7fb7c7d5c8a6498ceb11760f23f953b05c9099");
+  assert.equal(new Set(project.entities.map(entity => entity.id)).size, 10_000);
+  assert.notDeepEqual(lineProject(2, 1).entities, lineProject(2, 2).entities);
+  assert.equal(lineProject(100_000).entities.length, 100_000);
+  assert.throws(() => lineProject(200_001));
+  assert.throws(() => lineProject(2, -1));
+});
+
+test("matrix includes both DPRs and themes for all four required scenes", () => {
+  assert.equal(referenceCases.length, 16);
+  assert.equal(new Set(referenceCases.map(value => value.id)).size, 16);
+  for (const scene of ["courtyard", "fixture", "lines-10000", "lines-100000"])
+    assert.equal(referenceCases.filter(value => value.scene === scene).length, 4);
+});
+
+test("Chrome hardware evidence rejects missing, fallback and software records", () => {
+  const system = { gpu: { devices: [{ deviceString: "Synthetic discrete GPU" }],
+    featureStatus: { webgpu: "enabled", gpu_compositing: "enabled" } } };
+  const app = { secureContext: true, backend: "WebGPU", adapter: { isFallbackAdapter: false } };
+  assert.equal(hardwareAssessment(system, app).status, "confirmed");
+  for (const fallback of [undefined, true, "false", 0])
+    assert.equal(hardwareAssessment(system, { ...app, adapter: { isFallbackAdapter: fallback } }).status, "unavailable");
+  assert.equal(hardwareAssessment(system, { ...app, backend: "Canvas 2D" }).status, "unavailable");
+  assert.equal(hardwareAssessment({}, app).status, "unavailable");
+  system.gpu.devices[0].deviceString = "SwiftShader";
+  assert.equal(hardwareAssessment(system, app).status, "unavailable");
+});
+
+function fixture() {
+  // Synthetic trace data tests the parser contract, never hardware qualification.
+  const traceEvents = [
+    { name: "webscene-reference-pan-start", ph: "I", ts: 1000, pid: 10 },
+    { name: "webscene-reference-pan-end", ph: "I", ts: 60000, pid: 10 }
+  ];
+  const frame = (id, begin, end, state = "STATE_PRESENTED_ALL", pid = 10) => {
+    traceEvents.push({ name: "PipelineReporter", ph: "b", ts: begin, pid, id2: { local: id },
+      args: { frame_reporter: { state, frame_sequence: begin, has_missing_content: false } } });
+    traceEvents.push({ name: "PipelineReporter", ph: "e", ts: end, pid, id2: { local: id } });
+  };
+  frame("0x1", 2000, 20000);
+  frame("0x2", 18000, 36667);
+  frame("0x3", 34000, 53334);
+  frame("0x4", 35000, 53334); // Two reporters may share one physical presentation.
+  frame("0x5", 50000, 55000, "STATE_DROPPED");
+  frame("0x6", 50000, 59000, "STATE_PRESENTED_ALL", 20); // Another renderer must not contaminate cadence.
+  frame("0x7", 100, 59000); // A pre-interaction reporter is excluded.
+  return { traceEvents };
+}
+
+test("presentation cadence uses feedback timestamps, not rAF or submission events", () => {
+  const result = analyzePresentation(fixture(), supportedChromeRevision);
+  assert.equal(result.status, "measured");
+  assert.equal(result.uniquePresentedFrames, 3);
+  assert.equal(result.intervalMilliseconds.p95, 16.667);
+  assert.equal(result.reporterStates.STATE_DROPPED, 1);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(result.framesPerSecond - 60) < 0.01);
+});
+
+test("unknown Chrome, missing markers and malformed pairs remain unavailable", () => {
+  assert.equal(analyzePresentation(fixture(), "unknown").status, "unavailable");
+  const missing = fixture();
+  missing.traceEvents.shift();
+  assert.equal(analyzePresentation(missing, supportedChromeRevision).status, "unavailable");
+  const incomplete = fixture();
+  incomplete.traceEvents = incomplete.traceEvents.filter(event => !(event.ph === "e" && event.id2?.local === "0x3"));
+  assert.equal(analyzePresentation(incomplete, supportedChromeRevision).status, "unavailable");
+});
+
+test("reference archive retains exact harness bytes after the source changes", async t => {
+  const { mkdtemp, mkdir, writeFile, readFile, rm } = await import("node:fs/promises");
+  const { tmpdir } = await import("node:os");
+  const path = await import("node:path");
+  const root = await mkdtemp(path.join(tmpdir(), "webscene-harness-archive-"));
+  t.after(() => rm(root, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+  const source = path.join(root, "source"), output = path.join(root, "capture");
+  await mkdir(source);
+  const names = ["capture-chrome-reference.mjs", "chrome-session.mjs", "reference-workloads.mjs", "presentation-trace.mjs",
+    "prepare-kestrel.py", "../WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs"];
+  for (const name of names) {
+    await mkdir(path.dirname(path.join(source, name)), { recursive: true });
+    await writeFile(path.join(source, name), `// original ${name}\r\n`);
+  }
+  const archive = await archiveReferenceHarness(output, source);
+  for (const name of names) await writeFile(path.join(source, name), "// changed after capture");
+  for (const name of names) {
+    const stored = await readFile(path.join(output, archive.files[name].file));
+    assert.equal(stored.toString(), `// original ${name}\r\n`);
+    assert.equal(createHash("sha256").update(stored).digest("hex"), archive.hashes[name]);
+    assert.equal(archive.files[name].sha256, archive.hashes[name]);
+    assert.equal(archive.files[name].bytes, stored.length);
+  }
+});
+
+
+test("reference capture rejects active commands and visible transient UI", () => {
+  const neutral = { tool: null, bannerHidden: true, suggestionsHidden: true, fileMenuHidden: true };
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => validateReferenceUi(neutral));
+  assert.throws(() => validateReferenceUi({ ...neutral, tool: "erase" }), /not neutral/);
+  for (const key of ["bannerHidden", "suggestionsHidden", "fileMenuHidden"])
+    assert.throws(() => validateReferenceUi({ ...neutral, [key]: false }), /not neutral/);
+  assert.throws(() => validateReferenceUi({}), /not neutral/);
+});
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-workloads.mjs b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-workloads.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90c7b58f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/reference-workloads.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Synthetic drawing data only. Kestrel application files remain byte-for-byte unchanged.
+export const referenceSeed = 0x22c0ffee;
+
+export function lineProject(count, seed = referenceSeed) {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(count) || count < 1 || count > 200_000) throw new Error("Invalid line count");
+  if (!Number.isInteger(seed) || seed < 0 || seed > 0xffffffff) throw new Error("Invalid uint32 seed");
+  let state = seed >>> 0;
+  const random = () => {
+    state = (Math.imul(state, 1664525) + 1013904223) >>> 0;
+    return (state >>> 8) / 0x1000000;
+  };
+  const quantize = value => Math.round(value * 1024) / 1024;
+  const entities = Array.from({ length: count }, (_, index) => {
+    const x = quantize((random() - 0.5) * 1000);
+    const y = quantize((random() - 0.5) * 1000);
+    const dx = quantize(2 + random() * 18);
+    const dy = quantize((random() - 0.5) * 40);
+    return { id: `reference-line-${index}`, type: "LINE", layer: "0", color: "bylayer",
+      linetype: "ByLayer", points: [[x, y, 0], [quantize(x + dx), quantize(y + dy), 0]] };
+  });
+  return { format: "kestrel-cad", version: 1, name: `Seeded ${count} lines`, units: "mm",
+    currentLayer: "0", layers: [{ id: "0", name: "REFERENCE", color: "#59c8d9", visible: true,
+      locked: false, linetype: "Continuous", lineweight: 0.25 }], entities, camera: null };
+}
+
+export const referenceCases = ["courtyard", "fixture", "lines-10000", "lines-100000"].flatMap(scene =>
+  [1, 2].flatMap(dpr => ["dark", "light"].map(theme => ({
+    id: `${scene}-dpr${dpr}-${theme}`, scene, dpr, theme,
+    style: scene === "fixture" ? "shaded-edges" : "wireframe",
+    view: scene === "fixture" ? "iso" : "top",
+    documentViewport: { width: 1920, height: 1080 }, seed: referenceSeed,
+    interaction: { kind: "camera-pan", frames: 180, dxCssPixels: 0.5, dyCssPixels: 0.25 }
+  })))
+);
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/test_pan_analysis.py b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/test_pan_analysis.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40df843e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/test_pan_analysis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import importlib.util
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import unittest
+
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('pan_analysis', Path(__file__).with_name('analyze-kestrel-pan.py'))
+module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(module)
+
+
+class PanAnalysisTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def timeline(self):
+        return {'timestampFrequency': 1000,
+                'publications': [{'Revision': 7, 'Timestamp': 100, 'ConsumedInputSequence': 3}],
+                'renderedScenes': [{'Revision': 7, 'Timestamp': 140, 'AcceptedTimestamp': 130}]}
+
+    def log(self, timeline):
+        return 'Kestrel pan composition timeline: ' + json.dumps(timeline) + '\nKestrel pan workload validated (physical presentation remains unqualified).'
+
+    def test_separates_queue_and_draw_without_claiming_presentation(self):
+        result = module.analyze(self.log(self.timeline()))
+        self.assertEqual(30, result['publicationToAcceptance']['medianMilliseconds'])
+        self.assertEqual(10, result['acceptanceToDrawCallbackEnd']['medianMilliseconds'])
+        self.assertEqual(40, result['publicationToDrawCallbackEnd']['medianMilliseconds'])
+        self.assertFalse(result['physicalPresentationVerified'])
+
+    def test_rejects_unvalidated_workload(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'not validated'):
+            module.analyze('Kestrel WebGPU startup check passed (interaction qualification remains).')
+
+    def test_rejects_inverted_acceptance_timestamp(self):
+        timeline = self.timeline()
+        timeline['renderedScenes'][0]['AcceptedTimestamp'] = 150
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'timestamp order'):
+            module.analyze(self.log(timeline))
+
+    def test_missing_acceptance_is_unavailable_not_zero_latency(self):
+        timeline = self.timeline()
+        del timeline['renderedScenes'][0]['AcceptedTimestamp']
+        result = module.analyze(self.log(timeline))
+        self.assertEqual({'count': 0}, result['publicationToAcceptance'])
+        self.assertEqual(40, result['publicationToDrawCallbackEnd']['medianMilliseconds'])
+
+    def test_rejects_duplicate_revision(self):
+        timeline = self.timeline()
+        timeline['publications'] *= 2
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'Duplicate'):
+            module.analyze(self.log(timeline))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/test_reference_archive.py b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/test_reference_archive.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b51307c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/test_reference_archive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import hashlib
+import importlib.util
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('archive', Path(__file__).with_name('verify-reference-archive.py'))
+archive = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(archive)
+
+
+class ArchiveTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_retained_bytes_and_rejections(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
+            root = Path(directory)
+            names = ['capture-chrome-reference.mjs', 'chrome-session.mjs',
+                     'reference-workloads.mjs', 'presentation-trace.mjs',
+                     'prepare-kestrel.py', '../WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs']
+            digest = hashlib.sha256(b'source').hexdigest()
+            for name in names:
+                target = root / 'harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility' / name
+                target.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+                target.write_bytes(b'source')
+            data = {'status': 'captured', 'harness': dict.fromkeys(names, digest),
+                    'harnessFiles': {n: {'file': str(Path('harness/tests/GraphicsCompatibility') / n), 'sha256': digest, 'bytes': 6} for n in names}}
+            def save():
+                (root / 'reference.json').write_text(json.dumps(data))
+            save()
+            self.assertEqual(archive.verify(root)['referencedFiles'], 6)
+            helper = data['harnessFiles'].pop(names[-1])
+            save()
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'harness archive is missing'):
+                archive.verify(root)
+            data['harnessFiles'][names[-1]] = helper
+            save()
+            target = root / data['harnessFiles'][names[0]]['file']
+            target.write_bytes(b'changed')
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'hash mismatch'):
+                archive.verify(root)
+            target.unlink()
+            with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
+                archive.verify(root)
+            target.write_bytes(b'source')
+            data['harnessFiles'][names[0]]['file'] = '../outside'
+            save()
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'escapes'):
+                archive.verify(root)
+            data['status'] = 'running'
+            save()
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'incomplete'):
+                archive.verify(root)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/verify-reference-archive.py b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/verify-reference-archive.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c70e6a4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/GraphicsCompatibility/verify-reference-archive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Verify archived reference bytes, not rendering or performance qualification."""
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def verify(root):
+    root = Path(root).resolve()
+    evidence = json.loads((root / 'reference.json').read_text())
+    if evidence.get('status') != 'captured':
+        raise ValueError('Reference capture is incomplete or unavailable')
+    required = {'capture-chrome-reference.mjs', 'chrome-session.mjs',
+                'reference-workloads.mjs', 'presentation-trace.mjs',
+                'prepare-kestrel.py', '../WebPlatformSubset/chrome/cdp-client.mjs'}
+    if set(evidence.get('harnessFiles', {})) != required:
+        raise ValueError('Exact harness archive is missing')
+    checked = set()
+
+    def visit(value):
+        if isinstance(value, dict):
+            if 'file' in value and 'sha256' in value:
+                filename = value['file']
+                target = (root / filename).resolve()
+                if Path(filename).is_absolute() or not target.is_relative_to(root):
+                    raise ValueError(f'Artifact escapes archive: {filename}')
+                data = target.read_bytes()
+                if hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest() != value['sha256']:
+                    raise ValueError(f'Artifact hash mismatch: {filename}')
+                if 'bytes' in value and len(data) != value['bytes']:
+                    raise ValueError(f'Artifact size mismatch: {filename}')
+                checked.add(filename)
+            for child in value.values():
+                visit(child)
+        elif isinstance(value, list):
+            for child in value:
+                visit(child)
+
+    visit(evidence)
+    for name, item in evidence['harnessFiles'].items():
+        if evidence.get('harness', {}).get(name) != item['sha256']:
+            raise ValueError(f'Harness identity mismatch: {name}')
+    return {'status': 'verified', 'referencedFiles': len(checked),
+            'scope': 'Referenced archive bytes only; not matrix completeness, pixels, conformance or performance qualification'}
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument('archive', type=Path)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    try:
+        print(json.dumps(verify(args.archive), indent=2))
+    except (ValueError, OSError, TypeError, KeyError) as error:
+        parser.exit(1, f'Archive verification failed: {error}\n')
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/README.md b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/README.md
index ac45fee5b..124bc6f05 100644
--- a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/README.md
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/README.md
@@ -664,3 +664,19 @@ Against the clean parent, three alternating same-machine runs put the 500-sample
 median-of-medians at 0.715/0.702 ms (parent/current) and the 30-sample light-DOM selector
 workload at 32.465/32.648 ms (+0.56%). This is within the established no-meaningful-
 regression envelope while the feature paths themselves remain pay for what is used.
+
+The project-owned animation-frame batch candidate covers cancellation, one timestamp per admitted batch, microtask checkpoints, deferred nested RAF and timer ordering. Run it with:
+
+```sh
+dotnet run --project tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner -c Release -- --manifest tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-animation-frame-batch-profile.json --selection candidate --native-library /absolute/path/to/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib --output artifacts/wpt-animation-frame-batch
+```
+
+It is a local candidate, not an upstream WPT or physical-presentation qualification. The native engine regression additionally checks that host evaluation cannot observe a partial admitted batch.
+
+A harness or contract entry can opt into `"nativeNavigation": true`. That path loads the prepared HTML through the native document parser and the product resource loader, instead of extracting scripts/styles into an `innerHTML` fixture. The temporary prepared file lives beside the source fixture so relative resources retain their directory, and is removed after engine destruction. Other entries retain their existing adapter path. This still uses the runner’s prepared harness scripts; it is not a claim of an unmodified upstream navigation test.
+
+The inert script/comment/template stylesheet regression uses this path. Reproduce its candidate result with:
+
+```sh
+dotnet run --project tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner -c Release -- --manifest tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-native-navigation-profile.json --selection candidate --native-library /absolute/path/to/libwebscene_native_engine.dylib --output artifacts/wpt-native-navigation
+```
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/animation-frame-batch-boundary.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/animation-frame-batch-boundary.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8861f8557
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/animation-frame-batch-boundary.html
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Animation callbacks preserve a rendering opportunity</title>
+<script>
+// Project-owned WPT-style regression, not an upstream WPT pass.
+const state = window.__webSceneWptState = {
+  complete: false, harness: null, results: [], errors: [], diagnostics: []
+};
+const events = [];
+let firstTimestamp, cancelled;
+function record(name, passed) {
+  state.results.push({name, status: passed ? 'PASS' : 'FAIL',
+    message: passed ? null : JSON.stringify(events), stack: null});
+}
+requestAnimationFrame(timestamp => {
+  firstTimestamp = timestamp;
+  events.push('first');
+  cancelAnimationFrame(cancelled);
+  Promise.resolve().then(() => events.push('microtask'));
+  setTimeout(() => events.push('timer'), 0);
+  requestAnimationFrame(nextTimestamp => {
+    record('Nested RAF waits for a later timestamp', nextTimestamp > firstTimestamp);
+    record('Cancelled callback stays cancelled', !events.includes('cancelled'));
+    record('Microtask checkpoint precedes following callbacks', events[1] === 'microtask');
+    record('Timer cannot interrupt the admitted batch',
+      events.indexOf('timer') < 0 || events.indexOf('timer') > events.indexOf('last'));
+    state.harness = {status: state.results.some(r => r.status !== 'PASS') ? 1 : 0,
+      message: null, stack: null};
+    state.complete = true;
+  });
+});
+cancelled = requestAnimationFrame(() => events.push('cancelled'));
+for (let i = 0; i < 40; ++i) requestAnimationFrame(timestamp => {
+  if (timestamp !== firstTimestamp) events.push('wrong-timestamp');
+  const started = performance.now();
+  while (performance.now() - started < 0.2) {}
+});
+requestAnimationFrame(timestamp => {
+  events.push('last');
+  record('Admitted callbacks share a timestamp',
+    timestamp === firstTimestamp && !events.includes('wrong-timestamp'));
+});
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-border-functional-color-width.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-border-functional-color-width.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9edc3362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-border-functional-color-width.html
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Border shorthand functional colors preserve width</title>
+<link rel="help" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds/#border-shorthands">
+<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script><script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
+<style>
+#row { width:200px;height:33px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(220,228,237);border-bottom:1px solid color-mix(in srgb, rgb(42,54,69) 40%, transparent); }
+</style><div id="row">Layer</div>
+<script>
+test(()=>{
+ const n=document.getElementById('row'),s=getComputedStyle(n);
+ assert_equals(s.borderBottomWidth,'1px');
+ assert_equals(n.getBoundingClientRect().height,33);
+ assert_not_equals(s.borderBottomColor,s.color,'Functional border color must not become currentColor');
+},'Color-mix percentage must not overwrite border width');
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-grid-auto-row-shrink.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-grid-auto-row-shrink.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1afd05cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-grid-auto-row-shrink.html
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Auto grid rows respect item minimums when resized</title>
+<link rel="help" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-grid-2/#algo-track-sizing">
+<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script><script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
+<style>
+.grid { display:grid;grid-template-columns:100px 100px;height:160px;width:200px; }
+.scroll { overflow:auto; } .zero { min-height:0; } .content { height:400px; }
+</style>
+<div class="grid" id="scroll-grid"><div class="scroll" id="scroll-item"><div class="content"></div></div><div></div></div>
+<div class="grid" id="zero-grid"><div class="zero" id="zero-item"><div class="content"></div></div><div></div></div>
+<div class="grid" id="visible-grid"><div id="visible-item"><div class="content"></div></div><div></div></div>
+<script>
+test(()=>{
+ const grid=document.getElementById('scroll-grid'),item=document.getElementById('scroll-item');
+ for(const height of [160,500,120,200]) { grid.style.height=height+'px';assert_equals(item.getBoundingClientRect().height,height,'scroll row at '+height); }
+},'Scrollable auto row grows and shrinks with definite grid height');
+test(()=>{
+ const grid=document.getElementById('zero-grid'),item=document.getElementById('zero-item');
+ for(const height of [160,500,120,200]) { grid.style.height=height+'px';assert_equals(item.getBoundingClientRect().height,height,'zero minimum row at '+height); }
+ item.style.minHeight='250px';assert_equals(item.getBoundingClientRect().height,250,'authored minimum is retained');
+},'Explicit zero minimum permits row shrinking without losing authored minimum');
+test(()=>{assert_equals(document.getElementById('visible-item').getBoundingClientRect().height,400);},'Visible overflow retains content-based automatic minimum');
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-grid-flex-track-minimum.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-grid-flex-track-minimum.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..219933f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-grid-flex-track-minimum.html
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Flexible grid tracks distribute space without subtracting their own minimum twice</title>
+<link rel="help" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-grid-2/#algo-find-fr-size">
+<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script><script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
+<script>
+function check(axis,extent,tracks,gap,expected) {
+ const grid=document.createElement('div');
+ grid.setAttribute('style','display:grid;width:600px;height:300px;gap:'+gap+'px;'+(axis==='columns'?'width':'height')+':'+extent+'px;grid-template-'+axis+':'+tracks);
+ for(let i=0;i<expected.length;i++)grid.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+ document.body.appendChild(grid);
+ try { for(let i=0;i<expected.length;i++)assert_approx_equals(grid.children[i].getBoundingClientRect()[axis==='columns'?'width':'height'],expected[i],0.01,'track '+i); }
+ finally { grid.remove(); }
+}
+test(()=>check('columns',600,'100px minmax(150px,1fr) 100px',10,[100,380,100]),'Flexible minimum is part of the final fraction, with fixed tracks and gaps');
+test(()=>check('columns',400,'minmax(300px,1fr) minmax(20px,1fr)',0,[300,100]),'A frozen minimum redistributes remaining space');
+test(()=>check('columns',600,'minmax(300px,1fr) minmax(0px,2fr)',0,[300,300]),'Unequal fractions recompute after minimum freezing');
+test(()=>check('columns',1000,'minmax(100px,.25fr) 100px',0,[225,100]),'Fractions below one leave their unrequested share unused');
+test(()=>check('columns',250,'minmax(200px,1fr) minmax(100px,1fr)',0,[200,100]),'Minimum sizes overflow instead of becoming negative');
+test(()=>check('rows',300,'minmax(50px,1fr) 50px',0,[250,50]),'Block-axis fractional tracks use the same allocation rule');
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-root-theme-interaction-recascade.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-root-theme-interaction-recascade.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc7614ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/css-root-theme-interaction-recascade.html
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<!doctype html><html data-theme="dark"><meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Root theme variables survive descendant interaction recascade</title>
+<link rel="help" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-variables-1/#inheritance">
+<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script><script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
+<script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
+<script src="/resources/testdriver-actions.js"></script>
+<script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<style>
+:root { --panel: #1b2532; --hover: #2c3b4d; }
+:root[data-theme=light] { --panel: #f5f7fa; --hover: #e3ebf3; }
+#panel { background: var(--panel); }
+button { background: none; }
+button.selected, button:focus, button:hover { background: var(--hover); }
+</style><body><div id="panel"><button id="control">Select</button></div>
+<script>
+test(() => {
+ const root=document.documentElement, panel=document.getElementById('panel'), control=document.getElementById('control');
+ const background = node => getComputedStyle(node).backgroundColor;
+ assert_equals(background(panel),'rgb(27, 37, 50)','initial dark panel');
+ control.className='selected';
+ assert_equals(background(control),'rgb(44, 59, 77)','dark interaction color');
+ assert_equals(background(panel),'rgb(27, 37, 50)','parent remains dark');
+ root.setAttribute('data-theme','light');
+ assert_equals(background(panel),'rgb(245, 247, 250)','light panel after root mutation');
+ assert_equals(background(control),'rgb(227, 235, 243)','light interaction color');
+ root.setAttribute('data-theme','dark');
+ assert_equals(background(control),'rgb(44, 59, 77)','restored dark interaction color');
+ control.className=''; control.focus();
+ assert_equals(background(control),'rgb(44, 59, 77)','focus uses current dark variable');
+ control.blur();
+ assert_equals(background(panel),'rgb(27, 37, 50)','panel remains dark after blur');
+}, 'Conditional root custom properties track theme and descendant state changes');
+promise_test(async () => {
+ const control=document.getElementById('control');
+ await new test_driver.Actions().pointerMove(0,0,{origin:control}).send();
+ assert_equals(getComputedStyle(control).backgroundColor,'rgb(44, 59, 77)','native pointer hover uses dark color');
+ document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme','light');
+ assert_equals(getComputedStyle(control).backgroundColor,'rgb(227, 235, 243)','hover tracks root theme mutation');
+ document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme','dark');
+ assert_equals(getComputedStyle(control).backgroundColor,'rgb(44, 59, 77)','hover restores dark color');
+}, 'Pointer hover resolves the active root theme');
+</script></body></html>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/dialog-opening-lifecycle.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/dialog-opening-lifecycle.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..625bc26bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/dialog-opening-lifecycle.html
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Dialog opening mode, cancellation, focus and cleanup</title>
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/interactive-elements.html#the-dialog-element">
+<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script><script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
+<body>
+<script>
+function fixture(t) {
+  const opener = document.createElement('button');
+  const dialog = document.createElement('dialog');
+  dialog.innerHTML = '<input><button autofocus>Accept</button>';
+  document.body.append(opener, dialog);
+  t.add_cleanup(() => { dialog.close(); dialog.remove(); opener.remove(); });
+  return {opener, dialog};
+}
+test(t => {
+  const {dialog} = fixture(t);
+  assert_equals(HTMLDialogElement.prototype.show.length, 0);
+  assert_equals(HTMLDialogElement.prototype.showModal.length, 0);
+  assert_throws_js(TypeError, () => HTMLDialogElement.prototype.showModal.call(document.createElement('div')));
+  dialog.show(); dialog.show();
+  assert_true(dialog.open);
+  assert_throws_dom('InvalidStateError', () => dialog.showModal());
+  dialog.close(); dialog.showModal(); dialog.showModal();
+  assert_throws_dom('InvalidStateError', () => dialog.show());
+  dialog.close(); dialog.show();
+  assert_true(dialog.open);
+}, 'show and showModal preserve mode and reject switching while open');
+test(t => {
+  const {dialog} = fixture(t);
+  dialog.remove();
+  assert_throws_dom('InvalidStateError', () => dialog.showModal());
+  assert_false(dialog.open);
+  dialog.show(); assert_true(dialog.open);
+}, 'showModal requires connection; show supports disconnected dialogs');
+test(t => {
+  const {dialog} = fixture(t);
+  let calls = 0;
+  dialog.addEventListener('beforetoggle', e => {
+    calls++;
+    assert_true(e.cancelable); assert_false(e.bubbles);
+    assert_equals(e.oldState, 'closed'); assert_equals(e.newState, 'open');
+    e.preventDefault();
+  }, {once:true});
+  dialog.showModal();
+  assert_equals(calls, 1); assert_false(dialog.open);
+  dialog.addEventListener('beforetoggle', () => dialog.remove(), {once:true});
+  dialog.showModal(); assert_false(dialog.open);
+}, 'beforetoggle can cancel opening or detach the dialog');
+test(t => {
+  const {opener, dialog} = fixture(t);
+  opener.focus(); dialog.showModal();
+  assert_equals(document.activeElement, dialog.querySelector('[autofocus]'));
+  opener.focus();
+  assert_not_equals(document.activeElement, opener, 'background is inert');
+  dialog.close('accepted');
+  assert_equals(dialog.returnValue, 'accepted');
+  assert_equals(document.activeElement, opener, 'previous focus restored');
+  opener.focus(); assert_equals(document.activeElement, opener, 'modal blocking removed');
+}, 'modal focus uses autofocus and close restores background interaction');
+test(t => {
+  const {opener, dialog} = fixture(t);
+  for (const remove of [() => { dialog.open = false; }, () => dialog.removeAttribute('open')]) {
+    dialog.showModal(); remove();
+    opener.focus();
+    assert_not_equals(document.activeElement, opener, 'attribute removal is not close');
+    dialog.remove(); opener.focus();
+    assert_equals(document.activeElement, opener, 'detachment releases modal blocking');
+    document.body.append(dialog); dialog.show(); assert_true(dialog.open); dialog.close();
+  }
+}, 'Removing open alone retains modal state; detachment releases it');
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/html-script-style-text-is-inert.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/html-script-style-text-is-inert.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ef3181b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/html-script-style-text-is-inert.html
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Stylesheet markup inside script text is inert</title>
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#script-data-state">
+<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script><script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
+<style>svg{background:rgb(10,20,30)}button{position:static}</style>
+<script>
+const printPreviewMarkup='<style>svg{background:white}button{position:fixed}</style>';
+</script>
+<!-- <style>svg{background:red}</style> -->
+<template><style>svg{background:blue}</style></template>
+<svg id="icon" width="20" height="20"></svg><button id="control">Control</button>
+<script>
+test(()=>{
+ assert_equals(getComputedStyle(document.getElementById('icon')).backgroundColor,'rgb(10, 20, 30)');
+ assert_equals(getComputedStyle(document.getElementById('control')).position,'static');
+},'Script strings, comments and template contents do not activate stylesheets');
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/media-audio-lifecycle.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/media-audio-lifecycle.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..918dd913b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/media-audio-lifecycle.html
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8">
+<script>
+window.__webSceneWptState={complete:false,harness:null,results:[],errors:[],diagnostics:[]};
+const contracts=[];
+function promise_test(test,name){contracts.push({test,name});}
+function assert_true(value){if(!value)throw Error('Expected true');}
+function assert_false(value){assert_true(!value);}
+function assert_equals(a,b){if(!Object.is(a,b))throw Error('Expected '+b+', got '+a);}
+function assert_array_equals(a,b){assert_equals(JSON.stringify(a),JSON.stringify(b));}
+function assert_approx_equals(a,b,t){if(Math.abs(a-b)>t)throw Error('Expected approximately '+b+', got '+a);}
+function assert_throws_js(type,f){try{f();}catch(e){assert_true(e instanceof type);return;}throw Error('Expected exception');}
+function assert_throws_dom(name,f){try{f();}catch(e){assert_equals(e.name,name);return;}throw Error('Expected DOMException');}
+async function promise_rejects_js(t,type,promise){let failed=false;try{await promise;}catch(e){failed=true;assert_true(e instanceof type);}assert_true(failed);}
+setTimeout(async()=>{for(const {test,name} of contracts){const cleanup=[];try{await Promise.race([test({add_cleanup:f=>cleanup.push(f)}),new Promise((_,reject)=>setTimeout(()=>reject(Error('Contract timeout')),5000))]);__webSceneWptState.results.push({name,status:'PASS',message:null,stack:null});}catch(e){__webSceneWptState.results.push({name,status:'FAIL',message:String(e),stack:e.stack});}finally{for(const f of cleanup)await f();}}__webSceneWptState.harness={status:__webSceneWptState.results.some(r=>r.status!=='PASS')?1:0,message:null,stack:null};__webSceneWptState.complete=true;},0);
+</script>
+<script>
+promise_test(async t=>{
+ const audio=document.createElement('audio');assert_true(audio instanceof HTMLMediaElement);assert_true(audio instanceof HTMLAudioElement);assert_true(audio instanceof HTMLElement);assert_true(audio instanceof EventTarget);
+ assert_equals(audio.readyState,0);assert_true(audio.paused);assert_true(Number.isNaN(audio.duration));
+ const events=[];for(const name of ['loadstart','loadedmetadata','loadeddata','canplay'])audio.addEventListener(name,()=>events.push(name));
+ const ready=new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{audio.addEventListener('canplay',resolve,{once:true});audio.addEventListener('error',()=>reject(Error(audio.error.message)),{once:true});});
+ audio.src='resources/media/stereo.wav';await ready;
+ assert_array_equals(events,['loadstart','loadedmetadata','loadeddata','canplay']);assert_equals(audio.duration,.1);assert_equals(audio.readyState,4);
+ const seeked=new Promise(resolve=>audio.addEventListener('seeked',resolve,{once:true}));audio.currentTime=.05;assert_true(audio.seeking);await seeked;assert_false(audio.seeking);assert_approx_equals(audio.currentTime,.05,.00001);
+ audio.removeAttribute('src');audio.load();assert_equals(audio.readyState,0);assert_true(audio.paused);
+},'Native media decode drives metadata/readiness and seek lifecycle');
+promise_test(async t=>{
+ const context=new AudioContext({sampleRate:48000});t.add_cleanup(()=>context.state==='closed'?undefined:context.close());
+ const response=await fetch('resources/media/stereo.wav');const input=await response.arrayBuffer();const promise=context.decodeAudioData(input);assert_equals(input.byteLength,0);const result=await promise;
+ assert_true(result instanceof AudioBuffer);assert_equals(result.sampleRate,48000);assert_equals(result.numberOfChannels,2);assert_approx_equals(result.duration,.1,.002);
+ assert_approx_equals(result.getChannelData(0)[100],.25,.002);assert_approx_equals(result.getChannelData(1)[100],-.25,.002);
+ const gain=context.createGain(),meter=context.createAnalyser();assert_equals(gain.connect(meter),meter);meter.connect(context.destination);gain.gain.value=.5;gain.gain.setTargetAtTime(0,context.currentTime,.01);meter.fftSize=1024;assert_equals(meter.frequencyBinCount,512);const data=new Float32Array(1024);meter.getFloatTimeDomainData(data);assert_true(data.every(x=>x===0));gain.disconnect();await context.close();assert_equals(context.state,'closed');
+},'Native AudioContext decodes and resamples real PCM and exposes a native graph');
+promise_test(async t=>{
+ const context=new AudioContext();t.add_cleanup(()=>context.close());
+ let error;try{await context.decodeAudioData(new Uint8Array([1,2,3]).buffer);}catch(e){error=e;}assert_equals(error.name,'EncodingError');
+ const meter=context.createAnalyser();assert_throws_dom('IndexSizeError',()=>meter.fftSize=33);
+ const a=context.createGain(),b=context.createGain();a.connect(b);assert_throws_js(TypeError,()=>b.connect(a));
+},'Invalid encoded audio, analyser configuration and unsupported graph cycles fail');
+promise_test(async t=>{
+ const bytes=new Uint8Array([0,255,128,65,10]);const blob=new Blob([bytes],{type:'application/octet-stream'});const url=URL.createObjectURL(blob);
+ const response=await fetch(url),copy=response.clone();assert_array_equals(Array.from(new Uint8Array(await response.arrayBuffer())),Array.from(bytes));assert_true(response.bodyUsed);assert_array_equals(Array.from(new Uint8Array(await (await copy.blob()).arrayBuffer())),Array.from(bytes));
+ URL.revokeObjectURL(url);await promise_rejects_js(t,TypeError,fetch(url));assert_array_equals(Array.from(new Uint8Array(await blob.slice(1,3).arrayBuffer())),[255,128]);
+},'Fetch and Blob preserve binary bytes, consumption, cloning and revocation');
+</script>
+
+<script>
+promise_test(async t=>{
+ const c=new AudioContext();const destination=c.createMediaStreamDestination();const stream=destination.stream,track=stream.getAudioTracks()[0],clone=track.clone();
+ assert_true(stream instanceof MediaStream);assert_true(track instanceof MediaStreamTrack);assert_equals(track.kind,'audio');assert_true(track.id!==clone.id);assert_equals(track.readyState,'live');track.stop();assert_equals(track.readyState,'ended');assert_equals(clone.readyState,'live');assert_false(stream.active);const copy=new MediaStream([clone]);assert_true(copy.active);await c.close();assert_equals(clone.readyState,'ended');assert_false(copy.active);
+},'Native mixed audio tracks clone and stop independently and end on context close');
+promise_test(async t=>{
+ const audio=new Audio('resources/media/stereo.wav');t.add_cleanup(()=>audio.removeAttribute('src'));const playing=audio.play();audio.pause();let error;try{await playing;}catch(e){error=e;}assert_equals(error.name,'AbortError');assert_true(audio.paused);assert_equals(audio.played.length,0);
+ const controller=new AbortController();controller.abort();let aborted;try{await fetch('resources/media/stereo.wav',{signal:controller.signal});}catch(e){aborted=e;}assert_equals(aborted.name,'AbortError');
+},'Pause before play resolves rejects and aborted resource requests settle');
+</script>
+
+<script>
+promise_test(async t=>{
+ const container=document.createElement('div');container.innerHTML='<audio preload="metadata"><source src="resources/media/stereo.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>';document.body.appendChild(container);t.add_cleanup(()=>container.remove());
+ await new Promise(resolve=>setTimeout(resolve,300));const audio=container.querySelector('audio');if(audio.readyState!==4)throw Error(JSON.stringify({ready:audio.readyState,network:audio.networkState,error:audio.error?.message,url:audio.currentSrc,html:audio.innerHTML,connected:audio.isConnected,source:audio.querySelector('source')?.getAttribute('src'),type:audio.querySelector('source')?.getAttribute('type')}));assert_equals(audio.readyState,4);assert_equals(audio.duration,.1);assert_equals(audio.played.length,0);
+ container.remove();await new Promise(resolve=>setTimeout(resolve,20));assert_equals(audio.readyState,0);assert_true(audio.paused);
+},'Markup source selection loads without querying the media wrapper and removal cancels it');
+</script>
+
+<script>
+promise_test(async t=>{
+ const audio=new Audio(),c=new AudioContext();c.createMediaElementSource(audio);assert_throws_dom('InvalidStateError',()=>c.createMediaElementSource(audio));await c.close();const another=new AudioContext();t.add_cleanup(()=>another.close());assert_throws_dom('InvalidStateError',()=>another.createMediaElementSource(audio));
+ const buffer=another.createBuffer(1,128,48000);const rate=buffer.sampleRate;try{buffer.sampleRate=1;}catch{}assert_equals(buffer.sampleRate,rate);assert_equals(buffer.getChannelData(0).length,128);
+},'Media source ownership persists after context close and decoded buffer metadata is readonly');
+</script>
+
+<script>
+promise_test(async()=>{
+ const getter=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(HTMLMediaElement.prototype,'readyState').get;assert_throws_js(TypeError,()=>getter.call({tagName:'AUDIO',hasAttribute:()=>false}));
+ const original=HTMLVideoElement;try{globalThis.HTMLVideoElement=function Replacement(){};const video=document.createElement('video');assert_true(video instanceof original);assert_equals(Object.prototype.toString.call(video),'[object HTMLVideoElement]');}finally{globalThis.HTMLVideoElement=original;}
+},'Media receivers require native DOM branding and constructor reassignment preserves intrinsic prototypes');
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/media-video-lifecycle.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/media-video-lifecycle.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3b08bcba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/media-video-lifecycle.html
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<!doctype html><meta charset="utf-8">
+<script>
+window.__webSceneWptState={complete:false,harness:null,results:[],errors:[],diagnostics:[]};
+const contracts=[];
+function promise_test(test,name){contracts.push({test,name});}
+function assert_true(value){if(!value)throw Error('Expected true');}
+function assert_false(value){assert_true(!value);}
+function assert_equals(a,b){if(!Object.is(a,b))throw Error('Expected '+b+', got '+a);}
+function assert_array_equals(a,b){assert_equals(JSON.stringify(a),JSON.stringify(b));}
+function assert_approx_equals(a,b,t){if(Math.abs(a-b)>t)throw Error('Expected approximately '+b+', got '+a);}
+function assert_throws_js(type,f){try{f();}catch(e){assert_true(e instanceof type);return;}throw Error('Expected exception');}
+function assert_throws_dom(name,f){try{f();}catch(e){assert_equals(e.name,name);return;}throw Error('Expected DOMException');}
+async function promise_rejects_js(t,type,promise){let failed=false;try{await promise;}catch(e){failed=true;assert_true(e instanceof type);}assert_true(failed);}
+setTimeout(async()=>{for(const {test,name} of contracts){const cleanup=[];try{await Promise.race([test({add_cleanup:f=>cleanup.push(f)}),new Promise((_,reject)=>setTimeout(()=>reject(Error('Contract timeout')),5000))]);__webSceneWptState.results.push({name,status:'PASS',message:null,stack:null});}catch(e){__webSceneWptState.results.push({name,status:'FAIL',message:String(e),stack:e.stack});}finally{for(const f of cleanup)await f();}}__webSceneWptState.harness={status:__webSceneWptState.results.some(r=>r.status!=='PASS')?1:0,message:null,stack:null};__webSceneWptState.complete=true;},0);
+</script>
+<script>
+promise_test(async t=>{
+ const video=document.createElement('video');video.style.width='128px';video.style.height='96px';video.muted=true;document.body.appendChild(video);t.add_cleanup(()=>{video.removeAttribute('src');video.remove();});
+ const event=name=>new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{video.addEventListener(name,resolve,{once:true});video.addEventListener('error',()=>reject(Error(video.error.message)),{once:true});});
+ let ready=event('canplay');video.src='resources/media/numbered-motion.mp4';await ready;
+ assert_true(video instanceof HTMLVideoElement);assert_equals(video.videoWidth,64);assert_equals(video.videoHeight,48);assert_approx_equals(video.duration,2,.05);
+ // Auto height follows decoded aspect ratio at the resolved CSS width.
+ video.style.height='auto';
+ for(const width of [320,160,480]){
+  video.style.width=width+'px';
+  const box=video.getBoundingClientRect();assert_approx_equals(box.width,width,.1);assert_approx_equals(box.height,width*48/64,.1);
+ }
+ const wrapper=document.createElement('div');document.body.appendChild(wrapper);wrapper.appendChild(video);t.add_cleanup(()=>wrapper.remove());
+ video.style.width='100%';video.style.display='block';
+ for(const width of [400,32,200,16,600]){
+  wrapper.style.width=width+'px';
+  const box=video.getBoundingClientRect();assert_approx_equals(box.width,width,.1);assert_approx_equals(box.height,width*48/64,.1);
+  assert_approx_equals(wrapper.getBoundingClientRect().height,box.height,.1);
+  assert_approx_equals(wrapper.scrollHeight,Math.round(box.height),1);
+ }
+ video.style.height='96px';video.style.width='128px';
+ assert_approx_equals(video.getBoundingClientRect().height,96,.1);
+ let seek=event('seeked');for(let i=0;i<40;i++)video.currentTime=i%2?.25:1.5;await seek;assert_false(video.seeking);assert_equals(video.currentTime,.25);assert_equals(video.played.length,0);
+ seek=event('seeked');video.currentTime=video.duration;await seek;assert_equals(video.currentTime,video.duration);
+ video.currentTime=.5;ready=event('canplay');video.src='resources/media/numbered-motion.mp4';await ready;assert_equals(video.currentTime,0);assert_false(video.seeking);
+ await video.play();await new Promise(resolve=>setTimeout(resolve,100));video.pause();assert_true(video.currentTime>0);assert_true(video.played.length>0);
+},'Real H.264 dimensions, responsive aspect ratio, rapid seek coalescing, end seek, source replacement and playback');
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/module-worker-clone.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/module-worker-clone.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b33c6c5a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/module-worker-clone.html
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<title>Module workers and structured clone contracts</title>
+<script>
+window.__webSceneWptState = {complete:false,harness:null,results:[],errors:[],diagnostics:[]};
+window.record = (name, condition) => __webSceneWptState.results.push({
+    name,status:condition?'PASS':'FAIL',message:condition?null:'Contract failed',stack:null
+});
+window.finish = () => {
+    const s=__webSceneWptState;
+    s.harness={status:s.results.some(r=>r.status!=='PASS')?1:0,message:null,stack:null};
+    s.complete=true;
+};
+</script>
+<script type="module">
+import {count, increment, url} from './resources/aureon/module.js';
+try {
+    increment();
+    record('Module live bindings and URL',count===2&&url.endsWith('/resources/aureon/module.js'));
+    record('Module currentScript is null',document.currentScript===null);
+    record('Dynamic import shares module instance',(await import('./resources/aureon/module.js')).count===2);
+    const original={map:new Map([[1,'value']]),date:new Date(456)};original.self=original;
+    const copy=structuredClone(original);
+    record('Structured clone retains cycles and built-in values',copy!==original&&copy.self===copy&&copy.map.get(1)==='value'&&copy.date.getTime()===456);
+    const b=new ArrayBuffer(8);
+    let rejected=false;try{structuredClone(b,{transfer:[b,b]});}catch(e){rejected=e.name==='DataCloneError';}
+    record('Duplicate transfer rejects without detaching',rejected&&b.byteLength===8);
+    const w=new Worker('./resources/aureon/worker.js',{type:'module'});
+    record('Worker inherits EventTarget with Worker identity',w instanceof Worker&&w instanceof EventTarget);
+    const data=new Uint8Array([41]);const messages=[];
+    w.onmessage=e=>{
+        messages.push(e.data);
+        if(messages.length===2){
+            record('Worker has isolated module state and transfers output',messages[0][0]===42);
+            record('Worker transfer detaches sender and has no document',messages[1].detached&&messages[1].documentType==='undefined');
+            w.terminate();w.terminate();finish();
+        }
+    };
+    w.onerror=e=>{record('Worker completed without errors',false);__webSceneWptState.errors.push(e.message);finish();};
+    w.postMessage(data,[data.buffer]);
+    record('Worker postMessage transfers input ownership',data.byteLength===0);
+} catch(e) {
+    record('Module workload completed',false);__webSceneWptState.errors.push(String(e));finish();
+}
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resize-observer-raf-order.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resize-observer-raf-order.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..035694acf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resize-observer-raf-order.html
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>ResizeObserver follows the complete RAF batch</title>
+<div id="target" style="width:100px;height:20px"></div>
+<script>
+// Project-owned contract for HTML update-the-rendering ordering.
+const state = window.__webSceneWptState = {
+  complete:false, harness:null, results:[], errors:[], diagnostics:[]
+};
+const target = document.getElementById('target');
+const events = [];
+let armed = false, timestamp;
+function check(name, passed) {
+  state.results.push({name,status:passed?'PASS':'FAIL',
+    message:passed?null:JSON.stringify(events),stack:null});
+}
+const observer = new ResizeObserver(entries => {
+  if (!armed || entries[0].contentRect.width !== 150) return;
+  events.push('observer');
+  observer.disconnect();
+  check('Observer runs after the complete RAF batch',
+    events.join(',') === 'first,microtask,last,observer');
+  requestAnimationFrame(next => {
+    check('RAF requested by observer waits for another opportunity', next > timestamp);
+    state.harness = {status:state.results.some(r=>r.status!=='PASS')?1:0,
+      message:null,stack:null};
+    state.complete = true;
+  });
+});
+observer.observe(target);
+requestAnimationFrame(t => {
+  timestamp = t;
+  armed = true;
+  events.push('first');
+  target.style.width = '150px';
+  // A synchronous geometry read must not deliver the observer inside this batch.
+  target.getBoundingClientRect();
+  Promise.resolve().then(()=>events.push('microtask'));
+});
+requestAnimationFrame(()=>events.push('last'));
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/aureon/module.js b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/aureon/module.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..327033a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/aureon/module.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+export let count = 1;
+export const url = import.meta.url;
+export function increment() { ++count; }
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/aureon/worker.js b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/aureon/worker.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5b7f6f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/aureon/worker.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import { count } from './module.js';
+self.onmessage = e => {
+    e.data[0] += count;
+    postMessage(e.data, [e.data.buffer]);
+    postMessage({ detached: e.data.byteLength === 0, documentType: typeof document });
+};
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/media/numbered-motion.mp4 b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/media/numbered-motion.mp4
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5482c257
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/media/numbered-motion.mp4 differ
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/media/stereo.wav b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/media/stereo.wav
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c349632e3
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/resources/media/stereo.wav differ
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/svg-inline-style.html b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/svg-inline-style.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a1d1e61d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/contracts/svg-inline-style.html
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<title>SVG inline style and namespace identity</title>
+<svg id="gizmo"><g id="handle"><path d="M0 0L10 10"></path></g></svg>
+<script>
+const s=window.__webSceneWptState={complete:false,harness:null,results:[],errors:[],diagnostics:[]};
+function check(name,passed){s.results.push({name,status:passed?'PASS':'FAIL',message:passed?null:'SVG style contract failed',stack:null});}
+try{
+    const svg=document.getElementById('gizmo'),g=document.getElementById('handle');
+    check('SVG wrappers have SVGElement identity',svg instanceof SVGElement&&g instanceof SVGElement&&!(svg instanceof HTMLElement));
+    check('SVG style has stable identity',svg.style===svg.style&&!!g.style);
+    svg.style.display='none';
+    check('SVG display mutation is reflected in computed style',getComputedStyle(svg).display==='none');
+    svg.style.display='';
+    check('SVG display restores after removal',getComputedStyle(svg).display!=='none');
+    const html=document.createElement('div');
+    check('HTML remains outside the SVG interface',html instanceof HTMLElement&&!(html instanceof SVGElement));
+}catch(e){s.errors.push(String(e));check('SVG style workload completed',false);}
+s.harness={status:s.results.some(r=>r.status!=='PASS')?1:0,message:null,stack:null};s.complete=true;
+</script>
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/EngineAdapters.cs b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/EngineAdapters.cs
index a68cd6b31..11dbd7ced 100644
--- a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/EngineAdapters.cs
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/EngineAdapters.cs
@@ -63,8 +63,9 @@ internal sealed unsafe class NativeWptEngineEnvironment : IWptEngineEnvironment
     private ulong _sequence;
     private double _frameTimestampMs;
     private bool _loaded;
+    private string? _navigationDocumentPath;
     private bool _disposed;
-    private readonly bool _managedFontEngine;
+    private readonly bool _managedHostEngine;
 
     internal NativeWptEngineEnvironment(
         RunnerOptions options,
@@ -72,7 +73,8 @@ internal NativeWptEngineEnvironment(
         string upstreamRoot,
         string documentPath,
         string html,
-        string? fontBaseDirectory = null)
+        string? fontBaseDirectory = null,
+        bool nativeNavigation = false)
     {
         _viewport = viewport;
         _renderer = new NativeSceneSnapshotRenderer(viewport.DeviceScaleFactor);
@@ -88,10 +90,10 @@ internal NativeWptEngineEnvironment(
         }
 
         NativeApi.Configure(libraryPath);
-        _managedFontEngine = html.Contains("@font-face", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-        if (_managedFontEngine)
+        _managedHostEngine = nativeNavigation || html.Contains("@font-face", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        if (_managedHostEngine)
         {
-            // Font contracts must exercise the product stylesheet-consumption,
+            // Navigation and font contracts use the product resource-loading,
             // registration and measurement path, not a separate harness font map.
             NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(libraryPath);
             _engine = NativeWebSceneApi.EngineCreate(0, options.NativeCacheDirectory,
@@ -122,7 +124,17 @@ internal NativeWptEngineEnvironment(
                 // screenshot rasterization, including before document scripts.
                 DeltaX = viewport.DeviceScaleFactor
             });
-            LoadPreparedDocument(html, upstreamRoot, documentPath);
+            if (nativeNavigation)
+            {
+                // Preserve parser ordering and raw-text/template semantics.
+                // Keep relative fixture resources beside the prepared document.
+                _navigationDocumentPath = Path.Combine(fontBaseDirectory ?? upstreamRoot,
+                    $".webscene-wpt-navigation-{Guid.NewGuid():N}.html");
+                File.WriteAllText(_navigationDocumentPath, html);
+                if (!NativeWebSceneApi.TryLoadUrl(_engine, new Uri(_navigationDocumentPath).AbsoluteUri))
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(NativeApi.GetLastError(_engine));
+            }
+            else LoadPreparedDocument(html, upstreamRoot, documentPath);
             _loaded = true;
             for (var index = 0; index < 4; index++) SettleFrame();
         }
@@ -278,9 +290,10 @@ public void Dispose()
         _interop.Dispose();
         if (_engine != IntPtr.Zero)
         {
-            if (_managedFontEngine) NativeWebSceneApi.EngineDestroy(_engine);
+            if (_managedHostEngine) NativeWebSceneApi.EngineDestroy(_engine);
             else NativeApi.EngineDestroy(_engine);
         }
+        if (_navigationDocumentPath is not null) File.Delete(_navigationDocumentPath);
     }
 
     private void LoadPreparedDocument(string html, string upstreamRoot, string documentPath)
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/ProfileModels.cs b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/ProfileModels.cs
index 75be81f09..3b4747e3b 100644
--- a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/ProfileModels.cs
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/ProfileModels.cs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ internal sealed class ProfileTest
 {
     public required string Path { get; init; }
     public string Type { get; init; } = "testharness";
+    public bool NativeNavigation { get; init; }
     public string? Reference { get; init; }
     public List<string> Capabilities { get; init; } = [];
     public List<string> Evidence { get; init; } = [];
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/WptSubsetRunner.cs b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/WptSubsetRunner.cs
index 47882f85d..3c0e02511 100644
--- a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/WptSubsetRunner.cs
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/runner/WptSubsetRunner.cs
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ private TestResult RunTestHarness(ProfileTest test)
                 : test.Path.EndsWith(".any.js", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
                     ? PrepareWindowAnyTestHarnessDocument(source, test.Path)
                     : PrepareTestHarnessDocument(source, test.Path);
-            var state = RunHarnessDocument(html, test.Path);
+            var state = RunHarnessDocument(html, test.Path, test.NativeNavigation);
             timer.Stop();
 
             if (!state.Complete)
@@ -427,9 +427,9 @@ private TestResult RunVisualTest(ProfileTest test)
         }
     }
 
-    private HarnessState RunHarnessDocument(string html, string documentPath)
+    private HarnessState RunHarnessDocument(string html, string documentPath, bool nativeNavigation = false)
     {
-        using var environment = CreateEnvironment(html, documentPath);
+        using var environment = CreateEnvironment(html, documentPath, nativeNavigation);
         var timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
         HarnessState? latest = null;
         while (timer.Elapsed < _options.Timeout)
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ private WptRenderSnapshot RenderDocument(string html, string documentName)
         throw new TimeoutException($"Reftest document '{documentName}' did not reach readyState=complete.");
     }
 
-    private IWptEngineEnvironment CreateEnvironment(string html, string documentPath)
+    private IWptEngineEnvironment CreateEnvironment(string html, string documentPath, bool nativeNavigation = false)
     {
         return new NativeWptEngineEnvironment(
             _options,
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ private IWptEngineEnvironment CreateEnvironment(string html, string documentPath
             _upstreamRoot,
             documentPath,
             html,
-            Path.GetDirectoryName(TestDocumentPath(documentPath)));
+            Path.GetDirectoryName(TestDocumentPath(documentPath)), nativeNavigation);
     }
 
     private string PrepareTestHarnessDocument(string html, string path)
@@ -785,6 +785,8 @@ private void ValidateManifest()
             {
                 throw new InvalidDataException($"Unknown test type '{test.Type}' for '{test.Path}'.");
             }
+            if (test.NativeNavigation && test.Type is not ("testharness" or "contract"))
+                throw new InvalidDataException($"Native navigation is only supported for harness/contract documents: '{test.Path}'.");
             if (test.Type == "reftest" &&
                 (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(test.Reference) || !File.Exists(TestDocumentPath(test.Reference))))
             {
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-animation-frame-batch-profile.json b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-animation-frame-batch-profile.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e54afd443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-animation-frame-batch-profile.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "profile": "webscene-animation-frame-batch-1",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "viewport": {
+    "width": 800,
+    "height": 600,
+    "deviceScaleFactor": 2
+  },
+  "required": [],
+  "candidate": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/animation-frame-batch-boundary.html",
+      "type": "contract",
+      "capabilities": [
+        "animation-frame-batch-ordering",
+        "animation-frame-cancellation",
+        "microtask-checkpoints"
+      ],
+      "evidence": [
+        "native-engine-large-raf-batch-regression"
+      ],
+      "reason": "Candidate regression for complete host rendering opportunities; hardware and upstream qualification remain separate."
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/resize-observer-raf-order.html",
+      "type": "contract",
+      "capabilities": [
+        "resize-observer",
+        "animation-frame-batch-ordering"
+      ],
+      "reason": "Protect browser rendering order while correcting resize redraw starvation; local candidate only."
+    }
+  ],
+  "harnessBlocked": [],
+  "excluded": []
+}
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-aureon-runtime-profile.json b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-aureon-runtime-profile.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..169748c0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-aureon-runtime-profile.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "profile": "webscene-aureon-runtime-1",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "viewport": {
+    "width": 800,
+    "height": 600,
+    "deviceScaleFactor": 2
+  },
+  "required": [],
+  "candidate": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/module-worker-clone.html",
+      "type": "contract",
+      "capabilities": [
+        "javascript-modules",
+        "module-workers",
+        "structured-clone",
+        "arraybuffer-transfer"
+      ],
+      "reason": "Project-owned regression contract; full upstream WPT conformance remains separate.",
+      "nativeNavigation": true
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/svg-inline-style.html",
+      "type": "contract",
+      "nativeNavigation": true,
+      "capabilities": [
+        "svg-inline-style",
+        "svg-interface-identity"
+      ],
+      "reason": "Protect original Aureon transform controls when entering path-tracing mode."
+    }
+  ],
+  "harnessBlocked": [],
+  "excluded": []
+}
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-component-profile.json b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-component-profile.json
index 962f79e43..dca0c4910 100644
--- a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-component-profile.json
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-component-profile.json
@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@
     "deviceScaleFactor": 1
   },
   "required": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/dialog-opening-lifecycle.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "capabilities": ["dialog-opening", "dialog-modal-focus", "dialog-beforetoggle"],
+      "evidence": ["kestrel-original-box-command"],
+      "reason": "Native dialog opening regression; does not assert complete ToggleEvent or popover interoperability."
+    },
     {
       "path": "contracts/youtube-embed-fallback.html",
       "type": "testharness",
@@ -1064,6 +1071,34 @@
     }
   ],
   "candidate": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/css-grid-flex-track-minimum.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "capabilities": ["css-grid", "fractional-track-sizing", "minmax"],
+      "evidence": ["kestrel-unused-horizontal-grid-space"],
+      "reason": "Fractional track allocation must include its minimum, freeze constrained tracks and redistribute space. Local regression pending cross-RID qualification."
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/css-grid-auto-row-shrink.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "capabilities": ["css-grid", "automatic-minimum-size", "dynamic-layout"],
+      "evidence": ["kestrel-stale-canvas-height-after-resize"],
+      "reason": "Auto grid rows must shrink to definite available height when item minimums permit; preserve visible content and authored minimums. Local regression pending cross-RID qualification."
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/css-border-functional-color-width.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "capabilities": ["border-shorthand", "functional-color"],
+      "evidence": ["kestrel-white-layer-list"],
+      "reason": "Color-mix percentages must stay inside the color component instead of becoming border widths. Local regression pending cross-RID qualification."
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/css-root-theme-interaction-recascade.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "capabilities": ["css-custom-properties", "attribute-selector", "focus-pseudo-class"],
+      "evidence": ["kestrel-white-ui-investigation"],
+      "reason": "Reduced Kestrel dark/light theme and interaction recascade regression. This local contract does not establish upstream WPT or pixel presentation conformance."
+    },
     {
       "path": "contracts/scroll-static-absolute-containing-block.html",
       "type": "testharness",
@@ -2064,6 +2099,19 @@
         }
       ],
       "reason": "Self-verifying reduction for two retained-path replay boundaries: geometry keeps the transform active when each segment is authored even if the transform changes before stroke(), and a full-circle arc appended to a non-empty subpath includes the required connecting line to its start point."
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/html-script-style-text-is-inert.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "capabilities": [
+        "html-raw-text",
+        "stylesheet-discovery"
+      ],
+      "evidence": [
+        "kestrel-print-preview-style-leak"
+      ],
+      "reason": "Candidate passes through native document navigation, preserving parser raw-text/comment/template semantics. Prepared-markup regex loading cannot qualify this parsing regression.",
+      "nativeNavigation": true
     }
   ],
   "harnessBlocked": [],
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-macos-video-runtime-profile.json b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-macos-video-runtime-profile.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d313dd2a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-macos-video-runtime-profile.json
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+  "profile": "webscene-macos-video-runtime-1",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "viewport": {
+    "width": 800,
+    "height": 600,
+    "deviceScaleFactor": 2
+  },
+  "required": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/media-video-lifecycle.html",
+      "type": "contract",
+      "nativeNavigation": true,
+      "capabilities": [
+        "html-media-elements",
+        "native-macos-video"
+      ],
+      "reason": "macOS native H.264 provider contract; unsupported platforms must not run or report video conformance."
+    }
+  ],
+  "candidate": [],
+  "harnessBlocked": [],
+  "excluded": []
+}
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-media-runtime-profile.json b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-media-runtime-profile.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb60fc0f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-media-runtime-profile.json
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+{
+  "profile": "webscene-media-runtime-1",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "viewport": {
+    "width": 800,
+    "height": 600,
+    "deviceScaleFactor": 2
+  },
+  "required": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/media-audio-lifecycle.html",
+      "type": "contract",
+      "nativeNavigation": true,
+      "capabilities": [
+        "html-media-elements",
+        "audio-context",
+        "audio-decoding"
+      ],
+      "reason": "Project-owned native media/WPT harness contract; not full standards conformance."
+    }
+  ],
+  "candidate": [],
+  "harnessBlocked": [],
+  "excluded": []
+}
diff --git a/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-native-navigation-profile.json b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-native-navigation-profile.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f61ce4a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebPlatformSubset/webscene-native-navigation-profile.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "profile": "native-navigation-style-check",
+  "wptRevision": "2c705104a295c48053eeddf7fe0170d790a4e853",
+  "runtime": "v8",
+  "viewport": {
+    "width": 800,
+    "height": 600,
+    "deviceScaleFactor": 1
+  },
+  "required": [],
+  "candidate": [
+    {
+      "path": "contracts/html-script-style-text-is-inert.html",
+      "type": "testharness",
+      "capabilities": [
+        "html-raw-text",
+        "stylesheet-discovery"
+      ],
+      "evidence": [
+        "kestrel-print-preview-style-leak"
+      ],
+      "reason": "Candidate passes through native document navigation, preserving parser raw-text/comment/template semantics. Prepared-markup regex loading cannot qualify this parsing regression.",
+      "nativeNavigation": true
+    }
+  ],
+  "harnessBlocked": []
+}
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/AvaloniaResourceLoaderTests.cs b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/AvaloniaResourceLoaderTests.cs
index 20389fb8f..cdfee6f1b 100644
--- a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/AvaloniaResourceLoaderTests.cs
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/AvaloniaResourceLoaderTests.cs
@@ -10,6 +10,21 @@ namespace WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests;
 
 public sealed class AvaloniaResourceLoaderTests
 {
+    [Fact]
+    public void DataResourcePreservesOriginalFileBytes()
+    {
+        var path = Path.GetTempFileName();
+        try
+        {
+            byte[] bytes = [0, 255, 128, 195, 40];
+            File.WriteAllBytes(path, bytes);
+            var resource = new AvaloniaResourceLoader().LoadText(new WebSceneResourceRequest(new Uri(path).AbsoluteUri, null, WebSceneResourceKind.Data));
+            Assert.True(resource.BinaryContent.HasValue);
+            Assert.Equal(bytes, resource.BinaryContent.Value.ToArray());
+        }
+        finally { File.Delete(path); }
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task CrossOriginFetchSendsFrameOriginAndReferrer()
     {
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/KestrelDragWorkloadValidatorTests.cs b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/KestrelDragWorkloadValidatorTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..345e90165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/KestrelDragWorkloadValidatorTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+using System.Text.Json;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests;
+
+public sealed class KestrelDragWorkloadValidatorTests
+{
+    private record Pointer(string type, double x, double y, int button, int buttons);
+    private static Pointer[] Sidebar() => [
+        new("pointerdown", 100, 200, 0, 1),
+        new("pointermove", 102, 200, -1, 1),
+        new("pointermove", 180, 200, -1, 1),
+        new("pointermove", 220, 200, -1, 1),
+        new("pointerup", 220, 200, 0, 0)
+    ];
+    private static void Validate(Pointer[] events, bool sidebar = true, int errors = 0, bool panning = false) =>
+        KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.Validate(JsonSerializer.Serialize(new { events, errors, panning }), 100, 200, sidebar);
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void CircularPanValidatesCoalescedCardinalPointsAndRejectsReversedMotion()
+    {
+        Pointer[] events = [new("pointerdown", 100, 200, 2, 2),
+            new("pointermove", 140, 240, -1, 2), new("pointermove", 180, 200, -1, 2),
+            new("pointermove", 140, 160, -1, 2), new("pointermove", 100, 200, -1, 2),
+            new("pointerup", 100, 200, 2, 0)];
+        var diagnostics = JsonSerializer.Serialize(new { events, errors = 0, panning = false });
+        KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.Validate(diagnostics, 100, 200, circular: true);
+        (events[1], events[3]) = (events[3], events[1]);
+        diagnostics = JsonSerializer.Serialize(new { events, errors = 0, panning = false });
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.Validate(diagnostics, 100, 200, circular: true));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void RepeatedPanRequiresTheExplicitCycleCount()
+    {
+        Pointer[] events = [
+            new("pointerdown", 100, 200, 2, 2),
+            new("pointermove", 260, 240, -1, 2),
+            new("pointermove", 100, 200, -1, 2),
+            new("pointermove", 260, 240, -1, 2),
+            new("pointermove", 100, 200, -1, 2),
+            new("pointerup", 100, 200, 2, 0)
+        ];
+        var diagnostics = JsonSerializer.Serialize(new { events, errors = 0, panning = false });
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.Validate(diagnostics, 100, 200));
+        KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.Validate(diagnostics, 100, 200, panCycles: 2);
+        events[3] = events[3] with { y = 241 };
+        diagnostics = JsonSerializer.Serialize(new { events, errors = 0, panning = false });
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.Validate(diagnostics, 100, 200, panCycles: 2));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void CoalescedSidebarMovesRemainValid() => Validate(Sidebar());
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(181, 200, 1)] // Outside submitted two-pixel steps.
+    [InlineData(180, 201, 1)] // External vertical movement.
+    [InlineData(180, 200, 2)] // Wrong held button.
+    [InlineData(100, 200, 1)] // Reversed movement.
+    public void ContaminatedSidebarMovesAreRejected(double x, double y, int buttons)
+    {
+        var events = Sidebar();
+        events[2] = new("pointermove", x, y, -1, buttons);
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => Validate(events));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void MissingReleaseIsRejected() =>
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => Validate(Sidebar()[..^1]));
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ApplicationErrorIsRejected() =>
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => Validate(Sidebar(), errors: 1));
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void PanCanTravelOutAndBackWithCoalescing() => Validate([
+        new("pointerdown", 100, 200, 2, 2),
+        new("pointermove", 104, 201, -1, 2),
+        new("pointermove", 260, 240, -1, 2),
+        new("pointermove", 100, 200, -1, 2),
+        new("pointerup", 100, 200, 2, 0)
+    ], sidebar: false);
+}
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeCanvasBackingTests.cs b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeCanvasBackingTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27d8c8692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeCanvasBackingTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+using SkiaSharp;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests;
+
+[Collection("Native web-font cache")]
+public sealed unsafe class NativeCanvasBackingTests
+{
+    private static void Apply(NativeCanvasSceneRenderer renderer, NativeCanvasCommand[] commands,
+        ulong revision, ulong generation = 1, byte[]? checkpoint = null)
+    {
+        checkpoint ??= [];
+        fixed (NativeCanvasCommand* data = commands)
+        fixed (byte* bytes = checkpoint)
+        {
+            var resource = new NativeSceneString { ByteLength = (uint)checkpoint.Length };
+            var layer = new NativeCanvasLayer { NodeId = 7, Flags = 1, Generation = generation,
+                CommandCount = (uint)commands.Length, StringCount = checkpoint.Length == 0 ? 0u : 1u,
+                Width = 20, Height = 10, BitmapWidth = 20, BitmapHeight = 10 };
+            var scene = new NativeSceneView { StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeSceneView), AbiVersion = 2,
+                CanvasLayers = &layer, CanvasCommands = data, CanvasCommandCount = (uint)commands.Length,
+                Strings = &resource, StringBytes = bytes, StringCount = layer.StringCount, StringByteCount = (uint)checkpoint.Length,
+                Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = revision, BaseRevision = revision - 1,
+                    Flags = revision == 1 ? 1u : 0u, CanvasLayerCount = 1, ViewportWidth = 20, ViewportHeight = 10 } };
+            Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene));
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void RasterCheckpointPreservesFractionalClearPathTransformAndExport()
+    {
+        var bounded = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer { UseIncrementalCanvasBacking = true };
+        var full = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer { UseIncrementalCanvasBacking = false };
+        var original = new List<NativeCanvasCommand> {
+            new() { Kind=22,V0=19,V2=1,V3=10 }, new() { Kind=6,V0=.25,V1=.5 },
+            new() { Kind=11,V0=1,V1=1 }, new() { Kind=12,V0=10,V1=1 }
+        };
+        try
+        {
+            Apply(bounded,original.ToArray(),1);
+            Apply(full,original.ToArray(),1);
+            var checkpoint=bounded.EncodeRetainedCanvasCheckpoint(7);
+            var continued = new List<NativeCanvasCommand> { new() { Kind=58 } };
+            for (ulong revision=2;revision<14;revision++)
+            {
+                NativeCanvasCommand[] tail = [new() { Kind=24,V2=19.25,V3=10 },
+                    new() { Kind=12,V0=revision%17,V1=1 }, new() { Kind=20 }];
+                continued.AddRange(tail);
+                original.AddRange(tail);Apply(full,original.ToArray(),revision);
+                Apply(bounded,continued.ToArray(),revision,2,checkpoint);
+                var expected=Pixels(full);var actual=Pixels(bounded);
+                for(var pixel=0;pixel<expected.Length;pixel++)
+                    Assert.True(Math.Abs(expected[pixel].Alpha-actual[pixel].Alpha)<=1,
+                        $"revision={revision} pixel={pixel} expected={expected[pixel]} actual={actual[pixel]}");
+                using var exported=SKBitmap.Decode(bounded.CaptureCanvasPng(7));
+                Assert.Equal(actual,exported.Pixels);
+            }
+        }
+        finally { bounded.Reset();full.Reset(); }
+    }
+
+    private static SKColor[] Pixels(NativeCanvasSceneRenderer renderer)
+    {
+        // Compare with CaptureCanvasPng's surface format. The platform default
+        // is RGBA on macOS; mixing formats can round edge coverage differently.
+        using var bitmap = new SKBitmap(20, 10, SKColorType.Bgra8888, SKAlphaType.Premul);
+        using var canvas = new SKCanvas(bitmap);
+        canvas.Clear(SKColors.Transparent);
+        renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 20, 10, null);
+        return bitmap.Pixels;
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void AppendedCommandsPreservePathsStatePartialClearsAndCpuExport()
+    {
+        var cached = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer { UseIncrementalCanvasBacking = true };
+        var full = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer { UseIncrementalCanvasBacking = false };
+        var commands = new List<NativeCanvasCommand> { new() { Kind = 11, V0 = 1, V1 = 1 } };
+        try
+        {
+            for (ulong revision = 1; revision <= 270; ++revision)
+            {
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 24, V2 = 19.5, V3 = 10 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 12, V0 = revision % 16 + 1, V1 = revision % 8 + 1 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 20 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 1 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 6, V0 = 0.25, V1 = 0.5 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 22, V0 = 19, V2 = 1, V3 = 10 });
+                commands.Add(new() { Kind = 2 });
+                var data = commands.ToArray();
+                Apply(cached, data, revision); Apply(full, data, revision);
+                if (revision is 1 or 2 or 128 or 257 or 270) Assert.Equal(Pixels(full), Pixels(cached));
+            }
+            Assert.True(cached.ResumedCanvasCompilations > 260);
+            Assert.Equal(full.CaptureCanvasPng(7), cached.CaptureCanvasPng(7));
+        }
+        finally { cached.Reset(); full.Reset(); }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ChangedPrefixesGenerationAndScaleInvalidateContinuation()
+    {
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer { UseIncrementalCanvasBacking = true };
+        NativeCanvasCommand[] commands = [new() { Kind = 22, V2 = 4, V3 = 10 }];
+        try
+        {
+            Apply(renderer, commands, 1);
+            commands[0].V2 = 12;
+            Apply(renderer, commands, 2);
+            Assert.Equal(0, renderer.ResumedCanvasCompilations);
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Black, Pixels(renderer)[8]);
+            Apply(renderer, commands, 3, generation: 2);
+            Assert.Equal(0, renderer.ResumedCanvasCompilations);
+            renderer.SetPresenterDeviceScaleFactor(1.75);
+            Apply(renderer, commands, 4, generation: 2);
+            Assert.Equal(0, renderer.ResumedCanvasCompilations);
+            Apply(renderer, commands, 5, generation: 2);
+            Assert.Equal(1, renderer.ResumedCanvasCompilations);
+        }
+        finally { renderer.Reset(); }
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(1u)] // Active save stack cannot be reconstructed from paint state alone.
+    [InlineData(18u)] // A clip path requires complete replay, even if later restored.
+    [InlineData(27u)] // Another canvas can change without changing these commands.
+    [InlineData(31u)] // External image dependencies are not immutable command resources.
+    public void StateAndImageDependenciesUseFullReplay(uint unsupported)
+    {
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer { UseIncrementalCanvasBacking = true };
+        NativeCanvasCommand[] commands = [new() { Kind = unsupported }];
+        try
+        {
+            Apply(renderer, commands, 1); Apply(renderer, commands, 2);
+            Assert.Equal(0, renderer.ResumedCanvasCompilations);
+        }
+        finally { renderer.Reset(); }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeGpuImageSamplingTests.cs b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeGpuImageSamplingTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6246d25f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeGpuImageSamplingTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+using SkiaSharp;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests;
+
+public sealed class NativeGpuImageSamplingTests
+{
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(8, 1f)]
+    [InlineData(8, 2f)]
+    [InlineData(3, 1f)]
+    public void ScaledTextureInterpolatesInsteadOfRepeatingNearestPixels(int width, float scale)
+    {
+        using var source = new SKBitmap(2, 2);
+        source.Erase(SKColors.Black);
+        source.SetPixel(1, 0, SKColors.White);
+        source.SetPixel(1, 1, SKColors.White);
+        using var image = SKImage.FromBitmap(source);
+        using var result = new SKBitmap((int)(width * scale), (int)(width * scale));
+        using var canvas = new SKCanvas(result);
+        canvas.Scale(scale);
+        NativeGpuImageSampling.Draw(canvas, image, new SKRect(0, 0, width, width));
+        var middle = result.GetPixel((int)(width * scale / 2), 1).Red;
+        Assert.InRange((int)middle, 32, 223);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SamplingPreservesCallerOpacity()
+    {
+        using var source = new SKBitmap(2, 2);
+        source.Erase(SKColors.White);
+        using var image = SKImage.FromBitmap(source);
+        using var result = new SKBitmap(8, 8);
+        using var canvas = new SKCanvas(result);
+        canvas.Clear(SKColors.Transparent);
+        using var paint = new SKPaint { Color = new SKColor(255, 255, 255, 128) };
+        NativeGpuImageSampling.Draw(canvas, image, new SKRect(0, 0, 8, 8), paint);
+        Assert.InRange((int)result.GetPixel(4, 4).Alpha, 127, 129);
+        Assert.Equal((byte)128, paint.Color.Alpha);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeGpuSceneInteropTests.cs b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeGpuSceneInteropTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cf5f70ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeGpuSceneInteropTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia;
+using Xunit;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests;
+
+public sealed class NativeGpuSceneInteropTests
+{
+    private sealed class NativeRuntimeFactAttribute : FactAttribute
+    {
+        public NativeRuntimeFactAttribute()
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")))
+                Skip = "Set WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY to verify native GPU scene ABI integration.";
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class IOSurfaceFixtureFactAttribute : FactAttribute
+    {
+        public IOSurfaceFixtureFactAttribute()
+        {
+            if (!OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ||
+                string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")) ||
+                string.IsNullOrEmpty(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY")))
+                Skip = "Requires macOS native runtime and IOSurface fixture libraries.";
+        }
+    }
+
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate byte CreateIOSurface(out NativeGpuImageLeaseV3 image);
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate byte IOSurfaceAlive();
+
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate void EndCgl();
+
+    [IOSurfaceFixtureFact]
+    public void NativeIOSurfaceImportsIntoCurrentCglRectangleTexture()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var library = NativeLibrary.Load(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var create = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<CreateIOSurface>(
+            NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_create_dawn_iosurface"));
+        var begin = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_begin_cgl"));
+        var bound = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_cgl_image_bound"));
+        var copy = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_cgl_copy"));
+        var alive = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_iosurface_alive"));
+        var pixels = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_cgl_pixels"));
+        var end = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<EndCgl>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_end_cgl"));
+        Assert.Equal(1, create(out var image));
+        Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, NativeGpuImageConsumerV3.Acquire(image, out var consumer));
+        image.Dispose();
+        Assert.NotNull(consumer);
+        var completed = false;
+        try
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(1, begin());
+            Assert.True(NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.TryBindCurrentRectangleTexture(consumer));
+            Assert.Equal(1, bound());
+            Assert.Equal(1, copy());
+            Assert.Equal(1, alive());
+            var openGl = NativeLibrary.Load("/System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/OpenGL");
+            var fence = NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence.Create(name => NativeLibrary.GetExport(openGl, name), consumer);
+            Exception? wrongThreadError = null;
+            var wrongThread = new Thread(() =>
+            {
+                try { fence.TryComplete(); }
+                catch (Exception error) { wrongThreadError = error; }
+            });
+            wrongThread.Start();
+            wrongThread.Join();
+            Assert.IsType<InvalidOperationException>(wrongThreadError);
+            var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(5);
+            while (!(completed = fence.TryComplete()) && DateTime.UtcNow < deadline) Thread.Sleep(1);
+            Assert.True(completed);
+            Assert.Equal(0, alive()); // Native source owner retires only after its GPU read.
+            Assert.Equal(1, pixels()); // Read destination only, after fence completion.
+            Assert.True(fence.TryComplete()); // Retired polling is idempotent.
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(consumer.Complete);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            end(); // Delete GL references before completing the native image consumer.
+            if (!completed) consumer.Complete(); // Fixture cleanup drained GL before release.
+        }
+    }
+
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate void GetGlInteger(uint name, out int value);
+
+    [IOSurfaceFixtureFact]
+    public void DawnIOSurfaceComposesDirectlyInPinnedSkiaGanesh()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var library = NativeLibrary.Load(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var create = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<CreateIOSurface>(
+            NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_create_dawn_iosurface"));
+        var begin = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_begin_cgl"));
+        var end = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<EndCgl>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_end_cgl"));
+        var alive = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_iosurface_alive"));
+        Assert.Equal(1, create(out var image));
+        Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, NativeGpuImageConsumerV3.Acquire(image, out var consumer));
+        image.Dispose();
+        Assert.NotNull(consumer);
+        var completed = false;
+        try
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(1, begin());
+            Assert.True(NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.TryBindCurrentRectangleTexture(consumer));
+            var openGl = NativeLibrary.Load("/System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/OpenGL");
+            IntPtr Resolve(string name) => NativeLibrary.TryGetExport(openGl, name, out var address) ? address : IntPtr.Zero;
+            var getInteger = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<GetGlInteger>(Resolve("glGetIntegerv"));
+            getInteger(0x84F6, out var texture); // GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_RECTANGLE
+            Assert.NotEqual(0, texture);
+            using var gl = GRGlInterface.CreateOpenGl(Resolve);
+            Assert.NotNull(gl);
+            using var context = GRContext.CreateGl(gl);
+            Assert.NotNull(context);
+            using var target = SKSurface.Create(context, false,
+                new SKImageInfo(24, 8, SKColorType.Rgba8888, SKAlphaType.Premul));
+            Assert.NotNull(target);
+            target.Canvas.Clear(SKColors.Blue);
+            using (var source = NativeMacOSGpuImageImport.TryWrapRectangleTexture(consumer,
+                context, (uint)texture, GRSurfaceOrigin.TopLeft, SKAlphaType.Premul))
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(source);
+                Assert.True(source.IsTextureBacked);
+                using var paint = new SKPaint { Color = new SKColor(255, 255, 255, 128) };
+                target.Canvas.Save();
+                target.Canvas.ClipRect(new SKRect(3, 2, 20, 6));
+                target.Canvas.DrawImage(source, 1, 1, paint);
+                target.Canvas.Restore();
+            }
+            context.Flush(submit: true, synchronous: false); // Submit Skia's reads before inserting the host completion fence.
+            var fence = NativeMacOSGpuConsumerFence.Create(Resolve, consumer);
+            var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(5);
+            while (!(completed = fence.TryComplete()) && DateTime.UtcNow < deadline) Thread.Sleep(1);
+            Assert.True(completed);
+            Assert.Equal(0, alive());
+            // Diagnostic destination readback only, after all source GPU reads have retired.
+            using var pixels = new SKBitmap(new SKImageInfo(24, 8, SKColorType.Rgba8888, SKAlphaType.Premul));
+            Assert.True(target.ReadPixels(pixels.Info, pixels.GetPixels(), pixels.RowBytes, 0, 0));
+            for (var y = 0; y < 8; ++y)
+                for (var x = 0; x < 24; ++x)
+                {
+                    var color = pixels.GetPixel(x, y);
+                    var painted = x >= 3 && x < 18 && y >= 2 && y < 5;
+                    Assert.InRange((int)color.Red, painted ? 25 : 0, painted ? 27 : 0);
+                    Assert.InRange((int)color.Green, painted ? 50 : 0, painted ? 52 : 0);
+                    Assert.InRange((int)color.Blue, painted ? 203 : 255, painted ? 205 : 255);
+                    Assert.Equal(255, color.Alpha);
+                }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            end(); // Diagnostic failure cleanup drains GPU work before releasing the provider.
+            if (!completed) consumer.Complete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    [IOSurfaceFixtureFact]
+    public void IOSurfaceImportDefersConcurrentCompletionUntilBorrowReturns()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        // Keep fixture code loaded: native provider vtables may outlive this method
+        // if a test fails. Unloading code before releasing a provider is unsafe.
+        var library = NativeLibrary.Load(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var create = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<CreateIOSurface>(
+            NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_create_iosurface"));
+        var alive = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(
+            NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_iosurface_alive"));
+        Assert.Equal(1, create(out var image));
+        Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, NativeGpuImageConsumerV3.Acquire(image, out var consumer));
+        image.Dispose();
+        Assert.NotNull(consumer);
+        Assert.True(consumer.WithIOSurface(view =>
+        {
+            Assert.NotEqual(IntPtr.Zero, view.BorrowedIOSurface);
+            Assert.True(view.AllocationBytes >= 17 * 4 * 4);
+            Task.Run(consumer.Complete).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            Assert.Equal(1, alive()); // Completion must not free the borrowed native object.
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => consumer.WithIOSurface(_ => { }));
+        }));
+        Assert.Equal(0, alive());
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(consumer.Complete);
+
+        Assert.Equal(1, create(out image));
+        Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, NativeGpuImageConsumerV3.Acquire(image, out var retry));
+        image.Dispose();
+        Assert.NotNull(retry);
+        Assert.Throws<ApplicationException>(() => retry.WithIOSurface(_ => throw new ApplicationException("Import failed")));
+        Assert.Equal(1, alive()); // An importer exception cannot certify GPU completion.
+        Assert.True(retry.WithIOSurface(_ => { }));
+        retry.Complete();
+        Assert.Equal(0, alive());
+    }
+
+    [IOSurfaceFixtureFact]
+    public void MetalDependencyBorrowDefersCompletionAndSurvivesCallbackFailure()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        // Keep fixture code loaded: native provider vtables may outlive this method
+        // if a test fails. Unloading code before releasing a provider is unsafe.
+        var library = NativeLibrary.Load(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var create = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<CreateIOSurface>(
+            NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_create_iosurface"));
+        var alive = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(
+            NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_iosurface_alive"));
+        Assert.Equal(1, create(out var image));
+        Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, NativeGpuImageConsumerV3.Acquire(image, out var consumer));
+        image.Dispose();
+        Assert.NotNull(consumer);
+        consumer.WithMetalEvents(events =>
+        {
+            Assert.Empty(events); // Completion-certified fixture has no producer dependencies.
+            Task.Run(consumer.Complete).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            Assert.Equal(1, alive()); // Completion must not free the borrowed native object.
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => consumer.WithMetalEvents(_ => { }));
+        });
+        Assert.Equal(0, alive());
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(consumer.Complete);
+
+        Assert.Equal(1, create(out image));
+        Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, NativeGpuImageConsumerV3.Acquire(image, out var retry));
+        image.Dispose();
+        Assert.NotNull(retry);
+        Assert.Throws<ApplicationException>(() => retry.WithMetalEvents(_ => throw new ApplicationException("Import failed")));
+        Assert.Equal(1, alive()); // An importer exception cannot certify GPU completion.
+        retry.WithMetalEvents(_ => { });
+        retry.Complete();
+        Assert.Equal(0, alive());
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void LayoutMatchesNativeSceneAndImageAbi()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(16, Marshal.SizeOf<NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3>());
+        Assert.Equal(16 + 2 * IntPtr.Size, Marshal.SizeOf<NativeSceneViewV3>());
+        Assert.Equal(80, Marshal.SizeOf<NativeGpuImageInfoV3>());
+        Assert.Equal(24, Marshal.SizeOf<NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3>());
+        Assert.Equal(8, Marshal.OffsetOf<NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3>(nameof(NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3.BorrowedIOSurface)).ToInt32());
+        Assert.Equal(16, Marshal.OffsetOf<NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3>(nameof(NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3.AllocationBytes)).ToInt32());
+        Assert.Equal(8, Marshal.OffsetOf<NativeGpuImageInfoV3>(nameof(NativeGpuImageInfoV3.Canvas)).ToInt32());
+        Assert.Equal(56, Marshal.OffsetOf<NativeGpuImageInfoV3>(nameof(NativeGpuImageInfoV3.Width)).ToInt32());
+        Assert.Equal(0UL, NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3.CpuOnly.ConsumerCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    [NativeRuntimeFact]
+    public void IOSurfaceLookupRejectsAbsentConsumerAcrossNativeBoundary()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var view = NativeGpuIOSurfaceViewV3.Empty;
+        view.BorrowedIOSurface = new IntPtr(123);
+        view.AllocationBytes = 456;
+        Assert.Equal(0, NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageGetIOSurfaceV3(IntPtr.Zero, ref view));
+        Assert.Equal(IntPtr.Zero, view.BorrowedIOSurface);
+        Assert.Equal(0UL, view.AllocationBytes);
+    }
+
+    [IOSurfaceFixtureFact]
+    public void UnappliedSceneImagesReleaseWithoutAGraphicsContext()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var library = NativeLibrary.Load(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var create = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<CreateIOSurface>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_create_iosurface"));
+        var alive = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_iosurface_alive"));
+        Assert.Equal(1, create(out var source));
+        Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, NativeGpuSceneImages.Retain(new[] { source }, out var images));
+        source.Dispose();
+        Assert.Equal(1, alive());
+        images!.DiscardUnprepared();
+        images.DiscardUnprepared();
+        Assert.Equal(0, alive());
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => new NativeGpuScenePresenter().TryReplace(images));
+    }
+
+    [IOSurfaceFixtureFact]
+    public void UndrawnSceneReplacementDoesNotConsumeGpuRetirementSlots()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var library = NativeLibrary.Load(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var create = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<CreateIOSurface>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_create_iosurface"));
+        var alive = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_iosurface_alive"));
+        Assert.Equal(1, create(out var source));
+        var groups = new List<NativeGpuSceneImages>();
+        var presenter = new NativeGpuScenePresenter();
+        try
+        {
+            for (var i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
+            {
+                Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success,
+                    NativeGpuSceneImages.Retain(new[] { source }, out var group));
+                groups.Add(group!);
+            }
+            source.Dispose();
+            Assert.True(presenter.TryReplace(groups[0]));
+            Assert.True(presenter.TryReplace(groups[1]));
+            Assert.True(presenter.TryReplace(groups[2]));
+            Assert.True(presenter.TryReplace(groups[3]));
+            Assert.All(groups.Take(3), group => Assert.True(group.IsRetiring));
+            Assert.False(presenter.HasPendingRetirements);
+            Assert.Equal(1, alive());
+            Assert.True(presenter.TryDiscardUnprepared());
+            Assert.Equal(0, alive());
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            presenter.TryDiscardUnprepared();
+            foreach (var group in groups) group.DiscardUnprepared();
+            source.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    [IOSurfaceFixtureFact]
+    public void SceneImageCaptureRollsBackEarlierRetainsWhenALaterImageIsDisposed()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var library = NativeLibrary.Load(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_GPU_FIXTURE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var create = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<CreateIOSurface>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_create_iosurface"));
+        var alive = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<IOSurfaceAlive>(NativeLibrary.GetExport(library, "webscene_test_iosurface_alive"));
+        Assert.Equal(1, create(out var image));
+        try
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, image.Retain(out var disposed));
+            disposed!.Dispose();
+            Assert.Throws<ObjectDisposedException>(() => NativeGpuSceneImages.Retain(new[] { image, disposed }, out _));
+        }
+        finally { image.Dispose(); }
+        Assert.Equal(0, alive());
+    }
+
+    [IOSurfaceFixtureFact]
+    public void DocumentAdmissionCallbackCrossesManagedNativeBoundary()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        foreach (var throwFromPolicy in new[] { false, true })
+        {
+            using var called = new ManualResetEventSlim();
+            string? observedUrl = null;
+            var callbackThread = 0;
+            var callerThread = Environment.CurrentManagedThreadId;
+            var engine = NativeWebSceneApi.EngineCreate(0, null, new AvaloniaResourceLoader(), _ => { },
+                admitWebGpuDocument: url =>
+                {
+                    observedUrl = url;
+                    callbackThread = Environment.CurrentManagedThreadId;
+                    called.Set();
+                    if (throwFromPolicy) throw new InvalidOperationException("Test policy failure");
+                    return true;
+                });
+            try
+            {
+                Assert.NotEqual(IntPtr.Zero, engine);
+                Assert.True(called.Wait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5)), "Native runtime did not evaluate managed admission");
+                Assert.Equal("about:blank", observedUrl);
+                Assert.NotEqual(callerThread, callbackThread);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                NativeWebSceneApi.EngineDestroy(engine);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [NativeRuntimeFact]
+    public void VersionedAcquisitionCrossesManagedNativeBoundary()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var options = NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3.CpuOnly;
+        Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.InvalidArgument,
+            NativeWebSceneApi.AcquireLatestSceneV3(IntPtr.Zero, in options, out var scene));
+        Assert.Equal(IntPtr.Zero, scene);
+        var engine = NativeWebSceneApi.EngineCreate(0, null, new AvaloniaResourceLoader(), _ => { });
+        try
+        {
+            options.SceneVersion = 99;
+            Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.UnsupportedVersion,
+                NativeWebSceneApi.AcquireNextSceneV3(engine, in options, out scene));
+            Assert.Equal(IntPtr.Zero, scene);
+            options = NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3.CpuOnly;
+            var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(5);
+            NativeSceneAcquireStatus status;
+            do
+            {
+                status = NativeWebSceneApi.AcquireNextSceneV3(engine, in options, out scene);
+                if (status == NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Empty) Thread.Sleep(1);
+            } while (status == NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Empty && DateTime.UtcNow < deadline);
+            Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, status);
+            var view = Marshal.PtrToStructure<NativeSceneViewV3>(scene);
+            Assert.Equal(3U, view.SceneVersion);
+            Assert.NotEqual(IntPtr.Zero, view.CpuView);
+            Assert.Equal(0U, NativeWebSceneApi.SceneGpuImageCountV3(scene));
+            Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.InvalidArgument,
+                NativeWebSceneApi.SceneRetainGpuImageV3(scene, 0, out var image));
+            Assert.Equal(IntPtr.Zero, image);
+            Assert.Equal(1, NativeWebSceneApi.SceneAcknowledgeV3(scene));
+            NativeWebSceneApi.EngineDestroy(engine); engine = IntPtr.Zero;
+            Assert.Equal(view.CpuView, Marshal.PtrToStructure<NativeSceneViewV3>(scene).CpuView);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (scene != IntPtr.Zero) NativeWebSceneApi.SceneReleaseV3(scene);
+            if (engine != IntPtr.Zero) NativeWebSceneApi.EngineDestroy(engine);
+        }
+    }
+    [NativeRuntimeFact]
+    public void ScenePresenterAppliesAndAcknowledgesNativeVersionedScene()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var options = NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3.CpuOnly;
+        options.ConsumerCapabilities = NativeWebSceneApi.GpuImageCapability | NativeWebSceneApi.OrderedCanvasCapability;
+        var engine = NativeWebSceneApi.EngineCreate(0, null, new AvaloniaResourceLoader(), _ => { });
+        NativeSceneLeaseV3? scene = null;
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer();
+        var presenter = new NativeGpuScenePresenter();
+        try
+        {
+            var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(5);
+            NativeSceneAcquireStatus status;
+            do
+            {
+                status = NativeSceneLeaseV3.Acquire(engine, in options, true, out scene);
+                if (status == NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Empty) Thread.Sleep(1);
+            } while (status == NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Empty && DateTime.UtcNow < deadline);
+            Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, status);
+            Assert.NotNull(scene);
+            Assert.Equal(NativeGpuSceneApplyResult.Applied, presenter.ApplyScene(scene, renderer));
+            Assert.True(presenter.TryDiscardUnprepared());
+            Assert.Equal(NativeGpuSceneApplyResult.Backpressure, presenter.ApplyScene(scene, renderer));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            presenter.TryDiscardUnprepared();
+            renderer.Reset(); scene?.Dispose();
+            NativeWebSceneApi.EngineDestroy(engine);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [NativeRuntimeFact]
+    public void SafeSceneLeaseProtectsBorrowedViewDuringConcurrentDispose()
+    {
+        NativeWebSceneApi.ConfigureLibraryPath(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WEBSCENE_TEST_NATIVE_LIBRARY")!);
+        var options = NativeSceneAcquireOptionsV3.CpuOnly;
+        Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.InvalidArgument,
+            NativeSceneLeaseV3.Acquire(IntPtr.Zero, in options, true, out var absent));
+        Assert.Null(absent);
+        var engine = NativeWebSceneApi.EngineCreate(0, null, new AvaloniaResourceLoader(), _ => { });
+        NativeSceneLeaseV3? lease = null;
+        try
+        {
+            var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(5);
+            NativeSceneAcquireStatus status;
+            do
+            {
+                status = NativeSceneLeaseV3.Acquire(engine, in options, true, out lease);
+                if (status == NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Empty) Thread.Sleep(1);
+            } while (status == NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Empty && DateTime.UtcNow < deadline);
+            Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.Success, status);
+            Assert.NotNull(lease);
+            Assert.Equal(0U, lease.ImageCount);
+            Assert.Equal(NativeSceneAcquireStatus.InvalidArgument,
+                NativeGpuImageLeaseV3.Acquire(lease, 0, out var absentImage));
+            Assert.Null(absentImage);
+            Assert.True(lease.Acknowledge());
+            NativeWebSceneApi.EngineDestroy(engine); engine = IntPtr.Zero;
+            lease.WithView(view =>
+            {
+                Task.Run(lease.Dispose).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                // This read happens after Dispose on another thread. WithView
+                // still owns a SafeHandle reference until the callback returns.
+                Assert.Equal(2, Marshal.ReadInt32(view.CpuView, sizeof(uint)));
+            });
+            lease.Dispose(); // Idempotent: never double-release the native lease.
+            Assert.Throws<ObjectDisposedException>(() => lease.WithView(_ => { }));
+            Assert.Throws<ObjectDisposedException>(() => NativeGpuImageLeaseV3.Acquire(lease, 0, out _));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lease?.Dispose();
+            if (engine != IntPtr.Zero) NativeWebSceneApi.EngineDestroy(engine);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeOrderedGpuPaintTests.cs b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeOrderedGpuPaintTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d083f0f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeOrderedGpuPaintTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+using SkiaSharp;
+using WebScene.Backends.Avalonia.Native;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests;
+
+[Collection("Native web-font cache")]
+public sealed unsafe class NativeOrderedGpuPaintTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void PreparingCanvasReplacementDoesNotChangeVisiblePixelsAndCommitTransfersOwnership()
+    {
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer();
+        var draw = new NativeCanvasCommand { Kind = 22, V2 = 4, V3 = 10 };
+        var layer = new NativeCanvasLayer { NodeId = 7, Flags = 1, CommandCount = 1,
+            Width = 20, Height = 10, BitmapWidth = 20, BitmapHeight = 10, Generation = 1 };
+        var scene = new NativeSceneView { StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeSceneView), AbiVersion = 2,
+            CanvasLayers = &layer, CanvasCommands = &draw, CanvasCommandCount = 1,
+            Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = 1, Flags = 1, CanvasLayerCount = 1, ViewportWidth = 20, ViewportHeight = 10 } };
+        using var bitmap = new SKBitmap(20, 10);
+        using var canvas = new SKCanvas(bitmap);
+        void Render() { canvas.Clear(SKColors.White); renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 20, 10, null); }
+        try
+        {
+            Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene));
+            draw.V2 = 12; layer.Generation = 2;
+            scene.Header.Revision = 2; scene.Header.BaseRevision = 1; scene.Header.Flags = 0;
+            using (var abandoned = renderer.PrepareCanvasLayers(&scene))
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(abandoned);
+                Render();
+                Assert.Equal(SKColors.Black, bitmap.GetPixel(2, 5));
+                Assert.Equal(SKColors.White, bitmap.GetPixel(8, 5));
+            }
+            Render();
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.White, bitmap.GetPixel(8, 5));
+            using (var prepared = renderer.PrepareCanvasLayers(&scene))
+                Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, prepared: prepared));
+            Render();
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Black, bitmap.GetPixel(8, 5));
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.White, bitmap.GetPixel(15, 5));
+        }
+        finally { renderer.Reset(); }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void StalePreparedCanvasFallsBackAndCanvasDependenciesStaySynchronous()
+    {
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer();
+        var draw = new NativeCanvasCommand { Kind = 22, V2 = 4, V3 = 10 };
+        var layer = new NativeCanvasLayer { NodeId = 7, Flags = 1, CommandCount = 1,
+            Width = 20, Height = 10, BitmapWidth = 20, BitmapHeight = 10, Generation = 1 };
+        var scene = new NativeSceneView { StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeSceneView), AbiVersion = 2,
+            CanvasLayers = &layer, CanvasCommands = &draw, CanvasCommandCount = 1,
+            Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = 1, Flags = 1, CanvasLayerCount = 1, ViewportWidth = 20, ViewportHeight = 10 } };
+        try
+        {
+            using var prepared = renderer.PrepareCanvasLayers(&scene);
+            Assert.NotNull(prepared);
+            draw.V2 = 12; scene.Header.Revision = 2;
+            Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, prepared: prepared));
+            using var bitmap = new SKBitmap(20, 10);
+            using var canvas = new SKCanvas(bitmap);
+            canvas.Clear(SKColors.White);
+            renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 20, 10, null);
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Black, bitmap.GetPixel(8, 5));
+            draw.Kind = 27;
+            Assert.Null(renderer.PrepareCanvasLayers(&scene));
+        }
+        finally { renderer.Reset(); }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReplacementReusesUnchangedPicturesAndInvalidatesChangedCommands()
+    {
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer();
+        var command = new SceneCommand { Kind = 1, Width = 20, Height = 10, Rgba = 0xff0000ff };
+        var scene = new NativeSceneView { Commands = &command,
+            Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = 1, Flags = 3, CommandCount = 1, ViewportWidth = 20, ViewportHeight = 10 } };
+        using var pixels = new SKBitmap(20, 10);
+        using var canvas = new SKCanvas(pixels);
+        try
+        {
+            Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, true));
+            for (ulong revision = 2; revision <= 4; revision++)
+            {
+                scene.Header.BaseRevision = revision - 1;
+                scene.Header.Revision = revision;
+                scene.Header.Flags = 2;
+                Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, true));
+                renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 20, 10, null, (_, _) => throw new InvalidOperationException("Unexpected image"));
+                Assert.Equal(SKColors.Red, pixels.GetPixel(5, 5));
+            }
+            Assert.Equal(3, renderer.ReusedDomPictureCount);
+            command.Rgba = 0x0000ffff;
+            scene.Header.BaseRevision = 4;
+            scene.Header.Revision = 5;
+            Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, true));
+            renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 20, 10, null, (_, _) => throw new InvalidOperationException("Unexpected image"));
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Blue, pixels.GetPixel(5, 5));
+            Assert.Equal(3, renderer.ReusedDomPictureCount);
+        }
+        finally { renderer.Reset(); }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void PictureReuseChecksResourceContentsAndNewWebFonts()
+    {
+        using var registry = new NativeTextShaping.WebTypefaceRegistry();
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer();
+        renderer.SetWebTypefaceRegistry(registry);
+        var bytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("20\t24\t400\tleft\tPictureCacheFixture\tauto\tAAA");
+        fixed (byte* data = bytes)
+        {
+            var resource = new NativeSceneString { ByteLength = (uint)bytes.Length };
+            var command = new SceneCommand { Kind = 3, X = 2, Y = 2, Width = 120, Height = 28, Rgba = 0x000000ff };
+            var scene = new NativeSceneView { Commands = &command, Strings = &resource,
+                StringCount = 1, StringBytes = data, StringByteCount = (uint)bytes.Length,
+                Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = 1, Flags = 3, CommandCount = 1, ViewportWidth = 128, ViewportHeight = 40 } };
+            using var bitmap = new SKBitmap(128, 40);
+            using var canvas = new SKCanvas(bitmap);
+            try
+            {
+                Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, true));
+                canvas.Clear(SKColors.White);
+                renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 128, 40, null, (_, _) => { });
+                var original = bitmap.Pixels;
+                bytes[^1] = bytes[^2] = bytes[^3] = (byte)'W';
+                scene.Header.Flags = 2; scene.Header.BaseRevision = 1; scene.Header.Revision = 2;
+                Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, true));
+                canvas.Clear(SKColors.White);
+                renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 128, 40, null, (_, _) => { });
+                Assert.False(original.SequenceEqual(bitmap.Pixels));
+                Assert.Equal(0, renderer.ReusedDomPictureCount);
+
+                var root = new DirectoryInfo(AppContext.BaseDirectory);
+                while (root is not null && !File.Exists(Path.Combine(root.FullName, "tests/Fonts/Roboto/Roboto-400.ttf")))
+                    root = root.Parent;
+                Assert.NotNull(root);
+                Assert.True(registry.Register("PictureCacheFixture",
+                    File.ReadAllBytes(Path.Combine(root.FullName, "tests/Fonts/Roboto/Roboto-400.ttf"))));
+                original = bitmap.Pixels;
+                scene.Header.BaseRevision = 2; scene.Header.Revision = 3;
+                Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, true));
+                canvas.Clear(SKColors.White);
+                renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 128, 40, null, (_, _) => { });
+                Assert.False(original.SequenceEqual(bitmap.Pixels));
+                Assert.Equal(0, renderer.ReusedDomPictureCount);
+            }
+            finally { renderer.Reset(); }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void OrderedReplayPreservesInterleavingAndUpdatesImagesWithoutRecompilingDom()
+    {
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer();
+        var commands = stackalloc SceneCommand[] {
+            new() { Kind = 1, Width = 20, Height = 10, Rgba = 0x0000ffff },
+            new() { Kind = 12, X = 2, Width = 16, Height = 10 },
+            new() { Kind = 30, Rgba = 128 },
+            new() { Kind = 256, Width = 12, Height = 10, Rgba = 0 },
+            new() { Kind = 31 }, new() { Kind = 13 },
+            new() { Kind = 9, X = 6, Width = 4, Height = 10, Rgba = 0xffff00ff },
+            new() { Kind = 256, X = 14, Width = 6, Height = 10, Rgba = 1 }
+        };
+        var scene = new NativeSceneView { Commands = commands,
+            Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = 1, Flags = 3, CommandCount = 8, ViewportWidth = 20, ViewportHeight = 10 } };
+        try
+        {
+            Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, orderedGpuImages: true));
+            using var pixels = new SKBitmap(20, 10);
+            using var canvas = new SKCanvas(pixels);
+            foreach (var foreground in new[] { SKColors.Green, SKColors.White })
+            {
+                var originalSaveCount = canvas.SaveCount;
+                renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 20, 10, null, (slot, rect) =>
+                {
+                    using var paint = new SKPaint { Color = slot == 0 ? SKColors.Red : foreground };
+                    canvas.DrawRect(rect, paint);
+                });
+                Assert.Equal(originalSaveCount, canvas.SaveCount);
+                Assert.Equal(SKColors.Blue, pixels.GetPixel(0, 5));
+                var blended = pixels.GetPixel(3, 5);
+                Assert.InRange((int)blended.Red, 127, 129);
+                Assert.InRange((int)blended.Blue, 126, 128);
+                Assert.Equal(SKColors.Yellow, pixels.GetPixel(7, 5));
+                Assert.Equal(foreground, pixels.GetPixel(16, 5));
+            }
+        }
+        finally { renderer.Reset(); }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void OrderedGpuTransformAndFailedDrawRestoreHostState()
+    {
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer();
+        var commands = stackalloc SceneCommand[] {
+            new() { Kind = 15, Width = 2, Height = 2 },
+            new() { Kind = 256, X = 2, Y = 2, Width = 3, Height = 3 },
+            new() { Kind = 16 }
+        };
+        var scene = new NativeSceneView { Commands = commands,
+            Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = 1, Flags = 3, CommandCount = 3, ViewportWidth = 20, ViewportHeight = 20 } };
+        try
+        {
+            Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, orderedGpuImages: true));
+            using var bitmap = new SKBitmap(20, 20);
+            using var canvas = new SKCanvas(bitmap);
+            canvas.Clear(SKColors.Blue);
+            var save = canvas.SaveCount;
+            var matrix = canvas.TotalMatrix;
+            renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 20, 20, null, (_, rect) =>
+            {
+                using var paint = new SKPaint { Color = SKColors.Red };
+                canvas.DrawRect(rect, paint);
+            });
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Red, bitmap.GetPixel(5, 5));
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Blue, bitmap.GetPixel(2, 2));
+            Assert.Throws<ApplicationException>(() => renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 20, 20, null,
+                (_, _) => throw new ApplicationException("Image unavailable")));
+            Assert.Equal(save, canvas.SaveCount);
+            Assert.Equal(matrix, canvas.TotalMatrix);
+            commands[2].Kind = 13; // A clip pop cannot close the scale scope.
+            Assert.False(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, orderedGpuImages: true));
+        }
+        finally { renderer.Reset(); }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void CanvasLayerSlotsInterleaveWithGpuAndKeepIncrementalPlacement()
+    {
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer();
+        var commands = stackalloc SceneCommand[] {
+            new() { Kind = 256, Width = 20, Height = 10, Rgba = 0 },
+            new() { Kind = 257, NodeId = 7 },
+            new() { Kind = 256, X = 8, Width = 4, Height = 10, Rgba = 1 },
+            new() { Kind = 9, X = 14, Width = 3, Height = 10, Rgba = 0xffff00ff }
+        };
+        var canvasCommand = new NativeCanvasCommand { Kind = 22, V2 = 8, V3 = 10 };
+        var layer = new NativeCanvasLayer { NodeId = 7, Flags = 1, CommandCount = 1,
+            X = 4, Width = 8, Height = 10, BitmapWidth = 8, BitmapHeight = 10, Generation = 1 };
+        var scene = new NativeSceneView { Commands = commands, CanvasLayers = &layer,
+            CanvasCommands = &canvasCommand, CanvasCommandCount = 1,
+            Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = 1, Flags = 3, CommandCount = 4,
+                CanvasLayerCount = 1, ViewportWidth = 20, ViewportHeight = 10 } };
+        try
+        {
+            Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, orderedGpuImages: true));
+            using var bitmap = new SKBitmap(20, 10);
+            using var canvas = new SKCanvas(bitmap);
+            void Draw() => renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 20, 10, null, (slot, rect) =>
+            {
+                using var paint = new SKPaint { Color = slot == 0 ? SKColors.Red : SKColors.Green };
+                canvas.DrawRect(rect, paint);
+            });
+            Draw();
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Red, bitmap.GetPixel(1, 5));
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Black, bitmap.GetPixel(5, 5));
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Green, bitmap.GetPixel(9, 5));
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Yellow, bitmap.GetPixel(15, 5));
+            // Change only the layer layout; retain the compiled DOM/GPU paint slots.
+            layer.X = 2; layer.Width = 4; layer.Generation = 2;
+            scene.Header.Flags = 0; scene.Header.Revision = 2; scene.Header.BaseRevision = 1;
+            scene.Header.CommandCount = 0;
+            Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, orderedGpuImages: true));
+            Draw();
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Black, bitmap.GetPixel(3, 5));
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Red, bitmap.GetPixel(7, 5));
+            // Removing the layer while leaving a live marker is rejected atomically.
+            layer.Flags = 2; scene.Header.Revision = 3; scene.Header.BaseRevision = 2;
+            Assert.False(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, orderedGpuImages: true));
+            Draw();
+            Assert.Equal(SKColors.Black, bitmap.GetPixel(3, 5));
+        }
+        finally { renderer.Reset(); }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TextAcrossGpuBoundaryMatchesUnsegmentedReplayAfterCompilation()
+    {
+        var bytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("16\t20\t400\tleft\tsans-serif\tauto\tKestrel 0123");
+        fixed (byte* data = bytes)
+        {
+            var resource = new NativeSceneString { ByteLength = (uint)bytes.Length };
+            var commands = stackalloc SceneCommand[] {
+                new() { Kind = 3, X = 2, Y = 2, Width = 120, Height = 24, Rgba = 0x000000ff },
+                new() { Kind = 256 }, // Separates pictures without painting pixels.
+                new() { Kind = 3, X = 2, Y = 30, Width = 120, Height = 24, Rgba = 0x000000ff }
+            };
+            var scene = new NativeSceneView { Commands = commands, Strings = &resource,
+                StringCount = 1, StringBytes = data, StringByteCount = (uint)bytes.Length,
+                Header = new SceneHeader { Revision = 1, Flags = 3, CommandCount = 3,
+                    ViewportWidth = 128, ViewportHeight = 60 } };
+            using var segmented = new SKBitmap(128, 60);
+            using var reference = new SKBitmap(128, 60);
+            var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer();
+            try
+            {
+                Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, orderedGpuImages: true));
+                // All compilation shapers have been disposed before replay.
+                using (var canvas = new SKCanvas(segmented))
+                {
+                    canvas.Clear(SKColors.White);
+                    renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 128, 60, null, (_, _) => { });
+                }
+                commands[1].Kind = 0;
+                scene.Header.Revision = 2;
+                Assert.True(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, orderedGpuImages: true));
+                using (var canvas = new SKCanvas(reference))
+                {
+                    canvas.Clear(SKColors.White);
+                    renderer.RenderRetained(canvas, 128, 60, null, (_, _) => { });
+                }
+                var ink = 0;
+                for (var y = 0; y < 60; ++y)
+                    for (var x = 0; x < 128; ++x)
+                    {
+                        Assert.Equal(reference.GetPixel(x, y), segmented.GetPixel(x, y));
+                        if (segmented.GetPixel(x, y) != SKColors.White) ++ink;
+                    }
+                Assert.True(ink > 100, "Both comparisons must contain rendered glyphs.");
+            }
+            finally { renderer.Reset(); }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void OrderedModeRejectsUnplacedLegacyCanvasLayers()
+    {
+        var renderer = new NativeCanvasSceneRenderer();
+        var scene = new NativeSceneView { Header = new SceneHeader { Flags = 3, CanvasLayerCount = 1 } };
+        Assert.False(renderer.ApplyDiff(&scene, orderedGpuImages: true));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativePerformanceInstrumentationTests.cs b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativePerformanceInstrumentationTests.cs
index b65323411..97a65fa7b 100644
--- a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativePerformanceInstrumentationTests.cs
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativePerformanceInstrumentationTests.cs
@@ -16,12 +16,14 @@ public void DisabledInstrumentationRetainsOnlyFunctionalRenderState()
             ViewportHeight = 480
         };
 
+        observer.RecordScheduling("frame", 2, 7, false);
         observer.RecordPresented();
         observer.RecordRendered(header);
 
         Assert.False(instrumentation.IsEnabled);
         Assert.Equal(1, observer.RenderedSceneCount);
         Assert.NotEqual(0, observer.FirstRenderedSceneTimestamp);
+        Assert.Empty(observer.SchedulingSamples);
         Assert.Empty(observer.Presentations);
         Assert.Empty(observer.RenderedScenes);
         Assert.Empty(observer.RenderedViewportHeights);
@@ -43,6 +45,12 @@ public void EnablingInstrumentationCapturesBoundedPresenterDetails()
         observer.RecordPresented();
         observer.RecordRendered(header);
 
+        for (var i = 0; i < 4100; ++i)
+            observer.RecordScheduling("frame", i % 3, (ulong)i, false);
+        Assert.Equal(4096, observer.SchedulingSamples.Length);
+        Assert.Equal(4UL, observer.SchedulingSamples[0].Revision);
+        Assert.Equal(4099UL, observer.SchedulingSamples[^1].Revision);
+
         Assert.True(instrumentation.IsEnabled);
         Assert.Single(observer.Presentations);
         var rendered = Assert.Single(observer.RenderedScenes);
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeResourceBridgeTests.cs b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeResourceBridgeTests.cs
index 7ad44d6b9..ba4dafa7c 100644
--- a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeResourceBridgeTests.cs
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeResourceBridgeTests.cs
@@ -9,6 +9,29 @@ namespace WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests;
 
 public sealed unsafe class NativeResourceBridgeTests
 {
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(false)]
+    [InlineData(true)]
+    public void BinaryResourceBytesSurviveEnvelopeWithoutTextConversion(bool empty)
+    {
+        byte[] payload = empty ? [] : [0, 255, 128, 195, 40, 65];
+        using var bridge = CreateBridge(new BinaryLoader(payload));
+        var required = bridge.Copy(4, "https://example.test/media.wav", null, 0, IntPtr.Zero, 0);
+        var destination = NativeMemory.Alloc(required);
+        try
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(required, bridge.Copy(4, "https://example.test/media.wav", null, 0, (IntPtr)destination, required));
+            Assert.Equal(payload, new ReadOnlySpan<byte>((byte*)destination + 22, (int)required - 22).ToArray());
+        }
+        finally { NativeMemory.Free(destination); }
+    }
+    private sealed class BinaryLoader(byte[] bytes) : IWebSceneResourceLoader
+    {
+        public WebSceneTextResource LoadText(in WebSceneResourceRequest request)
+            => new(request.Specifier, "This textual value must not replace binary bytes", request.Specifier, null)
+            { BinaryContent = bytes };
+    }
+
     [Theory]
     [InlineData("http", 503)]
     [InlineData("timeout", 0)]
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeSceneCaptureTests.cs b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeSceneCaptureTests.cs
index bc0d820e1..dd69f4a31 100644
--- a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeSceneCaptureTests.cs
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeSceneCaptureTests.cs
@@ -277,6 +277,25 @@ public unsafe void SvgBlobImageDrawsIntoDetachedExportCanvas()
         }
     }
 
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(false)]
+    [InlineData(true)]
+    public void StoppedCompositionIgnoresQueuedEngineMessages(bool revokeBeforeStop)
+    {
+        var instrumentation = new NativePerformanceInstrumentation();
+        var handler = new NativeSceneCompositionHandler(
+            IntPtr.Zero, new NativeSceneRenderObserver(instrumentation),
+            new NativeScenePublicationMailbox(), new NativeSceneUiWakeGate(),
+            instrumentation, static () => throw new InvalidOperationException("Stopped handler woke the UI"), 1);
+        if (revokeBeforeStop) handler.RevokeEngineAccess();
+        else handler.OnMessage(NativeSceneCompositionMessage.Stop);
+        // No native engine or attached compositor exists: any resumed work is invalid.
+        foreach (var message in Enum.GetValues<NativeSceneCompositionMessage>())
+            handler.OnMessage(message);
+        handler.OnAnimationFrameUpdate();
+        handler.OnRender(null!); // A late render must return before using engine/context.
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task CompositionCaptureCompletesFromRetainedRendererWithoutDrivingSceneLane()
     {
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeSceneDamagePolicyTests.cs b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeSceneDamagePolicyTests.cs
index 8a2a028c6..abfd5cb0f 100644
--- a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeSceneDamagePolicyTests.cs
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/NativeSceneDamagePolicyTests.cs
@@ -6,6 +6,40 @@ namespace WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests;
 
 public sealed class NativeSceneDamagePolicyTests
 {
+    [Fact]
+    public void CoalescedScenesInvalidateBothSeparatedChanges()
+    {
+        var first = new NativeSceneDamage(true, false, new Rect(10, 20, 30, 40), 1, 1200);
+        var following = new NativeSceneDamage(true, false, new Rect(200, 100, 20, 10), 1, 200);
+        var combined = first.Combine(following);
+        Assert.True(combined.RequiresRender);
+        Assert.False(combined.IsFull);
+        Assert.Equal(new Rect(10, 20, 210, 90), combined.Bounds);
+        Assert.Equal(2, combined.RectangleCount);
+        Assert.Equal(1400, combined.SummedArea);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void UnchangedFollowingSceneCannotEraseEarlierDamage()
+    {
+        var changed = new NativeSceneDamage(true, false, new Rect(80, 90, 10, 20), 1, 200);
+        Assert.Equal(changed, changed.Combine(NativeSceneDamage.None));
+        Assert.Equal(changed, NativeSceneDamage.None.Combine(changed));
+        Assert.Equal(NativeSceneDamage.None, NativeSceneDamage.None.Combine(NativeSceneDamage.None));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(true)]
+    [InlineData(false)]
+    public void FullDamageSurvivesEitherSceneOrder(bool fullFirst)
+    {
+        var full = new NativeSceneDamage(true, true, default, 0, 0);
+        var local = new NativeSceneDamage(true, false, new Rect(80, 90, 10, 20), 1, 200);
+        var combined = fullFirst ? full.Combine(local) : local.Combine(full);
+        Assert.True(combined.RequiresRender);
+        Assert.True(combined.IsFull);
+    }
+
     private const uint SceneCheckpoint = 1;
     private const uint SceneDomReplacement = 2;
 
diff --git a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests.csproj b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests.csproj
index f33d36e78..86629f33b 100644
--- a/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests.csproj
+++ b/tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests/WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.Tests.csproj
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="../../experiments/WebScene.GpuHost.Probe/KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.cs" Link="Probe/KestrelDragWorkloadValidator.cs" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\..\src\WebScene.Core\WebScene.Core.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\..\src\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia\WebScene.Backend.Avalonia.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\..\src\WebScene.Diagnostics.Cdp\WebScene.Diagnostics.Cdp.csproj" />
diff --git a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/README.md b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/README.md
index 6eb8efaee..c20bb6947 100644
--- a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/README.md
+++ b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/README.md
@@ -18,3 +18,7 @@ normal native build does not require Node, npm, a network connection, `@webref/i
 Generation dependencies are pinned by `package-lock.json`: `@webref/idl` 3.82.1 is MIT
 licensed and `webidl2` 24.5.0 uses the W3C software/document license. They are development
 tools and are not linked, copied, or packaged with the WebScene runtime.
+
+The generate/check scripts also produce and verify the native WebGPU feature-name
+catalog from the SHA256-pinned `webgpu.idl` contract. Its explicit Dawn enum mapping
+excludes native extensions; updating the IDL pin requires reviewing that mapping.
diff --git a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/dom-exposure.json b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/dom-exposure.json
index 088601bed..40e4e2e33 100644
--- a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/dom-exposure.json
+++ b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/dom-exposure.json
@@ -218,6 +218,17 @@
       ],
       "constants": []
     },
+    {
+      "name": "SVGElement",
+      "template": "svg_element_template",
+      "constructor": "illegal_dom_constructor",
+      "parent": "Element",
+      "attributes": [
+        { "name": "style", "getter": "get_style" }
+      ],
+      "methods": [],
+      "constants": []
+    },
     {
       "name": "HTMLElement",
       "template": "html_element_template",
@@ -226,6 +237,7 @@
       "attributes": [
         { "name": "style", "getter": "get_style" },
         { "name": "dataset", "getter": "get_dataset" },
+        { "name": "inert", "getter": "get_inert", "setter": "set_inert" },
         { "name": "innerText", "getter": "get_inner_text", "setter": "set_text_content" },
         { "name": "content", "getter": "get_template_content" },
         { "name": "clientWidth", "getter": "get_client_width" },
@@ -305,6 +317,23 @@
       "methods": [],
       "constants": []
     },
+    {
+      "name": "HTMLDialogElement",
+      "template": "html_dialog_element_template",
+      "constructor": "illegal_dom_constructor",
+      "parent": "HTMLElement",
+      "attributes": [
+        { "name": "open", "getter": "get_dialog_open", "setter": "set_dialog_open" },
+        { "name": "returnValue", "getter": "get_dialog_return_value", "setter": "set_dialog_return_value" }
+      ],
+      "methods": [
+        { "name": "show", "callback": "dialog_show", "length": 0 },
+        { "name": "showModal", "callback": "dialog_show_modal", "length": 0 },
+        { "name": "close", "callback": "dialog_close", "length": 0 },
+        { "name": "requestClose", "callback": "dialog_request_close", "length": 0 }
+      ],
+      "constants": []
+    },
     {
       "name": "HTMLFormElement",
       "template": "html_form_element_template",
@@ -373,7 +402,6 @@
     "HTMLImageElement": "HTMLElement",
     "HTMLInputElement": "HTMLElement",
     "HTMLParagraphElement": "HTMLElement",
-    "SVGElement": "Element",
     "Window": "EventTarget"
   }
 }
diff --git a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-features.mjs b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-features.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b003c8aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-features.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import {fileURLToPath} from 'node:url';
+import crypto from 'node:crypto';
+import * as webidl from 'webidl2';
+const root=path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)),'../..');
+const contract=JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(path.join(root,'docs/graphics/webgpu-v8-contract.json'),'utf8'));
+const source=fs.readFileSync(new URL('./node_modules/@webref/idl/webgpu.idl',import.meta.url),'utf8');
+if(crypto.createHash('sha256').update(source).digest('hex')!==contract.sha256) throw new Error('WebGPU IDL pin mismatch');
+const names=webidl.parse(source).find(x=>x.type==='enum'&&x.name==='GPUFeatureName').values.map(x=>x.value);
+// Explicit spellings keep acronym changes and new IDL values reviewable.
+const native=['CoreFeaturesAndLimits','DepthClipControl','Depth32FloatStencil8','TextureCompressionBC','TextureCompressionBCSliced3D','TextureCompressionETC2','TextureCompressionASTC','TextureCompressionASTCSliced3D','TimestampQuery','IndirectFirstInstance','ShaderF16','RG11B10UfloatRenderable','BGRA8UnormStorage','Float32Filterable','Float32Blendable','ClipDistances','DualSourceBlending','Subgroups','TextureFormatsTier1','TextureFormatsTier2','PrimitiveIndex','TextureComponentSwizzle','SubgroupSizeControl'];
+if(names.length!==native.length) throw new Error('GPUFeatureName mapping requires review');
+const output=`// Generated by tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-features.mjs.
+// @webref/idl ${contract.version}; webgpu.idl SHA256 ${contract.sha256}
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_feature_name { std::string_view name; wgpu::FeatureName native; };
+inline constexpr std::array<webgpu_feature_name,${names.length}> webgpu_feature_names{{
+${names.map((name,i)=>`    {"${name}",wgpu::FeatureName::${native[i]}},`).join('\n')}
+}};
+inline std::optional<wgpu::FeatureName> webgpu_feature_from_name(std::string_view name) {
+    for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names) if (feature.name==name) return feature.native;
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+inline std::optional<std::string_view> webgpu_feature_to_name(wgpu::FeatureName native) {
+    for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names) if (feature.native==native) return feature.name;
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+// Both Adapter and Device implement HasFeature. Device features are the enabled
+// subset, not the adapter's full capabilities. Never enumerate native extensions
+// into the browser surface, even when the host enables them for shared images.
+template<class Source> std::vector<std::string_view> webgpu_supported_feature_names(const Source& source) {
+    if (!source) throw std::invalid_argument("WebGPU feature source is null");
+    std::vector<std::string_view> result;
+    for (const auto& feature:webgpu_feature_names)
+        if (source.HasFeature(feature.native)) result.push_back(feature.name);
+    return result;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+`;
+const destination=path.join(root,'experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_feature_names.h');
+if(process.argv.includes('--check')) {
+    if(!fs.existsSync(destination)||fs.readFileSync(destination,'utf8')!==output) throw new Error('WebGPU feature catalog is stale');
+} else fs.writeFileSync(destination,output);
diff --git a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-limits.mjs b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-limits.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e24a7b077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-limits.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import {fileURLToPath} from 'node:url';
+import crypto from 'node:crypto';
+import * as webidl from 'webidl2';
+const root=path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)),'../..');
+const contract=JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(path.join(root,'docs/graphics/webgpu-v8-contract.json'),'utf8'));
+const source=fs.readFileSync(new URL('./node_modules/@webref/idl/webgpu.idl',import.meta.url),'utf8');
+if(crypto.createHash('sha256').update(source).digest('hex')!==contract.sha256) throw new Error('WebGPU IDL pin mismatch');
+const members=webidl.parse(source).find(x=>x.type==='interface'&&x.name==='GPUSupportedLimits').members;
+for(const member of members) if(member.type!=='attribute'||!member.readonly||!['unsigned long','unsigned long long'].includes(member.idlType.idlType)) throw new Error('Supported limit mapping requires review');
+const compatibility=new Set(["maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage","maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage","maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage","maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage"]);
+const output=`// Generated by tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-limits.mjs.
+// @webref/idl ${contract.version}; webgpu.idl SHA256 ${contract.sha256}
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <variant>
+#include <limits>
+#include <type_traits>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+struct webgpu_limit_name {
+    std::u16string_view name;
+    std::variant<uint32_t wgpu::Limits::*,uint64_t wgpu::Limits::*,uint32_t wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::*> member;
+    uint64_t read(const wgpu::Limits& limits,const wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits& compatibility) const {
+        return std::visit([&](auto field) {
+            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<decltype(field),uint32_t wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::*>) return uint64_t(compatibility.*field);
+            else return uint64_t(limits.*field);
+        },member);
+    }
+    // Reject values that cannot be represented, including Dawn's undefined
+    // sentinel. Never let a requested integer silently become an omitted limit.
+    bool write(wgpu::Limits& limits,wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits& compatibility,uint64_t value) const {
+        return std::visit([&](auto field) {
+            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<decltype(field),uint32_t wgpu::CompatibilityModeLimits::*>) {
+                if (value>=UINT32_MAX) return false;
+                compatibility.*field=static_cast<uint32_t>(value); return true;
+            } else {
+                using T=std::remove_reference_t<decltype(limits.*field)>;
+                if (value>=std::numeric_limits<T>::max()) return false;
+                limits.*field=static_cast<T>(value); return true;
+            }
+        },member);
+    }
+};
+inline const std::array<webgpu_limit_name,${members.length}> webgpu_limit_names{{
+${members.map(x=>`    {u"${x.name}",&wgpu::${compatibility.has(x.name)?"CompatibilityModeLimits":"Limits"}::${x.name}},`).join('\n')}
+}};
+inline const webgpu_limit_name* webgpu_limit_from_name(std::u16string_view name) {
+    for (const auto& limit:webgpu_limit_names) if (limit.name==name) return &limit;
+    return nullptr;
+}
+} // namespace webscene::graphics
+`;
+const destination=path.join(root,'experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_limit_names.h');
+if(process.argv.includes('--check')) {
+    if(!fs.existsSync(destination)||fs.readFileSync(destination,'utf8')!==output) throw new Error('WebGPU limit catalog is stale');
+} else fs.writeFileSync(destination,output);
diff --git a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-render-enums.mjs b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-render-enums.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..561fef2c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-render-enums.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import {fileURLToPath} from 'node:url';
+import crypto from 'node:crypto';
+import * as webidl from 'webidl2';
+const root=path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)),'../..');
+const contract=JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(path.join(root,'docs/graphics/webgpu-v8-contract.json'),'utf8'));
+const source=fs.readFileSync(new URL('./node_modules/@webref/idl/webgpu.idl',import.meta.url),'utf8');
+if(crypto.createHash('sha256').update(source).digest('hex')!==contract.sha256)throw new Error('WebGPU IDL pin mismatch');
+const idl=webidl.parse(source);
+// Explicit reviewed native spellings; never expose Dawn-only enum values.
+const mappings=JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(new URL('./webgpu-render-enums.json',import.meta.url),'utf8'));
+let output=`// Generated by tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate-webgpu-render-enums.mjs.
+// @webref/idl ${contract.version}; SHA256 ${contract.sha256}
+#pragma once
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
+namespace webscene::graphics {
+template<class Native> struct webgpu_enum_names;
+`;
+for(const [name,mapping] of Object.entries(mappings)) {
+ const values=idl.find(x=>x.type==='enum'&&x.name==='GPU'+name).values.map(x=>x.value);
+ if(JSON.stringify(values)!==JSON.stringify(Object.keys(mapping)))throw new Error(`${name} mapping requires review`);
+ output+=`template<> struct webgpu_enum_names<wgpu::${name}> {
+    static inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<std::string_view,wgpu::${name}>,${values.length}> values{{
+${values.map(value=>`        {"${value}",wgpu::${name}::${mapping[value]}},`).join('\n')}
+    }};
+};
+`;
+}
+output+='} // namespace webscene::graphics\n';
+const destination=path.join(root,'experiments/WebScene.NativeEngine.Probe/native/graphics/webgpu_render_enums.h');
+if(process.argv.includes('--check')) {
+ if(!fs.existsSync(destination)||fs.readFileSync(destination,'utf8')!==output)throw new Error('WebGPU render enum catalog is stale');
+}else fs.writeFileSync(destination,output);
diff --git a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate.mjs b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate.mjs
index 1254d7d68..dce355ad7 100644
--- a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate.mjs
+++ b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/generate.mjs
@@ -113,9 +113,15 @@ line("static std::optional<uint32_t> generated_standalone_event_target_id(");
 line("    v8::Isolate* isolate,");
 line("    v8::Local<v8::Object> receiver)");
 line("{");
+line("    if (receiver.IsEmpty()) return std::nullopt;");
+line("    v8::Local<v8::Value> identity;");
+line("    auto key = v8::Private::ForApi(isolate, js_string(isolate, \"WebScene.EventTarget.identity\"));");
+line("    if (receiver->GetPrivate(isolate->GetCurrentContext(), key).ToLocal(&identity) && identity->IsUint32())");
+line("        return identity.As<v8::Uint32>()->Value();");
 line("    if (receiver.IsEmpty() || receiver->InternalFieldCount() < 2) {");
 line("        return std::nullopt;");
 line("    }");
+line("    if (!receiver->GetInternalField(1)->IsValue()) return std::nullopt;");
 line("    auto value = receiver->GetInternalField(1).As<v8::Value>();");
 line("    if (!value->IsUint32()) return std::nullopt;");
 line("    return value->Uint32Value(isolate->GetCurrentContext()).FromMaybe(0U);");
@@ -180,6 +186,9 @@ for (const value of manifest.interfaces) {
   line(`    auto ${local} = v8::FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, ${value.constructor});`);
   line(`    ${local}->SetClassName(js_string(isolate, \"${value.name}\"));`);
   line(`    ${local}->SetInterfaceName(js_string(isolate, \"${value.name}\"));`);
+  line(`    ${local}->PrototypeTemplate()->Set(`);
+  line(`        v8::Symbol::GetToStringTag(isolate), js_string(isolate, "${value.name}"),`);
+  line(`        static_cast<v8::PropertyAttribute>(v8::ReadOnly | v8::DontEnum));`);
   if (value.parent) {
     line(`    ${local}->Inherit(generated_${safe(value.parent)}_template);`);
   }
diff --git a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/package.json b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/package.json
index 86def9b04..48c7d7df4 100644
--- a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/package.json
+++ b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/package.json
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
   "private": true,
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
-    "generate": "node generate.mjs",
-    "check": "node generate.mjs --check"
+    "generate": "node generate.mjs && node generate-webgpu-features.mjs && node generate-webgpu-limits.mjs && node generate-webgpu-render-enums.mjs",
+    "check": "node generate.mjs --check && node generate-webgpu-features.mjs --check && node generate-webgpu-limits.mjs --check && node generate-webgpu-render-enums.mjs --check"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@webref/idl": "3.82.1",
diff --git a/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/webgpu-render-enums.json b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/webgpu-render-enums.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76bc83c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/webidl-v8-bindings/webgpu-render-enums.json
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+{
+  "PrimitiveTopology": {
+    "point-list": "PointList",
+    "line-list": "LineList",
+    "line-strip": "LineStrip",
+    "triangle-list": "TriangleList",
+    "triangle-strip": "TriangleStrip"
+  },
+  "IndexFormat": {
+    "uint16": "Uint16",
+    "uint32": "Uint32"
+  },
+  "FrontFace": {
+    "ccw": "CCW",
+    "cw": "CW"
+  },
+  "CullMode": {
+    "none": "None",
+    "front": "Front",
+    "back": "Back"
+  },
+  "BlendFactor": {
+    "zero": "Zero",
+    "one": "One",
+    "src": "Src",
+    "one-minus-src": "OneMinusSrc",
+    "src-alpha": "SrcAlpha",
+    "one-minus-src-alpha": "OneMinusSrcAlpha",
+    "dst": "Dst",
+    "one-minus-dst": "OneMinusDst",
+    "dst-alpha": "DstAlpha",
+    "one-minus-dst-alpha": "OneMinusDstAlpha",
+    "src-alpha-saturated": "SrcAlphaSaturated",
+    "constant": "Constant",
+    "one-minus-constant": "OneMinusConstant",
+    "src1": "Src1",
+    "one-minus-src1": "OneMinusSrc1",
+    "src1-alpha": "Src1Alpha",
+    "one-minus-src1-alpha": "OneMinusSrc1Alpha"
+  },
+  "BlendOperation": {
+    "add": "Add",
+    "subtract": "Subtract",
+    "reverse-subtract": "ReverseSubtract",
+    "min": "Min",
+    "max": "Max"
+  },
+  "StencilOperation": {
+    "keep": "Keep",
+    "zero": "Zero",
+    "replace": "Replace",
+    "invert": "Invert",
+    "increment-clamp": "IncrementClamp",
+    "decrement-clamp": "DecrementClamp",
+    "increment-wrap": "IncrementWrap",
+    "decrement-wrap": "DecrementWrap"
+  },
+  "CompareFunction": {
+    "never": "Never",
+    "less": "Less",
+    "equal": "Equal",
+    "less-equal": "LessEqual",
+    "greater": "Greater",
+    "not-equal": "NotEqual",
+    "greater-equal": "GreaterEqual",
+    "always": "Always"
+  },
+  "TextureFormat": {
+    "r8unorm": "R8Unorm",
+    "r8snorm": "R8Snorm",
+    "r8uint": "R8Uint",
+    "r8sint": "R8Sint",
+    "r16unorm": "R16Unorm",
+    "r16snorm": "R16Snorm",
+    "r16uint": "R16Uint",
+    "r16sint": "R16Sint",
+    "r16float": "R16Float",
+    "rg8unorm": "RG8Unorm",
+    "rg8snorm": "RG8Snorm",
+    "rg8uint": "RG8Uint",
+    "rg8sint": "RG8Sint",
+    "r32uint": "R32Uint",
+    "r32sint": "R32Sint",
+    "r32float": "R32Float",
+    "rg16unorm": "RG16Unorm",
+    "rg16snorm": "RG16Snorm",
+    "rg16uint": "RG16Uint",
+    "rg16sint": "RG16Sint",
+    "rg16float": "RG16Float",
+    "rgba8unorm": "RGBA8Unorm",
+    "rgba8unorm-srgb": "RGBA8UnormSrgb",
+    "rgba8snorm": "RGBA8Snorm",
+    "rgba8uint": "RGBA8Uint",
+    "rgba8sint": "RGBA8Sint",
+    "bgra8unorm": "BGRA8Unorm",
+    "bgra8unorm-srgb": "BGRA8UnormSrgb",
+    "rgb9e5ufloat": "RGB9E5Ufloat",
+    "rgb10a2uint": "RGB10A2Uint",
+    "rgb10a2unorm": "RGB10A2Unorm",
+    "rg11b10ufloat": "RG11B10Ufloat",
+    "rg32uint": "RG32Uint",
+    "rg32sint": "RG32Sint",
+    "rg32float": "RG32Float",
+    "rgba16unorm": "RGBA16Unorm",
+    "rgba16snorm": "RGBA16Snorm",
+    "rgba16uint": "RGBA16Uint",
+    "rgba16sint": "RGBA16Sint",
+    "rgba16float": "RGBA16Float",
+    "rgba32uint": "RGBA32Uint",
+    "rgba32sint": "RGBA32Sint",
+    "rgba32float": "RGBA32Float",
+    "stencil8": "Stencil8",
+    "depth16unorm": "Depth16Unorm",
+    "depth24plus": "Depth24Plus",
+    "depth24plus-stencil8": "Depth24PlusStencil8",
+    "depth32float": "Depth32Float",
+    "depth32float-stencil8": "Depth32FloatStencil8",
+    "bc1-rgba-unorm": "BC1RGBAUnorm",
+    "bc1-rgba-unorm-srgb": "BC1RGBAUnormSrgb",
+    "bc2-rgba-unorm": "BC2RGBAUnorm",
+    "bc2-rgba-unorm-srgb": "BC2RGBAUnormSrgb",
+    "bc3-rgba-unorm": "BC3RGBAUnorm",
+    "bc3-rgba-unorm-srgb": "BC3RGBAUnormSrgb",
+    "bc4-r-unorm": "BC4RUnorm",
+    "bc4-r-snorm": "BC4RSnorm",
+    "bc5-rg-unorm": "BC5RGUnorm",
+    "bc5-rg-snorm": "BC5RGSnorm",
+    "bc6h-rgb-ufloat": "BC6HRGBUfloat",
+    "bc6h-rgb-float": "BC6HRGBFloat",
+    "bc7-rgba-unorm": "BC7RGBAUnorm",
+    "bc7-rgba-unorm-srgb": "BC7RGBAUnormSrgb",
+    "etc2-rgb8unorm": "ETC2RGB8Unorm",
+    "etc2-rgb8unorm-srgb": "ETC2RGB8UnormSrgb",
+    "etc2-rgb8a1unorm": "ETC2RGB8A1Unorm",
+    "etc2-rgb8a1unorm-srgb": "ETC2RGB8A1UnormSrgb",
+    "etc2-rgba8unorm": "ETC2RGBA8Unorm",
+    "etc2-rgba8unorm-srgb": "ETC2RGBA8UnormSrgb",
+    "eac-r11unorm": "EACR11Unorm",
+    "eac-r11snorm": "EACR11Snorm",
+    "eac-rg11unorm": "EACRG11Unorm",
+    "eac-rg11snorm": "EACRG11Snorm",
+    "astc-4x4-unorm": "ASTC4x4Unorm",
+    "astc-4x4-unorm-srgb": "ASTC4x4UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-5x4-unorm": "ASTC5x4Unorm",
+    "astc-5x4-unorm-srgb": "ASTC5x4UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-5x5-unorm": "ASTC5x5Unorm",
+    "astc-5x5-unorm-srgb": "ASTC5x5UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-6x5-unorm": "ASTC6x5Unorm",
+    "astc-6x5-unorm-srgb": "ASTC6x5UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-6x6-unorm": "ASTC6x6Unorm",
+    "astc-6x6-unorm-srgb": "ASTC6x6UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-8x5-unorm": "ASTC8x5Unorm",
+    "astc-8x5-unorm-srgb": "ASTC8x5UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-8x6-unorm": "ASTC8x6Unorm",
+    "astc-8x6-unorm-srgb": "ASTC8x6UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-8x8-unorm": "ASTC8x8Unorm",
+    "astc-8x8-unorm-srgb": "ASTC8x8UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-10x5-unorm": "ASTC10x5Unorm",
+    "astc-10x5-unorm-srgb": "ASTC10x5UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-10x6-unorm": "ASTC10x6Unorm",
+    "astc-10x6-unorm-srgb": "ASTC10x6UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-10x8-unorm": "ASTC10x8Unorm",
+    "astc-10x8-unorm-srgb": "ASTC10x8UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-10x10-unorm": "ASTC10x10Unorm",
+    "astc-10x10-unorm-srgb": "ASTC10x10UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-12x10-unorm": "ASTC12x10Unorm",
+    "astc-12x10-unorm-srgb": "ASTC12x10UnormSrgb",
+    "astc-12x12-unorm": "ASTC12x12Unorm",
+    "astc-12x12-unorm-srgb": "ASTC12x12UnormSrgb"
+  },
+  "VertexFormat": {
+    "uint8": "Uint8",
+    "uint8x2": "Uint8x2",
+    "uint8x4": "Uint8x4",
+    "sint8": "Sint8",
+    "sint8x2": "Sint8x2",
+    "sint8x4": "Sint8x4",
+    "unorm8": "Unorm8",
+    "unorm8x2": "Unorm8x2",
+    "unorm8x4": "Unorm8x4",
+    "snorm8": "Snorm8",
+    "snorm8x2": "Snorm8x2",
+    "snorm8x4": "Snorm8x4",
+    "uint16": "Uint16",
+    "uint16x2": "Uint16x2",
+    "uint16x4": "Uint16x4",
+    "sint16": "Sint16",
+    "sint16x2": "Sint16x2",
+    "sint16x4": "Sint16x4",
+    "unorm16": "Unorm16",
+    "unorm16x2": "Unorm16x2",
+    "unorm16x4": "Unorm16x4",
+    "snorm16": "Snorm16",
+    "snorm16x2": "Snorm16x2",
+    "snorm16x4": "Snorm16x4",
+    "float16": "Float16",
+    "float16x2": "Float16x2",
+    "float16x4": "Float16x4",
+    "float32": "Float32",
+    "float32x2": "Float32x2",
+    "float32x3": "Float32x3",
+    "float32x4": "Float32x4",
+    "uint32": "Uint32",
+    "uint32x2": "Uint32x2",
+    "uint32x3": "Uint32x3",
+    "uint32x4": "Uint32x4",
+    "sint32": "Sint32",
+    "sint32x2": "Sint32x2",
+    "sint32x3": "Sint32x3",
+    "sint32x4": "Sint32x4",
+    "unorm10-10-10-2": "Unorm10_10_10_2",
+    "unorm8x4-bgra": "Unorm8x4BGRA"
+  },
+  "VertexStepMode": {
+    "vertex": "Vertex",
+    "instance": "Instance"
+  },
+  "TextureDimension": {
+    "1d": "e1D",
+    "2d": "e2D",
+    "3d": "e3D"
+  },
+  "TextureViewDimension": {
+    "1d": "e1D",
+    "2d": "e2D",
+    "2d-array": "e2DArray",
+    "cube": "Cube",
+    "cube-array": "CubeArray",
+    "3d": "e3D"
+  },
+  "TextureAspect": {
+    "all": "All",
+    "stencil-only": "StencilOnly",
+    "depth-only": "DepthOnly"
+  },
+  "LoadOp": {
+    "load": "Load",
+    "clear": "Clear"
+  },
+  "StoreOp": {
+    "store": "Store",
+    "discard": "Discard"
+  },
+  "BufferBindingType": {
+    "uniform": "Uniform",
+    "storage": "Storage",
+    "read-only-storage": "ReadOnlyStorage"
+  },
+  "SamplerBindingType": {
+    "filtering": "Filtering",
+    "non-filtering": "NonFiltering",
+    "comparison": "Comparison"
+  },
+  "TextureSampleType": {
+    "float": "Float",
+    "unfilterable-float": "UnfilterableFloat",
+    "depth": "Depth",
+    "sint": "Sint",
+    "uint": "Uint"
+  },
+  "StorageTextureAccess": {
+    "write-only": "WriteOnly",
+    "read-only": "ReadOnly",
+    "read-write": "ReadWrite"
+  },
+  "AddressMode": {
+    "clamp-to-edge": "ClampToEdge",
+    "repeat": "Repeat",
+    "mirror-repeat": "MirrorRepeat"
+  },
+  "FilterMode": {
+    "nearest": "Nearest",
+    "linear": "Linear"
+  },
+  "MipmapFilterMode": {
+    "nearest": "Nearest",
+    "linear": "Linear"
+  }
+}